Title: TheEconomist_0-2K (part 3)

Word: doubt
Front: doubt
[daʊt] (中高研四六托 1906/1183 -K4)
Vocabulary: doubt
(once / 20 pages)
nv
Doubt is distrust or suspicion. When your kid sister explains that a robber broke in and ate your entire chocolate stash, most likely you feel doubt.
When you're in doubt, you really can't tell what's true and what's false, whether that's a news story or whether you want to marry someone or whether you'll survive Med school. The Latin root of doubt is dubitāre, "to hesitate, waver," and when you doubt something you're wavering: I think I believe you, but maybe I don't. But maybe I do. But maybe not? One thing not to doubt is the silent b. Pronounce: DOWT.
WORD FAMILY
doubt: doubted, doubter, doubtful, doubting, doubtless, doubts, redoubt, self-doubt, undoubtedly +/doubter: doubters/ doubtful: doubtfully, doubtfulness/doubtfulness: doubtfulnesses/doubting: doubtingly/ doubtless: doubtlessly/redoubt: redoubtable, redoubts/ redoubtable: redoubtably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was unclear if Trump meant he would stop North Korea or he was simply doubting the country’s capabilities.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
No team is an individual but there is also little doubt the Packers’ division title is because of Rodgers.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 怀疑，疑虑; 未确定
vt. 怀疑，疑惑
vi. 不确定，不能肯定或怀疑
时态：doubted, doubting, doubts
分布：怀疑(87%)，疑惑(6%)，不确定(4%)，不信任(2%)，悬而未定(1%)
→来自拉丁语dubius, 二，词源同dubious. 引申词义两面摇摆，怀疑。
怀疑(doubt二→二种状态→怀疑)[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
n./v.怀疑,疑虑There is no doubt about his innocence.他完全是无辜的.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially about how good or true it is （尤指对好坏、真实性的）怀疑，疑虑，疑问
• I'm having doubts about his ability to do the job. 我对他是否能胜任此项工作还有一些疑问。
• If there's any doubt about the rocket's engines, we ought to cancel the launch. 如果对火箭引擎还存有任何疑虑，我们都应该取消此次发射。
• The prosecution has to establish his guilt UK beyond (reasonable) doubt] US beyond a (reasonable) doubt. 此次起诉必须证明他所犯的罪行证据确凿。
• This latest scandal has raised doubts about his suitability for the post. 最近的这件丑闻让人们对他是否称职表示怀疑。
• [+ (that)] I never had any doubt (that) you would win. 我从未怀疑你会获胜。
• He's the most attractive man in the building, no doubt about that/it. 毫无疑问他是大楼里最有吸引力的男人。
no doubt
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true or likely to happen 毫无疑问，毋庸置疑，肯定
• We will, no doubt, discuss these issues again at the next meeting. 毫无疑问，我们在下次会议上还要讨论这些问题。
• No doubt you'll want to unpack and have a rest before dinner. 你肯定想在吃晚饭前先把行李收拾出来且休息一下。
cast doubt on sth
■to make something seem uncertain 对…怀有疑虑，对…表示怀疑
• Witnesses have cast doubt on the suspect's innocence. 证人们对疑犯是否清白表示怀疑。
in doubt
■If the future or success of someone or something is in doubt, it is unlikely to continue or to be successful 前途未卜，前途未定；不确定
• The future of the stadium is in doubt because of a lack of money. 由于缺少资金，该体育馆能否建成还不确定。
without (a) doubt
■used to emphasize your opinion 毫无疑问
• She is without (a) doubt the best student I have ever taught. 毫无疑问她是我教过最优秀的学生。
⇒ See also undoubtedly
[daʊt] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to not feel certain or confident about something or to think that something is not probable 怀疑；不确定，不肯定
• I doubt whether/if I can finish the work on time. 我怀疑自己能否按时完成这项工作。
• [+ that] They had begun to doubt that it could be completed in time. 他们开始怀疑能否及时完工。
• He may come back tomorrow with the money, but I very much doubt it. 也许明天他会把钱带回来，但我对此深表怀疑。
• I don't doubt his abilities. 我并不怀疑他的能力。
doubt sb /doubt sb's word
■to not trust someone or believe what they say 不相信，不信任，怀疑（某人／某人的话）
• He's never lied to me before, so I have no reason to doubt his word. 以前他从未对我说过谎，因此我没有理由怀疑他说的话。
doubt, suspect, distrust
这组词都有“怀疑”的意思，其区别是：
doubt: 普通用词，多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑，多含否定意味。
suspect: 指猜疑、疑心，肯定意味较多。
distrust: 指疑惑、猜疑，不信任。
doubt, supicion, distrust, uncertainty
这些名词均有“怀疑”之意。
doubt: 指对事物的真、假有怀疑。
supicion: 语气较强，指对某人做某事的目的、意图有怀疑，或认为某人做错事，但无确凿证据而产生怀疑。
distrust: 一般用词，泛指对某人某事不信任而感到怀疑。
uncertainty: 侧重指对某事或选择等需作决定时的迟疑不决。
n. [法] 怀疑；疑问；疑惑
 - challenge, question, query, suspicion
v. [法] 怀疑；不信；恐怕；拿不准
 - suspect of, be suspicious of

Word: moment
Front: moment
[ˈməʊmənt] (中高托宝 369/361 -K5)
Vocabulary: moment
(once / 14 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A moment is a particular point in time. Some moments you remember forever: like the moment you earned your driver's license or the moment you learned that you passed your organic chemistry class.
A moment is a short, but unspecified, amount of time. At Thanksgiving, you are supposed to take a moment to be grateful for friends and family. Or maybe you have been asked to observe a "moment of silence" for a national tragedy. Moment can also mean "importance." If you say something is "of little moment," then you are saying it doesn't matter.
WORD FAMILY
moment: momentaneous, momentary, momentous, moments+/ momentary: momentarily / momentous: momentously, momentousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her “aha moment” as a craftsman didn’t happen until a chance meeting eight years ago with an engraver of rifles and knives.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"It's a great moment for Test cricket," said commentator Bill Lawry on Australia's Nine Network.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
"This is an incredibly sensitive moment in this proceeding," Gergel said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 瞬间，片刻; 时刻; 重要，紧要; [物]力矩
分布：瞬间(40%)，片刻(32%)，力矩(21%)，准确时刻(5%)，非常重要的时机(2%)
→来自拉丁语momentum,运动，变化，冲击，短时间，瞬间，缩写自movimentum,来自movere,运动，移动，词源同move,movement.拼写比较mobile.
n.片刻,瞬间,时刻Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
【参】momentary（adj 瞬间的）
【反】insignificance（n 无意义）
US ['moʊ-] noun
SHORT TIME 短时间
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very short period of time 片刻，瞬间，刹那
• Can you wait a moment? 你能等一下吗？
• I'll be ready in just a moment. 我一会儿就准备好。
• A car drew up outside and a few moments later the doorbell rang. 一辆车在门外停下来了，过了一会儿门铃就响了。
• I'm expecting her to come at any moment (= very soon). 我预计她随时会来。
• Have you got a moment (= Are you busy or have you got time to speak to me) ? 你有空吗？
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
OCCASION 时机
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular time or occasion 时刻，时候；时机
• When would be the best moment to tell the family? 甚么时候告诉家人最好？
• Don't leave it to/till the last moment (= the latest time possible). 不要拖到最后一刻。
• If you want a private conversation with her you'll have to choose your moment (= find a suitable time). 如果你想私下和她谈谈，必须选好时机。
• The moment (that) (= As soon as) I get the money I'll send the ticket. 我一收到钱就会把票寄出。
at the moment
 ESSENTIAL
■now 此刻，目前
• I'm afraid she's not here at the moment. 恐怕她目前不在这里。
for the moment
 ESSENTIAL
■If you do something for the moment, you are doing it now, but might do something different in the future 暂时；目前
• Let's carry on with what we agreed for the moment. 我们暂时还是继续按照双方原来议定的去做吧。
at this moment in time formal
■now 此时此刻
• I can give no information at this precise moment in time. 我现在不能提供任何资讯。
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
of (great) moment formal
■very important 重大的，极重要的
• a decision of great moment 重大的决定
⇒ See also momentous
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
have a senior/blond, etc. moment
■to behave, for a short time, in a way which shows that you are old, silly, etc 突然显得苍老／愚蠢等
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
have your /its moments
■to be sometimes very successful 也有成功的时候；也有得意的时候
• This album may not be as good as their last one but it has its moments. 这张专辑可能不如他们上一张好，但也会火一阵。
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
the moment of truth
■an occasion when something important happens which tests someone or something and which will have an effect on the future 关键时刻；考验人的时刻
• Lift-off is always the moment of truth for a new rocket. 发射升空始终是考验一枚新火箭的关键时刻。
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
not a moment too soon
■used to say that something happened when it was almost too late 差点就迟了
• Help arrived - and not a moment too soon. 援助到达了——差点就迟了。
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
not for a moment
■used to say that you do not think or do something at all 决不，从来没有
• I don't believe that story for a moment. 我从来没有相信过那个说法。
UK ['məʊ.mənt] US ['moʊ-] noun
of the moment
■the person or thing that is the most important and successful at a particular time （人或事）红极一时，最重要（或成功）
• Jack was man of the moment during the crisis. 危机中，杰克红极一时。
minute, moment, instant
这组词都有“瞬间、片刻”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指极短的时间，但可觉察到时间的持续。
moment: 较minute所表示的时间短，指一刹那或一段很短时间。有时也含持续的意味。
instant: 常与moment换用，指一瞬间，但更侧重时间短促，多用于表示紧迫、瞬变等情况。
n. 重要，契机；瞬间；重要时刻；指定时刻
 - importance, breath, second, magnitude, instant

Word: regional
Front: regional
[ˈri:dʒənl] (托雅 1645/1253 -K4)
Vocabulary: regional
(once / 582 pages)
adj
Regional is bigger than local and smaller than national. The local weather forecast covers your city and perhaps a few suburbs; the regional forecast gives you more: maybe a slew of counties, maybe the whole state, maybe even several states.
People who write dictionaries like to think of regional as being a precise term, having to do with well-defined geographic and cultural areas within larger nations: like regional cuisines, regional customs and even, in places like the Great Lakes, regional weather patterns. But lots of times regional is fuzzier than that. A regional high school has students from more than one town, but just how many towns depends on other factors — the local political structure, the number of kids in the area, and the like.
WORD FAMILY
regional: regionalism, regionally+/ region: regional, regions/regionalism: regionalisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
"This label helps get more exposure and adoption among the big retailers in France.  "The regional governments also play their part.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Charles Town’s best approach is to show how they are different to capitalize more of the regional gaming cliental.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It highlights three possibilities, including the church’s “potential role as a center for local and regional history.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 地区的，区域的; 特定区域的，特定地区的; 方言的; 区域性
分布：地区的(52%)，局部的(23%)，方言的(11%)，当地的(7%)，分部(7%)
→来自 region,地区，区域。
地区性的(region地区)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or coming from a particular part of a country 地区的；区域的
• a regional accent/dialect /newspaper 地区口音／方言／地方报纸
adj. 地区的；局部的；整个地区的
 - partial, local

Word: living
Front: living
[ˈlɪvɪŋ] (高研四六 1329/1950 -K3)
Vocabulary: living
(once / 36 pages)
1adjn 2n 3adj 4adj
Someone who's living is alive. You might talk about your living grandparents to distinguish them from the ones who died before you were born.
When you talk about animals and people, you can call them living beings. and you can also use this adjective to mean "used" or "active," like a living language that continues to be spoken. As a noun, living means the state of being alive or "enough money to live." You might say, for example, that you write poetry for fun, but you work cleaning hotel rooms to earn a living.
WORD FAMILY
living: livings, non-living, nonliving+/ livable: livably/ live: livable, liveable, lived, liveness, living, livingly, relive, unlive/relive: relived, relives, reliving/unlive: unlivable, unliveable, unlived, unliving
USAGE EXAMPLES
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He is among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 活（着）的; 现存的; 在使用中的; 逼真的
n. 生计; 生活方式; 生存之道
v. 活( live的现在分词); 居住; 以…为生; （按照规矩）管理生活
分布：生活(90%)，生计(4%)，活着的(3%)，生动的(2%)，动词live的现在分词.(1%)
a.活的,有生命的,天然的,逼真的n.生活,生计The living olive keeps the deliverer's liver alive.活橄榄使发货人的肝脏继续存活.
adjective
HAVING LIFE 活的
 IMPROVER
■alive now 活着的，在世的；现存的
• living organisms 活（的生物）体
• He is probably the best known living architect. 他很可能是目前健在的最著名的建筑师。
['lɪv.ɪŋ] adjective
CONTINUING 持续的
■still existing 留下来的，依然存在的
• The pyramids are a living monument to the skill of their builders. 金字塔是其建造者高超技艺的传世纪念碑。
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
JOB 工作
 ADVANCED countable
■the money that you earn from your job 收入；生计
• What do you do for a living (= What is your job) ? 你靠甚么谋生？
• I mean, I don't like my job but at least it's a living (= a way of earning money). 我的意思是我虽然不喜欢自己的工作，但它起码是一种谋生手段。
• You can make a good living (= earn a lot of money) in sales if you have the right attitude. 如果你有良好的心态，当销售会赚很多钱。
⇒ See also livelihood
countable old-fashioned
■in the Church of England, the job, given to a priest, of being in charge of a particular area （英格兰圣公会的）牧师职位
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
SPENDING LIFE 生活
uncountable
■the way in which you live your life 生活（方式）
• country/healthy living 乡村／健康的生活方式
⇒ See also cost of living
['lɪv.ɪŋ] noun
PEOPLE 人
the living [plural]
■people who are still alive 生者，活着的人
• On this anniversary of the tragedy we remember the living as well as the dead. 在那场悲剧的周年纪念之际，我们既要缅怀死者也不能忘记生者。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
adj. 活的；现存的；活跃的；逼真的
 - realistic, existing, active, excited, going
n. 生活；生存；生计
 - life, existence, livelihood, keep, subsistence
v. 生活；居住（live的ing形式）；度过
 - spending, dwelling

Word: stake
Front: stake
[steɪk] (研四六托雅宝 2591/2769 -4)
Vocabulary: stake
(once / 177 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
A stake is a wooden stick, sharpened on one end and used to mark property lines (or slay a vampire).
In the Middle Ages, people would gamble by placing their bets on wooden posts, or stakes. Eventually the bets themselves became known as stakes. Today, you can use the word as a verb to describe any risky endeavor — for example, "Geoffrey staked his sandwich-making reputation on a six-foot hero with salami and pickles." A stake can also be an investment. If you say that "Bill has a stake in the business," it means he’s a part-owner.
WORD FAMILY
stake: staked, stakes, staking
USAGE EXAMPLES
The impending mission carries huge stakes for both SpaceX and Iridium.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The deep stake that Mr. Dos Santos’s family holds in the economy also is likely to remain undiminished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, with the playoffs at stake, they stopped and faceplanted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 桩; 刑柱; 股份; （在公司、计划等中的）重大利益
vt. 用桩支撑; 以…下注[打赌]; 用桩区分，界分
时态：staked, staking, stakes
分布：桩(49%)，赌注(28%)，利害关系(12%)，下注(8%)，用桩支撑(3%)
→来自古英语 staca,桩，钉，销子，来自 Proto-Germanic*stakon,棍，棒，柱子，来自 steg, 棍，棒，柱子，词源同 stack,stick.
n.桩,标桩;赌注,利害关系I overtake the undertaker who takes my stake by mistake.我追上那个误拿我赌注的承办人
【记】s死也要take走stake。
noun countable
SHARE 份额
 ADVANCED
■a share or a financial involvement in something such as a business 股本，股份
• He holds (= owns) a 40% stake in/of the company. 他拥有公司40%的股份。
have a stake in sth
■If you have a stake in something which is important to you, you have a personal interest or involvement in it 对…有强烈的兴趣；与…有利害关系
• Employers have a stake in the training of their staff. 雇主很重视员工训练。
[steɪk] noun countable
RISK 风险
 ADVANCED
■the amount of money which you risk on the result of something such as a game or competition 赌注，赌金
• She spent two weeks in Las Vegas playing high- stakes blackjack at the casinos. 她在拉斯维加斯的赌场里玩了两个星期高赌注的二十一点。
the stakes [plural]
■In an activity or competition, the stakes are the reward for the person who wins or succeeds in it （活动或比赛的）奖金，奖品
• The team is playing for enormous stakes - the chance to play in the final. 这支球队正在为大奖——进入决赛——而拼命一搏。
the Stakes
■a horse race in which the prize money is provided by all the owners of the horses which are competing in the race （奖金由全部参赛马主提供的）赛马
the popularity, etc. stakes
■a situation where someone is judged on how much of a particular quality they have 受欢迎度等等
• The prime minister is not very high in the popularity stakes (= he is not very popular) at the moment. 首相当前的人气并不是很旺。
raise/up the stakes
■to increase the prize or reward in a competition or any activity in which you are competing 增加奖金；提高奖赏
■to make a situation more urgent or more difficult to ignore 使情况更紧急；使事态扩大
• The stowaways are trying to raise the stakes by refusing to eat until they are given money and aid. 偷渡者正试图透过绝食来使事态扩大，直到他们得到钱和援助为止。
[steɪk] noun countable
STICK 棍
■a strong stick or metal bar with a pointed end 桩，标桩
• The stakes are pushed or hammered into the ground and can be used for marking an area, supporting a plant or forming part of a fence. 将木桩插入地下，可以用来标明地界、支撑植物或构成围栏。
the stake
■in the past, a wooden post to which people were tied before being burned to death as a punishment （旧时的）火刑柱
• In medieval Europe, many women were accused of being witches and were burnt at the stake. 在中世纪的欧洲，许多女人被指控为女巫而被烧死在火刑柱上。
[steɪk] noun countable
at stake ADVANCED
■If something that is valuable is at stake, it is in a situation where it might be lost 有风险；处于危急关头
• Thousands of lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon. 如果紧急救援物资不能早日运到城中，数千人的生命就会有危险。
[steɪk] noun countable
go to the stake for sth
■to defend an action, opinion or belief despite the risks that are involved 为（行为、观点或信仰）甘冒风险；为…不惜赴汤蹈火
• She was prepared to go to the stake for her views. 她准备不惜一切代价来维护自己的观点。
[steɪk] verb transitive
RISK 风险
■to risk an amount of money 以…来打赌，投下…的赌注
• At the roulette table, he staked $10 000 on number 21. 他在轮盘赌台上押了一万美元赌21号。
[steɪk] verb transitive
USE STICK 使用棍
■to hold up and support something by fastening it to stakes 用桩支撑；把…系于桩上
• Tomato plants should be staked. 番茄植株得用架子架起来。
[steɪk] verb transitive
stake a claim
■If you stake a claim to something, you state that you have a right to it and that it should belong to you 宣布所有权，提出拥有权
• He marked the spot on his map where he had seen the gold and returned later that month to stake his claim. 他在地图上标出了见到金子的地方，然后在当月稍晚的时候回来宣布自己对此地拥有所有权。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stake sth on sth
■to risk harming or losing something important if an action, decision or situation does not have the result you want or expect 拿…为…冒险；把…押在…上
• I think she'll be head of this company in five year's time - I'd stake my reputation on it. 我认为不出五年她就会成为这家公司的领袖——我敢用我的名誉担保。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stake sth out
WATCH mainly US informal
■to watch a place continuously in order to catch criminals or to see a famous person 监视
• The police staked out the hotel where the two terrorists were reported to be staying. 据报，那两名恐怖分子藏匿在这家旅馆中，警方于是展开监视。
MAKE CLEAR
■to establish or make clear your opinion or position on something 表明（观点或立场）
• Two of the president's chief advisors have staked out opposite positions on this issue. 总统的两位主要顾问在这一问题上表明了相反的立场。
• New software companies are going to find it hard staking out a position in an already crowded market. 新的软体公司将会发现想要在已经饱和的市场中立足决非易事。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stake somewhere/sth out
■to mark the limits of an area or a piece of land with wooden sticks in order to claim ownership of it 立桩标出…的界线，用界桩界定（区域、地块）
■to show other people that you claim ownership, control or use of a particular area in a physical way, for example by putting personal things there 明确界定对（某地）的所有权（或控制权、使用权）
• Each gang in the city has staked out its territory and defends it from other gangs. 城里的每个帮派都划出了自己的地盘，并且禁止其他帮派染指。
• They arrived early for the concert and staked out a place at the front of the queue. 他们很早就到了音乐会现场，在队伍的前排占了位子。
[steɪk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stake sb to sth US
■to provide someone with a particular thing or with what they need to get it 为（某人）提供…
• The governor has promised to stake the city's homeless to what they need for a fresh start. 州长已承诺要为该市的无家可归者提供开始新生活的必需品。
n. 桩，棍子；赌注；火刑；奖金
 - bonus, dividend
vt. 资助，支持；系…于桩上；把…押下打赌
 - encourage, carry, fund, second, back
vi. 打赌
 - lay, make a bet

Word: section
Front: section
[ˈsekʃn] (高研四六托雅 818/409 -K4)
Vocabulary: section
(once / 99 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A section is a part or piece of something that fits together with the other pieces to make a whole. Like the arts section of a newspaper, or the rhythm section of the band that gets reviewed in it.
The root of section is the Latin word sect, which means "cut." Think dissect ("cut into pieces"), or bisect ("cut in two"). Insects are called insects because they're made up of sections — the head, the abdomen, and the thorax. It almost looks like they've been carved into three separate parts.
WORD FAMILY
section: midsection, sectional, sectioned, sectioning, sections, subsection+/midsection: midsections/sectional: bisectional, sectionalise, sectionalism, sectionalize, sectionally/sectionalise: sectionalisation/ sectionalism: sectionalisms/sectionalize: sectionalization, sectionalized, sectionalizing/subsection: subsections
USAGE EXAMPLES
The team sliced one of the tiny P. andrewsi teeth into sections and examined them in a microscope under polarized light.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say he suffered life-threatening injuries and was trapped inside the front section of the vehicle, which was broken into numerous pieces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first section of the Second Avenue subway opens to the public.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 部分; 节; 部件; 部门
vi. 切开; 切断; 做（动物或植物组织）切片; 把（精神病患者）正式送入精神病院
vt. 把…切成片（或段）; 作…的切片; 把…作成截面; 制作…的剖面图
时态：sectioned, sectioning, sections
分布：部分(68%)，部门(11%)，切开(6%)，区域(6%)，章节(3%)，断面(2%)，零件(2%)，划分(1%)，剖面图(1%)
切开;部门(sect+ion)[Sect,seg=cut,divide,表示"切,割"]
n.章节,部分;地区,部门,科;截面,剖面This section about insects is written by a respectable specialist.关于昆虫的这一节是由一位可敬的专家撰写的.
noun
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the parts that something is divided into 部分；片段
• the sports section of the newspaper 报纸的体育版
• the tail section of an aircraft 飞机的尾部
• Does the restaurant have a non-smoking section? 这个餐馆有禁烟区吗？
• The poorest sections of the community have much worse health. 该社区最穷的居民健康状况糟糕得多。
• He was charged under section 17 of the Firearms Act (= according to that part of the law). 他被控违反了《枪械法》第17款。
['sek.ʃən] noun
CUT 切
countable or uncountable specialized
■a cut made in part of the body in an operation 切开；切口
countable specialized * a caesarean (section)
countable specialized
■a very thin slice of a part of an animal, plant or other object made in order to see its structure 切片
• Each section is mounted on a slide and examined under the microscope. 每一份切片都放在载玻片上用显微镜检查。
countable specialized
■a drawing or model which shows the structure of something by cutting part of it away （显示结构的）切面图（或模型），断面图（或模型）
• This vertical section of the soil shows four basic soil layers. 土壤的纵剖面显示四个基本的土壤层。
countable
■the shape of a flat surface that is produced when an object is cut into separate pieces 切面，剖面，截面
in section
■showing what something would look like if the surface was cut away and you could see inside 以截面图
• The first diagram is a view of the shop from the street, and the second shows it in section. 第一幅图是由街上看商店的景象，第二幅图是截面图。
['sek.ʃən] verb transitive UK
■to officially force someone who has mental health problems to stay in a hospital and receive treatment because they might harm themselves or other people 强制（精神病人）入院（正式将有精神健康问题的人强制拘留在医院接受治疗，否则他们可能会伤害自己或其他人）
• He was sectioned under section 4 of the Mental Health Act. 根据精神卫生法第4节的条款，他被强制留院接受治疗。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 截面；部门；地区；章节
 - ministry, region, division, department, area

Word: response
Front: response
[rɪˈspɒns] (研四六雅宝 725/798 -K4)
Vocabulary: response
(once / 170 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A response is a reaction to a question, experience, or some other type of stimulus. If you cry at sad movies, you're having an emotional response to the drama that's taking place on the screen.
A response can come in many forms, including an answer to a question, an emotional reaction, or a reply. If a teacher asks, "Who invented the phonograph?" She hopes her students will give her the response, "Why, Thomas Edison, of course!" When a parent tells a child not to cross the street when the light is red, he hopes the response will be compliance.
WORD FAMILY
response: responses
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, the bank said in the note that the downgrade on Indonesia and Brazil was a "tactical" response to Trump's victory.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Asked for a comment about the demands and what the university would do in response, a university spokesman sent this response:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 反应; 回答，答复; [宗]回应经文，应唱圣歌
分布：反应(46%)，响应(40%)，回答(8%)，答复(6%)
→来自 respond,回答，答复。
回答;答应(respond的名词)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
n.回答,响应,反应I've had no response to my letter.我还没有回信.
US [-'spɑ:nts] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an answer or reaction 回答；回应，反应
• Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing. 人们对我们的广告反应平淡，令人失望。
• Her proposals met with an enthusiastic response. 她的提议得到热烈的回应。
• I looked in her face for some response, but she just stared at me blankly. 我盯着她的脸看，想知道她有何反应，但是她只是面无表情地盯着我。
• Management have granted a 10% pay rise in response to union pressure. 面对工会的压力，资方以加薪10%应对。
countable
■any of the parts sung or said, in some religious ceremonies, by the people in answer to the parts said or sung by the priest （宗教礼拜仪式中会众对牧师的）唱和，应答
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
n. 响应；反应；回答
 - reaction, behavior, reception, reply, answer

Word: sea
Front: sea
[si:] (中高 989/721 -K4)
Vocabulary: sea
(once / 24 pages)
n
A sea is a huge body of salt water, typically a part of the ocean that's near land. Much grander than a lake or river, a sea can appear open and endless when you view it from the shore.
The best-known examples of sea include the Mediterranean Sea, Bering Sea, and Caribbean Sea. The word sea can also refer to large waves. If there's a sea warning, it would be wise to reschedule your sailing trip. Sea can be used more figuratively to describe something that seems to be vast in quantity, just like the sea. The audience at your concert might look like an endless sea of people.
WORD FAMILY
sea: oversea, overseas, seas, undersea
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ichthyosaurs were disappearing from the seas when the Eagle Ford formed, some 88 million to 96 million years ago.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海; 海洋; 许多; 大量
分布：海(91%)，海洋(9%)
→来自古英语 sae,水面，海，湖，池塘，来自 Proto-Germanic*saiwaz,水面。后词义专用化指海。
n.海,海洋,大量By the navigation of microwave, the navy paved a pavement on the wavy sea.借助微波导航,海军在多浪的大海上铺了一条路.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the salty water which covers a large part of the surface of the Earth, or a large area of salty water, smaller than an ocean , which is partly or completely surrounded by land 海，海洋
• the Mediterranean Sea 地中海
• We went swimming in the sea. 我们去海里游泳。
• The sea was calm/smooth/choppy/rough when we crossed the Channel. 当我们横渡英吉利海峡时，海上风平浪静／水准如镜／波浪起伏／波涛汹涌。
• The refugees were at sea (= in a boat on the sea a long way from land) for forty days before reaching land. 难民在海上航行了40天才到达陆地。
• When we moved to the US, we sent our things by sea (= in a ship). 我们移民美国时，把行李海运过去。
• We spent a lovely week by the sea (= on the coast) this year. 我们今年在海边度过了愉快的一周。
• Soon we had left the river estuary and were heading towards the open sea (= the part of the sea a long way from land). 不一会儿，我们便离开了河口，向外海驶去。
a sea of sth
■a large amount or number of something 很多；大量
• The teacher looked down and saw a sea of smiling faces. 老师向下看去，看到一张张微笑的脸庞。
put (out) to sea
■(of a ship) to leave a port and start a journey （船）启航，出海
• The boats will put (out) to sea on this evening's high tide. 船将在今晚涨潮时启航。
countable
■one of the large flat areas on the moon which in the past were thought to be seas 海（指月球表面的广阔平坦地区，过去被认为是海）
[si:] noun
at sea
■confused 困惑的
• I'm all/completely at sea with the new coins. 这些新硬币完全把我搞糊涂了。
[si:] noun
run away to sea (also go to sea)
■(especially of a boy or young man) to leave your family and become a sailor （男孩或年轻男子离家）当海员，当水手
• My grandfather ran away to sea when he was twelve. 我的祖父在十二岁时就离家去当水手了。
sea, ocean
这组词都有“海、海洋”的意思，其区别是：
sea: 普通用词，可用复数形式表单数意义。sea所指的面积要比ocean小得多。sea也可是ocean的一部分。
ocean: 指把海作为一个整体，是海洋的总称，不可数名词，指大洋时是可数名词。
n. [海洋] [地理] 海；海洋；许多；大量
 - ocean, lots of, wealth, body, hundred

Word: subject
Front: subject
[ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] (高雅宝 670/358 -K4)
Vocabulary: subject
(once / 23 pages)
1nv 2n 3nadjv 4adj
Subject can mean "topic," as in "Let's change the subject." It can also mean "to make someone do something," as in "Don't let your dad subject you to an hour-long lecture on fishing." It can also mean everyone in a country who is not the ruler, as in "The king greeted his subjects when he returned from abroad."
A subject could be a broad branch of knowledge, like Biology, or a very narrow focus, like the effects of drought on avocados. If you are painting a portrait, the person posing for you is your subject. Subject can also mean beholden, or subordinate. If you are traveling in England, but not an English subject, or citizen, then you are still subject to English law.
WORD FAMILY
subject: subjected, subjecting, subjection, subjects+/ subjection: subjections
USAGE EXAMPLES
And it’s the subject of “We Believe in Dinosaurs,” an upcoming documentary that is fundraising through Indiegogo.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主题，话题; 学科，科目; [哲]主观
adj. 须服从…的; （在君主等）统治下的
v. 提供，提出; 使…隶属
时态：subjected, subjecting, subjects
分布：主题(48%)，话题(21%)，科目(17%)，服从的(3%)，使服从(3%)，题材(3%)，主观(2%)，使遭遇(1%)，使隶属(1%)，实验对象(1%)
→sub-,在下，-ject,投掷，扔，词源同 project,projectile.字面意思即扔在下面，引申词义被制服， 被控制，国民，臣民。后引申词义扔在下面，构成基础，主题，题目等。
主题,主观a.服从的(sub在...下面+ject_→扔下去→服从的,扔下去让大家讨论的主题)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.主题;学科a.隶属的;易遭...的v.使隶属The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
【记】sub下面，ject扔：扔到下面－臣服者
【参】subjection（n 征服）
【反】potentate（n 当权者）
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
AREA OF STUDY 学习领域
 ESSENTIAL
■the thing which is being discussed, considered or studied 主题，话题；问题；题目
• Our subject for discussion is homelessness. 我们讨论的话题是无家可归问题。
• She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationships. 她拍摄了一系列以家庭关系为题材的纪录片。
• The guest lecturer took as her subject (= decided to speak about) 'punishment and imprisonment in modern society'. 特别讲师演讲的题目是“现代社会的刑罚与监禁”。
• The number of planes flying over the town has been the subject of (= has caused) concern since last summer. 自去年夏天开始，从小镇上空飞过的飞机数量一直让人们忐忑不安。
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of knowledge which is studied in school, college or university 学科；科目；专业
• My favourite subjects at school were history and geography. 念书时，我最喜欢的科目是历史和地理。
• mainly UK Her subject (= special area of study) is low-temperature physics. 她的专业是低温物理学。
change the subject
 IMPROVER
■to start talking about a different subject 改变话题，换个话题
• I'd tried to explain the situation, but he just changed the subject. 我想把情况解释清楚，他却岔开话题。
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED specialized
■the person or thing which performs the action of a verb, or which is joined to a description by a verb 主语
• 'Bob' is the subject of the sentence 'Bob threw the ball'. Bob 是句子 Bob threw the ball 的主语。
Compare object
noun countable /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
PERSON 人
■a person who lives in or who has the right to live in a particular country, especially a country with a king or queen （尤指君主制国家的）臣民，国民
• He is a British subject. 他是英国国民。
Compare citizen
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
■to defeat people or a country and then control them against their wishes and limit their freedom 使臣服，征服，压服
• The invaders quickly subjected the local tribes. 入侵者很快就征服了当地的部落。
verb transitive /səbˈdʒekt/
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] subject sb/sth to sth
■to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing 使承受，使遭受
• The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment. 调查发现，他们曾受到过不公正待遇。
• "I didn't want to subject him to such a long journey," she said. “我不想让他长途跋涉。”她说。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
HAVING 拥有
be subject to sth
■to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant 有；遭受，承受
• Cars are subject to a high domestic tax. 买汽车要缴很高的国内税。
• In recent years, she has been subject to attacks of depression. 近年来，她一直饱受忧郁症的折磨。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
DEPEND 依赖
subject to sth
■depending on the stated thing happening 取决于，视…而定
• We plan to go on Wednesday, subject to your approval. 如果你同意，我们打算周三走。
• Moving all the books should not take long, subject to there being (= if there are) enough helpers. 如果有足够人手，把所有书都搬走花不了多少时间。
adjective]ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
GOVERN 统治
[before noun]
■under the political control of another country or state 使臣服，征服，压服
• subject peoples/states 被征服的民族／国家
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
course, subject
course: 课程(可包括多门科目),
subject: 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
n. [图情] 主题；科目； [语] 主语；国民
 - topic, theme, nation, titles, motive
adj. 服从的；易患…的；受制于…的
 - followed, compliant

Word: watch
Front: watch
[wɒtʃ] (中高托 323/490 -K3)
Vocabulary: watch
(once / 23 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
When you watch something, you observe it or guard it — like when you watch the latest episode of your favorite television show or when you watch your baby cousin.
You use the word watch (rather than look) when you'll be observing for a while, and with some care. If you agree to watch your neighbor's puppy, it means that you've promised to observe him carefully and make sure he doesn't get into trouble. When watch is a noun, it is the timepiece you wear on your wrist. Many people use their cell phones to get the time of day, instead of their watches.
WORD FAMILY
watch: midwatch, watched, watcher, watches, watchful, watching+/midwatch: midwatches/unwatchful: unwatchfully/watcher: watchers/ watchful: unwatchful, watchfulest, watchfully, watchfulness/watchfulness: watchfulnesses/watching: watchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obama and his top advisers watch a live feed of the mission from the White House Situation Room.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It caused some pain at halftime Sunday, and is something the Lakers are watching.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 注视，注意; 看守，监视; 守候（机会等）; 密切注意
n. 表; 值夜，值班; 看守，监视; 值班人员
vi. 观看; 注视; 守候; 看守
时态：watched, watching, watches
分布：手表(55%)，观看(21%)，监视(9%)，注视(7%)，看守(6%)，值班(2%)
→来自weg,强健的，有活力的，词源同vegetable,wake,引申义看管，看护，插入字母t比较，bake, batch,make,match.同时，用做名词指手表。
v.观看;注视;看守;警戒n.注视;手表;守护I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
LOOK AT 看
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or moving 观看；注视
• I had dinner and watched TV for a couple of hours. 我吃了饭，然后看了几个小时电视。
• He spent the entire afternoon watching a cricket match. 他整个下午都在看一场板球比赛。
• [+ obj + infinitive without to] I watched him get into a taxi. 我看着他坐上一辆计程车。
• I got the feeling I was being watched. 我有种被人监视的感觉。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I sit by the window and watch people walking past. 我坐在窗边，看着人们来回走过。
• [+ question word] Just watch how he slides that ball in past the goalkeeper. 看看他是多么巧妙地带球越过守门员而入网的。
• Bonner watched helplessly as the ball sneaked in at the near post. 邦纳无助地看着球从近端的球门柱旁滚进球门。
• She'll pretend that she hasn't seen us - you watch. 她会假装没看见我们的——你看着吧。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stay with something or someone such as a child for a short time to make certain that they are safe 看护；照顾
• If you want me to watch the kids for a couple of hours while you go out, just let me know. 如果你想在出门时需要我帮忙照顾孩子们几个小时，跟我说一声就行了。
• Could you watch my bags for me, while I go to the toilet? 我去一趟洗手间，你帮我看一下这些袋子好吗？
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
BE CAREFUL 小心
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be careful of something 小心，当心，留神
• I have to watch my weight (= be careful not to become too heavy) now I'm not doing so much sport. 我必须注意自己的体重，因为我现在不怎么运动。
• Watch your language (= Do not use rude words) in front of ladies, young man! 在女士面前请注意言语得体，年轻人！
• [+ (that)] Watch (that) you don't get glue on your fingers, won't you? 注意别把胶水黏到你的手指上，可以吗？
• [+ question word] Watch wh at you're doing with that knife, Jim, it's sharp. 用那把刀时小心点，吉姆，它很锋利的。
• You want to (= You should) watch him - he's a bit of a strange character. 你应该注意他——他的脾气有点怪。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch your back
■to be careful of the people around you, making certain that they do nothing to harm you 提防周围的人
• I have to watch my back at work - there are a lot of people who would like my job. 我上班时不得不提防周围的人——很多人都想得到我这份工作。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch your step
■to be very careful about how you behave （行为）要小心谨慎
• He'll have to watch his step if he wants to keep that job of his! 他要是想保住自己那份工作，就得小心行事！
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch it informal
■used to tell someone to be careful 小心，注意
• Watch it, you nearly knocked my head off with that plank! 小心点，你差点用那块厚木板把我的脑袋砸掉了！
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch paint dry informal humorous
■used to refer to an activity that you consider extremely boring 闲着看油漆变干（表示某事很无聊）
• "So you don't want to watch the football?" "To be honest I would rather watch paint dry". “这么说，你不想看这场足球赛？”“说实话，我宁愿看油漆变干。”
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch the clock disapproving
■to often notice the time and wish that it was later, especially when you are doing work that you do not like （尤指在做自己不喜欢的工作时）不停地看表（希望时间过得快一点）
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch the world go by
■to look at people as they go past 看着人来人往
• I love sitting in outdoor cafes watching the world go by. 我喜欢坐在露天咖啡茶座，看着人们来来往往。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
watch this space
■If someone says watch this space, they mean that there will very soon be an exciting change in their situation. 注意看着（精彩的情形即将发生）
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch out
 IMPROVER
■used to warn someone of danger or an accident that seems likely to happen 当心，小心，留神
• "Watch out!" he shouted, but it was too late - she had knocked the whole tray of drinks on the floor. “当心！”他喊道，但为时已晚——她已经将整盘饮料都摔到地上。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch out for sb/sth
■to be careful to notice someone or something interesting 留神，密切注意，关注
• Watch out for his latest movie, which comes out next month. 请密切留意他的新片，下个月就要上映了。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  watch over sb
■to protect someone and make certain that they are safe 保护；照顾
• The prince has two bodyguards watching over him every hour of the day. 王子有两名24小时贴身保护的保镖。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
SMALL CLOCK 小型钟表
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small clock which is worn on a strap around the wrist or, sometimes, connected to a piece of clothing by a chain 表，手表
• My watch seems to have stopped - it says 10:15 but I'm sure it must be later. 我的手表好像停了——它显示的是10：15，但我可以肯定实际时间要晚一些。
• He glanced nervously at his watch. 他紧张地瞥了一眼手表。
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
LOOKING 观察
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■when you watch or give attention to something or someone, especially to make certain nothing bad happens 观察；监视；注意
• Once your name has been linked with a drug offence, the police keep a close watch on you. 一旦你与毒品案有牵连，警方就会严密监视你。
• The soldiers slept at night, except for one who stayed awake on watch/to keep watch. 夜里除了一个人站岗之外，其他的士兵都睡觉了。
only singular
■a person or group of soldiers or guards whose duty is to protect a person, place or thing from danger or attack 警卫；哨兵警卫队；治安队
countable
■a fixed period of time during which a person or a group of soldiers or guards has the duty of protecting and warning of danger 警戒时间；（警卫或治安队等的）值班时间
UK [wɒtʃ] US [wɑ:tʃ] noun
a watch out
■when you watch carefully and look for someone or something 留意，寻找
• Keep a watch out for Nicki and Steve - they should be here somewhere. 留意一下尼基和史提夫——他们应该在这一带。
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
vt. 观察；注视；看守；警戒
 - protect, look into
n. 手表；监视；守护；值班人
 - observation, monitoring, surveillance
vi. 观看，注视；守侯，看守
 - sight, regard

Word: weak
Front: weak
[wi:k] (中高研四六 2070/1990 -K4)
Vocabulary: weak
(once / 46 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Weak is the opposite of strong. Muscles, arguments, defenses, and coffee can all be weak — and when they are, it's not good.
Anything weak is lacking in strength or power. If your muscles are weak, you can't lift much. If your will power is weak, you give up easily. Food and drinks with little flavor are weak, and an argument that is flimsy is weak. Whenever anything is lacking or not what it should be, it's weak. And if you come across something really lame — like a dumb TV show — you could say, "That's so weak."
WORD FAMILY
weak: weaken, weaker, weakest, weakly, weakness +/weaken: weakened, weakener, weakening, weakens/weakener: weakeners/weakening: weakenings/weakly: weaklier, weakliest/ weakness: weaknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
She became so weak that she couldn’t walk from the front door to the sidewalk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 柔弱的，虚弱的; 无力的，软弱的; 不中用的，愚钝的; 淡薄的
级别：weaker, weakest
分布：弱的(55%)，虚弱的(19%)，无力的(12%)，差的(9%)，淡薄的(5%)
→来自weik,弯，转，词源同week,wench.引申义柔软的，没有力量的，瘦弱的。
a.虚弱的,软弱的;不够标准的;淡薄的,稀的The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
adjective
NOT STRONG 不强壮的
 ESSENTIAL
■not strong; not strong enough to work, last, succeed, persuade or be effective 弱的，无力的；无能的；不坚强的；不能说服人的；无影响力的
• It's not surprising you feel weak if you haven't eaten properly for days. 如果你好几天都吃得不好的话，觉得虚弱无力是不足为奇的。
• The electromagnetic field strength becomes weaker as you move further away from high voltage cables. 当你远离高压线时，电磁场强度就会变弱。
• He was a weak king surrounded by corrupt advisers. 他是个软弱无能的国王，身边都是些腐败的顾问。
• Any evidence that exists to support the hypothesis is fairly weak. 现有能够支持这种假设的证据都相当缺乏说服力。
• He gave the weakest of excuses when asked why he was late. 当被问及为何迟到时，他给出一个极其牵强的理由。
■describes a drink that contains a lot of water compared to its other contents, so that it does not have a strong flavour （饮品）稀的，味淡的
• I can't stand weak coffee/tea. 我喝不了淡咖啡／清茶。
■specialized
■describes an acid, alkali or chemical base that does not produce many ions (= atoms with an electrical charge) when it is dissolved in water 弱电解的，弱电解质的（形容酸、碱或其他化学物质在水中微弱电离出阴阳离子）
[wi:k] adjective
BELOW STANDARD 不合标准
■below standard; not good enough, especially in ability, skill or quality 不符合标准的；不够好的；能力不够的
• He was always weak at/in languages but strong at/in science. 他一向在语言方面不擅长，但理科很拿手。
• Our quiz team is a bit weak on sport. 我们的竞答小组在体育运动方面有点弱。
• In the end I think the film was spoilt by a weak story line. 最后，我认为这部电影被糟糕的故事情节给毁了。
[wi:k] adjective
weak at the knees
■If you go weak at the knees, you lose your strength and feel you are going to fall over, usually because of seeing or talking about either someone you are very attracted to or because of something unpleasant or frightening （通常指因看到或谈到非常喜欢的人或让人害怕的事而）膝盖发软的，腿发软的
• The thought of kissing him made me go weak at the knees. 吻他的念头令我膝盖发软。
fragile, weak, frail, feeble
这组词都有“虚弱的，乏力的”的意思，其区别是：
fragile: 可与frail换用，但语气强，侧重脆弱，指人容易生病，指物容易破碎。
weak: 普通用词，指缺乏应有的力量，可用于身体、意志或精神。
frail: 多指因经常生病而身体纤弱。
feeble: 指身体衰弱无力，精力几乎耗尽，含令人怜悯的意味。
faint, fragile, weak, feeble
faint: a.虚弱的，眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
 • The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.   夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
fragile: a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
 • That dish is fragile, so be careful.   那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak: a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
 • The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.   病人在失血，身体开始虚弱下去。
feeble: a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
 • The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.   这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
adj. [经] 疲软的；虚弱的；无力的；不牢固的
 - loose, work-out

Word: love
Front: love
[lʌv] (中高 390/670 -K5)
Vocabulary: love
(once / 9 pages)
1nv 2n
How can we love our partners, our parents, sunsets at the beach, cats, and Fridays? The types of love listed here mean different things — but what remains is the certainty, at least for now, that what you love is what you adore.
Love is an expression of emotion. Love, it is said, can make you walk miles barefoot in the rain just to see the person you can't stop thinking about. Or, it can make you cross the street because the store "you love" is located there. Love is a versatile word — like what it describes. Love takes many forms, but the word typically describes an affection that is deep and emotional. If you say you’re “in love,” that tends to refer to the romantic kind of love.
WORD FAMILY
love: lovable, loveable, loved, loveless, lover, loves, lovesome, loving, self-love+/ lovable: lovably, unlovable/loved: lovedest, unloved/loveless: lovelessly/lover: loverlike, lovers/ loving: lovinger, lovingest, lovingly, lovingness, self-loving, unloving/unloving: unlovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But here are 10 exceptional songs that remind us why we fell in love with her in the first place.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Not a bad gift for himself and for everyone who loves chess.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
At one point, Adel, who has a shattered and frantic but loving, warm energy, turned to me and said, “We are orphans here.”
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 爱，热爱; 爱戴; 喜欢; 赞美，称赞
vt. 喜爱; 喜好; 喜欢; 爱慕
n. 爱情，爱意; 疼爱; 热爱; 爱人，所爱之物
时态：loved, loving, loves
分布：爱(67%)，喜欢(16%)，爱情(9%)，热爱(3%)，喜爱(2%)，恋爱(2%)，情人(1%)
→来自leubh,关心，爱，渴望，词源同lief,believe,belief.
n.爱,爱情,喜欢vt.爱,热爱;爱好,喜欢The beloved novelist put her lovely gloves above the stove.敬爱的小说家把她美丽的手套放在火炉上方.
verb transitive
LIKE SOMEONE 喜欢某人
 ESSENTIAL
■to like another adult very much and be romantically and sexually attracted to them, or to have strong feelings of liking a friend or person in your family 爱，喜爱
• I love you. 我爱你。
• Last night he told me he loved me. 昨晚他告诉我说他爱我。
• I've only ever loved one man. 我只爱过一个男人。
• I'm sure he loves his kids. 我确信他爱他的孩子们。
[lʌv] verb transitive
LIKE SOMETHING 喜欢某物
 ESSENTIAL
■to like something very much 喜爱，喜欢
• She loves animals. 她喜欢动物。
• I absolutely love chocolate. 我特别爱吃巧克力。
• He really loves his job. 他非常喜欢自己的工作。
• [+ -ing verb] I love skiing. 我喜欢滑雪。
• Love it or hate it, reality TV is here to stay. 你喜欢也好，讨厌也罢，真人秀电视节目已成了一种气候。
would love
 IMPROVER
■used, often in requests, to say that you would very much like something （常用于表示请求）想，想要
• I'd love a cup of coffee if you're making one. 如果你在泡咖啡，我也想要一杯。
• [+ to infinitive] She would dearly love to start her own business. 她非常想开一家属于自己的公司。
• I'd love you to come to dinner some night. 哪天我想请你来吃晚饭。
• US I'd love for you to come to dinner tonight. 我想请你今晚来吃晚饭。
[lʌv] verb transitive
love sb to bits UK informal
■to love someone very much 非常喜爱，特别喜欢
• He's my old man and I love him to bits but I can spend too much time with him. 他是我老伴，我很爱他，愿意和他一生一世在一起。
[lʌv] verb transitive
Love me , love my dog. humorous saying
■said to warn someone that if they want to be in a relationship with you, they must be willing to accept everything about you 爱屋及乌；爱我就要接受我的一切
[lʌv] noun
LIKE SOMEONE 喜欢某人
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the feeling of liking another adult very much and being romantically and sexually attracted to them, or strong feelings of liking a friend or person in your family 爱；爱恋；爱情；热爱
• "I've been seeing him over a year now." "Is it love?" “我和他交往一年多了。”“是恋爱吗？”
• Children need to be shown lots of love. 对待孩子们需要表现出极大的关爱。
• "I'm seeing Laura next week." "Oh, please give her my love" (= tell her I am thinking about her with affection). “下星期我要去看劳拉。”“喔，请代我向她问好。”
• informal How's your love life (= your romantic and/or sexual relationships) these days? 这些天你的感情生活怎么样？
 ADVANCED countable
■a person that you love and feel attracted to 情人，恋人，爱人
• He was the love of my life. 他是我一生的挚爱。
• She was my first love. 她是我的初恋情人。
[as form of address] UK informal
■used as a friendly form of address 亲爱的
• You look tired, love. 你看起来很累，亲爱的。
• That'll be four pounds exactly, love. 正好四英镑，亲爱的。
uncountable informal (also love from) (all my love)
■used before your name at the end of letters, cards etc. to friends or family （用于信尾署名前）爱你的
• See you at Christmas. Love, Kate. 圣诞节见，爱你的凯特。
be in love
■to love someone in a romantic and sexual way 在恋爱，相爱
• I'm in love for the first time and it's wonderful. 我是第一次谈恋爱，感觉非常奇妙。
• They're still madly in love (with each other). 他们依然疯狂地爱着对方。
fall in love (with sb)
■to start to love someone romantically and sexually 爱上（某人），（与某人）相爱
• I was 20 when I first fell in love. 我20岁的时候第一次谈恋爱。
[lʌv] noun
LIKE SOMETHING 喜欢某物
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■strong liking for 喜爱，爱，喜欢
• I don't share my boyfriend's love of sport. 我不像男友那样喜欢体育。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that you like very much 爱好，嗜好
• Music is one of her greatest loves. 音乐是她最大的爱好之一。
[lʌv] noun
TENNIS 网球
uncountable
■(in tennis) the state of having no points （网球赛中的）零分，未得分
• The score now stands at forty-love. 目前的比分为40比0。
[lʌv] noun
be no/little love lost between
■If there is no/little love lost between two people, they do not like each other. （两人）彼此厌恶，互不喜欢
[lʌv] noun
for love nor money
■If you cannot get something, or if someone will not do something, for love nor money, it is impossible to get it or to persuade them to do it 无论怎样
• You can't get hold of those tickets for love nor money these days. 这些天你根本没法搞到票。
[lʌv] noun
make love
■to have sex 做爱，发生性关系
• That night they made love for the first time. 那天晚上他们第一次做爱。
[lʌv] noun
make love to sb old use
■to speak romantically and give attention to someone, especially in order to make them love you 向（某人）示爱，对（某人）献殷勤
• Mr Jackson, I do believe you are making love to me. 积逊先生，我敢肯定你在向我示爱。
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
affection, love, attachment
这些名词均含“爱、热爱”之意。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情，侧重感情的深沉。
love: 比affection的语气更强。表示一种难以控制的激情。
attachment: 通常用于书面文字中，既可指对某人某物的喜欢，又可指出自理智对某人或某物的热爱，尤指长时间的爱。
n. 恋爱；亲爱的；酷爱；喜爱的事物
 - passion, amativeness
vt. 喜欢；热爱；爱慕
 - worship, take a fancy to

Word: contrast
Front: contrast
[ˈkɒntrɑ:st] (研四六托雅宝 1762/1451 -K3)
Vocabulary: contrast
(once / 143 pages)
nv
The verb contrast means to show a difference, like photos that reveal how much weight someone lost by contrasting the "before" and "after" shots.
You probably know contrast in its relation to compare. To contrast something is to look for differences among two or more elements, but compare is to do the opposite, to look for similarities. It's easy to tell the difference if you remember that contrast comes from the Latin root contra, and means "against." Contrast is also a noun meaning basically the same thing — you might notice the contrast of a dark tree against a snow-covered hill.
WORD FAMILY
contrast: contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts, contrasty+/ contrasting: contrastingly/ contrastive: contrastively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gaga’s Born This Way is a bit of a contrast to that approach:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In contrast, the Swiss expect a high degree of flexibility to use cash.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s been building up for years, and now the contrasts in America are so glaring as to be blinding.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 对比，对照; 差异; 对照物，对立面; [摄]反差
时态：contrasted, contrasting, contrasts
分布：对比(93%)，差别(4%)，对照物(2%)，成对照(1%)
→contra-, 相对，相反。-st, 站，词源同stand. 即相对而站进行比较。
n.对比,对照vi.形成对比vt.把...与...对比The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
US [ˈkɑːn.træst]
 ESSENTIAL
■an obvious difference between two or more things 差别，差异；对照，对比
• I like the contrast of the white trousers with the black jacket. 我喜欢白色长裤与黑色外套形成的对比。
• The antique furnishing provides an unusual contrast to the modernity of the building. 这座建筑物的古典装饰与它自身的现代风格形成了不同寻常的对比。
• There's a marked contrast between his character and hers. 他的性格与她形成了鲜明对比。
• Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined. 他们的经济快速增长，相比之下，我们的经济则下滑了。
• The amount spent on defence is in stark/sharp (= in very noticeable) contrast to that spent on housing and health. 国防支出与住房及医疗保健的支出形成了鲜明的对照。
• I love his use of contrast (= strong differences between light and darkness) in his later photographs. 我喜欢他后期摄影作品中光暗对比的运用。
verb UK [kənˈtrɑːst] US [-ˈtræst]
 ADVANCED transitive
■to compare two people or things in order to show the differences between them 对照，对比
• If you contrast some of her early writing with her later work, you can see just how much she improved. 如果你对比一下她的早期作品和后期的作品，就会看出她进步有多大。
intransitive
■If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it 形成对照；显出明显的差异
• The styles of the two film makers contrast quite dramatically. 两位电影导演风格迥异。
• The sharpness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey. 柠檬的酸味和蜂蜜的甜味形成鲜明的对比。
compare, compare to, compare with, contrast
这些动词(短语)均含“比较”之意。
compare: 侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。
compare to: 指两物有类似或相似之处，从而“把(一物)比作(另一物)。”
compare with: 指“把……用……作比较”以便找出差异或好坏。
contrast: 指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
n. 对比；差别；对照物
 - parallel, distinction, differential

Word: lend
Front: lend
[lend] (中高 3548/2740 -K3)
Vocabulary: lend
(once / 131 pages)
v
When you lend something, you loan it or let someone borrow it. You might, for example, lend your bike to your brother — if he promises to be careful with it.
Libraries lend people books, and car rental companies lend people cars — in both cases, the item that's been borrowed is supposed to be returned eventually. Another way to lend is to "add a quality to," or "be suitable for." You could say that you think your hat lends you a mysterious quality, or that your trench coat lends itself to walking through a foggy city at dusk.
WORD FAMILY
lend: lendable, lender, lending, lends, lent+/lender: lenders/lending: lendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the most common, especially in rural areas, is as a lending library or book exchange.
BBC(Dec 31, 2016)
Throughout the finished film — lent a brooding quality by its stark landscapes; misty, desaturated palette; and figures often seen in silhouette — his influence is unmistakable.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Years ago, he lent his name to billboards in Chinese cities that showed horrific piles of tusks.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 把…借给; 贷（款）; 贡献，给予; 适于
vi. 增加; 增添; 给…增加; 给予
时态：lent, lending, lends
分布：借给(85%)，贷款(15%)
→来自古英语laen,借款，词源同loan.
vt.借给,贷(款)I send him the blend calendar and the splendid bent lens he lent to me.我把他借给我的混合日历和绝妙的弯曲透镜送给他.
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
GIVE 给
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give something to someone for a short period of time, expecting it to be given back 借出，借给
• She doesn't like lending her books. 她不喜欢把书借给别人。
• [+ two objects] If you need a coat I can lend you one/lend one to you. 你如果需要外衣，我可以借给你一件。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If a bank or other organization lends money, it gives money to someone who agrees that they will pay the money back in the future, usually with extra money added to the original amount 贷（款），放贷（给某人）
• The bank refuses to lend to students. 银行拒绝向学生们发放贷款。
• [+ two objects] The bank agreed to lend him $5000. 银行同意贷给他5000美元。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
ADD TO 增添
   transitive
■If something lends a particular quality to something else, it adds that quality to it 增添，添加
• [+ two objects] Vases of flowers all around the room lent the place a cheerful look/lent a cheerful look to the place. 几瓶花给这个房间增添了一些欢乐的气氛。
• formal These events lend support to the view that the law is inadequate. 这些事件进一步证明了法律还不健全的观点。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend itself to sth formal
 IMPROVER
■If something lends itself to something else, it is suitable for that thing or can be considered in that way 适合于
• The novel's complex, imaginative style does not lend itself to translation. 小说复杂而充满想像力的风格无法翻译出来。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend your name to sth
■to give something your support 支援，拥护
• Some of the world's top dancers have lent their names to the project. 一些世界顶级舞蹈家都支援这项专案。
[lend] (lent, lent)
verb
lend an ear old-fashioned
■to listen to someone with sympathy 聆听，倾听
• Claire's always one to lend a sympathetic ear if you have problems. 你有甚么问题时，克莱尔总是乐于倾听。
loan, lend, borrow
这组词都有“借”的意思，其区别是：
loan: 指通过正式的手续，借数目较大的贷款。在美国也可指借出东西。
lend: 指将自己的东西借出给别人，也可用于借喻意义。
borrow: 指从某人或某处借来某物，也可用作比喻。
vt. 贷；增添，提供；把……借给
 - afford, tender
vi. 贷款
 - take out loans

Word: housing
Front: housing
[ˈhaʊzɪŋ] (研雅 2147/1446 -K4)
Back: n. 房屋; 供给住宅; 掩护; 外罩
分布：房屋(39%)，住宅(36%)，外壳(16%)，遮盖物(4%)，外罩(3%)，外套(1%)，卡箍(1%)
→house,屋子，-ing,集合名词后缀。
n.住房,住房供给;(外,阀)壳,防护罩What are housing conditions like in China now?中国现在住房情况如何?
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■buildings for people to live in 住房，住宅
• There's a shortage of cheap housing in the region. 这地区缺乏廉价住宅。
n. [建] 房屋；住房供给； [机] 外壳；遮盖物；机器等的防护外壳或外罩
 - covering, tenement

Word: search
Front: search
[sɜ:tʃ] (中高研四六托 1500/1690 -K4)
Vocabulary: search
(once / 53 pages)
vn
To search is to look for something. A search party is a group of people looking for something together. Their search may take a long time. If they're in the army, they might be on a mission to search and destroy.
Search is one of the many words in English that have taken on a new meaning related to computers. To search the Web, or perform a search is to use a computer to find information on the Internet. The verb search is from Late Latin circare "to travel through," from Latin circus "circle." The original meanings of this verb in English were to dig for something, then, to overrun or occupy by force.
WORD FAMILY
search: searched, searcher, searches, searching+/searcher: searchers/searching: searchingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A search continued Tuesday for those still missing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She scrolled through hundreds of aggressive messages, searching for the one that troubled her the most.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
At first I instantly thought it was marketing hype but slowly the story intrigued me and I began searching online.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 搜寻，搜索; 调查; 搜查; 探求
n. 搜索; 调查; 探求
时态：searched, searching, searches
分布：搜索(79%)，搜寻(15%)，调查(4%)，探求(2%)
→来自古法语 cerchier,搜查，搜索，来自拉丁语 circare,搜查，绕圈，来自 circus,圈，环，词源 同 circus,recherche.
v./n.(for)搜索,寻找,探查Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US [sɝ:tʃ] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to look somewhere carefully in order to find something 搜查；搜索
• The police searched the woods for the missing boy. 员警在树林中搜寻失踪的孩子。
• She searched his face for some sign of forgiveness, but it remained expressionless. 她仔细端详他的脸，想看出些许表示原谅的神情，但他脸上仍然毫无表情。
• He searched (in/through) his pockets for some change. 他翻遍口袋想找些零钱。
• I've searched high and low (= everywhere) , but I can't find my birth certificate. 我到处找，却怎么也找不到我的出生证明。
• The detectives searched the house from top to bottom (= all over it) , but they found no sign of the stolen goods. 侦探在屋子里到处搜寻，但失窃物品仍不见踪影。
• figurative She searched her mind/memory for the man's name, but she couldn't remember it. 她拼命想记起这个男人的名字，但怎么也想不起来。
• figurative People who are searching after inner peace sometimes turn to religion. 想要寻求内心平和的人有时会求助于宗教。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to try to find the answer to a problem 寻找答案；思索
• Philosophers have searched for millennia but they haven't found the meaning of life. 数千年来，哲学家一直在思索人生的意义，却还没找到答案。
 IMPROVER transitive
■A police officer who searches you or your possessions looks for something you might be hiding （员警）对…搜身，搜查
• The men were searched for drugs and then released. 那些男子被搜身，看是否藏有毒品，然后被释放。
UK [sɜ:tʃ] US [sɝ:tʃ] verb
Search me! informal
■something that you say when you do not know the answer to a question 我怎么知道！
• "Where's Jack?" "Search me!" “杰克在哪里？”“我怎么知道！”
UK [sɜ:tʃ] US [sɝ:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] search sth/sb out
■to find something or someone after searching 找到，发现
• Despite the warm weather, we searched out some snow and went skiing. 尽管天气很暖和，我们还是找到了雪地，就去滑雪了。
UK [sɜ:tʃ] US [sɝ:tʃ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  searchRemember: when search has an indirect preposition, use the preposition for. To talk about the thing you are trying to find, don't say 'search something', say search for something :
✗ He is still searching his lost dog.
UK [sɜ:tʃ] US [sɝ:tʃ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you try to find someone or something 搜索；搜寻
• After a long search, they eventually found the missing papers. 找了很长时间之后，他们终于找到了遗失的文件。
• We're doing a computer search for all words beginning with 'high'. 我们在用电脑搜寻以 high 开头的所有词。
• The police carried out/conducted/made a thorough/exhaustive search of the premises, but they failed to find any drugs. 员警对这所住宅进行了彻底搜查，但没有发现任何毒品。
 IMPROVER only singular
■when you try to find an answer to a problem 思索，思考
• the search for happiness 对幸福的思考
in search of sth
■trying to find something 寻找
• She was shot by a sniper when she went out in search of firewood. 她在外出寻找柴火时被狙击手射中。
search, comb, seek
这组词都有“寻找”的意思，其区别是：
search: 侧重努力和彻底搜寻某人或某地。
comb: 指像梳头一样进行搜寻，侧重费力和彻底搜查。
seek: 书面用词，使用广。指付出很大努力去寻找某人或某物。
search, search for
search: 后接地点, He searched his pocket for money.
search for: 后接东西
vi. 搜寻；调查；探求
 - probe, examine, research
vt. [计] [航] [水运] 搜索；搜寻；调查；搜查；探求
 - seek, examine, survey, research, fish
n. 搜寻；探究，查究
 - inquiry, exploration

Word: expand
Front: expand
[ɪkˈspænd] (高研四六托雅宝 1572/2124 -K3)
Vocabulary: expand
(once / 134 pages)
v
The verb expand means to make something bigger or wider. It might refer to something concrete, as when you blow into a balloon and make it expand, or something more abstract, as when you study to expand your mind.
Expand is a combination of the Latin words ex-, meaning "out," and pandere, "to spread." The idea of spreading out was always there, though the current idea of something actually becoming larger was first recorded in the mid-17th century. Expand is a versatile word that can refer to anything getting bigger, from a nation's growing influence in a neighboring country to a waistline that needs a larger belt.
WORD FAMILY
expand: expandable, expanded, expanding, expands, expansible, expansion, expansive +/ expansion: expansionism, expansions/ expansionism: expansionist/ expansive: expansively, expansiveness, expansivity, unexpansive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think this expanded choice, which the president-elect is proposing, should be part of that solution,” Mr. Caldwell said recently on CNN.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使…变大; 扩张; 详述
vi. 扩展; 发展; 张开; 展开
时态：expanded, expanding, expands
分布：扩张(49%)，增加(23%)，详述(15%)，张开(11%)，使 ... 膨胀(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-pand, 展开，词源同pace, feather.
v.(使)膨胀,(使)扩张;张开,展开The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
【记】ex出，pand展开－展开出去－扩大
【参】expansion（n 扩张；膨胀）；expanse（n 膨胀；宽广空间）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to increase in size, number or importance, or to make something increase in this way （使）（尺寸、数量或重要性）扩大，增加；（使）膨胀
• The air in the balloon expands when heated. 气球里的空气受热后膨胀。
• They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s. 20世纪80年代他们扩大了零售业务。
[ɪk'spænd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  expand on sth
■to give more details about something you have said or written 对…详述；进一步说明
• She mentioned a few ideas, but she didn't expand on them. 她提到了几个想法，但并没有进行详细说明。
enlarge, magnify, increase, expand, multiply, augment, amplify
这组词都有“增加，增大”的意思，其区别是：
enlarge: 主要指面积或体积等的扩大。
magnify: 可指用光学仪器使物体看上去显得变大；也指事实上把某物增大，有时用于夸张意味。
increase: 指数量、强度和大小等方面的扩大或增加。
expand: 指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加。
multiply: 通常指自然繁殖而产生的增长，有时也指同类事物数量的成倍增加。
augment: 较正式用词，一般指在原有的基础上增加含量而扩大。
amplify: 在科技中常指声音的扩大或电磁波的增强。也指补充了细节、详述或扩大内容等。此词系正式用语。
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vt. 扩张；使膨胀；详述
 - dwell on, enlarge on
vi. 发展；张开，展开
 - grow, go way

Word: release
Front: release
[rɪˈli:s] (研四六托雅宝 1120/1232 -K5)
Vocabulary: release
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5n
To release something or someone is to set it free, like a caged animal or a prisoner. “I shall be released” is a famous refrain from a 1967 Bob Dylan song that has come to symbolize political freedom around the world.
Release, which is a noun and a verb, has many different meanings. As a noun, it can mean a liberation, an unfastening, or the condition of being made available, like a movie or a CD. “When is the new Spiderman movie being released?” you might ask your best friend. As a verb, it can mean to relieve of suffering or obligation, like a debt. But it can also mean to lay off from a job, or surrender. “Release me from having to watch this terrible movie!” you could end up saying about the 16th Spiderman sequel. And who would blame you?
WORD FAMILY
release: released, releases, releasing+/released: unreleased
USAGE EXAMPLES
An autopsy will be performed, the news release said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Reyes appeared in just two of the first four games of the season and then was released.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 释放; 放开; 发布; 发行
n. 释放，排放，解除; 释放令; 公映的新影片，发布的新闻[消息]
时态：released, releasing, releases
分布：释放(81%)，发行(12%)，让与(3%)，发射(2%)，让渡(1%)，准予发表(1%)
→来自古法语 relaissier,relesser,遗留，离开，留下，来自拉丁语 relaxare,松开，松手，re-,向后， 离开，laxare,松开，词源同 lax,relax.引申诸相关词义。
v.释放,解放;发表,发行n.释放,豁免,放松Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
【记】源于：relax（v 放松；休息）
【反】constrain（v 强迫；抑制）；immure（v 监禁）
verb transitive
MAKE FREE 使自由
 ESSENTIAL
■to give freedom or free movement to someone or something 释放，放走；放开，松开
• He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence. 他被判五年徒刑，但是服刑两年后就被释放出狱了。
• She was arrested for shoplifting but was released on bail (= after paying a sum of money to the law court). 她因为在商店行窃而被捕，但是在交纳保释金后就被释放了。
• figurative The operation released him from years of pain. 手术使他摆脱了多年的病痛。
 ADVANCED
■to move a device from a fixed position to allow it to move freely 拉开；松开
• He released the handbrake and the car jumped forwards. 他松开了手闸，车猛地向前冲去。
■to fire a bomb or a missile, or to allow it to fall 发射；投（弹）
• The plane released its bombs at 10 000 feet. 飞机在一万英尺高空投下了炸弹。
■to allow a substance to flow out from somewhere 排放；释出；使逸出
• Coal power stations release sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. 燃煤发电站向大气中排放二氧化硫。
• Hormones are released from glands into the bloodstream. 荷尔蒙从腺体分泌出来进入血液中。
■to express a feeling which you have been trying not to show 发泄；宣泄
• He punched the pillow in an effort to release his anger. 他捶打枕头来发泄愤怒。
[rɪ'li:s] verb transitive
MAKE PUBLIC 使公开
 ESSENTIAL
■to allow something to be shown in public or to be available for use 公开；公布；发布
• Police have released a picture of the man they want to question. 警方公布了他们想要问讯的一名男子的照片。
• The minister has released a statement explaining the reasons for his resignation. 部长发表了一份声明，解释他辞职的原因。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a company releases a film or musical recording, it allows the film to be shown in cinemas, or makes the musical recording available for the public to buy 发行；上映
• The band's latest album will be released next week. 该乐队的最新专辑将在下周发行。
[rɪ'li:s] noun
MAKING FREE 释放
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■when someone is allowed to leave prison, etc 释放；获释
• Her early release from prison led to a demonstration. 她被提前释放出狱，这引起了一场游行示威。
uncountable
■when something flows out from somewhere 排放；泄漏；渗漏
• The accident caused the release of radioactivity into the atmosphere. 这次事故导致放射性物质泄漏到大气中。
[S or U]
■a feeling that you are free from something unpleasant 解脱；轻松感
• I noticed a release of tension when he left the room. 我注意到，他一走出房间大家都如释重负。
• After years of suffering, his death came as a merciful release. 受了那么多年的折磨，死亡对他来说算是一种幸运的解脱。
[rɪ'li:s] noun
MAKING PUBLIC 公布
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when something is shown in public or made available for use 公开；公布；发布
• There are strict rules on the release of official information. 对官方资讯的发布有严格的规定。
 ADVANCED countable
■a written statement which gives information to be broadcast or published 发布的声明（或文件等）
• The Department of Transport has issued a press release about the proposals for the new motorway. 交通部发布了有关建设新高速公路计划的新闻公报。
 ADVANCED countable
■a musical recording which is made available for the public to buy 发行的唱片
• Her latest release, a song about doomed love, she wrote herself. 她最近发行的单曲，一首咏唱注定使人心碎的爱情之歌，是她自己作的词。
be UK on/ US in general release
■If a film is on/in general release, it is available to be shown in cinemas 上映；公映
• The latest film from Disney goes on general release next month. 迪士尼公司制作的最新一出电影将在下个月公映。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
exposure, printing, release, publication
exposure: 暴露，揭露，一般指不好的事情
printing: 印刷，出版
release: 释放，出版，一般用来指唱片，电影的发行，强调经过努力才得以发表
publication: 发表，公之于众
free, liberate, discharge, release
这组词都有“解放，释放”的意思，其区别是：
free: 指不再受任何限制、约束、阻碍和压迫，完全可按自己的意志行事。
liberate: 常指从束缚和压迫中解放出来，强调获得最终的解放，有时可和free换用。
discharge: 强调把某人或某物从监禁、束缚中释放出来。
release: 侧重指放松限制、解除监禁或免除义务。
vt. 释放；发射；让与；允许发表
 - deliver, send, free, project, convey
n. 释放；发布；让与
 - liberation, issuance

Word: tory

Word: pick
Front: pick
[pɪk] (中高雅 517/664 -K3)
Vocabulary: pick
(once / 54 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv 4nv 5v 6v 7v 8v 9n 10n
When you pick something, you choose it, the way you pick apples in the fall or when you pick a partner to work with in biology class. But if you pick on someone, you bug them in a mean way.
Something you pick can be called a pick, like the "pick of the litter,” the best dog of the bunch. You can also use a pick to chop ice or play guitar. You can pick at something, like a loose thread, or pick something up, like your new puppy. You could pick on someone, but that's a good way to pick a fight, or provoke an argument. Pick is an old word related to “peck, sting, and pinch.”
WORD FAMILY
pick: picked, picker, picking, picks, unpick+/picker: pickers/picking: pickings/unpick: unpicked, unpicking, unpicks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“That was a huge play in the game. Plays like that and the pick six,” Beathard added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 挑选，挑拣; 挖，采，摘，剔，扒; 挑剔
n. 选择; 收获; 精华
时态：picked, picking, picks
分布：选择(30%)，挑选(25%)，捡(14%)，拾(10%)，镐(8%)，采摘(6%)，精华(3%)，鹤嘴锄(2%)，找茬(1%)，偶然学到(1%)
→来自中古英语picken,捡，适，采摘，来自古英语pician,刺，拔，来自Proto-Germanic*pikona,刺，啄，敲，捡，来自beu-,发出敲击声，拟声词，词源同peck,pike.
v.拾,采,摘;挑选,选择n.镐,鹤嘴锄The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
verb
CHOOSE 挑选
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take some things and leave others; to choose 挑选；选择
• Pick a card from the pack. 从这副纸牌中挑出一张。
• One of my sisters has been picked for the Olympic team. 我的一个姐姐入选了奥运代表队。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] She was picked to play for the team. 她获选代表该队参赛。
• The police asked him if he could pick (out) the killer from a series of photos. 员警问他能否从一组照片中认出凶手。
• The fairest way to decide the winner is to pick a name out of a hat / at random (= without looking or choosing). 决定谁是优胜者最公平的办法是任意／随机选取一个名字。
• They picked their way (= carefully chose a route) down the broken steps. 他们小心翼翼地沿着断裂的台阶向下走。
• He's brilliant at picking winners (= choosing what will be successful). 他在判断谁能获胜这方面很有眼光。
pick and choose often disapproving
■to take some things but not others 挑三拣四；精挑细选
• The richest universities can pick and choose which students they take. 最有钱的大学可以对学生精挑细选。
[pɪk] verb
REMOVE 除去
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to remove separate things or small pieces from something, especially with the fingers 从…上剔除；采，摘
• Machines pick the fruit (from/off the trees). 机器把水果（从树上）摘下来。
• I picked a piece of fluff off my shiny black suit. 我从闪闪发亮的黑色套装上拔掉一根绒毛。
• The child continued picking (at) a sore on his leg (= trying to remove parts of it with his fingers). 那个孩子不停地抓他腿上的疮。
• [+ obj + adj] The carcass had been picked clean (= all the flesh had been removed) by other animals and birds. 动物尸体上的肉已被别的动物和鸟吃得干干净净。
• disapproving He kept picking his nose (= removing mucus from it with his finger). 他在不停地掏鼻孔。
transitive
■When you pick a string on a guitar or similar instrument, you pull it quickly and release it suddenly with your fingers to produce a note. 弹拨，弹奏（吉他等弦乐器）
[pɪk] verb
pick sb's brains
■to ask someone who knows a lot about a subject for information or their opinion 请教某人
• I was picking Simon's brains about which computer to buy. 我正请教西蒙该买哪台电脑。
[pɪk] verb
pick sb's pocket
■to steal small objects, especially money, from someone's pockets or bag 从（某人）的口袋里偷东西；扒窃
⇒ See also pickpocket
[pɪk] verb
pick yourself up off the floor
■to make improvements to your life after a bad period 振作起来；重整旗鼓
[pɪk] verb
pick a fight/quarrel/argument
■to start a fight/quarrel/argument with someone 寻衅，找麻烦
• He'd had too much to drink and tried to pick a fight with the bartender. 他酒喝得太多了，试图挑衅酒吧侍者。
[pɪk] verb
pick holes in sth disapproving
■to find mistakes in something someone has done or said, to show that it is not good or not correct 挑…的毛病，找…的漏洞；批评
[pɪk] verb
pick 'n' mix UK
■a system in a shop where you can choose a few of several different small things, especially sweets 自己选配（指在商店里挑选多种小商品，尤指糖果）
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick at sth disapproving
■to eat only a little bit of your food, showing no interest or enjoyment while you eat it （因没胃口或不高兴而）一点一点地吃，挑挑拣拣地吃
• Charles picked at his food in a bored fashion. 查尔斯吃饭挑挑拣拣的，一点胃口也没有。
⇒ See also picky
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth off
SHOOT
■to shoot at one particular person, animal or vehicle which you have chosen from a group （有选择地）瞄准射中
• The snipers picked the soldiers off one by one as they ran for cover. 士兵们慌忙走避时，狙击手将他们逐个击毙。
TAKE THE BEST
■to take the best person or thing from a group 挑选最佳的人选或物件
• It is relatively easy for newcomers to pick off the most lucrative business and ignore the rest. 新来人员较易挑选最有利润的业务而忽略其他业务。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick on sb
 ADVANCED
■to criticize, punish or be unkind to the same person often and unfairly 找（某人）的漏洞；对（某人）刁难挑剔；找碴
• He gets picked on by the other boys because he's so small. 他因为个子小受到其他男孩欺负。
• Why don't you pick on someone your own size ? 你怎么不去欺负和你个头差不多的人？
pick on someone your own size
■said to someone who wants to fight a person who is smaller than them 找个个头和你差不多的人较量吧
• Just leave me alone, will you? Why don't you go and pick on someone your own size? 别惹我，好吗？你怎么不找一个个头和你差不多的呢？
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth out
RECOGNIZE
 ADVANCED
■to recognize, find or make a choice among different people or things in a group 辨认出，分辨出；认真挑选出
• Can you pick out the three deliberate mistakes in this paragraph? 你能找出这一段三个故意犯的错误吗？
• The critics picked him out as the outstanding male dancer of the decade. 评论家把他评为十年来最杰出的男舞蹈家。
EMPHASIZE
■to choose and emphasize, make clearer or highlight someone or something 强调；使突出；使显著
• The ship's name was picked out in bright gold letters along her stern. 在船的尾部，金色的船名清晰可见。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sth out
■If you pick out a tune, you play it slowly or with difficulty, note by note （缓慢或困难地）弹奏（乐器）
• I can pick out a simple tune on the piano, but that's about it. 我能用钢琴弹奏简单的曲调，但仅此而已。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick over sth
■to look carefully at a group of things, choosing the ones you want or getting rid of the ones you do not want 挑拣；甄选，精选
• All the clothes at the sale had been thoroughly picked over and there was nothing nice left. 所有减价出售的衣服都被别人仔细挑过了，没剩下甚么好的了。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb/sth up
LIFT
 ESSENTIAL
■to lift someone or something using your hands 举起；抱起；提起
• If she starts to cry, pick her up and give her a cuddle. 如果她哭了的话，把她抱起来搂一搂。
• I picked up the kids' clothes that were lying on the floor. 我把地上孩子的衣服捡了起来。
• I went to pick up the phone/receiver, but it had stopped ringing. 我去接电话，但已经不响了。
COLLECT
 ADVANCED
■to collect, or to go and get, someone or something 接（某人）；取（某物）
• When you're in town could you pick up the books I ordered? 你进城时能帮我取一下我订购的书吗？
• Whose turn is it to pick the children up after school? 该谁去接放学的孩子？
• The crew of the sinking tanker were picked up (= saved from the sea) by helicopter. 油轮不断下沉，船上的船员都被直升机救了上来。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sth up
LEARN
 ADVANCED
■to learn a new skill or language by practising it rather than being taught it （透过练习而）学会
• Don't bother with the computer manual - you'll pick it up as you go along. 别费神看电脑手册了——练练就会了。
• When you live in a country you soon pick up the language. 如果你住在某个国家的话，很快就能学会该国的语言。
■to learn interesting or useful information from someone or something 获悉；得知
• The nurse had picked up the information from a conversation she overheard. 护士是从偶然听到的谈话中得知这个消息的。
BUY
■to buy something cheaply （便宜地）买到
• She picked up some real bargains in the sale. 她在特价时买了几样非常便宜的东西。
WIN
■to win or get a prize or something that gives you an advantage, such as votes or support 赢得，获得（奖品、选票或支持）
• The People's Front expect to pick up a lot more votes in this year's elections. 人民阵线期望今年大选中获得的选票将能大幅增加。
SIGNAL
■(of a piece of electrical equipment) to receive a signal （电子设备）接收（讯号）
• Can you pick up (= receive broadcasts from) Moscow on your radio? 你的收音机能收到莫斯科的广播吗？
NOTICE
■to notice and react to something 注意到；察觉；看到
• Police dogs picked up the scent of the two men from clothes they had left behind. 警犬从那两名男子留下的衣服上闻出了他们的气味。
ILLNESS
■to catch an illness from someone or something, caused by bacteria or a virus 感染病毒；得了…病
• He picked up malaria when he was visiting the country on business. 他到该国出差时染上了疟疾。
pick up the phone informal
■to make a telephone call to someone 打电话
• If you need me, you just have to pick up the phone. 需要我的话，打个电话给我就可以了。
pick up the bill/tab (US also pick up the check) informal
■to pay for what has been bought, especially a meal in a restaurant （尤指在餐厅）付帐
pick up the pieces
■to try to return to a satisfactory situation 重整旗鼓；力求恢复正常
• The fire was a blow, but we were determined to pick up the pieces and get the business back on its feet. 火灾是个打击，但我们决心重整旗鼓，恢复经营。
pick up the thread(s)
■to start again after an interruption （中断后）恢复，继续
• Picking up the threads of our discussion, let's return to the topic of factory farming. 继续我们的讨论，还是回到工厂化农业的话题吧。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick (sth) up
■to start again after an interruption; to return to something 重新开始，继续
• The author picks the same theme up again on page ten. 作者在第十页又再次谈到那个主题。
• After lunch shall we pick up where we left off yesterday? 午餐后我们接着昨天的话题谈下去好吗？
[pɪk] verb pick 1 Phrasal Verbs  [M] pick sb up
POLICE UK informal
■(of the police) to stop someone and take them to a police station in order to question them or arrest them （员警）逮捕，拘捕
• He was picked up by the police for drug dealing. 他因贩毒被警方逮捕。
• The police picked her up just outside Canterbury. 她在坎特伯里城外不远处被警方抓住了。
MEET informal
■to start a sexual or romantic relationship with someone you do not know, by talking to them and giving them a lot of attention 勾搭（某人）；与（某人）调情
• He said he'd picked the woman up in a bar. 他说他在酒吧勾搭上那个女人。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  intransitive or transitive pick up
INCREASE
■to increase or improve 增加；提高；改进
• The truck picked up speed slowly. 卡车慢慢加速。
• The wind always picks up in the evening. 一到晚上，风就越刮越大。
• The number of applicants will pick up during the autumn. 在秋季，应征者的人数会增加。
• His spirits picked up when he got the good news. 他听到那个好消息后情绪好转了。
• Her career only began to pick up when she was in her forties. 她40多岁时事业才开始起步。
TELEPHONE
■to answer the telephone 接电话
• I tried his home number but he didn't pick up. 我拨了他家的号码，但他没接。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick sb up on sth
■to criticize someone about something they have said 在…上挑（某人）毛病，指出（某人）在…方面的错误
• "I want to pick you up on the point you made a few minutes ago about personal morality, Archbishop." “大主教，我对您刚才有关个人道德的观点有不同的意见。”
• His teacher picked him up on his pronunciation. 他的老师指出了他的发音错误。
[pɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pick up on sth
RETURN
■to start talking again about something that someone said previously 重新回到，继续（某一话题）
• Can I just pick up on your first point again, please? 我能继续探讨你的第一个论点吗？
NOTICE
■to notice something that other people have not noticed 注意到（他人未注意到的事物）
• Only one newspaper picked up on the minister's statement. 只有一家报纸注意到部长的陈述。
[pɪk] noun
CHOICE 选择
uncountable
■choice 挑选；选择
• You can have first pick of the cakes. 你可以第一个挑选蛋糕。
have your pick
■to have a large choice available 可以挑选；任意挑选
• The plane was fairly empty so we had our pick of seats. 飞机上很空，所以我们可以自由选择座位。
take your pick
■to choose the one(s) you want from the different types available 挑选，选择
• The shirts come in five different colours - just take your pick. 这种衬衫有五种不同的颜色——你随便挑吧。
[pɪk] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a pickaxe
• picks and shovels 锄和铲
countable
■especially in combinations, a sharp pointed tool （尤用于复合词）
• a toothpick 牙签
[pɪk] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a plectrum
[pɪk] noun
the pick of sth (also the pick of the bunch)
■the best of a group of people or things （…的）精华；最好的东西；出类拔萃者
• The pick of this year's 3-year-old racehorses is Galileo. 今年三岁大的赛马中最棒的是加利莱奥。
• There were a lot of very amusing entries, but the pick of the bunch came from John Robinson. 有许多非常有趣的参赛作品，但最好的还是约翰‧鲁宾逊的。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vi. 挑选；采摘；挖
 - select, choose from
vt. 采摘；拾取；掘；精选
 - dig, handpick
n. 选择；挖； [农机] 鹤嘴锄
 - chose, selection, choice

Word: arrest
Front: arrest
[əˈrest] (高研四六托宝 2140/2134 -K4)
Vocabulary: arrest
(once / 95 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To arrest someone is to put them in custody for breaking the law. If you face arrest, your criminal activities will be "at rest" because you'll be behind bars, or in jail.
Arrest is both a noun and a verb. When you place a person "under arrest," you take them into custody and hold them so they can’t continue breaking the law. A police officer or other agent of the law will arrest a person often by physically taking them away. In addition to the legal meaning, arrest means "stop." To arrest motion is to stop a person or thing from moving.
WORD FAMILY
arrest: arrested, arrester, arresting, arrests+/arrester: arresters/ arresting: arrestingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chung is being held in Denmark after police there arrested her on Sunday in the northern city of Aalborg.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 逮捕，拘捕; 止住，阻止，抑制; 吸引（注意）
vi. 心跳停止
n. 拘留; 停止，阻止; 制动（装置）
时态：arrested, arresting, arrests
分布：逮捕(93%)，拘留(7%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. rest, 停下, 来自前缀re-, 向后。词根st, 站立。
逮捕,阻止(ar+rest休息→不让动→逮捕)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
阻止,逮捕[rest=stay(停留)]
n.逮捕,扣留vt.逮捕,扣留;阻止;吸引I'm interested in why he is arrested while resting in aural restaurant in the forest.我对他为何在森林里的香味餐馆歇息的时候被捕感兴趣.
【反】vitalize（v 激发）
verb transitive
CATCH 抓住
 ESSENTIAL
■If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime which they might have committed 逮捕；拘捕
• He was arrested when customs officers found drugs in his bag. 海关人员在他的手提包里发现了毒品，把他拘捕了。
• The police arrested her for drinking and driving. 她因酒后驾车被警方拘捕。
[ə'rest] verb transitive
STOP 阻止 formal
■to stop or interrupt the development of something 阻止；抑制
• The treatment has so far done little to arrest the spread of the cancer. 这种疗法到目前为止几乎没有抑制癌细胞的扩散。
[ə'rest] verb transitive
ATTRACT NOTICE 吸引注意 formal
■to attract or catch someone's attention 引起（某人的注意）
• A photo of a small boy arrested my attention. 一张小男孩的照片引起了我的注意。
[ə'rest] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when the police take someone away to ask them about a crime which they might have committed 逮捕；拘捕
• Two arrests were made, but the men were later released without charge. 有两人被捕，但后来他们没被起诉就获释了。
• She was stopped outside the shop and placed/put under arrest. 她在商店外被截获逮捕。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. [法] 逮捕；阻止；吸引
 - absorb, attract, engage, dispute, draw
n. [法] 逮捕；监禁
 - prison, imprisonment

Word: info
Front: info
[ˈɪnfəʊ] (10751/15801 -1)
Vocabulary: info
(once / 3609 pages)
n
Info is a fact — or many facts — about a person or a thing. When you ask for more info about a city you're visiting, you might want to know about its history, its public transportation, or its best restaurants.
Info is an informal, shortened form of information. You can get info by doing research at the library, searching online, or simply asking questions. To find out some basic info about a dance class, you could ask the teacher, for example. This casual, common word was coined at the very start of the 20th century, from information, from the Latin root informationem, "outline or idea."
WORD FAMILY
info
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The limit on the size is the available nesting habitat, and we’ve got reasonable info that all the available nesting habitat is being used.”
The Guardian(Dec 26, 2016)
Visitors should check the forest’s website for info on which roads remain open.
Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Info: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily through Dec. 26, 206-621-1700 or fairmont.com/seattle/press-room/teddy-bear-suite-celebrates-20th-anniversary.
Seattle Times(Dec 20, 2016)
Back: n. 信息
分布：信息(100%)
US [-foʊ] noun uncountable informal for
■ information 资讯和通讯技术
n. 信息；情报
 - appletalk Apple Talk, gen

Word: unemployment
Front: unemployment
[ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt] (高研六雅 3492/1495 -K1)
Vocabulary: unemployment
(once / 388 pages)
n
Unemployment refers to not having a job. The more people have work, the less unemployment there is.
When you're employed by someone, you work for them: employment is a job. Therefore, unemployment is the lack of a job. Economists often talk about how much unemployment there is and whether the unemployment rate is increasing or decreasing. If it's up, that's bad for the economy, because more people are out of work. Sometimes, the government provides unemployment benefits for people who have recently lost their jobs.
WORD FAMILY
unemployment: unemployments+/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employer: employers/ employment: employments, unemployment
USAGE EXAMPLES
Buffalo's Rex Ryan found himself on the unemployment line a week later.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On Friday at 8:30 a.m., the Department of Labor will report data on hiring and unemployment in December.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 失业; 失业率; 失业状况; 失业人数
分布：失业(93%)，失业人数(7%)
→un-, 不，非，employment,就业。
n.失业,失业人数The unemployment rate is rising in that country.那个国家的失业率正在上升.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the number of people who do not have a job which provides money 失业人数；失业率
• Unemployment has fallen/risen again for the third consecutive month. 失业人数连续第三个月上升／下降。
 IMPROVER
■the state of being unemployed 失业（状态）
(also unemployment compensation) (also unemployment insurance) US for
■ Jobseeker's Allowance 求职者的津贴
n. [劳经] 失业；失业率；失业人数
 - joblessness, jobless rate

Word: certainly
Front: certainly
[ˈsɜ:tnli] (高 664/540 -K4)
Vocabulary: certainly
(once / 37 pages)
adv
Use the adverb certainly when you’re sure about a particular action — absolutely, positively sure. If you love the new shoes you just bought, you may defend your purchase by saying they were certainly worth the money you paid.
The word certainly emphasizes that you’re positive about something. When you hear thunder and look up at a gray sky, you might say it will certainly rain. If you’re on a diet, you could say that you will certainly avoid chocolate cake. Certainly can also be used to answer a question in the affirmative. If your boss asks to speak to you, you might answer, “Certainly.” It’s just a formal way of saying “yes.”
WORD FAMILY
certain: certainer, certainest, certainly, incertain, uncertain +/ uncertain: uncertainly, uncertainness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ryan will almost certainly re-emerge as speaker in Tuesday’s floor vote.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These cases certainly warrant a deeper examination of state policy and practices by Inspector General Julie Rogers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Certainly Sherlock avoids the boring cliche of other TV shows where guns are waved around as a threat but never actually fired.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 无疑; 当然; 确定; 肯定
分布：当然(70%)，一定(30%)
ad.一定,必定,无疑;当然,行Music can certainly enrich your whole life.音乐肯定会使你的整个生活丰富多彩.
US ['sɝ:-] adverb
IN NO DOUBT 毫无疑问
 ESSENTIAL
■used to reply completely or to emphasize something and show that there is no doubt about it （用于肯定的答覆或强调）当然，毫无疑问，确实，肯定
• She certainly had a friend called Mark, but I don't know whether he was her boyfriend. 她确实有个朋友叫马克，不过我不知道他是不是她男友。
• "This is rather a difficult question." "Yes, it's certainly not easy." “这实在是个难题。”“是呀，确实不容易。”
• "Do you think more money should be given to education?" "Certainly!" “你认为应当给教育拨更多经费吗？”“当然啦！”
• "Had you forgotten about our anniversary?" "Certainly not! I've reserved a table at Michel's restaurant for this evening." “你是不是把我们的结婚纪念日忘了？”“当然没有！我已经在蜜雪儿餐厅预订了今晚的位子。”
■used when agreeing or disagreeing strongly to a request （用于对请求表示强烈同意或不同意）当然，行
• "Could you lend me £10?" "Certainly." “你能借给我十英镑吗？”“当然可以。”
• "Did you take any money out of my purse?" "Certainly not!" “你是不是从我钱包里拿钱了？”“绝对没有！”
UK ['sɜ:.tən.li] US ['sɝ:-] adverb
EXTREMELY LIKELY 必然
 IMPROVER
■very likely to happen 必然的事；很有可能发生的事
• She will certainly win the election if the opinion polls are accurate. 如果民意调查准确无误，她定会赢得这场选举。
surely, naturally, certainly, of course
这组词都有“肯定地，当然”的意思，其区别是：
surely: 表一种必然的可能性，也可表示信心或不轻信。强调主观判断。
naturally: 指自然而然，毫无造作或天生如此。
certainly: 强调有把握，深信不疑。
of course: 指毫无疑问，自然如此。可与certainly和naturally换用。
adv. 当然；行（用于回答）；必定
 - surely, definitely, ok

Word: seven
Front: seven
[ˈsevn] (中高 734/575 -5)
Back: num. 七; 七个; 第七
n. 七; 七个
分布：七(100%)
→来自古英语 seofon,来自 Proto-Germanic*sebun,来自 septm,七，词源同 September,septet.
num.七,七个(人或物)The committee is made up of seven people.委员会由七人组成.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 7 （数字）七
• The restaurant opens for dinner at seven o'clock. 餐厅在七点钟开门供应晚餐。
• We're open seven days a week (= every day). 我们一周七天都开放。
num. 七个，七
 - septenary
n. 七个，七
 - hepta
adj. 七的；七个的
 - septimal

Word: here
Front: here
[hɪə(r)] (中高 96/117 -K5)
Vocabulary: here
(once / 13 pages)
advnadj
Here is the opposite of there. There is another place, but here is where you are right now.
When someone yells, "Come here! Come here!" they want you to come to where they are — here means the present location for the person using the word. Unless you're in the same place, here is a different place for you and for someone else. People use here to indicate a specific place, like "See this scar right here?" There are also expressions like "here and there" (meaning all sorts of places) and "the here and now" (the present time).
WORD FAMILY
here: hereness, heres
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the real game-changing gadget here is not on the weight room floor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“You mean you drove yourself here?” she exclaims, wide-eyed.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Okay, so here’s my question: When did civility become incompatible with protest?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 在这里; 这时; 在这一点上; （给某人东西或指出某物时说）
n. 这里
int. 喂; 嗨
分布：这里(96%)，这时(3%)，在这点上(1%)
→来自古英语her,此地，这里，来自Proto-Germanic*hi,来自ki,这里，这个，词源同hence,hither,-r,副词后缀。here 军队，部队
ad.在(到,向)这里;这时;在这一点上Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
US [hɪr] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in, at, or to this place 在这里；到这里
• I've lived here for about two years. 我在这里住了大约两年。
• I like it here. 我喜欢这里。
• London is only 50 miles from here. 伦敦离这里只有50英哩。
• Come here - I've got something to show you. 过来——我给你看些东西。
• How long are you over here (= in this country) ? 你到这个国家多久了？
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a statement to introduce someone or something （用于句首）这
• Here's Fiona - let me introduce you to her. 这是菲奥娜——我来介绍她给你认识。
• Here's the book I said I'd lend you. 这就是我说过要借给你的书。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that someone has arrived or that something has started 到这里，来了
• Here they are! We thought you'd never come! 他们来了！我们还以为你们不会来了！
• Here we are (= We have arrived) - I said it wouldn't take more than half an hour by car. 我们到了——我说过开车不超过半个小时就能到。
• Now that Christmas is here (= has begun) , I might as well give up my diet. 既然圣诞节到了，我还是放弃节食吧。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes someone or something that is near you （表示在说话人近旁的人或物）这里
• I don't know anything about this, but I'm sure my colleague here can help you. 这个我一点都不懂，但我相信这里的同事肯定能帮你。
• It says here (= in this piece of writing) that she was born in 1943. 这里写到她生于1943年。
■now 现在，这时
• Shall we break here and have a coffee? 现在我们休息一下，喝杯咖啡好吗？
• Where do we go/Where do we take it from here? (= What should we do next?) 我们下一步该做甚么？
here (you are)
 IMPROVER
■used when giving something to someone 给你
• "Could you pass the sugar, please?" "Here you are." ｢请把糖递过来好吗？｣ ｢给你。｣
• Here, try some of this - it's delicious! 给你，尝尝这个——味道好极了！
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
the here and now
■the present time 现在
• Most people can't be bothered thinking about their retirement - they're too busy concentrating on the here and now. 大多数人都顾不了考虑退休的事情——他们都在忙着考虑现在。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
here and there ADVANCED
■in different places 到处，在各处
• There were a few books here and there, but apart from that the room was quite bare. 房间里散放着几本书，但除此之外，几乎没有甚么东西。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
Here goes! (also Here goes nothing!) informal
■said just before you do something brave or something that you have never done before （表示要开始做需要勇气或从未尝试过的事）我要开始了！看我的！
• Well, I've never ridden a motorbike before, so here goes! 噢，我以前从来都没骑过摩托车，现在就看我的吧！
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
Here today , gone tomorrow. saying
■said about something which lasts only a short time 今天来，明天走；昙花一现
• A lot of new Internet companies are here today and gone tomorrow. 大量新兴的网路公司都只是昙花一现。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
here we go informal
■a phrase often sung repeatedly by British football crowds when their team is successful （英国足球迷欢庆胜利的常用语）我们必胜
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
here we go (again) informal
■said when something bad starts happening again （坏事）又来了
• Oh, here we go again! Claude's just asked to borrow some more money from me. 唉，又来了！克劳德刚才又向我借钱了。
• Here we go again - moan, moan, moan! 又来了——牢骚、牢骚、牢骚！
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] adverb
here's to ...
■said when asking a group of people to hold up their glasses and then drink as an expression of good wishes to someone or hope for the success of something 为…干杯
• Here's to the happy couple! 为这幸福的一对干杯！
adv. 在这里；此时
 - hier
int. 嘿！；喂！
 - hey, psst

Word: eye
Front: eye
[aɪ] (中高雅 242/219 -K5)
Vocabulary: eye
(once / 8 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
An eye is the part of your body that makes it possible for you to see. When your eyes are closed, you can no longer see — until you open them again.
Most animals have eyes, and while having two eyes is most common, some spiders have eight. Your eyes are sense organs, and unless you're visually impaired, they enable you to see the world around you. The tiny hole in a needle is also an eye, and when you look at someone, you eye them. To lay eyes on something is to see it for the first time, and when you keep an eye on someone, you observe them carefully.
WORD FAMILY
eye: eyed, eyeful, eyeing, eyeless, eyelet, eyelike, eyes, eying+/eyed: eyedest, eyedness/ eyeful: eyefuls/eyeless: eyelessly, eyelessness/ eyelet: eyelets/eyes: eyeses, eyess
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Eyes are all on the playoff game,” Prescott said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
John Tortorella sprays Champagne in eyes of every idiot reporter.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He urged parents to “open their eyes” to the threat and talk to their kids.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 眼睛; 视力; 眼状物; 风纪扣扣眼
vt. 定睛地看; 注视; 审视; 细看
时态：eyed, eyeing, eyes
分布：眼睛(44%)，看(30%)，目光(7%)，注视(7%)，视力(6%)，观点(3%)，鉴赏力(2%)，审视(1%)
→来自okw, 看，词源同optical.
n.眼(睛);视力;眼力;监督vt.看,审视I averted my eyes from the diverse advertisements for the invert converter.我把目光从花样繁多的倒置转换器广告上移开.
noun countable
BODY PART 身体器官
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the two organs in your face, which you use to see with 眼睛
• He has no sight in his left eye. 他左眼失明。
• She's got beautiful green eyes. 她有一对漂亮的碧蓝色的眼睛。
• He closed his eyes and went to sleep. 他阖上眼睡了。
[aɪ] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a dark spot on a potato or similar plant part, from which a new stem and leaves will grow （马铃薯或者类似植物的）芽眼
[aɪ] noun countable
HOLE 孔
■the hole in a needle through which you put the thread 针眼；针孔
[aɪ] noun countable
all eyes are on sb/sth
■If all eyes are on someone or something, everyone is watching that person or thing and waiting to see what will happen 万众瞩目；备受关注
• All eyes are on the Prime Minister to see how he will respond to the challenge to his leadership. 所有人都拭目以待，想知道首相会如何应付对他领导地位的挑战。
[aɪ] noun countable
An eye for an eye (and a tooth for a tooth). saying
■said to show that you believe if someone does something wrong, they should be punished by having the same thing done to them 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
[aɪ] noun countable
as far as the eye can/could see
■for a long distance until something is so far away and small it cannot be seen any more 一直到眼睛看不见的地方；直到看不见；远出视野
• The road stretched into the distance as far as the eye could see. 大路向远方伸延，直到天边。
[aɪ] noun countable
be all eyes
■to watch someone or something with a lot of interest 注意地看；目不转睛
• We were all eyes as the Princess emerged from the car. 当王妃从车里出来时，我们都目不转睛地看着她。
[aɪ] noun countable
be more to sth than meets the eye
■If there is more to something than meets the eye, it is more difficult to understand or involves more things than you thought at the beginning. 比开始认为的还要难应付；比当初看上去的更复杂
[aɪ] noun countable
be one in the eye for sb UK
■to be a disappointment or defeat for someone 令某人感到失望；对某人来讲是一个挫折或失败
• His promotion was one in the eye for his rivals. 他被擢升了，这对他的对手来讲无疑是个打击。
[aɪ] noun countable
be up to your eyes in sth
■to be very busy doing something 忙于做…；做…忙得透不过气
• I'm up to my eyes in school reports this week. 这个星期我在填写学生成绩单真是忙个不停。
[aɪ] noun countable
before your very eyes
■while you are watching 瞪着眼；从眼皮底下；从眼前
• Then, before my very eyes, she disappeared. 接着，她就从我眼里消失了。
[aɪ] noun countable
clap/lay/set eyes on sb/sth
■to see someone or something for the first time 第一次看见，注意到
• Everyone keeps talking about Patrick, but I've never clapped eyes on the man. 大家一直都在谈论派特利克，但我从来没见过这个人。
[aɪ] noun countable
sb could do sth with their eyes closed/shut
■If someone could do something with their eyes shut, they can do it very easily, usually because they have done it so many times before 闭着眼也能做…；轻而易举
• I've driven along this route so often, I could do it with my eyes shut. 这条路我开过好多次了，闭着眼也知道怎么走。
[aɪ] noun countable
sb's eyes are bigger than their belly / stomach humorous
■something that you say when someone has taken more food than they can eat 眼阔肚窄；眼馋肚饱
[aɪ] noun countable
have an eye for sth
■to be good at noticing a particular type of thing 对…有鉴赏眼光；具有识别…价值的眼力
• She has an eye for detail. 她观察敏锐，善于发现细节。
[aɪ] noun countable
have your eye on sth
■to have seen something that you want and intend to get 想要得到；看中；看上
• She's had her eye on a bike for some time. 她已经看中那架脚踏车很久了。
[aɪ] noun countable
have an eye to/for the main chance UK
■Someone who has an eye to/for the main chance is always ready to use a situation to their own advantage. 留心谋私利的好机会；利用任何机会；唯利是图
[aɪ] noun countable
have eyes in the back of your head
■to know everything that is happening around you 眼观四方；目光敏锐；甚么都能察觉到
• Parents of young children need to have eyes in the back of their heads. 幼童的父母需要眼观四方，时时留意自己的孩子。
[aɪ] noun countable
in sb's eyes
■in someone's opinion 从（某人）的角度；在（某人）的心目中
• And although she was probably just an ordinary-looking kid, in my eyes she was the most beautiful child on the face of the planet. 而且，虽然她可能只是个相貌平平的小女孩，但在我看来她却是这世界上最漂亮的孩子。
[aɪ] noun countable
keep your eye in UK
■to continue to be good at a sport or other activity by practising it （经常训练以便在体育运动或其他活动中）保持精湛的技艺，不生疏，不荒废
• I try to play regularly to keep my eye in. 我尽量经常练习，免得球技生疏了。
[aɪ] noun countable
keep your /an eye on sth/sb ADVANCED
■to watch or look after something or someone 照看；留意；留神
• Will you keep your eye on my suitcase while I go to get the tickets? 我去买车票时请帮我留意一下手提箱好吗？
[aɪ] noun countable
keep your eye on the ball
■to give your attention to what you are doing at the time 小心谨慎地行动
• You have to keep your eye on the ball in business. 做生意必须时刻小心谨慎。
[aɪ] noun countable
keep your/an eye out for sb/sth informal
■to watch carefully for someone or something to appear 睁大眼睛；留心；注意
• Keep your eye out for signposts to Yosemite. 留意，别错过约塞米蒂国家公园的路标。
[aɪ] noun countable
keep your eyes peeled/skinned
■to watch carefully for someone or something 留心；警觉；密切注意
• Keep your eyes peeled for Polly and Maisie. 你要留意波莉和梅茜。
[aɪ] noun countable
make eyes at sb old-fashioned
■to look at someone with sexual interest 向某人眉目传情；向某人送秋波；向某人抛媚眼
• She was making eyes at him all evening. 她整晚不停地向他抛媚眼。
[aɪ] noun countable
not take your eyes off sb/sth
■to not stop looking at someone or something 无法将目光从…移开；直视着…
• He was so handsome - I couldn't take my eyes off him. 他太英俊了——我无法将目光从他身上移开。
[aɪ] noun countable
only have eyes for sb
■to be interested in or attracted to only one person 只关注某人；只对某人感兴趣
• You've no need to be jealous. I only have eyes for you. 你没必要吃醋。我只爱你一个。
[aɪ] noun countable
roll your eyes
■to move your eyes upwards as a way of showing that you are annoyed or bored after someone has done or said something （表示恼火或厌烦）翻白眼
[aɪ] noun countable
take your eye off the ball
■to not give your attention to what you are doing at the time 不留神；不小心
• If you're a manager, you can't afford to take your eye off the ball for one minute. 如果你是经理，就必须时刻小心谨慎。
[aɪ] noun countable
to my eye
■used when giving your opinion about the appearance of something or someone 我觉得；在我看来
• You see, to my eye, she looks better without make-up. 哎，我反而觉得她不化妆更好看。
[aɪ] noun countable
with your eyes open
■knowing about all the problems there could be with something you want to do 明知有问题；明知有危险；明知后果如何
• I went into this marriage with my eyes open. 我是明知有问题，但还是结了婚。
[aɪ] noun countable
with your eyes shut
■If someone could do something with their eyes shut, they could do it very easily because they have done it many times 闭着眼都能做；轻而易举；非常容易
• I could do that journey with my eyes shut. 去那里太容易了，我闭着眼都能去。
■noticing nothing 视而不见；不留意；不注意
• Half the time you go around with your eyes shut. 我们大部分时间都对周围发生的事漠不关心。
[aɪ] verb transitive (eyeing or US ALSO eying, eyed, eyed)
■to look at someone or something with interest （有兴趣地）看，注视
• I could see her eyeing my lunch. 我看到她像很有兴趣地看着我的午饭。
• She eyed me warily. 她警惕地看着我。
[aɪ] verb transitive (eyeing or US ALSO eying, eyed, eyed)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] eye sb up informal
■to look at someone with sexual interest 向某人眉目传情；向某人送秋波；向某人抛媚眼
• That guy in the grey jacket has been eyeing you up all evening. 那个穿灰夹克的小子整晚都在色眯眯地看着你。
[aɪ] verb transitive (eyeing or US ALSO eying, eyed, eyed)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] eye sth up informal
■to look closely at something that you are interested in 很有兴趣地仔细看
• I saw you eyeing up that chocolate cake. 我看到你的眼死盯着那块巧克力蛋糕。
n. [解剖] 眼睛；视力；眼光；见解，观点
 - viewpoint, vision, sight, perspective, outlook
vt. 注视，看
 - watch, look, behold

Word: anything
Front: anything
[ˈeniθɪŋ] (中高 331/315 -K5)
Back: pron. 任何东西; （用于否定句、疑问句中以及 if 或 whether 和 prevent、ban、avoid 等动词后，代替 something）任何东西; 重要东西; 重要事物
分布：任何事(56%)，任何东西(36%)，重要事物(5%)，在任何程度上(3%)
pron.任何东西(事物);无论什么东西(事物)I don't want to say anything about this to her.关于这件事,我什么都不会对她说.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■any event, act or object whatever, or (especially in questions or negatives) something 无论甚么东西；随便甚么事情；（尤用于疑问句或否定句中）任何事物，任何东西
• If he eats anything with wheat in it he's very sick. 他吃任何含有小麦的食物，都会很不舒服。
• Let me know if anything happens won't you. 发生甚么事就告诉我，好吗？
• Is there anything I can do to help? 有甚么地方我可以帮忙的吗？
• I didn't know anything about computers till I started this job. 在开始这项工作以前，我对电脑一无所知。
• Did you notice anything strange about him? 你注意到他有甚么异样的地方吗？
• I was looking for a birthday present for my mother but I didn't find anything suitable. 我一直留意要给母亲买件生日礼物，可一件合适的也没有看到。
• Spending Christmas with him and his brother - I can't imagine anything worse! 跟他们兄弟俩一起过圣诞节？我可想像不出比这更糟糕的事了！
• Was there anything else you wanted to say or is that it? 你还有甚么要说的吗？还是就到此为止？
• Have you got anything less expensive? 你们还有没有便宜些的？
• She could be anything (= any age) between 30 and 40. 她的年龄介于30到40岁之间。
• "What did you do at the weekend?" "I don't think we did anything much." “你们周末做了些甚么了？”“甚么也没做。”
['en.i.θɪŋ] pronoun
anything but
■If you say that someone or something is anything but a particular quality, you mean that the person or thing is the opposite of that particular quality 恰恰不；根本不；决不
• She's meant to be really nice but she was anything but nice when I met her. 她确实是想对别人好，可是我和她碰面的时候，她真的不怎么样。
['en.i.θɪŋ] pronoun
as... as anything mainly UK informal
■used to add emphasis to an adjective or adverb （用于强调形容词或副词）非常，很，无比
• He's as fat as anything (= very fat). 他很胖。
['en.i.θɪŋ] pronoun
for anything (in the world) informal
■If you say that you would not do a particular thing for anything (in the world), it means that you certainly would not do it 无论如何
• I wouldn't have missed your party for anything. 我本来无论如何都不会错过你的聚会。

Word: conflict
Front: conflict
[ˈkɒnflɪkt] (高研四六托雅宝 1179/1364 -K4)
Vocabulary: conflict
(once / 145 pages)
nv
A conflict is a struggle or an opposition. If you and your best friend both fall in love with the same person, you will have to find some way to resolve the conflict.
Conflict comes from the Latin word for striking, but it isn't always violent. Conflict can arise from opposing ideas. If you want to turn your empty lot into a community garden but your wife envisions a shooting range, you have a conflict. If you're torn between two different desires, you're conflicted. Conflict can also be a verb. If you schedule a dentist appointment that conflicts with a meeting, you'll have to cancel one of them.
WORD FAMILY
conflict: conflicted, conflicting, conflicts+/ conflicting: conflictingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In return, he allegedly approved their licence applications and chairmanship appointment without declaring a conflict of interest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A complication is the conflict over jurisdiction, whereby laws in one country are irreconcilable with those in another.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Secretary of State John Kerry’s blunt speech about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was that of a man trapped in the past.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 冲突; 战斗; 相互干扰; 矛盾
vi. 抵触; 争斗; 战斗; 冲突
时态：conflicted, conflicting, conflicts
分布：冲突(73%)，矛盾(11%)，抵触(6%)，战斗(4%)，争执(3%)，斗争(3%)
→con-, 强调。-flict, 鞭子，击打，词源同flagellate(鞭笞), afflict.
冲突(con+flict打→一起打斗→冲突)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
冲突,斗争(con共同+flict→共同打→冲突)[flict=strike,表示"打击"]
n.战斗,斗争;抵触,冲突v.(with)抵触,冲突In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
【记】con共同，flict打－共同打－冲突；斗争
【反】jibe（v 使一致；嘲笑）
US [ˈkɑːn-]
 IMPROVER
■an active disagreement between people with opposing opinions or principles 冲突；分歧；争论
• There was a lot of conflict between him and his father. 他和父亲之间存在着许多分歧。
• It was an unpopular policy and caused a number of conflicts within the party. 这项政策不得人心，在党内引起了一些分歧。
• His outspoken views would frequently bring him into conflict with the president. 他对自己的看法总是直言不讳，这常常使他和总统发生争执。
 IMPROVER
■fighting between two or more groups of people or countries 战斗，战争
• We wish to avoid conflict between our countries if at all possible. 我们希望我们两国之间能尽一切可能避免战争。
verb intransitive /kənˈflɪkt/
BE OPPOSITE 抵触
■If beliefs, needs, or facts, etc. conflict, they are very different and cannot easily exist together or both be true 不一致；发生抵触；相矛盾；冲突
• The results of the new research would seem to conflict with existing theories. 新的研究结果似乎和已有的理论相抵触。
verb intransitive /kənˈflɪkt/
FIGHT 斗争
■to fight or disagree actively 打斗，冲突
• If the two sides conflict with each other again, it will be disastrous for party unity. 如果双方再互相争斗下去，对党内团结将是一场灾难。
collide, conflict, bump, clash
这组词都有“碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
collide: 多指带毁坏性的猛烈相撞，也可指严重的直接冲突。
conflict: 这个词以前可表具体东西的撞击，现在常指冲突或对立。
bump: 主要指具体东西的有力碰撞，也可指碰到困难或障碍。
clash: 指有力的或带有金属碰击声的打、敲或相互冲击。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
n. 冲突，矛盾；斗争；争执
 - interference, difference, war, battle, collision
vi. 冲突，抵触；争执；战斗
 - combat, collide with

Word: picture
Front: picture
[ˈpɪktʃə(r)] (中高雅 562/626 -K4)
Vocabulary: picture
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Use the verb picture if you want people to imagine something vividly in their minds. If your story about your principal and some chickens is descriptive enough, your friends can picture the whole incident.
A picture is also a piece of art made by painting or drawing, like the pictures by famous artists you see in a museum. In a book, a picture is an illustration that accompanies the text, often in a child's picture book. You can also call a photograph a picture. Your dad might take so many pictures on vacation that it seems like you spent your entire childhood hiding from his camera.
WORD FAMILY
picture: pictural, pictured, pictures, picturesque, picturing+/pictured: unpictured/ picturesque: picturesquely, picturesqueness, unpicturesque/picturesqueness: picturesquenesses/picturing: picturings/unpicturesque: unpicturesquely
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But in doing so, they lose the bigger picture of transforming the body.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Pictures of them line the walls of the club’s gym, groups of a dozen men in camouflage clustered around the blue-and-red flag of the separatists.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Never imagined I would be signing pictures for people 50 years later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 照片，画像; 图画，图片; 影片; 情景
vt. 构想，想象; 描绘，画; 描述
时态：pictured, picturing, pictures
分布：画(54%)，照片(25%)，图画(8%)，想像(6%)，影片(3%)，描述(3%)，拍照(1%)
→来自拉丁语pictus,图画的，来自pingere,绘制，画图，来自peig,砍，切，词源同paint.
图画,照片(pict+ure)[Pict=paint,表示"描画"]
n.画,图片;影片;美景v.画,描述,想象This picture is the best I have seen.这张是我见过画得最好的画.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
IMAGE 图像
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a drawing, painting or photograph, etc 画，图画；照片
• Atticus drew/painted a picture of my dog. 阿提库斯画了一幅我的狗的画像。
• We took a picture of (= photographed) the children on their new bicycles. 我们拍了一张孩子骑新自行车的照片.
• I hate having my picture taken (= being photographed). 我不喜欢被人拍照。
 IMPROVER countable
■an image seen on a television or cinema screen （电视或电影的）图像，画面
• We can't get a clear picture. 我们看不到清晰的画面。
the pictures [plural] old-fashioned
■the cinema 电影
• Let's go to the pictures tonight. 今晚我们去看电影吧。
countable
■something you produce in your mind, by using your imagination or memory （脑海中的）形象；想像；印象
• I have a very vivid picture of the first time I met Erik. 我清楚地记得第一次遇见埃瑞克的情景。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
IDEA 想法
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■(an idea of) a situation 情况；局面；事态
• After watching the news, I had a clearer picture of what was happening. 看完新闻后，我进一步了解到当时发生的事。
• The picture emerging in reports from the battlefield is one of complete confusion. 据报道，战场上的局面一片混乱。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a situation described in a particular way 描述，描绘；描写
• figurative The experts are painting a gloomy/brighter/rosy picture of the state of the economy. 专家把经济状况描绘得很阴暗／日趋明朗／非常乐观。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
be a picture mainly UK
■to look beautiful 看起来很美
• The garden was a picture with all the roses in bloom. 花园里所有的玫瑰都开了，看起来真美。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
be the picture of health/innocence, etc.
■to look very healthy, innocent, etc 看起来非常健康／无辜等
• I can't believe there's anything seriously wrong with him - he's the picture of health. 我无法相信他会得甚么重病——他看来非常健康。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
Every picture tells a story. saying
■said when what has really happened in a situation is clear because of the way that someone or something looks 不言而喻；非常明显
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
get the picture
■to understand 了解情况
• It's all right, don't say any more - I get the picture. 行了，不用再说了——我明白了。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
keep sb in the picture
■to make sure someone knows all the facts about a changing situation 使（某人）了解情况
• I use the radio to keep me in the picture about what's happening abroad. 我一直靠听收音机来了解国外发生的事情。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
out of the picture
■not important to or not involved in a situation 不重要；未参与
• He used to be in the team, but he's gradually drifted out of the picture. 他以前是队里的成员，但渐渐退出了。
■unnecessary in a particular situation 不必要，多余
• The new systems cut humans out of the picture altogether. 新系统完全无需人的参与。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
put sb in the picture
■to tell someone the facts about a situation 告知（某人）有关情况
• His lawyer put him in the picture about what had happened since his arrest. 他的律师告诉了他在他被捕之后发生的一切。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
sb's face is a picture UK
■If someone's face is a picture, they look very surprised or angry 某人看起来非常惊讶（或生气）
• Her face was a picture when I told her the price. 我告诉她价格时她非常惊讶。
UK ['pɪk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to imagine something 想像，设想
• Picture the scene - the crowds of people and animals, the noise, the dirt. 想像一下那个场景——拥挤推搡的行人，三五成群的牲口，嘈杂不堪的喧闹声，满天飞扬的尘土。
• [+ -ing verb] Try to picture yourself lying on a beach in the hot sun. 设想一下自己在炙热的阳光下躺在海滩上。
• [+ question word] Picture to your self how terrible that day must have been. 你自己想像一下那天有多糟糕。
• formal He was pictured (= An artist had painted him) as a soldier in full uniform. 他被画成一名全身戎装的士兵。
picture, sketch, describe, represent
这组词都有“描写、描述”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。
sketch: 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。
describe: 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。
represent: 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。
picture, photo, drawing
picture: 可指相片,图片,电影片,
photo: 用照相机拍摄的照片,
drawing: 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
picture, sketch, cartoon, illustration, diagram, painting, portrait, drawing
这组词都有“画，图”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 指广义的“图画”，现多用来指相片、画像。
sketch: 通常指只画出物体主要特征的图画。
cartoon: 指幽默或讽刺性漫画。
illustration: 指插入书页之间帮助说明的任何插图或图解。
diagram: 多指科技书籍或文献中具有概括解说作用的图表、图样或略图。
painting: 指着色的画。
portrait: 指肖像，只用于指人。
drawing: 指用线条或色彩绘成的图画。
n. 照片，图画；影片；景色；化身
 - photo, scenery, drawing, landscape, prospect
vt. 画；想像；描写
 - draw, imagine, brush, think of

Word: climate
Front: climate
[ˈklaɪmət] (高研四托 2103/2643 -K3)
Vocabulary: climate
(once / 151 pages)
n
The climate is the general weather in a particular region. Florida is known for its temperate climate. The word climate is also used figuratively to mean "the usual conditions," as in "It's a favorable climate for school reform."
Climate descends from Greek klima "region, surface of the earth," and from klinein "to slope." The original use of the word climate in English was in reference to one of the sloping zones of the earth from the equator toward the poles. This meaning was often used to refer to weather conditions in a zone of the earth, which developed into the current meaning of "the weather."
WORD FAMILY
climate: acclimate, acclimatise, acclimatize, climates, climatic, climatical+/ acclimate: acclimated, acclimates, acclimating, acclimation /acclimatise: acclimatisation, acclimatised, acclimatises, acclimatising/ acclimatize: acclimatization, acclimatized, acclimatizes, acclimatizing/ climatic: climatically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
In a rapidly changing climate, they may get it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 气候; 氛围; 状况; 局势
分布：气候(96%)，风气(4%)
→来自klei,倾斜，词源同lean,incline.原指从赤道到两极的区域，地域，后指各不同区域 的气候。
n.气候;风气,社会思潮In this climate, the climber climbed up the cliff with his stiff limbs.在这种气候下,攀登者用僵硬的四肢爬上悬崖.
noun
WEATHER 天气
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place 气候
• a hot/dry/harsh climate 炎热／干燥／恶劣的气候
• The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. 地中海气候适宜柑橘属水果和葡萄的生长。
• When we retire, we're going to move to a warmer climate. 我们打算退休后搬到气候比较暖和的地方去。
['klaɪ.mət] noun
SITUATION 情形
 ADVANCED countable
■the general development of a situation, or the situation, feelings and opinions that exist at a particular time 形势，趋势；（某一时期的）风尚，风气，思潮
• the political/social climate 政治／社会气候
• I don't think we should expand our business in the current economic climate. 我认为在当前的经济形势下，我们不应该扩展业务。
• Terrorism creates a climate of fear. 恐怖主义制造了一种恐惧气氛。
weather, climate
weather: 一天内具体的天气状况,
climate: 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. [气候] 气候；风气；思潮；风土
 - weather, terroir

Word: quickly
Front: quickly
[ˈkwɪkli] (679/809 -K)
Vocabulary: quickly
(once / 51 pages)
adv
When you do something quickly, you do it really fast — like when you quickly eat breakfast so you won’t be late to school.
The adverb quickly can describe any action that’s done at great speed. If you see a wolf running quickly, that means it’s moving rapidly and you’d better hide quickly. Quickly can also carry the sense of doing something without delay or hesitation. Sometimes quickly has a connotation of not putting much thought or effort into something, like when you quickly do your math homework.
WORD FAMILY
quickly: quicklys+/ quick: quicken, quicker, quickest, quickly, quickness, quicks/ quicken: quickened, quickener, quickening, quickens/quickener: quickeners/quickening: quickenings/quicker: quickers/quickness: quicknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But after the first drive, it quickly became apparent that something was wrong.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Soon he was followed by sprinting, dancing teammates who were quickly engulfed in hugs and confetti.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In what too quickly became the consensus view, all of the above were put in their place by Donald Trump’s narrow electoral victory.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 迅速地; 立即; 马上
分布：迅速地(88%)，立刻(12%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■at a fast speed 迅速地
• We'll have to walk quickly to get there on time. 我们要走快一点才能准时赶到那儿。
• Quickly now, you two, daddy's waiting in the car! 你们要快些，爸爸在车里等着呢！
 ESSENTIAL
■after only a very short time 立刻/马上
• He replied very quickly. 他马上就回覆了。
• He quickly realized that she wasn't telling the truth. 他立刻意识到她在说谎。
fast, quickly
fast: 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点, run fast,
quickly: 侧重指某事完成或发生的快 answer the question quickly
adv. 迅速地；很快地
 - rapidly, fast, promptly, ready

Word: generation
Front: generation
[ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六宝 1026/1344 -K4)
Vocabulary: generation
(once / 99 pages)
1n 2n
A generation can refer to a group of people who live at the same time and are about the same age. But generation is also the act of creating something, such as income, ideas or kids.
In 1965, Pete Townsend, the guitarist of The Who, wrote a song called "My Generation." The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix and other popular musicians of the day were called “the Woodstock Generation,” because they performed at a famous music festival in Woodstock, New York. Generation is used in another way when people credit those bands — along with Elvis, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones — with the generation of rock-and-roll culture.
WORD FAMILY
generation: generational, generations+/ generate: generated, generates, generating, generation, generative, generator, regenerate /generated: self-generated/generational: generationally/generator: generators/ regenerate: regenerated, regenerates, regenerating, regeneration, unregenerate/regenerated: unregenerated/ regeneration: regenerations/unregenerate: unregenerately
USAGE EXAMPLES
So he pushed through what the New York Times called “the most fundamental alteration of its rules in more than a generation.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It was there that Mr. Qarau realized future generations might never see or taste a turtle if harvesting continued.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一代人; 代（约30年），时代; 生殖; 产生
分布：代(90%)，产生(8%)，繁殖(2%)
→来自generate, 产生，生育。
产生;一代((generate+ion)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
n.产生,发生;一代(人)Three generations live in our house.我家三代人住在一起.
noun
AGE GROUP 年龄层
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the people of about the same age within a society or within a particular family （社会或家庭的）一代（人），同代人，同辈人
• The younger generation smoke/smokes less than their parents did. 年轻的一代比他们父母这一代人吸烟要少。
• There were at least three generations - grandparents, parents and children - at the wedding. 婚礼上至少有三代人——祖父母、父母和孩子们。
• It's our duty to preserve the planet for future generations. 为了子孙后代保护好这个星球的环境是我们的职责。
• This painting has been in the family for generations. 这幅画已被该家族收藏了数代之久。
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a period of about 23 to 30 years, in which most human babies become adults and have their own children （为时23至30年左右的）一代，一辈
• A generation ago, home computers were virtually unknown. 二三十年以前，家庭电脑还几乎不为世人所知。
first/second/third, etc. generation
■describes the nationality of someone belonging to the first/second/third, etc. group of people of the same age in the family to have been born in that country （一个家庭取得一个国家国籍后在该国家的）第一代／第二代／第三代等
• She's a second generation American (= her parents were American, although their parents were not). 她是她们家族移民美国后的第二代。
[ˌdʒen.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
ENERGY 能量
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the production of energy in a particular form （能源的）产生；发生
• electricity generation from wind and wave power 风能和波能发电
[ˌdʒen.ə'reɪ.ʃən] noun
PRODUCT 生产
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of products or machines which are all at the same stage of development （产品或机器的）一代
• a new generation of low-fat margarines 新一代的低脂肪人造奶油
• Scientists are working on developing the next generation of supercomputers. 科学家们正致力于研发下一代的超级电脑。
n. 一代；产生；一代人； [生物] 生殖
 - get, reproduction

Word: critic
Front: critic
[ˈkrɪtɪk] (研四六托宝 1355/2271 -4)
Vocabulary: critic
(once / 48 pages)
1n 2n
A critic is someone who finds fault with something and expresses an unfavorable opinion. You might be a critic of your school’s new plan to start the school day at 6:30 a.m.
The word critic came into English by way of Latin, tracing back to the Greek word krinein, meaning “judge, decide.” If you’re a critic, you’re essentially judging something — and finding it lacking. Critic can be used broadly to describe any person expressing an unfavorable view, but there are professional critics as well, such as people who review movies or music. In that sense, the word describes someone who thoughtfully assesses something, either favorably or negatively.
WORD FAMILY
critic: critical, criticise, criticize, critics+/ critical: acritical, criticality, critically, criticalness, criticism, hypercritical, noncritical, overcritical, supercritical, uncritical/criticise: criticised, criticises, criticising/ criticism: criticisms, self-criticism/ criticize: criticized, criticizes, criticizing/ hypercritical: hypercritically/overcritical: overcritically/uncritical: uncritically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger was a lifelong Marxist, a vehement critic of capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are lists of this month’s highlights by two critics for The New York Times.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pegula defended the Bills at a time critics are questioning the team’s direction.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 批评家; 评论员; 批评者; 挑剔的人
分布：评论家(55%)，批评家(45%)
批评家(crit批评+ic)[-ic 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或学科"3.表名词"某种病"]
n.批评家,评论家The critic's criticism is critical to the crisis.评论家的批评对这场危机至关重要.
【反】apologist（n 辩护者；护教论者）
US ['krɪtˌ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who says that they do not approve of someone or something 批评者，反对者
• Her critics say she is leading the party to disaster. 批评她的人说她在把该党引向灾难。
• He's his own worst critic (= He judges himself severely). 他对自己要求非常严格。
 ADVANCED
■someone whose job is to give their opinion about something, especially films, books, music, etc. （尤指电影、书籍、音乐等的）批评家，评论家
• She's a film/theatre critic for the 'Irish Times'. 她是《爱尔兰时报》的一位电影／戏剧评论员。
• The play has been well received by the critics. 该剧赢得了评论家们的赞誉。
n. 批评家，评论家；爱挑剔的人
 - commenter, reviewer

Word: hundred
Front: hundred
[ˈhʌndrəd] (中高 621/413 -5)
Back: num. 一百; 许多; 100 到 999 间的数目; 某个世纪的年代
n. 一百; 许多
adj. 一百的; 许多的
分布：百(95%)，一百元(4%)，许多.(1%)
→来自dkm-tom,一百，*dkm,十，词源同ten,December,缩写自*de-kmt,两手，*de,二，词源同two,*kmt,手，*tom,膨胀，鼓起，词源同tumid,thousand.字面意思即鼓起来的十，好几十，后由概词过渡到量词百，词源同century,hectare.比较thousand,其原义为几百，后由概词过渡到量词千。-red,名词后缀，词源同kindred,hatred.
num.百,一百;[pl.]许多a.一百的;许多A hundred years ago, Britain had a large empire.一百年以前,英国有一个很大的帝国.
number (plural hundred or hundreds)
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 100 （数字）100
• We've driven a/one hundred miles in the last two hours. 这两个小时我们已经开了100英哩了。
• "How many children are there in the school?" "About three hundred." ｢这所学校里有多少孩子？｣ ｢大约300个。｣
• That dress costs hundreds of pounds. 那条裙子价值数百英镑。
a hundred/hundreds of sth informal
■a large number 很多，大量
• There were hundreds of people at the pool today. 今天游泳池里人很多。
• There are a hundred shirts waiting to be ironed. 有一大堆衬衫要烫呢。
the hundreds
■numbers between 100 and 1000 三位数字（100至1000间的数字）
• He expects the total amount to be in the low hundreds. 他预计总量会有小几百。
the eighteen/nineteen, etc. hundreds
■the years of a particular century 某个世纪
• The house was built in the sixteen hundreds. 这座房子建于17世纪。
one/two/three, etc. hundred hours
■used to say the time using the 24-hour system, especially used in the military 用于表达24小时制的时间，尤用于军事
• Breakfast is at seven hundred hours. 早餐七点开始。
['hʌn.drəd] number (plural hundred or hundreds)
a/one hundred per cent
■completely 完全地；百分之百地
• I agree with you one hundred per cent. 我百分之百同意你的意见。
• I'm better than I was last week but I'm still not (feeling) a hundred per cent (= I'm not completely well). 我比上周好一些了，但还没完全痊愈。
['hʌn.drəd] number (plural hundred or hundreds)
  Common Learner Errors  hundreds (of sth) or hundred? When hundred is used after a particular number, it is used in the singular form and without 'of'. Don't say 'five/ten/fifteen hundred of sth', say five/ten/fifteen hundred sth:
✗ There were six hundreds of people at the conference. There were six hundred people at the conference. When hundred is used without a particular number, it is used in the plural form and is sometimes followed by 'of': There were hundreds (of people) at the conference.
n. 一百；许多
 - lots of, sea, host, thousands of, much
adj. 一百的；许多的
 - numerous, multiple, many

Word: farmer
Front: farmer
[ˈfɑ:mə(r)] (中高研四六 1589/1333 -K4)
Vocabulary: farmer
(once / 193 pages)
n
A farmer is a person who runs and works on a farm. Some farmers raise a variety of food crops, while others keep dairy cows and sell their milk.
Farmers work in some aspect of agriculture, growing vegetables, grains, or fruit; or raising animals for milk, eggs, or meat. A small farmer manages a relatively small piece of land, often growing different crops and keeping hens for their eggs, for example. Some farmers own their farms, while others rent the land on which they work. In the 14th century, a farmer was "one who collects taxes," from the Old French fermier, "lease holder."
WORD FAMILY
farmer: farmerette, farmers+/ farm: farmed, farmer, farming, farms/farmerette: farmerettes/ farming: farmings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The United Farm Workers, in the mid-sixties, organized the famous grape boycott in order to get farmers to stop relying on underpaid, non-union workers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From the earliest days of agriculture, farmers discovered various ways to prevent crop yields from declining over time: by restoring nitrogen to their fields.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The farming population is aging quickly, and the industry needs young farmers to fill the void.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农场主，农民; 承包人
分布：农民(48%)，农夫(41%)，农场主(11%)
→其本义为收租者，收税者。其本身没有土地所有权，只拥有土地耕作权或再租给下一级耕作者的权利，并向下一级耕作者收取土地的地租，上交给土地所有者，即封建领主或地主。后该词受farm影响用来指农场主。
n.农民,农场主The farmer grows potatoes in this field.农民在这块地里种土豆.
US ['fɑ:r.mɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who owns or takes care of a farm 农场主；养殖场主；农人
• a dairy/sheep farmer 乳牛场／牧羊场场主
farmer, peasant
这组词都有“农民”的意思，其区别是：
farmer: 主要指经营大片土地的农场主。
peasant: 一般指无地、少地或经营小块土地的农民。
n. 农夫， [农] 农民
 - peasant, sodbuster

Word: chairman
Front: chairman
[ˈtʃeəmən] (中高研四六 1372/864 -K4)
Vocabulary: chairman
(once / 138 pages)
nv
A chairman is the leader of a business meeting or group. The chairman often opens a meeting by addressing the group and explaining what the agenda will be.
Charities, clubs, and the boards of companies have a chairman who acts as president or leader. The noun chairman can refer to this person, whether male or female, though sometimes a woman is called a chairwoman. These days, it's more common still to simply call her (or him) a chair. The word chairman comes from a sense of "occupying a chair of authority," while "presiding member of a corporate body" first emerged in the 18th century.
WORD FAMILY
chairman: chairmaned, chairmanned, chairmanning, chairmanship, chairmen+/chairmanship: chairmanships
USAGE EXAMPLES
An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated he was chairman of Estée Lauder.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He is the chairman of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, a group of experts which in June published a report on online policy.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
About 1,000 Jewish people live in Taiwan, population 23 million, said Ross Feingold, chairman of the Taipei Jewish Center.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （主持会议的）主席; 委员长; （委员会的）委员长; （公司等的）董事长
vt. 担任…的主席
时态：chairmanned, chairmanning, chairmans
分布：主席(79%)，董事长(18%)，会长(3%)
→来自chair, 主持。
n.主席,议长,会长,董事长On the impaired dairy the chairman lay in a pair of repaired chairs for haircut.在遭到损害的牛奶场,主席躺在一对修理过的椅子上理发.
(also chair) (also chairperson) ['tʃeə.mən] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person in charge of a meeting or organization （会议或组织的）主席，委员长，主持人
n. 主席，会长；董事长
 - president, chief executive

Word: import
Front: import
[ˈɪmpɔ:t] (高研四六托宝 4050/2757 -K4)
Vocabulary: import
(once / 148 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv
Imports are the products shipped into our country from other places. We import Japanese autos and export our pop music to Tokyo. Import also means to signify something. Is it of import to our economic security to have so many Japanese imports on our roads?
The origins of the word import are literally "to bring into port." The ratio of imports to exports is a big indicator of the health of a nation's economy. The word import can also refer to attitudes or behaviors that come as part of the culture of a place. "New York media is dominated by British journalists who have imported the snarky style of gossip reporting famous in London."
WORD FAMILY
import: importation, imported, importee, importer, importing, imports+/ importation: importations/importee: importees/importer: importers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mexico imports more than half of the roughly 34 million gallons a day of gasoline it consumes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The car dealer used to import some 2,000 cars every six weeks.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The demands for bribes delay shipments, and state officials sometimes neglect to distribute what they import.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 进口，进口商品; 输入; 重要性; 意义
vt. 输入，进口; 对…有重大关系; 意味着
vi. 具重要性
时态：imported, importing, imports
分布：进口(87%)，输入(9%)，意义(2%)，进口商品(2%)
→im-,进入，使，port,港口。即入港，进口，引申词义输入，重要性。
进口;意味着(im进+port→拿进港口)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v./n.进口,输入,(pl.)进口商品;要旨,含意The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
【记】im进入，port带，拿，运－带入港口
【参】portable（adj 轻便的；便携式的）
US [ˈɪm.pɔːrt]
 IMPROVER
■to buy or bring in products from another country 进口
• We import a large number of cars from Japan. 我们从日本进口大量的汽车。
Compare export to introduce new goods, customs or ideas to one country from another 引入，引进
• The fashion for wearing baseball hats was imported directly from the States. 戴棒球帽的潮流是直接从美国传进来的。
■specialized
■to copy information from one computer or computer program to another 导入；输入
• I need to import data from the database into my word processor. 我需要将资料从资料库导入到我的文字处理器中。
• imported files 导入的文件
noun UK [ˈɪm.pɔːt] US [-pɔːrt]
BRINGING IN 引进
 IMPROVER countable
■goods bought by one country from another 进口商品
• restrictions on foreign imports 对外国进口商品的限制
 IMPROVER uncountable (also importation)
■the action of bringing goods or fashions into a country 进口；输入；引进
• the illegal importation of drugs 非法的毒品输入
• an import licence 进口许可证
• import duties 进口税
noun UK [ˈɪm.pɔːt] US [-pɔːrt]
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable formal
■importance or meaning 重要性；意义
• Whether it is to be a 'working' visit or an 'official' visit is of little/no import. 是“工作访问”还是“正式访问”，这并不重要。
n. [贸易] 进口，进口货；输入；意思，含义；重要性
 - significance, stress, value, weight, meaning
vt. 输入， [贸易] 进口；含…的意思
 - to input, type in
vi. 输入， [贸易] 进口
 - to input, type in

Word: front
Front: front
[frʌnt] (中高 1087/1185 -K5)
Vocabulary: front
(once / 35 pages)
1nadjv 2nv
The front is the side that faces outward. If you are in a battle on the eastern front, then you are in the battle the farthest east of any part of the war.
Front comes from the Latin word for forehead, and it means the side of something facing out, or the part of something (a body, a weather system, a war), that's advancing into a new territory, or frontier. A front man is someone used as a cover for questionable activity. Similarly, a front can be an activity used as a cover for some other, questionable, activity, like a Laundromat that's really a front for a mafia headquarters.
WORD FAMILY
front: forefront, frontage, frontal, fronted, fronting, frontly, frontmost, fronts+/forefront: forefronts/frontage: frontages/frontal: frontally, frontals, prefrontal
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among the signposts of progress that the front office is noting:
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She became so weak that she couldn’t walk from the front door to the sidewalk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 前面; 正面; 身体前部; 前线
adj. 前面的; 正面的; 舌前的
v. 面向; 在…前面; 用…作正面; 领导
时态：fronted, fronting, fronts
分布：前面(60%)，前面的(18%)，朝向(6%)，前线(4%)，正面(4%)，面对(4%)，对付(2%)，掩护(1%)，面朝(1%)
→来自bhren, 伸出，突出，词源同brink.
a.前面的,前部的n.正面;前线,战线v.面对The front of the postcard shows a picture of a lake.明信片的正面是一个湖的照片.
noun countable usually singular
PLACE 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a building, object or person's body which faces forward or which is most often seen or used 前面；正面
• The front of the museum is very impressive. 博物馆的正面极为壮观。
• He spilt soup all down his front. 他把汤洒得前襟上都是。
• He was lying on his front. 他俯卧着。
• The shop front occupies a very prominent position on the main street. 这家商店的门脸在大街上占据了一个非常显眼的位置。
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a vehicle which is nearest to its direction of movement （车辆的）前部
• Do you want to sit in the front (= next to the driver) ? 你想坐到前座上来吗？
• If we sit near the front of the bus, we'll have a better view. 如果我们坐在公车的前部，视野就会好一些。
 ESSENTIAL
■the outside part or cover of a book, newspaper, or magazine （书刊等的）封面；（报纸的）头版
• There was a picture of the Trevi fountain on the front of the book. 书的封面上有一张特里威喷泉的图片。
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the first pages in a book （书的）前几页中的一页
• There's an inscription in the front of the book. 书的前面一页上有题词。
in front
 ESSENTIAL
■further forward than someone or something else 在前面
• The car in front suddenly stopped and I went into the back of it. 前面的车突然停住，结果我就撞上车尾了。
• She started talking to the man in front of her. 她开始跟前面的那个男人攀谈起来。
 IMPROVER
■winning a game or competition （在比赛或竞赛中）取胜，领先
• By half time the Italians were well in front. 半场时义大利队遥遥领先。
in front of
 ESSENTIAL
■close to the front part of something 在…之前
• There's parking space in front of the hotel. 旅馆前有停车的地方。
 IMPROVER
■where someone can see or hear you 当着（某人）的面，在（某人）面前
• Please don't swear in front of the children. 当着孩子们的面请不要骂人。
up front
■If you give someone an amount of money up front, you pay them before they do something for you 预付；提前支付
• He wants all the money up front or he won't do the job. 他要求预付全款，否则他就不接这工作。
[frʌnt] noun countable usually singular
AREA OF ACTIVITY 活动区域
■a particular area of activity （表示活动范围的）领域，阵线
• How are things on the work front (= Is the situation at work satisfactory) ? 工作前线的情况怎么样？
• She's very creative on the design front (= She is very good at design). 她在设计方面极具创造性。
[frʌnt] noun countable usually singular
APPEARANCE 外表
countable usually singular
■the character or qualities which a person or organization appears to have in public which is different from their real character, and whose purpose is often to deceive people or hide an illegal activity （人或机构的）伪装；假装的样子
• Don't be fooled by his kindness and sensitivity - it's just a front. 别被他的善意和体贴所愚弄——那只不过是装相而已。
• She presents such a cheerful front that you'd never guess she's ill. 她看上去兴高采烈的，你根本猜不到她正病着。
• The machinery company was a front operation for arms smuggling. 那家机械公司只不过是为走私军火打掩护而已。
• Several trading companies were set up in the early 1960s to act as fronts for money-laundering operations. 20世纪60年代早期成立了几家贸易公司，目的是为洗黑钱作掩护。
[frʌnt] noun countable usually singular
LAND 土地
countable usually singular
■land near the sea or a lake, or the part of a town near the beach which often has a wide road or path along it 海滨；湖畔；滨海（或滨湖）大道
• Let's go for a stroll along the front. 我们去海滨散散步吧。
• The company specializes in building lake-front property. 那家公司专门承建滨湖房地产项目。
[frʌnt] noun countable usually singular
WEATHER 天气
countable specialized
■the place where two masses of air which have different temperatures meet 锋
• A cold/warm front is approaching from the west. 冷／暖锋正从西方迫近。
[frʌnt] noun countable usually singular
out front informal
■In a theatre, if you say that someone is out front, you mean they are one of the people watching the performance 在观众席中，看演出
• Don't worry about your parents being out front tonight. 不用为你父母今晚去看演出而担心。
[frʌnt] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■in or at the front of something 前面的；前部的
• One of his front teeth is missing. 他的一颗门牙掉了。
• I'd like seats on the front row of the stalls. 我想要剧场前排的座位。
• a dog's front paws 狗的前爪
[frʌnt] verb
intransitive or transitive (also front onto)
■If a building or area fronts (onto) a particular place, it is near it and faces it （建筑物或地方）朝向，面向
• All the apartments front onto the sea. 所有的公寓都面向大海。
transitive
■to lead an organization or group of musicians 领导（机构）；担任（领唱或领奏）
• She fronts a large IT company. 她领导一家大型 IT 公司。
be fronted with
■If a building is fronted with something, its surface is covered with it （建筑物）表面镶以（或覆以）
• a brick house fronted on three sides with timber 三面都镶了木板的砖房
[frʌnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  front for sth
■If a person fronts for an illegal organization, they help that organization by using their good reputation to hide its secret activities 替…打掩护；为…当幌子
• The police suspect him of fronting for a crime syndicate. 警方怀疑他为一个犯罪财团打掩护。
n. 前面；正面； [军] 前线
 - frente, facade
vt. 面对；朝向；对付
 - meet, confront
vi. 朝向
 - give upon, look out upon
adj. 前面的；正面的
 - anterior, full-face
adv. 在前面；向前
 - forth, to, ahead, along, forwards

Word: whom
Front: whom
[hu:m] (中高 1018/775 -K4)
Back: pron. (who的宾格)谁
分布：代词(97%)，名词(3%)
→来自who的宾格形式，比较am,him.
pron.谁;哪个人(who的宾格)She's the woman whom I met in Greece.她就是我在希腊遇见的那个女人.
[hu:m] formal
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used instead of 'who' as the object of a verb or preposition （作受词时代替 who）
• I met a man with whom I used to work. 我碰见了个过去曾一起工作的人。
• He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores. 他拿出了一张爱子的照片。
• There were 500 passengers, of whom 121 drowned. 500名乘客中共有121名溺弊。
• To whom do you wish to speak? 你想找谁接电话？
[hu:m] formal
pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  whom or who? Whom is very formal and most people use who instead. Who did you invite? Although whom should be used after a preposition, most people avoid it by putting the preposition towards the end of the sentence and using who instead. Who did you go out with last night? It would be extremely formal and rather unnatural to say whom. With whom did you go out last night?

Word: detail
Front: detail
[ˈdi:teɪl] (研四六雅 997/566 -K4)
Vocabulary: detail
(once / 67 pages)
1nv 2nv
A detail is a small fact or spot in a larger entity. That ambiguous smile is just one detail of da Vinci's Mona Lisa.
Detail comes from the French for cutting into pieces, but in English we only use it to refer to the pieces. As a noun, detail means an isolated aspect of something larger. If you're painting a landscape, don't forget details like individual birds and trees. Detail can also mean a team of workers for a special task. If you go on a group camping trip, try for the food detail instead of the trash detail.
WORD FAMILY
detail: detailed, detailing, details+/ detailed: detailedly/detailing: detailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But these first steps will be largely symbolic while lawmakers debate the details of dismantling the healthcare law.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities didn’t provide details about the officers’ injuries except to say they were not life-threatening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police haven’t released details of her role in the incident Sunday afternoon during the Vikings’ season finale against the Chicago Bears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 详述; （照片、绘画等的）细部; 细目，琐碎; 各种细节
vt. 详述，仔细汇报; 选派; 清晰地说明; 给于细部装饰
时态：detailed, detailing, details
分布：细节(79%)，详述(8%)，详细说明(8%)，琐事(3%)，枝节(2%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-tail, 切，词源同retail, tailor. 即完全切开的，引申义细节。
琐事;详情(de加强+tail→不断剪下去→琐事)[tail=cut,表示"剪,割"]
n.细节,详情v.详述He explained it in detail.他详细地说明那件事.
US [-'-] noun
INFORMATION 信息
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a single piece of information or fact about something 消息；细节
• She insisted on telling me every single detail of what they did to her in hospital. 她坚持要告诉我她在医院遭遇的一切。
• We don't know the full/precise details of the story yet. 我们还不知道故事的全部／具体情节。
• She refused to disclose/divulge any details about/of the plan. 她拒绝透露该计划的任何细节。
details [plural]
 IMPROVER
■information about someone or something 细节，详情
• Can I have your details (= name and address, etc.) , please? 可以告诉我你的详细情况吗？
• I've sent off for the details of a job I saw advertised in the paper. 我已经发信索取刊发在报纸广告上的那份工作的细节。
■3. A police officer took down the details of what happened.
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the small features of something that you only notice when you look carefully 细微特征
• I was just admiring the detail in the doll's house - even the tins of food have labels on them. 我只是感叹布娃娃的玩具房子制作之精致——就连食品罐头上都还贴着标签呢。
• It's his eye for (= ability to notice) detail that distinguishes him as a painter. 正是因为具有细致入微的观察能力，他才成为一位杰出的画家。
in detail
 ADVANCED
■including or considering all the information about something or every part of something 详细地，详尽地
• We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet. 我们还没有详细讨论此事。
• The book described her sufferings in graphic detail. 这本书详尽地描述了她所遭受的种种痛苦。
• He talked in great detail about the curtains he's chosen for his lounge. 他详细介绍了他为客厅选定的窗帘。
go into detail
 ADVANCED
■to tell or include all the facts about something 详细说明，仔细介绍
• I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently. 我在电话里就不细说了，但最近我的身体一直有些不舒服。
countable
■a part of something which does not seem important 细枝末节，无足轻重的小事
• As far as Tony's concerned, he's getting that car and finding the money to pay for it is just a detail. 就托尼而言，得到那种汽车及凑够买车的钱都不是甚么大事。
UK ['di:.teɪl] US [-'-] noun
GROUP 组
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have been given a particular task 特遣队
UK ['di:.teɪl] US [-'-] verb
INFORMATION 信息
transitive
■to describe something completely, giving all the facts 详细描述
• [+ question word] Can you produce a report detailing wh at we've spent on the project so far? 你能不能写一份报告，详细列出到目前为止我们在这个企划案上的花费？
UK ['di:.teɪl] US [-'-] verb
ORDER 命令
transitive + to infinitive [often passive]
■to order someone, often a small group of soldiers or workers, to perform a particular task 指派，派遣
• Four soldiers were detailed to check the road for troops. 派出了四名士兵为部队检查道路情况。
n. 细节，详情
 - specific, minutia
vt. 详述；选派
 - expand on, enlarge on

Word: directory
Front: directory
[dəˈrektəri] (高研六雅 8211/3680 -2)
Back: n. 人名地址录，（电话）号码簿; （计算机文件或程序的）目录
adj. 指导的，指挥的; 咨询的; 管理的
分布：目录(97%)，指南(1%)，工商名录(1%)，给予指导的(1%)
→来自direct, 引导，管理。引申义电话号码薄。
电话目录(direct指导)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
n.人名地址录,(电话)号码簿I can find his telephone number in the telephone directory.我可以从电话号码簿里找到他的电话号码.
US [-tɚ.i] noun countable
■a book which gives a list of names, addresses or other facts 簿，册，名录，指南
• a business directory 企业名录
• a directory of hotels 饭店指南
• Look up their number in the telephone directory. 在电话簿里查查他们的号码。
n. [计] 目录；工商名录；姓名地址录
 - content, list, catalogue
adj. 指导的；咨询的
 - consulting, advisory

Word: serious
Front: serious
[ˈsɪəriəs] (中高研四六托雅 755/807 -K5)
Vocabulary: serious
(once / 46 pages)
adj
Any important situation is serious, and this word is also the opposite of humorous and playful.
If you're frowning, someone might say, "Why so serious?" This is a word for people and situations where there's no fooling around. If you're staring at the computer screen, typing quickly, you look serious. If you are in a car accident, that's a serious situation. Some people are more serious than others. If you're always making jokes and smiling, then you're not that serious. One place everyone needs to be serious is at a funeral home.
WORD FAMILY
serious: overserious, seriouser, seriousest, seriously, seriousness +/overserious: overseriously/ seriousness: seriousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Louisiana, there was also relatively serious damage in the southwestern parishes of Beauregard and Allen, including the town of Reeves.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pneumonia is a serious and potentially fatal disease.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Let’s not joke over such a serious matter.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 严肃的，严重的; 认真的，庄重的; 重要的; 危险的
分布：严重的(64%)，严肃的(20%)，认真的(10%)，危急的(4%)，庄重的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 serius,严重的，严肃的，认真的，来自 swer,重的。
a.严肃的;主要的;严重的,危急的;认真的During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US ['sɪr.i-] adjective
BAD 坏的
 ESSENTIAL
■severe in effect; bad 严重的；糟糕的
• a serious illness 严重的疾病
• There were no reports of serious injuries. 没有接到有人重伤的报告。
• The new tax regulations have landed some of the smaller companies in serious trouble. 新的纳税规定使一些较小的公司陷入严重的困境。
• Drugs have become a serious problem in a lot of schools. 吸毒在许多学校已经成了很严重的问题。
• This is a very serious offence. 这是非常严重的违法行为。
• He's been taken to hospital where his condition is described as serious but stable. 他被送到了医院，医生说他病情严重但是稳定。
UK ['sɪə.ri.əs] US ['sɪr.i-] adjective
NOT JOKING 不开玩笑的
 IMPROVER
■not joking or intended to be funny 严肃的，认真的
• Please don't laugh - I'm being serious. 请不要笑——我是认真的。
• He was wearing a very serious expression and I knew something was wrong. 他一脸严肃，我就知道出问题了。
• On the surface it's a very funny novel but it does have a more serious underlying theme. 表面上看，这是一部非常滑稽的小说，但它确实有更为深刻的主题。
 ADVANCED
■A serious person is quiet, thinks carefully about things and does not laugh a lot （人）严肃的，不苟言笑的
• I remember her as a very serious child. 我记得她是个很严肃的小孩。
UK ['sɪə.ri.əs] US ['sɪr.i-] adjective
DETERMINED 坚决的
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■determined to follow a particular plan of action 坚决的；认真的
• Is she serious about going to live abroad? 她真的想移居国外吗？
[after verb]
■If two people who have a loving relationship are serious about each other they intend to stay with each other for a long time and possibly marry 真心相爱的
• She's had a lot of boyfriends but Simon's the only one she's been serious about. 她有很多男朋友，但西蒙是她唯一真正爱的人。
UK ['sɪə.ri.əs] US ['sɪr.i-] adjective
NEEDING ATTENTION 需要关照的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■needing or deserving your complete attention 需要（或值得）认真对待的
• That's an interesting job offer - I'd give it some serious consideration if I were you. 那是个有意思的工作机会——我要是你的话就会认真考虑一下。
• We've got some serious talking to do, you and me. 我们有点重要的事情要谈，就你我两个人。
UK ['sɪə.ri.əs] US ['sɪr.i-] adjective
EXTREME 极端的 informal
■extreme in degree or amount 极其的；极度的
• We did some fairly serious walking over the weekend. 我们周末走了很多路。
• I mean we're talking serious (= a large amount of) money, right? 我的意思是我们在谈很大一笔钱，是吗？
■informal
■very good of its type 极佳的
• This is a serious wine, Annabelle, you've just got to try some. 这是上好的葡萄酒，安娜贝勒，你得尝尝。
solemn, sober, earnest, grave, severe, serious
这组词都有“严肃的”的意思，其区别是：
solemn: 指人表情或场景气氛严肃，侧重威严名印象深刻。
sober: 侧重因控制或抑制自己的感情而表现出的庄重。
earnest: 指严肃，认真，含诚恳和热情意味。
grave: 侧重严肃和尊严，需要认真思考，含令人担忧意味。
severe: 指面孔的严肃，法律的严厉，伤病的严重。着重严厉性，无丝毫温情。
serious: 指具有关键、严肃或严重意义的事情。
adj. 严肃的，严重的；认真的；庄重的；危急的
 - acute, bad, grave, solemn

Word: fix
Front: fix
[fɪks] (中高研四六 1850/1954 -K3)
Back: vt. 固定; 准备; 修理; 使牢固
vi. 固着; 变硬; 安定
n. 困境; 定位于; 受操纵的事; 应急措施
时态：fixed, fixing, fixes
分布：确定(36%)，困境(25%)，准备(17%)，操纵(10%)，贿赂(6%)，理解(5%)，使 ... 固定(1%)
→来自拉丁语figere, 固定，来自dhigw, 挖，固定，词源同dig, ditch.
v.(使)固定;修理;安装;决定;注视n.困境The pupils will fix with a mixture the fixed figure in the future.学生们将来要用一种混合物整修固定轮廓.
verb
REPAIR 修理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to repair something 修理
• They couldn't fix my old computer, so I bought a new one. 他们修不好我的旧电脑了，所以我买了台新的。
[fɪks] verb
ARRANGE 安排
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive mainly UK
■to arrange or agree a time, place, price, etc 安排，确定（时间、地点、价格等）
• Shall we fix a time for our next meeting? 我们确定一下下次会议的时间吧？
• I understand the rent is fixed at £750 a month. 我听说租金定为每月750英镑。
[fɪks] verb
FASTEN 使固定
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to fasten something in position so that it cannot move 使固定；安装
• We fixed the bookcase to the wall. 我们把书架固定在墙上。
[fɪks] verb
SIGHT 视野
transitive
■to keep something or someone in sight 盯住；凝视
• His eyes were fixed on the distant yacht. 他双眼凝视着远处的游艇。
• She fixed the child with a stare of such disapproval he did not dare move. 她用责难的眼光紧盯着那个孩子，吓得他一动也不敢动。
[fɪks] verb
KEEP 保持
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to continue to think about or remember something 不断想（某事）；仍然记得（某事）
• It is somehow fixed in my mind that my fate and that woman's are intertwined. 我和那个女人的命运已经交织在一起了，这个想法在我脑海挥之不去。
• She was so frightened that she could not fix her thoughts on anything. 她害怕得脑海一片混乱，根本甚么也想不到。
[fɪks] verb
CHEAT 欺骗
transitive often passive
■to do something dishonest to make certain that a competition, race, or election is won by a particular person 操纵；在（比赛或选举）中作弊
• Several jockeys were arrested on suspicion of fixing the race. 几名骑师因涉嫌在比赛中作弊而被捕。
• It sounds like the election was fixed. 听起来好像有人操纵这次选举。
[fɪks] verb
HAIR/MAKE-UP/CLOTHES 头发／化妆／衣服
transitive
■to make your hair, make-up, clothes, etc. look tidy 梳洗；整理；收拾
• Give me a couple of minutes while I fix my hair. 给我几分钟时间整理一下头发。
[fɪks] verb
PREPARE FOOD 准备食物
transitive mainly US informal
■to cook or prepare food or drink 做（饭）；准备（食物或饮料）
• Whose turn is it to fix dinner? 轮到谁做晚饭了？
• [+ two objects] Can I fix you a drink?/Can I fix a drink for you? 我给你倒杯饮品好吗？
[fɪks] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive slang
■to punish especially someone who has been unfair 惩罚，收拾（尤指待人不公者）
• I'm gonna fix her if she doesn't stop telling lies about me! 如果她还在不停地造我的谣，我就打算收拾她了！
[fɪks] verb
PRESERVE COLOURS 保存色彩
transitive specialized
■to treat something, especially photographic material, with chemicals to prevent its colours becoming pale （对摄影感光材料）定（色），定（影）
[fɪks] verb
STOP REPRODUCTION 停止繁殖
transitive US informal
■to remove the reproductive organs of an animal 阉割（动物）
[fɪks] verb
DRUG 毒品
intransitive slang
■to inject (= put into the body through a needle) an illegal drug 注射毒品
• We saw kids as young as twelve fixing in doorways. 我们看见门口那些年仅12岁的孩子在注射毒品。
[fɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fix sth up
ARRANGE
■to arrange a meeting, date, event, etc 安排（会议、日期、活动等）
• I'd like to fix up a meeting with you next week sometime. 下周我想跟你约个时间见面。
REPAIR
■to repair or change something in order to improve it 修理；修补；改换
• Nick loves fixing up old cars. 力克喜欢修理旧车。
[fɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fix sb up
PROVIDE
■to provide someone with something that they need 向（某人）提供
• Can he fix us up with somewhere to stay? 他能给我们安排住的地方吗？
FIND A PARTNER informal
■to find a romantic partner for someone 为（某人）介绍（男友或女友）
• Jacques tried to fix me up with his older sister. 雅克想撮合我和他姐姐。
[fɪks] noun
CHEAT 欺骗
countable usually singular
■when someone does something dishonest to make certain that a competition, race or election is won by a particular person 操纵；在（比赛或选举）中作弊
• The result was a fix! 结果是早就定好了的！
[fɪks] noun
AWKWARD SITUATION 尴尬的局面
countable usually singular informal
■an awkward or difficult situation 窘境；困境
• I'm in a bit of a fix with the arrangements. 这样的安排让我陷入了窘境。
[fɪks] noun
DRUG 毒品
countable slang
■an amount of an illegal drug, or of another substance which has an effect on someone if they take it （毒品或致瘾物的）一次用量
• He was shaking badly and needed a fix. 他抖得很厉害，需要一剂毒品。
• humorous Ginny needs her daily fix of chocolate. 金妮每天不吃巧克力就过不去。
[fɪks] noun
POSITION 位置
countable
■(the calculation of) the position of a vehicle, usually in relation to the Earth （车辆的）方位；方位确定
• Do we still have a fix on that jet? 那架喷射机的方位我们还能确定吗？
fix, mend, repair, patch
这组词都有“修理，修复”的意思，其区别是：
fix: 多用于美语，仅用于指带有安装固定性质的修理。
mend: 通常指较简单的修复过程，一般不需要专门技术或特殊工具。
repair: 可与mend换用，但一般指需要较高的职业技能和使用较复杂的工具进行修理。
patch: 通常指用类似材料修补破洞、裂缝或磨损的地方。
vt. 使固定；修理；安装；准备
 - provide, fit, repair, doctor
vi. 固定；注视
 - watch, regard
n. 困境；方位；贿赂
 - difficulty, corner, dilemma, predicament

Word: theory
Front: theory
[ˈθɪəri] (高研四六雅 918/596 -K4)
Vocabulary: theory
(once / 75 pages)
n
When you have a theory, you have a set of beliefs or principles that might not be proven yet. Does anyone have a good theory for where missing socks go when you do laundry?
A theory is a set of accepted beliefs or organized principles that explain and guide analysis and one of the ways that theory is defined is that it is different from practice, when certain principles are tested. For example, you could be a musician who plays well but who doesn't have a lot of experience with the theory of music. This word is a noun and comes from the Greek theoria, which means "contemplation or speculation."
WORD FAMILY
theory: theoretic, theoretical, theoretician, theories, theorise, theorist, theorize+/ theoretical: theoretically/theoretician: theoreticians/theorise: theorisation, theorised, theoriser, theorises, theorising/theoriser: theorisers/ theorist: theorists/theorization: theorizations/theorize: theorization, theorized, theorizer, theorizes, theorizing/theorizer: theorizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Theories for the seeming slip ranged from carelessness to unfamiliarity with the English language to employee revenge.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How chilling are the resonances with Nineteen Eighty-Four – and particularly the passages from “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism” read by Winston Smith.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 学说; 理论; 原理; 推测
分布：理论(90%)，原理(5%)，学说(4%)，意见(1%)
→来自希腊语 theoria,推理，假设，来自 theorein,看，观察，考虑，来自 thea,看，视野，词源 同 theater.引申词义理论，学说等。
n.理论,原理;学说,见解,看法Theoretically, their heir's theory of meteorology can explain the meteor.从理论上讲,他们的继承人的气象理论能解释这种大气现象.
US ['θɪr.i] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a formal statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or of ideas which are suggested to explain a fact or event or, more generally, an opinion or explanation 理论；学说；意见
• economic theory 经济理论
• scientific theory 科学理论
• Darwin's theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论
• He has a theory that the hole was caused by a meteorite. 他认为那个洞是陨石坠落形成的。
in theory ADVANCED
■If something is possible in theory, it should be possible, but often it does not happen in that way 理论上，从理论上讲
• In theory, the journey ought to take three hours, but in practice it usually takes four because of roadworks. 按理说，行程应该只要三小时，但由于道路施工，实际上通常会需要四小时。
n. 理论；原理；学说；推测
 - mechanism, element, speculation, doctrine, guess

Word: million
Front: million
[ˈmɪljən] (高雅 222/336 -5)
Vocabulary: million
(once / 29 pages)
nadj
A million is 1,000,000. It's a large number made of a thousand thousands. If you have a million dollars, you’re a millionaire!
The word million comes from the Italian milione, which literally means "a great thousand.” It’s great to have a thousand, but it’s awesome to have a million! A million is a big number but not so big that you don't see it used frequently. In fact, being a millionaire isn’t even a big deal anymore. An online video might be watched by a million viewers, and there are millions of people in big cities like New York City and Chicago.
WORD FAMILY
million: millions, millionth+/millionth: millionths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should they use the franchise tag again, paying him $24 million for one year?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Only about a quarter of the city is back under government control, and the presence of more than 1 million civilians is complicating the effort.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
FDR’s confidence deserted him as the economy lost a breathtaking four million jobs, leaving Roosevelt’s team to bemoan the “depression within a depression.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 百万
adj. 百万的; 无数的
分布：百万(60%)，百万的(16%)，无数的(16%)，群众(8%)
→来自拉丁语mille,一千，-on,大词后缀。字面意思即好多个一千，大千，后由抽象数词过渡到固定数词。比较hundred,thousand.
num./n.百万,百万个The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
number (plural million or millions)
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the number 1 000 000 （数字）100万
• She got eight million dollars for appearing in that film. 她出演那部电影拿到了800万美元的片酬。
a million/millions of sth informal
■a large number 大量
• I must have told you a million times to close the windows when you leave the house. 我一定已经告诉你无数次了，离开房子前要把窗户关好。
the millions
■numbers between 1 000 000 and 1 000 000 000 一百万与十亿间的数字
• In wealthy parts of the country, homes cost from £ 750 000 into the millions. 在这个国家的富裕地区，房屋的价钱从75万到数百万英镑不等。
['mɪl.jən] number (plural million or millions)
be one in a million approving
■to be a very special person 是万中无一的人，是无与伦比的人
• Thanks again - you're one in a million! 再次感谢——你真是个难得的好人！
['mɪl.jən] number (plural million or millions)
one-in-a-million
■describes a chance that is extremely unlikely 可能性极小的
• Don't worry - the chances of anything going wrong are one-in-a-million. 别担心——出问题的可能性极小。
['mɪl.jən] number (plural million or millions)
look / feel (like) a million dollars (US look/feel (like) a million bucks) informal
■to look or feel extremely good, often because you are experiencing something that costs a lot of money （通常指享受奢侈品时）看起来／感觉非常好
• "You look a million dollars in that dress, honey!" “你穿那件衣服真棒，亲爱的！”
['mɪl.jən] number (plural million or millions)
thanks a million informal
■thank you very much 非常感谢
• "I've done what you asked." "Thanks a million!" “你要我做的事我已经做完了。”“非常感谢！”
['mɪl.jən] number (plural million or millions)
  Common Learner Errors  millions (of sth) or million? When million is used after a particular number, it is used in the singular form and without 'of'. Don't say 'five/ten/fifteen millions of sth', say five/ten/fifteen million sth:
✗ The house cost 2 millions of dollars. The house cost 2 million dollars. When million is used without a particular number, it is used in the plural form and is sometimes followed by 'of': The house cost millions (of dollars).
n. [数] 百万；无数
 - mega, innumerability
adj. [数] 百万的；无数的
 - thousand, countless, infinite

Word: feedback
Front: feedback
[ˈfi:dbæk] (研四六雅宝 3888/4828 -2)
Vocabulary: feedback
(once / 2314 pages)
n
When you give feedback, it means you offer a helpful response to someone's work or idea.
If you were recording your first album and you asked friends for feedback on which songs to include, you'd be asking them to offer their critical opinions on your music. Feedback is almost always offered or requested with the intention of improving the final product. Another meaning of feedback is a kind of sound distortion from an amplifier or microphone. This sense of electronic feedback has been around since about 1920, while the "critical response" definition didn't come into use until 1955.
WORD FAMILY
feedback: feedbacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, these policies are aimed at creating reinforcing feedback loops that will further empower progressive policymaking.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
He didn’t offer any direct feedback on a single PDB item during more than 5 1 / 2 years in office.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The department is also still asking for feedback from the public on the current training and testing for driving instructors.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 反馈; 反应; 反馈噪音
分布：反馈(95%)，反馈意见(5%)
→即喂回来。
n.反馈;反应;回授
【记】feed（v 喂养），back反－反馈
noun uncountable
OPINION 意见
 ADVANCED
■information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that provide an idea of whether it is successful or liked 回馈资讯，回馈意见
• Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap? 有关新款肥皂你有没有收到顾客的回馈意见？
• positive/negative feedback 正面的／负面的回馈意见
['fi:d.bæk] noun uncountable
MACHINE 机器
■the sudden, high, unpleasant noise sometimes produced by an amplifier when sound it produces is put back into it （扩音器的）回馈噪音
• Jimi Hendrix loved to fling his guitar around to get weird and wonderful sounds from the feedback. 吉米‧罕醉克斯喜欢用力弹拨他的吉他，这样扬声器的啸声中就会传出一种怪诞奇妙的声音。
■specialized
■the return back into a machine or system of part of what it produces, especially to improve what is produced 回馈（把机器或系统生产之物的一部份再度投进机器或系统的做法，此举多用以改良生产物）
• Feedback from the sensors ensures that the car engine runs smoothly. 侦测器的回馈能确保汽车引擎平稳运转。
n. [电子] [自] 反馈；成果，资料；回复
 - production, outcome, information

Word: replace
Front: replace
[rɪˈpleɪs] (高研四六托 1182/894 -K4)
Vocabulary: replace
(once / 132 pages)
v
Is your pen not working? Maybe you need to replace it. To replace is to substitute one thing for another — in this case, to get a new pen and throw the old one away.
When you see the word place in it, replace makes sense: replacing is putting something new in place of something old. We need to replace most things at some point: light bulbs burn out and batteries run out, while computers, cars, and socks wear out. When something stops working or is just worn out and old, it might be time to replace it. It's natural to worry that your boss might want to replace you — i.e., fire you and hire someone else. Some things in life cannot be replaced, like a winning lottery ticket or a friend.
WORD FAMILY
replace: replaceable, replaced, replacement, replaces, replacing+/ irreplaceable: irreplaceableness, irreplaceably/ replaceable: irreplaceable, replaceability, unreplaceable/ replacement: replacements
USAGE EXAMPLES
I replace the filter on the unit every three months.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
John Franklin III replaced White in the second quarter and completed two of four passes on his first drive that ended with a field goal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it is not enough for doctors just to replace a knee or a hip.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 替换; 代替; 把…放回原位; （用…）替换
时态：replaced, replacing, replaces
分布：取代(50%)，替换(46%)，偿还(2%)，放回原处(2%)
→re-,再，重新，place,放置。引申词义更换，取代。
复职;代替(re重新+place→重新放→复职,引申为"代替")[place=place,表示"放,地方"]
vt.取代,替换,代替,把...放回原处The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
verb transitive
CHANGE FOR 替换
 ESSENTIAL
■to take the place of something, or to put something or someone in the place of something or someone else 代替；取代；接替；替换
• The factory replaced most of its workers with robots. 这间工厂用机器人取代了大多数工人。
• Tourism has replaced agriculture as the nation's main industry. 旅游业取代了农业成为这个国家的主要产业。
 ESSENTIAL
■If you replace something broken, damaged or lost, you provide a new one 更换；更新；赔偿
• I promised to replace the plate that I'd dropped. 我答应赔偿我打碎的盘子。
[rɪ'pleɪs] verb transitive
PUT BACK 放回
■to put something back where it was before 把…放回原处
• The librarian replaced the books correctly on the shelves. 图书管理员把书一本不差地放回了原处。
displace, replace, substitute
这组词都有“替代、取代”的意思，其区别是：
displace: 侧重指用另外的人或物强行取代并非称职的人或无用之物，指人时往往暗含带不满情绪的意味。
replace: 最普通用词，指任何形式的替代，尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等，指人指物均可。
substitute: 指某人因故不在时，由别人代理其职，有时也可指由一物去代替另一物。
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思，其区别是：
replace: 的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute: 则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
exchange: 指“互相交换”。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
vt. 取代，代替；替换，更换；归还，偿还；把…放回原处
 - restore, return, shift, tender

Word: argument
Front: argument
[ˈɑ:gjumənt] (高研四雅 1185/832 -K4)
Vocabulary: argument
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An argument is a disagreement between two or more people, but it can also be a statement backed by evidence, like your argument that your school doesn't need a dress code.
Argument comes from the 14th century French word of the same spelling, meaning, "statements and reasoning in support of a proposition." An argument can be a fact used as evidence to show that something is true, like a study that shows exercise improves certain health conditions — an argument for being more active. Argument also means "a discussion between people who have contrary views."
WORD FAMILY
argument: arguments, counterargument +/arguable: arguably, inarguable, unarguable/ argue: arguable, argued, arguer, argues, arguing, argument, argumentation, argumentative, re-argue/arguer: arguers/arguing: arguings/ argumentation: argumentations/ argumentative: argumentatively, unargumentative/ counterargument: counterarguments/inarguable: inarguably/unarguable: unarguably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Busha said he was used to hearing such arguments.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"We built our case upon arguments that will resonate in the Supreme Court."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Cohen is well aware of the contemporary arguments arrayed against America’s interest, or competence, in waging war, which he addresses in Chapter 1.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 争论，争吵; 论据; [数]幅角; 主题，情节
分布：论点(39%)，争论(30%)，论据(13%)，辩论(12%)，理由(6%)
n.争论(吵),辩论;理由;论证His argument does not carry much conviction.他的论据没有什么说服力.
【反】fallacy（n 谬误，谬论）－valid argument（正确论点）
US ['ɑ:rg-] noun countable or uncountable
DISAGREEMENT 争执
 ESSENTIAL
■a disagreement, or the process of disagreeing 争论；争吵；争辩；争执
• The children had an argument about/over what game to play. 那群孩子为了玩哪个游戏吵了起来。
• He got into an argument with Jeff in the pub last night. 昨晚他和杰夫在酒馆里起了争执。
• A decision was finally made after some heated argument. 经过激烈的争辩，最终作出了一项决定。
UK ['ɑ:g.jʊ.mənt] US ['ɑ:rg-] noun countable or uncountable
REASON 理由
 ESSENTIAL
■a reason or reasons why you support or oppose an idea or suggestion, or the process of explaining them 理由，论据，论点；论证，说理
• Now that we've heard all the arguments for and against the proposal, shall we vote on it? 支持和反对这项提议的所有理由我们都已经听过了，是否可以对此进行表决了？
• [+ that] Her husband was not convinced by her argument that they needed a bigger house. 她提出理由说他们需要一个比较大的房子，但是她的丈夫没有被说服。
• I don't think that's a very strong/convincing/powerful argument. 我认为这个论点不太站得住脚／令人信服／有说服力。
• The central argument (= main point) of the book is that some of the plays were not written by Shakespeare. 这本书的中心论点是，有几个剧本并非出自莎士比亚之手。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
n. 论证；论据；争吵；内容提要
 - brush, reasoning, dispute

Word: below
Front: below
[bɪˈləʊ] (中高托 1450/1136 -K4)
Vocabulary: below
(once / 47 pages)
adv
Something that's below is underneath. If your kite is flying below your brother's, it means his kite is above, or higher than, yours.
Anything that lies lower than some other object is below it — a basement is below the first floor of a house, and the ocean floor is below the water's surface. Below can also describe something that ranks lower: "My dad said if I get below a 90 on the math test, I can't go out this weekend." The word below was rarely used until the 16th century — most experts credit Shakespeare with making it a popular alternative to "beneath."
WORD FAMILY
below: belows
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The protesters willingly climbed up their ropes when the game ended, as fans booed them from below.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But she said allowing such communities to fall below the citywide climate targets simply shifts the burden.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 在下面，到下面
prep. （表示位置）在…下面; （表示状态）在…掩饰之下; （表示比较）不及; 低于
分布：在下面(50%)，低于(41%)，向下(7%)，在 ... 下面(2%)
→be-,表强调，low,下面的。
prep.在...下面,在...以下ad.在下面,向下I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US [-'loʊ] adverb preposition
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in a lower position (than), under 在下面；在…的下面
• From the top of the skyscraper the cars below us looked like insects. 从摩天大楼顶上往下看，下面的汽车小得像昆虫一样。
• The author's name was printed below the title. 作者的名字登在标题之下。
• For further information on this subject, see below (= lower on the page or later in the book). 关于这一点的详细说明，请看下文。
• The ship's captain went below (= to the lower, covered part of the ship). 船长走到下层甲板了。
• Do you usually wear your skirts above or below the knee? 你通常穿半截裙还是过膝裙？
• She has three people working below her (= people to whom she gives orders). 她有三名下属。
UK [bɪ'ləʊ] US [-'loʊ] adverb preposition
LESS 较小
 ESSENTIAL
■less than a particular amount or level 比某数额或某水准低
• They have three children below the age of (= younger than) four. 他们有三个不到四岁的孩子。
• His marks in English have been below average for some time now. 最近，他的英文成绩一直低于平均水准。
• The temperature has fallen below zero/freezing (= cooled to less than zero) recently. 最近的气温已经降到零下了。
• Last night it was eight degrees below (= eight degrees less than zero). 昨晚只有零下八度。
UK [bɪ'ləʊ] US [-'loʊ] adverb preposition
below the belt informal
■If a remark is below the belt, it is very hurtful and unfair. 暗箭伤人的；不公正的
under, below, underneath, beneath
这组词都有“在……下面”的意思，其区别是：
under: 普通用词，与over相对，指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下的意思。
below: 指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方，所指范围较宽。
underneath: 书面口语均用，也常与beneath和under换用，但更含遮蔽的意味。
beneath: 书面用词，指紧挨……之下，其反义词是on。
adv. 在下面，在较低处；在本页下面
 - under, down

Word: language
Front: language
[ˈlæŋgwɪdʒ] (中高雅 722/436 -K4)
Vocabulary: language
(once / 47 pages)
1n 2n
A language is a system of words and grammar used by a group of people. When we write and speak, we're using language.
Animals have amazing forms of communication, but the unique thing about people is our ability to use language. There are hundreds of languages in the world, and you might be learning a second language in school. A dictionary is an important tool in learning a language, but the grammar — how a language is put together — is a lot more complicated. Sign languages are languages too. You can also say that music and math have their own language.
WORD FAMILY
language: interlanguage, languages
USAGE EXAMPLES
But because the budget rules do not allow for unrelated language, the mandate itself was not repealed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Theories for the seeming slip ranged from carelessness to unfamiliarity with the English language to employee revenge.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Later still, a new cohort of scholars, influenced by postmodernism and cultural studies, looked at how human consciousness is shaped by language.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 语言，语言文字; 表达能力; 言语，语风，文风，文体; 专门用语，术语
分布：语言(97%)，语言文字(2%)，表达方式(1%)
→来自拉丁语lingua,舌头，语言，词源同tongue,linguist.
n.语言,术语,(运用语言的)方式,风格The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a system of communication consisting of sounds, words and grammar, or the system of communication used by the people of a particular country or profession 语言
• She does research into how children acquire language. 她研究儿童是如何习得语言的。
• Do you speak any foreign languages?" 你会说外语吗？
• I'm hopeless at learning languages. 我根本不是学语言的料。
• the English language 英语
• legal/technical language 法律专业用语／术语
• the language of business 商业用语
• Java and Perl are both important computer programming languages (= systems of writing instructions for computers). Java 和 Perl 都是重要的电脑程式设计语言。
['læŋ.gwɪdʒ] noun countable or uncountable
speak / talk the same language
■to have similar ideas and similar ways of expressing them 有共同语言
• We come from similar backgrounds, so we speak the same language. 我们的出身相似，所以有共同语言。
lexicon, term, vocabulary, word, language
这组词都有“文字，词，语言”的意思，其区别是：
lexicon: 指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
term: 指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
vocabulary: 集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
word: 普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
language: 普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
n. [语] 语言；语言文字；表达能力
 - tongue, parole

Word: red
Vocabulary: red
(once / 43 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
The color red is a primary hue found at the end of the spectrum. You might turn red with embarrassment. It also represents financial loss, as in the term "red ink."
The word red goes back to before 900, and we can see its roots in the Old English rēad. The idea of red as a signal to stop came in 1849. The color has been associated with rebellion as far back as the 13th Century, and in 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks adopted the color as their symbol. When the movement became the political party of Communism, the members became known as "Reds."
WORD FAMILY
red: redded, redden, redder, reddest, reddish, redly, redness, reds+/ redden: reddened, reddening, reddens/redness: rednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It was not a red card. Feghouli's foot was not high in the air, it was not deliberate," said Bilic.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)

Word: save
Front: save
[seɪv] (中高研四六托 735/848 -K5)
Vocabulary: save
(once / 25 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To save is to keep safe. So, you might save money for college, save a kitten from drowning, or save a dropped football.
You can save a choking person by giving them the Heimlich maneuver, or save a stray puppy from running into the street. There are other ways to save things, too, like when you keep them for later: "You can eat your brownie, but I'll save mine until after dinner." Or when you spend less money: "I'll save by buying this at the used book store." The Latin root is salvus, "safe."
WORD FAMILY
save: saved, saver, saves, saving, savior +/saved: unsaved/saver: savers/saving: savingly, savings / savior: saviors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Everyone on that group, save Gretzky, was older than Matthews as a rookie.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To avoid a stockpile of holiday cards, “save only those that are meaningful and special,” Tova Weinstock, a professional organizer in Brooklyn, said.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
It also captures hundreds of billions in savings by slowing the rate of growth in certain Medicare payments.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 节省; 保存; 储蓄; 解救
vi. 节省; 挽救; 救球
prep. &conj. 除…之外
n. 救援，救援
时态：saved, saving, saves
分布：救(47%)，保存(30%)，节省(23%)
挽救[salvsav=save,表示"救助"]
v.救,拯救;储蓄,贮存;节省The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
verb
MAKE SAFE 使安全
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to stop someone or something from being killed, injured or destroyed 挽救，搭救，救助
• Wearing seat belts has saved many lives. 系安全带挽救了许多人的生命。
• He fell in the river but his friend saved him from drowning. 他掉进河里，不过他的朋友救了他的命。
• He had to borrow money to save his business. 他只好借钱挽救自己的企业。
• He was desperately trying to save their failing marriage. 他拼命努力，试图挽救他们濒临破裂的婚姻。
• We all need to do our bit to save the planet. 我们都需要为拯救地球而出一份心力。
• The former tennis champion was now serving to save the match (= to win the next point so that the other player did not win the competition). 前网球冠军正在发球争取挽回颓势。
save sb's life
■to stop someone from being killed 使（某人）免遭杀害；救（某人）的性命
■informal
■to help someone escape from a difficult or unpleasant situation 帮助（某人）脱离困境（或窘境）
• Thanks for helping me with that report - you saved my life! 谢谢你帮助我完成那个报告——你真是帮了我大忙！
[seɪv] verb
KEEP 保存
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to keep something, especially money, for use in the future 保存，储存；储蓄，存钱
• Tom's been saving his pocket money every week. 汤姆每周都把自己的零用钱存起来。
• We're saving (up) for a new car. 我们正在存钱准备买一辆新车。
• I save all my old letters in case I want to read them again. 我把过去所有的信件都保存下来，以便日后再读。
• Save me a place at your table, will you? 你坐的那张桌子帮我留个位子好吗？
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to put information on a computer onto a computer disk 将（电脑上的资料）存档，保存
[seɪv] verb
NOT WASTE 不浪费
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to prevent time, money or effort being wasted or spent 节约，节省
• You'll save time if you take the car. 开车会省些时间。
• [+ two objects] Thanks for your help - it saved me a lot of work. 谢谢你的帮助——这省了我很多事。
• [+ -ing verb] I'll lend you a bag for your trip - it'll save you buying one specially. 我借给你旅行用的提袋——省得你专程再买一个。
• informal Can you save it for later (= tell me your news later when I am less busy) ? 你能等晚一点我不那么忙的时候再告诉我吗？
[seɪv] verb
SPORT 体育运动
transitive
■in football and similar games, to stop the ball from going into the goal when a player on the other team has kicked or hit it （足球等球类运动中）救（球），阻止对方得（分）
[seɪv] verb
can't do sth to save your life informal
■said to mean that you are extremely bad at doing something 完全做不好；怎么也做不了
• I can't draw to save my life. 我完全不会画画。
[seɪv] verb
save sb's bacon/neck informal
■to help someone avoid getting into trouble 帮助（某人）避开麻烦
[seɪv] verb
save your breath informal
■used to say that it is not worth talking to someone because they will not listen to you 不值得浪费唇舌、花费力气；不必对牛弹琴
• I don't know why I bother speaking to him - I might as well save my breath. 我不知道为甚么要浪费唇舌和他说话——最好还是不要对牛弹琴。
[seɪv] verb
save your own skin/hide informal
■to protect yourself from danger or difficulty, without trying to help other people 只管自己不顾他人
[seɪv] verb
save the day
■to do something that prevents a likely defeat or failure 转危为安，扭转颓势
• Newcastle seemed to be heading for disaster until a late goal saved the day. 新堡队似乎就要陷入绝境，直到后来凭借一颗进球才扭转颓势。
[seɪv] verb
Saved by the bell.
■something that you say when a difficult situation is ended suddenly before you have to do or say something that you do not want to 救命铃（某种困难局面突然结束时所说的话，假使局面持续下去，你就需要做不想做的事或说不想说的话）
• Luckily my bus arrived before I had time to reply. Saved by the bell. 正当我要回答时，公车就到了，真是万幸。
[seɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  save on sth
■to avoid using something so that you do not have to pay for it 节省，节约
• It was a warm winter, so we saved on electricity. 那是一个暖冬，因此我们省了不少电。
[seɪv] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] save (sth) up
■to keep money so that you can buy something with it in the future 储蓄，存（钱）
• It took me ages to save up enough money to go travelling. 我用了几年的时间存够了钱去旅游。
• She's saving up for a new bike. 她正在存钱，想买一辆新脚踏车。
[seɪv] noun countable
■in football or similar games, when a player stops the ball from going into the goal when it is hit or kicked by a player from the other team （足球等球类运动中）救（球），阻止对方得（分）
• The goalkeeper made a great save in the last minute of the match. 守门员在比赛的最后关头有一次精彩的扑救。
[seɪv] preposition (also save for) formal or old-fashioned
■but or except for 除…外
• They found all the lost documents save one. 除了其中有一份没有找到之外，他们找到了所有丢失的档。
save, rescue
这组词都有“营救、拯救、搭救”的意思，其区别是：
save: 含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。
rescue: 多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
vt. 节省；保存；储蓄；解救
 - hold, economize on
vi. 节省；挽救；救球
 - economize on, spare no effort
n. 救球，救援
 - succor

Word: parent
Front: parent
[ˈpeərənt] (中高雅 327/494 -K5)
Vocabulary: parent
(once / 63 pages)
nv
A parent is a mother or father. Your mom and your dad are your parents, and one of their jobs is to parent you.
We're all born to parents, and many of us also have step parents, foster parents, or adoptive parents who parent us. You might also use parent to talk about plants and animals; maybe your new puppy's parents were dog show champions, for example. Things that act as the source or owner of something else are also parents, like a parent company that owns the local bookshop. The Latin root is parere, "give birth to, produce."
WORD FAMILY
parent: parentage, parental, parented, parenthood, parenting, parentless, parents+/parentage: parentages/ parental: parentally/parented: unparented
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Dear Carolyn: My brother is 33 and still lives at home with our parents.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
First-time parents are often nervous about exposing their baby to the world.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 父亲（或母亲）; 先辈; 根源，起源; 保护者
分布：父母(83%)，根源(10%)，产生(5%)，抚养(2%)
→来自拉丁语parere,生育，词源同pare.-ent,现在分词后缀，此处做名词。
父母(par+ent)[par=bringforth,表示"生产,生出孩子"]
n.父母,母亲;(pl.)双亲;父母His parents apparently stare at the transparent cigarettes.他父母显然凝视着透明香烟.
US ['per.ənt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a mother or father of a person or an animal 父亲；母亲
• I'm going to meet Richard's parents for the first time this weekend. 我这个周末将第一次见理查的父母。
n. 父亲（或母亲）；父母亲；根源
 - father, principle, root

Word: opinion
Front: opinion
[əˈpɪnjən] (高研四六托雅 1124/1067 -K4)
Vocabulary: opinion
(once / 36 pages)
n
Who wouldn't want the job of opinion writer for the Times. You get paid to sit around and tell people how you feel about things. And you know that I've got no shortage of opinions.
An opinion is a belief or attitude about something that isn't necessarily based on facts. You may have an opinion about Gwyneth Paltrow that I don't share. There's no way to prove who's right and who's wrong. Those are our thoughts about her, and that's the way it is. Ironically, when a judge decides a case, his or her ruling is referred to as an opinion. Even though what the judge says will become a matter of law, it's still just their opinion, based on what was presented by the two sides in a trial.
WORD FAMILY
opinion: opinionative, opinions
USAGE EXAMPLES
And how close should his ties remain to business executives operating in areas with far different opinions about human rights and justice?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Opinion: If there’s no two-state solution, what will Israel become?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意见，主张; 评价; 鉴定，判定
分布：意见(74%)，看法(21%)，主张(4%)，判断(1%)
→来自拉丁语opinari,发表观点，表达意思，来自op,选择，分辨，词源同option.
n.意见,看法,主张In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a thought or belief about something or someone 意见；看法；主张
• What's your opinion about/on the matter? 你对这件事有甚么看法？
• People tend to have strong opinions on capital punishment. 人们往往对死刑抱有过激的看法。
• He didn't express/give an opinion on the matter. 他没有就此事发表意见。
• Who, in your opinion, (= Who do you think) is the best football player in the world today? 依你所见，谁是当今世界最优秀的足球员？
• He's very much of the opinion that alternative medicine is a waste of time. 他顽固地认为替代疗法是浪费时间。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the thoughts or beliefs that a group of people have （一群人的）意见，想法，主张
• Eventually, the government will have to take notice of public opinion. 最终，政府将不得不注意民意所向。
• There is a diverse range of opinion on the issue. 在这个问题上，意见五花八门。
• There was a difference of opinion as to the desirability of the project. 对于该计划是否可取有不同的看法。
• Opinion is divided as to whether the treatment actually works. 对于治疗是否真的有效意见不一。
• Both performances were excellent, it's simply a matter of opinion as to whose was better. 两场表演都很好，孰优孰劣只是见仁见智的事情。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a judgment about someone or something 看法，评价
• Her opinion of Adam changed after he'd been so helpful at the wedding. 亚当在婚礼上那么热心帮忙，从此以后她对他的看法改变了。
• She has a good/high opinion of his abilities (= thinks he is good). 她对他的能力评价甚高。
• I have a rather bad/low/poor opinion of my sister's boyfriend (= I do not like or approve of him). 我对我姐姐的男友评价很坏／低／差。
• He has a very high opinion of himself (= thinks he is very skilled/clever in a way that is annoying). 他自视甚高。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a judgment made by an expert 专家意见；鉴定
• My doctor has referred me to a specialist for a second opinion on the results of my blood test. 我的医生将我转诊给一位专科医生，以对我的验血结果作再次鉴定。
[ə'pɪn.jən] noun
  Common Learner Errors  opinionWarning: Check your spelling! Opinion is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
[ə'pɪn.jən] noun
  Common Learner Errors  opinion Use in my opinion to introduce your own thoughts or beliefs about someone or something. Don't say 'to my opinion' or 'on my opinion', say in my opinion : In my opinion, the school holidays are much too long.
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
sentiment, idea, opinion, view
这组词都有“意见，看法，见解”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。
idea: 普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。
opinion: 普通用词，使用广泛。多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。
view: 侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。
n. 意见；主张
 - comment, view, judgement, mind, thinking

Word: speech
Front: speech
[spi:tʃ] (中高研四六雅 1100/1119 -K4)
Vocabulary: speech
(once / 50 pages)
n
When you say something out loud, that's speech. When you give a speech, you say a lot of things in front of a group. Maybe you should open with a joke?
The ability to produce and understand speech in complex ways has long been considered part of what separates humans from other animals. "Freedom of speech" is the right to express your thoughts and opinions publicly. Adjectives, nouns and verbs are "parts of speech." By the way: speech is a noun.
WORD FAMILY
speech: speeches, speechify, speechless +/speechifier: speechifiers/speechify: speechified, speechifier, speechifies, speechifying/ speechless: speechlessly, speechlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a speech at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the president is careful to not say the US won the nine-year conflict.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
She invoked Trump’s victory speech pledging to be “president for all Americans,” not just those who voted for him.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 演说，演讲，发言; 说话，谈话，说话能力或方式; （乐器的）音，音色; 方言，民族语言
分布：演讲(59%)，演说(33%)，言语(7%)，语言能力(1%)
→构成 speak 的名词形式，引申诸相关词义。
n.演说,讲话;言语,语言The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
noun
SAY WORDS 说话
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to talk, the activity of talking, or a piece of spoken language 说话能力；说话；谈话；言语
• Children usually develop speech in the second year of life. 儿童通常在一岁以后开始学习说话。
• People who suffer a stroke may experience a loss of speech. 中风患者可能会丧失说话能力。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the way a person talks 说话方式
• His speech was slurred and I thought he was drunk. 他说话含混不清，我想他是喝醉了。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the language used when talking 口语
• Some expressions are used more in speech than in writing. 有些表达方式在口语中比书面语中用得多。
countable
■a set of words spoken in a play （戏剧中的）台词
• Do you know the words to Hamlet's famous speech at the beginning of Act III? 你知道第三幕开头哈姆雷特那段著名的台词具体是怎么说的吗？
[spi:tʃ] noun
FORMAL TALK 正式谈话
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special occasion 演说；发言；谈话
• I had to give/make a speech at my brother's wedding. 我得在我弟弟的婚礼上致词。
• The Governor of New York delivered a rousing speech to the national convention. 纽约州州长在全国代表大会上作了激动人心的发言。
• He gave the after-dinner speech (= a talk given after a formal evening meal at which a large number of people are present). 他在晚宴后作了演说。
• Did you hear her acceptance speech at the Oscars ceremony? 你听了她在奥斯卡颁奖典礼上的得奖感言了吗？
⇒ See also speak
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
speech, laguage, tongue, slang, dialect, idiom
这组词都有“语言”的意思，其区别是：
speech: 特指人的口语，也指正式的讲话。
laguage: 普通用词，含义广。指人的语言或文字，或动物的语言。既可指口头或书面语言，也可指手势语等。
tongue: 书面用词，指人的语言，亦指人的母语。
slang: 指俚语。
dialect: 指一种语言中，某一地方所特有的语言形式，即方言。
idiom: 指一种语言中一般由几个词结合成短语或句子的特殊表达方式，即惯用语、成语。也指方言。
n. 演讲；讲话； [语] 语音；演说
 - address, lecture, talk, sound

Word: asian

Word: travel
Front: travel
[ˈtrævl] (中高雅 1081/1132 -K4)
Vocabulary: travel
(once / 35 pages)
vn
To travel is the act of going from one place to another, usually a considerable distance. Your daily commute in the morning doesn't generally count as travel. Your trip to Timbuktu? That counts.
Travel can also be used as a noun — as in your travels to Timbuktu. Or perhaps you prefer time travel or space travel. Objects that are especially adapted for use when you travel are often modified by the word travel; for example, a "travel-bag," "travel- games," or a "travel iron." And if something is particularly popular in another country or culture from its place of origin, say a cheese, a wine, or a type of music, it's said to "travel well."
WORD FAMILY
travel: travelable, traveled, traveler, traveling, travelled, traveller, travelling, travels+/traveled: untraveled/traveler: travelers/ traveling: travelings/travelled: untravelled/traveller: travellers/ travelling: travellings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year ago, a robot called HitchBOT traveled across Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands before it was brought to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Hagar said she’s learned from the gongs that she doesn’t need to travel far, or find a guru, in order to heal.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He travels from Beaufort to the Charleston VA Medical Center once every three weeks for an immunotherapy infusion.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行; 进行; 移动; 漫游
vi. 旅行; 传送; 前进，行进; [篮球]走步
vt. 经过，通过; 游历
时态：travelled, travelling, travels
分布：旅行(89%)，传播(7%)，移动(3%)，快速移动(1%)
→来自中古英语 travailen,远行，出门，原义为折磨，词源同 travail.比喻用法，因古代出门由于 交通不便，出门远行充满艰辛和痛苦。
n.旅行v.旅行;行进,传播On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make a journey, usually over a long distance （通常指长途）旅行
• After leaving school, she spent a year travelling, mostly in Africa and Asia. 毕业后她花了一年时间旅行，主要在非洲和亚洲。
• I travel to work by train. 我乘火车上班。
• He travelled over 100 miles to be at the wedding. 他从100多英里外过来参加婚礼。
• As a young man he had travelled (= been to many parts of) the world. 他年轻时周游过世界。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to move or go from one place to another 行进
• Supersonic planes can travel faster than the speed of sound. 超音速飞机的速度比音速快。
intransitive
■If something such as food travels well/badly, it does/does not stay in good condition if it is moved long distances （食品等）经得起长途运输
• They say that real Yorkshire beers don't travel well. 他们说真正的约克郡啤酒经不起长途运输。
really travel informal
■to move very fast 飞快移动
• We were doing 90mph, so that other car that passed us must have been really travelling! 我们当时的时速是90英里，所以说超过我们的其他车肯定是开得飞快！
• That bike can really travel! 那辆脚踏车可以骑得很快！
travel light
■to make a journey without taking a lot of heavy things with you 轻装旅行
• I always try to travel light. 我总是尽可能轻装旅行。
['træv.əl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
have sth , will travel humorous
■said if you want to go on a journey and use a particular skill 有…即可旅行，…助你旅行（说的是如果你想去旅行且可利用一种特殊技能）
• The ad in the newspaper read 'Have English language skills, will travel.' 报纸上的广告说“踏上英语旅程”。
['træv.əl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Common Learner Errors  travelWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using travel in the past tense. The past simple and past participle are trave ll ed in UK English, and, usually, trave l ed in US English. The -ing form is trave ll ing in UK English, and, usually, trave l ing in US English.
['træv.əl] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the activity of travelling 旅行；游历
• air/space travel 航空／太空旅行
• business travel 出差
• We share a love of literature, food and travel. 我们都爱好文学、美食和旅游。
• I heard on the travel news that there'd been an accident. 我从旅游新闻中得知发生了一宗事故。
travels [plural]
■journeys 游览；游历
• a record of her travels in/around the Far East 她在远东游历的记录
['træv.əl] noun
  Common Learner Errors  travel, trip or journey? Warning: Choose the right word! Travel is an uncountable noun and refers to the activity of travelling: Air travel has become much cheaper. To talk about a particular occasion where you go somewhere and come back again, don't say 'travel', say trip :
✗ I met him on a recent travel to London. I met him on a recent trip to London. To talk about the part of a 'trip' you spend in a vehicle, don't say 'travel', say journey :
✗ The travel from the airport takes about 20 minutes. The journey from the airport takes about 20 minutes.
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
vi. 旅行；行进；步行；交往
 - proceed, foot, company, sort, mix
vt. 经过；在…旅行
 - go by, go past
n. 旅行；游历；漫游
 - journey, tour, trip

Word: intelligence
Front: intelligence
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns] (高研四六托雅 1417/2444 -K3)
Vocabulary: intelligence
(once / 109 pages)
1n 2n
Intelligence is your ability to comprehend something, like calculus or why plants grow towards the sun.
Intelligence comes from the Latin word intelligere "to understand," which makes sense because it refers to someone's ability to understand things. Your intelligence helps you pass math class, learn French, and know that when someone asks you if she looks fat in those pants, always say no. It means smarts, what you need at least some of to get through school. Intelligence has an exciting double life: it also refers to what spies are trying to get, information from the enemy. You can be born with it, or acquire it, especially if you're in the FBI.
WORD FAMILY
intelligence: counterintelligence, intelligences+/ intelligent: intelligence, intelligentest, intelligently, unintelligent / unintelligent: unintelligently
USAGE EXAMPLES
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Clients, the start-up companies say, range from intelligence agencies to hotels.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Special Forces in El Salvador in the 1980s and provided the identities of four U.S. covert intelligence officers working in Cuba.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 智力; 聪颖; 情报; 情报机构
分布：智力(52%)，情报(39%)，理解力(4%)，情报工作(3%)，情报机关(2%)
→来自intelligent,聪明的，有才智的。
智力;聪明(intel在...中间+lig+ence→从中选出好的→智力)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.智力,聪明;理解力;情报,消息,报导He's obviously a man of very high intelligence.显然他是个非常聪明的人.
noun
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to learn, understand and make judgments or have opinions that are based on reason 智力，智慧
• an intelligence test 智力测验
• a child of high/average/low intelligence 高智商／普通智商／低智商的孩子
• It's the intelligence of her writing that impresses me. 是她作品中表现出的智慧让我印象深刻。
[ɪn'tel.ɪ.dʒənts] noun
SECRET INFORMATION 机密资讯
uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■secret information about the governments of other countries, especially enemy governments, or a group of people who collect and deal with this information 情报；情报人员
• the Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局
• military intelligence 军事情报
• They received intelligence (reports) that the factory was a target for the bombing. 他们接到情报说这家工厂是轰炸目标。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
information, news, intelligence
这组词都有“新闻，消息，情报”的意思，其区别是：
information: 普通用词，泛指消息、情报。
news: 普通用词，指主要通过报纸、广播和电视等报道的事件，强调消息的新闻性。
intelligence: 特指政治、经济、文化或军事等方面的秘密情报或消息。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. [心理] 智力；情报工作； [图情] 情报机关；理解力
 - brain, mind, mentality, understanding, head

Word: admit
Front: admit
[ədˈmɪt] (高研四托 1089/887 -K4)
Vocabulary: admit
(once / 41 pages)
1v 2v
When you admit something, you confess that it happened. It wasn't easy to admit that you'd broken the vase, but how else could you explain that your hand was glued to it?
Besides meaning "confess," admit can also mean "let in," like a theater ticket that says "ADMIT ONE." If you admit that you have a bag of popcorn hidden in your backpack, you might not be admitted to the movie. A doorway admits you into a room, and if a room can hold up to 50 people, that room admits 50. You can even use admit for metaphorical entrances, like the way your wild style admits you into high fashion circles.
WORD FAMILY
admit: admission, admissive, admits, admittable, admittance, admitted, admitting, readmit +/ admission: admissions/admissive: admissively/admittance: admittances/admitted: admittedly/readmission: readmissions/ readmit: readmission, readmits, readmitted, readmitting
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They really admit that by repealing the Affordable Care Act, it will increase costs,” Mrs. Pelosi said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ted Leonsis, who owns both teams, admitted to as much before the Wizards played their home opener.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
When Martin stomped in, he admitted that he’d driven to his paternal grandfather’s lake house and seen Noah there.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 许可进入; 承认，供认
vt. 允许; 确认
vi. 承认; 允许
时态：admitted, admitting, admits
分布：承认(94%)，允许(3%)，容纳(2%)，给…进入的权利(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根mit, 发送，送出，同mission,使团，使命。原指准许进出，后指同意。
许可入学等;承认(ad+mit→送来→许可进入)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
vt.承认,供认;准许...进入,准许...加入The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
verb (-tt-)
ACCEPT 接受
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to agree that something is true, especially unwillingly （尤指不情愿地）承认，供认，招认
• He admitted his guilt/mistake. 他承认有罪／犯了错误。
• [+ (that)] She admitted (that) she had made a mistake. 她承认自己犯了一个错误。
• [+ -ing verb] She admitted making a mistake. 她承认自己犯了一个错误。
• At first he denied stealing the money but he later admitted (to) it. 初时他否认偷了钱，但是后来就承认了。
• I wasn't entirely honest with him, I admit, but I didn't actually tell him any lies. 我对他也不是百分之百的坦诚，这我承认。可话说回来，我也没有对他撒过甚么谎。
• [+ to infinitive] The new law was generally admitted to be difficult to enforce. 人们普遍认为，新的法律难以实施。
admit defeat
■to accept that you have failed and give up 认输，承认失败
• After several attempts to untie the knot, I admitted defeat and cut through it with a knife. 我试了几次都没有把这个结解开，最后认输了，就用刀子把它割开了。
[əd'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
ALLOW IN 允许进入
transitive
■to allow someone to enter a place 允许…进入
• Each ticket admits one member and one guest. 每张票可以让一位会员和一位客人进入。
• Men will not be admitted to the restaurant without a tie. 不系领带的男士不允许进入这家餐厅。
• literary A gap between the curtains admitted the faint glimmer of a street lamp. 街灯那微弱的光从窗帘间的一道缝隙透了进来。
transitive
■to allow a person or country to join an organization 准许…加入；接收
• Spain was admitted to the European Community in 1986. 西班牙于1986年被接纳为欧洲共同体成员。
transitive
■to allow someone to enter a hospital because they need medical care 接收…入院；收治
• She was admitted to hospital (US to the hospital)suffering from shock. 她因中风被送入医院救治。
[əd'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  admit of sth formal
■to allow something or make it possible 容许；给予…机会；为…留有余地
• The present schedule does not admit of modification (= it cannot be changed). 目前的时间表不容许变更。
• The latest events admit of several interpretations. 对最近发生的事件可以作出多种解读。
acknowledge, assigned, allocate, allot, admit, confess
acknowledge: 表承认某事可以承担责任
assigned: 用途明确，但“指定”意味强，常常暗示分配人的武断性
allocate: 正式用词，尤指政府部门拨出定额款项的行为
allot: 指完整或定量的东西分为若干份来分配，不强调公平性和数量上的平均
admit: 表被迫承认做过某事
confess: 承认一些不好的事情，常有“忏悔”之意
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
take, accept, admit, receive
这组词都有“接受、接纳”的意思，其区别是：
take: 与receive同意，是receive的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。
accept: 强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。
admit: 作“接受”讲时，强调准许或批准。
receive: 着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。
vt. 承认；准许进入；可容纳
 - accept, recognize, agree, acknowledge, grant
vi. 承认；容许
 - accept, recognize

Word: apply
Front: apply
[əˈplaɪ] (高研四六托雅 938/522 -K4)
Vocabulary: apply
(once / 43 pages)
1v 2v
Apply means to put on a surface, like to apply makeup to your face before work. Apply also means to ask in a formal way. Long before you applied the makeup, you had to apply for the job.
You can apply the word apply to many situations, including when you make use of something — like when you apply the brakes on a car. Apply also means to really put effort into a task, like to apply yourself to learning Greek or reaching the next level on your favorite video game. But then again, maybe those examples don’t apply.
WORD FAMILY
apply: applicable, applicant, application, applicative, applicatory, applied, applier, applies, applying, misapply+/ applicable: applicability, applicably, inapplicable / applicant: applicants/ application: applications/applier: appliers/ inapplicable: inapplicability, inapplicably/misapplication: misapplications/misapply: misapplication, misapplied, misapplies, misapplying
USAGE EXAMPLES
A clinic employee invited Mr. Kloski, now 28, to apply for Medicaid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms Bradley said she encouraged all of those with family who fought at Passchendaele to apply.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
On the first screen of the recovery page, choose the scenario that applies to you, which in this case would be “I forgot my password.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 应用，运用; 申请; 涂; 敷（药）
vi. 申请，请求，适用; 适用，适合; 专心致志
时态：applied, applying, applies
分布：应用(45%)，申请(42%)，涂(11%)，使专心从事(1%)，有关联(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根ply, 卷入，卷进，见imply.
申请,应用(ap+ply→反复做→申请[做事])[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
vi.(以书面形式)申请;请求vt.应用;实施I am applying for a visa.我正在申请签证.
verb
REQUEST 请求
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form （尤指透过书面或表格形式）申请，请求
• By the time I saw the job advertised it was already too late to apply. 我看到招聘广告的时候，已经太晚了，错过了应征时机。
• Please apply in writing to the address below. 请将书面申请寄到以下地址。
• We've applied to a charitable organization for a grant for the project. 我们已经向一个慈善组织提出申请，要求其对这个计划提供资助。
• [+ to infinitive] Tim's applied to join the police. 蒂姆已报名做员警。
[ə'plaɪ] verb
RELATE TO 涉及
 IMPROVER intransitive
■(especially of rules or laws) to have a connection or be important （尤指规章法律）适用，有关，涉及
• That bit of the form is for UK citizens - it doesn't apply to you. 表格的那一项是给英国公民填的——和你无关。
• Those were old regulations - they don't apply any more. 那些都是旧规定，不再适用了。
[ə'plaɪ] verb
USE 用
transitive
■to make use of something or use it for a practical purpose 使用，运用，应用
• He wants a job in which he can apply his foreign languages. 他想找一份可以用到他的多门外语知识的工作。
• The court heard how the driver had failed to apply his brakes in time. 法庭听司机陈述了他如何没能及时刹车的原委。
• If you apply pressure to a cut it's meant to stop the bleeding. 如果你按压住伤口，就会止住流血。
[ə'plaɪ] verb
PUT ON 放在…上面
transitive
■to spread or rub a substance such as cream or paint on a surface 涂，敷
• Apply the suntan cream liberally to exposed areas every three hours and after swimming. 每三小时及游泳后将防晒霜充分涂抹于身体裸露部位。
• The paint should be applied thinly and evenly. 油漆应该薄薄地刷上一层，且要涂得均匀。
[ə'plaɪ] verb
WORK HARD 努力工作
apply yourself
[R]
■If you apply yourself to something, you work hard at it, directing your abilities and efforts in a determined way so that you succeed 勤奋，努力
• You can solve any problem if you apply yourself. 如果你努力，任何问题都能解决。
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
vt. 申请；涂，敷；应用
 - put in for, enter one's name for
vi. 申请；涂，敷；适用；请求
 - demand, put in for

Word: disclaimer
Front: disclaimer
[dɪsˈkleɪmə(r)] (宝 16950/16361)
Vocabulary: disclaimer
(once / 2028 pages)
n
A disclaimer is a statement that rejects a legal claim. If you're speaking on Russian history and don't want to be quoted, offer a disclaimer that all your information comes from Wikipedia and you're not responsible for its accuracy.
A claim is the assertion that you have a right to something, so a disclaimer is the opposite: the rejection of a claim. If you don't want to keep the money you're inheriting, you can file a disclaimer and pass all the money on to a charity. Although disclaimer comes from talking about legal claims, we also use it in general to mean "denial" or "repudiation."
WORD FAMILY
disclaimer: disclaimers+/ disclaim: disclaimed, disclaimer, disclaiming, disclaims
USAGE EXAMPLES
Discussion of these scenarios is typically followed with a disclaimer that this is only hypothetical and would never actually happen.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
He said the disclaimer would clear up any perceived endorsement of religion by the district, the Houston Chronicle reported.
Washington Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Between nearly every act break, A&E airs a disclaimer that the church disputes many of the statements made in the program:
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 否认声明; 放弃; 放弃者
分布：免责声明(71%)，放弃(21%)，弃权(8%)
→来自disclaim, 否认，拒绝承认。用于指法律上的免责声明。
US [-mɚ] noun countable formal
■a formal statement saying that you are not legally responsible for something, such as the information given in a book or on the Internet, or that you have no direct involvement in it 否认；否认声明
specialized
■a formal statement giving up your legal claim to something or ending your connection with it 放弃书，弃权书
n. 不承诺，免责声明；放弃，拒绝
 - rejection, resignation

Word: accessibility
Front: accessibility
[əkˌsesə'bɪlətɪ] (托 10407/12242)
Vocabulary: accessibility
(once / 2593 pages)
1n 2n
Accessibility is approachability. One of the things you may want to consider in a job is the accessibility of the managers. If you have a concern, are they available to help, or are they always in meetings or "at lunch"?
Accessibility also refers to the quality of being available when needed. You like the accessibility of the company's customer service because you don't have to wait endlessly on hold in hopes of reaching a human being. Accessibility also refers to how easily a disabled person can negotiate part of a building or structure. The stadium had wheelchair accessibility with ramps and a special seating area.
WORD FAMILY
accessibility: accessibilities+/ access: accessed, accesses, accessible, accessing, de-access/ accessible: accessibility, accessibly, inaccessible, unaccessible/inaccessibility: inaccessibilities/ inaccessible: inaccessibility, inaccessibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, the lawsuit asserts, she drove him to a house in Baltimore with no handicap accessibility.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
He’s now president of Lifeway Mobility, a Hartford-based company that sells accessibility products, like wheelchairs and stair lifts, throughout southern New England.
Washington Times(Dec 19, 2016)
In terms of accessibility, their looks are immortal.
Washington Post(Dec 15, 2016)
Back: n. 易接近，可到达; 学习资料利用率; 可诣达性; 可达性
分布：易接近(64%)，可以得到(36%)
ADJ-GRADED
易到达的;易进入的;易够到的
If a place or building is accessible to people, it is easy for them to reach it or get into it. If an object is accessible, it is easy to reach.
例：The Centre is easily accessible to the general public...该中心普通大众可随意进入。
例：The premises are wheelchair accessible...该场所轮椅可以自由出入。
ADJ-GRADED
易使用的;易得到的
If something is accessible to people, they can easily use it or obtain it.
例：The legal aid system should be accessible to more people...法律援助制度应该面向更多人。
例：This device helps make virtual reality a more usable and accessible technology.这一装置有助于使虚拟现实成为更可用、更便利的技术。
ADJ-GRADED
可以理解的;易懂的
If you describe a book, painting, or other work of art as accessible, you think it is good because it is simple enough for people to understand and appreciate easily.
例：...literary books that are accessible to a general audience.一般读者都能欣赏的文学作品
例：...their reputation for providing exciting and accessible theatre for young people.他们在为年轻人奉献喜闻乐见的精彩戏剧方面是出了名的
n. 易接近；可亲；可以得到
 - approachability

Word: regulation
Front: regulation
[ˌregjuˈleɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 1675/1400 -K3)
Vocabulary: regulation
(once / 229 pages)
1nadj 2n
If you declare that Fridays are Pajama Day, did you create a regulation? No. A regulation is a rule put in place by some authority, such as a government. In fact, there might already be a regulation on the books: No pajamas in school.
If you're trying to remember what a regulation is, think about the phrase "rules and regulations." Regulations are often set by governing bodies of a sport or other activity — thus, there is an accepted regulation-size soccer ball, set by FIFA, professional soccer's governing body. Many government agencies are in charge of "regulating" industries, setting up regulations that companies need to follow to keep us all safe.
WORD FAMILY
regulation: regulations+/ deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation / regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
But studying CBD is not easy: Scientists complain that laws and regulations put excessive constraints on their work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Indians held a lead for all but the last minute of regulation, according to Walker, and lost their edge in the overtime period.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 管理; 控制; 规章; 规则
adj. 规定的，必须穿戴的，必须使用的
分布：规则(43%)，管理(24%)，规章(22%)，规定的(11%)
→来自 regulate,管理，控制。
n.规则,规章;调节,校准;调整There is a regulation that large trucks must not use this road.有一项规定是这条路禁止大型货车通行.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an official rule or the act of controlling 规则，条例，法规；控制，管理
• safety/health/traffic/fire/security regulations 安全／卫生／交通／消防／保安条例
• The correct procedure is laid down in the rules and regulations. 正确的程式在规章条例中有规定。
• government regulation of inflation 政府对通货膨胀的控制
[ˌreg.jʊ'leɪ.ʃən] adjective
■usual; ordered by the rules 一般的，普通的；规定的；正规的
• businessmen in their regulation pin-stripe suits 身着正规的细条纹西装的商人
• It's regulation to wear suits at the office. 按规定在办公室要穿西装。
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
law, principle, rule, regulation
law: 指具体的法律，法规，法令
principle: 原理，原则，用作复数是指行为的准则，规范
rule: 规则，规章，惯常的做法，习惯
regulation: 通常用作复数，法规，条例
n. 管理； [数] 规则；校准
 - governance, administration, management, supervision, control
adj. 规定的；平常的
 - specified, stated, usual, prescribed, ordinary

Word: catch
Front: catch
[kætʃ] (中高雅 586/681 -K4)
Vocabulary: catch
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4v
When you catch something, you grasp it or seize it in your hands, the way you catch a basketball when your friend throws it to you.
As a verb, catch describes grabbing and holding on. Adding the preposition on means you understand something, like when you catch on to your little brother's scheme to get out of doing chores, or to describe something that's getting popular, like a pop song that catches on then becomes a huge hit. If someone tells you there's a catch, it means there is a complication, but if a person is a catch, he or she makes a good romantic partner.
WORD FAMILY
catch: catched, catcher, catches, catching, catchment, catchy, caught+/catcher: catchers/catching: catchingly, catchings/catchment: catchments/ catchy: catchier, catchiest, catchily
USAGE EXAMPLES
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He finished the year with 81 catches for 1,150 yards and 17 TDs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 赶上; 接住; 引起; 看见
vt. & vi. （使）被钩住，（使）被卡住
n. 抓; 隐情; 捕获量; 挂钩
vi. 锁住; 着火; [棒球]当接球手
adj. 迷惑人的; 令人容易上当的; 引人注目的; 令人感兴趣的
时态：caught, catching, catches
分布：赶上(42%)，抓住(24%)，捕捉(22%)，捕获物(7%)，陷阱(4%)，领会(1%)
→来自词根capt, 抓，拿，握，构成chase的对词，词源同captive.
v.捕捉,捕获;赶上;感染;理解,听到The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
verb (caught, caught)
TAKE HOLD 抓住
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take hold of something, especially something that is moving through the air 抓住，接住
• I managed to catch the glass before it hit the ground. 我在玻璃杯落地之前接住了它。
• We saw the eagle swoop from the sky to catch its prey. 我们看到老鹰从空中猛扑下去抓捕猎物。
• Our dog ran past me and out of the house before I could catch it. 我们的狗从我身边跑过，我没抓住，让它跑出了屋子。
• He caught hold of my arm. 他一把抓住了我的胳膊。
• We placed saucepans on the floor to catch (= collect) the drops of water coming through the roof. 我们把平底锅放在地上接屋顶漏下的水。
• UK specialized The batsman was caught (out) (= someone in the other team caught the ball when he hit it). 打击手击出的球给接住了。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
STOP ESCAPING 阻止逃跑
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to find and stop a person or animal that is trying to escape 逮住，捉住
• Great pressure was put on the police to catch the terrorists as soon as possible. 警方面临着很大的压力，要尽早抓获恐怖分子。
• [+ -ing verb] Two armed men were caught trying to cross the frontier at night. 两名武装分子企图在夜间越境时被抓获。
• They were happy because they had caught a lot of fish that day. 那天他们很高兴，因为抓到了很多鱼。
• figurative I can see you're busy right now, so I'll catch you (= speak to you) later. 看得出你现在很忙，过一会儿再跟你说。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
NOTICE 注意
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to discover, see or realise something, especially someone doing something wrong 发现，撞见，注意到
• [+ -ing verb] He caught her reading his old love letters. 她看他过去的情书时被他撞见了。
• If the virus is caught (= discovered) in time, most patients can be successfully treated. 要是能及时发现病毒，大多数患者都可以治愈。
• I caught sight of /caught a glimpse of (= saw for a moment) a red coat in the crowd. 我在人群中看到／瞥见一个穿红色外套的人。
catch someone's attention/imagination/interest, etc.
■to make you notice something and feel interested 引起（某人的）注意／想像／兴趣等
• A ship out at sea caught his attention. 一艘出海的船吸引了他的注意。
• Her pictures caught my imagination. 她的照片引起了我的遐想。
be caught without sth
■to not have something, especially when it is needed （尤指在需要的时候）没有，缺乏
• He doesn't like to be caught without any biscuits in the house. 他喜欢家里备些饼干。
you won't catch sb doing sth
■said to mean that you will certainly not see someone doing a particular thing or in a particular place 别指望（某人）会做…；（某人）不会做…
• You won't catch me at work after four o'clock. 别指望我四点以后工作。
• You won't catch Carla eating in a cheap restaurant, oh no. 卡拉不可能在便宜的餐馆吃饭，不可能的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
TRAVEL 旅行
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to travel or be able to travel on an aircraft, train, bus, etc. 赶，乘，搭乘（飞机、火车、公共汽车等）
• He always catches the 10.30am train to work. 他总是乘上午10点30分的那班火车上班。
• She was worried that she'd arrive too late to catch the last bus home. 她担心到得太晚，赶不上回家的末班车。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BECOME INFECTED 感染
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get an illness, especially one caused by bacteria or a virus （尤指因感染细菌或病毒）患（病），染（疾）
• He caught a cold on holiday. 他渡假时患了感冒。
• A lot of children in the school caught measles last term. 上学期许多在校的孩子得了麻疹。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
STICK 卡住
intransitive or transitive
■to stick somewhere, or to make something stick somewhere （使）挂住，钩住，卡住
• The sleeve of my jacket (got) caught on the door handle and ripped. 我的夹克衫的袖子钩在门把手上，给扯破了。
• Her hair got caught (up) in her hair dryer. 她的头发缠在吹风机上。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BE IN TIME 及时
transitive
■to manage to be in time to see or do something 及时赶上
• I went home a bit early to catch the beginning of the programme. 为了看到节目的开头，我就稍微早了一点回家。
• You'll have to run if you want to catch the post (= send a letter before the post has been collected). 要是你想赶得上收信，就得赶紧了。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
HEAR/SEE 听见／看见
transitive
■to manage to hear something 听见，听到
• I couldn't catch what the announcer said, with all the other noise going on. 这么吵，我听不清播音员在说甚么。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
HIT 碰撞
transitive
■to hit something, especially without intending to （尤指无意中）撞上，碰上
• His head caught the edge of the table as he fell. 他摔倒的时候头撞到了桌子边。
• Medical teams were caught in the crossfire of the opposing armies. 医疗队陷入了敌军的交叉火力中。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
INVOLVE 陷入
get caught up in sth
■to become involved in something, often without wanting to （常指不情愿地）被卷入，陷入
• They were having an argument and somehow I got caught up in it. 他们在争论，不知怎么把我卷了进去。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BREATHE 呼吸
catch your breath
■to stop breathing for a moment, or to begin to breathe correctly again after running or other exercise 屏住呼吸；（跑步或运动后）调整呼吸
• I had to sit down and catch my breath. 我只好坐下喘口气。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BE TOUCHED BY 被接触
catch the sun UK
■If you have caught the sun, the sun has made your skin a slightly darker brown or red colour （皮肤）被晒黑
• You've caught the sun on the back of your neck. 你脖子后面都晒黑了。
catch a few rays (also catch some rays) informal
■to stay outside in the sun for a period of time 晒一会儿太阳
• I'm going out to catch a few rays before lunch. 我打算在午餐前出去晒一会儿太阳。
catch the light
■If something catches the light, a light shines on it and makes it look shiny. 被光照射；在光照下闪闪发亮
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
BURN 燃烧
catch fire
■to start burning 着火；失火
• For reasons which are not yet known, the factory caught fire late yesterday evening. 昨晚工厂失火，原因尚不清楚。
intransitive
■to begin to burn 开始燃烧；着火
• This wood's too wet, the fire won't catch. 木头太湿，点不着。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb's eye ADVANCED
■to get someone's attention 引起（某人）的注意，吸引（某人）的目光
• A sudden movement caught my eye. 突然的一动引起了我的注意。
■to get someone's attention, especially by looking at them （尤指透过注视）引起注意
• I tried to catch the waiter's eye, so we could order. 我努力想引起服务员的注意，这样我们就可以点菜了。
■to be attractive or different enough to be noticed by someone （因为迷人或与众不同而）引人关注，吸引目光
• It was the unusual colour of his jacket that caught my eye. 他的夹克衫的颜色与众不同，一下就吸引了我的目光。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb napping informal
■If someone is caught napping, something happens to them which they are not prepared for 使（某人）猝不及防；使（某人）措手不及
• The goalkeeper was caught napping and the ball went straight in. 守门员猝不及防，球直入球门。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb red-handed
■to discover someone while they are in the act of doing something bad or illegal 当场抓获（某人）
• He was caught red-handed taking money from the till. 他从收银机里偷钱时被当场抓获。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
catch sb with their pants / trousers down
■to discover someone doing something that they want to keep secret, usually something sexual 撞见（某人）做见不得人的事（通常指苟且之事）
■to ask someone unexpectedly to do or say something that they are not prepared for 出其不意，令（某人）措手不及
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch on
BECOME POPULAR 变得流行
■to become fashionable or popular 变得流行；变得受欢迎
• I wonder if the game will ever catch on with young people? 我想知道这个游戏会不会在年轻人当中流行起来？
UNDERSTAND 变得流行 informal
■to understand, especially after a long time （尤指很久以后才）理解，领会
• He doesn't take hints very easily, but he'll catch on (to what you're saying) eventually. 他不太会察言观色，不过最终还是会明白（你所说的话）的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] catch sb out informal
SHOW WRONG 指出错误
■to show that someone is doing wrong 指出（某人）的过失
• I suspected he wasn't telling me the truth, and one day I caught him out when I found some letters he'd written. 我怀疑他没有告诉我实情，有一天，我发现了他写的一些信后戳穿了他。
TRICK
■to trick someone into making a mistake 耍花招使（某人）出错；诱骗（某人）犯错误
• The examiner will try to catch you out, so stay calm and think carefully before you speak. 考官会诱导你犯错，所以你要沉着冷静，三思而后言。
CAUSE DIFFICULTY catch 1 * to put someone in a difficult situation
置（某人）于困境
• A lot of people were caught out by the sudden change in the weather. 许多人都被这突如其来的天气变化搞得很狼狈。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch (sb) up ADVANCED
■to reach someone in front of you by going faster than them 赶上（某人）
• I ran after her and managed to catch up with her. 我在她后面追，终于赶上了她。
• UK Go on to the shops without me, I'll catch you up. 你先去商店吧，我会赶上你的。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch up
REACH SAME STANDARD
■to reach the same quality or standard as someone or something else 达到同样品质（或水准）；赶上
• Will Western industry ever catch up with Japanese innovations? 西方国家的工业会赶上日本的创新吗？
• He was off school for a while and is finding it hard to catch up. 他休学了一段时间，现在发现要跟上很吃力。
DO SOMETHING
■to do something you did not have time to do earlier 补做；赶做
• She's staying late at the office to catch up with/on some reports. 她在办公室留到很晚，补写几份报告。
DISCUSS
■to learn or discuss the latest news 了解（或讨论）最新情况
• Let's go for a coffee - I need to catch up on all the gossip. 我们去喝杯咖啡——我需要了解各种最新的小道消息。
[kætʃ] verb (caught, caught)
  Phrasal Verbs  catch up with sb
CAUSE PROBLEMS
■If something bad that you have done or that has been happening to you catches up with you, it begins to cause problems for you （坏事）纠缠住（某人），给（某人）带来麻烦
• His lies will catch up with him one day. 他总有一天会尝到撒谎的苦头。
PUNISH
■If someone in authority catches up with you, they discover that you have been doing something wrong and often punish you for it 抓住并惩罚（某人）
• They had been selling stolen cars for years before the police caught up with them. 在被警方抓住之前，他们多年来一直从事贩卖赃车的勾当。
[kætʃ] noun
PROBLEM 问题
only singular
■a hidden problem or disadvantage 隐藏的问题；暗藏的不利因素
• Free food? It sounds too good to be true. What's the catch? 免费食物？这么好的事，不像是真的。这里面有甚么蹊跷？
[kætʃ] noun
SOMETHING CAUGHT 捕获东西
countable
■an amount of fish caught （鱼的）捕获量
• The fishermen were disappointed with their catch that day. 渔夫不满意当天的收获。
only singular informal
■a person who is considered to be very suitable for a relationship 般配的人；合适的对象
• Her new boyfriend's not much of a catch really, is he? 她的新男朋友和她不太般配，是吗？
[kætʃ] noun
FASTENING DEVICE 固定装置
countable
■a small device on a door, window, bag, etc. that keeps it fastened （门、窗、包等的）栓，扣，钩
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 赶上；抓住；感染；了解
 - realize, affect, grasp, contract, communicate
vi. 赶上；抓住
 - get up to, make it to
n. 捕捉；捕获物；窗钩
 - haul

Word: author
Front: author
[ˈɔ:θə(r)] (高研四六雅 685/1382 -K4)
Vocabulary: author
(once / 43 pages)
nv
An author is a person who writes books or articles, usually for money. It can also refer to the person responsible for something, like the author of a plan to overthrow the student government.
Author comes from the Latin word auctorem, meaning "founder, master, leader." Bow down to the author! Well, no need for that, just make sure the author gets credit. Author usually refers to a professional writer. In fact, author can be used interchangeably with the word writer. But author packs a little more punch — an author is involved in the creation of the work and generating the ideas behind it. Strictly speaking, a writer could just execute the written product.
WORD FAMILY
author: auctorial, authored, authorial, authoring, authorized, authors, authorship, co-author+/authorial: authorially/authorized: unauthorized/ authorship: authorships/co-author: co-authored
USAGE EXAMPLES
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All officials spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to speak to reporters.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 著作家; 作者; 创造者; 发起人
vt. 创作出版
时态：authored, authoring, authors
分布：作者(74%)，作家(21%)，创作(2%)，编写(2%)，上帝(1%)
→来自法语autor, 父亲。词源同auct, 创造，增加。字母c脱落，又受希腊语影响添加字母h.
n.作者,作家,著作人;创始人,发起人The prose author's diagnosis discloses that the hose is damaged.散文作者的诊断透露软管被损坏.
US ['ɑ:.θɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the writer of a book, article, play, etc. 作者，作家；著者
• He is the author of two books on French history. 他是两部法国历史著作的作者。
■formal
■a person who begins or creates something 发起者，始创人
• She's the author of the company's recent success/ of all our troubles. 是她给公司带来了最近的成功／我们所有的麻烦都是她造成的。
UK ['ɔ:.θər] US ['ɑ:.θɚ] verb transitive formal
■to write a book, article, etc. 撰写，写作；编写
• He has authored more than 30 books. 他已经写了30多本书。
■mainly US
■to create something 发起，始创；创造
• The deal is being authored by a Greek diplomat. 一位希腊外交官正在牵头促成这项协议。
author, writer
这组词都有“作者，作家”的意思，其区别是：
author: 泛指用自己名字或笔名发表过作品的人，不强调是否以写作为主职业。
writer: 含义广泛，一般指以写作为职业的人。
n. [图情] 作者；作家；创始人
 - writer, pen

Word: depend
Front: depend
[dɪˈpend] (中高研四六 1475/987 -K4)
Vocabulary: depend
(once / 34 pages)
v
To depend is to have confidence in something or someone. You can depend on your most loyal friend to show up for your modern dance performance in the park (although you probably can't depend on her liking it).
Depend can also mean "determined by or contingent on something else." For example, if rain is in the forecast, your outdoor dance performance may be cancelled; it depends on the weather. Depend is almost always followed by the word on or upon, with upon being more formal. If you're speaking informally, you may drop the on or upon, as in "It all depends how you feel." Your decision to do that will, of course, depend upon your audience.
WORD FAMILY
depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend+/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our parents are elderly and depend on him to drive them to work and do grocery shopping.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I think it depends when they were born.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 依靠; 依赖; 信赖; 决定于
时态：depended, depending, depends
分布：取决于(45%)，依赖(34%)，依靠(21%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-pend, 悬挂，词源同pendulum, append. 即悬挂点，引申义依靠。
依靠(de加强+pend→挂在...上面→依靠)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
v.(on)取决于,依靠,信赖,相信I knew he wasn't to be depended on.我知道他不可信赖.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to be decided by or to change according to the stated thing 由…决定，取决于
• Whether or not we go to Spain for our holiday depends on the cost. 我们去不去西班牙渡假取决于需要花上多少钱。
• [+ question word] I might go to the cinema tomorrow - it depends wh at time I get home from work. 明天我可能去看电影——这取决于下班回到家里的时间。
it (all) depends informal
■it is not decided yet 看情况再决定，看情况再说
• "Are you going to Emma's party?" "I don't know, it depends - we might be going away that weekend." “你去参加爱玛的晚会吗？”“说不定，看情况再说吧—那个周末我们可能要外出。”
[dɪ'pend] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  depend on/upon sb/sth
TRUST
 IMPROVER
■to trust someone or something and know that they will help you or do what you want or expect them to do 信任，相信
• You can always depend on Michael in a crisis. 遇到危机的时候你总是可以相信麦克。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm depending on you to keep your promise. 我相信你会信守诺言的。
• [+ -ing verb] You can't always depend on the trains arriving on time. 不要以为火车总能准时到达。
• humorous You can depend on Jane to be late (= she is always late). 简总是迟到。
SUPPORT
 IMPROVER
■to need something, or need the help and support of someone or something, in order to live or continue as before 需要；依赖，依靠
• Charities depend on people supporting their activities. 慈善机构的慈善活动要依靠民众的支持。
• The country depends heavily on foreign aid. 该国对外援的依赖非常严重。
• Elaine depends upon Bob completely for her happiness. 伊莱恩完全依靠鲍勃来求谋自己的幸福。
(you can) depend on/upon it
■you can be certain （你）可以肯定
• You haven't heard the last of this, depend upon it. 你还不知道此事的最新消息，这一点是可以肯定。
[dɪ'pend] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  dependRemember: the most usual preposition to use after depend is on. Don't say 'depend from/of/at something', say depend on something :
✗ The journey takes half an hour, but it depends from the traffic.
rely, depend
这组词都有“依赖、依靠”的意思，其区别是：
rely: 通常包含着以前的经验证明对方是能依赖的意思。
depend: 侧重指因自身能力不足或缺乏自信心而依靠他人或物给予帮助或支持。
vi. 依赖，依靠；取决于；相信，信赖
 - hope, tie to

Word: practice
Front: practice
[ˈpræktɪs] (中高雅 564/453 -K4)
Vocabulary: practice
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv
Practice can be a noun or a verb, but either way it's about how things are done on a regular basis. You can practice shotput every day because your town has a practice of supporting track-and-field events.
One can practice the tuba for hours on end, repeating the same song over and over, serving to both get better at the tuba and to convince the neighbors they should move to Florida. You could learn the common practice of offering a guest a beverage when they arrive at your party, if you care to be polite. One can also practice a profession or a religion, as in “I practice Buddhism and I have a booming international law practice.”
WORD FAMILY
practice: practicable, practical, practiced, practices, practicing+/impracticability: impracticabilities/impracticable: impracticability, impracticableness, impracticably/ impractical: impracticality, impractically/impracticality: impracticalities/practicability: practicabilities/ practicable: impracticable, practicability, practicableness, practicably/ practical: impractical, practicality, practically / practicality: practicalities/practiced: unpracticed
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I am a clinical social worker in private practice, and I deal with a different client every hour.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Lee, of Hopewell, practiced law for more than 30 years.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 练习; 实践; （医生或律师的）业务; 惯例
vi. 实行; 惯常地进行; 练习; 实习
vt. 实行，实践; 执业; 练习; 惯常地进行
时态：practiced, practicing, practices
分布：实践(47%)，练习(41%)，实行(5%)，习惯(3%)，业务(2%)，开业(1%)，执业(1%)
→来自拉丁语practicare,去做，实践，履行，来自希腊语prassein,去做，行动，可能来自per,向前，前行，尝试，词源同experiment,peril.引申诸相关词义。
n.练习,实践,实际,业务,惯例,习惯The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
noun
ACTION 行动
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■action rather than thought or ideas 实施，实践
• It seemed like a good idea before we started, but in practice it was a disaster. 在我们动手之前这似乎是个好主意，但实际上却是场灾难。
• Officially, Robert's in charge, but in practice Hannah runs the office. 据称应该是罗伯特负责办事处的工作，但实际上却是汉娜在管。
• I can't see how your plan is going to work in practice. 我看不出你的计划在实践中如何行得通。
• How do you intend to put these proposals into practice, Mohamed? 穆罕默德，你打算如何把这些计划付诸实行？
['præk.tɪs] noun
REGULAR ACTIVITY 惯常的行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something that is usually or regularly done, often as a habit, tradition or custom 惯常做法，惯例；习俗
• What can European companies learn from Japanese business practices? 欧洲公司能从日本工商业的做法中学到些甚么呢？
• It's common practice in the States to tip the hairdresser. 在美国通常要给理发师小费。
• This is a cruel practice which should be banned immediately. 这是个残忍的习俗，应该立即禁止。
• What is standard practice (= What is usually done) in a situation like this? 在这种情况下通常如何处理？
• Newspaper editors have agreed a new code of practice on the invasion of privacy. 报社编辑们已同意在侵犯隐私的问题上采取新的行为准则。
make a practice of sth UK old-fashioned
■to do something regularly 养成…的习惯，经常做…
• I'll do your washing for you this time, but I'm not going to make a practice of it. 这次我帮你洗衣服，不过下不为例。
['præk.tɪs] noun
TRAINING 训练
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when you do something regularly or repeatedly to improve your skill at doing it 练习；训练
• I need to get some more practice before I take my driving test. 考驾照前我还得再练练。
• Are you coming to cricket practice this evening? 今晚的板球训练你会来吗？
• She's never at home because she spends all her free time at hockey practices. 她从来都不在家，因为她把所有的闲置时间都用在练习曲棍球上了。
• You'll gradually get better at it - it's just a question of practice. 你慢慢会更熟练的——这只是练习的问题。
• I'm a bit out of practice (= I haven't had any recent experience) but I'd love to play. 我最近没怎么练习，但我愿意玩。
• Do you mind if I have a few practice shots before we start the game? 开赛前我练几下投篮你不介意吧？
['præk.tɪs] noun
WORK 工作
countable
■a job or business which involves a lot of skill or training （专业性强的）工作，业务（活动）
• a dental/medical/veterinary/legal practice 牙医／医疗／兽医诊所／律师事务所
• Our practice is responsible for about five thousand patients. 我们诊所负责大约5000名患者。
• She's decided to leave the Health Service and join a private practice. 她决定离开公共医疗体系，加入私人诊所。
['præk.tɪs] noun
Practice makes perfect. saying
■said to encourage someone to continue to do something many times, so that they will learn to do it very well 熟能生巧。
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
practice, exercises, exercise
practice: (反复做的)练习 Practice makes perfect.
exercises: 练习(可数),
exercise: 运动,锻炼(不可数),
n. 实践；练习；惯例
 - tradition, convention, usage, exercise
vi. 练习； [劳经] 实习；实行
 - exercise, bring to pass
vt. 练习； [劳经] 实习；实行
 - execute, exercise

Word: option
Front: option
[ˈɒpʃn] (研四六托雅 1102/1086 -K4)
Vocabulary: option
(once / 265 pages)
1n 2n
An option is a possibility or choice. In football, a quarterback with three wide receivers has (at least) three throwing options.
An option is something that can be chosen — it's a possibility. Even something crazy — like jumping off a cliff — is always an option, just not a good one. There are lots of technical uses of option in business and legal writing. If you have the option on a house, you have the right to buy it. In sports, a free agent has the option of joining another team. No matter what you do, it's nice to have options. When we have no options, we feel trapped.
WORD FAMILY
option: optional, options+/ opt: optative, opted, opting, option, opts/optative: optatively/ optional: optionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to tame inflammation, is an option, too.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
No further league-wide vote of the owners is required since they already voted last January to award that option to the Chargers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 选择（的自由）; 选项; 选择权; 选择能力
vt. 得到或获准进行选择; 调动球员
分布：选择权(84%)，得到或获准进行选择(11%)，可选物(5%)
→来自拉丁语optare,选择，来自op,选择，词源同opinion.
选择(opt+ion)[Opt=choose,表示"选择"]
n.选择(权),[商]选择买卖的特权We have the option of going or not.我们有去或不去的选择自由.
US ['ɑ:p-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■one thing which can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to make a choice 选择，选项；选择权
• The best option would be to cancel the trip altogether. 最好的选择是彻底取消这次行程。
• There are various options open to someone who is willing to work hard. 愿意努力工作的人有多种选项。
• They didn't leave him much option - either he paid or they'd beat him up. 他们没有给他多少选择余地——要不付钱，要不挨打。
countable specialized
■the right to buy something in the future 期权；未来购买权
• a share option 股票期权
• The publishers decided not to take up their option on the paperback version. 出版商决定放弃平装版的购买权。
have no option (but to do something)
■to not have the possibility of doing something else 别无选择（只能做…）
• After her appalling behaviour, we had no option but to dismiss her. 鉴于她的恶劣行为，我们别无选择，只能解雇她。
UK ['ɒp.ʃən] US ['ɑ:p-] noun
have / keep your options open
■to wait before making a choice 暂不作决定，留有选择余地
• I'm going to keep my options open while I find out about college courses abroad. 在我了解国外大学课程期间，我打算暂不作决定。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. [计] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权
 - election, choice

Word: prospect
Front: prospect
[ˈprɒspekt] (研四六托雅宝 2323/1724 -K4)
Vocabulary: prospect
(once / 117 pages)
1nv 2n
A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Prospect is from the Latin word prospectus which means a "view or outlook." A prospect is still a way of looking ahead and expecting good things. It's like potential in that it's something that might be but isn't yet. There is also the potential for something bad to happen, but prospects usually look good. In the 1800s, when men in floppy brown hats started saying "There's gold in them there hills!" the noun became a verb — to prospect is to search for gold. Either way, when you have prospects, you have a golden future.
WORD FAMILY
prospect: prospected, prospecting, prospector, prospects+/ prospector: prospectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite the very real prospect of a 0-3 start to Big 12 play, Beard is probably right.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 前景; 期望; 眺望处; 景象
vi. 勘探; 勘察; （矿等）有希望; 有前途
vt. 找矿; 对…进行仔细调查
时态：prospected, prospecting, prospects
分布：前景(81%)，希望(9%)，勘探(5%)，景色(4%)，寻找(1%)
→pro-,向前，-spect,看，词源同specter,spectate.引申诸相关词义。
景象,前景(pro+spect看→向前看→前景)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
展望,前景(pro向前+spect→向前看→展望)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.景色;前景,前途,展望The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with his own perspective.未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察的他的前景.
【记】pro前，spect看：向前看－景色，勘探
【参】prospective（adj 预期的）
US ['prɑ:.spekt] noun
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the possibility that something good might happen in the future （发生好事情的）可能，可能性，机会
• Is there any prospect of the weather improving? 天气有可能好转吗？
• There seems little prospect of an end to the dispute. 争端似乎不大可能平息。
• [+ that] There's not much prospect that this war will be over soon. 这场战争不大可能很快结束。
• There's every prospect of success. 有百分之百成功的希望。
prospects [plural]
■the possibility of being successful, especially at work 成功的机会；前景，前途
• She's hoping the course will improve her career prospects. 她希望这门课能改善自己的事业前景。
• Prospects of/for (= Opportunities for) employment remain bleak for most people in the area. 该地区大多数人的就业前景还是很黯淡的。
only singular
■the idea of something that will or might happen in the future 前景；展望；设想
• The prospect of spending three whole days with her fills me with horror. 想到要和她在一起呆整整三天，我就毛骨悚然。
• I'm very excited at the prospect of seeing her again. 一想到又会见到她我就激动不已。
• We face the prospect of having to start all over again. 我们很可能不得不再次从头开始。
countable
■a person who might be chosen, for example as an employee 有前途的候选人
• We'll be interviewing four more prospects for the posts this afternoon. 今天下午我们要再面试四个有希望征得这些职位的应征者。
UK ['prɒs.pekt] US ['prɑ:.spekt] noun
VIEW 景色
countable formal
■a good view of a large land area or of a city 景色；景观
• From the restaurant there was a marvellous prospect of/over Siena and the countryside beyond. 从餐厅可以看到／俯瞰锡耶纳和更远处乡村的美妙景色。
UK ['prɒs.pekt] US ['prɑ:.spekt] verb intransitive
■to search for gold, oil or other valuable substances on or under the surface of the Earth 探勘
• to prospect for oil/gold 探勘石油／黄金
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
n. 前途；预期；景色
 - scenery, future, picture, expectation, landscape
vi. 勘探，找矿
 - reconnoitre
vt. 勘探，勘察
 - make a survey

Word: rebel
Front: rebel
[ˈrebl] (研四六托 3776/3456 -4)
Vocabulary: rebel
(once / 118 pages)
nv
When you rebel against your parents by dyeing your hair green and staying out without calling, you are acting in a way that questions both their authority and their rules about what is right and acceptable.
A rebel is someone who fights authority. The story of a rebel often finds its way into books and movies. In the 1950s film "Rebel without a Cause," a teenager rebels against his parents. In the "Star Wars" movies, the Jedi rebel against the Empire. A rebel, whether the cause they are fighting for is just or not, is always the underdog. One pronunciation hint, rebel as a noun has the stress on the first syllable and as a verb on the second.
WORD FAMILY
rebel: rebeled, rebeling, rebelled, rebelling, rebellion, rebels+/ rebellion: rebellions, rebellious / rebellious: rebelliously, rebelliousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The group were found during an army operation in a remote northern region, in which at least 12 rebel fighters were captured.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
The country is also facing renewed conflict with Kurdish rebels in the southeast and across the border in Syria and Iraq.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 反政府的人; 反叛者; 造反者; 叛逆者
adj. 反抗的; 造反的
时态：rebelled, rebelling, rebels
分布：反抗(54%)，造反(14%)，反叛者(12%)，叛逆者(12%)，造反者(6%)，反感(2%)
→re-,相对，相反，-bel,战争，词源同 belligerent,bellicose.引申词义反抗，叛逆。
反叛[bell,bel=war,fight,表示"战争,打斗"]
v.反抗,反叛,起义n.叛逆者,起义者The rebels labeled the labor laboring in the laboratory and lavatory.反叛者给在实验室和舆洗室劳动的劳工贴上标签.
noun countable /ˈreb.əl/
 IMPROVER
■a person who is opposed to the political system in their country and tries to change it using force, or a person who shows their disagreement with the ideas of people in authority or of society by behaving differently （试图武装推翻国家政治制度的）反抗者，造反者；（对抗权威或社会的）叛逆者
• The rebels took over the capital and set up a new government. 叛乱分子占领了首都并成立了新政府。
• He was a bit of a rebel when he was a teenager and dyed his hair pink. 他十几岁的时候有些叛逆，把头发染成了粉红色。
verb intransitive /rɪˈbel/
(-ll-)
■to fight against the government or to refuse to obey rules, etc 武力反抗；造反；反叛
• The people rebelled against the harsh new government. 人民起来反抗这个残暴的新政府。
• Jacob rebelled against his parents' plans for him and left school at the age of 16. 父母替雅各做好了计划，他却和他们对着干，在16岁就辍学了。
■to react against a feeling, action, plan, etc 嫌恶；生反感；受不住
• My poor sick stomach rebelled at the idea of any more food. 我的胃不太好，连产生再多吃一点的念头都会反胃。
revolt, resist, rebel
revolt: 反叛，造反，反对，反抗；
resist: vt. 抵抗，反抗，一般为褒义；
rebel: 造反，反叛，贬义
vi. 反叛；反抗；造反
 - strive against, come out against
n. 反叛者；叛徒
 - rat, putschist
adj. 反抗的；造反的
 - resistant, mutinous

Word: religious
Front: religious
[rɪˈlɪdʒəs] (高研四六托 884/1444 -K4)
Vocabulary: religious
(once / 65 pages)
adjn
Religious, besides meaning "having to do with religion," can also mean "acting as if something is a religion." If you have never missed a broadcast of your favorite TV show for the last five years, then you're religious about it.
Just as religion is a broad concept with multiple manifestations, the word religious can be used in many contexts. You could literally be describing someone's particular religious duties as prescribed by his religion. If you have a religious temperament, you think about spiritual things a lot. If someone is a fanatic about football, you could describe him as a religious fan. That doesn't mean he thinks the football is God, just that he really, really cares.
WORD FAMILY
religious: irreligious, religiosity, religiouses, religiousism, religiously, religiousness+/coreligionist: coreligionists/irreligion: irreligionist/irreligionist: irreligionists/ irreligious: irreligiously, irreligiousness/ religion: coreligionist, irreligion, religionism, religions, religious /religionism: religionist/religionist: religionists/religiosity: religiosities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its decision was so ham-handed that the Justice Department hit Culpeper County with a lawsuit last month based on the Religious Land Use act.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The idea that Mr. Brunson’s arrest was related to his religious affiliation is ludicrous,” a senior Turkish official told me.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite political, social or religious viewpoints that may divide us, a common allegiance to our team finds us focusing on the same goal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 虔诚的; 笃信宗教的; 宗教的; 谨慎的
n. 修士，修女，出家人
分布：宗教的(52%)，虔诚的(30%)，严谨的(13%)，信奉宗教的(5%)
→来自 religion,宗教，教派，-ous,形容词后缀。
a.宗教的,信教的,虔诚的Her mother is a religious woman.她的母亲信奉宗教.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to religion 宗教的；宗教上的
• religious education 宗教教育
 ESSENTIAL
■having a strong belief in a god or gods 笃信宗教的；虔诚的
• He's deeply religious and goes to church twice a week. 他非常虔诚，每周都去教堂做两次礼拜。
adj. 宗教的；虔诚的；严谨的；修道的
 - good, sacred
n. 修道士；尼姑
 - monk, cenobite

Word: freedom
Front: freedom
[ˈfri:dəm] (高研四六雅 1148/1480 -K4)
Vocabulary: freedom
(once / 81 pages)
n
Freedom is the state of being entirely free. Many governments claim to guarantee freedom, but often people do not, in fact, have the absolute freedom to act or speak without restraint.
People in jail long for freedom. People living under an oppressive government also long for freedom. In the United States, people theoretically have "freedom of speech": the right to say whatever they’re moved to say. You’ll notice the word free in freedom. Free comes from the German frei, meaning, “to love.” The word friend shares this origin. You can think of freedom as the condition in which you have the choice to love any friend you wish.
WORD FAMILY
freedom: freedoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was originally intended to help the Cuban people by providing greater freedoms,” Ms. Quintana said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“How does that reflect on where we are with feminism, the women’s movement, and freedom for women?” she asked.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. LaPierre said Mr. Trump’s nominee will be “a generational victory for Second Amendment freedom.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自由，自主; 直率; 特权，特许; 自由权
分布：自由(99%)，直率(1%)
→free, 自由。-dom, 抽象名词后缀。
自由(free自由的)[-dom表名词"状态或领域"]
n.自由,自主,免除,特权The agreement disagrees in the degree of agreeable freedom.协议在使人愉快的自由程度上存在分歧.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the condition or right of being able or allowed to do, say, think, etc. whatever you want to, without being controlled or limited 自由；不受限制；自主
• I felt such a sense of freedom, up in the hills alone. 独自一人呆在山上，我感到非常自在。
• Children are allowed much more freedom these days. 现在孩子们的自由大得多了。
• [+ to infinitive] At university, you have the freedom to do what you want. 在大学里，你想做甚么就可以做甚么。
• Everyone should be allowed freedom of choice (= the ability to make their own choices). 每个人都应享有自由选择的权利。
• Freedom of speech and freedom of thought (= The ability to say and think whatever you want) were both denied under the dictatorship. 在独裁统治下，言论和思想的自由都被剥夺了。
• They are campaigning for freedom of information (= for any information to be allowed to be given to anyone who wants it). 他们正在争取资讯自由。
• We demand freedom from injustice/persecution (= the condition of not having to suffer these things). 我们要求摆脱不公正的待遇／迫害。
Compare liberty
countable
■a right to act in the way you think you should 自由权利
• Being able to vote as you want to is an important political/democratic freedom. 能够按自己的意愿投票是一项重要的政治／民主权利。
uncountable
■the state of not being in prison （不被监禁的）自由
• They regained their freedom after ten years of unjust imprisonment. 他们含冤入狱十年后重获自由。
give sb the freedom of
■in Britain, to honour someone by giving them special rights in a particular city （在英国）授予（某人）在（某城市）的特权
⇒ See also freeman
liberty, freedom
这组词都有“自由”的意思，其区别是：
liberty: 常可与freedom换用，但强调从过去受的压制、管束下被解救或释放出来，也指法律所承认的特权，如言论、集会等自由。
freedom: 含义广，指任何无限制无束缚的自由自在状态。
n. [物] 自由，自主；直率
 - independence, liberty

Word: progress
Front: progress
[ˈprəʊgres] (中高研四六托 1508/1265 -K4)
Vocabulary: progress
(once / 68 pages)
nv
The process of advancement and the way things move in the positive direction of improvement is called progress. If you got a B on your last test and a B+ on this one, that's progress.
If you're moving toward a goal, you're making progress too. On a long trip, it feels like you're barely making progress, but every hour you've driven another 60 miles towards your destination. Or, the news reported recent progress in peace talks between the two feuding nations. Have you ever heard someone say that you can't stop progress? That means that things keep advancing and getting more complicated. Place the accent on the second syllable if you use it as a verb. Let's progress to the next stage.
WORD FAMILY
progress: progressed, progresses, progressing, progression +/ progression: progressions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wisconsin Legislature’s website, https://legis.wisconsin.gov/, allows visitors to track bills’ progress.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“They were using the wrong gauge to measure their progress.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Among the signposts of progress that the front office is noting:
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 进步; 前进; [生物学]进化; （向更高方向）增长
v. （使）进步，（使）进行; 发展; 促进
vi. 发展; （向更高方向）增进
时态：progressed, progressing, progresses
分布：进步(65%)，发展(20%)，前进(11%)，促进(3%)，缓速前进(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-gress,走，词源同grade,aggressive.
进步(pro+gress走→向前走)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
进步;进行(pro向前+gress→向前走→前进)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
v./n.进步,进展;前进We are glad he has made such great progress.我们很高兴,他取得了这样大的进步.
US [ˈprɑː-]
 ESSENTIAL
■movement to an improved or more developed state, or to a forward position 进步，进展
• Technological progress has been so rapid over the last few years. 在最近几年中，科技进步如此迅猛。
• I'm not making much progress with my Spanish. 我的西班牙语没多大进步。
• The doctor said that she was making good progress (= getting better after a medical operation or illness). 医生说她的情况正在好转。
• The recent free elections mark the next step in the country's progress towards democracy. 最近的自由选举显示该国又朝民主迈进了一步。
• The yacht's crew said that they were making relatively slow progress north-easterly. 游艇上的船员说他们正以较为缓慢的速度向东北方向前进。
in progress
 ADVANCED formal
■happening or being done now 正在进行中
• Repair work is in progress on the south-bound lane of the motorway and will continue until June. 高速公路南下的车道正在维修，六月份才会完工。
verb intransitive /prəˈgres/
 ADVANCED
■to improve or develop in skills, knowledge, etc 进步；改进；进展
• My Spanish never really progressed beyond the stage of being able to order drinks at the bar. 我的西班牙语一点也没提升，真的，也就是只能在酒吧点饮料用用而已。
Compare regress
 ADVANCED
■to continue gradually 缓慢进行
• As the war progressed more and more countries became involved. 随着战争的推进，越来越多的国家卷入其中。
• We started off talking about the weather and gradually the conversation progressed to politics. 我们从谈论天气开始，话题逐渐转向政治。
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
n. 进步，发展；前进
 - development, growth, making, advancement
vi. 前进，进步；进行
 - wage, do, go ahead

Word: senate
Vocabulary: senate
(once / 1210 pages)
n
When a government is split into two houses, or assemblies, one of them — the "upper house" — is called a senate. The main job of most senates is to take a second look at legislation after it's been passed by the lower house.
The idea of a senate as a legislative assembly goes back to the founding of Rome, around 750 B.C.E., with the word taken from the Latin senatus, meaning "highest council." That word, then, is thought to come from senex, meaning "old man," in this case probably meant as a form of respect for wisdom. The word later grew to include national government, and the United States took the word in 1775 to refer to the upper level of the legislature. Today, you can get elected to a senate even if you're not an old man.
WORD FAMILY
senate: senates
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bill passed unanimously in the state senate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The senate may do so on December 21st.
Economist(Dec 20, 2016)
Another bill nearing final legislative approval would force Cooper’s cabinet choices to be subject to senate confirmation.
The Guardian(Dec 16, 2016)
Senate
(once / 150 pages)
n
In the United States government, the Senate is one of two congressional houses. The main job of the Senate, along with the House of Representatives, is to make laws.
When you see the capital S in Senate, you know it refers to the group of lawmakers — called senators — who work to get legislation passed in the US. The Senate also votes on presidential appointments and proposed treaties, unlike the House of Representatives. Every state elects two senators to serve six-year terms in the Senate. The Latin root of Senate is senatus, "council of elders," from senex, or "old."
WORD FAMILY
Senate: Senates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Budget deliberations will consume lawmakers until mid-summer, when the Legislature’s budget committee finalizes revisions and kicks it to the full Senate and Assembly for approval.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also include very general instructions for committees in the House and Senate to write the actual bills repealing the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: victory
Front: victory
[ˈvɪktəri] (中高研四六托 1463/1514 -K4)
Vocabulary: victory
(once / 64 pages)
n
A victory is a win. In sports or war, one side usually achieves victory.
If you've ever won anything, you've achieved a victory: being successful in some kind of contest, sport, or battle. The winners of elections, football games, chess matches, debates, and scholarships all have won impressive victories. In war, there's victory too. People who overcome a disease such as cancer also consider that a victory. The opposite of victory is defeat.
WORD FAMILY
victory: victories, victorious +/ victorious: victoriously
USAGE EXAMPLES
An uneven 109-98 victory over the lowly Suns in Staples Center would hardly classify as a “fix.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However, the bank said in the note that the downgrade on Indonesia and Brazil was a "tactical" response to Trump's victory.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Ben Mee pulled one back for the Clarets and, despite City holding on, Guardiola cut an edgy figure following the victory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 胜利; 克服; 成功
分布：胜利(94%)，成功(6%)
→来自victor,胜利。
胜利(victor+y)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
n.胜利In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
US [-tɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you win a game, competition, election, war, etc. 胜利，获胜；成功
• The Redskins opened the season by scoring a resounding/stunning/impressive 25-3 victory against/over Detroit. 赛季首场比赛红人队便以25比3 的惊人比分大胜底特律队。
• Grant won/achieved/gained a comfortable/easy victory against/over Cooper in yesterday's match. 昨天的比赛中格兰特轻松战胜库珀。
• This result is a triumphant victory for democracy. 这个结果是民主的胜利。
⇒ See also Pyrrhic victory Opposite defeat
UK ['vɪk.tər.i] US [-tɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
be a victory for common sense
■to be a very reasonable result in a particular situation 是合情合理的结果
• There is no doubt that the court's decision is a victory for common sense. 毫无疑问法庭的裁决是很合理的。
conquest, victory, triumph
这组词都有“胜利”的意思，其区别是：
conquest: 指获取胜利或征服，把败者置于控制之下。
victory: 普通用词，主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利，侧重艰辛与成功。
triumph: 着重胜利或成功的辉煌与彻底。
n. 胜利；成功；克服
 - success, prosperity, win, hit

Word: impose
Front: impose
[ɪmˈpəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 2334/1517 -K4)
Vocabulary: impose
(once / 135 pages)
v
To impose means to force or inflict something on someone else. If you want to impose your musical taste on your parents, play your tunes all day at top volume.
The verb impose emerged in the 1580s, meaning "to lay on as a burden," which is very similar to the modern meaning. Governments often impose taxes, legal restrictions, and other burdensome things on citizens, for example. But you should remember what Confucius once wisely said: "Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire."
WORD FAMILY
impose: imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition, reimpose, superimpose +/ imposed: self-imposed/ imposing: imposingly, unimposing/ imposition: impositions/reimpose: reimposed, reimposes, reimposing, reimposition/ superimpose: superimposed, superimposes, superimposing
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Gunmen also attacked a police station Monday in Samarra, north of Baghdad, where clashes continued late into the night and a curfew was imposed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 强加; 征税; 以…欺骗
vi. 利用; 欺骗; 施加影响
时态：imposed, imposing, imposes
分布：强加(91%)，强迫(5%)，课征(4%)
→im-,进入，使，-pos,放置，词源同position,compose.即放置，施压，引申词义推行，强加。
强加;征税(im进+pose→放进去→强加)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.征(税);(on)把...强加给The imposing man posed as a man of good disposition and disposed of the rubbish.给人印象深刻的人冒充一个好安排的人并且处理垃圾.
【记】im进入，pose放－把你放在一个被强迫的状态－强制实行
【参】dispose（v 处理；部署；布置）
【反】imposing（adj 使人难忘的；壮丽的）－modest（adj 谦虚的）
US [-'poʊz] verb
FORCE 迫使
 IMPROVER transitive
■to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received 推行；强制实行
• Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes. 最近对香烟开征很高的税。
• Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences. 法官对轻微的违规驾驶开始处以越来越重的罚款。
• The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks. 市政会禁止在城市公园中饮酒。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to force someone to accept something, especially a belief or way of living 把（尤指信仰或生活方式）强加于
• I don't want them to impose their religious beliefs on my children. 我不希望他们把自己的宗教信仰强加于我的孩子。
• We must impose some kind of order on the way this office is run. 我们必须就这个办公室的管理制定规章。
UK [ɪm'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
EXPECT 期望
intransitive
■to expect someone to do something for you or spend time with you when they do not want to or when it is not convenient for them 勉强；硬要
• Are you sure it's all right for me to come tonight? I don't want to impose. 你肯定我今天晚上来没有问题吗？我不想勉强你。
• She's always imposing on people - asking favours and getting everyone to do things for her. 她总是强人所难——要人帮忙做这做那。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
vi. 利用；欺骗；施加影响
 - do with, trade on
vt. 强加；征税；以…欺骗
 - force, levy tax

Word: communist
Front: communist
[ˈkɒmjənɪst] (高四六 5543/2146 -4)
Vocabulary: communist
(once / 4014 pages)
adjn
Communism is a political doctrine that is an extreme form of Socialism, and anyone belonging to this particular political party is called a communist. A handful of countries call themselves communist, including China, Cuba, and North Korea — though many communists would disagree.
We can find the roots of the word communist in the Latin communis, meaning "common" or "shared." These meanings certainly apply to the ideal version of Communism, which means that everyone is equal, and no one has more than anyone else. It was first used in English as both a noun and an adjective in 1841, taken from the French communiste. In the mid-20th Century, division between the U.S. and its allies and those that were Communist formed what became the “Cold War.”
WORD FAMILY
communist: communists, post-communist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Recent propaganda from the communist government intentionally released sensitive, military information.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Duterte, whose administration is holding peace talks with the communist rebels, said it was unlikely the Maoist guerrillas were involved.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Gauland was born during World War II in Chemnitz, a city that would become Karl-Marx-Stadt under East German communist rule.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 共产主义者，共产主义的支持者; 共产党党员; 巴黎公社社员
adj. 共产主义者的; 共产党的
分布：共产主义的(59%)，共产主义者(41%)
共产主义者(的)(commune共同,公社)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
N-COUNT
共产主义者
A communist is someone who believes in communism.
ADJ
共产主义的
Communist means relating to communism.
例：...the Communist Party.共产党

Word: enjoy
Front: enjoy
[ɪnˈdʒɔɪ] (中高 881/685 -K4)
Vocabulary: enjoy
(once / 45 pages)
v
To enjoy something is to take delight or pleasure in something: to have fun doing it. Whatever you like or love, you enjoy.
Saying you enjoy something is a major compliment: it means you like it, and it makes you happy. Some people enjoy sports; others enjoy music. TV, movies, books, video games, sunny days, pets, and exercise are enjoyed by many people. Different people enjoy different things. We can also talk about enjoying as a type of advantage. A tall boxer enjoys an advantage because he has a longer reach than a short boxer.
WORD FAMILY
enjoy: enjoyable, enjoyed, enjoyer, enjoying, enjoyment, enjoys+/ enjoyable: enjoyableness, enjoyably/enjoyer: enjoyers/ enjoyment: enjoyments/ joy: enjoy, joyed, joyful, joying, joyless, joyous, joys, overjoy / joyful: joyfuler, joyfulest, joyfully, joyfulness/joyless: joylessly, joylessness/ joyous: joyousest, joyously, joyousness/ overjoy: overjoyed, overjoys
USAGE EXAMPLES
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
People at the event told the BBC everyone enjoyed the spectacular evening.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Cambodia's kings once enjoyed a semi-divine status, but the role is mostly ceremonial nowadays.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 享有，享受; 欣赏; 喜欢; 使过得快活
vi. 使过得快活
时态：enjoyed, enjoying, enjoys
分布：喜欢(52%)，享受(48%)
→en-, 进入，使。joy, 高兴。
vt.享受...的乐趣;欣赏;喜爱We enjoy free medical care.我们享受免费医疗.
verb transitive
PLEASURE 乐趣
 ESSENTIAL
■to get pleasure from something 享受…的乐趣；喜爱；欣赏
• I really enjoyed that film/book/concert/party/meal. 我真的很喜欢那部电影／那本书／那场音乐会／那次派对／那顿饭。
• [+ -ing verb] I want to travel because I enjoy meeting people and seeing new places. 我想去旅游，因为我喜爱结识不同的人，见识没去过的地方。
enjoy yourself
 ESSENTIAL
■to get pleasure from the situation which you are in 过得愉快；感到快乐；玩得痛快
• I don't think Marie is enjoying herself very much at school. 我觉得玛丽在学校不是太开心。
• Come on, why aren't you dancing? Enjoy yourselves! 快过来，你们怎么不跳舞啊？痛痛快快地跳吧！
Enjoy! informal
■something you say to someone when you have given them something and you want them to enjoy it 好好享用吧！
• Here are your drinks. Enjoy! 这是您的饮料。请慢用！
  Common Learner Errors  enjoy When enjoy is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'enjoy to do something', say enjoy doing something.
✗ My parents enjoy to walk in the mountains. My parents enjoy walking in the mountains.
  Common Learner Errors  enjoy yourself To talk about people getting pleasure from the situation they are in, remember to use a reflexive pronoun Don't say 'enjoy', say enjoy yourself/himself/themselves :
✗ I have made new friends and am enjoying in London. I have made new friends and am enjoying myself in London.
[ɪn'dʒɔɪ] verb transitive
ADVANTAGE 优势
■to have something good that is an advantage 享有；享受
• Even though he's 86, he enjoys excellent health. 虽然都86岁高龄了，他身体依然很健康。
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
appreciate, enjoy
appreciate: 指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy: 是一般用语，仅指感官或智力上的满足，“享受”的意味较强。
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 欣赏，享受；喜爱；使过得快活
 - to appreciate, feast

Word: revolution
Front: revolution
[ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn] (高研四六托 2753/1858 -K3)
Vocabulary: revolution
(once / 80 pages)
1n 2n
When a new development in an industry changes everything drastically, call it a revolution. The Internet has certainly caused a revolution in the way people lead their lives.
Stemming from the Latin revolvere "to turn, roll back," revolution originally referred to the circuit of the stars through the sky. Today, it still means circuit when talking about the RPM, or revolutions per minute, in an engine. A revolution is also a drastic change in a field such as the fashion industry or technology, or similarly, a sudden, often violent uprising from the people to change the political system.
WORD FAMILY
revolution: counterrevolution, revolutionary, revolutionise, revolutionism, revolutionize, revolutions+/counterrevolution: counterrevolutionary, counterrevolutionist, counterrevolutions/counterrevolutionary: counterrevolutionaries/ revolt: revolted, revolting, revolts, revolution / revolting: revoltingly/ revolutionary: revolutionaries, revolutionarily/revolutionise: revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising/revolutionism: revolutionisms, revolutionist / revolutionist: revolutionists/ revolutionize: revolutionized, revolutionizes, revolutionizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 革命; 彻底改变; 旋转; 运行，公转
分布：革命(90%)，变革(5%)，旋转(4%)，重大改变(1%)
→来自 revolve,旋转，-ute,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义革命，大变革。
革命,变革(re翻+olut+ion→翻转→革命)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
n.革命;旋转,转数The revolution caused a radical reformation of the society.革命引起了社会的彻底改革.
noun
POLITICS 政治
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a change in the way a country is governed, usually to a different political system and often using violence or war （通常指改变政治体制的）革命
• The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a republic. 法国大革命使法国由君主政体变成共和政体。
• The country seems to be heading towards revolution. 这个国家似乎正在走向革命。
[ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
CHANGE 变化
 ADVANCED countable
■a very important change in the way that people do things 革命性剧变；大变革
• a technological revolution 技术革命
• Penicillin produced a revolution in medicine. 青霉素的发现引起了医学上的一次革命。
[ˌrev.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT 回圈运动
only singular
■a circular movement 旋转；绕转；回圈运动
• The revolution of the Earth around the sun was proposed by Copernicus. 地球围绕太阳旋转这一观点是哥白尼提出的。
countable
■one complete circular movement of something, for example a wheel 一转
• Engine speed can be measured in revolutions per minute (abbreviationrpm). 引擎的速度可以每分钟转数来测量。
n. 革命； [物] 旋转；运行；循环
 - circulation, rotation, rolling, turning, cycle

Word: citizen
Front: citizen
[ˈsɪtɪzn] (高研四六 1084/1924 -K4)
Vocabulary: citizen
(once / 71 pages)
n
It's pretty hard to be on this planet and not be recognized as a citizen of somewhere. You can be a citizen of a city, a country, or the world. Citizen can mean "an inhabitant of a particular place."
To be recognized as an official citizen of a town, city, or country, one typically has to meet certain requirements. In return, one gets certain rights, such as the right to vote. In other uses, a citizen may just be someone who lives in a place, such as a "citizen of the world." That's a nice thing to be, but it's not going to get you social security payments when you retire.
WORD FAMILY
citizen: citizens, citizenship, noncitizen+/ citizenship: citizenships/noncitizen: noncitizens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kuwait, Canada, Israel, Syria and Russia each lost one citizen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is planning on using public pressure,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A new law in Russia, for instance, requires that the personal information of Russian citizens is kept in national databases.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 公民; 国民; 市民; 平民
分布：公民(87%)，市民(13%)
→来自city,城市，城市居民。拼写受denizen 影响。
公民(city城市)[-en 1.表动词"变成"2.表形容词"由…制成",通常加在名词后面3.表名词"人或物"]
n.公民;市民,居民Every citizen must pay taxes.每个公民都必须纳税.
US ['sɪtˌ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is a member of a particular country and who has rights because of being born there or because of being given rights, or a person who lives in a particular town or city 公民；市民，城镇居民
• The interests of British citizens living abroad are protected by the British Embassy. 侨居国外的英国公民的利益受英国大使馆的保护。
• He applied to become an American citizen. 他申请成为美国公民。
• The citizens of Moscow woke up this morning to find they had a new government. 今天早上，莫斯科市民一觉醒来发现他们有了一个新政府。
• Old people are just treated like second-class citizens (= unimportant people). 老年人只被当作二等公民对待。
• He reassured people that law-abiding citizens (= people who do not break the law) would have nothing to fear from the enquiries. 他宽慰人们说质询对于那些遵纪守法的公民来说没有甚么可害怕的。
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
n. [法] 公民；市民；老百姓
 - people, municipality

Word: extra
Front: extra
[ˈekstrə] (高研四六雅 1543/1080 -K4)
Vocabulary: extra
(once / 195 pages)
1adjadvn 2n 3n
Something extra is more than you need or more than you usually have. It's never a bad idea to bake extra chocolate chip cookies.
Sometimes extra things are good, like the extra money you made this month or the extra attention you get on your birthday. Other times, they're not so great: nobody needs extra problems or extra traffic. Extra can also be an adverb, meaning "especially" or "unusually," like when your dog behaves extra well or you plan an extra special party for your friend. Extra comes from extraordinary, from the Latin root extra ordinem, "outside normal events."
WORD FAMILY
extra: extraly, extras
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He also granted Roof's request for an extra day to prepare for his case.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hull City of Culture team said the delay was to allow extra time for those with tickets to get onto the marina.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 额外的，补充的，附加的; 特大的，特别的
n. 附加物，额外的事物; 临时演员; 号外; 上等产品，上品
adv. 额外地; 格外地，特别地
分布：额外的(92%)，临时演员(5%)，特别地(2%)，额外之物(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-ter, 比较级后缀，见alternate.
额外的[extr(e),exter=out表示"出去"]
a.额外的,附加的n.附加物,额外的东西The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■added to what is normal 额外的；附加的
• If you need any extra help, just call me. 如果还需要其他的帮助，尽管打电话给我。
• Recently he's been working an extra two hours a day. 最近他每日都加班两小时。
• The price includes travel and accommodation but meals are extra (= there is an additional charge for meals). 这个价格包括旅费和住宿费，但是餐费要另计。
['ek.strə] adjective
go the extra mile
■to make more effort than is expected of you 付出比别人期望中还要大的努力
• He's a nice guy, always ready to go the extra mile for his friends. 他是个好人，帮助朋友总是尽心尽力。
['ek.strə] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■more 额外地；另外；外加
• They pay her extra to work nights. 她上夜班会有额外补贴。
• We agreed on a price but afterwards they wanted £10 extra. 本来我们讲好了价格，但是后来他们想再加十英镑。
• I worked extra hard (= more than usual) on that essay. 我在那篇文章上格外下功夫。
['ek.strə] noun countable
SOMETHING MORE 附加的
 IMPROVER
■something that you can get with something else if you pay a little more money 另外付费就可额外得到的东西
• A sunroof is an optional extra on this model of the car. 购买这款汽车，就可以选择搭配一款额外收费的天窗。
['ek.strə] noun countable
FILMS 电影
■a person in a film who does not have a speaking part and who is usually part of the scene , for example, in a crowd （电影中的）临时演员，群众演员
['ek.strə] noun countable
CRICKET 板球
■In cricket, an extra is a point given to one team if the other team makes an illegal mistake when bowling. 额外得分（板球中一队在敌队发球犯规时所得的分数）
additional, extra, supplementary
这组词都有“另加的，额外的”的意思，其区别是：
additional: 由名词additon派生出的形容词，指在原有基础上添加上去的。
extra: 指不包括本身而额外加上去的部分。
supplementary: 由名词supplement派生而来，指对原有的追加或补究。
adv. 特别地，非常；另外
 - specifically, particularly, badly, highly, greatly, too
n. 临时演员；号外；额外的事物；上等产品
 - walker-on, special edition
adj. 额外的， [经] 另外收费的；特大的
 - additional, added, excess

Word: organisation
Front: organisation
[ˌɔ:gənaɪ'zeɪʃən] (-/751)
Back: n. <主英>组织，机构，团体
分布：组织(95%)，团体(4%)，条理(1%)
n. 组织；团体（等于organization）
 - fabric, community, body, group

Word: lawyer
Front: lawyer
[ˈlɔ:jə(r)] (高研四六雅 816/1962 -K4)
Vocabulary: lawyer
(once / 96 pages)
n
A lawyer is a professional who is qualified to offer advice about the law or represent someone in legal matters. A lawyer can also be called an attorney, a solicitor, a counselor, a barrister, or — pejoratively — an ambulance chaser.
A lawyer can handle all sorts of legal matters from drafting wills to patent claims to defending people against criminal charges. Qualified lawyers have to attend law school and pass a bar exam in order to practice law. Lawyer, of course, means one who practices the law. "Law" itself comes from the Old Norse root word lag, which means something laid down or fixed.
WORD FAMILY
lawyer: lawyers+/ law: lawful, lawless, laws, lawyer / lawful: lawfully, lawfulness, lawlessly, unlawful/ lawless: lawlessness/lawlessness: lawlessnesses/unlawful: unlawfully, unlawfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Virginia map changes started with a lawsuit filed by Democratic lawyer Marc E. Elias in 2013.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Nissenbaum was denied contact with his family, lawyers and colleagues for nearly three days before he was released and allowed to leave the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 律师，法学家
分布：律师(100%)
→law,法律，-yer,人，来自-ier的变体，在w后变成y.
n.律师The lawyer's son-in-law likes hawk's claws and jaws.律师的女婿喜欢鹰爪和下颌.
US ['lɑ:.jɚ] (US also attorney)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone whose job is to give advice to people about the law and speak for them in court 律师
• I want to see my lawyer before I say anything. 我开口前要见律师。
UK ['lɔɪ.ər] US ['lɑ:.jɚ] (US also attorney)
noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  lawyer, solicitor, barrister and attorney In Britain, lawyers are divided into two types, solicitors and barristers. Solicitors give you advice on legal subjects and discuss your case with you. They can also represent you and argue your case in the lower courts. Barristers give specialist legal advice and can represent you in both higher and lower courts. In America, there is only one type of lawyer, who is sometimes called an attorney.
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
n. [法] 律师；法学家
 - advocate, lawer

Word: church
Front: church
[tʃɜ:tʃ] (中高研四雅 648/393 -K4)
Vocabulary: church
(once / 21 pages)
nv
A church is where you go for a public religious service. On Easter, some people go to church to pray.
Church derives from the Greek word kuriakon (doma) meaning "Lord's (house)." A public building or place mainly used for worship, a church can be modest in structure and appearance or large and ornate, with stained glass windows and a grand interior. Inside a church, you are said to attend church, which is a service given by a religious official that helps guide worship. Church can also refer to the group of people you see regularly at Sunday's service.
WORD FAMILY
church: churched, churches, churching, churchly, interchurch, unchurch+/unchurch: unchurched, unchurching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday afternoons in Century Link Field are akin to Sunday mornings in church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Albuquerque Fire Department officials say several crews arrived at the Joy Light Church of God in Christ about 2:30 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Polly Sheppard said Roof told her he wanted to leave her alive to tell the world why he attacked a historic African-American church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [宗]教堂; [宗]教徒; [宗]教派; [宗]教会
adj. 教会的; 礼拜的
vt. 领…到教堂接受宗教仪式
时态：churched, churching, churches
分布：教堂(84%)，教堂的(15%)，礼拜仪式(1%)
→来自keue, 膨胀，增强，词源同cumulative,accumulate. 词义由膨胀外延到强大，强壮，上帝，上帝的世俗所在，其方言变体kirk.
n.教堂;教会,教派;(宗教的)礼拜仪式In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
US [tʃɝ:tʃ] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a building for Christian religious activities 教堂，礼拜堂
• The town has four churches. 镇上有四座教堂。
• a church spire/tower 教堂的尖顶／塔楼
• a church hall (= a building belonging to a church, with a large room for meetings) 教堂大厅
UK [tʃɜ:tʃ] US [tʃɝ:tʃ] noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an official Christian religious organization （基督教）教会
• All the local churches were represented at the memorial service. 所有的地方教会都派代表参加了这次纪念仪式。
• He went on a walking trip with some of his friends from church. 他跟教会的一些朋友去远足了。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when this organization meets as a group of people 礼拜
• I'll see her after church. 我做完礼拜后去看她。
• They go to church every Sunday. 他们每个星期天都去做礼拜。
• church services 教会礼拜仪式
the Church only singular
■Christian religious organizations 基督教教会
• Some people think the Church shouldn't interfere in politics. 有些人认为教会不应当介入政治。
UK [tʃɜ:tʃ] US [tʃɝ:tʃ] noun
go into/enter the church
■to become a priest 担任神职；成为牧师
• He was in his thirties when he decided to enter the church. 他三十来岁时决定成为基督教牧师。
church, cathedral
这组词都有“教堂”的意思，其区别是：
church: 普通用词，指顶礼膜拜上帝之地，也是西方人举行婚、丧等活动的场所。
cathedral: 指一个教区内最大的教堂，即主教堂或总教堂，通常是装饰精良，宏伟肃穆。
n. 教堂；礼拜；教派
 - exercise, worship
adj. 教会的；礼拜的
 - ecclesial, hierurgical

Word: refuse
Front: refuse
[rɪˈfju:z] (中高研四六托 1247/936 -K4)
Vocabulary: refuse
(once / 44 pages)
1v 2n 3v 4v
To refuse is to decline, deny, reject, or resist. If a stranger offers you candy, you should politely refuse.
As a noun, refuse (pronounced REF-yooss) is food waste, scraps, or garbage. As a verb, refuse (pronounced ree-FYOOZ) means to reject. If you’re mad at me, you’ll probably refuse my invitation to hang out. If your fashion sense isn't up to date, the bouncer at an exclusive nightclub might refuse entry to you. If you’re sick and you need a kidney transplant, your doctor will give you drugs to stop your body from refusing the donor kidney.
WORD FAMILY
refuse: refusal, refused, refuses, refusing+/ refusal: refusals
USAGE EXAMPLES
With Park refusing to appear on Tuesday, the nine-justice court asked her to testify on Thursday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The man, who was dressed in a Charlotte baggage handler’s uniform, appeared unharmed and refused medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 拒绝; 回绝; 推却
n. 废弃物; 垃圾
时态：refused, refusing, refuses
分布：拒绝(67%)，垃圾(28%)，废物(5%)
→re-,向后，往回，-fus,流入，词源同 refund,fusion.即流回，引申词义拒绝，回绝。
拒绝(re回+fuse→向回流→拒绝)[fus=pour,表示"流,泻"]
v.拒绝,谢绝n.废物,垃圾I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱.
verb intransitive or transitive /rɪˈfjuːz/
 ESSENTIAL
■to say that you will not do or accept something 拒绝；回绝；拒绝接受
• He asked me to give him another loan, but I refused. 他让我再借给他一笔钱，我没答应。
• He's in trouble but he's refused all (my offers of) help. 他遇到了麻烦，但是却对（我提出的）帮助一概拒绝。
• [+ to infinitive] On cold mornings the car always refuses to start. 早晨天冷时，车总是发动不起来。
• [+ two objects] The local council refused him planning permission to build an extra bedroom. 他要加盖一间卧室，但当地的政务委员会拒绝签发建筑许可。
noun uncountable /ˈref.juːs/ formal
■unwanted waste material, especially material that is regularly thrown away from a house, factory, etc.; rubbish （尤指家庭、工厂等固定产生的）废物，废料，垃圾
• garden/kitchen refuse 花园／厨房的垃圾
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
n. 垃圾； [环境] 废物
 - garbage, waste, junk, rubbish, trash
vt. 拒绝；不愿；抵制
 - negative, turn down
vi. 拒绝
 - object, turn down

Word: prevent
Front: prevent
[prɪˈvent] (中高研四六托 1083/937 -K4)
Vocabulary: prevent
(once / 52 pages)
v
The verb prevent means "to keep something from happening," like when you use a complicated password to prevent hackers from accessing your account.
Prevent comes from the Latin word praeventus, meaning "to act in anticipation of," like when you shovel the icy, snow-covered sidewalk to prevent people from falling. Prevent can also mean "to make impossible," like when a school locks the doors during a dance to prevent kids from leaving without their parents knowing.
WORD FAMILY
prevent: preventable, preventative, prevented, preventing, prevention, preventive, prevents+/ preventable: unpreventable/ preventative: preventatives/ prevention: preventions/ preventive: preventively, preventives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Eventually, it plans to change the design of the pressure vessels to prevent buckling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 预防; 阻碍; 阻止; [宗教]引领
vi. 阻挠，阻止
时态：prevented, preventing, prevents
分布：预防(98%)，挡住(2%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-vent,走，词源同advent,venue.比喻用法。
防止,阻止(pre预先+vent→预先来到→抢先一步,防止别人)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.(from)预防,防止,阻止,制止,妨碍The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to stop something from happening or someone from doing something 阻止，妨碍；预防
• Label your suitcases to prevent confusion. 在你的手提箱上贴上标签以防搞混。
• [+ -ing verb] His disability prevents him (from) driving. 他有残疾，不能开车。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
vt. 预防，防止；阻止
 - dispute, stem, block
vi. 妨碍，阻止
 - stem, hinder from

Word: commodity
Front: commodity
[kəˈmɒdəti] (研六托雅宝 4581/4365 -2)
Vocabulary: commodity
(once / 350 pages)
n
A commodity is any useful or valuable thing, especially something that is bought and sold. Grain, vegetables, and precious metals are commodities, but so are personal qualities that can be used to make money: Originality and imagination are rare commodities in the film business.
Farmers closely follow the commodities' markets, where the future value of the crops they grow are traded, and on any given day assigned a different value. Commodity descends from Middle English commodite "benefit, profit," from Old French, from Latin commoditās "fitness," from commodus "convenient, appropriate," from the prefix com- "with" plus modus "measure."
WORD FAMILY
commodity: commodities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Trading in several commodities, including crude oil, was closed on Monday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 商品; 日用品; 有价值的物品; 有利，有益
分布：商品(95%)，日用品(4%)，有价值之物(1%)
→来自commode, 舒适的物品。词义演变比较goods, 商品，来自good, 好的。
商品(com共同+mod+ity→有共同模式的东西→商品)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
n.(pl.)日用品;商品;农/矿产品;有用之物Air conditioners are one of the many commodities that Japan sells abroad.空调是日本许多出口商品中的一种.
【记】com共同，mod＝mode（n 样式）－把样式共同摆出来－商店－商品
US [-'mɑ:.də.tˌi] noun countable
■a substance or product that can be traded, bought or sold 商品，货物
• The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. 该国最有价值的商品包括锡和钻石。
• the international commodities market 国际商品市场
■a valuable quality 宝贵素质
• If you're going into teaching, energy is a necessary commodity. 如果你要当教师这一行，就必须有充沛的精力。
commodity, merchandise, ware, freight, goods
这组词都有“商品，货物”的意思，其区别是：
commodity: 作“商品”解时系经济学名词，也可指日用品。
merchandise: 正式用词，指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称。
ware: 指上市待卖的商品或货物。多用复数形式。
freight: 指“货物”时，可与goods互换，此系美国英语。在英国，freight志指船装货物。
goods: 一般生活或商业用词，指销售或购入的商品。
n. 商品， [贸易] 货物；日用品
 - cargo, merchandise

Word: southern
Front: southern
[ˈsʌðən] (中高研四六 1105/1704 -K4)
Back: adj. 南方的，南部的; 来自南方的
n. 南方人，南部人
分布：南部的(57%)，南方的(43%)
→south,南方的，-ern,表方位。
南方的[-ern 1.表形容词"…方向的"2.表名词"…场所"]
a.南方的,南部的Brighton is in southern England.布赖顿在南英格兰.
US [-ɚn] (written abbreviation S) (US also So)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in or from the south part of an area 南方的，南部的；从南面来的
• a southern route 南方的一条路线
• the Southern Hemisphere 南半球
adj. 南的；南方的
 - austral

Word: officer
Front: officer
[ˈɒfɪsə(r)] (中高研四六雅 671/556 -K5)
Vocabulary: officer
(once / 30 pages)
nv
An officer is someone who works for a police force or has a high position in the military. Police officers in some towns and cities patrol on bikes, or occasionally even on horseback.
You might see police officers patrolling in your neighborhood, or guarding a bank, or inspecting bags in a train station. Military officers hold a high rank, and they issue commands to lower-ranking service members, and an officer is also the commander of a military ship. Another kind of officer is simply "a person who holds an office," which can mean an elected position or a senior job at a company, like a "chief executive officer," or CEO.
WORD FAMILY
officer: officered, officering, officers+/ office: officer, offices, official, officiate / official: officialdom, officialise, officialize, officially, officials, semiofficial, unofficial/officialdom: officialdoms/officialise: officialised/officialize: officialized/ officiate: officiated, officiates, officiating, officiation/semiofficial: semiofficially/unofficial: unofficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ordeal causes issues between Nova and her boyfriend, a white police officer whose career is part of his family’s legacy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 军官，警官; 高级职员; 公务员; 船长
v. 指挥; 统率; 管理; 配置军官
时态：officered, officering, officers
分布：军官(54%)，官员(23%)，警官(20%)，高级职员(2%)，办事员(1%)
→来自office,办公室。即坐办公室的人，后用于指官员。
n.官员,办事员;工作人员;军官A nice price of the iced rice is offered to the officer.军官得到了冰冻米的好价钱.
US ['ɑ:.fɪ.sɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person in the armed forces who has a position of authority 军官
• a naval officer 海军军官
• a top-ranking officer 最高级别的军官
 IMPROVER
■a person who has a position of authority in an organization 长官；官员
• a careers/customs/personnel officer 职业咨询／海关／人事官员
 IMPROVER
■a title or form of address for a member of the police force （员警的头衔或称呼）警官
• "Were you aware of the speed you were driving at, madam?" "No, officer." “小姐，知道你的车速是多少吗？”“不知道，警官。”
• Officer Clarke 克拉克警官
officer, official
officer: 部队的军官,
official: 政府官员 an army officer
n. 军官，警官；公务员，政府官员；船长
 - wardroom, Irvine
vt. 指挥
 - captain, boss, lead, to command

Word: music
Front: music
[ˈmju:zɪk] (中高雅 392/667 -K5)
Vocabulary: music
(once / 33 pages)
1n 2n
Music is the pleasing sound created by voices or instruments following some tonal structure. If you sing, whistle, or play an instrument, you are making music. You can also write music using the specific language of notes.
In Greek mythology, the goddesses who inspired creativity were called the Muses, from the words mousikḕ téchnē ("the art of the muses”). This led to the Latin mūsica. The word is also used in various idioms, such as "face the music," which means to accept consequences, and "making beautiful music together," which suggests making love. If something is "like music to your ears," you are happy to hear it.
WORD FAMILY
music: musical, musician, musics+/ musical: musicality, musically, musicalness, musicals, nonmusical, unmusical/ musician: musicians, musicianship/unmusical: unmusicalest, unmusically
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Miss Cartwright shared her many memories of working with Danny Thomas, “The Sound of Music” and “Lost in Space.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
DJs blast deafening music in each room, the beat so loud it rattles your sternum and lungs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 音乐; 乐曲; 乐谱; 乐队
分布：音乐(96%)，乐谱(3%)，美妙的声音(1%)
→来自拉丁语musica,音乐，诗歌，来自希腊语mousike techni,即the technology of Muses,献给智慧女神缪斯的艺术。后专有化指音乐。
音乐(mus＋ic)[mus=muse来自希腊神话"缪斯"女神,是文艺音乐女神,所以有"娱乐"的意思]
n.音乐,乐曲,乐谱A love of music is inherent in human nature.爱好音乐是人类固有的特性.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a pattern of sounds made by musical instruments, singing or computers, or a combination of these, intended to give pleasure to people listening to it 音乐
• classical/pop/dance/rock music 古典音乐／流行音乐／舞曲／摇滚音乐
• a beautiful piece of music 一首优美的音曲
• What sort of music do you listen to? 你听甚么样的音乐？
• They play good music (= recordings of music) on this (radio) station. 这家电台播放的音乐很好听。
• I just like making music (= playing music or singing). 我只是喜欢唱歌奏乐。
• Shall I put on some music (= play a recording) ? 我放点音乐好吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■the art or study of music 音乐；音乐研究
• I studied music at college. 我念大学时学的是音乐。
• the music business/industry 音乐行业／产业
• music lessons 音乐课
■the written system of symbols representing musical notes 乐谱，曲谱
• Can you read music? 你会读乐谱吗？
['mju:.zɪk] noun uncountable
be music to sb's ears
■to be something that you are very pleased to hear （对某人）是悦耳的声音，是佳音，是中听的话
• The rattle of the letterbox was music to my ears - the letter had arrived at last. 信箱发出的嘎嘎声对我来说很悦耳——信终于到了。

Word: menu
Front: menu
[ˈmenju:] (中高托 3086/3553 -K2)
Vocabulary: menu
(once / 1101 pages)
n
A menu is a list of the food that's available to order. If your vegan friend doesn't see anything on the restaurant's menu he can eat, you may have to ask the chef to make him something special.
A menu is a list of what's available, whether you're talking about a menu at your neighborhood cafe or the menu, or agenda, of things to do at the state fair. When you talk about a menu on your computer, you're also talking about a list — in this case, a list of options or commands on the computer screen. Menu comes from the French phrase menu de repas, "list of what's served at a meal."
WORD FAMILY
menu: menus, submenu
USAGE EXAMPLES
When was the last time you heard anyone raving about a 20-course tasting menu?
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The family restaurant chain Hanaya decided to pull eel dishes from its summer menu.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A kid got his McAdoo costume down perfectly, from the mustache to the menu of plays.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 菜单; 菜，菜肴
分布：菜单(100%)
→来自法语menu,菜单，来自拉丁语minus,小的，细节的，词源同minus,minute,minutia.
n.菜单Let's see what is on the menu today.让我们看看今天菜单上有什么菜.
noun countable
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL
■a list of the food that you can eat in a restaurant 菜单
• The waiter brought the menu and the wine list. 侍者拿来了菜单和酒单。
• What's on the menu today? 今天菜单上有甚么菜？
['men.ju:] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ADVANCED
■a list of choices that can be made to appear on a computer screen （电脑萤幕上显示的）功能表，选单
• Select the 'Edit' menu and then choose 'Copy'. 选择“编辑”功能表，再选择“复制”。
n. [计] 菜单
 - carte, memu

Word: performance
Front: performance
[pəˈfɔ:məns] (高研四六托雅 675/688 -K4)
Vocabulary: performance
(once / 106 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Performance has to do with doing something: a concert or play is a performance, and if you want to talk about how well the actors did, you'd rate their performance.
The main sense of performance is artsy: actors and musicians (and other performers) give performances. You could praise an actor's performance in a movie, but this word extends to other kinds of work and accomplishments as well. If you're failing math, your performance is below par. An athlete can get in trouble for taking performance-enhancing drugs: drugs that make their performance better. Anytime you're talking about how something or someone works — or performs — you're talking about performance.
WORD FAMILY
performance: nonperformance, performances+/ perform: performance, performed, performer, performing, performs, underperform/performed: unperformed/performer: performers/performing: performings/underperform: underperformed, underperformer, underperforming, underperforms/underperformer: underperformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Doctors and hospitals here are obsessed with metrics, not least because under the health law, they may be rewarded or penalized based on their performance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the last two minutes of NBA games, the Caps’ playoff performance is all we care about.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But a last-minute loss in Pittsburgh ended that hope, and Baltimore finished with a dud of a performance Sunday in a 27-10 loss to Cincinnati.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 表演; 演技; 表现; 执行
分布：性能(47%)，表演(20%)，表现(19%)，业绩(6%)，履行(4%)，实行(2%)，本事(2%)
→来自perform,履行，表现。引申词义性能等。
表现;表演(perform+ance)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.履行,执行;表演,演出;性能,特性;成绩The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
【记】perform（v 履行；表演）
【反】debut（v /n 初次登台）
US [pɚ'fɔ:r-] noun
DO 做
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■how well a person, machine, etc. does a piece of work or an activity 工作情况；业绩；表现；工作性能
• Some athletes take drugs to improve their performance. 有些运动员为了提升表现而服用药物。
• High- performance (= Fast, powerful and easy to control) cars are the most expensive. 性能卓越的汽车价格最高。
• This was a very impressive performance by the young player, who scored 12 points within the first 10 minutes. 那位年轻球员的表现十分出色，在开赛10分钟内就得了12分。
UK [pə'fɔ:.mənts] US [pɚ'fɔ:r-] noun
ENTERTAINMENT 娱乐
 IMPROVER countable
■the action of entertaining other people by dancing, singing, acting or playing music 表演，演出
• a performance of Arthur Miller's play, 'The Crucible' 上演的亚瑟•米勒的戏剧《激情年代》
• She gave a superb performance as Lady Macbeth. 她出色地扮演了马克白夫人。
a performance mainly UK informal
■an action or type of behaviour that involves a lot of attention to detail or to small matters that are not important 麻烦，苦差事
• Cleaning the oven is such a performance. 清理烤箱真是一件苦差。
• What a performance! Please stop shouting! 成何体统！请别再大喊大叫了！
a repeat performance
■when an event or a situation happens again 再次发生；重演
• The police hope to avoid a repeat performance of last year, when the festivities turned into rioting. 警方希望避免去年庆典演变成暴动的事件再次发生。
operation, deed, performance, action, act
这组词都有“行为、行动”的意思，其区别是：
operation: 多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
deed: 较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
performance: 主要指行动的方式方法。
action: 普通用词，着重行动的过程。
act: 一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
n. 性能；绩效；表演；执行
 - property, capability, enforcement, execution, implementing

Word: direct
Front: direct
[dəˈrekt] (中高研四六托雅 1478/960 -K5)
Vocabulary: direct
(once / 22 pages)
1adjadvv 2adjv 3v 4v 5adj 6adj
If you direct somebody, you tell them where to go or what to do. You can also direct a play or direct someone to a gas station, by telling them what roads to take.
Most uses of direct involving giving orders. Army officers direct battles, which means they plan what to do and how to carry it out. You can direct a kick toward the goal, which means you send the ball flying toward the net. When used as an adjective, direct often means to the point with no beating around the bush. If someone is direct, it means they say what they mean; if a plant is in direct sunlight, it gets a lot of sun.
WORD FAMILY
direct: directed, directest, directing, directive, directly, directness, director, directs, indirect, misdirect, redirect +/directed: self-directed, undirected/ directive: directively, directiveness, directives, directivity/ director: directors, directorship/directorship: directorships/ indirect: indirectly, indirectness/misdirect: misdirected, misdirecting, misdirection, misdirects/misdirection: misdirections/ redirect: redirected, redirecting, redirects
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reynolds and the Deadpool creative team are hard at work on the upcoming sequel, with John Wick’s David Leitch on board to direct.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Trump said in May that he would enter direct talks with Mr. Kim as a way to try to deter its nuclear-weapon development.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 直接的; 直的; 直系的; 率直的
adv. 直接地; 径直地; 直截了当地; 正好
vt. （用建议、指示、有益的情报等）指导; 导演（戏剧或电影）; 指示方向; 把…对准（某方向或某人）
vt. & vi. 指导，导演，管理
vi. 引路; 当向导; 领唱; 领奏
时态：directed, directing, directs
分布：直接的(53%)，指挥(29%)，指示(10%)，命令(3%)，笔直的(3%)，坦白的(1%)，对准(1%)
→dis-, 分开。-reg, 竖直，引导，词源同regulate, correct. 引申义拉直，部署，管理。
a./ad.径直的(地)v.管理,指导;(at,to)指向The director's indirect direction led to the incorrect erection of the rectifier.指导者间接的指导导致整流器的错误安装.
adjective]daɪˈrekt/
STRAIGHT 直接的
 ESSENTIAL
■going in a straight line towards somewhere or someone without stopping or changing direction 直通的，直达的
• a direct route/line 直通的路径／线路
• Is there a direct train to Edinburgh? 有到爱丁堡的直达列车吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■without anyone or anything else being involved or between 直接的
• She decided to take direct control of the project. 她决定直接管理这个企划案。
• He denied that he had any direct involvement in the deal. 他否认自己与这笔交易有任何直接关系。
• Have you any direct experience of this kind of work? 你有没有这种工作的直接经验？
• He left as a direct result/consequence of what she said. 她的话是他离去的直接原因。
• There is a direct link/connection between smoking and lung cancer. 吸烟与肺癌有直接的联系。
direct light/heat
■strong light or heat that has nothing protecting and separating you from it 直射光线／直接受热
• This plant should be kept out of direct sunlight. 这种植物应避免阳光直射。
direct relation/relative/descendant
■a relation who is related to you through one of your parents, not through an aunt or uncle, etc. 直系关系／亲属／后代
• Diana is a direct descendant of Robert Peel. 戴安娜是罗伯特‧皮尔的直系后代。
adjective]daɪˈrekt/
COMPLETE 完全的
■complete 完全的，全部的
• a direct contrast 完全的对比
• She's very thoughtful - the direct opposite of her sister. 她想得很周到——和她姐姐截然相反。
adjective]daɪˈrekt/
HONEST 诚实的
■describes someone who says what they think in a very honest way without worrying about other people's opinions 直率的，坦率的，直接的
• I like her open and direct manner. 我喜欢她坦率直接的态度。
verb
CONTROL 管理
 IMPROVER transitive
■to control or be in charge of an activity, organization, etc. 管理，领导，指挥
■1. There was a police officer directing the traffic.
• She directs a large charity. 她主管一家大型慈善机构。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to be in charge of a film or play and tell the actors how to play their parts 导演（电影或戏剧）；执导
• He wanted to give up acting and start directing (his own films). 他想放弃表演转而开始干导演（导演自己的电影）。
• 'Jaws' was directed by Steven Spielberg. 《大白鲨》是史提芬‧史匹堡导演的。
Compare produce
verb
AIM 瞄准
 IMPROVER transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to aim in a particular direction 瞄准，朝着，指向
• Was that remark directed at/towards me? 这话是对我说的吗？
• Criticism was directed against/at the manufacturers of the product. 批评意见直指该产品的生产厂家。
verb
SAY WHERE 说明地点
transitive
■to tell someone how to get somewhere 给…指路（或方向），引导
• Could you direct me to the airport? 你能告诉我去机场的路吗？
• I couldn't find the station, so I asked someone if they could direct me. 我找不到车站，只好去问路。
verb
ORDER 命令
[T + obj + to infinitive] formal
■to order someone, especially officially （尤指正式地）命令
• The judge directed the defendant to remain silent. 法官命令被告保持安静。
adverb
■without having to stop or change direction 直达地
• Does this train go direct to Edinburgh? 有到爱丁堡的直达列车吗？
■without anything or anyone else being involved or in between 直接的
• Can I dial this number direct or do I have to go through the switchboard? 我可以直接拨这个号码还是需要总机接转？
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
direct, directly
这组词都有“直接地”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 指行路中不停步、不绕道、直奔目的地。
directly: 指以一种直接的方式。表时间时，指立刻，不拖延之意。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
adj. 直接的；直系的；亲身的；恰好的
 - immediate, right
vt. 管理；指挥；导演；指向
 - manage, conduct, run, officer, control
vi. 指导；指挥
 - supervise, to command
adv. 直接地；正好；按直系关系
 - immediately, straight, just, fair

Word: store
Front: store
[stɔ:(r)] (中高雅 700/1583 -K4)
Vocabulary: store
(once / 61 pages)
nv
As the sentence "This store stores a large store of rubber ducks" will tell you, store is a word with a lot of definitions. Among these are "a place that sells items," "the act of keeping things for future use," and "a supply of something."
As a noun, store often refers to a place where things are sold, such as an electronics store. This meaning of the word likely sprang up from the original meaning, "a supply of something kept for future use." As a verb, store refers to the act of putting things away for later. Chipmunks store nuts in their cheeks, people store their winter clothes when springtime arrives, and techies store information on backup drives.
WORD FAMILY
store: storage, stored, stores, storing+/ storage: storages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After dragging my then girlfriend around at least 10 NYC Nike stores I eventually found them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 商店; 贮存物; 仓库; 大量
v. 贮存; （在计算机里）存储
时态：stored, storing, stores
分布：储存(50%)，商店(28%)，贮藏(13%)，保存(8%)，充裕(1%)
→来自古法语 estorer,建造，修复，储存，贮藏，来自拉丁语 instaurare,修复，安装，存储，来 自 in-,进入，-staur,放置，来自 sta,站立，建立，词源同 stand,stall.引申诸相关词义。
n.商店,店铺;贮藏,贮备品v.贮藏,贮备There is a large store behind the shop.商店后面有一个大仓库.
US [stɔ:r] noun
SHOP 商店
 ESSENTIAL countable UK
■a large shop where you can buy many different types of goods （大型）百货商店
• a department store 百货商场
• a DIY/furniture store DIY 家俱商场
 ESSENTIAL countable US
■any type of shop 商店，店铺
• a clothing/liquor store 服装店／小酒铺
• a convenience store 便利店
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
STH KEPT 储存
countable
■an amount of something which is being kept for future use 储存量，储备量
• He's got an impressively large store of wine in his cellar. 他的酒窖里储存了数量惊人的葡萄酒。
• Food stores are reported to be running dangerously low in the capital. 据报道，首都的食品储量很少，形势危急。
• figurative I'm afraid my great store of wit is rather depleted (= I'm not able to be very amusing) this evening. 今天晚上我恐怕是有点黔驴技穷，风趣不起来。
countable
■a building in which things are kept until they are needed 仓库，储藏所
• a grain/weapons store 粮仓／军火库
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
in store IMPROVER
■going to happen soon 即将发生
• You never know what's in store for you. 你永远不会知道等待你的是甚么。
• There's a bit of a shock in store for him when he gets home tonight! 今天晚上他回家，将会有个小小的冲击等着他！
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] noun
set great / little , etc. store by sth
■to consider something to be of great, little, etc. importance or value 认为…很重要／不重要，看重／不看重…
• She's setting a lot of store by this job interview - I only hope she gets it. 她对这次求职面试寄予厚望——我只希望她能如愿以偿。
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 IMPROVER
■to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future 储存；储备；储藏
• The data is stored on a hard disk and backed up on a CD. 资料储存在一个硬碟上，并用软碟做了备份。
• I stored my possessions in my mother's house while I was living in Spain. 我在西班牙居住期间，把我的东西放在我母亲那里。
• I've stored my thick sweaters and jackets (away) until next winter. 我把厚毛衣和外套收了起来，等到来年冬天再穿。
• Squirrels store (up) nuts for the winter. 松鼠为过冬储藏坚果。
UK [stɔ:r] US [stɔ:r] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] store sth up
■to keep a lot of something in one place, to be used in the future 储存，储藏，储备
• We believe that he has been training an army and storing up arms. 我们确信他一直在训练军队，储备武器。
■to remember things, usually so that you can tell people about them later （通常指为转告他人而）记住，牢记
• I listen in to their conversations and store it all up to tell you later. 我会偷听他们的谈话，记住所有内容，然后告诉你。
store up trouble/problems
■to act in a way that will make your problems much worse in the future 使麻烦／问题愈来愈严重
• If you don't deal with the problem now, you'll be storing up trouble for yourself in the future. 如果你现在不处理这个问题，你会给自己将来带来更多麻烦。
shop, store, department
这组词都有“商店”的意思，其区别是：
shop: 指规模较小，出售同一类商品的店铺。
store: 在美国指出售同一类商品的小型商店。在英国用复数形式表示百货商店。
department: 作商店解时，是美国英语，通常写为department store。
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
n. 商店； [贸易] [金融] 储备，贮藏； [建] [经] 仓库
 - shop, reserve, warehouse, market
vt. 贮藏， [贸易] 储存
 - reposit, put away

Word: actually
Front: actually
[ˈæktʃuəli] (四六托 396/354 -K5)
Vocabulary: actually
(once / 77 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
You might think your mom would be thrilled to open a birthday present and find a live rabbit, but actually that's the last thing she's hoping for. Actually is an adverb that means "really."
Actually can be used two ways: first, as an adverb meaning "really." You might say, "It's hard to know which of these cookies will taste best without actually sampling them all." The other way to use the word actually is to imply that your expectations have been proven wrong, that the opposite of what you thought is true. You could say, "The hotel room looked spotless, but actually it turned out to have bedbugs."
WORD FAMILY
actual: actualise, actuality, actualize, actually +/actualise: actualisation, actualised, actualises, actualising/actuality: actualities/actualization: actualizations/actualize: actualization, actualized, actualizes, actualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
So, it is more likely that people will actually see it in their clinics in 2017.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Yates actually led Houston to its first playoff victory, then its first playoff loss the next week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was actually in charge of the cement block,” Ms. Saxon said, still in awe at her construction skills.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 实际上; 事实上; 确实; 竟
分布：实际上(60%)，事实上(40%)
adverb
IN FACT 实际上
 ESSENTIAL
■in fact or really 实际上；真实地，的确
• I didn't actually see her - I just heard her voice. 实际上我并没有看见她，只是听到了她的声音。
• So what actually happened? 那么到底发生了甚么事呢？
['æk.tʃu.ə.li] [-tju-] [-tʃʊ.li] adverb
SURPRISE 惊奇
 IMPROVER
■used in sentences in which there is information that is in some way surprising or the opposite of what most people would expect （表示意外或与通常预期的相反）居然，竟然
• I didn't like him at first, but in the end I actually got quite fond of him. 起初我对他并没有好感，可最后我竟然挺喜欢他的。
• I'm one of the few people who doesn't actually like champagne. 少数人还真是不喜欢香槟酒，我就是其中之一。
• humorous Don't tell me he actually paid for you! You are honoured! 别跟我说他居然替你付了钱！你面子可真不小啊！
['æk.tʃu.ə.li] [-tju-] [-tʃʊ.li] adverb
OPPOSITE 相反的
 IMPROVER
■used as a way of making a sentence slightly more polite, for example when you are expressing an opposing opinion, correcting what someone else has said or refusing an offer （用于更礼貌地表示反对、纠正他人或拒绝他人提议等）其实，说实话，实际上
• "Alexander looks like he'd be good at sports." "Actually, he's not." “亚历山大看来很擅长运动。”“事实并非如此。”
• Actually, Gavin, it was Tuesday of last week, not Wednesday. 实际上呢，加文，那是上星期的周二，而不是周三。
• "Do you mind if I smoke?" "Well, actually, I'd rather you didn't." “我抽支烟你介意吗？”“嗯，说实话，我希望你还是别抽。”
truly, indeed, really, actually
这组词都有“确实地，真正地”的意思，其区别是：
truly: 强调客观存在的真实性，没有任何虚假。
indeed: 一般用于肯定或证实对方所说的话，多承接前言，也用来加强或肯定自己说话的语气。
really: 主要用于强调与事实或现实不相违背，也可表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑。
actually: 侧重于实际的事，而不是凭空想象或推测的事。
adv. 实际上；事实上
 - really, effectively, virtually, even, practically

Word: supporter
Front: supporter
[səˈpɔ:tə(r)] (2437/2059 -K)
Back: n. 支持者，拥护者; 支持物; 赡养者，抚养者
分布：支持者(87%)，拥护者(12%)，支撑物(1%)
→support,支持，-er,人。
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who supports a particular idea, group or person 支持者，拥护者
• He is one of the Prime Minister's strongest supporters within industry. 他是首相在任内最坚定的拥护者之一。
 ESSENTIAL UK (US fan)
■someone who wants a particular team to win and might show it by going to watch them play （某个运动队的）支持者
• Thousands of supporters have travelled to London for the cup final. 成千上万的球迷来到伦敦观赏杯赛决赛。
n. 支持者；拥护者
 - champion, advocate

Word: usually
Front: usually
[ˈju:ʒuəli] (高 724/526 -K4)
Vocabulary: usually
(once / 66 pages)
adv
If you usually do something, that’s what you do on a normal day. Tonight you might be making a seven-course meal to celebrate your birthday, even though usually you just get take-out pizza.
Usual comes from the word use, and implies "the most common use." A screwdriver usually drives screws into something, or takes them out. Unusually, you have strung your screwdriver on a chain and are wearing it as a necklace. You can also say usually to describe the normal state of things: "On New Year’s Eve, this usually quiet street erupts with noise."
WORD FAMILY
usual: unusual, usualest, usually, usualness+/ unusual: unusually, unusualness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Usually the nimblest of leaders, Roosevelt unexpectedly equivocated.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
When he plays well and cuts down on mistakes, they usually win.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The money sent back usually gets reinvested locally, he said, "in better schooling for kids, better care for the elderly, and better housing."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 通常，经常，平常，惯常地; 一直，向来; 动不动，一般; 素
分布：通常(91%)，经常(9%)
ad.通常,平常I usually go to bed at 10.我通常十点上床.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in the way that most often happens 通常地；惯常地；经常地
• He usually gets home about 6 o'clock. 他通常在六点左右到家。
• I usually just have a sandwich for lunch. 通常我午饭只吃一个三明治。
• Is your friend usually so rude? 你的朋友经常这么无礼吗?
• Usually we go to France in August. 一般我们在八月份去法国。
• "Does this shop open on Sundays?" "Usually." “这家店周日营业吗?”“通常是的。”
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 通常，经常
 - generally, mostly

Word: payment
Front: payment
[ˈpeɪmənt] (研四六托雅 2106/1009 -K4)
Vocabulary: payment
(once / 181 pages)
1n 2n
Payment is the process of either giving money to someone, or of receiving money from someone. If you borrow money to buy a car, you'll be expected to make a monthly payment for several years.
Your paycheck itself is a payment, and so is the act of your boss handing you that paycheck. There are also types of payment that don't involve money, like when your payment for watching your little cousin one afternoon consists of a big piece of your uncle's famous apple pie. Payment, from the verb pay, is rooted in the Latin pacare, used to mean "satisfy a creditor," but originally defined as "please, satisfy, or make peaceful."
WORD FAMILY
payment: nonpayment, payments+/nonpayment: nonpayments/overpay: overpaid, overpaying, overpayment, overpays/overpayment: overpayments/ pay: overpay, payable, payee, payer, paying, payment, pays, prepay, repay, underpay/payable: payables/ payee: payees/payer: payers/paying: non-paying, payingest/prepay: prepaying, prepayment, prepays/prepayment: prepayments/ repay: repaid, repayable, repaying, repayment, repays/repayment: repayments/underpay: underpaid, underpaying, underpayment, underpays/underpayment: underpayments
USAGE EXAMPLES
IU Health says it receives more Medicaid payments than any other health care provider in the state.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Some countries, such as Germany, don’t impose limits on single cash payments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 付款，支付; 报酬，报答; 偿还; 惩罚，报应
分布：支付(91%)，报应(5%)，报偿(2%)，支付的款项(2%)
→来自pay,支付，-ment,名词后缀。
n.支付,付款额Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an amount of money paid 支付的金额
• Usually we ask for payment on receipt of the goods. 我们通常要求对方货到付款。
• We need a deposit of £165 followed by twelve monthly payments of £60. 你需要先付165英镑的订金，之后12个月内每月支付60英镑。
• When is the first payment due ? 第一期付款甚么时候到期？
[S or U]
■reward 报偿，报答
• Verbal abuse was hardly the payment I expected for my troubles. 我花了那么多力气，没料到换来的是一顿辱骂。
back payment
■a sum of money received by an employee because of a pay rise at an earlier time （因早些时候涨工资而得到的）补发工资
n. 付款， [会计] 支付；报酬，报答；偿还；惩罚，报应
 - compensation, punishment, consideration, rod, discipline

Word: trust
Front: trust
[trʌst] (中高研四六 1841/1160 -K4)
Vocabulary: trust
(once / 35 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5v
If you trust someone then you believe that they’re honest and reliable. If you loan your car to someone, you had better trust them to bring it back to you, and in good shape.
Trust takes many forms. You could trust in something abstract, like the idea that things happen for a reason. If you are naïve, people might take advantage of your trust. A trust can also be a fund or an alliance meant to take care of something. A trust fund gives money to some lucky trustee so that he doesn’t need to worry about employment. A wildlife trust saves land from development so animals can live there.
WORD FAMILY
trust: antitrust, distrust, entrust, intrust, mistrust, trusted, trustee, truster, trustful, trusting, trusts, trusty+/ distrust: distrusted, distrusting, distrusts, self-distrust/distrustful: distrustfully, distrustfulness/ entrust: entrusted, entrusting, entrusts/intrust: intrusted, intrusting, intrusts/mistrust: mistrusted, mistrustful, mistrusting, mistrusts/mistrustful: mistrustfully/trusted: trustedly/trustee: trustees, trusteeship/trusteeship: trusteeships/truster: trusters/trustful: distrustful, trustfully, trustfulness/ trusting: trustingest, trustingly, trustingness, untrusting/trusty: trustier, trusties, trustiest, trustily, trustiness, untrusty/untrusty: untrustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trust is not something you learn, it’s something the therapist earns.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
This year, according to the models Mass trusts, looks like a “ La Nada year” — business as usual.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Netanyahu was investigated during his first term as Israeli prime minister in the late 1990s on allegations of fraud and breach of public trust.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信任; 信托; 照管; 受托基金机构
vt. & vi. 相信， 信任
vt. 对…有信心，依赖于; 盼望，自信地期待，设想; 相信; 让他人照管，托管
时态：trusted, trusting, trusts
分布：相信(50%)，信任(41%)，信托(6%)，委托(3%)
→来自 true,忠诚的，真实的，-st,表名词，比较 forest.引申词义信任，委托，依赖等。
vt.信任;盼望;委托n.(in)信任,依赖;委托The exhausted man and the trustful guy thrust a knife into the rusty crust.精疲力竭的男子和深信不疑的家伙将一把刀子刺向生锈的外壳.
verb
BELIEVE 相信
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have belief or confidence in the honesty, goodness, skill or safety of a person, organization or thing 信任，信赖，相信
• My sister warned me not to trust him. 我姐姐告诫我不要相信他。
• Trust me - I know about these things. 相信我——我了解这些东西。
• Trust your instincts and do what you think is right. 相信你的直觉，做你认为正确的事情。
• I don't trust air travel - it's unnatural. 我信不过航空旅行——它不合乎自然规律。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I trust him to make the right decision. 我相信他能作出正确的决定。
• That man is not to be trusted. 那个人不可靠。
• I wouldn't trust him with my car. 我不会把我的车交给他用。
• slightly formal Sometimes you simply have to trust in the goodness of human nature. 有时你只能寄希望于人性的善良。
• However much you plan an expedition like this, you still have to trust to luck to a certain extent. 像这样的探险不管你准备得多么仔细，在某种程度上你仍然得依靠运气。
[trʌst] verb
HOPE 希望
intransitive formal
■to hope and expect that something is true 想；希望，盼望
• [+ (that)] I trust (that) you slept well? 我想你睡得还好吧？
• The meeting went well, I trust. 我希望会议进行得顺利。
[trʌst] verb
I wouldn't trust sb as far as I could throw them. informal
■something that you say which means you do not trust someone at all 一点都不信任（某人）
• He's very charming but I wouldn't trust him as far as I could throw him. 他很有魅力，但我一点都不信任他。
[trʌst] verb
Trust sb (to do sth)! mainly UK informal
■used to say that it is typical of someone to do something stupid （某人）肯定会做这种蠢事！
• Trust Chris to leave the tickets at home! 克里斯肯定会把票忘在家里！
[trʌst] noun
BELIEF 信任
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the belief that you can trust someone or something 信任，信赖
• a relationship based on trust and understanding 建立在信任与理解基础上的关系
• We were obviously wrong to put our trust in her. 显然，我们不该信任她。
• He's in a position of trust (= a position with responsibilities, especially to the public). 他身居要职。
take sth on trust
■to believe that something is true although you have no proof 凭空相信，贸然相信
[trʌst] noun
LEGAL ARRANGEMENT 法律安排
countable
■a legal arrangement in which a person or organization controls property and/or money for another person or organization （金钱或财产的）信托，托管
• Under the terms of the trust he receives interest on the money, but he cannot get at the money itself. 按照信托协议，他得到那笔钱的利息，但不可处置本金。
• The money that her father left her is being held/kept in trust (= being controlled) for her until she's 30. 父亲留给她的钱被托管起来，直到她30岁时才能取出。
[trʌst] noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
countable
■an organization which controls property and/or money for another person 信托基金机构
• He works for a charitable trust. 他为一家慈善信托机构工作。
• Housing trusts help to provide houses for people who are not well off. 住房基金机构向那些不富裕的人提供住房方面的帮助。
countable US
■used in the name of some banks 信托银行
• Morgan Guaranty Trust 摩根保证信托银行
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
confide, rely, trust, believe
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
confide: 侧重忠诚可靠与可信赖。
rely: 指在相信的基础上可进一步依靠，着重可靠性。
trust: 指绝对相信或信赖某人。
believe: 普通用词，常表示一种缓和、不太肯定的口气。
n. 信任，信赖；责任；托拉斯
 - duty, liability, belief, faith, confidence
vt. 信任，信赖；盼望；赊卖给
 - credit, believe in
vi. 信任，信赖；依靠
 - hope, believe in

Word: commercial
Front: commercial
[kəˈmɜ:ʃl] (研四六托雅 1027/1235 -K4)
Vocabulary: commercial
(once / 125 pages)
1adj 2n
Commercial is an adjective describing something with money-making and marketing intentions. If you’re a bit of a book snob, steer clear of commercial fiction, which is written for the widest enjoyment.
The adjective commercial first appeared in the 1680’s, long before television commercials, which is probably what you think of when you hear the word. An al was added to commerce, and it meant "pertaining to trade." It wasn’t until the 1870's that commercial meant “done for the sake of financial profit,” and then later in the 1930's, the noun form was refined to describe “an advertisement broadcast on radio or TV.”
WORD FAMILY
commercial: commercialise, commercialism, commercialize, commercially, commercials, noncommercial, uncommercial+/ commerce: commerces, commercial /commercialise: commercialisation, commercialised, commercialising/commercialised: uncommercialised/ commercialism: commercialisms/commercialize: commercialization, commercialized, commercializes, commercializing/commercialized: uncommercialized/noncommercial: noncommercially/uncommercial: uncommercially
USAGE EXAMPLES
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Now, America’s government and commercial space workforce waits to see, first, who Trump chooses to lead NASA.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 商业的; 贸易的; 营利的; 靠广告收入的
n. （电台或电视播放的）广告
分布：商业广告(53%)，商业的(47%)
→com-, 强调。-merc, 经商，商业，词源同market, merchandise.
商业的商业广告(com+merc+ial→共同交易的→商业的)[merc,merch=trade,表示"交易"]
商业的(commerce商业+ial)[-ial表形容词"有…的"]
a.商业的;商务的;可获利的n.广告节目Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
US [-'mɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■related to buying and selling things 商业的；商务的；贸易的
• a commercial organization/venture/success 商业组织／企业／成功
• commercial law 商法
• The commercial future of the company looks very promising. 这家公司的商业前景看起来非常光明。
■disapproving
■describes a record, film, book, etc. that has been produced with the aim of making money and as a result has little artistic value （唱片、电影、书等）商业化的，以营利为目的的
[before noun]
■describes a product that can be bought by or is intended to be bought by the general public （产品）商品化的
UK [kə'mɜ:.ʃəl] US [-'mɝ:-] adjective
[before noun]
■describes radio or television that is paid for by advertisements which are broadcast between and during programmes （广播或电视）商业性的，靠广告收入维持的
UK [kə'mɜ:.ʃəl] US [-'mɝ:-] noun countable
■an advertisement which is broadcast on television or radio （电视或广播里的）商业广告
• a commercial break 插播广告
adj. [贸易] 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的
 - merchant

Word: personal
Front: personal
[ˈpɜ:sənl] (中高研四六雅 580/574 -K4)
Vocabulary: personal
(once / 35 pages)
1adjn 2adj
When something's personal, it's all about you. A personal decision is one you make on your own and it’s probably about something that concerns you, too. Your personal possessions are things that belong to you.
No doubt you've noticed the word person, in personal. The word comes from the Latin personalis, "of a person." Personal can be your personal habits — how often your brush your teeth, whether you like broccoli — or your personal space, or a personal attack — mean-spirited criticism aimed at somebody in particular. The "Personals" section in your local newspaper is where people place ads hoping to find true love or with other personal messages.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
personal / personnel
Choose the right word for each sentence:
XYZ Co. is letting go of personal/personnel at an alarming rate.
My personal/personnel files include notes on how to take over the world using just a red paperclip.
Match.com and other dating sites have eliminated the need to advertise in the personals/personnels.
The HR department kept James' personal/personnel file updated with all the complaints about his work habits.
Personal and personnel can be confused if the writer is not diligent, especially as both can be used as a noun and an adjective. Let's go through the quiz to uncover all four usages.
The first example could say that XYZ Co. is laying off employees or staff; the correct choice here is personnel, a plural noun. You wouldn't have one personnel; you'd have many.
The second sentence calls for personal. Personal refers to something of a particular person's, something done in person, something related to a person, and so on. My files belong to me; they are personal. They don't have anything to do with my employer.
The third sentence refers to those ads placed in a newspaper by people looking for romance or wishing to send messages to others. Personals is the correct, if increasingly rare, choice.
In the final sentence, a personnel file is an employee file. Although the file is about one person and is somewhat private, it is limited to James' work life at his current company; it is a file kept by the company about its employee.
To remember which word is which, try this: Personnel has two ns, just as a company has to have at least two employees to have personnel. Anything personal (one n) is about one individual.
WORD FAMILY
personal: impersonal, interpersonal, nonpersonal, personalise, personality, personalize, personally, personals+/depersonalise: depersonalisation, depersonalising/depersonalize: depersonalization, depersonalized, depersonalizing/ impersonal: impersonally/ interpersonal: interpersonally/nonperson: nonpersons/ person: foreperson, nonperson, personable, personal, personhood, personify, persons, unperson/ personable: personableness, personabler, personably/personalise: depersonalise, personalised, personalising/ personality: personalities/personalize: depersonalize, personalized, personalizes, personalizing/ personification: personifications/ personify: personification, personified, personifies, personifying/unperson: unpersons
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Should clients follow their therapist on social media or ask personal questions?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
He cut the use of personal state vehicles in half by creating the state motor pool to share cars among state agencies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 个人的，私人的; 身体的; 亲自的; 人身攻击的
n. （报刊上的）人事栏，分类人事广告版; 人称代名词; 关于个人的简讯
分布：个人的(78%)，私人的(22%)
→来自person,人，个人。
个人的(person人)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
a.个人的,私人的;亲自的;身体的,人身的That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
US ['pɝ:.sən.əl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating or belonging to a single or particular person rather than to a group or an organization 个人的，私人的
• My personal opinion/view is that the students should be doing more work outside the classroom. 我个人认为学生应该多做一些课外作业。
• Her uncle takes a personal interest in her progress. 她叔叔本人很关心她的进步。
• She has her own personal secretary/bodyguard/fitness instructor. 她有自己的私人秘书／保镖／健身教练。
• Passengers are reminded to take all their personal belongings with them when they leave the plane. 乘客被提醒下飞机时要带走所有个人物品。
 ESSENTIAL
■A personal action is one which is done by someone directly rather than getting another person to do it 亲自的，本人直接从事的
• The health minister made a personal appearance at the hospital. 卫生部长亲自去了医院。
• I will give the matter my personal attention. 我会亲自过问这件事情。
 ESSENTIAL
■private or relating to someone's private life 私人的；涉及隐私的
• The letter was marked 'Personal. Strictly confidential.' 信上标明：“私函，绝对保密”。
• Do you mind if I ask you a personal question? 介意我问你一个私人问题吗？
• His resignation was apparently for personal rather than professional reasons. 他辞职显然是因为个人而非工作的原因。
• For such a famous, wealthy man, his personal life was surprisingly simple and ordinary. 一个如此出名和富有的人， 其私生活却简单和平凡得令人惊讶。
 IMPROVER
■relating to your body or appearance 身体的；外貌的
• She is obsessed with personal hygiene. 她过于注意个人卫生。
personal remark/comment
■an intentionally offensive remark about someone's character or appearance 人身攻击；针对个人的评论
• Did you have to make such a personal remark about her new haircut? 你非得针对她的新发型说长道短吗？
get personal informal
■to start being rude to someone about their character or appearance 进行人身攻击
• As long as the criticism is honestly given and doesn't get personal, I can handle it. 只要批评坦率真诚，没有针对个人之意，我就能好好应付。
personal, inhabitants, group, people, corporation, individuals
personal: 人员，职员
inhabitants: 居民
group: 团体
people: 民族，种族
corporation: 公司
individuals: 个人，有某种特点的人
personal, individual, private
这组词都有“个人的，私人的”的意思，其区别是：
personal: 指属于或关于某人或某些特定的人，以区别于其他人。
individual: 与集体的相对，指个别或个体的。
private: 指属于私人所有或具有私营性质，以区别于集体或公共的，有时含不公开的意味。
adj. 个人的；身体的；亲自的
 - individual, subjective, physical

Word: natural
Front: natural
[ˈnætʃrəl] (中高研四六托雅 715/709 -K4)
Vocabulary: natural
(once / 24 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adjn 4n
Natural describes something that comes from nature, rather than being man-made. Your healthy friend who only eats natural food will probably choose carrots instead of potato chips for a snack.
The adjective natural is a common word with a lot of meanings. It describes anything that comes from nature, but it also means "inborn" when you describe your basketball-star friend as a natural athlete. You can also use it to talk about someone being at ease ("he tried to act natural when the police passed by") or to mean "inevitable," as when you say, "It's only natural that those two ended up getting married."
WORD FAMILY
natural: naturalise, naturalism, naturalize, naturally, naturalness, naturals, nonnatural, supernatural, unnatural +/denaturalise: denaturalised, denaturalises/denaturalize: denaturalized, denaturalizes, denaturalizing/naturalisation: naturalisations/naturalise: denaturalise, naturalisation, naturalised, naturalises, naturalising/naturalised: unnaturalised/ naturalism: naturalist, naturalistic / naturalist: naturalists/ naturalistic: naturalistically/ naturalization: naturalizations/ naturalize: denaturalize, naturalization, naturalized, naturalizes, naturalizing/naturalized: unnaturalized/naturalness: naturalnesses/ nature: ill-natured, natural, natures, naturism/naturism: naturist, naturistic/naturist: naturists/ supernatural: supernaturalism, supernaturally, supernaturalness, supernaturals/supernaturalism: supernaturalisms, supernaturalist, supernaturalistic/ unnatural: unnaturally, unnaturalness/unnaturalness: unnaturalnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The body’s natural immune response destroys the dangerous tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Cormorants gather on a light standard high above the Husky Ballpark next to the Union Bay Natural Area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 自然的; 物质的; 天生的; 不做作的
n. 自然的事情; （生来的）白痴; [乐]（风琴等的）白键
分布：自然的(64%)，天然的(29%)，私生的(7%)
→来自nature,自然。
a.正常的;自然界的,天然的,天赋的,固有的In the rural the naturally matured tomatoes have this nature.在乡下自然成熟的番茄具有这种性质.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT ARTIFICIAL 非人为的
 ESSENTIAL
■as found in nature and not involving anything made or done by people 天然的，非人为的；非人造的
• a natural substance 自然物质
• People say that breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding because it's more natural. 人们认为母乳喂养比用奶粉喂养好，因为母乳更为天然。
• He died from natural causes (= because he was old or ill). 他是自然死亡。
• Floods and earthquakes are natural disasters. 洪水和地震是自然灾害。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes an ability or characteristic that you were born with （能力）天生的；（特性）固有的
• natural beauty 自然美
• a natural talent for sports 运动天赋
• She's a natural blonde (= Her hair is not artificially made a lighter colour). 她天生一头金发。
 ADVANCED
■describes food or drink which is pure and has no chemical substances added to it and is therefore thought to be healthy （食物或饮品）天然的，纯的，无添加剂的
• natural mineral water 天然矿泉水
• natural ingredients 天然成分
someone's natural mother/father/parent
■a parent who caused someone to be born, although they might not be their legal parent or the parent who raised them 某人的亲生母亲／父亲／父母
UK ['nætʃ.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
EXPECTED 预期的
 ADVANCED
■normal or expected 正常的；平常的；当然的
• Of course you're upset - it's only natural. 当然你会难受——这一点也不奇怪。
• It 's natural that you should feel anxious when you first leave home. 你第一次离家，感觉焦虑是很正常的。
• It 's quite natural to experience a few doubts just before you get married. 结婚前，你会产生一些疑虑，这是很自然的。
UK ['nætʃ.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
[after noun]
■(of a musical note) not sharp or flat （音符）还原的，本位音的
• E natural E 本位音
UK ['nætʃ.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable informal
■someone who was born with the right characteristics or abilities for doing a particular thing 天生具有…才能的人，有…天赋的人
• She won't have any troubles learning to ride a horse - you can see she's a natural. 她学习骑马不会有任何困难——可以看得出她天生就是个骑手。
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
adj. 自然的；物质的；天生的；不做作的
 - material, physical, born, spontaneous
n. 自然的事情；白痴；本位音
 - idiot, baichi

Word: successful
Front: successful
[səkˈsesfl] (中高研四六托雅 1101/915 -K4)
Vocabulary: successful
(once / 71 pages)
adj
If you win or do well, at whatever it is you do, you are successful. Successful people usually get more money, attention, and praise.
If you go into business and make a lot of money, you're successful. If you play tennis and finish the season with more wins than losses, you've been successful. If you have a successful pregnancy, you give birth to a healthy baby. Successful is one of those words that covers a great deal of ground; it generally applies to anything, anyone or any venture that ends well. When you see the word successful, think "Winning!"
WORD FAMILY
successful: successfulest, successfully, successfulness, unsuccessful+/ success: successes, successful /unsuccessful: unsuccessfulest, unsuccessfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I said, ‘If you are not right, and you are not executing all of the way through, you will not be successful.’
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Successful by their own measures, Karen and Matt live in a converted macaroni factory, spitting distance from several pretentious coffeehouses.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They haven’t scouted it yet. That’s why last night it was so successful.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 成功的，如愿以偿的
分布：成功的(99%)，圆满的(1%)
→success,成功，成就，-ful,形容词后缀。
a.圆满的;顺利的;成功的He was successful in everything he did.他做的每一件事都很成功.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■achieving the results wanted or hoped for 成功的，达到目的的
• a successful operation 成功的手术
• My second attempt at making flaky pastry was a bit more successful. 我第二次尝试做千层酥时就做得好一些了。
• This year's harvest was one of the most successful since the record crop of 1985. 今年的收成是自1985年创纪录的大丰收以来最好的一年。
Opposite unsuccessful
 ESSENTIAL
■having achieved a lot, become popular and/or made a lot of money 获得成功的，大受欢迎的；非常赚钱的
• a successful career 成功的事业
• She runs a very successful computer business. 她的电脑公司生意非常兴隆。
• He's the author of several hugely successful children's books (= books which have been bought by a lot of people). 他是几部大获成功的儿童读物的作者。
• The Birmingham Royal Ballet has had a highly successful season. 伯明罕皇家芭蕾舞团这一季的表演获得巨大成功。
Opposite unsuccessful
[sək'ses.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  successful Warning: Check your spelling! Successful is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'cc' and 'ss', but only one 'l'.
[sək'ses.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  successful Warning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'successfull', write successful.
adj. 成功的；一帆风顺的
 - made, triumphant

Word: mine
Front: mine
[maɪn] (高托雅 2236/1972 -K2)
Vocabulary: mine
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv
A mine is a hole in the earth from which workers take valuable things: coal, diamonds, copper. It is also a bomb that explodes when it's touched, often buried in the earth.
When you think of mines, think of something beneath the surface or hidden. People mine for gold by sifting through water and rocks. West Virginia is famous for its coal mines. A mine field might describe a field laced with explosives — such as landmines. When people put these explosives in place, they're mining the land. Also, any dangerous situation can be called a mine field. Talking about sensitive subjects — like religion or race — is a verbal mind field for sure.
WORD FAMILY
mine: countermine, mined, miner, mines, mining+/countermine: countermined, countermines, countermining/mined: unmined/ miner: miners/mining: minings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Friends of mine throughout the country regularly remind me that there is something unique about Seahawks fans.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A former student of mine from another college I taught at over a year ago named Mia walked in with a few friends.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: pron. (I的所有格)我的（东西）
n. 矿; 矿井; 地雷; 水雷
vt. & vi. 在…中开采，开采
vt. 在…中[下]布雷; 以地雷[水雷]炸毁
时态：mined, mining, mines
→来自me的所有格。mine 矿，矿山，地雷
pron.(I的物主代词)我的(东西)n.矿v.采矿Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
【参】undermine（v 在下面挖矿；暗中破坏）
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the one(s) belonging to or connected with me 我的（所有物）；属于我的（东西）；与我有关的（人）
• "Whose bag is this?" "It's mine." “这是谁的袋子？”“是我的。”
• Your son is the same age as mine. 你儿子的年纪和我儿子一样大。
• She's an old friend of mine. 她是我的一个老朋友。
[maɪn] noun countable
HOLE 洞
 ESSENTIAL
■a hole or system of holes in the ground made for the removal of substances such as coal, metal, and salt by digging 矿，矿井
• a coal/salt/gold mine 煤／盐／金矿
• a mine shaft 矿井
• My grandfather used to work in/ UKdown the mines. 我祖父以前在矿井里工作。
[maɪn] noun countable
BOMB 炸弹
 IMPROVER
■a type of bomb put below the earth or in the sea which explodes when vehicles, ships or people go over it 地雷；水雷
• He was killed when his tank ran over a mine. 他的坦克触到地雷，他被炸死了。
• The US forces were clearing the surrounding area of mines. 美国部队正在清除周围地区的地雷。
⇒ See also landmine
[maɪn] noun countable
a mine of information
■someone who has a lot of knowledge （指人）资讯宝藏，知识宝库
[maɪn] verb
DIG 开采
intransitive or transitive
■to dig coal or another substance out of the ground 采，开采（煤等）
• They're mining for salt. 他们正在采盐。
• They mine a lot of copper around these parts. 他们在这里周围开采出许多铜。
[maɪn] verb
BOMB 布雷
transitive often passive
■to place or hide mines in an area of land or sea 布雷于
• The desert was heavily mined. 这片沙漠地雷密布。
[maɪn] verb
mine a rich seam of sth literary
■to take advantage of a strong feeling or quality in a particular situation 利用（特殊情境下的强烈情感或素质）
• Polidori, the right-wing politician, is mining a rich seam of fear and prejudice. 右翼政客波里杜利正在利用人们的强烈恐惧和偏见。
[maɪn] determiner old use
■used in the past instead of 'my' before nouns that begin with a vowel or h 一度用在以母音或h开头的名词前，代替my使用
• mine eyes 我的眼睛
• mine host 我的主人
n. 矿，矿藏；矿山，矿井；地雷，水雷
 - ore, pit
vt. 开采，采掘；在…布雷
 - exploit

Word: reflect
Front: reflect
[rɪˈflekt] (高研四六宝 1004/885 -K4)
Vocabulary: reflect
(once / 61 pages)
1v 2v
Something that reflects comes back to you. If you look in a mirror, you will see your reflected image. If you reflect on your past experiences, you look at them once again thoughtfully.
Reflect also means to give evidence of the character or quality of something. Most parents want their children to reflect their own strengths by emulating their behavior. A set of telling statistics could reflect the buying trends in an economic cycle. Reflecting can mean seeing something original in another form or image.
WORD FAMILY
reflect: reflected, reflecting, reflection, reflective, reflector, reflects+/reflected: unreflected/reflecting: nonreflecting, reflectingly/ reflection: reflections/ reflective: nonreflective, reflectively, reflectiveness, reflectivity, unreflective/reflector: reflectorise, reflectorize, reflectors/unreflective: unreflectively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Secondarily, they reflect a mind-set that perceives oral health as an optional milestone to strive for.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Worth reflecting on is the city’s upswell in violence last year that followed political protests against law enforcement and a pullback in policing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 反射（光、热、声或影像）; 考虑
vt. 反射，反照; 表达; 显示; 折转
vi. 映出; 反射; 深思熟虑; 慎重表达
时态：reflected, reflecting, reflects
分布：反映(75%)，反射(16%)，反省(5%)，显示(3%)，归咎(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-flect,弯，转，词源同 flexible,inflect.即转回来，引申诸相关词义。
回想;反射(re+flect弯曲→反弯曲→反射)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
反射;沉思(re反+flect_弯曲返回→反射)[flect,flex=bend,表示"弯曲"]
v.反射,反映,表现,反省,沉思In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
【记】re反，flect折－光线反折－反射，在大脑中反射－思考
【反】absorb（v 吸收；吸引）
verb
RETURN 返回
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■If a surface reflects light, heat, sound, or an image, it sends the light, etc. back and does not absorb it 反射（光、热、声等）；反映，映出（影像）
• He saw himself reflected in the water/mirror/shop window. 他在水中／镜子里／商店橱窗玻璃上看到了自己的影像。
• The light reflected off the surface of the water. 光在水面上产生反射。
[rɪ'flekt] verb
SHOW 显示
 IMPROVER transitive
■to show, express or be a sign of something 显示；反映；表达
• The statistics reflect a change in people's spending habits. 这些统计资料显示出人们的消费习惯发生了变化。
[rɪ'flekt] verb
THINK 思考
 ADVANCED intransitive formal
■to think carefully, especially about possibilities and opinions 深思，考虑，认真思考（尤指可能性或意见）
• The manager demanded time to reflect (on what to do). 经理要求给他一些时间好好想一想（怎么办）。
• [+ that] She reflected that this was probably the last time she would see him. 她琢磨着这很可能是她最后一次见他了。
[rɪ'flekt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reflect on sb/sth
■to affect other people's opinion of someone or something, especially in a bad way 使给人（尤指不好的）印象（或评价）
• When one player behaves disgracefully, it reflects (badly) on the whole team. 一个球员的不光彩行为会给整个球队带来（很坏的）影响。
• The whole affair does not reflect well on the government. 整件事件不会给政府带来甚么好的影响。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
vt. 反映；反射，照出；反省
 - glass, image
vi. 反射，映现；深思
 - give back, flash back

Word: count
Front: count
[kaʊnt] (中高研四六 1331/1830 -K1)
Vocabulary: count
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n
To count is to calculate how many or how much of something there is. A first grade teacher might stop and count her students before they board a bus after a field trip.
You can count your money, adding up the dollars and quarters, or count the calories in the food you eat each day. When your cat has kittens, you might count them and announce, "Seven kittens!" Another way to count is to list the numbers in order: "One, two, three, four..." When count is a noun, it refers to the title of a nobleman. This meaning comes from the Latin comes, "companion," or specifically "companion to the emperor."
WORD FAMILY
count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount +/counted: uncounted/ counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter /counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Christmas was over, but the Christmas Bird Count was not.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By some counts the states are a half-dozen shy of the number needed to force a convention on that subject.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof faces a second death-penalty trial early this year in state court, where he’s charged with nine counts of murder.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总数; 数数; 罪状; 论点
v. 数数; 计算总数; 把…算入; 重要
时态：counted, counting, counts
分布：计数(66%)，计算(23%)，总数(6%)，依赖(4%)，视为(1%)
→1.数数，来自compute的拼写变体。
v.数,计算;算入;看作,认为n.计数,总数The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
verb
NUMBER 数位
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say the names of numbers one after the other in order, or to calculate the number of people or things in a group （按顺序）数，数数；计算；计数
• Let's count out loud (= speak the words) from one to ten. 我们来大声地从一数到十。
• The teachers counted the students as they got on to the coach. 学生们上车时老师点了一下人数。
• Count your money carefully to make sure it's all there. 好好数数你的钱，看看它们有没有丢。
• [+ question word] We need to count wh o's here, so we can make sure that no one's missing. 我们要点一下谁在这里，以确定无人缺席。
• There'll be eight for dinner, counting (= including) ourselves. 算上我们自己，共有八人就餐。
• We're still waiting for the votes to be counted (up). 我们仍在等待统计选票。
count heads
■to count the number of people present somewhere 点人数
• There look to be about fifty people present - I haven't counted heads yet. 看起来大概有50人在场——我还没有清点人数。
[kaʊnt] verb
HAVE VALUE 有价值
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to have value or importance; to matter 有价值；很重要；要紧
• I've always believed that happiness counts more than money. 我一直认为幸福比金钱更重要。
• My opinion doesn't count for anything around here (= no one values my opinion). 我的看法在这里丝毫不受重视。
[kaʊnt] verb
CONSIDER 认为
intransitive or transitive
■to consider or be considered as 认为；看作；当作
• [R] I count myself fortunate to have had such a good education. 能受到如此良好的教育我认为自己很幸运。
• I've had three jobs in the last five years, but one of them was unpaid, so it doesn't count (= cannot be considered as a real job). 过去五年中我做过三份工作，但其中有一份没有薪酬，因此不能算。
• I've always counted Lucy among my closest friends. 我一直把露西当作我最知心的朋友之一。
• I didn't think his grudging remarks really counted as an apology. 我觉得他那些勉强说出的话不能算是真正的道歉。
[kaʊnt] verb
could count on (the fingers of) one hand
■If you could count something on (the fingers of) one hand, it doesn't happen very often or exists in very small numbers 屈指可数；寥寥无几
• I could count the number of times he's paid for a round of drinks on the fingers of one hand. 他请大家喝酒的次数屈指可数。
[kaʊnt] verb
count your blessings
■to be grateful for the good things in your life, often to stop yourself becoming too unhappy about the bad things 往好处想；知足
[kaʊnt] verb
count the cost
■to start to understand how badly something has affected you 开始吃苦头
• I didn't read the contract fully before I signed it but I'm counting the cost now. 我没有细阅合同就签了名，现在尝到了苦头。
[kaʊnt] verb
Don't count your chickens before they're hatched. saying
■said to emphasize that you cannot depend on something happening before it has happened 不要蛋未孵出就数小鸡；不要高兴得太早；不要过早乐观
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count against sb/sth
■to make someone or something more likely to fail 对…不利；对…起反作用
• Gail's qualified for the job, but her lack of experience will count against her. 盖儿能胜任这份工作，可是经验不足会对她不利。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] count sb in informal
■to include someone in an activity or arrangement 把（某人）算在内；包括（某人）
• "Do you want to come swimming tomorrow?" "Yes, count me in." “明天你们想来游泳吗？”“想，算上我。”
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count on sb
■to be confident that you can depend on someone 依靠（某人）；指望（某人）
• You can always count on Michael in a crisis. 在危急关头你总能依靠迈克尔。
• [+ to infinitive] I can count on my parents to help me. 我可以指望父母来帮我。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count on sth
■to expect something to happen and make plans based on it 期望；指望；料想到
• [+ -ing verb] I'm counting on the meeting finishing on time, or I'll miss my train. 我指望会议准时结束，否则我就要错过火车了。
• Sorry I'm late, I didn't count on being held up in the traffic. 对不起，我迟到了，我没想到路上会塞车。
• There's never a taxi when you want one - that's the one thing you can count on! 你需要计程车时它一辆都不来——这种事情是料想到的！
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] count sth out
■to count coins or notes one by one as you put them down 逐个数出
• She counted out five crisp new $100 bills. 她数出五张崭新的100美元钞票。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count sb out
NOT INCLUDE informal
■to keep someone out or not include them in an activity or arrangement 不把（某人）算在内；将（某人）排除在外
• Scuba diving? Oh no, count me out - I hate water! 戴水肺潜水？噢，不，别算上我——我讨厌水！
BOXING [often passive]
■In a boxing competition, the referee counts someone out by counting to ten when they fall to the floor and announcing that they have lost the fight if they fail to get up before the ten seconds is over （拳击裁判）数到十后判（某人）失败
• Cooper was counted out in the final round. 库珀在最后一个回合中被裁判数到十后判负。
[kaʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  count towards sth
■to be part of what is needed to complete or achieve something 算作…的一部分
• The work that the students do during the year will count towards their final degrees. 学生这一年的学业将被算作最终获得学位的一部分。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
NUMBER 数位
■the act of counting, or the total number of things counted 计数，计算；总数
• Early vote counts show Mr Adams in the lead. 早先的计票显示亚当斯先生领先。
• We had 450 members at the last count (= when they were last counted). 根据最新统计，我们有450位成员。
keep count UK
■to record how many of something there are, or how many times something has happened 记录（数量或发生的次数）
• I'm trying to lose weight, so I'm keeping count of the number of calories I eat every day. 我在努力减肥，所以我每天都记下摄取的卡路里。
lose count
■to not be able to remember how many times something has happened 不记得数目；记不清
• I've lost count of how many times she's been late for work this month. 我已记不清她这个月迟到多少次了。
■a scientifically measured amount of something （科学）计数，测得数目
• a high pollen count 高花粉数量
• a low blood/sperm count 低血细胞／精子数量
on the count of 3/4/5, etc.
■when a particular number is reached 数到3／4／5等
• On the count of three, I'd like you all to stand up. 我数到三时希望你们全都起立。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
MAN 男子
■a European man of the same social rank as an English earl （欧洲贵族称号）伯爵
⇒ See also countess
[kaʊnt] noun countable
CRIME 罪行 legal
■a particular crime which a person is accused of 指控的罪状
• The prisoner was found guilty on two counts of murder. 该囚犯被判定犯有两宗谋杀罪。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
OPINION 观点
■an opinion in a discussion or argument 看法，主张
• I'm afraid I disagree with you on all/several counts (= I disagree with all/several of your opinions). 恐怕我完全不能同意你的看法／恐怕我不能同意你的几点看法。
[kaʊnt] noun countable
be out for the count
■to be sleeping, especially heavily 酣睡，在沉睡
• It looks like Ben's out for the count. 看起来本已在酣睡了。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 计算；认为
 - figure, expect, guess, find, feel
n. [数] 计数；计算；伯爵
 - calculation, computation, valuation

Word: mid
Front: mid
[mɪd] (雅 7347/4347)
Back: adj. 中间的; 居中的; （用于复合词中）中
prep. 在…中间; 中天
adv. 在船身中部
n. 年中，学年中期
分布：中间的(84%)，在 ... 的中间(16%)
preposition old-fashioned literary
■among or in the middle of 在…之中
adj. 中间的；中央的
 - medium, intermediary, middle, centre
prep. 在…之中
 - among

Word: yield
Front: yield
[ji:ld] (研四六托雅 2652/3333 -3)
Vocabulary: yield
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
Yield has two meanings that seem quite different: "an amount" or "to give way." The yield of the recipe was twelve brownies. To avoid being tripped, Mary was forced to yield to the children on her way to the brownie plate.
While these meanings seem quite different, they both essentially mean "to give." The recipe gives twelve brownies to those who follow it, and Mary is giving up her right to go first. Yield can also mean the rate of return on an investment. A bond yields an interest rate of 2%, or gives an investor $2.00 for every $100 invested.
WORD FAMILY
yield: yielded, yielder, yielding, yields+/ unyielding: unyieldingly, unyieldingness/yielder: yielders/yielding: unyielding, yieldingly, yieldings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two nights after yielding a season-worst 69 points in the first half to James Harden and Houston, the Knicks surrendered 67 to the Magic.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But, as is often the case, this sort of “discovery” science is yielding extraordinary benefits.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 屈服，投降; 生产; 获利; 不再反对
vi. 放弃，屈服; 生利; 退让，退位
n. 产量，产额; 投资的收益; 屈服，击穿; 产品
时态：yielded, yielding, yields
分布：屈服(58%)，生产(30%)，生产量(4%)，获利(4%)，投资收益(3%)，弯下去(1%)
→来自gheldh,支付，付款，引申词义屈服，词源同guild.其原义为加入行业公会，获取行业保护，引申词义出产，收获。
v.出产,生长;(to)屈服,服从n.产量,收获The land yields well.这块地收成好.
【反】outmaneuver（v 以策略制胜）；prevail（v 流行；成功）
verb
PRODUCE 产生
transitive
■to supply or produce something positive such as a profit, an amount of food or information 产生；出产；得出
• an attempt to yield increased profits 提高利润的努力
• The investigation yielded some unexpected results. 调查得出了一些出乎意料的结果。
• Favourable weather yielded a good crop. 好天气带来了好收成。
[ji:ld] verb
GIVE UP 放弃
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give up the control of or responsibility for something, often because you have been forced to （常指被迫）放弃，让出
• They were forced to yield (up) their land to the occupying forces. 他们被迫将领土割让给占领军。
• Despite renewed pressure to give up the occupied territory, they will not yield. 尽管有新的压力要求放弃被占领的土地，他们就是不愿屈服。
[ji:ld] verb
BEND/BREAK 弯曲／断裂
intransitive slightly formal
■to bend or break under pressure （受压）弯曲，折断，垮掉
• His legs began to yield under the sheer weight of his body. 他的双腿连自己的体重也承受不住，开始弯曲。
[ji:ld] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  yield to sth
AGREE
■to agree to do something that you do not want to do or should not do 服从，顺从，屈服于
• It's very easy to yield to temptation and spend too much money. 很容易会抵制不住诱惑而挥金如土。
• "We will not yield to pressure," said the president. “我们不会向压力屈服，”总统说道。
STOP US (UK give way)
■to stop in order to allow other vehicles to go past before you drive onto a bigger road 给（其他车辆）让道
[ji:ld] noun countable usually plural
 ADVANCED
■an amount of something positive, such as food or profit, that is produced or supplied 产生；出产；得出
• Crop yields have risen steadily. 农作物产量稳步增长。
• Yields on gas and electricity shares are consistently high. 天然气与电力股票的收益一直很高
submit, yield, surrender
这组词都有“让步，屈服”的意思，其区别是：
submit: 表示“甘心忍受”，作及物动词时，宾语为反身代词，但一般为不及物动词，后接介词to 。
yield: “投降”，与surrender 大致同义，但是指“温和的让步”。
surrender: “投降”，强调“被迫投降，压力很大”，是不及物动词，后接介词to；用作及物动词时，表因战败或被迫“交出”，“放弃”某些事物。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
vt. [力] 屈服；出产；放弃
 - desert, quit
vi. [力] 屈服，投降
 - succumb, to surrender
n. [经] 产量；收益
 - crop, output, harvest, proceeds

Word: activity
Front: activity
[ækˈtɪvəti] (中高研四雅 537/412 -K4)
Vocabulary: activity
(once / 107 pages)
n
An activity is something you do, or just the state of doing. You might plan some indoor activities for a rainy day, or you might just rely on watching your gerbils' activity in their cage.
Usually, when you use an article like an or the in front of activity, you are referring to a specific event. For example, you might search for the best activity on the cruise ship to fill your afternoon — shuffleboard, anyone? If you take the article away, and you refer to activity, you are usually referring to action. If there is too much activity on the cruise ship dance floor, you might want to avoid that zone.
WORD FAMILY
activity: activities+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The MoD said the death was "not the result of enemy activity" and an investigation is underway.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pielke claims that he was attacked by “thought police in journal, activities groups funded by billionaires, and the White House”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 活动; 活跃，敏捷; 活动力; 教育活动
分布：活动(94%)，活跃(5%)，表演(1%)
活动(act+ivity状态→活动状态)[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
活动(act行动)[-ivity表名词,由-ive+ity组成,"有…能力或特性"]
n.活动;活力;能动性;Actually the actor and actress reacted actively to the activity.实际上男演员和女演员对这个活动作出了积极的反应.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
MOVEMENT 活动
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when a lot of things are happening or people are moving around 活跃；繁忙；热闹
• There was a lot of activity in preparation for the Queen's visit. 大家都在为准备迎接女王来访而忙碌。
• Ministers are concerned by the low level of economic activity. 各部长都为经济不景气而担忧。
• There was a sudden flurry of activity when the director walked in. 经理一走进来，大家马上一片手忙脚乱。
UK [æk'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the work of a group or organization to achieve an aim 行动；活动
• He was found guilty of terrorist activity. 他因从事恐怖主义活动而被判有罪。
• criminal activities 犯罪活动
UK [æk'tɪv.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
ENJOYMENT 娱乐
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something that is done for enjoyment, especially an organized event （尤指有组织的）娱乐活动
• His spare-time activities include cooking, tennis and windsurfing. 他的业余活动包括烹调、打网球和风帆运动。
• We offer our guests a wide range of outdoor/sporting activities. 我们为客人提供一系列广泛的户外娱乐／体育活动项目。
n. 活动；行动；活跃
 - movement, doing, campaign, working, act

Word: heart
Front: heart
[hɑ:t] (中高雅 460/654 -K4)
Vocabulary: heart
(once / 12 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
As the heart is the central organ of the human body, so the word heart has come to mean a central location of an organization or system, as well as being used to describe courage and generosity.
We can see the Germanic influences in the word heart by looking at the Old Saxon herta and the German herz. If we go back even further, however, we see the word also has ties to the Greek kardia, which makes sense when we consider that the prefix cardio refers to the heart. For example, a cardio workout is one that gets the heart pumping harder, and a cardiologist is a doctor of the heart. If someone asks that you "have a heart," however, they are appealing to your sense of generosity not to the blood-pumping organ.
WORD FAMILY
heart: heartless, hearts, hearty +/ heartless: heartlessly, heartlessness/ hearty: heartier, heartiest, heartily, heartiness, heartyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We think his heart is here in the Bay Area.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This story was originally published by Pulse — Voices From the Heart of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 心，心脏; 感情; 要点; 胸部
vt. 鼓励; 激励
vi. 结心
分布：心(89%)，内心(5%)，中心(3%)，要点(1%)，鼓励(1%)，红桃(1%)
→来自kerd,心，心脏，词源同cordial,credible.
n.心(脏);内心,感情;热忱;中心,要点With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [hɑ:rt] noun
ORGAN 器官
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the organ in your chest that sends the blood around your body 心脏
• heart disease/failure 心脏病／心脏衰竭
• He's got a weak/bad heart (= His heart is not healthy). 他的心脏不太好。
• Isabel's heart was beating fast with fright. 伊莎贝尔因为恐惧而心跳加快。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
EMOTIONS 感情
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■used to refer to a person's character, or the place within a person where their feelings or emotions are considered to come from 性情；内心；心肠
• She has a good heart (= She is a kind person). 她心地善良。
• I love you, and I mean it from the bottom of my heart (= very sincerely). 我爱你，我的爱是发自内心的。
• I love you with all my heart (= very much). 我深爱着你。
• He said he'd never marry but he had a change of heart (= his feelings changed) when he met her. 他说永远都不结婚，可是碰到她后他就改变了主意。
• Homelessness is a subject very close/dear to her heart (= is very important to her and she has strong feelings about it). 她非常关心无家可归者的问题。
• He broke her heart (= made her very sad) when he left her for another woman. 他为了另一个女人离开了她，这让她的心都碎了。
• It breaks my heart (= makes me feel very sad) to see him so unhappy. 看见他如此不高兴，我心里十分难过。
• They say he died of a broken heart (= because he was so sad). 他们说他死于忧伤过度。
• old-fashioned It does my heart good (= makes me very happy) to see those children so happy. 看到那些孩子如此快乐，我很开心。
• His heart leapt (= He suddenly felt very excited and happy) when the phone rang. 电话铃响了，他的心兴奋得怦怦直跳。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
CENTRE 中心
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the central or most important part 中心；中央；重点；要点
• The demonstrators will march through the heart of the capital. 示威者将游行穿过首都的中心地区。
• A disagreement about boundaries is at the heart of the dispute. 争议的焦点就是边界问题。
• Let's get to the heart of the matter. 让我们考虑一下最关键的事情。
countable
■the firm central part of a vegetable, especially one with a lot of leaves 菜心
• artichoke hearts 洋蓟心
• the heart of a lettuce 莴苣菜心
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
BRAVERY 勇敢
uncountable
■bravery or determination or hope 勇气；决心；希望
• You're doing really well - don't lose heart now. 你做得很好——不要灰心。
• Take heart - things can only get better. 振作起来——事情会好转的。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■a shape, consisting of two half circles next to each other at the top and a v-shape at the bottom, which is often coloured pink or red, and which represents love （用来表示爱情的）心形
countable
■a card, with a red heart shape on it, which belongs to one of the four suits in a set of playing cards （纸牌中的）红桃，红心
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
after your own heart
■having the same opinions or interests as you 与（某人）观点（或兴趣）相同
• She's a woman after my own heart. 她是个与我趣味相投的女人。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
be all heart
■to be very kind and generous. This phrase is often used humorously to mean the opposite 心地善良（常用作反语，以示幽默）
• She's all heart. 她心地善良。
• humorous "He deserves all he gets." "Oh, you're all heart (= you are not kind) !" “他这样活该。”“噢，你真是太善良了！”
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
(off) by heart ADVANCED
■learnt in such a way that you can say it from memory 背诵；记忆
• My father can still recite the poems he learned off by heart at school. 我父亲仍能背诵出他以前念书时背下来的诗。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
Have a heart!
■used to ask someone to be kinder to you 发发慈悲吧！行行好吧！
• Don't make me write it again! Have a heart! 别让我再写了！行行好吧！
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
have a heart of gold
■to be very kind and generous 有一颗金子般的心；心地非常善良
• She has a heart of gold. 她有一颗慈悲心。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
have a heart of stone
■to be unkind or cruel 有一副铁石心肠
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart aches
■If your heart aches, you feel sad or feel a sense of sympathy and sadness for the suffering of other people （为他人的痛苦）感到心痛，非常伤心
• His heart ached with pity for her. 他深深地同情她。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
heart and soul literary
■completely 完全地，全心全意地
• She loves those children heart and soul. 她全心全意地爱着那些孩子。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart goes out to sb
■If your heart goes out to someone who is in trouble, you feel sympathy for them 对…深感同情
• Our hearts go out to the families of the victims of this terrible tragedy. 我们对这场可怕悲剧的受害者家庭深表同情。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
heart in your boots UK informal
■feeling very sad, disappointed, worried, etc 心情很不好；很失望；很担忧
• Their hearts were in their boots when they realized that they would have to do the work all over again. 当他们发现将不得不全部从头再来时，他们的情绪很低落。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart in your mouth
■If your heart is in your mouth, you are feeling extremely nervous 深为惊恐；非常紧张
• My heart was in my mouth when I opened the letter. 我打开那封信时心都快跳出来了。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
her/his heart is in the right place
■said about someone who you think has good intentions 她／他的用意（或心地）还是好的
• He's an odd man but his heart is in the right place. 他是个脾气古怪的人，但他的心地还是好的。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart isn't in it
■If your heart isn't in it, you do not feel interested or enthusiastic about something 心思不在…上面；对…不感兴趣
• I tried to look interested, but my heart wasn't in it. 我试图装出感兴趣的样子，可是我的心思完全不在这上面。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart skips / misses a beat
■When your heart skips/misses a beat, you feel very excited or nervous （表示兴奋或紧张）心跳停了一拍，心里一阵紧张
• Every time he looks at me my heart skips a beat. 他每看我一眼，我的心里就一阵紧张。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
your heart's desire literary
■the thing or person you most want 最想得到的东西（或人）
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
in your heart of hearts
■in your most secret and true thoughts 在内心深处
• I didn't want to believe it, but in my heart of hearts I knew that it was true. 我不愿相信，但在内心深处我知道那是真的。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
my heart bleeds for sb
■used to say that you feel great sadness for someone. This phrase is often used humorously to mean the opposite 我的心为（某人）流血；我为（某人）感到悲伤（幽默的用法，常表示相反的意思）
• humorous John complains he only has two cars - my heart bleeds for him (= I certainly do not feel sadness about that) ! 约翰抱怨自己只有两辆汽车——我真为他感到悲哀！
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
not have the heart to do sth
■to feel unable to do something because you feel it would unkind 不忍心做…
• She asked me to go with her and I didn't have the heart to refuse. 她要我和他一起去，我不忍心拒绝她。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
put your heart and soul into sth
■to make a lot of effort to do something 全心全意地投入做…
• She's one of those people who puts their heart and soul into their work. 她是那种全心投入工作中的人。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
sb's heart sinks
■to feel disappointed or to lose hope 心一沉（感到失望或绝望）
• My heart sank when I realized we couldn't afford the new house. 当我意识到我们买不起新房子时，我的心顿时沉了下去。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
set your heart on sth/doing sth
■to want to get or achieve something very much 渴望得到；一心想要
• She's set her heart on having a pony. 她非常想得到一匹小马。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
take sth to heart
■If you take criticism or advice to heart, you think about it seriously, often because it upsets you （对批评等）十分介意，耿耿于怀
• Don't take it to heart - he was only joking about your hair. 别太放在心上——他只是拿你的头发开玩笑而已。
UK [hɑ:t] US [hɑ:rt] noun
to your heart's content
■If you do something to your heart's content, you do something enjoyable for as long as you want to do it 尽兴地，尽情地
• You've got a whole week to yourself and you can read to your heart's content. 你有整整一周的时间自由支配，可以尽情地阅读。
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
n. [内科] [解剖] 心脏；感情；勇气；心形；要点
 - courage, affection, core, main, feeling
vt. 鼓励；铭记
 - encourage, brand, uphold

Word: king
Front: king
[ kɪŋ] (中高研四雅 2080/612 -K4)
Vocabulary: king
(once / 28 pages)
1n 2n 3n
In a monarchy, the male ruler is called the king. A king or queen rules until death, when the next in line — usually a son or daughter — inherits the throne.
You can also use the word king to describe someone who's very powerful or well-known, like the king of Scrabble competitions or the king of the auto industry. In chess, the king is the most important piece, the one protected by every other piece on the board. King shares an Old English root with kin, or "family."
WORD FAMILY
king: kingdom, kinglike, kingly, kings, kingship+/ kingdom: kingdoms, subkingdom/kingly: kinglily/kingship: kingships/subkingdom: subkingdoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The monarch, who became king in 2004, is largely respected by the public and seen as being above politics.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Why not? I live like a king here,” he said, sitting in a steam room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
KING’S GOODBYE: The Outback Bowl will mark the final appearance by Iowa cornerback Desmond King, one of the best players in school history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: [男子名] [英格兰人姓氏] 金绰号，来源于中世纪英语、古英语，含义是u201c国王u201d(king); [地名] [巴布亚新几内、美国] 金
分布：国王(85%)，王的(12%)，上帝(1%)，耶稣(1%)，基本的(1%)
→缩写自古英语cyning,国王，君主，统治者，来自Proto-Germanic*kuningaz,对应于kin,家族，种族，氏族，-ing,集合名词后缀。即一个家族或氏族的统领，后用于指国王，君主。引申词义关键的，重要的，大的等。比较其与emperor的区别。
n.君主,国王Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
noun countable
MALE RULER 国王
 ESSENTIAL
■(the title of) a male ruler of a country, who holds this position because of his royal birth 国王，君王
• King Richard II 理查二世
• the kings and queens of England 英格兰国王和女王
[kɪŋ] noun countable
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要者
■the most important, best or most respected member of a group of animals, things or people （同类动物、事物或人中的）首屈一指者，最重要者
• The lion is often called the king of the jungle. 狮子经常被称为丛林之王。
• He's the new king of pop music. 他是新的流行音乐天王。
[kɪŋ] noun countable
GAMES 游戏
■In the game of chess , the king is the most important piece on the board. It can move one square in any direction. （国际象棋中的）国王
■a card with a picture of a king on it, used in games （纸牌中的）K
• the king of hearts 红桃
[kɪŋ] noun countable
a king's ransom
■a large amount of money 一大笔钱，钜款
• That diamond necklace must have cost a king's ransom. 那条钻石项链一定价值不菲。
[kɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
■used as part of the name of something that is larger than the ordinary type （作为名称的一部分，指某一种类中）巨型的，较大的
• king prawns 大虾；大王虾
• a king penguin 王企鹅；国王企鹅
n. 国王；最有势力者；王棋
 - wanax, Rex
vi. 统治；做国王
 - to rule, reign over
vt. 立…为王
 - enthrone

Word: serve
Front: serve
[sɜ:v] (中高 401/625 -K4)
Vocabulary: serve
(once / 20 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5vn
To serve is to perform a role or function. While your co-worker is out sick, you gladly serve as his replacement until he gets better.
Serve comes from the Latin word for servant or slave, but you can serve people without being subordinate to them. You might serve your family hamburgers for dinner, or serve the tennis ball. If you serve a cause, you devote yourself to it. Bug repellant will serve you well on a summer fishing trip. In prison you serve time. If you're elected Mayor, you'll serve a term of three or four years.
WORD FAMILY
serve: servant, served, server, serves, serving+/ servant: servants/server: servers/serving: self-serving, servings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Her no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a Styku 3-D body scanner, tucked away in a room next to a minibar serving protein shakes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （为…）服务; 任（职）; 提供; 端上
vt. 招待; （为…）工作; 对…有用; 向…供应
vi. 适合; 服役; 供职; [网球、羽毛球]发球
n. 网球等发球; 发球权; 所发的球
时态：served, serving, serves
分布：服务(67%)，发球(28%)，侍候(1%)，度过(1%)，担任(1%)，对待(1%)，可作 ... 用(1%)
→来自拉丁语 servire,服务，服侍，来自 servus,奴隶，仆人，可能来自*ser,连接，排列，词源 同 series,serial.引申诸相关词义。
v.服务,尽责;招待,侍候;符合,适用In the beautiful bureau my daughter's laughter served for the sauce of the sausage.在漂亮的办公署,女儿的笑声充当了香肠的调料.
US [sɝ:v] verb
PROVIDE FOOD/DRINK 提供食物／饮料
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to provide food or drinks 提供（食物或饮料）
• Do they serve meals in the bar? 这家酒吧有提供饭菜吗？
• Breakfast is served in the restaurant between 7 and 9. 餐厅早上七点到九点供应早餐。
• We arrived at the hotel and were served with champagne and canapés. 我们到达旅馆后，旅馆提供了香槟和小饼干。
• All recipes in this book, unless otherwise stated, will serve (= be enough for) 4 to 5 people. 本书里的所有食谱，除了特别标明的，都可供四至五人享用。
• [+ obj + adj] Serve the tarts hot with custard or whipped cream. 趁热上果馅糕点，配上卡士达酱或鲜奶油。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to work for; to do your duty to （为…）工作；（为…）服务；尽职责
• He served in the army in India for twenty years. 他在印度服了20年兵役。
• She has served on the committee for the last fifteen years. 15年来，她一直在该委员会任职。
• He served under Harold Wilson as Transport Minister. 他在哈罗德‧威尔逊手下当交通部长。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
HELP ACHIEVE 帮助实现
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to help achieve something or to be useful as something 有助于实现；（对…）有用
• The minister said she did not consider that a public enquiry would serve any useful purpose. 部长说，她认为公开调查不会达到任何有益的成效。
• The judge said that the fine would serve as a warning to other motorists who drove without due care. 法官说此次罚款对其他疏忽驾驶的司机会是一种警告。
• In the absence of anything better the settee would serve (= could be used) as a bed for a couple of nights. 如果没有更好的选择，长沙发可以当几天床用。
• [+ to infinitive] Nothing serves to explain the violent fighting we have seen recently. 甚么都无法解释我们最近所目睹的暴力殴斗。
• old-fashioned My umbrella will serve for a weapon. 我的伞可以当武器用。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
PROVIDE STH NECESSARY 提供必需品
 IMPROVER transitive
■to provide with something that is needed 为…提供所需物品，供应
• London's hospitals, so says the report, are out of touch with the communities that they serve. 这份报告指出，伦敦的医院对它们所服务的社区毫无了解。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
DEAL WITH CUSTOMER 与顾客打交道
transitive
■in a shop, restaurant or hotel, to deal with a customer by taking their order, showing or selling them goods, etc. 接待；招待；为…服务
• Are you being served, madam? 女士，有服务员招待您吗？
• That's the restaurant where they refused to serve Giles because he was so rude. 就是那家餐馆拒绝招待贾尔斯，因为他太粗鲁。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
SPEND TIME 花时间
transitive
■to spend a period of time doing something 花费，度过（一段时间）
• He served four years in prison for robbery. 他因抢劫坐了四年牢。
• After he'd served his apprenticeship he found work overseas. 他学徒期满后在海外找到了工作。
serve time
■to spend time in prison 服刑；蹲监狱
• He's serving time for drugs offences. 他因毒品犯罪正在服刑。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
HIT BALL 击球
intransitive or transitive
■in sports such as tennis, to hit the ball to the other player as a way of starting the game （在网球等体育运动中）发（球）
• Whose turn is it to serve? 轮到谁发球了？
• That's the third ace you've served this game. 那是你在这局比赛中第三次发球得分。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
GIVE DOCUMENT 送达文件
transitive legal
■to give a legal document to someone, demanding that they go to a court of law or that they obey an order 将…正式送达
• Less than two weeks ago Gough finally served a writ on Slater, claiming damages for alleged loss of royalties. 不到两个星期以前，高夫终于将传票送达给斯莱特，要求对其所涉及的版税损失作出赔偿。
• Each person served with a summons will be given six weeks before they have to appear in the Magistrates' Court. 每一个收到传票的人都将在六个星期后在地方法院出庭。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
if my memory serves me right
■if I remember correctly 如果我没记错的话
• I think he was called Brian, if my memory serves me right. 如果我没记错的话，我想他叫布赖恩。
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
serve sb right informal ADVANCED
■If you say that something bad serves someone right, you mean that they deserve it （某人）罪有应得，（某人）活该
• "He hit me!" "It serves you right. You shouldn't have been rude to him." “他打了我！”“活该。你不该对他那么粗鲁。”
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] serve (sth) up/out
■to put food on plates for people to eat 分配（菜）；分（饭）
• Come on everyone, I'm ready to serve up. 大家快来，我要分菜了。
• Jack, could you serve out the trifle? 杰克，你能分一下起司蛋糕吗？
UK [sɜ:v] US [sɝ:v] noun countable (also service)
■in sports such as tennis, the act of hitting the ball to the other player to start play （在网球等体育运动中）发（球）
• It's your serve. 该你发球了。
• She's got a very fast service. 她发的球速度很快。
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
vt. 招待，供应；为…服务；对…有用；可作…用
 - invite, attend, guest
vi. 服役，服务；适合，足够；发球；招待，侍候
 - gear, help

Word: introduce
Front: introduce
[ˌɪntrəˈdju:s] (中高研四六 1225/698 -K4)
Vocabulary: introduce
(once / 53 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To introduce something is to bring something new to a situation. If your roommate never cleans up after herself, you might try to introduce some new housekeeping policies. Or, introduce yourself to someone who is looking for a new roommate.
Introduce has a number of related meanings. It’s often used when bringing people together for the first time, as when a talk show host introduces a guest to the audience, or when you introduce a new girlfriend or boyfriend to your parents. Introduce comes from the prefix intro-, meaning "into," and the Latin word ducere, meaning "lead" — just as you may have to lead (or drag) your new sweetheart in to meet your parents.
WORD FAMILY
introduce: introduced, introduces, introducing, introduction, introductory, re-introduce, reintroduce+/ introduction: introductions, re-introduction/ introductory: introductorily/re-introduce: re-introduced/reintroduce: reintroduced, reintroduces, reintroducing, reintroduction/reintroduction: reintroductions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Chemotherapy drugs, introduced more than a century ago, destroy cancer cells with chemicals.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Two local councils in Scotland are considering introducing trial programs with basic incomes later this year, in Glasgow and Fife.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提出; 介绍; 引进; 作为…的开头
时态：introduced, introducing, introduces
分布：介绍(86%)，引进(7%)，提出(4%)，采用(2%)，提倡(1%)
→intra-,在内，-duc,引导，词源同duct,induce.
引入,介绍(intro+duce引→引进)[intro-表示"向内,入内"]
介绍,引入(intro进入+duce→引进,介绍)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
vt.介绍;引进,传入;提出(议案等)The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
US [-'du:s] verb transitive
PUT INTO USE 采用
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something into use, operation or a place for the first time 采用；引进；推行；放入，插入
• The smaller 10 pence coin was introduced in 1992. 比较小的10便士硬币是在1992年开始流通的。
• Such unpopular legislation is unlikely to be introduced before the next election. 如此不受欢迎的法规不可能在下次选举之前推行。
• specialized The tube which carries the laser is introduced into the abdomen through a small cut in the skin. 传送雷射的导管透过皮肤上的小切口插入腹部。
UK [ˌɪn.trə'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb transitive
MAKE KNOWN 使为人所知
 ESSENTIAL
■to tell someone another person's name the first time that they meet 介绍，引见
• I'd like to introduce my younger son, Mark. 我想介绍一下我的小儿子马克。
• Have you two been introduced (to each other)? 介绍你们俩认识了吗？
UK [ˌɪn.trə'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb transitive
BEGIN 开始
■to be the beginning of something 作为…的开始
• A haunting oboe solo introduces the third movement of the concerto. 协奏曲第三乐章以一段摄人心魄的双簧管独奏开始。
■to speak or write before the beginning of a programme or book and give information about its contents 介绍，推介；给…写序言
• The director will introduce the film personally at its world première. 导演将在这部影片的全球首映礼上亲自推介该片。
• This is the first official biography of her and it is introduced by her daughter. 这是她的第一本正式传记，由其女儿作序。
UK [ˌɪn.trə'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  introduce sb to sth
■to help someone experience something for the first time 使（某人）初次经历，使（某人）首次体验
• When were you first introduced to sailing? 你第一次接触帆船运动是甚么时候？
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. 介绍；引进；提出；采用
 - present, recommend, prefer, file, advance

Word: proposal
Front: proposal
[prəˈpəʊzl] (研四六托宝 1625/899 -K4)
Vocabulary: proposal
(once / 154 pages)
n
A proposal is an offer. When making a marriage proposal, get down on one knee. When making a business proposal, try to stay off the floor.
A proposal is a suggested plan or offer. After overhearing the marriage proposal, everyone in the restaurant watched in silence, waiting to hear your answer. At least you said "yes" to dessert. There are other types of proposals besides marriage offers: "Your proposal that the dollar be replaced by a new currency made of cheese has gained support from the dairy industry."
WORD FAMILY
proposal: counterproposal, proposals+/counterproposal: counterproposals/ propose: proposal, proposed, proposer, proposes, proposing, proposition /proposer: proposers/ proposition: propositioned, propositioning, propositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Email your previously unpublished work or proposal to Sports Editor Paul Barrett at pbarrett@seattletimes.com or sports@seattletimes.com.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Robert Alvarez said the proposal invented a problem that did not exist.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
All of Mr. Cohen’s proposals would cost a great deal of money — and, potentially, human lives.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 提议; 建议; 求婚; 〈美〉投标
分布：建议(65%)，提议(28%)，求婚(7%)
→来自propose,提出，建议，求婚，-al,名词后缀。
建议,提议(pro向前+pos+al→向前放→提建议)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.提议,建议;求婚Is he favorable to or against the proposal?他是赞成这个建议呢还是反对呢?
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a suggestion, sometimes a written one 建议；计划；提案
• Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the president. 议会否决了总统最近提出的经济计划。
• [+ to infinitive] There has been an angry reaction to the government's proposal to reduce unemployment benefit. 政府削减失业救济金的计划遭到了强烈的反对。
• Have you read Steve's proposals for the new project? 你看了史蒂夫对新专案的建议了吗？
• [+ that] There was anger at the proposal that a UN peacekeeping force should be sent to the area. 有人对向该地区派遣联合国维和部队的建议很恼火。
■an offer of marriage 求婚
n. 提议，建议；求婚
 - suggestion, advice, offer, instance, recommendation

Word: maker
Front: maker
[ˈmeɪkə(r)] (2343/3102 -4)
Back: n. 制造者，制造商; [法] 签署本票的一方; 上帝; 〈古〉诗人
分布：制造者(87%)，制定者(13%)
→来自make,制造。引申词义造物主，上帝。
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the people or company that make something 制作者；制造者；制造商
• They're the biggest maker of fast-food products in the UK. 他们是英国最大的速食产品供应商。
• The makers of the film will want to see a decent return on their investment. 制片方希望影片能为其投资带来丰厚的回报。
your Maker
■God 造物主，上帝
• humorous He's gone to meet his Maker (= He has died). 他已经去见上帝了。
n. [经] 制造者；造物主；出期票人
 - Creator, fabricant

Word: analyst
Front: analyst
[ˈænəlɪst] (六 1672/3742 -4)
Vocabulary: analyst
(once / 225 pages)
1n 2n
Analyst means someone who looks over data and comes to a conclusion regarding its meaning, as in “My stock analyst had looked at all of the market data and said that the future was bright for my investments.”
There are many different types of analysts. Stock analysts predict whether the stock market will rise or fall. Systems analysts look at how computers can be integrated into a business to make it run more efficiently. Analyst is also the shortened form of psychoanalyst––someone who helps make sense of your emotional life.
WORD FAMILY
analyst: analysts
USAGE EXAMPLES
This new development sends the political world into Full Freakout Mode, with cable-TV political analysts forced to change their underwear on an hourly basis.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s the fees that we rarely encounter that sneak up and bite us,” says Greg McBride, chief financial analyst for Bankrate.com.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Some analysts say he thrives under such conditions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 分析家，化验员; 〈美〉精神病医师
分布：分析家(100%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone whose job is to study or examine something in detail 分析者；化验员
• a financial/food/political/systems analyst 金融分析家／食品化验员／政治分析家／系统分析员
n. [分化] 分析者；精神分析医师；分解者
 - disintegrator

Word: user
Front: user
[ˈju:zə(r)] (高四六 1813/806 -K3)
Vocabulary: user
(once / 246 pages)
n
A user is someone who employs or uses a particular thing, like a user of nicotine or a user of an internet site. Since you are reading this, you are a user of Vocabulary.com. Congrats!
To use something is to employ it or operate it, so a user is someone who uses or takes advantage of something. If you have a computer and use it for anything, you're a computer user. If you play a video game, you're a video game user. As you can see, this word often applies to technology. That's why they call the first part of a login the username. The people who design technology always have to keep the users in mind; it's important to make tech gadgets that are user-friendly.
WORD FAMILY
user: users+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/ use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/ useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The firm currently removes search results only for users in the European Union.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Former combatants and social media users said the message was offensive to those who died in the 1982 war.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 用户，使用者; 吸毒成瘾者
分布：用户(94%)，使用者(6%)
US [-zɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who uses a product, machine or service 使用者，用户；客户
• Unemployed people are the main users of this advice centre. 失业人员是这个咨询中心的主要客户。
• drug users 吸毒者
n. [计] 用户；使用者
 - consumer buyer

Word: welcome
Front: welcome
[ˈwelkəm] (中高 1545/1647 -K4)
Vocabulary: welcome
(once / 74 pages)
nadjv
A welcome is a greeting that usually comes when you first arrive. Although you aren't fond of Aunt Martha, you always manage to give her a warm welcome when she comes to visit.
When you accept someone into your home courteously, especially upon arrival, you welcome them. When you visit your grandparents, they welcome you with open arms and a plate of homemade cookies. They might even shout, "Welcome!" when you walk in the door. Welcome also means to gladly accept. The president of the French club will welcome your fundraising idea, especially if it involves baked goods.
WORD FAMILY
welcome: unwelcome, welcomed, welcomely, welcomer, welcomes, welcomest, welcoming, welcomingly+/ unwelcome: unwelcomely, unwelcomer, unwelcomest, unwelcomingly/welcomer: welcomers
USAGE EXAMPLES
At first glance, this looks like a welcome injection of cash from equity investors for the debt-laden developer.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: vt. 欢迎; 乐于接受
adj. 受欢迎的; 令人愉悦的; 表示感谢的
n. 欢迎，迎接
时态：welcomed, welcoming, welcomes
分布：欢迎(96%)，受欢迎的(4%)
→来自古英语wilcuma,来自wil-,希望，渴望，词源同will,cuma-,来到，词源同come。即渴望您的到来，欢迎您的光临，后拼写受well影响俗化。
int.欢迎a.受欢迎的vt./n.欢迎;迎接With shortcomings overcome, the outcome become welcome.随着缺点被克服,结果变得受欢迎.
【反】rebuff（n /v 拒绝）；ostracize（v 排斥；放逐）
verb transitive
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 ESSENTIAL
■to be pleased about and encourage or support something 乐于接受；欢迎；鼓励；支持
• The new appointment has been widely welcomed. 这个新任命受到广泛欢迎。
['wel.kəm] verb transitive
MEET 会面
 IMPROVER
■to meet and speak to someone in a friendly way when they come to the place where you are 欢迎，迎接
• The visitors to the College were warmly welcomed by the Warden. 该大学的访问者受到学校理事的热烈欢迎。
• Browning stood at the door, welcoming newcomers with a large smile and a pat on the arm. 布朗宁站在门口，面带灿烂笑容迎接新来的人，还会拍拍他们的胳膊。
• Please welcome (= Please clap for) our guest of honour, George Taylor. 请鼓掌欢迎我们尊贵的客人乔治‧泰勒。
['wel.kəm] adjective
MEETING 会面
 ADVANCED
■If someone is welcome, you are pleased when they visit you 受欢迎的
• Come and see us whenever you're in town - you're always welcome/you'll always be welcome. 要是进城就过来看看我们——甚么时候来都欢迎。
• Out in the desert the traveller is a welcome guest. 在沙漠中那位旅行者是一位很受欢迎的客人。
make sb welcome
■to show someone that you are pleased that they are with you 使（某人）觉得受欢迎
• The restaurant made the children very welcome. 那家餐馆令孩子有宾至如归的感觉。
['wel.kəm] adjective
PLEASED 令人愉快的
■If something is welcome, you are pleased to have or do it. 受欢迎的
• The holiday was a welcome change/break/relief. 这个假期是一次令人愉快的改变／休息／放松。
• She offered him the welcome chance/opportunity to do something different. 她为他提供了那次不错的机会，可以做些不同的事。
• A nice cup of tea would be very welcome. 能喝一杯好茶就再好不过了。
['wel.kəm] adjective
be welcome to informal
■If someone is welcome to someone or something, they can have it or do it, especially because it is not valued by anyone else 可以随便拥有，可以随意做（尤指那些不被别人看重的东西或事）
• You're welcome to it - I can never get it to work properly. 你尽管用——我就从没能让它正常运作过。
• If they want to change the rules, they are welcome to try. 如果他们想改变规则，尽可以试试。
['wel.kəm] adjective
you're welcome IMPROVER
■said as a polite answer when someone thanks you for doing something （用于回答别人的感谢）别客气，不用谢
• "It was very kind of you to help." "You're welcome." “非常感谢你的帮助。”“别客气。”
['wel.kəm] noun
MEETING 会面
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when someone is met and spoken to in a friendly way when they arrive in a place 欢迎；迎接，接待
• They were given a warm (= very friendly) welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。
• The opposition leader returned to a hero's/heroine's welcome after seven years in exile. 反对党领导人在经历了七年的流亡生涯后，归来时受到英雄般的欢迎。
• She referred to his previous visit in her speech of welcome/welcome speech. 她在欢迎词中提到了他上一次的来访。
outstay/overstay your welcome
■to stay too long 逗留得太久而不再受欢迎
• I left after two days - I didn't want to overstay my welcome. 我两天之后就离开了——我可不想留得太久讨人厌。
['wel.kəm] noun
REACTION 反应
only singular
■a reaction to a decision or suggestion 对某一决定或建议的反应
• Their supporters gave the decision a guarded/cautious welcome. 他们的支持者有所保留地／谨慎地接受了这个决定。
['wel.kəm] exclamation
 IMPROVER
■said as a greeting to someone arriving at a place 欢迎（作为欢迎用语）
• Welcome - please come in. 欢迎——请进。
• Welcome home/back - we've missed you! 欢迎回家／回来——我们很想念你！
• Welcome to Cambridge. 欢迎来到剑桥。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
adj. 受欢迎的
 - popular, sought-after
n. 欢迎
 - Huanying, salute
vt. 欢迎
 - greet
int. 欢迎
 - ave

Word: manufacture
Front: manufacture
[ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r)] (研四六托雅 5134/4506 -K3)
Vocabulary: manufacture
(once / 103 pages)
vn
To manufacture something, is to make or construct it, usually for industry and sale. Unless you make all your own clothes, a company probably had to manufacture them.
Manufacture is generally associated with industry and factories. Henry Ford, for instance, revolutionized industry by using assembly lines to manufacture Model Ts. But manufacture can also be used for the natural word, like bees that manufacture honey. Occasionally it use used more generally to mean to construct by putting parts together. And in a pinch, you can manufacture — or make — the truth, which is a creative way to say “lie.”
WORD FAMILY
manufacture: manufactured, manufacturer, manufactures, manufacturing +/ manufacturer: manufacturers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 制造，生产; 捏造，虚构; 加工; 从事制造
n. 制造; 制成品，产品; 工业，工厂; （文学作品等的）粗制滥造
时态：manufactured, manufacturing, manufactures
分布：制造(92%)，制造业(6%)，捏造(2%)
→manu-,手，-fact,制造。
制造(业)(manu手+fact+ure→手做→制造业(机器发明前用手做))前用的手做))[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
制造;加工(manu+fact做+ure→用手做→制造)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
v.制造,加工n.制造,制造业;产品The manufacturer manually manufactured many machines for the manufactory.制造商为工厂手工制造了很多机器.
US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
PRODUCE 制造
 ADVANCED
■to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines （通常指工厂利用机械大量）制造，（大批）生产
• He works for a company that manufactures car parts. 他在一家生产汽车零件的公司工作。
• The report notes a rapid decline in manufactured goods. 报告指出工业产品数量迅速下滑。
UK [ˌmæn.jʊ'fæk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
INVENT 虚构
■to invent something, such as an excuse or story, in order to deceive someone 捏造；编造；虚构
• She insisted that every scandalous detail of the story had been manufactured. 她坚称报道中每一个骇人听闻的细节都是捏造出来的。
UK [ˌmæn.jʊ'fæk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun uncountable
■the process of producing goods 生产
• Oil is used in the manufacture of a number of fabrics. 石油用作生产多种纺织品。
• The amount of recycled glass used in manufacture doubled in five years. 用于制造业的回收玻璃数量在五年间上升了一倍。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
manufacture, fabricate, make, produce
这组词都有“做，制造”的意思，其区别是：
manufacture: 正式用词，一般指用机器大规模地批量生产各种生活或生产用品。
fabricate: 特指按照标准样式制作或把材料或部件组合成一个整体。
make: 普通用词，很常用，含义广，既可指制造具体的东西，也可指完成一种行为。
produce: 普通用词，侧重大量地生产出各种生产用品和生活用品。强调结果。也用于引申。
product, manufacture, production, produce
这组词都有“产品，制品”的意思，其区别是：
product: 一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品。
manufacture: 一般指机器大量制造的产品。
production: 含义广泛，不同场合有不同的意思，可表示“产品，产物”，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。
produce: 多指农产品(尤指蔬菜水果等)。
n. 制造；产品；制造业
 - machining, make, work, fabrication
vt. 制造；加工；捏造
 - process, make

Word: prepare
Front: prepare
[prɪˈpeə(r)] (中高研四六雅 774/893 -K4)
Vocabulary: prepare
(once / 30 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To prepare means to get ready for something. When you prepare for a test, you'll get a better score than if you don’t.
Look at all the variations that you find with prepare. If you prepare yourself mentally for an experience, you sent you mind on it happening. If you're going to tell your family that you're moving out, you might want to prepare them by having them sit down. Are you prepared for their reaction? Are you prepared to defend your decision? You can prepare wood to be painted by cleaning and sanding it. And if you prepare dinner, you cook it.
WORD FAMILY
prepare: preparation, preparative, preparatory, prepared, prepares, preparing+/ preparation: preparations/preparative: preparatively/ preparatory: preparatorily/prepared: preparedly, preparedness, unprepared/unprepared: unpreparedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Across the region, health clubs and fitness studios are preparing for peak season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But one day last month, while Clemson was busy preparing for its College Football Playoff semifinal against Ohio State, Venables benched himself.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He also granted Roof's request for an extra day to prepare for his case.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 准备; 预备（饭菜）; 配备; 使（自己）有准备
vt. & vi. 筹备，进行各项准备工作; 做好思想准备; 作出，制订; 锻炼（身体等），训练
时态：prepared, preparing, prepares
分布：准备(95%)，预备(5%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，pare,准备，安排，削皮。
准备(pre预先+pare准备→预先准备好)[par=get ready表示"准备"]
v.准备,预备I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
US [-'per] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make or get something or someone ready for something that will happen in the future 准备，预备；把…准备好，使预备好
• Have you prepared for your interview? 你作好面试的准备了吗？
• She'll prepare the food ahead of time and freeze it. 她会提前把食物准备好并冷冻起来。
• This course aims to prepare students for middle and senior managerial positions. 这门课旨在使学生在将来能够胜任中、高级管理职位。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Are the players mentally and physically prepared to play a tough game? 选手们是否已经在心理和体能上对这场艰困比赛作好了准备？
• The meal took two hours to prepare. 准备这顿饭花了两个小时。
 ADVANCED
■to expect that something will happen and to be ready for it （在思想上或心理上）作好准备；防范
• [+ to infinitive] It almost seems as if she is preparing to die. 看来她好像已经作好了赴死的准备。
• [R] You need to prepare your self for a long wait. 你需要作好长时间等待的准备。
UK [prɪ'peər] US [-'per] verb intransitive or transitive
prepare the ground
■If you prepare the ground for an activity or a situation, you do something that will help it to happen 做好准备
• The leaders of both countries are preparing the ground for negotiations which may lead to peace. 两国领导人正在为有望促成和平局面的谈判做好准备。
UK [prɪ'peər] US [-'per] verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  prepareWarning: Check your spelling! Prepare is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
vt. 准备；使适合；装备；起草
 - provide, make, fix

Word: eventually
Front: eventually
[ɪˈventʃuəli] (高研四六托雅 1106/1089 -K4)
Vocabulary: eventually
(once / 214 pages)
adv
Eventually refers to an unspecific time when something will be completed, and it usually suggests it won't be done soon.
Think of eventually being said with a big sigh, as though the speaker knows that it will take a long time before something will be finished. Still, it does allow for the hope that, although it might not be anytime soon, it will be done at last — a promise fulfilled. Not now, maybe, but eventually.
WORD FAMILY
eventual: eventuality, eventually +/ eventuality: eventualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
After dragging my then girlfriend around at least 10 NYC Nike stores I eventually found them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The debate between liberalism and republicanism, especially active in the 1970s, eventually subsided.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two Marines, a major and a sergeant, were eventually convicted of lesser charges.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 终于，最后; 竟; 总归; 终究
分布：终于(58%)，最后(42%)
→e-, 向外。-vent, 来，词源同advent, venue. 引申义最终来到的，发生的。
ad.终于,最后Even the evening event couldn't eventually spoil the joy of the New Year's Eve.即便是傍晚的事件最终也无损除夕的欢乐.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc 最终，终于
• Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she eventually died. 虽然她已病了好长时间，但当她最后去世时，我们仍然感到非常震惊。
• It might take him ages but he'll do it eventually. 这或许会花去他很长时间，但最终他会成功的。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
in the end, at last, finally, at length, lastly, eventually
这组词都有“最后，终于”的意思，其区别是：
in the end: 与at last同义，但in the end不仅可指“过去”还可表示对“未来”的预计。
at last: 多指经主观努力，克服各种困难后才终于达到目的。
finally: 常与at last换用，都可用于对往事的描述，但finally不带感情色彩，指一系列事情的最后结局。
at length: 强调经历一段长时间后终于完成，侧重在时间部分。
lastly: 指连续顺序的最后，通常用在列举事情的场合。
eventually: 侧重于动作或行为的结果。
adv. 最后，终于
 - finally, ultimately, lastly

Word: advantage
Front: advantage
[ədˈvɑ:ntɪdʒ] (中高研四 1301/969 -K4)
Vocabulary: advantage
(once / 53 pages)
1nv 2n
An advantage is like a head start in a race; it's that thing that gives you a better chance.
The noun advantage also refers to a reward or benefit of some action or event. Being sick with the flu had the advantage of kick-starting your diet because you didn't feel like eating much. If you leverage the benefits, you are taking advantage of the situation. If you go on a business trip to Hawaii, you could take advantage of the opportunity and spend an extra day or two on vacation.
WORD FAMILY
advantage: advantaged, advantageous, advantages, advantaging, disadvantage +/ advantageous: advantageously, advantageousness/ disadvantage: disadvantaged, disadvantageous, disadvantages, disadvantaging/disadvantageous: disadvantageously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The faculty of Strain-Japan say they see and appreciate these advantages.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Broncos rallied for a win, got home-field advantage in the playoffs and Manning was no longer the backup.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Because looking at the current tax structure, local facilities do provide some kind of cost advantage."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 有利条件; 益处; 优越（性）; 处于支配地位
vt. 有利于; 有益于; 促进; 使处于有利地位
vi. 得益，获利
时态：advantaged, advantaging, advantages
分布：优势(82%)，有利条件(12%)，有利于(6%)
→advance的名词形式。先行优势。
利益(ad+vant来到+age)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
利益,好处[advant=ahead(前面)]
n.优点,长处,有利条件;利益,好处The advanced van has disadvantages as well as advantages.这辆先进的篷车有优点也有缺点.
US [-'væn.tˌɪdʒ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a condition giving a greater chance of success 有利条件，有利因素；优势；好处
• The advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats. 提前订票的好处就是可以得到比较好的座位。
• Despite the twin advantages of wealth and beauty, she did not have a happy life. 尽管拥有财富和美貌的双重优势，她的生活并不幸福。
• [+ to infinitive] It would be to your advantage (= It would improve the situation for you) to agree to his demands. 答应他的要求对你有利。
• For a goalkeeper, it 's a great advantage to have big hands. 对守门员来说，长一双大手是很大的优势。
• His height and reach give him a big advantage over (= make him better than) other boxers. 他身高臂长，这使他在和其他拳击手较量时占有很大优势。
• UK formal "Do you know how old I am?" "I'm afraid you have the advantage of me there (= you know the answer but I do not)." “你知道我多大了吗？”“恐怕我不知道。”
take advantage of sth
 IMPROVER
■to use the good things in a situation 利用；利用…的机会
• I thought I'd take advantage of the sports facilities while I'm here. 我想趁我在这儿期间，好好利用一下这里的体育设施。
take advantage of sb / sth
 ADVANCED disapproving
■to treat someone badly in order to get something good from them 占…的便宜；欺骗
• I think she takes advantage of his good nature. 我认为她利用他善良的本性占他的便宜。
• I know she's offered to babysit any time but I don't want her to think we're taking advantage of her. 我知道她主动提出随时来照顾我们的孩子，但是我不想让她觉得我们在占她的便宜。
uncountable
■the word used in tennis when a player has won the point after deuce （网球中的）局末平分后占先，优势分
• Advantage Miss Williams! 威廉斯小姐占先！
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 优势； [经] 利益；有利条件
 - behalf, superiority, asset, benefit, edge
vi. 获利
 - gain, make a profit
vt. 有利于；使处于优势
 - favor of, be conducive to

Word: mainly
Front: mainly
[ˈmeɪnli] (四六 2805/1343 -K4)
Back: adv. 大部分地; 主要地; 基本上
分布：主要地(60%)，大部分地(40%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■usually or to a large degree 通常地；主要地；大部分地
• I mainly go to bed around midnight. 我通常在午夜前后去睡觉。
• The group is made up of mainly young people. 该团体主要由年轻人组成。
• They argued that the tax will mainly benefit the rich. 他们争辩说这项税收将主要让富人受益。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 主要地，大体上
 - basically, mostly, largely, primarily, chief

Word: miss
Front: miss
[mɪs] (中高 833/919 -K4)
Vocabulary: miss
(once / 68 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
To miss is to fail to do or sense something, or to be without. If you miss all your free throws, your basketball team probably won't miss you if you skip a game.
The verb form of miss stems from the Old English missan “fail to hit what was aimed at,” while the noun form of miss, meaning a term of honor to a young woman is just the abbreviated form of mistress, which used to be a title of respect. You might not miss the days when every unmarried woman had to be called "Miss."
WORD FAMILY
miss: missed, misses, missing+/missed: misseder/missing: missinger, missingest, missingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A search continued Tuesday for those still missing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Over the next two years, he was hospitalized about 50 times, and he missed much of fourth and fifth grade.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“They missed some easy shots,” Wall said, “but we stuck with the game plan.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （用于姓名或姓之前，对未婚女子的称呼）小姐; 女士; 失误
v. 漏掉; 错过（机会）; 思念; 没遇到
时态：missed, missing, misses
分布：错过(55%)，想念(38%)，漏掉(7%)
→来自古英语missan,打偏，偏离目标，来自Proto-Germanic*missa,改变方向，偏离的，来自mei,改变，词源同mutable,mutate.引申词义错过，失去，并引申词义思念，怀念。miss 小姐，女士
n.小姐v.思念,未击中,错过,漏掉,逃脱The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
verb
NOT DO 没有做
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to fail to do or experience something, often something planned or expected, or to avoid doing or experiencing something 未做到；未体验；避开；幸免于
• I missed the start of the exam because my bus was late. 考试开始时我还没有赶到，因为我搭的公车来迟了。
• Often I miss (= do not eat) breakfast and have an early lunch instead. 我经常不吃早餐而早吃午餐。
• You should leave early if you want to miss the rush hour. 如果你想避开高峰时间，就该早些出发。
• [+ -ing verb] I only just missed being run over by a bus this morning. 我今早差点被一辆公车撞倒。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to arrive too late to get on a bus, train or aircraft 赶不上，错过
• You'll miss your train if you don't hurry up. 如果你不快点，会错过火车的。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not go to something 缺（勤）；缺（课）；失（约）；未出席
• You'll fall behind in your studies if you keep missing school. 如果你继续缺课，会在学习上落后的。
• I'm trying to find an excuse for missing the office party. 我正要找个不去办公室聚会的借口。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not see or hear something or someone 未看到；未听到
• I missed the beginning of the film. 我错过了电影的开头。
• Her latest movie is too good to miss (= It certainly should be seen). 她最近的一部电影很棒，不容错过。
• I was sorry I missed you at Pat's party - I must have arrived after you left. 很遗憾没有在派特的派对上看到你——我准是在你离开后才到的。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not notice someone or something 未注意到
• You don't miss much, do you? Nobody else noticed that mistake. 你真是明察秋毫，对吧？别人都没有注意到那个错误。
• My office is first on the right with a bright red door. You can't miss it (= It is very easy to find). 我的办公室是右边的第一间，有一扇鲜红色的门。你不会找不到的。
[mɪs] verb
FEEL SAD 遗憾
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to feel sad that a person or thing is not present 想念，惦念；怀念，思念
• I really missed her when she went away. 她离开的时候我非常想念她。
• She will be sadly missed by all who knew her. 所有认识她的人都会很悲伤地怀念她的。
• I still miss my old car. 我仍惦念着我的旧汽车。
• What did you miss most about England when you were living in France? 你住在法国时最想念英格兰的甚么呢？
• [+ -ing verb] I haven't missed smoking like I'd expected to. 出乎我的预料，我并没有老想着要抽烟。
[mɪs] verb
NOT HIT 没打中
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to fail to hit something or to avoid hitting something 未击中，未打中；避开
• The bullet missed his heart by a couple of centimetres. 子弹差几厘米就击中了他的心脏。
• I swerved to avoid the other car and only just missed a tree. 我为避开另一辆车急忙转向，差一点就撞到树上。
• He threw a book at me, but he/it missed. 他向我扔了一本书，但没打中。
[mɪs] verb
NOTICE 注意
transitive
■to notice that something is lost or absent 发觉遗失；发觉…不在身边
• He didn't miss his wallet until the waiter brought the bill. 侍者送帐单来时，他才发觉丢了钱包。
[mɪs] verb
miss a chance/opportunity
■to not use an opportunity to do something 错过机会
• She missed the chance of promotion when she turned down the job of assistant manager. 她没有接受助理经理一职，错过了晋升的机会。
[mɪs] verb
miss the boat
■to lose an opportunity to do something by being slow to act （因行动慢而）错过机会，错失良机
• There were tickets available last week, but he missed the boat by waiting till today to try to buy some. 上周还有些票，但他一直等到今天才想去买，错过了机会。
[mɪs] verb
miss the mark
■to fail to achieve the result that was intended 没达到目的；没成功
• Her speech missed the mark and failed to generate the public support she had been hoping for. 她的演讲没有成功，没有得到她所希望引发的公众支持。
[mɪs] verb
miss the point
■to not understand something correctly or what is important about it 未能领会；未能理解
• What you say is true, but you've missed the point of my argument. 你说得没错，但是你没有理解我的论点。
[mɪs] verb
not miss a trick
■said about someone who never fails to notice and take advantage of a good opportunity 善于把握机会
• Jonathan doesn't miss a trick! If there's a bargain to be had at the market, he'll find it. 乔纳森从不错失良机！如果市场上有便宜货，他一定会找到的。
[mɪs] verb
not miss much informal
■said when something you failed to see or experience was not important or special 没错过甚么
• "I didn't manage to see that programme." "Don't worry, you didn't miss much." “我错过了那个节目。”“别担心，你没错过什么。”
[mɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] miss sb/sth out UK
■to fail to include someone or something that should be included 遗漏
• You've missed out your address on the form. 你在表格上漏填了你的地址。
• Oh I'm sorry, Tina, I've missed you out. What would you like to drink? 哦，对不起，蒂娜，我把你忘了。你想喝点甚么？
[mɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  miss out
■to fail to use an opportunity to enjoy or get an advantage from something 错失享乐（或获利）的机会
• Don't miss out on the fantastic bargains in our summer sale. 别错过我们夏季特卖中极好的便宜货。
• We didn't have a TV at home when I was young, and I felt as though I missed out. 年轻时家中没有电视，我觉得好像错过了甚么似的。
[mɪs] noun
NOT DO 没做
give sth a miss UK informal
■to avoid or not do something 避开；对…不予理会；决定不做
• We usually go to France in the summer, but we've decided to give it a miss this year. 我们通常夏天去法国，但今年我们决定不去了。
• The restaurant's very good for fish, but I'd give their vegetarian options a miss. 这家餐厅的鱼煮得很好，但他们的素菜我就不愿意吃。
[mɪs] noun
NOT HIT 没打中
countable
■when something or someone fails to hit something or avoids hitting something 未打中，避免击中
• Well done! You scored eight hits and only two misses. 做得好！你八次击中得分，只有两次失误。
⇒ See also near miss
[mɪs] noun
GIRL 女孩 UK old-fashioned
■a girl or young woman, especially one who behaves rudely or shows no respect 小姑娘；（尤指）冒失女孩
• You're a cheeky little miss! Apologize at once. 你这个女孩真没礼貌！立刻道歉。
misplace, lose, miss
这组词都有“丢失，遗失”的意思，其区别是：
misplace: 指反映东西放错或故意放错地方。
lose: 最普通用词，侧重遗失了，难以找回来。
miss: 着重发觉某人或某物不见的瞬间，也可作思念解。
madam, lady, mrs, miss
这些名词均表示对女性的尊称。
madam: 夫人、太太，女士，小姐。与尊称男人的用词sir相对，多用于对已婚或未婚妇女的礼貌称呼，如店员对女顾客的称呼，后面不加姓名。如果已知对方的身份或姓名可在此词后面加上姓名职位。
lady: 女士，夫人，与gentleman相对，是对女性的礼貌称呼，多用于演讲或祝酒时称呼在场的女性。
mrs: 太太，夫人，是mistress的缩略形式，对已婚妇女的称呼。
miss: 小姐，是对未婚或不知婚姻状况的女性的称呼，与姓氏连用时应大写。
vt. 漏掉；错过；想念
 - lose, let slip

Word: station
Front: station
[ˈsteɪʃn] (中高雅 841/736 -K4)
Vocabulary: station
(once / 72 pages)
nv
A station is a regular stopping place, like a bus station, a train station, or even a radio station.
To understand all the jobs the word station has, check out its past — station comes from the Latin stationem for "a job or position," via the word stare which means "to stand.” A station can be where trains “stand,” or a police station where police do their job. Your station in life is your social place. It’s also a verb — like when the military stations troops to protect a border.
WORD FAMILY
station: stationed, stationer, stationing, substation+/stationer: stationers/substation: substations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the man walked into a Star Petro gas station on Monday afternoon but failed to intimidate the clerk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The company is also under contract to fly cargo and, eventually, astronauts to the International Space Station.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Gunmen also attacked a police station Monday in Samarra, north of Baghdad, where clashes continued late into the night and a curfew was imposed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 车站; 所，局; 身份; 电视台
vt. 配置，安置; 驻扎
时态：stationed, stationing, stations
分布：站(79%)，火车站(15%)，驻地(1%)，电视台(1%)，安置(1%)，岗位(1%)，驻扎(1%)，牧羊场(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stare,站立，来自 sta,站立，使固定，词源同 stand,state.-ation,名词后缀。引 申诸相关词义。
n.车站;所,站,局;身份,地位v.安置,驻扎At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
noun countable
BUSES/TRAINS 公车／火车
 ESSENTIAL
■a building and the surrounding area where buses or trains stop for people to get on or off 车站
• a train/rail station 火车站
• a bus/coach station 公车／长途汽车站
• UK a railway station 火车站
• Our office is near the station. 我们的办事处在火车站附近。
• We looked on our map to find the nearest UKunderground/tube / USsubway/metro station. 我们在地图上找最近的地铁站。
  Common Learner Errors  station or stop? Station is used for trains. I'll meet you at the station in an hour. a railway station an underground station Stop or bus stop is used for buses. I stood at the bus stop for over half an hour. Get off at the third stop. A bus station is a place where many buses start or end their journeys.
['steɪ.ʃən] noun countable
BROADCASTING 播送
 ESSENTIAL
■a company which sends out radio or television broadcasts 电台；电视台
• a radio/television station 广播电台／电视台
• a commercial/foreign station 商业／外国电台
• a pirate (= illegal) station 地下电台
• The reception is not very good - try to tune in to another station. 接收效果不太好——换个频道（台）试试。
['steɪ.ʃən] noun countable
SERVICE 服务
 ESSENTIAL
■a building or place used for a particular service or type of work （提供某种服务或进行某种工作的）站，所，局
• a UKpetrol/ USgas station 加油站
• a police/fire station 警察局／消防站
• a biological research station 生物研究所
■mainly Australian
■a large farm with animals in Australia and New Zealand （澳大利亚和纽西兰的）大牧场
• a sheep station 大牧羊场
['steɪ.ʃən] noun countable
POSITION 位置
■a particular position that someone has been ordered to move into or to stay in 岗位；驻地
• The police took up their stations at the edge of the road, holding back the crowd. 员警沿着路边各就各位，挡住人群。
['steɪ.ʃən] verb transitive + adverb or preposition
■to cause especially soldiers to be in a particular place to do a job 安置；使（尤指士兵）驻扎
• I hear your son's in the army - where's he stationed? 我听说你儿子在当兵——他驻扎在哪里？
• The regiment was stationed in Singapore for several years. 这个团在新加坡驻扎了几年。
• Armed guards were stationed around the airport. 武装警卫驻扎在机场周围。
stop, terminal, station
这组词都有“站”的意思，其区别是：
stop: 多指公共汽车站，尤指中途停车站。
terminal: 指火车、公共汽车或飞机的终点(总)站。
station: 普通用词，一般指火车站或汽车站。
n. 站；驻地；地位；身分
 - capacity, condition, standing
vt. 配置；安置；驻扎
 - establish, put, bed, plant

Word: expensive
Front: expensive
[ɪkˈspensɪv] (中高雅 1664/1577 -K4)
Vocabulary: expensive
(once / 267 pages)
adj
The adjective expensive means high in price, like the expensive basketball sneakers you had to work all summer to save up enough money to buy.
Expensive comes from the 1620s, when it meant "given to profuse expenditure." Back then, it was the people doing the buying who got called "expensive." Now it's the costly things they buy or take part in. For example, sailing is an expensive hobby. If someone tells you, "I have expensive taste," it means that person likes things that cost a lot of money, whether they are purchased or just admired from the shop window.
WORD FAMILY
expensive: expensively, expensiveness, inexpensive+/ expend: expendable, expended, expender, expending, expenditure, expends, expensive / expendable: unexpendable/expended: unexpended/ expenditure: expenditures/inexpensive: inexpensively, inexpensiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In some of the country’s more expensive markets, the slowdown at the top end is showing signs of trickling down to more average-priced apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He cited the plummeting cost of initially expensive technologies like solar power.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 昂贵的，花钱多的; 豪华的
分布：昂贵的(94%)，高价的(6%)
昂贵的(ex+pens+ive→要花钱的→昂贵的)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
a.花费的,昂贵的I spend money on expensive things endlessly; so the expenditure trends up.我无休止地花钱买昂贵的东西,所以开支趋向上升.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■costing a lot of money 昂贵的；用钱多的；价格高的
• Rolls Royces are very expensive. 劳斯莱斯汽车价格昂贵。
• Big houses are expensive to maintain. 大房子的维修费很高。
• She has expensive tastes (= she likes things that cost a lot of money). 她喜欢昂贵的东西。
expensive, dear, costly
这组词都有“高的，昂贵的”的意思，其区别是：
expensive: 指物品的价格超过了它本身所值，或超过了购买者的支付能力。
dear: 侧重指要价过高，或远高于公道、合理的价格，其反义词是cheap。
costly: 指物品价格高，通常是因物品稀少或珍贵所致。
adj. 昂贵的；花钱的
 - rich, dear, costly

Word: image
Front: image
[ˈɪmɪdʒ] (研四六托雅 555/904 -K4)
Vocabulary: image
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
An image is a picture or other representation of a person or thing, or it can be someone's public perception, like a rock star who tries to change his image by dressing like a professor and learning to play chess.
Image has its roots in the Latin word imitari, meaning "to copy or imitate"; images are judged by how realistically they capture the person or thing they show. Images come in various forms — portraits, photographs, paintings, and sculptures. Another kind of image is what we think a public figure like a celebrity is "really like." For example, a flat-broke former millionaire who wants to maintain his image as the money-spending life of the party.
WORD FAMILY
image: imaged, imagery, images, imaging, imagism+/ imagery: imageries/imaging: imagings
USAGE EXAMPLES
At one point in the season, the two teams appeared to be mirror images of each other.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Helping them maintain their body image is a huge part of treatment.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 影像; 肖像; 概念，意向; 镜像，映像
vt. 反映; 想像; 作…的像; 象征
时态：imaged, imaging, images
分布：图像(55%)，形象(23%)，影像(11%)，印象(3%)，想像(3%)，反映(2%)，肖像(2%)，描绘(1%)
→来自拉丁语imitari,模仿，复制，词源同imitate.引申词义形象，印象，影像等。
形象,图象[imag,imit=imagine,lkeness,表示"想象,相象"]
n.形象,声誉;印象;像;形象的描述,比喻It is imaginable that breaking the engagement will damage his image.可以想象,违反婚约将损害他的形象.
noun
MENTAL PICTURE 头脑中的形象
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a picture in your mind or an idea of how someone or something is （自己头脑中的）形象，印象
• I have an image in my mind of how I want the garden to be. 我对花园该是甚么样子心里有数。
• He doesn't fit (= he is different to) my image of how an actor should look. 他和我心里想的演员模样并不相符。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the way that something or someone is thought of by other people （他人心中的）形象，印象；声誉
• The aim is to improve the public image of the police. 目的在于改善员警的公众形象。
• The company has made strenuous attempts to improve its image in recent years. 公司近年来作出了极大的努力来改善自身形象。
• He's terribly image -conscious (= tries to dress and behave in a way that other people will admire). 他非常在意自己的形象。
 ADVANCED countable specialized
■a mental picture or idea which forms in a reader's or listener's mind from the words that they read or hear 比喻，意象
• The poem is full of images of birth and new life. 诗中充满了诞生和新生活的意象。
['ɪm.ɪdʒ] noun
PICTURE 图像
 ESSENTIAL countable
■any picture, especially one formed by a mirror or a lens （尤指镜子或透镜形成的）镜像；影像；映射
• television images of starving children 受饥儿童的电视画面
• The image you see in the mirror. 你在镜子中看到的影像
['ɪm.ɪdʒ] noun
be the (living/spitting) image of sb
■to look very similar to someone 长相酷似（某人）
• She's the spitting image of her mother. 她长相酷似她的母亲。
sight, vision, image, scene
sight: 视力，眼界，情景，奇观
vision: 远见，想念力，洞察力，眼界
image: 形象，肖像，影像
scene: 景色，景象，舞台指像图画一样映入眼睛view或landscape，但不那么广泛，是整个风景中可以入画的一部分
n. 影像；想象；肖像；偶像
 - icon, portrait
vt. 想象；反映；象征；作…的像
 - indicate, vision, glass, figure

Word: eastern
Front: eastern
[ˈi:stən] (高研四雅 1503/1588 -K4)
Back: adj. 东方的，东部（地方）的; 朝东的; 来自东方的
n. 东方人; （美国）东部地区的人; 东正教信徒
分布：东部的(68%)，东方的(32%)
东方的[-ern 1.表形容词"…方向的"2.表名词"…场所"]
a.东方的,东部的On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
US [-stɚn] (written abbreviation E)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in or from the east part of an area （某个地区的）东部的；来自东部的
• The eastern part of the country is very mountainous. 这个国家的东部地区多山。
• Until about 1991, the Eastern bloc was the Soviet Union and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. 直到1991年左右，东方集团是指苏联和东欧的共产主义国家。
• Buddhism and other Eastern (= Asian) religions fascinate me. 佛教和其他东方宗教让我着迷。
adj. 东方的；朝东的；东洋的
 - oriental
n. 东方人；（美国）东部地区的人
 - oriental

Word: province
Front: province
[ˈprɒvɪns] (高研四六托 3228/2565 -3)
Vocabulary: province
(once / 77 pages)
n
A province is a region within a country. If you travel to Canada, you'll have to decide whether you want to go to the province of Quebec, or Saskatchewan, or one of the other 8 provinces in that enormous country.
Many countries are divided into provinces. In the U.S. we don't have official provinces; we have states and counties. But we can use province in its other meaning, which is "the sphere of one's activities." If you manage a coffee shop and sit there reading and drinking coffee even when you're not working, then that shop is your province.
WORD FAMILY
province: provinces, provincial +/ provincial: provincialism, provincially, provincials/ provincialism: provincialisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Specialist surgeons flew from Hanoi to assist at the operation in Thai Nguyen Province in the north of the country.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The readings exceeded 400 by Monday afternoon in several cities in the northern province of Hebei.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Frederick Ross Johnson was born on Dec. 13, 1931, in Winnipeg, the largest city in Canada’s Manitoba province.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 省份; 大行政区; 范围; 职责
分布：省(100%)
→来自拉丁语provincia,行省，特指古罗马统治下意大利之外的领土，来自pro-,向前，-vinc,胜利，占领，词源同victor,victory.
n.省;领域,范围,本分The pop group is now touring the provinces.那个流行乐队现在在外省巡回演出.
US ['prɑ:.vɪnts] noun
REGION 地区
 ADVANCED countable
■an area which is governed as part of a country or an empire 省
• the Canadian province of Alberta 加拿大的阿尔比省
the provinces [plural]
■the parts of a country that are not the capital city 外省，外地（指首都以外的地区）
UK ['prɒv.ɪnts] US ['prɑ:.vɪnts] noun
SUBJECT 学科
sb's province slightly formal
■a subject or activity of special interest, knowledge or responsibility （某人的兴趣或知识的）范围，领域；职责范围
• Renaissance art is not really his province - he specializes in the modern period. 文艺复兴时期的艺术并不是他的研究领域——他的专业是现代艺术。
• Marketing is within the province of the sales department. 市场行销属于销售部的职责范围。
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 省；领域；职权
 - domain, territory, world, universe, kingdom

Word: star
Front: star
[stɑ:(r)] (中高雅 538/1001 -K5)
Vocabulary: star
(once / 44 pages)
1n 2nvadj 3nv
A star twinkles in the night sky. To put it more scientifically, it’s a celestial body of hot gases radiating energy. A star is also a person who dazzles — the star of the show or the star archaeologist.
If you're starring in a Broadway show, your name gets top billing — you've got the biggest part or maybe you're the best known performer, the actor people are wild to see, the one with the most "star power." If you believe in fate or astrology, you might "thank your lucky stars" for your good fortune. Star is the same root as the Greek aster, as in asterisk — a star symbol.
WORD FAMILY
star: co-star, stardom, staringly, starless, starlike, starred, starring, starry, stars, superstar+/co-star: co-starred, co-starring, co-stars/starred: ill-starred, unstarred/starry: starrier, starriest, starrily/superstar: superstars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the man walked into a Star Petro gas station on Monday afternoon but failed to intimidate the clerk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The “Star Wars” creator is financing the project himself.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Emily Blunt stars as Rachel, a divorced alcoholic who becomes an unreliable and unlikely detective in this adaptation of Paula Hawkins’s best-selling novel.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 星; 星状物; 星级; 明星
v. 主演; （在文字等旁）标星号
时态：starred, starring, stars
分布：星(72%)，明星(27%)，以星状物装饰(1%)
→来自中古英语 sterre,来自古英语 steorra,星星，来自 Proto-Germanic*sterno,星星，来自 ster, 星星，来自 es,*as,燃烧，照明，词源同 ash,ardent,-ter,表施动者。
n.星;恒星;明星v.用星号标出;扮演主角The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [stɑ:r] noun
OBJECT IN SPACE 太空中的物体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very large ball of burning gas in space which is usually seen from Earth as a point of light in the sky at night 恒星；星
• Stars twinkled above them as they lay on the hill. 他们躺在小山上，头顶上繁星闪烁。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
PERFORMER 表演者
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very famous, successful and important person, especially a performer such as a musician, actor or sports player 明星
• a rock/movie/football star 摇滚歌星／影星／足球明星
• Kids wanting to be stars come to Hollywood from all over America. 想当明星的年轻人从美国各地来到好莱坞。
⇒ See also co-star;superstar
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
SYMBOL 符号
 IMPROVER countable
■a symbol with four or more points 星形；星状物
• star-shaped 星形的
• How many stars (= symbols showing quality) has this restaurant got? 这家餐厅是几星级的？
• The teacher gave Atticus a gold star (= paper symbol rewarding good work) for his drawing. 老师给了阿蒂科斯一颗金星，表扬他的画画得好。
countable
■a symbol made of metal or cloth worn by particular officials to show their rank （表示军衔的）星章
• a sheriff's star 警长的星章
• a four-star general 四星上将
countable
■an asterisk (= a symbol *) 星号
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
LUCK 运气
countable informal
■any planet or other object in the sky thought of in astrology as influencing a person's luck 星宿，星相，命星（占星术中认为影响个人运气的星体）
• She was born under a lucky/an unlucky star. 她生来命就好／不好。
⇒ See also star sign
stars [plural] informal
■ horoscope
• I always like to see what the stars say in the newspaper. 我总是喜欢看报纸的星座版说些甚么。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] noun
You're a star! informal
■something you say to someone when they have been kind and helpful to you （表示感激某人）你真是个大好人！
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] verb intransitive + prep transitive (-rr-)
 IMPROVER
■If a film, play, etc. stars someone, or if someone stars in a film, play, etc., they are the main actor in it （电影、戏剧等）由（某人）担任主演；主演，担任主角
• Ben Kingsley starred in the film 'Gandhi'. 班•金斯利主演了电影《甘地》。
• Fowles's novel 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' was turned into a film starring Meryl Streep. 福尔斯的小说《法国中尉的女人》被改编成电影，由梅莉•史翠普领衔主演。
UK [stɑ:r] US [stɑ:r] adjective [before noun] informal
■best or most important 最好的，最出色的；最重要的
• Natalie is, without a doubt, the star student in this year's ballet class. 毫无疑问，纳塔莉是今年芭蕾班中最出色的学员。
• This afternoon the prosecution will call its star witness. 今天下午控方将传召其最重要的证人。
planet, star
这组词都有“星”的意思，其区别是：
planet: 指围绕太阳运转的行星。
star: 多指恒星，也指天空中的群星。可引申指一切星状物或文体等领域中的知名人物。
n. [天] 星，恒星；明星；星形物
 - lucida
vt. 用星号标于；由…主演，由…担任主角
 - feature
adj. 明星的，主角的；星形的
 - stellate

Word: machine
Front: machine
[məˈʃi:n] (中高雅 1022/761 -K4)
Vocabulary: machine
(once / 66 pages)
nv
At its simplest, a machine is an invention that does a job better and faster and more powerfully than a human being.
Despite being man-made we’ve come to think of the word machine as the very opposite of human. The Machine Age we live in is considered impersonal and overwhelming, and anything machine-like is often considered soulless or even dangerous. (Witness the countless fantasies of robots taking over the world.) Human beings working together, like "the cogs of a machine," can become more powerful than a single person. That's why sports teams or political organizations are often described as "well-oiled machines."
WORD FAMILY
machine: machined, machinelike, machinery, machines, machining, machinist+/ machinery: machineries/machinist: machinists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was unclear how many machines were in the truck or whether any money was in them, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Being prompted to enter into an inner dialogue in an fMRI machine is not the same as spontaneously debating with oneself at the kitchen table.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 机器，机械; 机械般的人; 核心
vt. 用机器制造，用机器加工
vi. 被机器切削
时态：machined, machining, machines
分布：机器(99%)，工具(1%)
→来自拉丁语machina,机器，引擎，装置，设施，诡计，来自magh,使能够，赋予力量，词源同might,magic,mechanic.
机器[mach,mech=machine,表示"机器"]
n.机器,机械v.用机器加工The machine performs well.那部机器运转良好.
noun countable
PIECE OF EQUIPMENT 机器
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of equipment with several moving parts which uses power to do a particular type of work 机器；机械（装置）
• Eggs are sorted into different sizes by a machine. 鸡蛋由机器按大小分捡。
• If I'm not home when you call, leave a message on the machine (= answering machine). 如果你打电话时我不在家，请在答录机上留言。
• Don't forget to put the towels in the machine (= washing machine) before you go out. 出去前别忘了将毛巾放到洗衣机里。
• I got some chocolate from a vending machine. 我从贩卖机里买了些巧克力。
[mə'ʃi:n] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑 specialized
■a computer 电脑
• You'll need a powerful machine for editing videos. 你需要一台功能强大的电脑来编辑图像。
[mə'ʃi:n] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆 informal
■a vehicle, often a motorcycle 车辆（常指摩托车）
• approving That's a mean (= powerful) machine you've got there, Bill. 比尔，你的摩托车马力可真大。
[mə'ʃi:n] noun countable
GROUP OF PEOPLE 组织
■a group of people who control and organize something 核心组织，领导核心
• Churchill's war machine 邱吉尔的战争机器
• The party machine has swung into action with its preparation for the election. 政党机器已开始为选举做准备。
• It's now up to the government's propaganda machine to restore the prime minister's image. 现在要靠政府的宣传机器来重建首相的形象。
[mə'ʃi:n] verb transitive
■to stitch cloth with a sewing machine 用缝纫机缝制
• I've almost finished making the curtains - I just have to machine the hem. 窗帘我已经做得差不多了——只需用缝纫机缝一下边。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. 机械， [机] 机器；机构；机械般工作的人
 - organization, robot, house

Word: summer
Front: summer
[ˈsʌmə(r)] (中高雅 619/858 -K4)
Back: n. 夏，夏天; 全盛时期，黄金时代，壮年时期; [建]大梁，檀条，楣，柱顶石; 岁数
adj. 夏季的
v. 度过夏季，避暑; 使度过夏季，夏季放牧（家畜）
时态：summered, summering, summers
分布：夏天(69%)，夏季(27%)，夏季的(3%)，度过夏天(1%)
→来自古英语 sumor,夏季，来自 Proto-Germanic*sumur,夏季，来自 sem,夏季，可能衍生自 semi,一半，半个。
n.夏天,夏季a.夏季的The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
US [-ɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the season of the year between spring and autumn when the weather is warmest, lasting from June to September north of the equator and from December to March south of the equator 夏天，夏季
• We have breakfast on the balcony in (the) summer. 夏天，我们在阳台上吃早饭。
• Last summer they went to Australia, and two summers ago they went to Brazil. 去年夏天他们去了澳大利亚，前年夏天他们去了巴西。
• I love these warm summer nights. 我喜欢这样暖和的夏夜。
• It was a perfect summer's day. 那是一个美妙的夏日。
⇒ See also Indian summer
UK ['sʌm.ər] US [-ɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to spend the summer in a particular place （在特定地方）避署；过夏天
• If your cactus has summered outdoors, move it into the garage or house when overnight temperatures drop below 65°F. 如果你的仙人掌夏天放在室外，当夜间温度降至65°F以下时，把它移到车房或屋内
n. [天] 夏季；全盛时期
 - prime, floruit
adj. [天] 夏季的
 - aestival, estival

Word: establish
Front: establish
[ɪˈstæblɪʃ] (研四六雅 896/576 -K4)
Vocabulary: establish
(once / 44 pages)
1v 2v
To establish something means to begin it or bring it about. If you want everyone in your family to bring you chocolate every evening, you can establish a “Chocolates for Me” policy requiring it.
Establish is related to stable through its Latin roots and has many meanings, but all have the feel of building on a stable foundation. Besides the meaning of setting a policy, establish can also mean to prove one's value. You should establish yourself in a community before you try to bring change to it. Similarly, if you like to debate controversial issues, you'd best begin with facts that have been established and are not open to question. If you have a lot of money and want to build up your community, you can establish, or found, a school or library there.
WORD FAMILY
establish: disestablish, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, reestablish +/ disestablish: disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment/ established: self-established, unestablished/ establishment: establishmentarianism, establishmentism, establishments, re-establishment/establishmentarianism: antiestablishmentarianism/establishmentism: antiestablishmentism/ reestablish: reestablished, reestablishes, reestablishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is the first step toward establishing a $100,000 endowment fund with additional contributions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2012, the Michigan Legislature passed Public Act 520 establishing wolves a game species and setting in motion plans for a statewide hunting season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 建立，创建; 确立或使安全; 使被安排好; 使成为
时态：established, establishing, establishes
分布：建立(88%)，确立(6%)，创办(4%)，安顿(2%)
→e-, 缓音字母。-stab,建立，词源同stand,stabilize.
v.建立,设立;安置,使定居Vegetables and tablets on the stably established table show no instability.放在稳定设置的桌子上的蔬菜和药片没有显示不稳定性.
verb
START 创办
 IMPROVER transitive often passive
■to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time 建立；设立；创立
• The brewery was established in 1822. 这家啤酒厂建于1822年。
• These methods of working were established in the last century. 这些工作方法是上个世纪开始采用的。
[ɪ'stæb.lɪʃ] verb
ACCEPT 接受
 IMPROVER transitive
■to cause to be accepted in or familiar with a place, position, etc 使得到承认；使被接受
• His reputation for carelessness was established long before the latest problems arose. 在最近的一连串问题出现之前，他早就是个公认的糊涂虫了。
• He's established himself as a dependable source of information. 他被认为是一个可靠的消息来源。
• After three months we were well established in/at our new house/new jobs. 三个月后我们在新家安顿了下来／新的工作中站稳了阵脚。
establish yourself formal
■to be in a successful position over a long period of time 确立（某种地位）
• He has established himself as the leading candidate in the election. 他已经确立了竞选中身为主要候选人的地位。
[ɪ'stæb.lɪʃ] verb
DISCOVER 发现
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to discover or get proof of something 查实；确定；证实，证明
• Before we take any action we must establish the facts/truth. 我们在采取行动之前必须弄清事实真相。
• [+ question word] Can you establish wh at time she left home/ wh ether she has left home. 你能确定她何时离家的吗／你能否确定她已经离家了？
• [+ (that)] We have established (that) she was born in 1900. 我们已经证实，她生于1900年。
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
vt. 建立；创办；安置
 - build, found, constitute, put, station

Word: else
Front: else
[els] (中高 440/471 -K5)
Back: adv. 其他; 否则; 另外
adj. 别的; 其他的
分布：其他(60%)，此外(40%)
→来自al, 其它，词源同alias, alien.
ad.其它,另外,别的;[与or连用]否则Would you like anything else to drink?你还要喝点别的什么吗?
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used after words beginning with any-, every-, no- and some-, or after how, what, where, who, why but not which, to mean other, another, different, extra （用于以 any-，every-，no- 和 some- 开头的词后面，或用于 how，what，where，who，why 之后，但不用于 which 之后）其他，另外，别的
• Everybody else has (= All the other people have) agreed except for you. 除了你其他人都同意了。
• If it doesn't work, try something else (= something different). 如果这个行不通，试试别的。
• Let's go before they ask us to visit anyone else (= another person). 趁他们还没有让我们再去拜访别人，我们还是走吧。
• It's not my bag. It must be someone else's (= it must belong to another person). 这不是我的皮包，肯定是别人的。
• The book isn't here. Where else (= In what other place) should I look? 书不在这里，我该再到哪里去看看呢？
• He came to see you. Why else (= For what other reason) would he come? 他来是为了见你，他还能有甚么别的目的？
• After I'd thanked them I didn't know what else (= what other things) to say. 我对他们道了谢，然后就不知道该说些甚么了。
[els] adverb
or else
■used to say what will happen if another thing does not happen 否则，要不然
• We must be there by six, or else we'll miss the beginning. 我们一定要在六点前赶到那里，要不然就会错过开场。
■used to compare two different things or situations （用于对比两种不同的事物或情形）要不，要么
• She's either really talkative and you can't shut her up or else she's silent. 她要么滔滔不绝，你都堵不了她的嘴，要么就一言不发。
informal
■used as a threat, sometimes humorously （表示威胁，有时是一种幽默的说法）要不然，否则的话：
• He'd better find it quickly, or else (= or I will punish him in some way) ! 他最好马上找到它，要不然，哼！
adv. 其他；否则；另外
 - otherwise, extra
adj. 别的；其他的
 - other, tother

Word: mayor
Front: mayor
[meə(r)] (研四六 2486/3215 -K3)
Vocabulary: mayor
(once / 189 pages)
n
The mayor is the leader of a city. He or she heads the city government. Just as a president leads a country, a mayor leads a city. Like other politicians, mayors must run for office and win an election.
The word mayor comes from the Old French maire for "head of a city or town government" but most mayors probably like the original meaning, which is "greater, superior." Alas, mayors do run cities but calling them all superior is a stretch! In the United States, the president leads the country, a governor leads a state, and a mayor leads a city. If it’s used as a title for a particular mayor, as in Mayor Smith, it’s capitalized.
WORD FAMILY
mayor: ex-mayor, mayoral, mayors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A museum should not be cloistered away from the people,” LA Mayor Garcetti said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Conference of Mayors Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness” in 38 U.S. cities conducted in December and released Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 市长; 镇长; （英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰由议员选举产生的）镇长; （民选的）市长
分布：市长(100%)
→来自major的法语拼写，即主要的，重要的。后用为名词用于镇长或市长的头衔。
市长(may[=maj]+or人→大人→市长)[maj=great,表示"大,伟大"]
n.市长"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
US [mer] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is elected or chosen to be the leader of the group who governs a town or city 市长
n. 市长
 - burgomaster, demarch

Word: mass
Front: mass
[mæs] (高研四六托雅 1989/1857 -K4)
Vocabulary: mass
(once / 78 pages)
nadjv
Anything that has weight and shape has mass. In fact, mass is the quality that gives things weight anywhere there's gravity.
If you think about mass being about weight and shape, you can see how many of its meanings are related. If something is very big we say it has great mass — or is massive. If we talk about a large group of people, we talk about a mass demonstration or a mass of demonstrators. We refer to poor or common people as the masses — there are a lot of them. Doctors refer to tumors inside our bodies as masses.
WORD FAMILY
mass: massed, masses, massing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They want to mobilize the masses, not just within China.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the mass questioning of North Africans happened "because we recognised corresponding aggressive behaviour amongst them".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s a curse for companies that aim at a mass market, America’s traditional strength.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 大量，大多; 块，堆，团; [物理学]质量; 弥撒曲
vt. & vi. （使）集中，聚集
adj. 群众的; 大规模的; 整个的; 集中的
vi. 聚集起来
vt. 使集合
时态：massed, massing, masses
分布：大量(34%)，块(21%)，大规模的(14%)，群众的(9%)，集中(7%)，弥撒(6%)，弥撒曲(5%)，众多(4%)
→来自拉丁语missa,解散，遣散，词源同mission,emit.宗教词义弥撒来自弥撒仪式后的解散语”Ite,missa est”,即走吧，解散了，ite,走，离开，词源同exit,missa,解散，词源同emit,est,是，词源同is,essence.mass 团，块，堆，物质质量
n.大量,众多;团,块;(pl.)群众,民众;质量There was a mass of children in the yard.在庭院里有很多孩子.
verb intransitive
■to come together in large numbers 集中，聚集
• Thousands of troops have massed along the border in preparation for an invasion. 数千大军已经集结在边境上，准备入侵。
[mæs] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■having an effect on or involving a large number of people or forming a large amount 大量的；大规模的；大批的
• weapons of mass destruction 大规模毁灭性武器
• a mass murderer 杀人狂
• mass starvation 饥荒成灾
• Opposition groups plan to stage mass demonstrations all over the country. 反对派计划在全国发起大规模游行示威。
[mæs] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
 ADVANCED only singular
■a large amount of something that has no particular shape or arrangement 大量；大批；众多
• The explosion reduced the church to a mass of rubble. 爆炸使教堂变成一堆瓦砾。
• The forest is a mass of colour in autumn. 秋季的森林色彩斑斓。
■(also Mass) countable or uncountable
■a religious ceremony in some Christian churches based on Christ's last meal with his disciples , or music written for the parts of this ceremony 弥撒；弥撒曲
• to go to Mass 参加弥撒
⇒ See also Communion
masses
[plural] mainly UK informal
■a lot 许多，大量
• [+ to infinitive] I've got masses to do at the weekend. 我周末有许多事要做。
• There were masses of people in town today. 今天城里人很多。
the mass of sth
■most of something …的主要部分，…的主体；…的大多数
• The mass of the people support the government's reforms. 大多数人支持政府的改革。
[mæs] noun
SOLID LUMP 固体块状物
countable
■a solid lump with no clear shape 团，块，堆
• The sauce was now a sticky mass at the bottom of the pan. 酱汁现在成了黏稠的一团，黏在平底锅锅底。
[mæs] noun
ORDINARY PEOPLE 平民
the masses
■the ordinary people who form the largest group in a society 群众，平民
• He was popular with the aristocracy but failed to win the support of the masses. 他很受贵族阶层的欢迎，但未能赢得民众的支持。
[mæs] noun
PHYSICS 物理
countable specialized
■(in physics) the amount of matter in any solid object or in any volume of liquid or gas 质量
• The acceleration of a body equals the force exerted on it divided by its mass. 物体所受外力除以其质量等于其加速度。
mass, folk
mass: 大众的
folk: 人们，民间的
n. 块，团；群众，民众；大量，众多
 - piece, block, lots of, wealth, ocean, sea
adj. 群众的，民众的；大规模的，集中的
 - concentrated, intensive, wholesale
vi. 聚集起来，聚集
 - concentrate, collect, crowd

Word: affair
Front: affair
[əˈfeə(r)] (高研四六托 1364/941 -K4)
Vocabulary: affair
(once / 45 pages)
1n 2n
If your grandfather was so startled by people shouting "Surprise!" at his birthday party that he had a mild heart attack, you'd probably want to just forget the whole affair. An affair is a specific event.
You can use affair as a kind of shorthand, to mean "that big mess," or "that complicated story I already told you about." Your affair can also mean your responsibility or job, like if your grandmother said, "I don't care about balloons for the party — that's your affair." Another way affair is frequently used is to mean a love affair, particularly if the relationship is brief and intense. This meaning comes from the French phrase affaire de coeur, "affair of the heart."
WORD FAMILY
affair: affairs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Bolten was the White House legislative affairs director for part of the administration of the first President Bush.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Businesses like Mr Yu’s indicate that not all spouses see affairs as an unpardonable offence.
Economist(Nov 30, 2016)
Other monarchies in Asia, notably Cambodia’s, have taken a less central role in their countries’ affairs in recent years.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 事情，事件; 事务; 个人的事，私事; 风流韵事
分布：事情(45%)，事件(36%)，事务(13%)，私通(6%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。-fair, 词根fact的法语变体。
n.[pl.]事务;事情(件);(个人的)事I met a fairly unfair affair upstairs.我在楼上遇到一件颇不公平的事.
US [-'fer] noun countable
MATTER 事情
 IMPROVER
■a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered; a matter 事务；事情
• She organizes her financial affairs very efficiently. 她把自己的财务管理得井井有条、又快又好。
• He's always meddling in (= trying to influence) other people's affairs. 他总想插手别人的事情。
• What I do in my spare time is my affair (= only involves me). 我在闲暇时间做甚么，这是我自己的事。
 IMPROVER
■a matter or situation which causes strong public feeling, usually of moral disapproval （通常指在道德上被谴责的）事件
• The arms-dealing affair has severely damaged the reputation of the government. 武器交易事件严重损害了政府的声誉。
• The President's handling of the affair has been criticised. 总统对这次事件的处理遭到了抨击。
UK [ə'feər] US [-'fer] noun countable
RELATIONSHIP 男女关系
 IMPROVER
■a sexual relationship, especially a secret one （尤指秘密的）性关系；私通；风流韵事
• She's having an affair with a married man. 她和一个有妇之夫私通。
• The book doesn't make any mention of his love affairs. 这本书没有提及他的种种风流韵事。
• an extramarital affair 婚外情
UK [ə'feər] US [-'fer] noun countable
EVENT 活动
■an event 活动，经历
• The party turned out to be a quiet affair. 结果聚会办得冷冷清清。
UK [ə'feər] US [-'fer] noun countable
THING 东西 old-fashioned
■an object of the type stated （某类的）东西
• She wore a long black velvet affair. 她身穿一条那种黑色天鹅绒的长裙。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
n. 事情；事务；私事；（尤指关系不长久的）风流韵事
 - thing, transaction, relations, business

Word: fly
Front: fly
[flaɪ] (中高雅 943/1106 -K5)
Vocabulary: fly
(once / 37 pages)
1v 2n 3nv 4v 5n 6adj
Fly describes moving through the air, like birds that fly in the sky, or getting something accepted, like your silly excuse that's not going to fly with your history teacher.
Fly means "move through the air with wings," and it describes the movement of birds, airplanes, kites, and other things that float or move of their own accord above the ground. There are many other meanings of fly, including a buzzing insect with wings, a baseball hit high across a field, and the zipper on a pair of pants. As an adjective, fly means cool, though there's no guarantee it's still fly to use it.
WORD FAMILY
fly: flew, flied, flier, flies, flown, flyer, flying, flyingly, overfly+/ flier: fliers/ flyer: flyers/flying: flyings/overfly: overflew, overflies, overflying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company is also under contract to fly cargo and, eventually, astronauts to the International Space Station.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They fly a good bit, and it’s amazing how good these guys are,” Dowdy said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It was the only time the team flew to a game that year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 飞; 飞行; （旗）飘荡; 过得快
vt. & vi. 乘（…的）飞机; 驾驶（飞机等）
vt. 驾驶; 空运; 使飞翔; 操作
n. 苍蝇; （作钓饵的）苍蝇; （裤子的）前裆开口; 门帘
时态：flew, flown, flying, flies
分布：飞(68%)，苍蝇(17%)，飞行(11%)，驾驶(3%)，坐飞机(1%)
→来自pleu, 流动，漂浮，词源同float, fleet. 由飘动引申词义在空中浮动，飞翔，飞行等。同时，用来指小昆虫等。
n.飞行;苍蝇v飞行;飘杨a.机敏的The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
verb (flew, flown)
TRAVEL 旅行
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■When a bird, insect or aircraft flies, it moves through the air （鸟、昆虫或飞机）飞，飞行
• The poor bird couldn't fly because it had a broken wing. 这只可怜的鸟飞不起来了，因为它的翅膀断了。
• As soon as it saw us, the bird flew away/off. 鸟一看到我们就飞走了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to travel by aircraft, or to go somewhere or cross something in an aircraft （乘飞机）飞行，航行；乘飞机去；乘飞机穿过
• We flew to Paris. 我们乘飞机去巴黎。
• We fly from/out from/out of Heathrow, but fly back (in)to Gatwick. 我们从希思路机场起飞，但返航时在格域机场降落。
• We are flying at a height of 9 000 metres. 我们正在9000公尺的高空飞行。
• She has to fly thousands of miles every year for her job. 她每年因为工作要飞行上千英里。
• Who was the first person to fly (across) the Atlantic? 谁是飞越大西洋的第一人？
transitive
■to use a particular company to travel by aircraft 搭乘（某公司航班）
• I usually fly Lufthansa/Japan Airlines/El Al. 我通常搭乘汉莎航空公司／日本航空公司／以色列航空公司的航班。
transitive
■to transport people or goods by aircraft 空运（乘客或货物）
• The restaurant flies its fish in daily from Scotland. 这间餐厅每天从苏格兰空运鱼。
• We will be flying 100 badly wounded civilians out of the battle zone tonight. 今晚我们将空运100名受重伤的平民离开战区。
intransitive or transitive
■to control an aircraft 驾驶（飞机）
• I learned to fly when I was in Australia. 我在澳大利亚时学会了开飞机。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to move or go quickly 快速移动；疾行
• With the explosion, glass flew across the room. 随着一声爆炸，房间内玻璃碎片四处横飞。
• Cathy flew by/past me in the corridor. 在走廊里，凯茜从我身边飞奔而过。
• My holiday seems to have flown (by) (= passed very quickly) this year. 今年我的假期好像飞一般地就过去了。
• The door/window suddenly flew open. 门／窗户猛地打开了。
• informal Anyway, I must fly (= leave quickly) - I didn't realize how late it was! 无论如何，我必须走了——我都没意识到有多晚了！
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
WAVE 舞动
intransitive or transitive
■to wave or move about in the air while being fixed at one end 挥舞；飘扬；放飞
• The ship was flying the Spanish flag. 这艘船挂着西班牙国旗。
• The flag was flying at half-mast (= lowered to a point half way down the pole) to mark the death of the President. 降了半旗为总统逝世致哀。
• There isn't really enough wind to fly a kite today. 今天风确实不大，放不起风筝。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
be flying high
■If a person or a company is flying high, they are very successful 平步青云；非常成功
• The company was flying high as a maker of personal computers. 作为个人电脑的制造商，这家公司非常成功。
US informal
■to be very excited or happy, often because of the effect of drugs （因药物作用）异常兴奋或高兴
• The guy was on drugs - flying high and scaring everyone around him. 这个家伙嗑了药。他异常兴奋，吓怕了所有周围的人。
• When the winter Olympics came to Canada, the whole country was flying high. 当加拿大成为冬季奥运会的主办国时，整个国家都兴奋极了。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly in the face of sth
■not to obey something, or not to act in a way that agrees with something 违抗；违背
• This is an argument that seems to fly in the face of common sense. 这个论点似乎与常识相悖。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly into a rage (UK also fly into a temper/fury)
■to suddenly become very angry 勃然大怒
• I asked to speak to her boss and she just flew into a rage. 我要求跟她的老板谈话，结果她勃然大怒。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
fly off the handle
■to react in a very angry way to something that someone says or does 大发雷霆
• He's extremely irritable - he flies off the handle at the slightest thing. 他极容易发火——芝麻大的小事都能让他大发雷霆。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
go fly a kite mainly US informal
■used to tell someone who is being annoying to go away 走开，别烦我
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
go/send sth/sb flying informal
■to fall, or to cause something or someone to fall or move through the air, suddenly and by accident （使）猛然跌倒；（使）飞出去
• I tripped going up the stairs and I/my books went flying. 我上楼梯时绊了一下，摔倒了／我的书掉到了地上。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
with flying colours
■If you do something such as pass an examination with flying colours, you do it very successfully. 成绩优异地；出色地
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
  Phrasal Verbs  fly about/around informal
■If ideas, remarks, or accusations are flying about/around, they are passed quickly from one person to another and cause excitement （看法、评论、谴责等）满天飞，四下飞速传播
• All kinds of rumours are flying around about the school closing. 有关学校关闭的各种流言满天飞。
[flaɪ] verb (flew, flown)
  Phrasal Verbs  fly at sb/sth
■to attack another person or animal suddenly 突然攻击，扑向（人或动物）
• He flew at his brother like a mad thing. 他疯了似的扑向他哥哥。
[flaɪ] noun countable
INSECT 昆虫
 ADVANCED
■a small insect with two wings 蝇；苍蝇
[flaɪ] noun countable
TROUSERS 长裤 (UK also flies)
■the opening at the front of a pair of trousers （裤子的）前裆开口，拉锁盖，扭扣盖
• Hey Chris, your fly's undone! 嗨，克里斯，你裤子拉链开着呢！
[flaɪ] noun countable
FISHING 钓鱼
■a hook (= curved piece of wire) with coloured threads fastened to it, fixed to the end of a fishing line to attract fish （作钓饵的）假蝇钓钩
[flaɪ] noun countable
TENT 帐篷 mainly US for flysheet
[flaɪ] noun countable
drop like flies informal
■If people are dropping like flies they are dying or falling down in large numbers 大批死去；成批倒下
• The heat was overwhelming and people were dropping like flies. 酷暑难当，人们纷纷病倒。
■to stop doing an activity in large numbers 纷纷停止做（某事）
• There used to be over twenty of us in our aerobics class but they're dropping like flies. 过去我们的有氧健身班有20多个人，但是现在很多人都退出了。
[flaɪ] noun countable
fly in the ointment informal
■a single thing or person that is spoiling a situation which could have been very positive or enjoyable 美中不足之处；令人扫兴的东西（或人）
• I'm looking forward to Sunday, the only fly in the ointment being the fact that I shall have to sit next to my mother-in-law. 我期待着星期日的到来，唯一令人不快的是，到时我必须坐在岳母旁边。
[flaɪ] noun countable
fly on the wall
■If you say that you would like to be a fly on the wall on an occasion, you mean that you would like to hear what will be said or see what will happen while not being noticed 暗中偷听者；暗中观察者
• I'd love to be a fly on the wall when those two get home! 我想暗中听听那两人回到家说些甚么！
⇒ See also fly-on-the-wall
[flaɪ] noun countable
no flies on sb
■If you say there are no flies on someone, you mean that they cannot easily be deceived. （某人）很精明，不会轻易上当受骗
[flaɪ] noun countable
wouldn't harm/hurt a fly informal
■If you say that someone wouldn't harm/hurt a fly, you mean they are gentle and would not do anything to injure or offend anyone. 连一只苍蝇都不肯伤害；心地善良
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vi. 飞；驾驶飞机；飘扬
 - flow, stream, dance
vt. 飞行；飞越；使飘扬
 - overfly
n. 飞行；苍蝇；两翼昆虫
 - flight, volation
adj. 敏捷的
 - sharp, keen, prompt, quick, smart

Word: wait
Front: wait
[weɪt] (中高 400/463 -K5)
Vocabulary: wait
(once / 21 pages)
1nv 2v
A wait is the time it takes for something to happen. The wait to get the brand new computer was four hours long, but it was worth it.
The word wait originated in the 1200s, from the Old Northern French word waitier: "to watch with hostile intent." Even back then, people didn't like to wait. Anticipating something that will happen is waiting, though sometimes what you wait for never comes — like Godot, who never shows up in the play "Waiting for Godot." When you wait to do something, you delay. When you wait tables, you serve people, preferably without delay.
WORD FAMILY
wait: waited, waiter, waiting, waits+/waiter: waiters/waiting: waitingly, waitings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The extended wait was also causing physical discomfort among those waiting in line.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Some travelers also reported long waits on the tarmac.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 等候; 等待; （尤指长期地）希望; 盼望
vi. 准备妥; 在手边; 可得到; 可使用
vt. 推迟，搁置，延缓
时态：waited, waiting, waits
分布：等(64%)，等待(31%)，等候(5%)
→来自古法语waitier,看管，照看，来自weg,醒来，活力，词源同wake,vigil。引申词义等待。拼写来自过去分词-ct ，后字母c脱落，比较法语词源feat,benefit,au fait.
v.(for)等待;(on)侍候n.等候,等待时间In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to allow time to go by, especially while staying in one place without doing very much, until someone comes, until something that you are expecting happens or until you can do something 等待，等候；期盼，盼望
• I waited for her in the corridor, while she went in to see the doctor. 她进去看病时，我在走廊里等她。
• The dentist kept me waiting for ages. 牙医让我等了好久。
• [+ to infinitive] There were a lot of people waiting to use the telephone. 有很多人在等着打电话。
 ADVANCED
■to be done or to happen at a later time 延后；耽搁
• The meeting will have to wait until tomorrow, because I'm too busy now. 会议将不得不延后到明天，因为我现在太忙了。
• The paperwork can't wait until tomorrow (= is urgent and must be done now). 这些文书工作不能等到明天再做。
No Waiting UK (US No Standing)
■used on signs to mean vehicles are not allowed to park, even for short periods of time 禁止停车
• The sign by the side of the road said 'No Waiting'. 路边的标志牌上写著「禁止停车”。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
can't wait (also can hardly wait)
■to be very excited about something and eager to do or experience it 等不及；迫不及待
• I can't wait to see you. 我迫不及待地想要见你。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait your turn
■to wait until it is really your turn to do or get something 等着轮到你
• If people were more polite, they would wait their turn. 假如人们是更讲礼貌的话，他们就会按顺序等候。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait a minute/moment/second IMPROVER
■said in order to interrupt someone, or to get their attention or when you have suddenly thought of something important 等等，等一下（用于突然想起某件重要的事时）
• Now, wait a moment - I don't agree with that. 喂，等等——我不同意那件事。
• Wait a minute - I've just had an idea. 等一下——我刚想出个主意。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait and see ADVANCED
■to wait to discover what will happen 等等看；等着瞧
• No decision will be made until next year, so you'll just have to wait and see. 得等到明年才会有决定，所以你只好等等看了。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait at table(s) UK (US wait on table(s))
■to serve meals to people in a restaurant, as your job （在餐馆）当侍者
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait for it UK informal
■to not start until the correct moment 等一等
• Wait for it! I haven't said 'go' yet. 等一等！我还没说“开始”呢。
■You say 'wait for it' to show that you are about to say something surprising, funny or difficult to believe （表示将要说某些惊人、可笑或令人难以置信的事）听着，听好了
• The new soap opera will be screened, wait for it, five times each day. 那部新的连续剧即将播出了，听好了，一天要播五次呢。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait in the wings
■If someone or something is waiting in the wings, they are not yet active or important, but are ready or likely to be so soon 准备就绪；随时可使用
• The team has several talented young players waiting in the wings. 这支队伍里有几位很有天赋的年轻队员随时可以顶替。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
wait till/until ...
■said when you are excited about seeing another person's reaction to something special or unusual 等到…吧（表示对看到某人对某些特别或不寻常之事的反应感到兴奋）
• Wait till you see what Rachel's wearing! 看看瑞吉儿的穿着你会大吃一惊的！
• Wait till he hears the news. 等着看他听到这则消息后会有甚么反应吧。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
(just) you wait
■used as a way of threatening someone 等着瞧（表示威胁）
• Just you wait, Maria, till I get my hands on you! 等着瞧，玛丽亚，我会抓住你的！
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait around (UK also wait about)
■to stay in a place and do nothing while you wait for someone to arrive or something to happen 干等着；无所事事地等
• We spent the whole day waiting around for something exciting to happen, but nothing did. 我们干等了一整天，指望有甚么激动人心的事发生，结果甚么也没有。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait behind
■to stay in a place after all the other people have left 留下来不走
• The teacher made us wait behind after class. 老师让我们课后留下来不要走。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait for sb/sth
■If someone is waiting for someone or something, they are expecting them and prepared to deal with them 等待…，等着…
• When the thieves left the building, the police were waiting for them. 当盗贼们离开那栋楼的时候，警员正在等着抓他们。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait for sb
■If something is waiting for you, it has been left or prepared for you to collect, use, enjoy or deal with when you arrive 等着（某人）去做（或处理等）
• An envelope was waiting for me when I got home. 我到家时看到有我的一封信。
• Uma had a cup of tea waiting for me, along with a plate of biscuits. 乌马泡了一杯茶等我喝，还准备了一盘点心。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait sth for sb US
■to delay serving a meal until someone arrives 等候（某人吃饭）
• Don't wait dinner for me - I'll be home late. 别等我吃饭了——我会很晚才回家。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait in UK
■to stay at home because you are expecting someone or something to arrive, or someone to telephone you 在家里等待
• I waited in for the plumber all morning, but he didn't turn up. 我在家里等那个水管工等了一上午，可他却连面也没露。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait on sb/sth mainly US
■to serve food and drink, especially to customers in a restaurant （尤指在餐馆里）服侍…进餐，给…上菜
• The staff who waited on us at dinner were excellent. 吃饭时为我们服务的侍者非常不错。
• She waited on tables (= served meals as a job) to earn some extra money. 她当侍者来赚些额外的收入。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait on sb
■to do everything for someone so that they do not have to do anything for themselves 服侍，伺候
• While she was pregnant, her husband waited on her hand and foot (= did everything for her). 她怀孕时，她丈夫无微不至地照顾她。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait on sth formal
■to wait until you know the result of an activity before doing or deciding something 等待，等候：
• The lawyers are waiting on the jury's verdict. 律师们在等待陪审团的裁决。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wait sth out US
■to wait until something unpleasant has ended 等到（令人不快之事）结束
• I'd rather wait out the storm than drive home immediately. 我想等到风暴过去，而不是马上开车回家。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  wait up
■to not go to bed at night because you are expecting someone to arrive （晚上）不睡觉（等某人回家）
• I'll be home after midnight, so don't wait up for me. 我会在半夜以后才回家，所以你先睡吧，不用等我。
[weɪt] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  waitRemember: when wait is followed by an indirect object, remember to use the preposition for. Don't say 'wait something', say wait for something :
✗ I waited the bus but it never came.
[weɪt] noun only singular
 ADVANCED
■when you stay in one place until someone comes, or something happens, or until you can do something 等待；等候，期待
• We had a three-hour wait before we could see the doctor. 我们等了三个小时才看到医生。
• The long wait for the doctor/ to see the doctor really made me anxious. 等医生看病等了那么长时间真让我焦急。
[weɪt] noun only singular
lie in wait
■to hide, ready to attack 埋伏起来
• The gunmen were lying in wait when Mr Predit came out of the hotel. 当普雷迪特先生走出那家饭店时那些枪手正埋伏在周围。
await, wait
await: 是及物动词。如：I await your further instructions.
wait: “等”、“等候”，是不及物动词，后常接介词for。如：I will wait for you at the school gate.
vt. 等候；推迟；延缓
 - await, phase back
vi. [计] 等待；耽搁；伺候用餐
 - delay
n. [计] 等待；等候
 - noop

Word: airline
Front: airline
[ˈeəlaɪn] (中高研四 2128/3554 -4)
Vocabulary: airline
(once / 387 pages)
1n 2n
An airline is a company that owns and operates a fleet of planes. You might pick an airline for your trip to Hawaii based on who sells the least expensive tickets.
The airline is the business that maintains airplanes for commercial and business travel. Some people have a strong preference for one airline over another — you may enjoy flying with the airline that provides homemade cookies to its passengers, for example. Baggage handlers, flight attendants, and pilots all work for an airline. The original, 1813 meaning of airline was quite different: "a straight line between two points on the earth's surface."
WORD FAMILY
airline: airliner, airlines+/airliner: airliners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The statement says once at the gate, an employee of the airline’s ground handling vendor was found in the cargo area.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Otherwise, the airline systems will automatically book the passenger on the next available flight on the original route.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 航线; 航空公司
分布：航空公司(89%)，航线(11%)
n.(飞机)航线a.(飞机)航线的The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
US ['er-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a business that operates regular services for carrying passengers and/or goods by aircraft 航空公司
• What airline did you fly? 你乘坐哪家航空公司的飞机？
n. 航空公司； [航] 航线
 - vector, lane, airways

Word: style
Front: style
[staɪl] (高研四六雅 968/790 -K4)
Vocabulary: style
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
Artists, musicians, and even chefs have their own personal style — a word used to describe the unique ways in which people express themselves.
Style is a word that's often used to describe the distinctive way in which artists, designers, and other creative types practice their crafts. The designer who launches a line of cardboard bathing suits is expressing his style, even if no one else finds these soggy suits stylish, or in fashion, at the moment. When hyphenated, style can describe the qualities of a person or thing, as in "Cajun-style cooking."
WORD FAMILY
style: styled, styleless, styler, styles, styling, stylise, stylish, stylist, stylistic, stylize +/styled: self-styled/stylise: stylisation, stylised/ stylish: stylisher, stylishest, stylishly, stylishness, unstylish/stylist: stylists/stylistic: stylistically/stylization: stylizations/ stylize: stylization, stylized, stylizes, stylizing/unstylish: unstylishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will be celebrated in the usual style with firecrackers and dragon dances.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方式; 样式; 时髦; 仪表，品位
vt. 设计; 称呼; 为…造型
vi. 使符合流行式样; 用刻刀作装饰画
时态：styled, styling, styles
分布：风格(71%)，文体(12%)，时尚(6%)，类型(6%)，式样(5%)
→来自中古英语 stile,笔，书写工具，写作风格，举止，行为，来自古法语 estile,风格，举止， 桩，刺，插入，来自拉丁语 stilus,桩，笔，书写工具，写作风格，来自 steig,刺，插，词 源同 stick,sting.拼写比较 rule,regulate.引申词义头发的造型，设计，样式等。
n.风格,文体;式样,时式,类型The typist plays Typhoon on the piano in a typical style.打字员以典型的风格在钢琴上演奏"台风".
noun
WAY 方式
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a way of doing something, especially one which is typical of a person, group of people, place or period 做事方式；（尤指）风格，作风
• Jones favours a dynamic, hands-on style of management. 琼斯喜欢那种充满活力、事事亲力亲为的管理风格。
• His office is very utilitarian in style, with no decoration. 他的办公室在风格上讲究实用，没有任何装饰。
be your style informal
■to be the type of thing that you would do 是（某人）的做法；是（某人）的作风
• He wouldn't try to mislead you - it's not his style. 他不会有意误导你的——他不是那种人。
[staɪl] noun
FASHION 时尚
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■fashion, especially in clothing （尤指服装上的）风尚，潮流，流行式样
• a style consultant 时装顾问
• I read the fashion pages in the newspapers to keep up with the latest styles. 我常看报纸的时尚版，以跟上最新的潮流。
• The classic black dress is always in style. 典雅的黑色连衣裙永远都不会过时。
[staɪl] noun
DESIGN 设计
countable
■a particular shape or design, especially of a person's hair, clothes, or a piece of furniture 设计；给…造型
• a formal style of hat 式样正式的帽子
• Her hair was cut in a really nice style. 她的头发剪了个非常漂亮的发式。
⇒ See also hairstyle
[staɪl] noun
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
uncountable approving
■high quality in appearance, design or behaviour 气派；优雅格调
• That car' s got real style, which is no surprise considering how much it cost. 那辆车非常气派，但考虑到其造价也就不足为奇。
• When she decides to do something, she always does it in/with great style. 她一旦决定要做甚么，总是会做得很气派。
[staɪl] noun
FLOWER PART 花柱
countable specialized
■the middle section of the carpel (= female reproductive part) of a flower, connecting the ovary to the stigma 花柱（一朵花的心皮即雌性生殖器官的中段，将卵巢连接到柱头上）
[staɪl] noun
as if it is going out of style informal
■very quickly or much more than people normally do （比正常情况下做得）非常快且更多
• She was gulping down sandwiches and cakes as if they were going out of style. 她大吃三明治和蛋糕，吃得又快又多。
[staɪl] verb transitive
DESIGN 设计
■to shape or design something such as a person's hair or an object like a piece of clothing or furniture, especially so that it looks attractive 设计；给…造型；（尤指）把…设计得吸引人
• You've had your hair styled - it really suits you. 你做了头发——这个发型真适合你。
• This range of jackets is styled to look good whatever the occasion. 这个系列的夹克衫设计巧妙，适合各种场合穿着。
[staɪl] verb transitive
TITLE 头衔
■to give a title to a person or group 称呼；给…命名
• [+ noun] She styles herself 'Doctor' but she doesn't have a degree. 她自称“博士”，但实际上她根本没有学位。
⇒ See also self-styled
fashion, style
这组词都有“流行，样式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 侧重指衣着、生活、行为和思想等的风尚，多含一时或一地流行的意味。
style: 与fashion意义相当，可换用，但现代用以强调高雅。
n. 风格；时尚；类型；字体
 - mode, description, fashion, type, colour
vt. 设计；称呼；使合潮流
 - design, engineer, project, frame, plan

Word: speak
Front: speak
[spi:k] (中高 335/352 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 讲，谈; 演说; 从某种观点来说
时态：spoke, spoken, speaking, speaks
分布：讲(42%)，说话(38%)，发言(18%)，演说(2%)
→来自古英语 specan,拼写变体自 sprecan,说话，交谈，来自 Proto-Germanic*sprekana,说话，来 自 sprek,说话，可能来自 spreg,播洒，散开，展开，词源同 spark,spread.引申诸相关 词义。
v.说话,讲话;演说,发言;(in)说某种语言The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
SAY WORDS 说话
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say words, to use the voice, or to have a conversation with someone 说话，谈话；说
• Would you mind speaking more slowly, please? 请你再说慢点，好吗？
• "Can I speak to / mainly USwith Ian please?" "Speaking (= This is Ian) " “请问伊恩在吗？”“我就是。”
• If he tells Julie what I said, I'll never speak to him again. 如果他把我说的话告诉茱莉，我就再也不和他说话。
• formal She spoke of her sadness over her father's death. 她谈起了父亲过世带给她的悲伤。
• She speaks very highly of (= says good things about) the new director. 她对新导演的评价很高。
• I can certainly come but I can't speak for my wife (= I can't tell you whether she can or not). 我确定能来，但我不能确定我妻子能不能来。
• formal Who is going to speak for (= represent in a court of law) the accused? 谁将为被告辩护？
• He's old enough to speak for him self (= to say what he thinks). 他已经到了能发表自己看法的年龄。
• I went with Ava - speaking of (= on the subject of) Ava, have you seen her new haircut? 我和艾娃一起去的——说起艾娃，你见过她的新发型了吗？
• We've been invited to Rachel and Jamie's wedding - speaking of which , did you know that they're moving to Ealing? 我们应邀参加了瑞秋和杰米的婚礼——说到这个，你知道他们要搬到伊灵去吗？
• Speaking as (= With my experience as) a mother of four, I can tell you that children are exhausting. 身为四个孩子的母亲，我可以这么说，孩子真会让人筋疲力尽。
• Sue speaks with an American accent. 苏说话带美国口音。
• Why are you speaking in a whisper (= very quietly) ? 你为甚么说话这么小声？
• For five whole minutes, neither of them spoke a word (= they both said nothing). 足足有五分钟的时间，他俩谁都没说话。
broadly/historically/strictly, etc. speaking
■talking from a particular point of view （表示看问题的角度）大体上说／从历史的角度看／严格地说等
• Historically speaking, the island is of great interest. 从历史的角度说，那个岛很值得注意。
• Generally speaking, it's quite a good school. 总的来说，这是一所不错的学校。
• Strictly speaking (= If I behave according to the rules) , I should report it to the police. 严格地说，我应该向警方告发这件事。
speak to sb
■to tell someone that they have done something wrong 责备（某人）；告诫（某人）
• The manager promised that she would speak to the person responsible. 经理答应说，她会告诫负责的那个人。
  Common Learner Errors  speak or talk? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about two people or a group of people having a conversation, the most usual verb is talk :
✗ They spoke all night about their childhood memories. They talked all night about their childhood memories.
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
LANGUAGE 语言
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to (be able to) talk in a language （会）说，（会）讲（某种语言）
• He speaks fluent French. 他法语说得很流利。
• How many foreign languages do you speak? 你会说几种外语？
• I couldn't speak a word of (= I did not know any) Spanish when I got there. 我初到那里的时候，一句西班牙语都不会说。
• I couldn't work out what language they were speaking. 我无法理解他们说的是甚么语言。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
FORMAL TALK 正式谈话
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to give a formal talk to a group of people 发言；讲话；演讲
• Who is speaking in the debate tonight? 今天晚上的辩论谁发言？
• The Queen speaks to the nation on television every Christmas. 每年圣诞节女王都会在电视上向全国发表演说。
• Janet is speaking for the motion (= trying to persuade the people listening that the idea is good) and Peter is speaking against (it) (= trying to persuade them that it is bad). 珍妮特打算发言支持这项动议，而彼得却打算表示反对。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
SUGGEST 建议
   intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive literary
■to show or express something without using words （不用言语）表明，显示
• She was silent, but her eyes spoke her real feelings for him. 她没有说话，不过她的眼神流露出了对他的真实感情。
• The whole robbery spoke of (= made it seem that there had been) inside knowledge on the part of the criminals. 整个抢劫事件显示罪犯那边掌握了内情。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
be on speaking terms (also know sb to speak to)
■to know someone well enough to talk to them 熟识（某人）
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
none to speak of (also no sth to speak of)
■very little of something 不少，不值一提
• "Did you get much rain while you were in Singapore?" "None to speak of." “你在新加坡的时候，那里常下雨吗？”“非常少。”
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
not be on speaking terms
■If you are not on speaking terms with someone, you refuse to speak to them because you are angry with them （因生气）互不理睬； 冷战
• They had a quarrel last night and now they're not on speaking terms (with each other). 他们昨晚吵了一架，到现在还在冷战。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
so to speak
■used to explain that what you are saying is not to be understood exactly as stated 姑妄言之，可以说
• In that relationship it's very much Lorna who wears the trousers, so to speak (= Lorna makes all the important decisions). 可以这么说，他们家里基本上是洛娜说了算。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speak your mind
■to say what you think about something very directly 说出心里话，坦言直说
• He's certainly not afraid to speak his mind. 他当然不怕说出自己的真正想法。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speak for yourself informal
■something you say to someone to tell them that the opinion that they have just expressed is not the same as your opinion （用于表示不同意某人的观点）那是你自己的看法，我不是那样想的
• "We had a really boring trip." "Speak for yourself! I had a wonderful time!" “我们的旅行可真无趣。”“我可不这么想！我玩得很开心！”
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speak too soon
■to say something which is quickly shown not to be true 过早下结论
• He won't be home for ages yet... Oh, I spoke too soon - here he is now! 他暂时还不会到家……哦，我这话说得太早了——他回来了！
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speak to sb
■If something speaks to you, it has a special meaning or importance for you 对（某人）有特殊意义；对（某人）很重要
• That painting really speaks to me. 那幅画确实吸引了我。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speak volumes
■If something speaks volumes, it makes an opinion, characteristic or situation very clear without the use of words 使（看法、特点或情况）不言自明；清楚表明
• She said very little but her face spoke volumes. 她没说甚么，但她脸上的表情说明了一切。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
Speak when you're spoken to! saying
■said to a child to tell them not to speak if no one speaks to them first 有问才答；要你说你才说
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
speaks for itself
■If something speaks for itself, it is clear and needs no further explanation 不言自明，有目共睹
• The school's excellent record speaks for itself. 学校的优秀成绩是有目共睹的。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  speak out/up
 ADVANCED
■to give your opinion about something in public, especially on a subject which you have strong feelings about （尤指对有强烈共鸣的话题）公开发表意见，坦率说出
• If no one has the courage to speak out against the system, things will never improve. 如果没有人敢挺身而出反对现行体制，情况永远也不会改善。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  speak up
 ADVANCED
■to speak in a louder voice so that people can hear you 提高嗓门，大声点说
• Could you speak up? We can't hear at the back. 你能说大声点吗？我们在后面听不到。
[spi:k] (spoke, spoken)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  speak up for sb/sth
■to support someone or something, especially by saying good things about them 支持；（尤指）为…说好话，为…辩护
• She has often spoken up for the rights of working mothers. 她经常为上班族妈妈说好话，维护她们的权益。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vi. 说话；演讲；表明；陈述
 - tongue, fack
vt. 讲话；发言；讲演
 - take the floor, to address

Word: everyone
Front: everyone
[ˈevriwʌn] (中高 529/753 -K4)
Back: pron. 每人，人人
分布：人人(83%)，每人(17%)
pron.(everybody)每人,人人,各人Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外,任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都这么想.
['ev.ri.wʌn] (also everybody)
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■every person 每个人，人人；所有人
• Would everyone who wishes to attend the dinner let me know by Friday afternoon? 想去参加晚宴的人，请在星期五下午前通知我好吗？
• Everyone has their own ideas about the best way to bring up children. 对甚么是养育孩子的最好方法，每个人都有自己的看法。
• I've received replies from everybody but Jane. 除了简之外，所有人都给了我回覆。
• Do you agree with the principle that everyone should pay something towards the cost of health care? 每个人都要承担一些保健费用，这个原则你赞成吗？
• Everyone knows who stole it, but they're all afraid to tell anyone. 大家都知道是谁偷了它，但都不敢向别人说。
• Everyone involved in the accident has been questioned by the police. 事故牵涉到的每个人都被警方盘问过。
• Goodbye, everybody - I'll see you next week. 各位，再会——下星期见。
• I'm sorry, but you'll just have to wait your turn like everybody else. 对不起，你要和其他人一样，按先后次序来等。
['ev.ri.wʌn] (also everybody)
pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  everyoneRemember: everyone and everybody are usually written as one word. To refer to 'all the people' or 'all people', as a group, don't write 'every one' or 'every body', write everyone/everybody :
✗ He introduced me to every one at the party. He introduced me to everyone at the party. Every one and every body are not common. Only write every one to refer to people as separate members of a group: All his friends were there and he introduced me to every one. He introduced me to every one of his friends. Only write every body to refer to separate physical bodies, especially dead bodies: We will not know how many people died until the police have recovered every body.
n. 每个人
 - each one, everybody (a term of address), Every Body

Word: material
Front: material
[məˈtɪəriəl] (高研四六雅 641/499 -K4)
Vocabulary: material
(once / 52 pages)
1nadj 2nadj 3n 4n 5adj
Material is cloth from which clothes, curtains, or similar items can be created. If you sew your own bathing suit, it's important to make sure the material you use doesn't turn transparent when it gets wet.
The noun material can also refer to the items or substances used to create something. If you want to build a swing set, you'll need to buy materials like treated lumber, bolts, and screws. You can also use the adjective material to describe something that is worldly rather than spiritual. If you join that religious order, you are supposed to give up your material goods — even your convertible.
WORD FAMILY
material: immaterial, materialise, materialism, materiality, materialize, materially, materials, nonmaterial+/dematerialise: dematerialised, dematerialises/dematerialize: dematerialized, dematerializes, dematerializing/ immaterial: immaterialise, immateriality, immaterialize, immaterially/immaterialise: immaterialised/immaterialize: immaterialized, immaterializes/materialisation: materialisations/materialise: dematerialise, materialisation, materialised, materialises, materialising/ materialism: materialisms, materialist, materialistic /materialist: materialists/ materialistic: materialistically/materiality: materialities/materialization: materializations/ materialize: dematerialize, materialization, materialized, materializes, materializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
US material and weapons support for the YPG provoked Turkish protests.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Verbal rehearsal of material—the shopping list you recite as you walk the aisles of a supermarket—is part of our working memory system.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 材料，原料; 素材; 布，织物; 适当人选
adj. 物质的; 肉体的; 重要的，决定性的; 辩证的，推论的
分布：材料(54%)，物质(15%)，原料(13%)，重要的(4%)，物质的(4%)，资料(3%)，素材(3%)，实质性的(2%)，题材(1%)，关键的(1%)
→来自拉丁语materia,物质，材料，木料，木材，词源同matter.
n.材料,原料,资料a.物质的,肉体的,实质性的The waterproof material is suitable for the aerial used near the waterfall.这种耐水材料适合用在瀑布附近的天线.
US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
PHYSICAL SUBSTANCE 物质／材料
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a physical substance which things can be made from 材料，原料
• building materials, such as stone 建筑材料，如石头
• Crude oil is used as the raw (= basic) material for making plastics. 原油是制造塑胶的原料。
UK [mə'tɪə.ri.əl] US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■information used when writing something such as a book, or information produced in various forms to help people or to advertise products 素材；资料；材料
• I'm in the process of collecting material for an article that I'm writing. 我正在为所写的一篇文章搜集资料。
UK [mə'tɪə.ri.əl] US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
CLOTH 布
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■cloth which can be used to make things such as clothes 布，织物，布料
• How much material will you need to make the skirt? 做这条裙子你需要多少布料？
UK [mə'tɪə.ri.əl] US [-'tɪr.i-] noun
EQUIPMENT 设备
materials
[plural]
■equipment that you need for a particular activity 用具，设备
• "Do we need any writing materials?" "Only a pen and a pencil." “我们需要甚么文具吗？”“只要一枝钢笔和一枝铅笔就行。”
• teaching materials 教材
UK [mə'tɪə.ri.əl] US [-'tɪr.i-] adjective
PHYSICAL 物质的
■relating to physical objects or money rather than emotions or the spiritual world 物质的；实体的
• the material world 物质世界
• Material wealth never interested her. 物质财富从未引起过她的兴趣。
UK [mə'tɪə.ri.əl] US [-'tɪr.i-] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的 formal
■important or having an important effect 重要的，重大的；实质性的
• If you have any information that is material to the investigation, you should state it now. 如果你有与这次调查有关的任何重要线索，现在就应该说出来。
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
adj. 重要的； [物] 物质的，实质性的；肉体的
 - crucial, important, considerable, big, major
n. [材] 材料，原料； [经] 物资；布料
 - stuff, ingredient

Word: impact
Front: impact
[ˈɪmpækt] (研四六托雅宝 919/1263 -K4)
Vocabulary: impact
(once / 330 pages)
nv
The noun impact can refer to a physical force (like a collision), an influence (a bad role model or a hero), or a strong effect (a foot of snow will have an impact on driving conditions).
Impact is used most often as a noun. A good teacher might have an impact (influence) on a struggling student. The moment two comets collide is called the "moment of impact." But this versatile word can also be used as a verb, though many people prefer to use its synonyms instead: "affect," "bear upon," or "touch on." Impacted teeth are wedged together or stuck behind each other.
WORD FAMILY
impact: impacted, impacting, impaction, impacts+/impaction: impactions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
McEachin said the previous map “egregiously minimized the impact of certain voters,” and he applauded the change as a good start.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 碰撞，冲击，撞击; 影响; 冲击力
vt. 挤入，压紧; 撞击; 对…产生影响
vi. 冲撞，冲击; 产生影响
时态：impacted, impacting, impacts
分布：影响(72%)，冲击(15%)，撞击(5%)，冲击力(4%)，产生影响(2%)，压紧(1%)，挤入(1%)
→im-,进入，使，-pact,压紧，推进，词源同impinge,compact.其原义为牙齿阻生，后引申词义冲击，影响。
冲击力;影响力(im进入+pact→压进去的力量→影响力)[pact=fastened,表示"紧的"]
n.冲击,碰撞;影响v.影响;挤入,压紧The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
【记】im进入，pact压紧的－进入压紧的状态－冲击；影响力
noun countable usually singular uncountable /ˈɪm.pækt/
 IMPROVER
■the force or action of one object hitting another 冲击（力）；撞击（力）
• The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length. 撞车时的冲击力使车身变形，仅剩原来长度的三分之一。
• The bullet explodes on impact (= when it hits another object). 子弹击中物体时爆炸。
 IMPROVER
■a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person （尤指新事物的）巨大影响，强大作用
• The anti-smoking campaign had had/made quite an impact on young people. 禁烟运动对年轻人造成了不小的影响。
• The new proposals were intended to soften the impact of the reformed tax system. 新的提议旨在减轻改革后的税制所造成的影响。
verb intransitive or transitive /ɪmˈpækt/ mainly US to have an influence on something （对…）产生影响
• Falling export rates have impacted (on) the country's economy quite considerably. 出口率的下降对该国的经济造成了相当大的影响。
inference, issue, impact, incident
inference: 推断，结论
issue: 问题，争议点
impact: 影响，冲击
incident: 事件
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
vt. 影响； [力] 撞击；冲突；压紧
 - affect, influence, reach, work on, strike
vi. [力] 冲击；产生影响
 - charge at
n. 影响；效果； [物] 碰撞； [力] 冲击力
 - effect, impression, influence, infection, affection

Word: electricity
Front: electricity
[ɪˌlekˈtrɪsəti] (高研四六雅 2719/2296 -K3)
Vocabulary: electricity
(once / 299 pages)
n
Electricity is the energy that powers your lights and appliances. Electricity is the stuff that Benjamin Franklin harnessed from lightning using a key and a kite. Don't try that on your own.
The word electricity comes from the Greek electron, which doesn’t mean what you might expect. It means "amber," that yellow or reddish brown stone used for jewelry. The ancients noticed that when you rub amber, it gets an electrostatic charge and will pick up light things like feathers and straw. You can also describe other kinds of energy as electricity — when you're really crazy about someone, you can say there's electricity between the two of you.
WORD FAMILY
electricity: electricities+/ electric: electrical, electrically, electrician, electricity, electrics/ electrician: electricians
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are small electricity generation and distribution systems that operate independently of larger grids.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the only bill that follows is, hopefully, a cheaper electricity bill.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电力; 电流，静电; 高涨的情绪; 紧张
分布：电(92%)，电流(6%)，电学(1%)，热情(1%)
→来自词根electro, 电。
n.电,电流;电学Do you use electricity for cooking?你用电做饭吗?
US [-ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a form of energy, produced in several ways, which provides power to devices that create light, heat, etc 电；电能
• The electricity has been turned off. 电已被断掉了。
• an electricity generating company 发电公司
• powered/heated by electricity 电动／电热供暖
• an electricity bill 电费
n. 电力；电流；强烈的紧张情绪
 - electric power, electric force

Word: speed
Front: speed
[spi:d] (中高研四六雅 1390/1245 -K4)
Vocabulary: speed
(once / 62 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Speed most often describes acceleration or a high rate of motion. When something picks up too much speed, it can run off course, like a kid on a bike zooming uncontrollably down a steep hill.
Speed can be a noun or verb. As a noun, it's an indicator of pace, as in the speed of a car. As a noun, it's also a drug that keeps you awake, very awake. As a verb, it means to “move along quickly,” like how you speed around on your bike. A fun fact: while speed refers to the distance traveled by an object during a specific amount of time, velocity describes that distance, but in a specified direction.
WORD FAMILY
speed: sped, speeded, speeder, speeding, speeds, speedy +/speeder: speeders/speeding: speedings/ speedy: speedier, speediest, speedily, speediness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The speed limit on the turn was 30 mph.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
It is not just in ports where machine learning could speed up scanning.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The group have subsequently upped the speed at which they can propel water droplets to a heady ten millimetres a second.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 速度; 快速; 昌盛; （汽车的）变速器，排挡
vt. & vi. 急行，加速
vi. 超速; 加速; 迅速前行; 兴隆
vt. 加快…的速度; 使成功，使繁荣
时态：sped, speeded, speeding, speeds
分布：速度(75%)，加速(21%)，迅速(3%)，急行(1%)
→来自古英语 sped,繁荣，兴旺，来自 Proto-Germanic*spodiz,繁荣，兴旺，来自 spe,繁荣， 兴旺，词源同 prosper,desperate.后引申比喻义速度，迅速，快速，且成为主要词义，原词义 逐渐不再使用。
n.速度,快v.迅速,前进,急行;加速,使加速We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
noun
RATE OF MOVEMENT 运动速度
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■how fast something moves 速度，速率
• He was travelling at a speed of 90 mph. 他以每小时90哩的速度行进。
• The car has a top speed of 155 miles per hour. 这辆汽车的最高时速是155哩。
• You should lower / reduce your speed as you approach a junction. 接近交叉路口时应该放慢速度。
• On a clear, straight road you can gather / pick up speed. 在空旷笔直的公路上可以加速行驶。
• He came off the road while driving his car round a bend at high/breakneck speed (= very fast). 他在弯道上开得飞快，结果冲出了公路。
• There are speed restrictions (= controls on how fast traffic is allowed to move) on this part of the road. 这段路是限速的。
• an electric drill with two speeds (= rates at which it turns) 有两段速度的电钻
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■very fast movement 飞速，快速
• I get a real thrill from speed. 飞速驾车会让我兴奋不已。
• He put on a sudden burst of speed. 他突然加速了。
• Both cars were travelling at speed (= very fast) when the accident happened. 事故发生时两辆车的速度都很快。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■how fast something happens （事情发生的）速度，进度
• We were surprised at the speed of the response to our enquiry. 这么快就得到了答覆，让我们很惊讶。
• It was the speed at which it all happened that shocked me. 令我感到震惊的是整个事情发生得如此之快。
• She got through her work with speed (= quickly) and efficiency. 她快速而高效地完成了她的工作。
the speed of light/sound
■the rate at which light or sound travels 光／音速
• The speed of light is 300 million metres per second. 光速是每秒钟3亿公尺。
• These planes travel at twice the speed of sound. 这些飞机以两倍音速飞行。
countable
■a gear 排档，变速器
• a bicycle with ten speeds 有十段速度的脚踏车
• a ten-speed bicycle 十速脚踏车
countable
■the rate at which a photographic film absorbs or reacts to light （底片的）感光度
• What speed film do I need for taking photographs indoors? 我在室内拍照片需要感光度多少的底片？
shutter speed
■the length of time for which part of a camera is open to allow light to reach the film when a photograph is being taken 快门速度
• a high/low shutter speed 高／低快门速度
[spi:d] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable informal for
■ amphetamine (= a drug that makes the mind or body more active) 苯丙胺，安非他命（一种兴奋剂）
• She was on speed at the time. 她当时服了安非他命。
[spi:d] noun
up to speed
■If you are up to speed with a subject or activity, you have all the latest information about it and are able to do it well 了解最新情况；跟上进度
• We arranged for some home tutoring to get him up to speed with the other children in his class. 我们安排了一些家庭辅导，以帮助他跟上班里其他孩子的进度。
• Before we start the meeting I'm going to bring you up to speed with the latest developments. 在会议开始之前，我想先向大家介绍一下最新的进展。
[spi:d] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (sped or speeded, sped or speeded)
 IMPROVER
■to (cause to) move, go or happen fast （使）快速移动；（使）快速前行；加速；促进
• The train sped along at over 120 miles per hour. 火车以每小时120多哩的速度飞驰。
• The actress then sped away/off in a waiting car. 后来女演员钻进了一辆等候的汽车，迅速离开了。
• We sped down the ski slopes. 我们飞速滑下滑雪坡。
• This year is speeding by/past. 这一年过得特别快。
• Ambulances sped the injured people (= moved them quickly) away from the scene. 救护车载着伤患飞速驶离现场。
• The best thing you can do to speed your recovery (= make it quicker) is to rest. 尽快让身体康复的最佳方法就是休息。
be speeding
■to be driving faster than you are legally allowed to do 违法超速驾驶
• He was caught speeding. 他超速驾驶被抓到了。
[spi:d] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep] (sped or speeded, sped or speeded)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] speed (sth) up
■to happen or move faster, or to make something happen or move faster （使）加速；提高（…的）速度
• This drug may have the effect of speeding up your heart rate. 这种药可能会使你心跳加速。
• Can the job be speeded up in some way? 这项工作有没有甚么办法能加快速度呢？
• The tape speeded up towards the end. 这卷磁带在接近结尾时速度突然加快了。
• I think you need to speed up a bit (= drive faster) - we're going to be late. 我觉得你得开快点——我们要迟到了。
• The economy shows signs of speeding up (= increasing activity). 经济呈现出加速成长的迹象。
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
haste, hurry, speed, dispatch
这组词都有“迅速，急速”的意思，其区别是：
haste: 中性词，用作褒义指动作迅速，事情做得又快又好；作贬义用时，指做事急躁，行为鲁莽，得不到预期的结果。
hurry: 指急速从事某项活动或匆忙对付一件事情，含明显慌乱的意味。
speed: 多用于褒义，指行动敏捷快速，效果好。
dispatch: 指迅速、敏捷地结事某事，强调敏捷和及时。
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
vi. 超速，加速；加速，迅速前行；兴隆
 - quicken up, to accelerate
n. [力] 速度，速率；迅速，快速；昌盛，繁荣
 - velocity, prosperity, up, tempo
vt. 加快…的速度；使成功，使繁荣
 - make a go of

Word: alternative
Front: alternative
[ɔ:lˈtɜ:nətɪv] (高研四六托雅 2073/1752 -K4)
Vocabulary: alternative
(once / 293 pages)
nadj
When you're facing a fork in the road, you have two possibilities, or alternatives. You could take the left fork and see where it leads, or you could choose the path that goes to the right.
Whenever there is an alternative, it involves a choice. A wealthy student has the choice of going to a public school, or the alternative, a private school. Alternative can also refer to a different way of doing things, outside the norm. You might say that a hermit who lives in remote a cave with a pet turtle is living an alternative lifestyle.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
alternate / alternative
To alternate is to take turns; an alternative is an option. When you wear your checkered blazer, the black and white squares alternate. But if you're not feeling like an '80s guitar hero, the green plaid jacket is a nice alternative.
Alternate can act a noun, verb, or an adjective, that nut. As a noun, it's a substitute, like the alternate who takes over for you in a game or in a jury:
Several, including alternates, have taken notes and kept lists of evidence. (Washington Post)
As a verb it refers to the act of something going back and forth:
So it went on all day—heavy showers that lasted for a few minutes alternating with brief, bright intervals. (Mrs. Herbert Strang)
As an adjective, it describes two options taken in turns:
The alternate jersey will have an interlocking SD on the left chest. (Washington Post)
Alternative can be an adjective or noun, too. As an adjective it describes something available as another choice, including alternative lifestyles. As a noun, it means one of two or more choices. Here are some alternative sentences:
Some harriers have evolved an alternative lifestyle — cross-dressing. (New York Times)
Diaspora, an alternative to Facebook, was founded by four New York University students in 2010. (Washington Post)
People often say alternate when they mean alternative, maybe because it's shorter. No one's going to freak out if you mix them up, but use alternate for what those checkerboard squares do on your rock star blazer, and save alternative to describe the music it makes you want to crank up.
WORD FAMILY
alternative: alternatively, alternatives+/ alternate: alternated, alternately, alternates, alternating, alternatingly, alternation, alternative /alternation: alternations
USAGE EXAMPLES
With few alternatives, the passengers sat hoping their flight would eventually depart.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Six years demanding immediate repeal, and no alternative to replace it,” Mr. Hoyer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That means doctors must either refer patients elsewhere or at least provide information on alternatives.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 替代的; 备选的; 其他的; 另类的
n. 可供选择的事物
分布：供选择的(57%)，两者择一的(17%)，非主流的(12%)，供替代的选择(10%)，二者择一(4%)
二者择一(的)(来自alternate交替,交替选择的方法)[alter,altern,ali=other,to change表示"其他的,改变状态"]
n.二选一;供选择的东西;取舍a.二选一的I had no alternative but to accept his offer.我除了接受他的提议之外,别无选择.
【记】alter改变－改变方式做事－二选一
US [ɑ:l'tɝ:.nə.tˌɪv] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something that is different from something else, especially from what is usual, and offering the possibility of choice （尤指不同于平常事物的）可供选择的事物；可供选择的解决办法
• an alternative to coffee 咖啡代用品
• There must be an alternative to people sleeping on the streets. 一定要想办法解决街头露宿者的问题。
• I'm afraid I have no alternative but to ask you to leave (= that is what I have to do). 恐怕我别无选择，只有让你离开。
UK [ɒl'tɜ:.nə.tɪv] US [ɑ:l'tɝ:.nə.tˌɪv] adjective
 IMPROVER (US also alternate)
■An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one （计划或方法）可替代的；可供选择的
• The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy. 反对党到目前为止还没有提出其他的策略。
• An alternative venue for the concert is being sought. 正在寻找其他可举办音乐会的地方。
■describes things that are considered to be unusual and which often have a small but enthusiastic group of people who support them 非传统的；另类的
• alternative comedy 另类喜剧
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的
 - selective, vicissitudinary

Word: christian

Word: quality
Front: quality
[ˈkwɒləti] (高研四六托雅 764/536 -K4)
Vocabulary: quality
(once / 64 pages)
nadj
The qualities of something are its distinguishing features, and those can be good or bad. The qualities you look for when buying a tightrope might include strength and pliability, but you probably wouldn't want one with a slippery quality.
Quality can also be used as a purely positive term: "you're a person of quality," or "you've got a quality operation" are entirely complimentary, meaning you and your operation are superior. There's a joke about how "quality control" in fast food chains assures that whenever you order a burger in a restaurant in that chain — whether you’re in Dallas or Des Moines — the quality is always the same — bad!
WORD FAMILY
quality: qualities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say affordable, quality child care helps with youth development and enables more parents to hold jobs and attend school.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
But the quality of local debate, at least on this matter, isn’t always what it should be.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 质量，品质; 美质，优点; 才能，能力，技能，素养; 品种
adj. 优质的，高质量的; 上流社会的
分布：品质(83%)，才能(7%)，高品质的(6%)，特质(4%)
→来自拉丁语qualis,种类，类型，要求，来自kwo,疑问代词词干，词源同quantity,what,who.引申词义质量，品质。
n.质量,品质,特性Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important.合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要.
US ['kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] noun
STANDARD 标准
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■how good or bad something is 质量，品级，品质
• a shop advertising top quality electrical goods 以高品质电器为口号的商店
• The food was of such poor/low quality. 这种食品的品质很差。
• Their products are of very high quality. 他们产品的品质很高。
• I only buy good-quality wine. 我只买好酒。
• The quality of the picture on our television isn't very good. 我们电视的画面品质不好。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a high standard 优质
• He's not interested in quality. All he cares about is making money. 他对品质的高低毫不在意，一心只是想赚钱。
quality of life
■the level of enjoyment, comfort and health in someone's life 生活质量，生活品质
• My quality of life has improved tremendously since I moved to the country. 移居该国以来，我的生活品质大幅提高。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.ti] US ['kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] noun
CHARACTERISTIC 特点
 ADVANCED countable
■a characteristic or feature of someone or something 品质；特性
• leadership qualities 领导者的素质
• He has a lot of good qualities but being organized isn't one of them. 他有很多优点，但就是缺乏条理。
• [+ to infinitive] I don't think he has the right qualities to be a teacher. 我认为他没有具备做老师的条件。
• This cheese has a rather rubbery quality to it (= it is like rubber). 这种起司非常有弹性。
UK ['kwɒl.ɪ.ti] US ['kwɑ:.lə.tˌi] adjective
[before noun]
■of a high standard 优质的，优良的，高级的
• This is a quality product. 这是高级产品。
• mainly UK The story received little coverage in the quality papers (= more serious newspapers). 内容严肃的报纸几乎没有报导这一则新闻。
[after verb] informal
■very good 很好的
• That gig was quality. 那场演奏会很精彩。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 质量， [统计] 品质；特性；才能
 - talent, capability, ability, identity, character

Word: father
Front: father
[ˈfɑ:ðə(r)] (中高 267/364 -K5)
Vocabulary: father
(once / 25 pages)
nv
The verb father means to make children. If your dog, Tramp, fathers three puppies with the neighbor's dog, Lady, he is their father.
A father is a male parent. Everyone has a biological father, even if they're not raised by him. You might call your father Dad, Daddy, Papa, Pops, or even Father. A man who helped found something, or invent it, can be called the father of that entity or invention. George Washington is considered a father of the United States, and Alexander Graham Bell is often referred to as the father of the telephone.
WORD FAMILY
father: fathered, fatherhood, fathering, fatherless, fatherlike, fatherly, fathers, forefather +/ fatherly: fatherliness/ forefather: forefathers
USAGE EXAMPLES
When 12-year-old Daniel Radenz hanged himself during his father’s second tour in Iraq, I thought he must be the only one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
A family spokesman told WFAA-TV that Barber and his father, Gregory Barber, were both killed.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He fathered nearly a quarter of the world’s captive pandas.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 父亲; 祖先; （尤指天主教和东正教的）神父; 天父
vt. 成为父亲; 创立（新思想）; 创造; 发明（新方法）
时态：fathered, fathering, fathers
分布：父亲(93%)，神父(3%)，祖先(2%)，创造(1%)，创始人(1%)
→来自pater, 父亲，通常认为是来自婴儿最早能发的音pa,词源同pope, paternal.
n.父亲;创始人,发明者;(Father)神父Whether the weather is good or bad, neither father nor I am going to the gathering.无论天气是好是坏,父亲和我都不去参加那个聚会.
US [-ðɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a male parent 父亲，爸爸
• My father took me to watch the football every Saturday. 我父亲每周六带我去看足球赛。
UK ['fɑ:.ðər] US [-ðɚ] noun countable
the father of sth
■the man who began something or first made something important …的创始人；…的奠基人
• Freud was the father of psychiatry. 佛洛伊德是精神病学之父。
UK ['fɑ:.ðər] US [-ðɚ] verb transitive
■to become the father of a child by making a woman pregnant 成为…的父亲
• He's fathered three children. 他是三个孩子的父亲。
priest, father
这两个名词均与宗教中的神职人员有关。
priest: 牧师，指天主教及东正教中一个有权执行圣礼的教士。
father: 神父，神甫，指对教士的尊称。
n. 父亲，爸爸；神父；祖先；前辈
 - dad, root, da, daddy, priest
vt. 发明，创立；当…的父亲
 - found, construct, institute

Word: via
Front: via
[ˈvaɪə] (高研四六托雅 2576/2004 -K3)
Back: prep. 经过; 通过，凭借; 取道
分布：通过(92%)，经由(8%)
→来自拉丁语via,路，经由，来自wegh,走，经过，词源同way,vehicle.
道路prve经过[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
prep.经;通过;凭借Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
/'vi:.ə] preposition
 IMPROVER
■through; using 经由，通过，透过
• The London-Addis flight goes via Rome. 从伦敦到阿迪斯的航班要途经罗马。
• Reports are coming in via satellite. 报道透过卫星传送进来。
• I only found out about it via my sister. 我是从我姐姐那里才知道了这件事。
prep. 取道，通过；经由
 - by way of, THRU through

Word: engineer
Front: engineer
[ˌendʒɪˈnɪə(r)] (中高研四六雅 1997/1889 -K3)
Vocabulary: engineer
(once / 145 pages)
1nv 2n
An engineer is someone who possesses the knowledge or expertise to create and implement plans or build machines. Even if you're not an engineer, when you engineer you make plans and solve problems.
An interesting part of the word engineer is the suffix -eer, which turns a word into one that means someone who does something indicated by the base it is affixed to — a mountaineer climbs mountains, an auctioneer presides at auctions, an engineer designs, coming from the Old French engin, which means "skill or cleverness." If you want to become an engineer, you'll have to study all kinds of mechanical systems, not just engines.
WORD FAMILY
engineer: engineered, engineering, engineers+/ engine: engineer, enginery, engines/ engineering: engineerings/enginery: engineries
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re still fighting the battle, and still trying to be good Samaritans and good neighbors to everybody,” said Shalaby, who is also a civil engineer.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工程师，技师; （轮船的）机师; 〈美〉（火车的）司机，; （陆军的）工兵
vt. 设计，策划; 安排或处理; 改变…的基因（或遗传）结构
时态：engineered, engineering, engineers
分布：工程师(85%)，设计(10%)，建造(3%)，策划(2%)
→来自engine, 机械装置，引擎，即设计机械的人。
工程师(engine发动机)[-eer表名词"…人员"]
n.工程师The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
US [-'nɪr] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to design or build machines, engines or electrical equipment, or things such as roads, railways or bridges, using scientific principles 工程师；工程（或机械）设计人员
• a civil engineer 土木工程师
• a mechanical/structural engineer 机械／结构工程师
• a software engineer 软体工程师
 IMPROVER
■a person whose job is to repair or control machines, engines or electrical equipment 机修工；技师；技工；机械师
• a computer engineer 电脑工程师
• The engineer is coming to repair our phone tomorrow morning. 技工明天上午来修我们的电话。
US * an engine driver
UK [ˌen.dʒɪ'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
ARRANGE 安排
■to arrange cleverly and often secretly for something to happen, especially something that is to your advantage （尤指为自己的利益）密谋策划，精心安排
• Left-wing groups engineered a coup against the military government. 左翼集团密谋策划了一场反军政府的政变。
• I'm trying to engineer a meeting between them. 我正在尽力谋划，好让他们见面。
UK [ˌen.dʒɪ'nɪər] US [-'nɪr] verb transitive
BUILD 建立
■to design and build something using scientific principles 设计制造
n. [经管] 工程师；工兵；火车司机
 - gineer, sapper
vt. 设计；策划；精明地处理
 - design, style, project, frame, scheme
vi. 设计；建造
 - project, design

Word: skill
Front: skill
[skɪl] (中高研四六雅 821/801 -K4)
Vocabulary: skill
(once / 92 pages)
n
If you have an ability that required practice, training, or experience, you have a skill. His welding skill allowed him to create wonderful pieces of art out of metal plumbing pipes. He called his best work "Peace Pipes."
Chess is a game of skill, but Old Maid is a game of luck. The noun skill comes from an Old Norse word, skil, which means distinction. His swimming skills left a lot to be desired: he flailed around in the pool, churning up water like an egg beater. It kept him from drowning, but it didn't look pretty. You're supposed to learn basic math and reading skills in elementary school.
WORD FAMILY
skill: skilful, skilfully, skillful, skills+/skilful: skilfulest/skillful: skillfulest, skillfully, skillfulness, unskillful/unskillful: unskillfully, unskillfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This work is really hard. It’s very technical, and it involves a lot of emotion and a lot of technical skill,” Adams said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite the capable inner circle he is assembling, and his innate political skills, Mr. Trump will learn that the presidency is a forlorn place.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was actually in charge of the cement block,” Ms. Saxon said, still in awe at her construction skills.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 技能，技巧; 熟练，巧妙; 才能，本领
分布：技能(48%)，技巧(37%)，熟练(10%)，技艺(5%)
→来自中古英语 skill,知识，来自古诺斯语 skil,区分，鉴别，知识，来自 Proto-Germanic*skilja, 分开，来自 skel,砍，劈，来自 skei,砍，劈，词源同 ski,science.引申词义技术，技 能，技巧等。
n.技能,技巧,手艺;熟练He has the skill to be a carpenter.他有当木匠的本事.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have practised it 技能，技巧
• Ruth had/possessed great writing skills. 露丝写作技巧纯熟。
• I have no skill at/in sewing. 我不会缝纫。
craft, skill, art
这组词都有“技艺、技巧”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 和art同义，指手脚灵巧，有技术和技能。
skill: 语气较强，指某人具有专门知识，精通业务，而且经验丰富又很熟悉。
art: 最普通用词，侧重指某人完成某项工作的能力或操作技巧。
n. 技能，技巧；本领，技术
 - technique, science, mechanics, tips, accomplishment

Word: tie
Front: tie
[taɪ] (中高研四六 1501/2118 -K4)
Vocabulary: tie
(once / 67 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v
A tie is a thin piece of cloth that's knotted around the neck, an accessory worn by men on formal occasions. You may wear a tie to graduation, a wedding, or if you're just trying to impress someone.
If the score of a game is equal, then the game is a tie. Some games, like chess, can actually end in a tie, but other games, like basketball, continue until there's a winner. You can also use the word tie as a verb: "Looks like the game will tie at two apiece." As a verb, tie also means to fasten two or more things together, like when you tie your shoelaces or your tie.
WORD FAMILY
tie: retie, tied, tier, ties, tying, untie+/retie: retied, reties, retying/ tier: tiers/tying: tyings/untie: untied, untier, unties, untying
USAGE EXAMPLES
And how close should his ties remain to business executives operating in areas with far different opinions about human rights and justice?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And now, a year later, the Islamic center is still tied up in traffic-pattern objections and subdivision squabbles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Marquis Vance tied it with a layup 20 seconds later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 关系; 领带，绳子; 平局; 束缚，限制
vt. （用线、绳等）系; （在线、绳上）打结; 连接; 与…成平局
vi. 打结，系上; 平局; 被用带（或绳子等）系住
时态：tied, tying, ties
分布：领带(49%)，系(29%)，绳(8%)，打结(4%)，束缚(3%)，捆绑(2%)，约束(2%)，不分胜负(1%)，连结(1%)，使人结合在一起的事物(1%)
→来自古英语 teag,绳子，带子，来自 Proto-Germanic*taugo,拉，来自 deuk,拉，词源同 tow,conduct.并引申诸相关词义。
n.领带;联系,关系,纽带;束缚v.扎,系,捆The lying liar lied to the dying diet maker that the tie was dyed blue.躺着的说谎者对临死的食疗制作者谎称带子染成了兰色.
verb (tying, tied, tied)
FASTEN 系
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to fasten together two ends of a piece of string or other long thin material, or to (cause to) hold together with a long, thin piece of string, material, etc. 打结；系，缚，捆，扎
• Could you tie this piece of string for me? 你能帮我把这个绳子打个结吗？
• This skirt ties at the waist. 这条连衣裙是在腰间系带的。
• She tied the ribbon tightly in a bow/knot. 她把丝带打成一个紧紧的蝴蝶结。
• I tie my hair back when it's hot. 天热时我就把头发系在脑后。
• Tie (up) your shoelaces, or you'll trip over. 把鞋带系好，不然会摔跤的。
be tied to sth/sb
■If you are tied to a job, place or person, you are forced to stay with them 束缚，约束，限制
• I felt tied to the job while I had a mortgage to pay. 因为有按揭贷款要还，我觉得自己被这份工作束缚住了。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
RELATE 相关
transitive
■to relate to or connect to 与…相关
• Is the allergy tied to dairy products, for example? 比如说，过敏症与奶制品有关系吗？
• Can you tie his behaviour up with anything that's happened recently? 你认为他的行为与最近发生的甚么事有关联吗？
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
FINISH EQUAL 以平局结束
intransitive
■to finish at the same time or score the same number of points, etc. in a competition as someone or something else （比赛中）打成平局，不分胜负
• Jane and I tied (for first place) in the spelling test. 在拼写比赛中（争夺第一名时）我和简打成平手。
• We tied with a team from the south in the championships. 在锦标赛中我们和一支南方队打成平手。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
tie sb (up) in knots informal
■to confuse someone 使（某人）困惑，把（某人）弄糊涂
• The Director of Studies tied me up in knots by asking tricky questions. 教务主任问了一些很难回答的问题，把我弄得头昏脑胀。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
tie the knot informal
■to get married 结婚
• So when are you two going to tie the knot? 那么你俩甚么时候结婚呢？
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
tied to your mother's / wife's apron strings disapproving
■If you say that someone, especially a man, is tied to his mother's/wife's apron strings, it means that he is strongly influenced and controlled by that person 受母亲／老婆的管束
• George never comes out with the rest of us - he's tied to his wife's apron strings. 乔治从不和我们一起外出——玛莎／他妻子对他管束很严。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
  Phrasal Verbs  tie sb down
LIMIT
[M often passive] informal
■to limit someone's freedom 限制，束缚（某人）
• He's tied down by having to work every Saturday. 他星期六都被工作绑住了。
• We'd like to travel more, but having children at school really ties us down. 我们想去更多的地方旅游，可是孩子要上学，把我们绑住了。
GET DECISION [M] informal
■to make someone give you a clear decision 使（某人）明确表态
• I'll try to tie her down on her plans. 我会设法让她把计划确定下来。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tie (sth) in
■When ideas or statements tie in, they agree or are closely connected, and if you tie them in, you make them agree or connect closely （使）相一致；（使）有联系
• I can't tie in what he said today with what he told me last week. 他今天说的与上周他告诉我的根本就不是一回事。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tie (sth) in with sth
■to plan an event or activity so that it combines with or happens at the same time as another, or to be planned in this way （使）同时发生
• We're trying to tie our holiday in with Simon's lecture tour. 我们试图把我们的假期与赛门的巡回讲学安排在一起。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
  Phrasal Verbs  tie sb up
FASTENED
[M]
■to make a person unable to move by tying a rope or something similar around their body or part of their body 把（某人）捆绑起来
• The burglars had tied him up (to the bed). 窃贼们把他绑了起来（窃贼们把他绑在床上）。
NOT AVAILABLE
■When someone is tied up, they are busy or are prevented from doing something, such as speaking to someone or going somewhere, because they are involved in another event or activity 把（某人）缠住，使（某人）无法脱身
• I'm afraid we can't meet till Wednesday - I'm tied up on Monday and Tuesday. 恐怕我们要到周三才能碰头——我周一和周二都脱不开身。
• Mrs Moran is tied up in a meeting at the moment, but I'll ask her to call you later. 莫兰夫人现在正开会脱不开身，我会告诉她稍后给你打电话。
[taɪ] verb (tying, tied, tied)
  Phrasal Verbs  tie sth up
FASTENED
■to fasten something together using string, rope or something similar （用绳子、线等）捆扎
• Could you tie up the parcel for me? 帮我捆好这个包裹好吗？
NOT AVAILABLE
■to cause something, often money or possessions, not to be available for use 占用（常指资金、产业等）
• All my money is tied up in property. 我所有的资金都投在房地产上，无法动用。
• He tied up the printer all morning, printing out his reports. 他整个早上一直占着列印机列印他的报告。
[taɪ] noun countable
FASTENING 系
 ADVANCED (US also necktie)
■a long thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and tied in a knot at the front 领带
• He always wears a jacket and tie to work. 他上班时总是穿西服打领带。
 ADVANCED
■any piece of string, plastic, metal, etc. which is used to fasten or hold together something （绑扎东西用的）带子，绳子
• Can you see the ties for the rubbish bags in the cupboard? 你看到柜子里扎垃圾袋的带子吗？
[taɪ] noun countable
CONNECTION 关系
ties [plural]
 ADVANCED
■the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or special connections with places 纽带；关系，联系
• Family ties are weaker if you move a long way away. 离家太远就会与家人疏远。
• I no longer feel any ties with my home town. 我对我的家乡再也没有任何亲切感了。
• He urged governments worldwide to break diplomatic ties with the new regime. 他敦促世界各国政府断绝与新政权的外交关系。
[taɪ] noun countable
EQUAL FINISH 以平局结束
■when two or more people finish at the same time or score the same number of points 不分胜负，平局
• It's a tie for first place. 两人并列第一。
• They have changed the scoring system because there have been too many ties. 因为常常出现不分胜负的结果，他们改变了计分制。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
vt. 系；约束；打结；与…成平局
 - restrict, hold oneself in
vi. 打结；不分胜负；被用带（或绳子等）系住
 - knot
n. 领带；平局；鞋带；领结；不分胜负
 - draw, necktie

Word: independence
Front: independence
[ˌɪndɪˈpendəns] (高研四六雅 2291/2010 -K)
Vocabulary: independence
(once / 331 pages)
n
Independence is the state of being free of the control of some other person, country or entity. Revolutions are all about obtaining independence, most famously perhaps the Revolutionary War in America, which led to America's freedom from Britain.
Independence comes from a nice medieval French word, depenre, meaning "to hang from," or "to hang down." The in at the beginning is Latin for "not," so the word originally meant "not hanging from," which is a neat description of what countries achieve by throwing off their colonizers. Teenagers also commonly seek independence from their parents — but perhaps not financial independence.
WORD FAMILY
independence: independences+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent /independency: independencies/ independent: independence, independency, independently, independents/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For many Taiwanese, the Republic of China, Taiwan’s official name, is a figleaf for independence; Sun is an old ineffectual ghost.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Among them is a proposal to hold a referendum that would ask voters whether they prefer statehood or independence.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Cuba will not abandon a single one of its principles ... not its independence and not its sovereignty,” she said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 独立，自主; 足够维持闭居生活的收入; 独立心; 自恃心
分布：独立(97%)，自立(3%)
→来自independent,独立的。
n.独立,自主This country gained its independence in 1949.这个国家在1949年获得独立.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■freedom from being governed or ruled by another country （国家的）独立
• Mexico gained its independence from Spain in l821. 墨西哥于1821年脱离西班牙独立。
 ADVANCED
■the ability to live your life without being helped or influenced by other people 自主，自立，独立
• It's important that parents should allow their children some independence. 父母让子女在一定程度上独立非常重要。
n. 独立性，自立性；自主
 - freedom, juche

Word: disease
Front: disease
[dɪˈzi:z] (中高研四六雅 775/931 -K4)
Vocabulary: disease
(once / 86 pages)
n
A disease is a health condition that has a specific set of symptoms and traits — such as malaria or heart disease.
Disease is not always about the human body being sick. Plants and animals are often the victims of disease. People also use the word disease in a more figurative sense to illustrate just how bad or damaging a negative influence can be — like the disease of greed among capitalists or the disease of plagiarism among college students.
WORD FAMILY
disease: diseases
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first Creek episode, a mother and her children mysteriously dying was lazily put-to-bed with a last-minute mention of a rare blood disease.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 疾病; 弊端; 不安
vt. 传染; 使…有病
分布：疾病(100%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。ease, 放松，舒服。即不舒服，生病。
n.疾病It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(an) illness of people, animals, plants, etc., caused by infection or a failure of health rather than by an accident 病，疾病
• a contagious/infectious disease 传染病
• a common/rare/incurable/fatal disease 常见病／罕见疾病／绝症／致命疾病
• They reported a sudden outbreak of the disease in the south of the country. 他们报告说该国南部地区突然爆发了这种疾病。
• The first symptom of the disease is a very high temperature. 这种病的最初症状是高烧。
• She has caught/contracted (= begun to have) a lung disease/disease of the lungs. 她患上了肺病。
• Starvation and disease have killed thousands of refugees. 饥饿和疾病夺去了数千名难民的生命。
countable
■something that is considered very bad in people or society 病症；恶疾；弊病
• The real disease affecting the country is inflation. 影响该国的真正恶疾是通货膨胀。
illness, sickness, disease, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
illness: 不具体指，而是泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状语，语体较sickness正式一些。
sickness: 较口语化，可与illness换用，但还可表示“恶心”。
disease: 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。
complaint: 现代英语中，既可指症状，也可指疾病。
n. [医] 病，疾病；弊病
 - illness, ill, sickness, complaint
vt. 传染；使…有病
 - to infect

Word: hardly
Front: hardly
[ˈhɑ:dli] (中高研四六托 1741/1135 -K4)
Vocabulary: hardly
(once / 49 pages)
adv
The adverb hardly means barely or scarcely at all. If you hardly ever visit your cousins in California, it means you almost never travel to see them.
If you hardly know your neighbor, you only know him a little bit, and if you hardly understand what your French teacher says, you're only catching every few words she speaks. Hardly can also be used to talk about time: "We can't leave yet — the party's hardly started!" Hardly originally had nearly the opposite meaning: "with great exertion or effort." The phrase "not hardly," or "a little," eventually lost the "not" and became the hardly we know today.
WORD FAMILY
hardly: hardlys+/ hard: harden, harder, hardest, hardly, hardness, hards, semihard/harden: hardened, hardening, hardens/hardened: hardeneder, hardenedest, unhardened/hardening: hardenings/hardness: hardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
An uneven 109-98 victory over the lowly Suns in Staples Center would hardly classify as a “fix.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I hardly touched it, believing it to be tainted, stained.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Consumers are supposed to report and pay sales tax on online purchases, but hardly anyone does.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 几乎不; 简直不; 刚刚; 严厉地，粗鲁地
分布：几乎不(48%)，简直不(27%)，刚刚(25%)
→hard,艰难的，-ly,副词后缀。
ad.几乎不,简直不;仅仅I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
US ['hɑ:rd-] adverb
ONLY JUST 仅仅
 ESSENTIAL
■only just; almost not 仅仅；几乎不
• I could hardly hear her at the back. 我在后面几乎听不见她说甚么。
• The party had hardly started when she left. 她离开的时候派对才刚刚开始。
• He hardly ate anything/He ate hardly anything. 他几乎甚么都没吃。
• We hardly ever (= almost never) go to concerts. 我们几乎从不去听音乐会。
• Hardly had a moment passed before the door creaked open. 没过一会儿，门就吱扭一声打开了。
UK ['hɑ:d.li] US ['hɑ:rd-] adverb
CERTAINLY NOT 绝不
 IMPROVER
■certainly not 绝不
• You can hardly expect a pay rise when you've only been working for the company for two weeks! 你才刚为公司工作两个星期，别指望能加薪。
• Well don't be angry with me - it's hardly my fault that it's raining! 好啦，别再生我的气了——下雨又不是我的错！
UK ['hɑ:d.li] US ['hɑ:rd-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  hardlyWarning: check your word order! Hardly usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'hardly could/can do something', say could/can hardly do something :
✗ I hardly could recognise him after so many years. I could hardly recognise him after so many years. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , hardly usually goes directly after it:
✗ There hardly were any shops in the town. There were hardly any shops in the town.
hardly, hard
hardly: 几乎不 I can hardly believe it.
hard: 努力, work hard
barely, scarcely, hardly
这组词都有“几乎不”的意思，其区别是：
barely: 指仅仅够，一点不多，强调没有多余。
scarcely: 指不太充分，不太够，不足，不能令人满意，强调数量。
hardly: 指接近最低限度，差不多没有多余，强调困难和程度。
adv. 几乎不，简直不；刚刚
 - just, ill, fresh, scarcely, barely

Word: neighbour
Front: neighbour
['neɪbə(r)] (中高四六 -/1847 -K3)
Back: n. 邻居; 邻近的人[物]; 邻国; 世人
vt. 接壤; 邻接
vi. 邻近; 与…有睦邻关系
adj. 邻居的; 邻近的
时态：neighboured, neighbouring, neighbours
分布：邻居(96%)，邻近(2%)，接壤(1%)，邻近值(1%)
US [-bɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL UK
■someone who lives very near to you 邻居
• Some of the neighbours have complained about the noise from our party. 有些邻居已经抱怨过我们的聚会太喧闹。
• Have you met Pat, my next-door neighbour? 你见过我隔壁的邻居派特吗？
 ADVANCED
■A country's neighbour is one that is next to it 邻邦，邻国
• The relationship between Scotland and its southern neighbour has not always been peaceful. 苏格兰和南方邻邦的关系并非一直很和睦。
n. 邻居；仁慈的人
 - joneses, vicinage
vt. 邻接
 - abut upon, abut against
vi. 住在邻近；毗邻；友善
 - abut
adj. 邻居的；邻近的
 - adjacent, nearby

Word: attract
Front: attract
[əˈtrækt] (高研四托 1867/1477 -K4)
Vocabulary: attract
(once / 66 pages)
v
To attract is to exert a force that draws something in, like the way a magnet attracts a paper clip. You might know the phrase, "opposites attract." This means you might be drawn to a personality type that is completely unlike yours.
With attract comes the sense that the pull you feel towards someone or something is not entirely voluntary. It's quite possible to say that you are attracted to someone, but you don't really like them. Low prices can attract buyers into a store they would not normally go into, and standing on a street corner screaming loudly will probably attract quite a bit of attention, but not the good kind.
WORD FAMILY
attract: attractable, attracted, attracter, attracting, attraction, attractive, attractor, attracts+/attracter: attracters/ attraction: attractions, counterattraction/ attractive: attractively, attractiveness, unattractive/attractor: attractors/unattractive: unattractively, unattractiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The bottle’s purple label with floral images was designed to attract female shoppers’ attention in a wine aisle dominated by dull colors.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The survey results showed quality of life and waterways with ocean port access were the region’s most competitive qualities for attracting new business.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 吸引; 诱惑; 引起…的好感（或兴趣）
vi. 具有吸引力; 引人注意
时态：attracted, attracting, attracts
分布：吸引(98%)，引来(2%)
→前缀at-同ad-. 词根tract, 拉，见tractor, 卡车。
吸引(拉→拉过来→吸引)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
吸引(at加强动作+tract→不断拉→吸引)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
vt.引起的注意(或兴趣等),吸引;引起;激起He was attracted by her beauty.他为她的美貌所吸引.
verb
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■(of people, things, places, etc.) to pull or draw someone or something towards them, by the qualities they have, especially good ones （尤因具有积极、值得赞赏的品质而）吸引，招引，引起
• These flowers are brightly coloured in order to attract butterflies. 这些花朵都有着鲜艳的色彩以便能够吸引蝴蝶。
• The circus is attracting huge crowds/audiences. 马戏团吸引了大批的观众。
• Magnets attract iron filings. 磁铁吸铁屑。
• The government is trying to attract industry to the area (= to persuade people to place their industry there). 政府正在这个地区招商引资兴办工业。
• Her ideas have attracted a lot of attention/criticism in the scientific community. 她的见解在科学界引起了很多人的注意／众多批评。
 IMPROVER transitive usually passive
■If you are attracted by or to someone, you like them, often finding them sexually interesting. 吸引；诱惑；引起…的爱慕；使喜爱
• I'm not physically/sexually attracted to him. 他在外形上／性方面对我没有吸引力。
attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, tempt
这些动词均含有“吸引，引诱”之意。
attract: 普通用词，指客观上吸引人的注意力。
charm: 侧重迷住某人或使之高兴。
enchant: 着重指有能力引起被迷住者的欢乐或赞美。
fascinate: 通常含使人无法拒绝、无法摆脱的意味。
tempt: 指吸引力很强，强调欲望被唤醒。
abstract, subtract, contract, attract
abstract: vt 抽取；
subtract: vt 减去
contract: vt 使缩小（招致，染上（疾病等））；
attract: vt 吸引；
vt. 吸引；引起
 - engage, absorb, produce, cause, operate
vi. 吸引；有吸引力
 - appeal, turn one on

Word: subsidy
Front: subsidy
[ˈsʌbsədi] (研四六托雅宝 4252/3907 -3)
Vocabulary: subsidy
(once / 648 pages)
n
A subsidy is a grant of financial assistance. Many school districts, for example, offer a subsidy to low-income families for book fees and lunch costs. The family pays a set amount and the district makes up the difference.
The noun subsidy comes from French and Latin roots that mean "help and aid." Subsidies are most often offered by the government, but individuals can offer subsidies as well. "The parents offered to give a subsidy for students to go on the ski trip. The deal was that if the kids earned half the money, the parents would pay for the other half."
WORD FAMILY
subsidy: subsidies, subsidise, subsidize +/subsidise: subsidisation, subsidised, subsidiser, subsidises, subsidising/ subsidize: subsidization, subsidized, subsidizer, subsidizes, subsidizing/subsidizer: subsidizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Maryland’s subsidy program served more than 10,300 families and 17,400 children on average each month in 2015, according to the latest U.S.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 补贴; 津贴; 助学金; 奖金
分布：津贴(61%)，补助金(39%)
→sub-,在下，-sid,坐下，安排，词源同 sit,settle.引申比喻义帮助，援助，后用于指补贴，津贴， 资助费等。比较其同源异义词 subside,沉降。
补助金(sub+sid+y)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
n.补助金;津贴费The student got a subsidy from the fund and continued to study.这个学生从基金会得到助学金继续学习.
【记】源于：subsidiary（adj 辅助的）
【参】subsidize（v 资助；津贴）；subvention（n 补助金）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■money given as part of the cost of something, to help or encourage it to happen 补助金；津贴，补贴
• The company received a substantial government subsidy. 公司得到大笔政府津贴。
• The government is planning to abolish subsidies to farmers. 政府正计划取消对农场主人的补贴。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. [财政] 补贴； [劳经] 津贴； [会计] [经] 补助金
 - pension, allowance

Word: fee
Front: fee
[fi:] (高研四雅 1826/1618 -K4)
Vocabulary: fee
(once / 243 pages)
1nv 2n
A fee is the cost of something, or the amount of money charged. You might need to pay a fee when you visit your favorite state park.
Clubs, national parks, and gyms all charge a fee to belong or to enter. There is also the fee that a professional charges for services, like the legal fee you pay when you hire an attorney or the fee you pay your dentist to clean your teeth. Fee has an Old French origin in the word fieu, "possession, holding, domain, or payment," from the Medieval Latin feodum, "land whose use is granted in return for service."
WORD FAMILY
fee: feeing, fees
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Ryan said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Mr. Ryan said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obamacare raises revenue through tax penalties tied to its insurance mandates, fees on insurers and levies on high earners and some investment income.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （加入组织或做某事付的）费; 专业服务费，业务报酬; 小费，赏钱; [法] 继承的产业
vt. 付给报酬，给小费; 〈英〉雇用，聘请
时态：feed, feeding, fees
分布：费用(95%)，酬金(5%)
→来自peku, 牛，词源同pecuniary.引申词义财富，金钱等。该词由于复杂的历史原因词义固定为费用。比较chattel, capital, 词源同cattle.
n.费(会费,学费等);酬金After the entertainment the captain obtained an entrance fee.娱乐表演之后,船长获得了一笔入场费.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service 报酬；服务费；费用
• legal fees 诉讼费
• university fees 大学学费
• an entrance/registration fee 入场／注册费
• We couldn't pay the lawyer's fee. 我们付不起律师费。
fee, bill, fare
fee: (进入一个地方，如场馆、学校等)费用
bill: （用餐、电话等）账单
fare: (特指交通等)费用
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. [会计] 费用； [劳经] 酬金；小费
 - charge, cost, tip

Word: flow
Front: flow
[fləʊ] (高研四 1984/1759 -K4)
Vocabulary: flow
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
The word flow has many shades of meaning but most involve the steady movement of something. Water can flow in a river, electricity can flow through a wire, and talk might also flow as you sit and chat with friends.
The verb flow often describes the movement of fluids, such as water or even blood, but it can also describe other things that move in a constant stream. When you get that high-paying job, money might flow into your bank account. Until then, offers for help might flow in when you need to pay your credit card bill. Flow has a noun form as well. You might watch the flow of traffic on the street.
WORD FAMILY
flow: flowage, flowed, flowing, flows, inflow, overflow +/flowing: flowingly, flowings, inflowing/inflow: inflows/ overflow: overflowed, overflowing, overflown, overflows/overflowing: overflowingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They also send messages to state government road-maintenance vehicles about traffic flows and road conditions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 流; 垂; 流出; （谈话、文体等）流畅
n. 流动; 滔滔不绝; 涨潮; 连贯
vt. 使泛滥; 淹没; 排出
时态：flowed, flowing, flows
分布：流(70%)，流动(15%)，流量(8%)，涨潮(2%)，流畅(2%)，涌出(1%)，淹没(1%)，飘动(1%)
→来自pleu, 浮动，流动，词源同float, fleet, pluvial.
v.流,流动n.流量,流速I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US [floʊ] verb intransitive
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER
■(especially of liquids, gases or electricity) to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily （尤指液体、气体或电）流动
• Lava from the volcano was flowing down the hillside. 火山岩浆顺着山坡往下流。
• Many short rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. 许多小河汇入太平洋。
• The river flows through three counties before flowing into the sea just south of here. 这条河流在汇入此处正南边的大海之前流经了三个郡县。
• With fewer cars on the roads, traffic is flowing (= moving forward) more smoothly than usual. 路上的车少了，交通比平时更通畅了。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] verb intransitive
CONTINUE 继续
■to continue to arrive or be produced 持续抵达；持续供应（或生产）
• Please keep the money flowing in ! 请继续投钱进来！
• Offers of help are flowing into the disaster area from all over the country. 援助源源不断地从全国各地到达灾区。
• My thoughts flow more easily if I work on a word processor. 如果在文字处理机上工作，我的想法会更流畅一些。
• By eleven o'clock, the wine was starting to flow. 到11点时，葡萄酒开始大量供应。
• After they'd all had a drink or two, the conversation began to flow. 他们都喝了一两杯之后，谈话开始无拘无束起来。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] verb intransitive
HANG DOWN 垂下
■to hang down loosely and often attractively 飘垂；飘拂
• Her long red hair flowed down over her shoulders. 她红色的长发飘垂在肩头。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the movement of something in one direction 流动，向某方向的移动
• the flow of a river 河水的流动
• the flow of traffic 车流
• the flow of blood 血液的流动
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
CONTINUOUS NUMBER 持续的数目
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a regular and quite large number of something 大量
• There's been a steady flow of visitors. 参观者络绎不绝。
only singular
■when something is produced or moved continuously 不断的供应；流，流动
• the flow of ideas/information 思想的流畅／资讯的流动
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
go against the flow
■to do or say the opposite of what most people are doing or saying 逆流而动，与主流背道而驰
• With this new book, she is going against the flow. 她的这本新书是反社会主流的。
UK [fləʊ] US [floʊ] noun
go with the flow informal
■to do what other people are doing or to agree with other people because it is the easiest thing to do 随大溜，随波逐流
• Just relax and go with the flow! 干脆放松下来随波逐流吧！
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
vi. [流] 流动，涌流；川流不息；飘扬
 - stream, dance
vt. 淹没，溢过
 - flood, drown out
n. [流] 流动；流量；涨潮，泛滥
 - stream, flux, fresh, flood, quantity of

Word: everything
Front: everything
[ˈevriθɪŋ] (中高 389/538 -K5)
Back: pron. 每件事物; 最重要的东西; （有关的）一切; 万事
分布：一切(92%)，情况(3%)，所有事物(2%)，最重要的东西(2%)，形势(1%)
pron.每件事,一切;最重要的东西Money is everything to him.对他来说,钱就是一切.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■all things 每件事；所有事物；一切
• You can't blame him for everything. 你不能甚么事都怪他。
• She's obsessed with Elvis Presley and collects anything and everything connected with him. 她迷上了猫王艾维斯‧普里斯莱，只要跟他有关的东西她都要收藏。
• Jane's been unfaithful to Jim three times, but he still loves her in spite of everything. 简已经有三次对吉姆不忠的行为了，但尽管如此，他仍然爱她。
• Money isn't everything (= the most important thing). 金钱不是万能的。
• His children are everything to him (= the most important part of his life). 对他来说，孩子就是他生命的全部。
• Have you been crying? Is everything all right? 你一直在哭吗？一切还好吧？
• The thieves took everything. 窃贼把东西全部洗劫一空。
• We did everything we could to save her but she died. 我们竭尽全力挽救她的性命，但依然回天乏术。
• We shall do everything necessary to bring the murderer to justice. 我们将采取一切必要的措施将杀人凶手绳之于法。
• They're very busy with their new house and everything (= all the things connected with it). 新房子及其他相关事情令他们忙得不可开交。
['ev.ri.θɪŋ] pronoun
everything but/except the kitchen sink humorous
■a much larger number of things than is necessary 几乎全部东西；过多的东西
• We're only going on vacation for a week, but John will insist on taking everything but the kitchen sink. 我们只是去渡假一个星期，但约翰还是要坚持带齐每一样东西。
['ev.ri.θɪŋ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  everythingRemember: when every is followed directly by thing , it is written as one word. Don't write 'every thing', write everything :
✗ I tell my best friend every thing. I tell my best friend everything. Every and thing can appear with an adjective in between: I tell her every little thing that happens to me.

Word: neither
Front: neither
[ˈnaɪðə(r)] (中高 1790/1721 -K4)
Vocabulary: neither
(once / 38 pages)
adj
When offered a choice between two things you don't like, you might choose neither. Whereas "either" means you would pick one, neither closes the door on both, saying you do "not" choose "either" one.
The adjective neither comes directly from Middle English, evolving from the word nawther. Neither is versatile, and can be used as a pronoun, ("Neither of your ideas works"), or an adjective ("Neither plan can be used"). It can also be used as a conjunction, in which case it is usually paired with "nor" ("We can use neither your first suggestion nor your second one"). Sounds like you're having a tough day.
WORD FAMILY
neither
USAGE EXAMPLES
Neither quarterback got much help from a running game that produced 218 yards in the first meeting with the Broncos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On New Year’s Day on Twitter, Carey offered neither an apology nor much of an explanation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Monday’s Outback Bowl figures to be a low-scoring game, and neither No. 20 Florida nor No. 21 Iowa offer any apologies.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （两者）都不的
pron. 两者都不
adv. 两个都不; 既不…也不
conj. 也不; 既不
分布：也不(55%)，既不(36%)，两者都不(7%)，两者都不的(2%)
→来自古英语nahwaether,两者都不，来自na,不，没有，词源同no,hwaether,两个中的一个，即whether,后受either影响拼写俗化。
a.两者都不pron.两者都不ad.也不Whether the weather is good or bad, neither father nor I am going to the gathering.无论天气是好是坏,父亲和我都不去参加那个聚会.
UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not either of two things or people 两者皆非，两者都不
• We've got two TVs, but neither works properly. 我们有两台电视，但没有一台是好的。
• Neither of my parents likes my boyfriend. 我父母都不喜欢我的男朋友。
• Neither one of us is particularly interested in gardening. 我们两个都不太喜欢园艺。
• "Which one would you choose?" "Neither. They're both terrible." “你会挑哪个？”“两个都不要，两个都很糟糕。”
• If she doesn't agree to the plan, neither will Tom (= Tom also will not). 如果她不同意这项计划，汤姆也不会同意。
• Chris wasn't at the meeting and neither was her assistant. 克里斯没有出席会议，她的助手也没有。
• informal "I don't feel like going out this evening." "Me neither." “我今晚不想出去。”“我也是。”
• On two occasions she was accused of stealing money from the company, but in neither case was there any evidence to support the claims. 她两次被指控盗用公款，但两次都没有确凿的证据。
neither ... nor
■used when you want to say that two or more things are not true 既不…也不…，…和…都不
• Neither my mother nor my father went to university. 我父母都没有上过大学。
• They speak neither French nor German, but a curious mixture of the two. 他们说的既不是法语也不是德语，而是两者的古怪混合。
• I neither know nor care what's happened to him. 我不知道，也不关心他出了甚么事。
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
be neither here nor there
■to not be important 无关紧要
• It's essential that she has this medicine, and the cost is neither here nor there. 重要的是她有这种药，价钱无所谓。
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
be neither one thing nor the other
■to be a mixture of two different things, often things that do not combine well 是非此非彼的混合物；既不是此，也不是彼
• I prefer a book to be either fact or fiction - this one is neither one thing nor the other! 我喜欢的书要不是真人真事，就是虚构小说——这本书却是个四不像！
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
  Common Learner Errors  neither or either? Warning: it is not usual to use two negative words in the same sentence. When using not in a sentence, don't say 'neither', say either.
✗ The air conditioning did not work neither. The air conditioning did not work either.
UK ['naɪ.ðər] UK ['ni:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction adverb
  Common Learner Errors  neither...nor This can be used with a singular or a plural verb. Neither Jack nor Philip like/likes football.
conj. 也不；既不
 - nor

Word: advance
Front: advance
[ədˈvɑ:ns] (高研四六托 2296/1880 -K4)
Vocabulary: advance
(once / 38 pages)
1vnadj 2nvadj 3vn 4vn
The experience of having a wild monkey advance on you is pretty scary. The verb advance means "move forward purposefully."
When you move forward, you advance. You can advance a chess piece on a board, advance toward someone across a room, or observe an army as it advances into a country. Advance also means "make progress," as when you advance your knowledge of Spanish by traveling to Ecuador, or "to loan money," which a bank does by making an advance of a thousand dollars. Since the 1700s, to make advances has also meant to make romantic overtures or to flirt.
WORD FAMILY
advance: advanced, advancement, advancer, advances, advancing+/ advancement: advancements/advancer: advancers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even so, both parties concurred on one point: American support for Israel was crucial for advancing the cause of peace.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Open in September and hasn’t advanced past the second round at her home tournament in Queensland state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He tweets prolifically but says he rarely uses any other communications technology more advanced than the telephone.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）前进; 将…提前; 预付; 提出
vi. （数量等）增加; 向前推（至下一步）; 上涨
n. 增长; 借款; （价格、价值的）上涨; 预付款
adj. 预先的; 先行的
时态：advanced, advancing, advances
分布：进展(60%)，前进(18%)，推进(9%)，预付(6%)，增长(3%)，预先的(2%)，提前的(1%)，预付金(1%)
→来自拉丁语abante, 前缀ab, 从，从...离开，词根ante 前面的。即先行的，先进的。
n.前进,预付vi.前进,进展vt.促进,推进The advanced van has disadvantages as well as advantages.这辆先进的篷车有优点也有缺点.
US [-'vænts] verb
GO FORWARD 前进
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to go or move something forward, or to develop or improve something （使）前进；使进步，使进展；使发展；促进
• The fire advanced steadily through the forest. 大火在森林中不断蔓延。
• The troops advanced on the city (= approached it, ready to attack). 军队向该城推进。
• We have advanced greatly in our knowledge of the universe. 在认识宇宙方面，我们已经取得长足的进步。
• Her study has considerably advanced (= helped) the cause of equal rights. 她的研究极大地促进了权利平等运动的事业。
• He's just trying to advance (= improve) his own career. 他只是在努力发展自己的事业。
■to pay someone some money before the regular time 提前支付
• [+ two objects] Could you advance me £50 until Tuesday? 周二之前可以预付给我50英镑的薪水吗？
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] verb
SUGGEST 提出
transitive formal
■to suggest an idea or theory 提出（想法或理论）
• the theory advanced in this article 这篇论文提出的理论
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
FORWARD 前进
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the forward movement of something, or an improvement or development in something 前进；进步，进展；发展
• Nothing could stop the advance of the flood waters. 洪水滔滔而来，势不可挡。
• Recent advances in medical science mean that this illness can now be cured. 医学新近取得的进展意味着这种疾病现在不再是绝症了。
■* money paid to someone before the regular time
• She asked for a £300 advance on her salary. 她要求预付她300英镑薪水。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
ROMANCE 浪漫
countable usually plural
■an attempt to start a romantic relationship with someone 勾引；挑逗；追求
• She rejected his unwelcome advances. 他妄想勾引她。她非常厌恶，让他碰了一鼻子灰。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
in advance IMPROVER
■before a particular time, or before doing a particular thing 预先，事先，提前
• If you're going to come, please let me know in advance. 如果你要来的话，请提前通知我。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] noun
in advance of sth/sb formal
■before something or someone 在…前面，在…之前
• She arrived in advance of everyone else. 她比其他人都来得早。
UK [əd'vɑ:nts] US [-'vænts] adjective [before noun]
■happening, done or ready before an event 预先的，事先的
• advance payment/booking 预付／预订
• We got no advance warning/notice of the changes. 我们事先没有得到有关变更的警告／通知。
peogress, proceed, advance
这组词都有“前进”的意思，其区别是：
peogress: 多表自然过程，指生长，发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如：The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭，很快又是夏天了。)
proceed: 强调从一处向另一处的运动，常表停顿后继续前进。如：They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
advance: 表向一个特定的目的地，在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如：Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
n. 发展；前进；增长； [会计] 预付款
 - development, growth, making, progress, increase
vt. 提出；预付；使……前进；将……提前
 - introduce, present, prefer, file, put in
vi. 前进；进展；上涨
 - go ahead, move ahead
adj. 预先的；先行的
 - up-front, prevenient

Word: earn
Front: earn
[ɜ:n] (高研四 1305/1727 -K4)
Vocabulary: earn
(once / 93 pages)
v
When you earn something, you gain it as a result of your actions. You can earn your friend's gratitude by rescuing her pet kitten from a tree.
Earning has to do with things people get through their own efforts or behavior. A good friend earns your trust. A dishonest coworker might earn a reputation as a liar. This word is also used in financial contexts. If someone asks how much you earned last year, they're asking how much money you made at your job.
WORD FAMILY
earn: earned, earner, earning, earns+/earned: unearned/earner: earners/earning: earnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trust is not something you learn, it’s something the therapist earns.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
After attending public schools in Decatur, he earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The gas tax effort failed, earning the ire of the state chamber.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 赚得; 获得; 赢得; 博得
vt. 赚，赚得; 获得; 挣得; 使得到
时态：earned, earning, earns
分布：获得(53%)，赢得(27%)，赚得(20%)
→来自es-en, 劳动，收获，通常指农奴，佃农劳动所得，词源同esne, 奴仆。字母r,n音变。
v.赚得,挣得,获得I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱.
US [ɝ:n] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to receive money as payment for work that you do 赚（钱）；挣得；赚得
• I earn $30 000 a year. 我一年赚三万美元。
• How much do you earn, if you don't mind me asking? 如果你不介意的话，能告诉我你赚多少钱吗？
• You can't expect to earn a living (= be paid enough money to live on) from your painting. 你不能指望靠画画来维持生计。
• [+ two objects] Coffee exports earn (= give) Brazil many millions of pounds a year./Brazil earns many millions of pounds a year from coffee exports. 咖啡出口每年给巴西带来的收入达数百万英镑。／巴西藉由出口咖啡每年收入达数百万英镑。
■to get something that you deserve 应获得；搏得；赢得
• It's been a tough six months and I feel I've earned a few weeks off. 这半年可真是够辛苦的，我觉得我也该休息几周了。
⇒ See also well-earned
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
vt. 赚，赚得；获得，挣得；使得到；博得
 - acquire, buy, find, make, score

Word: eight
Front: eight
[eɪt] (中高 739/579 -5)
Back: num. 八; 八个; 第八
n. 八; 八人（或物）一组; 八人划船队
adj. 八个的
分布：八(97%)，八个的(2%)，八人划船队(1%)
→来自okto, 八，词源同eight ,October.
num.八pron.八(个,只...)He went by the eight o'clock train.他坐八点钟的火车去.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 8 （数字）八
• She was eight years old when her family moved here. 八岁那年，她家搬到了这里。
• We've got eight people coming to dinner. 有八位客人要到我们家来吃晚餐。
adj. 八的
 - octonary

Word: worst
Front: worst
[wɜ:st] (高研四六 33505/13770 -1)
Vocabulary: worst
(once / 104 pages)
nadjvadv
The adjective worst describes the thing that is the least good, like this awful pizza, the worst we've ever had in our lives.
Worst means "the least favorable outcome." You may have heard the saying "hope for the best but expect the worst." Well, it you get the worst, you know there is nothing more bad than that. If you are at your worst, you have never before felt or performed this poorly. Don't confuse worst with worse, which compares only two things. Your cold might be worse than your brother's but dad's is the worst of all.
WORD FAMILY
worst: worster, worstest, worsting, worsts+/ bad: badly, badness, bads, worse, worst /badness: badnesses/ worse: worsen, worser, worses/worsen: worsened, worsening, worsens
USAGE EXAMPLES
At home, the US faces the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
By those measures, the US should be celebrating the economic record of the man who inherited the worst recession since the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The Washington Wizards — who less than a month ago looked like one of the worst teams in the league — ended 2016 on a tear.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 最差的; 最严重的; 最令人不满的; 最糟的
n. 最坏的事情; 最严重的事
adv. 最坏; 最糟; 最严重
vt. 胜过，击败
分布：最坏(39%)，最坏的(33%)，最差(15%)，最差的(10%)，最不利的(2%)，最坏的事物(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*wers-ista,最坏，最糟糕，*wers,混乱，糟糕，词源同war,*ista,最高级后缀。
a./ad.最坏(的),最差(的)This is the worst storm we've had for years.这是我们这儿多年来最厉害的一场暴风雨.
US [wɝ:st] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■superlative of bad ; of the lowest quality, or the most unpleasant, difficult or severe 最差的；最糟的；最严重的
• That was the worst meal I've ever eaten. 那是我吃过最糟的一顿饭。
• "It was the worst moment of my life," she admitted. “那是我一生中的最低潮。”她承认道。
• He is my worst enemy. 他是我最凶险的敌人。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] adjective
be your own worst enemy
■to cause most of your problems or most of the bad things that happen to you yourself, because of your character 主要要怨自己；自讨苦吃
• Carrie is her own worst enemy - she's always falling out with people. 卡丽是自讨苦吃——她老是和别人吵架。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
 IMPROVER
■the most unpleasant or difficult thing, person, or situation 最坏的人（或事）；最糟的情况
• That was the worst I've seen him play in several years. 那是几年来我所见他打得最差的一次。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
at your worst
■less active or intelligent than you are at other times 状态最差
• I'm at my worst first thing in the morning. 我早上的时候状态最差。
■showing the most unpleasant side of someone's character 表现出最坏的品质，显出最丑陋的一面
• This problem over late payment has shown him at his worst. 这次拖延付款的问题使他原形毕露。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
at worst
■used to say what the most unpleasant or difficult situation could possibly be 往最坏处说；充其量
• At worst, she can only tell you off for being late. 充其量她也就是会责备你迟到而已。
■considering someone or something in the most negative or unkind way possible 就最坏的那一面看
• She is at worst corrupt, and at best has been knowingly breaking the rules. 她最坏的情况是腐败，而最好的情况是故意违反规定。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
do your worst
■to do the most unpleasant or harmful thing you can 使尽最坏手段
• I'm not frightened of him - let him do his worst. 我不怕他——让他有甚么手段尽管使出来好了。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
fear the worst
■to think something unpleasant might have happened 担心发生最糟糕的情况
• We hoped that they would be found safe and uninjured, but secretly we feared the worst. 我们希望找到他们时他们安然无恙，但内心却害怕最糟糕的事会发生。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] noun only singular
if the worst comes to the worst UK (US if worse/worst comes to worst)
■if the situation develops in the most serious or unpleasant way 如果最坏的事情发生；如果发生最糟的情况
• We should be in when you arrive, but if the worst comes to the worst, the neighbours have a spare key and will let you into the house. 你到的时候我们应该在家，万一不在，邻居家还有一把备用锁匙，能让你进屋。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] adverb
 IMPROVER
■the most badly 最差地；最糟地；最严重地
• Small businesses have been worst hit by the recession. 小企业受经济衰退打击最为严重。
• Roads in the Tayside region were worst affected by the snow. 泰塞德行政区的道路受降雪影响最为严重。
• The students voted him the school's worst-dressed teacher. 学生将他评为该校衣着最差的教师。
UK [wɜ:st] US [wɝ:st] verb transitive old use
■to defeat someone in a fight or argument 击败；打败
• He was challenged to a fight but was severely worsted. 他受到挑战跟人打了一架，结果输得狼狈不堪。
adj. 最差的，最坏的；最不利的；效能最低的
 - pessimal, baddest

Word: ship
Front: ship
[ʃɪp] (中高雅 1219/1356 -K4)
Back: n. 船; <口>宇宙飞船; （舰船上的）全体船员; 运气
vt. & vi. 运送
vt. 把…装上船; 装好（船具）; 上市; 使乘船
vi. 在船上工作; 乘船旅行; 当船员
时态：shipped, shipping, ships
分布：船(88%)，舰(8%)，装运(4%)
→来自古英语 scip,船，来自 Proto-Germanic*skipa,船，掏空物，来自 skep,切，分开，来自 skei,切，分开，词源同 shape,-scape.来自早期掏木为船的原始做法，比较 boat.
n.船舶,舰艇v.装运,航运,运送;发货I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large boat for travelling on water, especially across the sea （尤指航海的）大船，轮船，舰
• a sailing ship 大帆船
• a merchant/naval ship 商船／军舰
• They boarded (= went on to) a ship that was sailing (= leaving) the next day. 他们登上了一艘隔天启航的船。
[ʃɪp] noun countable
like ships that pass in the night
■If two people are like ships that pass in the night, they meet once or twice by chance for a short time then do not see each other again. 擦肩而过；一面之缘（如果两个人像夜里交错而过的船，他们只短时间见面一两次，然后就不再相遇）
[ʃɪp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED (-pp-)
■to send something, usually a large object or a large quantity of objects or people, to a place far away 运输，运送
• We ship books out to New York every month. 我们每个月都有书运往纽约。
[ʃɪp] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ship sb off informal
■to send someone away somewhere 送走某人
• The children were shipped off to their grandparents' house for the holidays. 孩子们被送到祖父母家度假。
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
craft, vessel, ship, canoe, steamer, boat
这组词都有“船”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 船只的集合名词，但可指单独的船只。
vessel: 多指运货或运人的大船。
ship: 含义广，一般指大轮船，如航海船只，内河航运船只。
canoe: 指长而轻，用桨的小舟、独木船。
steamer: 指靠蒸汽发动机为动力的船只。
boat: 泛指任何大小的船只，尤指靠划桨或风帆行进的无篷小船。
vt. 运送，乘船；以船运送
 - freight, transit, forward
vi. 上船；乘船旅行；当船员
 - to go aboard, take water
n. 船；舰；太空船
 - vessel, craft

Word: deliver
Front: deliver
[dɪˈlɪvə(r)] (高研四雅 1288/1459 -K4)
Vocabulary: deliver
(once / 58 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Whether you deliver a package, a baby, or a promise, you're bringing or carrying out something that was expected.
The Post Office and UPS deliver packages, but a doctor helps deliver a baby: in that case, the doctor is helping the baby get born safely. If you promise to get an A and then you do, you delivered on your promise. Religious people ask God to deliver them from sin. Politicians often have to deliver — meaning give — speeches. In just about every case, deliver refers to something positive that's being moved, fulfilled, rescued, or carried out.
WORD FAMILY
deliver: deliverable, deliverance, delivered, deliverer, delivering, delivers, delivery +/deliverable: deliverables/ deliverance: deliverances/deliverer: deliverers/ delivery: deliveries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Congress adjusted its calendar to work more, with several five-day work weeks in the House as it races to deliver on election promises.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twin girls born at Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns were delivered at 11:56 p.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It wasn’t just delivering things, he was working at various farms,” Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发表; 递送; 交付; 使分娩
vi. 投递; 传送
时态：delivered, delivering, delivers
分布：交付(58%)，履行(18%)，递送(9%)，解救(8%)，接生(5%)，投掷(2%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-liver, 自由，词源同liberate, liberation.即解救，拯救，使自由，引申义分娩，交付等。前缀de-在该词词义较抽象。
v.交付,递送;发表,表达;释放;接生The living olive keeps the deliverer's liver alive.活橄榄使发货人的肝脏继续存活.
US [-ɚ] verb
TAKE 带走
 IMPROVER transitive
■to take goods, letters, parcels, etc. to people's houses or places of work 运送；递送，投递
• Mail is delivered to our office twice a day. 邮差每天给我们办公室投递两次邮件。
• The shop is delivering our new bed on Thursday. 该店将于周二把我们的新床送来。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
GIVE 给
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give, direct or aim something 给出；指向；瞄准
• The priest delivered a passionate sermon/speech against war. 牧师发表了一篇充满激情的反战布道词／演讲。
• The jury delivered a verdict of not guilty. 陪审团作出了无罪判决。
• The police said that it was the blow that had been delivered (= given) to her head that had killed her. 警方称她是因头部受到撞击致死的。
• The bowler tripped as he was delivering the ball (= throwing it towards the person with the bat). 那个投手投球时脚下绊了一跤。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
PRODUCE 产生
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to achieve or produce; to do something promised 实现；产生；兑现（诺言）
• The government has failed to deliver (what it promised). 政府没有兑现（承诺）。
• mainly US The Republicans are relying on their agricultural policies to deliver the farmers' vote (= to persuade farmers to vote for them). 共和党依靠其农业政策来争取农民的选票。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
GIVE BIRTH 分娩
transitive
■to (help) give birth to a baby 给…助产；接生；分娩
• She delivered her third child at home. 她在家里生下她的第三个孩子。
• The baby was delivered by a midwife. 婴儿在助产士的帮助下出生了。
• formal The princess has been delivered of (= has given birth to) a healthy baby boy. 公主生下了一个健康的男婴。
UK [dɪ'lɪv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
SAVE 拯救
transitive formal
■to save someone from a painful or bad experience 拯救，救助
• Is there nothing that can be done to deliver these starving people from their suffering? 难道真的没有甚么办法可以救救这些正在挨饿的人吗？
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
vt. 交付；发表；递送；释放；给予（打击）；给…接生
 - afford, allow, extend, deal, free
vi. 实现；传送；履行；投递
 - come true, come to pass

Word: room
Front: room
[ru:m] (中高雅 227/240 -K5)
Vocabulary: room
(once / 15 pages)
1n 2v
A room is a space in a house or building that's usually enclosed with walls. Your favorite room in your house might be the den where the TV is, or the cozy kitchen.
There's the physical area called a room, and then there's the concept of room, which can mean "space" or "opportunity." If you have room in your life for a puppy, it means you can make the time to walk it and feed it and play with it. If you have room in your bedroom for a puppy, it means you have the physical space you need for a dog bed.
WORD FAMILY
room: anteroom, roomed, roomer, roomette, roomful, rooming, rooms, roomy +/ anteroom: anterooms/roomer: roomers/roomette: roomettes/roomful: roomfuls/rooms: roomss/ roomy: roomier, roomies, roomiest, roomily, roominess
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the real game-changing gadget here is not on the weight room floor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He holds a file folder; the room is totally quiet except for the tap-tap-tap of his forefinger on the folder.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 房间; 空间; 余地; 房间里所有的人
vt. 租房，合住; 为…提供住处; 投宿，住宿; 留…住宿
时态：roomed, rooming, rooms
分布：房间(79%)，空间(16%)，机会(3%)，寄宿(1%)，给…提供留宿(1%)
→来自古英语 rum,空间，范围，来自 Proto-Germanic*ruma,空间大的，广阔的，来自 reue, 展开，宽广，词源同 rural,rustic.引申词义房间，室。
n.房间,室,空间,地方;余地The whole room laughed.屋子里的人哄堂大笑.
noun
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a part of the inside of a building that is separated from other parts by walls, floor and ceiling 房间，室
• She's waiting for you in the conference room upstairs. 她正在楼上会议室等你。
• She's upstairs in her room (= her private room, where she sleeps). 她在楼上自己房间里。
• figurative The whole room (= All the people in the room) turned and looked at her. 整个房间里的人都扭过头来看她。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■Room is also used as a combining form （用于合成词中）房间，室，厅
• a bedroom 睡房
• a bathroom 浴室
• a dining-room 餐厅
• living-room 起居室
• a hotel room 宾馆客房
• He booked a single/double room (= a room for one person/two people in a hotel). 他预订了一间单人／双人客房。
rooms [plural] UK old-fashioned
■a set of rented rooms, especially in a college or university （尤指大学中租住的）一套房间，住所，寓所
[ru:m] [rʊm] noun
SPACE 空间
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the amount of space that someone or something needs 空间，空地方
• That sofa would take up too much room in the flat. 那个沙发放在公寓房中太占空间。
• James took the books off the little table to make room for the television. 詹姆斯拿走了小桌上的书，腾出地来放电视。
• He's fainted! Don't crowd him - give him room. 他昏倒了！别围在他旁边——给他让出点地方来。
• Is there (enough/any) room for me in the car? 我还能坐进车里去吗／车里还有我坐的地方吗？
• [+ to infinitive] There's hardly room to move in here. 这里面挤得几乎动都动不了。
uncountable
■opportunity for doing something 机会；余地
• I feel the company has little room for manoeuvre. 我觉得公司几乎没有回旋的余地。
[ru:m] [rʊm] noun
no room for sth
■If you say there is no room for a feeling or type of behaviour, you mean it is not acceptable 无法容忍，不能容许
• In a small company like this, there is no room for lazy staff. 在这样的小公司中，懒惰的员工是没有容身之地的。
[ru:m] [rʊm] noun
room for doubt
■a possibility of something being true 可疑之处，可置疑的地方
• There is little room for doubt about what happened. 所发生的一切已毋庸置疑。
[ru:m] [rʊm] noun
room for improvement
■a possibility or hope that someone or something will improve 改进的余地；进步的可能
• Her writing is better but there is still room for improvement. 她写得比以前好多了，但是仍有改进的余地。
[ru:m] [rʊm] noun
There's no/not enough room to swing a cat. saying
■said about a place or space that is very small 空间很狭仄；（地方）连转个身都困难
[ru:m] [rʊm] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition US
■to rent a room from someone, or share a rented room with someone 租住；（与某人）合租
• At college he rooms with this guy from Nebraska. 在大学里他和这个来自内布拉斯加州的小伙是室友。
n. [建] 房间；空间；余地；机会
 - apartment, opportunity, scope, vacuum, chamber
vi. 居住；住宿
 - belong, harbor, live, quarter, dwell

Word: murder
Front: murder
[ˈmɜ:də(r)] (中高研四六 1381/1560 -K4)
Vocabulary: murder
(once / 62 pages)
nv
To murder is to kill, and it's illegal. Murder is one of the worst crimes of all.
While murdering sometimes means mangling something (like murdering a speech you were trying to give) it usually means killing — but not just any killing. If you kill someone by accident or in self-defense, that's not murder. If a soldier kills an enemy, that's not murder. Murder is a planned, illegal form of taking someone's life. If you read a law book, you'll see how complicated murder can be.
WORD FAMILY
murder: murdered, murderer, murdering, murderous, murders+/ murderer: murderers/ murderous: murderously, murderousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nowhere were the challenges starker than in Chicago, where the rates of murders and shootings skyrocketed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof faces a second death-penalty trial early this year in state court, where he’s charged with nine counts of murder.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof was found guilty last month on 33 federal charges, including murder, attempted murder, hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 谋杀; 杀戮; 极艰难[令人沮丧]的经历
vt. 凶杀; 糟蹋; 打垮
vi. 杀人
时态：murdered, murdering, murders
分布：谋杀(75%)，谋杀案(23%)，糟蹋(1%)，损坏(1%)
→来自古英语morthor,秘密杀害，非法谋杀，来自Proto-Germanic*murthra,杀害，来自mer, 将死，死去，词源同morbid,mortal.-ther,工具格后缀。
v./n.谋杀,凶杀Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US ['mɝ:.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the crime of intentionally killing a person 谋杀，凶杀
• Two sisters have been charged with (= officially accused of) murder. 两姐妹被控谋杀。
• There were three murders in the town last year. 去年镇上发生了三件谋杀案。
• The three were convicted of (= proved guilty of) murder. 三人被判犯有谋杀罪。
• a murder weapon (= a weapon used to commit a murder) 凶器
Compare manslaughter ; suicide
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] noun countable or uncountable
be murder informal
■to be very difficult to do 很困难
• It's murder finding a parking space in town. 在城里很难找到停车位。
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to commit the crime of intentionally killing a person 谋杀，杀害
• Her husband was murdered by gunmen as she watched. 她亲眼目睹丈夫被持枪歹徒杀害。
• In the last year, terrorists have murdered several local journalists. 去年，恐怖分子杀害了几名当地记者。
■UK informal
■If you say you will or could murder someone, it means you are very angry with them （表示非常生气）决不会原谅
• If he's late again, I'll murder him! 如果他再迟到，我决不会原谅他！
UK ['mɜ:.dər] US ['mɝ:.dɚ] verb transitive
could murder sth UK informal
■If you say you could murder a type of food or drink, it means you would like to have it now 现在就想吃（或喝）
• I could murder a cup of tea! 我现在就想喝杯茶！
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
vt. 谋杀，凶杀
 - murther
n. 谋杀，凶杀
 - killing, rubout

Word: divide
Front: divide
[dɪˈvaɪd] (中高研四托 1942/1544 -K4)
Vocabulary: divide
(once / 40 pages)
nv
When you divide something, you separate it into different parts. A pizza maker may divide a ball of dough into two parts to make two pies, or you might even divide a stick of gum in half to share it with a friend.
The verb divide can refer to the splitting apart of anything, whether it’s pizza dough, gum, time, a country, or a political group. Math types probably already know that the word also can refer to a mathematical function involving figuring out how many times a certain number contains another number. As a noun, divide means a hostile split between two groups, such as a growing divide between conservative and liberal groups.
WORD FAMILY
divide: dividable, divided, divider, divides, dividing, divisible, division, subdivide+/dividable: undividable/ divided: dividedly, undivided/divider: dividers/ divisible: divisibility, divisiblest, indivisible / division: divisional, divisions/divisional: divisionally/ indivisible: indivisibly/subdivide: subdivided, subdivider, subdivides, subdividing, subdivision/subdivided: unsubdivided/subdivider: subdividers/subdivision: subdivisions/undivided: undividedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite political, social or religious viewpoints that may divide us, a common allegiance to our team finds us focusing on the same goal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s a divide between the community and law enforcement right now,” said Adrian Wrice, an outreach worker for Better Family Life.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Environmentalists remain divided on the issue of carbon capture, said John Coequyt, global climate policy director for Sierra Club.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 分开; 分隔; 除以; 分配
n. 分水岭，分界线; 分歧
时态：divided, dividing, divides
分布：分(70%)，划分(11%)，分裂(6%)，分开(5%)，分割(3%)，分歧(2%)，分水岭(2%)，隔开(1%)
→di-, 分开，来自dis-变体。-vid, 分开，词源同wide, widow.
分开(di+vide分开→分开)[di-①表示"两个,双"②表示"使…变成,分开,离开"]
分开,划分(di分开+vid+e分开)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
v.分,划分,分开;分配;(by)除To divide a computer program into segments.把一个计算机程序分成若干段.
verb
SEPARATE 分开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) separate into parts or groups （使）分开；（使）分组
• At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups. 讲座结束后，我想让所有学生分成几个讨论小组。
• After World War Two, Germany was divided into two separate countries. 第二次世界大战之后，德国被分成了两个独立的国家。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to share 分享；分摊
• I think we should divide (up) the costs equally among/between us. 我认为我们应该平均分摊这些费用。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If something divides two areas, it marks the edge or limit of them 分隔，隔开
• There's a narrow alley which divides our house from the one next door. 一条窄窄的小巷将我们的房子和邻居的隔开了。
• This path marks the dividing line between my land and my neighbour's. 这条路是我和邻居的土地分界线。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to use different amounts of something for different purposes or activities 分配
• She divides her time between her apartment in New York and her cottage in Yorkshire. 她有时住在纽约的公寓，有时住在约克郡的小屋。
intransitive UK
■If representatives in Parliament divide, they vote by separating into two groups, one group who want the law which is being voted on to be accepted and one group who are against it 议会代表分成两组进行投票表决，一组支持法案的通过，另一组反对其通过。
• After a lengthy debate, MPs/the House of Commons divided. 经过长时间的辩论，下议院议员最终进行了分组表决。
[dɪ'vaɪd] verb
DISAGREE 不赞成
transitive often passive
■to cause a group of people to disagree about something 使产生分歧，使意见相左
• The party is divided on/over the issue of capital punishment. 该党在死刑问题上意见不统一。
divide and rule
■when you keep yourself in a position of power by causing disagreements among other people so that they are unable to question your power 分而治之
[dɪ'vaɪd] verb
CALCULATE 计算
divide sth by sth
■to calculate the number of times by which one number fits (exactly) into another 用…除…
• 10 divided by 5 is/equals 2. 十除以五等于二。
Compare multiply ; subtract
divide (sth) into sth
■If a number divides into another number, it fits (exactly) into it when multiplied a particular number of times （…）除…
• What do you get if you divide 6 into 18? 18除以6等于多少？
• 2 divides into 10 five times. 十除以二等于五。
[dɪ'vaɪd] noun countable
■a difference or separation 分歧；隔阂
• Because of debt repayments, the divide between rich and poor countries is continuing to grow. 由于债务偿还问题，富国与穷国之间的隔阂日趋扩大。
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
assign, distribute, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分配，分发”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 指按照某种原则进行的硬性分配，也不一定是很公平的。
distribute: 通常指以整体或定量分为若干份来分配。
allocate: 主要指金钱、财产、权力或领土等的分配，着重分配的比例和专门用途。
divide: 普通用词，侧重将某物分成若干份分配给他人，当某物一分为二时，含平均分配之意。
separate, detach, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: v.人为地分开，使隔离开。
 • We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.   我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。
detach: v.拆开组合的物体；远离，疏远。
 • We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.   我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。
allocate: v.分配，把……拨给。
 • The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this year's budget.   市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。
divide: v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
 • The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.   这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。
vt. 划分；除；分开；使产生分歧
 - distribute, part
vi. 分开；意见分歧
 - differ, come between
n. [地理] 分水岭，分水线
 - shed, watershed

Word: attention
Front: attention
[əˈtenʃn] (中高研四托雅 591/714 -K4)
Vocabulary: attention
(once / 40 pages)
1n 2n
"May I have your attention please?" When you ask that question, you are asking people to focus their mental powers on you. Whether they do or not depends on your next words. You'll have their full attention if you say, "Here's $100."
The noun attention can also refer to an interest in something or someone. You probably pay attention in school when your teachers bring up topics in which you are personally interested. You can also shower attention on those you love or indulge. The word also refers to "standing at attention," as in the military — by standing up straight, arms down at the sides, and feet together.
WORD FAMILY
attention: attentional, attentions, inattention +/ attend: attendance, attendant, attended, attender, attending, attends, attention, attentive / attendance: attendances, nonattendance/ attendant: attendants/attended: unattended/attender: attenders, nonattender/ attentive: attentively, attentiveness, inattentive / inattention: inattentions/ inattentive: inattentively, inattentiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’ve never paid attention to Tibet and these issues very much. “I just believe in the idea of self-determination.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But his bathroom bill gained more attention, prompting packed hearings at which both proponents and opponents of the bill voiced their opinions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意，注意力; 照料，关怀; 殷勤
int. [口令]立正
分布：注意(74%)，注意力(20%)，留心(3%)，照料(2%)，关怀(1%)
注意力(at+tent+ion→伸展出去[听别人讲]→注意力)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.注意,注意力;立正;特别照顾;照料I want you to pay more attention to your writing.我希望你注意一下自己的书写.
【反】inadvertence（n 不注意，漫不经心）
noun uncountable
NOTICE 注意
 ESSENTIAL
■notice, thought or interest 注意，留心；考虑；关心
• Ladies and gentlemen, could I have your attention, please? 女士们、先生们，请安静。
• They're organizing a campaign to draw people's attention to the environmentally harmful effects of using their cars. 他们正在组织一场运动，目的是使人们意识到开车对环境造成的危害。
• Wait a moment and I'll give you my full/undivided attention (= I'll listen to and think about only you). 等一下，过一会儿我就可以全神贯注听你说了。
• After an hour, my attention started to wander (= I stopped taking notice). 一小时后，我开始分神了。
get/attract/catch sb's attention
■to make someone notice you 吸引某人的注意
• I knocked on the window to get her attention. 我敲了敲窗，以使她注意到我。
pay attention (to sth/sb)
■to watch, listen to, or think about something or someone carefully or with interest 注意（观看，倾听，思考）
• If you don't pay attention now, you'll get it all wrong later. 如果你现在不注意听，后面就会错得一塌糊涂。
• Don't pay any attention to Nina - she doesn't know what she's talking about. 别理睬妮娜——她都不知道自己在说甚么。
• He wasn't paying attention to the safety instructions. 他没有注意安全指示。
the centre of attention
■the thing or person that a lot of people notice 焦点
• He likes telling jokes and being the centre attention at parties. 他喜欢讲笑话，于是成为派对上的焦点。
turn your attention(s) to sth/sb
■to start to think about or concentrate on a particular thing or person 开始关注（某人或某事）
• Many countries are starting to turn their attention to new forms of energy. 很多国家现在已开始把注意力转到新型能源上来。
  Common Learner Errors  attentionRemember that when attention has an indirect object, the correct preposition to use is to. Don't say 'attention on sth', say attention to sth :
✗ I would like to draw your attention on a number of issues.
[ə'ten.tʃən] noun uncountable
CARE 照顾
■special care or treatment 特别护理（或处理）
• The paintwork will need a little attention. 油漆工作需要特别下些功夫。
• If symptoms persist seek medical attention. 如果症状不减轻，请马上就医。
[ə'ten.tʃən] noun uncountable
WAY OF STANDING 站立方式
■(especially in the armed forces) a way of standing, with the feet together, arms by your sides, head up and shoulders back and not moving （尤指军队中的）立正（姿势）
• soldiers standing at/to attention 立正站立的士兵
n. 注意力；关心；立正！（口令）
 - consideration, thought

Word: stage
Front: stage
[steɪdʒ] (高研四六雅 829/482 -K5)
Back: n. 阶段; 舞台; 戏剧; 驿站
vt. & vi. 上演，演出; 筹办，举行; 适于上演; 坐公共马车旅行
vt. 举行; 展现; 上演; 筹划
vi. 适于上演，适合在舞台上演出; 乘公交车（或驿车）旅行; [军事]中间集结，扎营
时态：staged, staging, stages
分布：阶段(48%)，舞台(33%)，上演(6%)，举行(6%)，戏剧(2%)，组织(2%)，筹划(1%)，步骤(1%)，行程(1%)
→来自古法语 estage,舞台，楼层，驿站，歇脚处，来自通俗拉丁语*staticum,站立处，来自 stare, 站立，词源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
n.舞台,戏剧;阶段,时期The villagers in rage caused a tragedy on the cage-like stage.狂怒的村民在笼子形的舞台上制造了一场悲剧.
noun countable
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of an activity or a period of development 阶段；发展时期
• The project is in its final stages and should be completed by August. 这个企划案已进入最后阶段，应于八月份前完成。
• They did the last stage of their journey on foot. 他们徒步走完了旅途的最后一段路。
• Our marriage is going through a difficult stage at the moment. 目前我们的婚姻正走到难关。
• Their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences. 他们最小的孩子目前所处的阶段是会说单个的词，但还不会说整句话。
• I'm not tired at the moment but I will need a rest at some stage (= at some time) during the walk. 我现在不累，但我在走路的过程中有时会需要休息一下。
• Andrew spends all his spare time playing with his computer but it's probably just a stage he's going through (= a period of development that will end soon). 安德鲁的业余时间全花在玩电脑上，不过这可能只是一个阶段罢了。
in stages
■If you do something in stages, you divide the activity into parts and complete each part separately 分步骤进行，逐步进行
• We're decorating the house in stages so it won't be ready for another couple of months. 我们在逐步装修房子，所以还得几个月才能就绪。
■specialized
■one of the separate parts of a rocket, each part having its own engine （火箭的）节
• Once its fuel supply runs out, each stage separates from the main part of the rocket and falls back to Earth. 每一节在燃料燃尽后，就会从火箭主体上脱落，落回到地球上。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
THEATRE 剧场
 ESSENTIAL
■the area in a theatre which is often raised above ground level and on which actors or entertainers perform 舞台
• Hamlet is on stage for most of the act. 这一幕的大部分时间哈姆雷特都有出场。
• The orchestra went on/off stage to great applause. 管弦乐队在雷鸣般的掌声中登场／走下舞台。
• The play is a stage adaptation of William Golding's novel. 这部戏是根据威廉‧戈尔丁的小说改编的舞台剧。
• The opera singer returns to the London stage (= will perform again in London) this summer. 那位歌剧演员今夏将重返伦敦舞台。
■a particular area of public life （公共生活的）领域，舞台
• The president was extremely popular on the world stage but was disliked in his own country. 总统在世界舞台上极受欢迎，但在本国却不受拥戴。
take the stage
■to go onto the stage and start to perform 登台表演
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
be on the stage
■to be an actor 当演员
• Her daughter is an artist and her son is on the stage. 她女儿是画家，儿子是演员。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
go on the stage
■to become an actor 成为演员
• At the age of ten, he decided that he wanted to go on the stage. 十岁时，他决定要成为一名演员。
[steɪdʒ] noun countable
take centre stage
■to be at the centre of attention 成为关注的焦点
• She always likes to take centre stage in whatever she does. 她无论做甚么，都喜欢成为关注的焦点。
[steɪdʒ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to arrange and perform a play or show 上演，演出
• The local drama group is staging a production of the musical 'Grease'. 当地剧团正在演出音乐剧《油脂》。
 ADVANCED
■to organize an event 举办，组织
• Barcelona staged the Olympic Games in 1992. 巴赛隆纳于1992年举办了奥运会。
course, trend, stage
course: 过程
trend: 趋势
stage: （发展）阶段，舞台
n. [计] 阶段；舞台；戏剧；驿站
 - drama, phase, age, grade, theater
vt. 举行；上演；筹划
 - celebrate, put on
vi. 举行；适于上演；乘驿车旅行
 - come off, to hold

Word: mortgage
Front: mortgage
[ˈmɔ:gɪdʒ] (研六雅宝 3215/2483 -4)
Vocabulary: mortgage
(once / 330 pages)
nv
A mortgage is a loan in which the lender may use your property as payment if you don't pay back the loan. Offer your friend a mortgage for the $20 he wants . . . with his bike as security.
Most people obtain a mortgage when they buy a house. The bank extends the loan because of the guarantee that the house will be the bank’s to sell if the debt isn’t repaid. When you make this deal, you have mortgaged your house — the word mortgage can be used as a noun or a verb.
WORD FAMILY
mortgage: mortgaged, mortgagee, mortgager, mortgages, mortgaging, mortgagor+/mortgaged: unmortgaged/mortgagee: mortgagees/mortgager: mortgagers/mortgagor: mortgagors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many of the program’s early problems reflect its complexity, said Justin Wiseman, director of loan administration policy at the Mortgage Bankers Association, an industry group.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Mortgage Bankers Association did not release its mortgage applications data this week because of the holiday.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Under the programme, borrowers were able to get a mortgage with just a 5% deposit.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 抵押; 抵押单据，抵押证明; 抵押权，债权
vt. 抵押
时态：mortgaged, mortgaging, mortgages
分布：抵押(56%)，抵押贷款(27%)，按揭(17%)
→来自古法语mort gage,死亡承诺，来自mort,死亡，词源同mortal,gage,承诺，词源同engage,wage.比喻用法，即直到死亡也会履行的承诺。用于指古代的抵押资产以换取借款的经济行为，即现代意义上的按揭。
抵押(品)(mort+gage抵押品→抵押品不能动,像死一样)[mort=death,表示"死"]
n./v.抵押(借款)The immortal man's mortgage can be a shortcut to resolve the food shortage.不朽之人的抵押可以作为解决食品短缺的捷径.
【记】mortgage源于mort死和gage抵押。这与抵押人是否能偿还债务的不确定性有关。如果借款人未偿还债物，那么抵押给贷款人作为债务安全保证的地产将从他那儿被永远剥夺，因此对他来说在一定条件下失去了全部意义。如果他确实还了债务，那么抵押对于贷款人也失去了全部意义。
US ['mɔ:r-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an agreement which allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house or apartment, or the amount of money itself （尤指购房的）按揭，抵押贷款
• They took out a £40 000 mortgage (= They borrowed £40 000) to buy the house. 他们借了四万英镑的按揭贷款来买房子。
• a monthly mortgage payment 每月偿付的按揭贷款
UK ['mɔ:.gɪdʒ] US ['mɔ:r-] verb transitive
■to borrow money to buy a house or apartment （房屋）做按揭贷款
• The house was mortgaged up to the hilt (= The full value of the house had been borrowed). 那所房子被完全抵押出去了。
vt. [经] 抵押
 - hold in pledge, hypothecate
n. [经] 抵押
 - hypothecation, pledge

Word: terrorism
Front: terrorism
[ˈterərɪzəm] (2598/7256)
Vocabulary: terrorism
(once / 360 pages)
n
Terrorism is violence or the threat of violence directed against civilians for the purpose of creating intense fear, which the terrorist hopes to exploit to attain political or ideological goals.
Terrorism can be perpetrated by individuals, groups, or governments. What distinguishes terrorism from assault or murder is that terrorism is intended to intimidate and create mayhem, to inspire terror. It's terrorism when a suicide bomber blows himself up in a crowded bus, in that the violence is directed not against soldiers on a battlefield but against civilians going about their everyday lives.
WORD FAMILY
terrorism: terrorist +/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mikhailov said they were willing to help train Philippine counterparts to fight piracy and terrorism and they hope to foster stronger security in the region.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are determined to annihilate terrorism and we are able to shorten its age,” he said, calling on security forces and civilians to remain vigilant.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖主义，恐怖手段; 威吓，胁迫; 恐怖状态; 恐怖统治
分布：恐怖主义(97%)，恐怖行动(3%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-ism,主义，思想。
US [-ɚ.ɪ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(threats of) violent action for political purposes 恐怖主义
• Governments must cooperate if they are to fight/combat international terrorism. 要打击国际恐怖主义，各国政府必须合作。
• The bomb explosion was one of the worst acts of terrorism that Italy has experienced in recent years. 这宗炸弹爆炸事件是义大利近年来遇到最严重的恐怖主义活动之一。

Word: carbon
Front: carbon
[ˈkɑ:bən] (高研四六托雅 3004/3062 -3)
Vocabulary: carbon
(once / 374 pages)
1n 2n
Carbon is an element that takes the solid form of either graphite or diamond. Carbon is one of the basic elements of any living thing.
Carbon is known as the most essential element for life, and it's the second most abundant — after oxygen — in the human body. Carbon paper was an early method of making copies, using a sheet of paper coated with wax and, originally, carbon soot. The copy that results from writing or typing on paper that's placed on top, with a blank page beneath the carbon paper, is called a carbon copy. The Latin root of carbon is carbonem, "charcoal."
WORD FAMILY
carbon: carbonate, carbonic, carbonise, carbonize, carbons, carburise, carburize+/bicarbonate: bicarbonates/carbonate: bicarbonate, carbonated, carbonates, carbonating, carbonation, decarbonate/ carbonated: noncarbonated, uncarbonated/carbonise: carbonisation, carbonised, carbonising, decarbonise/carbonize: carbonization, carbonized, carbonizes, carbonizing, decarbonize/carburise: decarburise/carburize: carburized, carburizes, carburizing, decarburize/decarbonate: decarbonating/decarbonize: decarbonized, decarbonizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The carbon bubble does exactly the same thing.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The containers consist of an aluminum liner with an outer layer of strong carbon fibers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Petra Nova uses the most common technology for carbon capture.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [化学]碳; （一张）复写纸; [电]碳精棒[片，粉]，碳精电极; 复写的副本
adj. 碳的; 碳处理的
分布：碳(94%)，复写纸(4%)，碳精棒(1%)，复本(1%)
→来自PIE *ker, 燃烧，词源同cremate, hearth.
n.碳The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US ['kɑ:r-] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a simple chemical substance, which exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite , and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals 碳
UK ['kɑ:.bən] US ['kɑ:r-] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
countable
■a carbon copy 复写本
n. [化学] 碳；碳棒；复写纸
 - kryptol

Word: unlike
Front: unlike
[ˌʌnˈlaɪk] (高研四六 2468/2194 -K3)
Back: prep. （表示属性）与…不同; 不像
adj. 不同的; 相异的; 不相似的
分布：与 ... 平时不同(100%)
a.不同的,不相似的prep.不象,和...不同Her voice was quite unlike her usual one.她的声音和平常完全不同.
preposition
DIFFERENT FROM 不同于
 IMPROVER
■different from 不像；与…不同
• Dan's actually quite nice, unlike his father. 丹可不像他父亲，他实际上人很不错。
• Unlike you, I'm not a great dancer. 我可不像你，我不太会跳舞。
[ʌn'laɪk] preposition
NOT TYPICAL 不典型的
 ADVANCED
■not typical or characteristic of 非…的特点，不像（…的典型样子）
• It's unlike you to be quiet - is something wrong? 这么安静可不是你的风格——出甚么事了吗？
adj. 不同的，不相似的
 - different, diverse, varying, another, dissimilar

Word: fine
Front: fine
[faɪn] (中高托雅 704/660 -K3)
Vocabulary: fine
(once / 25 pages)
1adjadv 2nv 3adv
A fine is a fee you pay when you break the rules, as in not turning in library materials on time, resulting in a fine. As an adjective, fine means "high quality" or "unblemished" like fine china.
If you read music, you know that fine is a spot where the music finishes. Wine, food or porcelain that is exceptionally delicious, well-made, or beautiful is called fine. Fine also means that things are okay or acceptable, like when someone asks how you are and you reply, “I'm fine.” When you are caught doing something wrong, paying a fine, money paid as a penalty, may result.
WORD FAMILY
fine: fineable, fined, finely, fineness, finer, finery, fines, finest, fining+/fineness: finenesses/ finery: fineries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The weather reporters, he added, didn’t seem that interested in the finer points of the science.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Erickson, now a paleontologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, noticed more than 900 fine lines resembling tree rings on the tooth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 好的，上等的; 纤细的，精致的; 健康的; 晴朗的
n. 罚款; [音乐]终止; 晴天; 地租
vt. 罚款; 澄清
adv. 很好地; 巧妙地
时态：fined, fining, fines
分布：好的(37%)，罚款(29%)，晴朗的(7%)，罚金(7%)，细化(5%)，精致的(4%)，健康的(4%)，细微的(3%)，优质的(2%)，恰好地(1%)，结尾(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，边界，词源同finish. 引申义接近极点的，最高程度的，精细的，好的。罚金义来自终结债务，解决争端等。词义演变参照sublime.
a.晴朗的,美好的,细致的v./n.罚金,罚款The refiner defined a definite confine with her fine finger.提炼者用她精细的手指定义了一个明确的界限.
adjective
SATISFACTORY 令人满意的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■good or good enough; healthy and well 好的；够好的；健康的，身体好的
• I felt terrible last night but I feel fine this morning. 我昨晚感觉很不舒服，但今天早上就好了。
• The apartments are very small, which is fine for one person. 这些公寓很小，一个人住正合适。
• "Are you all right?" "Everything's just fine, thanks." “你没事吧？”“我没甚么事，谢谢。”
• "I'll come round to your place at eight." "Fine. See you then." “我八点到你家来。”“好的，到时见。”
[faɪn] adjective
EXCELLENT 杰出的
 ESSENTIAL
■excellent or much better than average 杰出的；优秀的；极好的
• purveyors of fine wines and gourmet food 美酒佳肴的供应商
• The world's finest collection of Impressionist paintings is housed in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. 巴黎奥塞美术馆拥有世界上最棒的印象派画作馆藏。
• This building is the finest example of its type. 这栋建筑是同类建筑中最杰出的代表。
[faɪn] adjective
THIN 纤细的
■very thin or in very small pieces or drops 纤细的；颗粒细小的
• The baby's head was covered in fine blond hair. 婴儿的头上长满金色细发。
• The eruption had covered the town with a fine layer of ash. 火山爆发使整个镇盖上了一层细细的火山灰。
• Apply a fine line of highlighter along the middle of your top lip. 用唇线笔沿着上唇的中线细细地画上一道。
• She has inherited her mother's fine (= delicate and beautiful) features. 这副清秀的面容是母亲遗传给她的。
[faɪn] adjective
EXACT 精确的
[usually before noun]
■very exact and delicate, or needing to be done, treated or considered very carefully 精确的；精密的
• I understood in general what she was talking about, but some of the finer details/points were beyond me. 我大致上理解她在说些甚么，但是有一些具体的细节／问题没有弄明白。
• There's a fine line between love and hate. 爱恨之间仅仅一线之差。
[faɪn] adjective
SUNNY 阳光充沛的 mainly UK sunny and dry 晴朗的
• The weather forecast said it would be fine and dry today. 气象预报说今天天气晴朗干燥。
[faɪn] adjective
BAD 坏的 informal
■bad or not convenient 糟糕的；不合时宜的
• That's a fine (= very unpleasant) thing to say about your father after all he's done for you! 你的父亲为你做了这一切之后，你居然说出这种混帐话来！
• He picked a fine time to leave us. 在那个时候扔下我们走了，他可真会挑时间。
[faɪn] adjective
have sth down to a fine art (UK also have sth off to a fine art)
■to be able to do something very well or quickly, often because you have done it so many times 把…学到家；做…的技能达到炉火纯青的地步
[faɪn] adjective
not to put too fine a point on
■to be completely direct and honest 直言不讳地说，坦率地讲
• I think she's wrong - not to put too fine a point on it. 打开天窗说亮话吧，我认为她是错的。
[faɪn] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law 罚款，罚金
• The maximum penalty for the offence is a $1000 fine. 违者最高可遭判罚1000美元。
• If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy (= severe) fine. 如果被判有罪，等待他的将是六个月的监禁和巨额罚款。
[faɪn] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to charge someone an amount of money as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law 处…以罚款；处…以罚金
• Drivers who exceed the speed limit can expect to be fined heavily. 超速驾车的司机将须缴付巨额罚款。
• [+ two objects] They fined him $100 for using threatening behaviour. 他因威胁恐吓行为而被罚100美元。
[faɪn] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a satisfactory way 令人满意地
• "Will a loan of $500 be sufficient?" "That will suit me fine." “借你500美元够吗？”“足够了。”
• It was working fine yesterday. 它昨天还好好的。
delicate, fine, subtle
这组词都有“微妙的，细微的”的意思，其区别是：
delicate: 侧重指需要谨慎处理和对待。
fine: 隐含“不易察觉的”意味。
subtle: 侧重有洞察、领悟事物细微差别以及微妙关系的能力。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
adj. 好的；优良的；细小的，精美的；健康的；晴朗的
 - good, ok, healthy, great, robust
n. 罚款
 - monetary penalty
vt. 罚款；澄清
 - clarify, amerce
adv. 很好地；精巧地
 - well, Okay

Word: factory
Front: factory
[ˈfæktri] (中高雅 2132/1505 -K4)
Vocabulary: factory
(once / 201 pages)
n
A factory is a big building in which products are made, like Willie Wonka's fictional Chocolate Factory, which was famous for producing (among other sweets and treats) the one-of-a-kind Everlasting Gobstopper.
Early relatives of the word factory were in use as far back as the 1500s, long before the Industrial Revolution made the modern idea of a factory a reality. Of course, a big building with many different types of machinery inside it isn't the only definition of a factory. A successful pop group that scores several number one songs in a row could be called "a hit factory."
WORD FAMILY
factory: factories
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, overall spending on building new factories or upgrading aging equipment languished.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, 25 cities in China issued “red alerts” for smog, which triggers orders to close factories, schools and construction sites.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She devoted herself to her job at the Brinkmann cigarette factory.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 工厂，制造厂; <古>代理店
分布：工厂(97%)，制造厂(3%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,effect. -ory, 地点后缀。
工厂(fact做)[-ory 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词,指场所等]
n.工厂The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [-tɚ.i] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines 工厂
• a car/shoe/textile factory 汽车／制鞋／纺织厂
• a factory worker/manager 工厂工人／经理
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂；制造厂；代理店
 - plant, mill, work, manufactory

Word: rating
Front: rating
[ˈreɪtɪŋ] (六 1819/4005 -3)
Vocabulary: rating
(once / 474 pages)
1n 2n
A rating is a valuation or rank on a scale. Hotels are often ranked from zero to five stars, so a fancy hotel with loads of amenities (like a pool and plush bathrobes) will usually have a five-star rating.
A movie gets a rating based on which audience it’s appropriate for – as in, rated G for kids or rated R for adults. When a TV show gets good ratings, then a lot of people watch it. Before you buy an expensive item, like a bike or an appliance, you can read its ratings online, and once you've tried it out, you can provide your own rating.
WORD FAMILY
rating: ratings+/overrate: overrated, overrates, overrating/ rate: overrate, rateable, rated, rates, rating, rationed, underrate /rateable: rateability, rateably/ underrate: underrated, underrates, underrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than eight million people tuned in to see the return of Sherlock on BBC One on Sunday, overnight ratings show.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Personal bias clouds our perceptions so profoundly that employee performance ratings often reveal more about the person conducting them than the person being rated.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
That show was at its apex in the ratings in the 1980s.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 等级; 评估，评价; 极限; 收听率，收视率
v. 估价( rate的现在分词); 定级
分布：等级(58%)，收视率(16%)，评定(14%)，额定值(12%)
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a measurement of how good or popular someone or something is 等级，级别；程度
• The government's popularity rating sank to an all-time low. 政府的民众支持率降到了历史最低点。
ratings [plural]
■a list of television and radio programmes showing how popular they are 收视率；收听率；（电视、广播节目）排行榜
• Advertisers are interested in ratings. 广告商们对收视率感兴趣。
• The serial has fallen in the ratings this week. 本周，这部电视连续剧的收视率下降了。
n. 等级；等级评定；额定功率
 - degree, classification, grade, rank

Word: wing
Front: wing
[wɪŋ] (中高研四六雅 1889/1755 -K4)
Back: n. 翅膀，翼; 飞翔; 派系，派别
vi. 飞行
vt. 为…装上翼; 使或使能飞行; 飞过
时态：winged, winging, wings
分布：翼(70%)，翅膀(25%)，飞过(3%)，空运(1%)，临时发挥(1%)
→来自we,吹，词源同wind,ventilate。引申义飞，翅膀。
n.翅,翅膀;翼,机翼;派别vt.装以翼Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
noun countable
FOR FLYING 用于飞行的结构
 ESSENTIAL
■the flat part of the body which a bird, insect or bat uses for flying, or one of the flat horizontal structures that stick out from the side of an aircraft and support it when it is flying （鸟类等的）翅膀；（飞机的）机翼
• the delicacy of a butterfly's wings 蝴蝶翅膀的精致
• I don't like chicken wings - there's not much meat on them. 我不喜欢吃鸡翅——上面没有多少肉。
• I could see the plane's wing out of my window. 我透过身边的窗户能看到飞机的机翼。
take wing literary
■If a bird takes wing, it flies away. 飞走
■to suddenly develop, freely and powerfully 突然发展；自由飞扬
• She walked in the hills, letting her thoughts take wing. 她走在山坡上，任思绪自由飞扬。
on the wing literary
■A bird that is on the wing is flying. （鸟）正在飞翔
[wɪŋ] noun countable
POLITICAL GROUP 政治团体
 IMPROVER
■a group within a political party or organization whose beliefs are in some way different from those of the main group （政党中的）派别，宗派
• The president is on the left/right wing of the Democratic party. 总统属于民主党左翼／右翼。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
PART OF BUILDING 建筑的一部分
■a part of a large building which sticks out from the main part, often having been added at a later date （常指后来增建的）建筑翼部，厢房，侧厅
• The maternity ward will be in the new wing of the hospital. 产科病房将设在医院新建的一侧。
• The west wing of the house is still lived in by Lord and Lady Carlton, while the rest of the house is open to the public. 房子的西翼仍由卡尔顿勋爵及夫人居住，而其余部分则向公众开放。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
PART OF CAR 汽车部件 UK (US fender)
■one of the four parts at the side of a car which go over the wheels （汽车的）挡泥板，翼子板
• There's a dent in the left wing. 左挡泥板上有个凹痕。
• Look in your wing mirror. 看你侧面的反光镜。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
SPORTS 体育运动
■(in various team games, such as football and hockey) either of the two sides of the sports field, or a player whose position is at either of the two sides of the field （足球、曲棍球等集体项目的）侧翼位置，侧翼队员，边锋队员
• Minelli passes the ball to Hernandez out there on the wing. 米内利将球传给处在边锋位置的埃尔南德斯。
• He played left/right wing for Manchester United. 他在曼联队踢左／右边锋。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
THEATRE 舞台
the wings [plural]
■the sides of a stage which cannot be seen by the people watching the play （舞台的）侧面
• I was in the wings waiting for my cue to come on stage. 我站在舞台的侧面，等待上台的提示。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
on a wing and a prayer
■If you do something on a wing and a prayer, you do it hoping that you will succeed, although you are not prepared enough for it 准备不充分但又希望成功
• With scarcely any funding and a staff of six, they were operating on a wing and a prayer. 他们几乎没有甚么资金而且只有六名员工，却希望能够正常运作。
[wɪŋ] noun countable
take sb under your wing
■If you take someone under your wing, you start to protect and take care of them 呵护（某人）；庇护（某人）
• I was a bit lonely and fed up at the time and she took me under her wing. 那时我有点孤独和厌倦，她给了我很多关照。
[wɪŋ] verb informal
wing it
■to perform or speak without having prepared what you are going to do or say 即兴做；即兴发言
• I hadn't had time to prepare for the talk, so I just had to wing it. 我没时间准备发言，所以只好即兴发挥。
n. [天] 翼； [昆] 翅膀；飞翔；派别
 - ala, faction
vt. 使飞；飞过；空运；增加…速度；装以翼
 - lift, air transportation
vi. 飞行
 - to fly, fly away

Word: traditional
Front: traditional
[trəˈdɪʃənl] (中高四六雅 925/1006 -K4)
Vocabulary: traditional
(once / 244 pages)
adj
Traditional can describe anything that follows tradition, or a usual way of doing things. Traditional Mexican food includes tortillas and beans. A bag of corn chips with chili and fake cheese sauce, on the other hand, is not traditional.
A tradition can be personal or national, and the adjective traditional has tons of uses. Traditional football might require a brown pigskin ball or a white soccer ball, depending on where you live. Your traditional national costume could be a sari, while your friend's is a kimono. And that walking taco? It's traditional carnival food for some.
WORD FAMILY
traditional: nontraditional, traditionalism, traditionality, traditionally, untraditional+/ nontraditional: nontraditionally/ tradition: traditional, traditions/traditionalism: traditionalist, traditionalistic/ traditionalist: traditionalists/untraditional: untraditionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Intrepid to the galleries of the Brooklyn Museum and to dozens of more traditional spaces.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This trend, of course, reflects how new technology is radically changing many traditional businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 传统的; 口传的; 惯例的; 因袭的
分布：传统的(100%)
→tradition,传统，-al,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■following or belonging to the customs or ways of behaving that have continued in a group of people or society for a long time without changing 传统的
• The villagers retain a strong attachment to their traditional values/customs/beliefs. 村民依然固守着传统的价值观／习俗／信仰。
• The school uses a combination of modern and traditional methods for teaching reading. 该校采用传统与现代方式相结合的方法教授阅读。
• The dancers were wearing traditional Hungarian dress/costume. 舞者身穿传统匈牙利服装。
• She's very traditional (in her ideas and opinions). 她这人（在思想观念上）非常传统。
adj. 传统的；惯例的
 - conventional, usual, classical

Word: predict
Front: predict
[prɪˈdɪkt] (高研四六托 1613/2288 -K3)
Vocabulary: predict
(once / 183 pages)
v
To predict is to say what you think is going to happen in the future. If you predict that you'll win the poker championship, you're either really confident in your poker skills or you're cheating.
The prefix pre means "before." Dict comes from the Latin dicere, which means "to say", yet you can use predict to refer to things that can't say anything at all. Darkening skies can predict a coming storm, for example, and a runny nose can predict a cold. You can predict something based on factual evidence, or on a crystal-ball reading, or just on plain intuition.
WORD FAMILY
predict: predictable, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictive, predictor, predicts+/ predictability: predictabilities/ predictable: predictability, predictably, unpredictable /predicted: unpredicted/ prediction: predictions/predictive: predictively, unpredictive/predictor: predictors/ unpredictability: unpredictabilities/ unpredictable: unpredictability, unpredictably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just as he predicts, cars accelerate through, hoping to cross the signal as the yellow flashes.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s no timetable because it’s hard to predict,” Lin said before the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 预言，预测; 预示，预告
vi. 预言，预示：预言某事，预言
时态：predicted, predicting, predicts
分布：预测(71%)，预言(14%)，预知(9%)，预报(6%)
→pre-,在前，早于，预先，-dict,说，词源同diction.
预言,预报(pre+dict说→预先说→预言)[pre-表示"…前的,预先"]
预言;预告(pre预先+dict)[dict,dic=say,assert,表示"说话,断言"]
v.预言,预测,预告The dictator predicted the contradiction in the dictionary.独裁者预言了字典中的矛盾.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to say that an event or action will happen in the future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience 预言；预料，预计
• It's still not possible to accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes. 现在仍无法准确预报地震的发生。
• [+ that] Who could have predicted that within ten years he'd be in charge of the whole company? 谁能预料到十年内他会掌管整个公司？
• [+ to infinitive] The hurricane is predicted to reach the coast tomorrow morning. 飓风预计将于明天早晨登陆。
• [+ question word] No one can predict wh en the disease will strike again. 没人能预见这种病甚么时候会再次爆发。
foretell, forecast, predict, foresee
这组词都有“预言，预示，预告”的意思，其区别是：
foretell: 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。
forecast: 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。
predict: 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。
foresee: 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。
vt. 预报，预言；预知
 - forecast, advance information

Word: criminal
Front: criminal
[ˈkrɪmɪnl] (高研四六雅 1953/2063 -K4)
Vocabulary: criminal
(once / 144 pages)
nadj
A criminal is someone who breaks the law. If you're a murderer, thief, or tax cheat, you're a criminal.
When you think of criminals, your first thought might be of someone awful like a murderer. But this word is a lot broader — Anyone who breaks the law is technically a criminal, even if the crime is just not paying a speeding ticket. You can also talk about criminal activities: things that are illegal. Lots of TV shows are about police officers and lawyers trying to catch criminals who are engaged in all kinds of exciting criminal activity.
WORD FAMILY
criminal: criminalise, criminalism, criminality, criminalize, criminally, criminalness, criminals, criminative+/ crime: crimes, criminal, criminate, incriminate /criminalise: criminalisation, decriminalise/criminality: criminalities/criminalize: criminalization, criminalized, criminalizes, criminalizing, decriminalize/criminate: criminated, criminates, criminating, criminatory, recriminate/decriminalise: decriminalisation/decriminalize: decriminalization, decriminalized, decriminalizing/ incriminate: incriminated, incriminates, incriminating, incrimination, incriminatory/incrimination: incriminations, self-incrimination/recriminate: recriminated, recriminates, recriminating, recrimination, recriminative, recriminatory/ recrimination: recriminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders were muted in their reaction to the announcement of a criminal investigation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Justices of the peace in Nevada hear small civil claims along with criminal misdemeanor trials.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said those concerns are not lost on criminals.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 罪犯，犯人
adj. 刑事的; 犯罪的; 可耻的
分布：罪犯(84%)，犯罪的(12%)，刑事的(3%)，违法的(1%)
→来自crime, 犯罪。
犯罪分子(crime罪行)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
罪犯[crimin=ceime(罪)]
n.罪犯,刑事犯a.犯罪的,刑事的Primarily, the prime criminal's crime has nothing to do with lime and overtime.首犯的犯罪基本上与石灰和加班无关.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who commits a crime 罪犯
• a dangerous/violent criminal 危险的／残暴的罪犯
['krɪm.ɪ.nəl] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■relating to crime 犯罪的；涉及犯罪的
• criminal activity 犯罪活动
• a criminal act/offence 犯罪行为／刑事犯罪
• criminal behaviour 犯罪行为
• a criminal investigation 刑事调查
■very bad or morally wrong 糟糕的；不道德的
• It's criminal to charge so much for a book. 一本书要这么高的价钱，真是太不应该了。
• The way we waste this planet's resources is criminal. 我们这样浪费地球的资源简直就是犯罪。
criminal, guilty
这组词都有“犯罪的”的意思，其区别是：
criminal: 侧重指某种行为是违犯法律的，因而应受到惩罚。
guilty: 主要指某种行为违反道德标准，也可指违犯法律。
n. 罪犯
 - offender, culprit
adj. 刑事的；犯罪的；罪恶的
 - penal, peccant

Word: community
Front: community
[kəˈmju:nəti] (研四六托雅 296/335 -K5)
Vocabulary: community
(once / 76 pages)
1n 2n
If a number of people consider themselves one group based on location, work, religion, nationality, or even activity, they can be called a community. If you like to play online games, you are active in the gamer community.
The original meaning of Latin communitatem "a sense of fellowship" shifted to mean "a specific group of people with a common interest" during the Middle Ages. The modern English word community has both of these meanings available. Street festivals or school fairs can help to develop a sense of community in schools or neighborhoods. If you start a campaign to clean up the community, you want to make the area you live in more attractive.
WORD FAMILY
community: communities+/ communal: communalise, communalism, communalize, communally, community /communalize: communalized, communalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a tremendous amount of nervousness in the meteorology and climatology community,” Mass said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To overcome those challenges, the new community plan focuses on the trolley line, particularly the Beyer Boulevard Station one stop north of the border.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“Outside the Orthodox community, this is a foreign thing,” said Amir Gavarin, 22, a former floor hockey league player.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 社区; 社会团体; 共同体; [生态] 群落
分布：社区(60%)，社会(25%)，团体(7%)，公众(4%)，共同体(2%)，共有(1%)，共享(1%)
→来自common, 普通，公共。
社区,社会(commune公共的+ity状态→公共状态→社会,社区)[muni,mun=public,表示"公共的"]
n.同一地区的全体居民,社会,社区;共同体The communist communicated communism to this municipal community.那个共产党员把共产主义传入该市立社区.
【记】commun＝common（adj 公共的），ity表状态－公共状态－社区
US [-tˌi] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■the people living in one particular area or people who are considered as a unit because of their common interests, social group or nationality 社区；群体；社团，团体，界
• He's well-known in the local community. 他在当地非常闻名。
• There's a large black/white/Jewish community living in this area. 在该地区有一个大的黑人／白人／犹太人社区。
• Her speech caused outrage among the gay community. 她的演说激起了同性恋群体的愤怒。
• Drug trafficking is a matter of considerable concern for the entire international community (= all the countries of the world). 贩毒是整个国际社会都相当关注的问题。
• There's a real sense of community (= caring and friendly feeling) in this neighbourhood. 在该地区有一种真正的社区归属感。
■specialized
■a group of animals or plants that live or grow together （动植物的）群落
the community only singular
■the general public 公众，群众
• Unlike the present government, we believe in serving the community. 与现任政府不同，我们相信服务大众这个理念。
n. 社区； [生态] 群落；共同体；团体
 - village, organization, body, group

Word: rely
Front: rely
[rɪˈlaɪ] (高研四六托雅 1857/1734 -3)
Vocabulary: rely
(once / 135 pages)
v
To rely is to have confidence in something. You might rely on staying in bed to make you feel better and rely on your friends to tell you everything you missed when you were sick.
Rely is a lot like the word depend. If you rely on someone for help, you also depend on her. But rely is even more powerful! When you rely on someone, you have total faith and trust that she will come through. It comes from the Latin word religare which means "to fasten or bind." You're bound to the people you rely on!
WORD FAMILY
rely: reliable, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying+/ reliable: reliability, reliableness, reliably, unreliable / reliance: reliances, self-reliance/ reliant: reliantly, self-reliant/unreliability: unreliabilities/ unreliable: unreliability, unreliableness, unreliably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finding an answer for Quinlan and children like him relies as much on Chinese expertise as it does American ingenuity.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The center relies on other agencies and volunteers for various programs, including meals through the Northeast Iowa Area Agency on Aging.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 依靠，倚赖，仗恃; 信任，信赖
时态：relied, relying, relies
分布：依靠(92%)，信任(8%)
→来自古法语 relier,绑紧，依附，来自拉丁语 religare,绑紧，系牢，来自 re-,表强调，ligare,系， 绑，词源同 ligament,religion.引申词义信任，依赖。拼写比较 deny,obey.
v.(on)依赖,依靠;信赖,信任The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport.车主人再也不要依赖公共交通了.
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rely on sb/sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed 依赖；依靠；依仗
• [+ -ing verb] The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort. 这个专案计划的成功要靠每个人的努力。
• I rely on you for good advice. 我得靠你给我提出好的建议。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm relying on the garage to fix the car by tomorrow. 我就指望修车厂能在明天之前修好我的车了。
■to trust someone or something or to expect them to behave in a particular way 信赖；信任；指望
• British weather can never be relied on - it's always changing. 英国的天气向来靠不住——它总是变幻无常。
• [+ -ing verb] Don't rely on finding me here when you get back (= I might have gone). 不要指望能在这里找到我——你回来时我可能已经走了。
confide, rely, trust, believe
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
confide: 侧重忠诚可靠与可信赖。
rely: 指在相信的基础上可进一步依靠，着重可靠性。
trust: 指绝对相信或信赖某人。
believe: 普通用词，常表示一种缓和、不太肯定的口气。
rely, depend
这组词都有“依赖、依靠”的意思，其区别是：
rely: 通常包含着以前的经验证明对方是能依赖的意思。
depend: 侧重指因自身能力不足或缺乏自信心而依靠他人或物给予帮助或支持。
vi. 依靠；信赖
 - trust, hope

Word: cross
Front: cross
[krɒs] (中高研四六托宝 1391/1352 -K2)
Vocabulary: cross
(once / 46 pages)
1nvadj 2n 3vn 4v 5adj
When you cross something, you travel over it — like when you cross the street, after looking both ways and using the crosswalk, of course.
A commercial pilot might cross the continent several times a week, and a boy might cross several back yards on his way to school. Another kind of cross is a written mark, an upended X on a piece of paper. There's also the adjective cross, which describes someone who is extremely cranky. The Latin root word crux means "stake or cross," but its figurative meaning, "trouble or misery," is related to to traditional use of wooden crosses to hang criminals.
WORD FAMILY
cross: crossed, crosser, crossest, crossing, crossly, crossness, uncross+/crossed: intercrossed/crossing: crossings, overcrossing/uncross: uncrossed, uncrosses, uncrossing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The group described Turkey as “the servant of the cross.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nintendo is planning mobile versions of its popular “Fire Emblem” and “Animal Crossing” games.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Carsten Kammlott celebrates in jubilation, astounded at what he’s just done, after impeccably meeting a cross from the right flank.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 十字架; 十字形饰物; 杂交品种; 痛苦
vi. 交错而行; 横渡; 越境
vt. 杂交; 横跨，穿越; 划掉; 使相交
adj. 坏脾气的， 易怒的; 相反的，反向的
时态：crossed, crossing, crosses
分布：交叉(33%)，十字架(25%)，穿过(16%)，杂交(8%)，十字形(4%)，交叉的(3%)，相反的(3%)，苦难(3%)，阻挠(2%)，反对(2%)，杂交的(1%)
→来自拉丁词crux, 十字架，刑罚用具，来自sker，弯，转，词源同ring,curve.
n.十字(架);苦难a.交叉的;发怒的v.穿过The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
US [krɑ:s] verb
GO ACROSS 穿过
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go across from one side of something to the other 越过；横穿；横渡；横跨
• It's not a good place to cross the road. 这里不适宜穿越马路。
• Look both ways before you cross over (= cross the road). 过马路前先要左右看看。
• Cross the bridge and turn right at the first set of traffic lights. 过桥后在第一个红绿灯处右拐。
• They crossed from Albania into Greece. 他们穿越阿尔巴尼亚进入了希腊。
cross your mind
■If something crosses your mind, you think of it （念头）闪现，掠过；（某人）想起，记起
• It crossed my mind yesterday that you must be a bit short of staff - shall I send someone to help out? 昨天我突然想起你一定缺人手——要我派人来帮忙吗？
• It never once crossed my mind that she might be unhappy. 我从没想过她可能会不高兴。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross your arms/fingers/legs
■to put one of your arms, fingers or legs over the top of the other 交叉双臂／手指／双腿
• She sat down and crossed her legs. 她坐下跷起了二郎腿。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
ANNOY 生气的
■to annoy someone by not doing or saying what they want 与…作对；惹恼
• I wouldn't cross him if I were you, not if you value your life. 如果我是你就不会跟他作对，除非不想活了。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
MIX 混合
■If you cross a plant or animal with another of a different type, you cause them to breed together in order to produce a new variety (= type of plant or animal). 使杂交
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
MAKE MARK 标记 UK specialized
■to draw two lines across the middle of a cheque to show that it must be paid into a bank account 在（支票）上划线（表示只能转入银行帐户）
• a crossed cheque 划线支票，转帐支票
cross yourself UK specialized
■When Christians cross themselves, they move their hand down and then across their face or chest, making the shape of a cross. （基督徒）在胸前画十字
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross your fingers
■to hope very much that something will happen 祈求好运；希望，但愿
• I'm just going to cross my fingers and hope it works. 我只能祈求好运，希望它会管用。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross sb's hand / palm with silver
■to give someone money so that they will tell you what will happen to you in the future 付钱请（某人）算命
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
Cross my heart (and hope to die). saying
■said to show that what you have just said or promised is completely true or sincere 我发誓所说属实（否则不得好死）。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
cross swords
■to have an argument with someone （与某人）交锋，争论
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
I'll/We'll cross that bridge when I/we come/get to it.
■an expression which means you will not worry about a possible future problem but will deal with it if it happens 船到桥头自然直；车到山前必有路
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cross sb/sth off (sth)
■to remove someone or something, such as a name, from a list by drawing a line through it （从…中）划掉，删去
• Did you cross her name off the guest list? 你把她的名字从宾客名单上划掉了吗？
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cross sth out
■to draw a line through something you have written, usually because it is wrong （通常因为有误而）划掉
• If you think it's wrong, cross it out and write it again. 如果你认为错了，划掉它重新写。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
MARK 记号
 ESSENTIAL
■a written mark (x), usually used to show where something is, or that something has not been written correctly （标示位置或错误的）叉号（X）
 IMPROVER
■an object in the shape of a cross (a long vertical line with a shorter horizontal line across it), used as a symbol of Christianity （象征基督教的）十字架，十字形物件
• Christ died on the Cross. 耶稣基督死在十字架上。
• She wears a gold cross round her neck. 她脖子上戴着一个金十字架。
• The priest made the sign of the cross (= moved his or her hand down and then across the chest) over the dead bodies. 牧师对着尸体在胸前画了个十字。
■a medal in the shape of a cross 十字勋章
• In Britain, the Victoria Cross is awarded for acts of great bravery during wartime. 在英国，维多利亚十字勋章授给那些在战争中表现英勇的人。
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
MIXTURE 混合物
■a mixture of two different things which have been combined to produce something new 混合物；杂种；混血儿
• Police dogs are often a cross between a retriever and an alsatian. 警犬往往是寻回犬和阿尔萨斯狼狗杂交的后代。
⇒ See also crossbreed
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] noun countable
a (heavy) cross to bear
■an unpleasant or painful situation or person that you must accept and deal with, although you find it very difficult 沉重的十字架；烦恼；心理负担
UK [krɒs] US [krɑ:s] adjective
■annoyed or angry 恼怒的；愤怒的；生气的
• My Dad gets cross (with me) if I leave the kitchen in a mess. 要是我把厨房搞得乱七八糟，我爸爸会生（我）气的。
penetrate, cross
penetrate: 穿透、渗透
cross: 越过，穿越
n. 交叉，十字；十字架，十字形物
 - intersection, chiasm
vi. 交叉； [遗] [农学] 杂交；横过
 - intercross
vt. [遗] [农学] 杂交；渡过；使相交
 - bridge over
adj. 交叉的，相反的；乖戾的
 - contrary, adverse, opposite, counter

Word: conference
Front: conference
[ˈkɒnfərəns] (中高研四六托雅宝 965/890 -K5)
Vocabulary: conference
(once / 108 pages)
1n 2n
A conference is a formal get-together where people talk (or "confer") about a chosen topic, like when your office holds a conference to talk about the problem of snoring during meetings.
A conference can also be a public meeting arranged for discussion, such as a press conference or a national conference for a particular group. For example, you may no longer have much interest in 18th-century coins, but you still attend the annual conference for coin collectors because it is always held at a hotel in Aruba. A conference can also refer to a sports league, such as for baseball or football.
WORD FAMILY
conference: conferences+/ confer: conferee, conference, confering, conferment, conferral, conferred, conferring, confers/conferee: conferees/conferral: conferrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday morning, the NBA announced Wall and Harden as the Eastern and Western Conference players of the week, respectively.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They didn’t even say her name,” one inmate angrily says after overhearing the news conference.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
“I’m not an email person myself,” Trump echoed during that infamous July news conference in which he invited Russia to hack Hillary Clinton’s email.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 会议; 讨论; （正式）讨论会; [工会、工党用语]（每年的）大会
vi. 举行或参加（系列）会议
分布：会议(91%)，讨论会(5%)，会谈(3%)，协商会(1%)
→来自confer, 商谈。
商量;会议(confer+ence)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
n.(正式)会议;讨论,商谈I infer that he is indifferent to differentiating the offers in different conferences.我推断他对区分不同会谈中的报价漠不关心.
US ['kɑ:n.fɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an event, sometimes lasting a few days, at which there is a group of talks on a particular subject, or a meeting in which especially business matters are discussed formally 会议，大会；讨论会，协商会
• a conference on women's rights 妇女权利大会
• They frequently hold conferences at that hotel. 他们常在那家饭店举办会议。
• I'm speaking at/attending a conference next week. 我下周要在一个会议上发言／出席一个会议。
• Should I book the conference room for the meeting? 我要为会议预订会议室吗？
be in conference formal
■to be in a meeting 在参加会议，在开会
• Ms O'Neill isn't available at present. She's in conference. 奥尼尔女士现在不在，她正在开会。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。

Word: clinton
Front: clinton
[ˈklintən] (-/3614)
Back: n. 克林顿(m.)
分布：名词(100%)

Word: achieve
Front: achieve
[əˈtʃi:v] (中高研四六托雅 1152/592 -K4)
Vocabulary: achieve
(once / 115 pages)
v
If you achieve something, you've reached a goal. Achievements aren't accidents. If you stumble upon a treasure chest, you haven't achieved something; however, achieving a promotion to become CEO is another story.
If someone asks you to give an example of the word achieve, you can always reach for Shakespeare's much quoted remark from his play Twelfth Night. In Act II, Scene V, the character Malvolio says, ". . . some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon 'em." Pundits like to throw that quote around when talking about politicians. Of course, they usually disagree about if, when, and how the politician achieved greatness.
WORD FAMILY
achieve: achievable, achieved, achievement, achiever, achieves, achieving, overachieve, underachieve+/ achievable: achievability, unachievable/ achievement: achievements, nonachievement/achiever: achievers, nonachiever/nonachiever: nonachievers/overachieve: overachieved, overachievement, overachiever, overachieves, overachieving/overachiever: overachievers/unachievable: unachievably/underachieve: underachievement, underachiever, underachieves, underachieving/underachiever: underachievers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: A lack of accurate information about how to achieve certain hairstyles and where to find a high quality stylist.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Small-class instruction in more densely populated areas is difficult to achieve without a lot of money for more staff or classroom space.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Seeing what she was able to achieve was inspiring.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 取得; 获得; 实现; 成功
vi. 达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿
时态：achieved, achieving, achieves
分布：实现(49%)，达到(37%)，完成(14%)
→前缀a-同ad-, 去，往。-chieve同chief, 头，来自词根cap, 头，见captain,队长。指到头，达到。
vt.实现,完成;达到,得到vi.达到预期目的The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to succeed in finishing something or reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort （尤指经过努力）完成，达到，实现
• The government's training policy, he claimed, was achieving its objectives. 他称政府制定的培训方针即将达到预期目标。
• She finally achieved her ambition to visit South America. 她终于实现了去南美洲旅游的梦想。
• I've been working all day, but I feel as if I've achieved nothing. 我干了整整一天，但觉得好像甚么都没有做成。
⇒ See also underachieve
inquire, acquire, achieve, require
inquire: 打听，询问。如：inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
acquire: 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)
achieve: (成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)
require: 需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
arrive, attain, reach, achieve
这组词都有“达到”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 指得出结论，达成某项协议或作出某一决定等。
attain: 侧重指在抱负或雄心的激励下，以最大的努力去达到一般所不及或不敢追求的目的。
reach: 常用词，指到达某一空间、时间、目标或发展过程中的某一点。
achieve: 侧重为达到目的所需的技巧、忍耐和努力。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
vt. 达到；完成
 - accomplish, carry out, perform, complete, fulfil
vi. 达到目的；如愿以偿
 - gain one's ends, Make it.

Word: prison
Front: prison
[ˈprɪzn] (中高研四六托 1282/1307 -K4)
Vocabulary: prison
(once / 40 pages)
n
A prison is a place where criminals and people waiting for trials are locked up. If you’ve been cooped up in the house, you might feel like you’re stuck inside prison walls. But if you’re not, go outside already.
A person who's been sentenced to time in prison is called a prisoner. Prisons vary, but usually prisoners are confined to a small cell, with time spent in large groups for eating, working, and exercise. If you feel like you're stuck in a place or a situation, you might call that prison: "I can't wait to go home — this summer camp is like a prison!" The Latin root is prension, "laying hold of."
WORD FAMILY
prison: prisoner, prisonlike, prisons+/ prisoner: prisoners
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He is serving a 19-month prison sentence for bribery and obstruction of justice.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There are 59 federal inmates facing such sentences, according to the Bureau of Prisons.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监狱; 牢笼; 监禁; 入狱
分布：监狱(80%)，监禁(17%)，囚禁(2%)，关入监狱(1%)
→来自古法语prison,监狱，来自拉丁语prehensionem,抓住，来自prehendere,抓住，握住，词源同prehensile,comprehend.-s,过去分词格。引申动词词义监禁，关押。
监狱(抓人之地)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
n.监狱The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment 监狱
• Conditions in the prison are said to be appalling. 听说监狱里的条件糟透了。
• He's spent a lot of time in prison. 他坐了很长时间的牢。
• She went to/was sent to prison for six months. 她入狱六个月。
• It was a maximum-security prison (= intended to be especially difficult to escape from). 这是一所戒备森严的监狱。
• They should put him in prison and throw away the key! 他们应该把他关进监狱，永远也别放出来！
• a prison cell/sentence/warder 牢房／徒刑／狱吏
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the system of keeping people in prisons 监禁，关押；关押制度
• the prison service 服刑
• Do you think prison works? 你认为监禁有用吗？
• Prison (= the time he had spent in prison) hadn't changed him at all. 服刑对他丝毫没有改变。
countable
■a situation or relationship from which it is difficult to escape 牢笼；禁锢
• She felt that her marriage had become a prison. 她觉得自己的婚姻变成了牢笼。
prison, cell, jail
这组词都有“牢房，监狱”的意思，其区别是：
prison: 指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。
cell: 指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。
jail: (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。
n. [法] 监狱；监禁；拘留所
 - jail, big house
vt. 监禁，关押
 - imprison, jail

Word: suspect
Front: suspect
[səˈspekt] (高研四六托雅宝 2100/2155 -K4)
Vocabulary: suspect
(once / 43 pages)
vnadj
A suspect is a person who is believed to be guilty of a crime. If you leave the scene of a murder with blood on your hands and a weapon in your pocket, you’re likely to become a prime suspect.
If others believe you have committed a crime, you are a suspect. The word can also be used as a verb and an adjective. To suspect someone of something is to believe that they probably did it. Do you ever suspect your parents of taking some of your Halloween candy? If something such as someone's excuse or motive is suspect, it seems a bit off. That bad-smelling piece of fish is suspect — you'd better not eat it.
WORD FAMILY
suspect: suspected, suspectedly, suspecting, suspectingly, suspects, suspicion +/suspected: unsuspected/suspecting: unsuspecting/ suspicion: suspicions, suspicious / suspicious: oversuspicious, suspiciousest, suspiciously, suspiciousness, unsuspicious/unsuspected: unsuspectedly/unsuspecting: unsuspectingly/unsuspicious: unsuspiciously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Transit police say they don’t suspect foul play was involved.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
County police are investigating but do not suspect foul play, according to a statement on the county’s Facebook page.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 猜疑（是）; 怀疑，不信任; 怀疑…有罪
n. 嫌疑犯
vi. 怀疑
时态：suspected, suspecting, suspects
分布：怀疑(54%)，嫌疑犯(33%)，猜想(6%)，可疑的(5%)，不可信的(2%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-spect,看，词源同 spectate,respect.引申词义怀疑。
怀疑(sus+pect看→在下面看一看→怀疑)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
怀疑(sus下面+spect→在下面看→怀疑)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
v.猜想;怀疑;察觉a.可疑的n.嫌疑犯Two suspicious aspects are suspected respectively.两个可疑的方面分别受到怀疑.
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 IMPROVER
■to think or believe something to be true or probable 怀疑，猜想，认为（某事有可能）
• So far, the police do not suspect foul play. 目前，员警没有怀疑是谋杀案件。
• [+ (that)] We had no reason to suspect (that) he might try to kill himself. 我们没有理由认为他会自杀。
• "Do you think she'll have told them?" "I suspect not/so." “你认为她会不会已经告诉他们？”“我想不会／会的。”
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
THINK GUILTY 认为有罪
 IMPROVER
■to think that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong 怀疑…有罪，认为…有嫌疑
• No one knows who killed her, but the police suspect her husband. 没有人知道谁杀了她，但是警方认为她丈夫有嫌疑。
• The police suspect him of carrying out two bomb attacks. 警方怀疑他发动两宗爆炸案。
• Three suspected terrorists have been arrested. 三名嫌疑恐怖分子已经被捕。
verb transitive /səˈspekt/
DOUBT 怀疑
■to not trust; to doubt 不信任；怀疑
• I have no reason to suspect her honesty/loyalty. 我没有理由怀疑她的诚实／忠诚。
• We suspected his motives in making his offer. 我们对他提出这个建议的动机表示怀疑。
noun countable /ˈsʌs.pekt/
■a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad 嫌疑犯，可疑分子
• Police have issued a photograph of the suspect. 警方已经发布疑犯的照片。
• The prime suspect in the case committed suicide. 这宗案件的主要嫌疑人自杀了。
• No one knows what caused the outbreak of food poisoning, but shellfish is the main suspect (= is thought to have caused it). 没有人知道造成这宗食物中毒事件的原因，但怀疑很可能是吃贝类食品造成的。
noun countable /ˈsʌs.pekt/
the usual suspects
■the people you would expect to be present somewhere or doing a particular thing 意料中会出现的人；经常做某事的人
• "Who was at Adrian's party?" "Oh, Paula, Roz, Lucy and gang - the usual suspects." “谁参加了阿德里安的聚会?”“哦，宝拉、罗兹和露西那些人——都是些常客。”
adjective]ˈsʌs.pekt/
■possibly false or dangerous 不可靠的，不可信的，可疑的；危险的
• The study was carried out with such a small sample that its results are suspect. 这项研究选取的样本这么少，因此结果并不可靠。
• A suspect parcel was found at the station. 在车站发现了一个可疑的包裹。
doubt, suspect, distrust
这组词都有“怀疑”的意思，其区别是：
doubt: 普通用词，多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑，多含否定意味。
suspect: 指猜疑、疑心，肯定意味较多。
distrust: 指疑惑、猜疑，不信任。
n. [法] 嫌疑犯
 - sus
adj. 可疑的；不可信的
 - doubtful, questionable
vt. 怀疑；猜想
 - dispute, imagine, wonder, question
vi. 怀疑；猜想
 - wonder, imagine, question, suppose

Word: track
Front: track
[træk] (高研四六托雅宝 1143/1268 -K4)
Vocabulary: track
(once / 88 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4vn
If you document your study time and record all your exam scores, then you track your progress in school. In this case the verb track shows that you're following the path of something. The noun track can refer to a path of a more literal kind.
The noun track can describe a variety of paths, such as the rails that trains chug along, a course that racehorses run, or the big oval course in an ice rink. If you're competing in a five-lap race and you have the fastest speed after the first four laps, you're on track to win the race. In this case the term "on track" is describing a figurative path, one that indicates you're in a good position to achieve what you want.
WORD FAMILY
track: trackable, tracked, tracker, tracking, trackless, tracks+/tracked: untracked/tracker: trackers/tracking: trackings/trackless: tracklessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wisconsin Legislature’s website, https://legis.wisconsin.gov/, allows visitors to track bills’ progress.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小路，小道; 痕迹，踪迹; 轨道，音轨; 方针，路线
vt. 跟踪; 监看，监测; 追踪
vi. 沿着轨道前进; 沿着一条路走，旅行; 位于一队列中
时态：tracked, tracking, tracks
分布：跟踪(50%)，追踪(20%)，轨道(17%)，跑道(7%)，小路(3%)，踪迹(2%)，乐曲(1%)
→来自古法语 trac,轨迹，车道，可能来自荷兰语 trek,踩出的，引导的，词源同 trek,trigger.最终 来自 dhragh,拉，拉出，词源同 draw,tract.引申诸相关词义。
n.跑道,小路;轨迹,轮迹v.跟踪,追踪The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
noun
PATH 道路
 IMPROVER countable
■a path or rough road which is made of soil rather than having a surface covered with stone or other material 小道，小径
• The house is at the end of a dirt/an unmade track. 房子在一条泥土路／尚未铺好的小路的尽头。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the pair of long metal bars fixed on the ground at an equal distance from each other, along which trains travel （铁路的）轨道
• a 10-mile stretch of track 十英里长的铁轨
• Passengers are requested not to walk across the tracks. 乘客不得穿越铁轨。
[træk] noun
SPORT 体育
 IMPROVER countable
■a type of path or road, often in the shape of a ring, which has been specially designed and built for sports events, especially racing 赛道；跑道
• an all-weather track 全天候赛道
• a dog/horse track 赛狗／马的跑道
• The runners are now on their final lap of the track. 赛跑选手正在跑最后一圈。
⇒ See also racetrack
 IMPROVER uncountable US
■a sport in which people compete with each other by running a race on a specially prepared circular path 径赛运动
• a track event 径赛
uncountable (also track and field) US for
■ athletics 径赛，田径运动
[træk] noun
MARKS 记号
 ADVANCED countable usually plural
■a mark or line of marks left on the ground or on another surface by an animal, person or vehicle which has moved over it, showing the direction they moved in 踪迹；足迹；车辙
• Police found tyre tracks in the mud. 警方在泥地里发现了轮胎印。
• The hunters followed the tracks of the deer for hours. 猎人循着鹿的脚印追了几个小时。
• The burglars were careful not to leave any tracks behind them. 盗贼小心翼翼地不留下任何踪迹。
be on the track of sb/sth
■to be examining marks or pieces of information which show where a person or animal has gone, in order to catch them 追踪
• The police are on the track of the killer. 警方正在追踪该杀人犯。
[træk] noun
DIRECTION 方向
 ADVANCED countable
■the direction which something has taken or will take through the air （在空中运行的）轨迹，路线
• People living in the track of the hurricane have been advised to leave their homes until it has passed. 已经建议居住在飓风经过之处的人撤离住所，直到飓风过后再回去。
[træk] noun
DEVELOPMENT 发展
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the direction in which someone's job or education develops （工作或受教育的）方向
• She was a lawyer, but then she changed track completely and became a doctor. 她当过律师，但后来彻底转行成了医生。
countable usually singular
■the way in which a thought or idea has developed or might develop 思维方式；思路
• I found it difficult to follow the track of his argument. 我觉得难以跟上他论证的思路。
get off the track
■to start talking about something that is not part of what you should be talking about （讲话）离题
• I think we're getting off the track here - we're supposed to be discussing our advertising campaign. 我觉得我们离题了——我们应该讨论的是广告宣传活动。
[træk] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable
■one of several songs or pieces of music on a CD or other musical recording （光盘、录音磁带等上的）一首歌，一支乐曲
• The album includes four previously unreleased tracks. 这张专辑收录了四首以前未曾面世的歌曲。
⇒ See also soundtrack
countable
■a part of a magnetic strip onto which sound can be recorded, with several tracks on one magnetic strip 音轨，声道
• When a piece of music is recorded, each instrument is recorded separately on a 24- or 48-track tape. 录制音乐时，每一种乐器分别被录制在一张24或48声道的磁带上。
[træk] noun
in your tracks
■in the exact place where you are standing 就地，当场
• He fell dead in his tracks. 他当即倒地身亡。
• A sudden loud scream stopped me (dead) in my tracks (= caused me suddenly to stop what I was doing). 突如其来的一声大叫惊得我停下手中的工作。
[træk] noun
keep track
■to make certain that you know what is happening or has happened to someone or something 确保了解；确保知道
• My sister has had so many different jobs, I find it hard to keep track (of what she's doing). 我姐姐从事过如此多的工作，我觉得都难以说清。
[træk] noun
lose track
■to no longer know what is happening, or not to remember something 忘记；跟不上最新的情况
• What he was saying was so complicated that I lost track after the first couple of sentences. 他说的话内容太复杂了，我听了开头的几个句子以后就开始感到没头没脑。
• I've lost track of the number of times he's asked me to lend him money. 我记不起他有多少次问我借钱了。
[træk] noun
make tracks informal
■to leave somewhere to go home 回家
• It's getting late, Jim - I think we should make tracks. 吉姆，天越来越晚——我觉得我们该回家了。
[træk] noun
on track
■making progress and likely to succeed 有望成功；在正轨上
• They're on track to make record profits. 他们有望获得创纪录的利润。
[træk] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
 ADVANCED transitive
■to follow a person or animal by looking for proof that they have been somewhere, or by using electronic equipment 跟踪，追踪
• It's difficult to track an animal over stony ground. 很难在多石的地面上追踪动物。
• The military use radar satellites to track targets through clouds and at night. 军队用雷达卫星透过云雾和夜幕追踪目标。
• The terrorists were tracked to (= found in) Amsterdam. 恐怖分子在阿姆斯特丹被追踪到。
⇒ See also backtrack;sidetrack
 ADVANCED transitive
■to record the progress or development of something over a period 追踪，记录…的进展
• The study tracked the careers of 1226 doctors who trained at the University of Michigan Medical School. 该研究对1226名曾在密歇根大学医学院接受过培训的医生的事业发展情况进行跟踪调查。
[træk] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive
■If a television or film camera tracks in a particular direction, it moves along while it is filming （摄影机）跟踪拍摄，移动摄影
• The film ends with a long tracking shot around the deserted house. 影片的结尾场景是一个围绕这幢废弃房子拍摄的跟踪长镜头。
intransitive specialized
■If a moving part of a recording machine tracks, it gets into the correct position for operating （录制设备的移动部件）运作正常
• Our VCR tracks automatically. 我们的录像机能自动摄录。
[træk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] track sth/sb down
■to find something or someone after looking for them in a lot of different places 追踪到；追查到
• He finally managed to track down the book he wanted. 他终于找到他要的书。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
n. [铁路] 轨道； [古生] 足迹，踪迹；小道
 - path, railway, tail, trajectory, orbit
vt. 追踪；通过；循路而行；用纤拉
 - clear, trail
vi. 追踪；走；留下足迹
 - go, walk, step

Word: scandal
Front: scandal
[ˈskændl] (研四六托雅宝 3052/3816 -3)
Vocabulary: scandal
(once / 230 pages)
n
Scandal is disgraceful events or nasty gossip about people's private lives, like the scandal that erupted when you were seen at the mall with your best friend's girlfriend.
Just because there's a scandal, it doesn't mean it's always true — being seen with your friend's girl? What the gossips didn't know it that you were buying his birthday present. Some scandals, though, involve public figures who have been found guilty. For example, if a politician is found guilty of taking bribes, that's a scandal that will rock your town, causing outrage not to mention the end of that politician's career.
WORD FAMILY
scandal: scandalise, scandalize, scandalous, scandals+/scandalise: scandalisation, scandalised, scandalises, scandalising/scandalize: scandalization, scandalized, scandalizes, scandalizing/ scandalous: scandalously, scandalousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s full Constitutional Court will begin formal hearings on Tuesday into the case, the biggest influence-peddling scandal in South Korea’s history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
South Korea’s opposition-controlled parliament last month voted to remove Park over a corruption scandal.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 丑闻，丑名，丑事，丑行，丢脸的事件，舞弊案件，耻辱; 流言蜚语; 闲话; 诽谤
分布：丑闻(95%)，耻辱(2%)，反感(2%)，中伤(1%)
→来自拉丁语 scandalum,丑闻，丑事，耻辱，来自希腊语 skandalon,陷阱，罗网，绊倒，使摔 倒，来自 skand,爬，跳，弹，词源同 scan,descend.比喻用法。
n.丑闻,诽谤,耻辱,流言蜚语,反感,公愤The president will have to resign for being involved in a political scandal.总统将由于牵扯一桩政治丑闻而被迫辞职.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(an action or event that causes) a public feeling of shock and strong moral disapproval 丑行；丑闻；震惊；反感
• a financial/political/ sex scandal 金融／政治／性丑闻
• Their affair caused/created a scandal in the office. 他们的风流韵事在办公室里成了丑闻。
• The scandal broke (= became public knowledge) right at the beginning of the Conservative Party Conference. 就在保守党大会开幕的那一刻，丑闻爆了出来。
• If there is the slightest suggestion/hint of scandal, the public will no longer trust us. 只要有哪怕一丝丑闻，民众就再也不会信任我们。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■reports about actions or events that cause shock and disapproval 丑闻报道
• Some magazines contain nothing but scandal and gossip. 有些杂志专门报道丑闻，散播小道消息。
• to spread scandal 散播丑闻
 ADVANCED only singular
■a situation that is extremely bad 丢脸，耻辱
• [+ (that)] It 's a scandal (that) children could be treated in this way. 这样对待孩子真是太可耻了。
n. 丑闻；流言蜚语；诽谤；公愤
 - tale, personalities

Word: safe
Front: safe
[seɪf] (中高研四六雅宝 1058/1244 -K4)
Back: adj. 安全的; 保险的，肯定的; 无损的; 提供保护的
n. 保险箱，保险柜; 冷藏箱; 〈俚〉避孕套
级别：safer, safest
分布：安全的(63%)，保险箱(27%)，可靠的(6%)，谨慎的(3%)，安然无恙的(1%)
→来自古法语 sauf,安全的，受保护的，来自拉丁语 salvus,安全的，健康的，完整的，来自 sol, 完整的，整个的，词源同 solid,save,salvation.字母 l 软化为 u,最终脱落。引申词义保险箱等。
a.安全的,牢靠的;谨慎的,可靠的n.保险箱The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not in danger or likely to be harmed 安全的；没有危险的
• In some cities you don't feel safe going out alone at night. 在某些城市，夜晚独自外出会觉得不安全。
 ESSENTIAL
■not dangerous or likely to cause harm 不会造成危险的；可靠的
• a safe play-area for children 儿童安全游乐区
• a safe driver 可靠的司机
• That ladder doesn't look safe. 那架梯子看起来不安全。
• She wished us a safe journey. 她祝我们一路平安。
• Is this medicine safe for children? 儿童使用这种药物安全吗？
• It's safe to cross the road now. 现在过马路安全了。
 ESSENTIAL
■not harmed or damaged 无损的；未受伤害的
• She said that all the hostages were safe. 她说所有的人质都平安无事。
 IMPROVER
■describes things which do not involve any risk 保险的，万无一失的
• I think we should go for the safest option (= the one that involves the least risks). 我认为我们应该选择最保险的方案。
• He never usually remembers my birthday, so it's a safe bet (= I am certain) he'll forget again this time! 他从来就记不住我的生日，我敢肯定这一次他又忘了！
■If an official position in parliament is safe, it is likely to be won by the political party which has won it at previous elections （选举中席位）十拿九稳的
• a safe Conservative seat 一个十拿九稳的保守党议席
safe and sound
■completely safe and without injury or damage 安然无恙；完好无缺
• After three days lost in the mountains, all the climbers arrived home safe and sound. 在山里迷路三天后，所有的登山者都安然无恙地回到了家。
[seɪf] adjective
as safe as houses UK
■very safe 非常安全的
[seɪf] adjective
in safe hands
■being cared for or dealt with by someone skilled 受到妥善照管；由专业人员处理
• Dr Bailey is doing the operation, so your wife is in safe hands. 贝利医生负责手术，因此你妻子很安全。
[seɪf] adjective
(just) to be on the safe side
■being especially careful in order to avoid something unpleasant 谨慎起见；以防万一
• I'm sure it won't rain, but I'll take an umbrella (just) to be on the safe side (= to be ready if it does rain). 我知道不会下雨，但是为了以防万一，我还是要带把伞。
[seɪf] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  safe or save? Warning: do not confuse the adjective safe with the verb save :
✗ You can safe a lot of time by booking your holiday online. You can save a lot of time by booking your holiday online.
[seɪf] noun countable
■a strong box or cupboard with special locks where valuable things, especially money or jewels (= precious stones) , are kept 保险箱，保险柜
• Thieves broke into/cracked (= opened by force) the safe and stole everything in it. 盗贼们撬开保险箱，偷走了里面所有的东西。
safe, secure
这组词都有“安全的”的意思，其区别是：
safe: 主要指人或物未受危险或损害。
secure: 着重指由于环境等因素而使人产生的安全感，含可以不必担心或害怕的意味。
adj. [安全] 安全的；可靠的；平安的
 - responsible, secure, honest, reliable, tried
n. [安全] 保险箱； [制冷] 冷藏室；纱橱
 - peter, strongbox

Word: device
Front: device
[dɪˈvaɪs] (研四六托 1507/1825 -K3)
Vocabulary: device
(once / 193 pages)
n
A device is really anything that has a specific use. It might be a tool or object, or a plan that is devised to accomplish something. If it has a purpose, it is a device.
A device is a noun that can be used to describe anything, simple or complex, that is used for a specific purpose. You might have one device for opening bottles, and another for opening cans. You probably even have a device for turning on your TV. While these have specific names (bottle opener, can opener, remote), you can cover each with the generic term device. We can see its root in the Old French word devis, which meant “purpose” or “contrivance.”
WORD FAMILY
device: devices
USAGE EXAMPLES
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council resolutions from developing ballistic missiles and testing nuclear devices.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Police say the car crossed into Woodstock at about 2 a.m. and officers used a tire deflating device to stop the car.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 装置，设备; 方法; 策略; 手段
分布：设备(55%)，装置(39%)，设计(4%)，策略(2%)
→来自devise, 用作名词。
n.装置,设备,仪表;方法,设计The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
noun countable
OBJECT 物品
 IMPROVER
■an object or machine which has been invented for a particular purpose 装置，器械
• a contraceptive/electronic device 避孕器具／电子装置
• Rescuers used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings. 救援者使用特殊器械来寻找被困在倒塌建筑物下面的人。
[dɪ'vaɪs] noun countable
METHOD 方法
■a method which is used to produce a wanted effect （可达到期望效果的）方法，手段
• a literary/rhetorical device 文学／修辞手法
• A trademark can be a powerful marketing device. 商标可以是一种强有力的行销手段。
• [+ to infinitive] Her cool manner is just a device to avoid having to talk to people. 她冷漠的表现只是避免与人交谈的一种手段。
[dɪ'vaɪs] noun countable
BOMB 炸弹
■a bomb or other explosive 炸弹；爆炸装置
• an explosive/incendiary/nuclear device 爆炸装置／燃烧弹／核爆炸装置
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [机] 装置；策略；图案
 - apparatus, installation, strategy, unit, gear

Word: version
Front: version
[ˈvɜ:ʃn] (高研四六托雅 1130/953 -K4)
Vocabulary: version
(once / 142 pages)
1n 2n
If the professor says, “Read the complete works of Shakespeare” and you go for the Cliff Notes, you could say you read a short version of the Bard’s work, but really, you're cheating. A version is a specific edition or form of something.
Version derives from the Latin vertere, "to turn." Think of it as someone taking a turn, as in an adaptation of a work of art or literature. "Can you believe they made an animated version of The Sinking of the Lusitania?" Or someone giving their own account of an event. "Your version of what happened the night we got locked in the storage unit is totally different from mine!"
WORD FAMILY
version: versions
USAGE EXAMPLES
In February he’s expected to introduce the executive version of the 2017-19 state budget.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated he was chairman of Estée Lauder.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“Happy New Year!” is a less-profane version of what a young man in one of the many crowded stairwells shouts at us.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 版本; 译文，译本; 说法; 倒转术
分布：版本(91%)，说法(4%)，译本(3%)，形式(2%)
→来自拉丁语versus,转，翻转，词源versus,toward。引申词义版本。
翻译;译文(vers+ion→从原文转出来→译文)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.版本;译本,译文;说法In this version, some conversions are made to the verbs and adverbs in the conversation.该版本中,会话中的动词和副词作了一些转换.
US ['vɝ:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular form of something which varies slightly from other forms of the same thing 版本；说法
• The official version of events is that the police were attacked and were just trying to defend themselves. 事件的官方说法是员警受到了攻击，他们只是想自卫。
• You can make a reduced fat version of the cheesecake by using cottage cheese instead of cream cheese. 你可以用茅屋起司代替奶油起司来制作低脂肪的起司蛋糕。
• An English-language version of the book is planned for the autumn. 那本书的英语版本计划在秋天推出。
• The TV series is a watered-down version of the movie, especially designed for family viewing. 这部电视剧对其电影版作了弱化处理，专为阖家观赏而制作。
translation, paraphrase, version
这组词都有“翻译，译文”的意思，其区别是：
translation: 普通用词，指从一种语言到另一种语言的翻译。
paraphrase: 可指非常自由的解释，不拘泥遣词造句，重在传意。通常指用同样语言深入浅出地解释艰深的句子或段落。
version: 可与translation换用，尤指不拘泥于文字的意译，更常指某种作品的一种译文。
edition, issue/number, version, copy
edition: 版数；
issue/number: 期数；
version: 译本，版本
copy: 册数；
n. [计] 版本； [图情] 译文；倒转术
 - edition, translation

Word: researcher
Front: researcher
[rɪ'sɜ:tʃə(r)] (四六 1177/2411)
Vocabulary: researcher
(once / 400 pages)
n
A researcher is someone who conducts research, i.e., an organized and systematic investigation into something. Scientists are often described as researchers.
Writers of novels that involve a lot of gathering of information––such as Michael Crichton, who writes about biology––hire researchers to help them gather and synthesize material. Other writers turn into researchers themselves, calling up doctor friends to discover interesting ways their characters can die.
WORD FAMILY
researcher: researchers+/ research: researched, researcher, researches, researching
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overall, researchers found that half of guns transferred privately in all states within the past two years were obtained without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But, Dr. Erickson said, most researchers thought that since dinosaurs were closely related to modern birds their incubation rates were birdlike.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From one of the embryos, the researchers extracted a tiny jawline with several teeth.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 研究员，调查者
分布：研究人员(100%)
N-UNCOUNT
研究;探索
Research is work that involves studying something and trying to discover facts about it.
例：65 percent of the 1987 budget went for nuclear weapons research and production.1987年65％的预算经费被用于核武器的研究和生产。
例：...cancer research.癌症研究
VERB
调查;发掘
If you research something, you try to discover facts about it.
例：She spent two years in South Florida researching and filming her documentary...她花了两年时间在佛罗里达州南部做研究，拍摄纪录片。
例：So far we haven't been able to find anything, but we're still researching.目前我们还没有任何发现，但是我们仍在研究。
n. 研究员
 - boffin

Word: clean
Front: clean
[kli:n] (中高托雅 1514/1780 -K4)
Vocabulary: clean
(once / 70 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adjadv 4adjadvn
The meaning of clean usually refers to removing something unwanted: you clean your hands by washing them, then you can clean some grapes.
This word has many meanings related to being pure or empty. You clean a chicken by plucking its feathers, or get cleaned out when you lose all your money at poker. If a drug addict is clean, he's no longer using. You can clean someone’s clock, clean up your act, or clean out a safe and make a clean getaway. If the floor is clean enough to eat off, it's very clean. A clean life is morally pure.
WORD FAMILY
clean: cleanable, cleaned, cleaner, cleanest, cleaning, cleanly, cleanness, cleans, unclean+/cleaner: cleaners/cleaning: cleanings/cleanliness: cleanlinesses/cleanly: cleanlier, cleanliest, cleanlily, cleanliness, uncleanly/cleanness: cleannesses/unclean: uncleaner, uncleanest, uncleanness/uncleanly: uncleanliness/uncleanness: uncleannesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“So remove dry cleaning bags and hang only one item per hanger.”
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 清洁的; 整齐的; 新的; 正派的
vt. & vi. （使）清洁; 变干净; 除去…的灰尘; 使…干净
vi. 清扫
adv. 完全地，彻底地
n. 打扫
时态：cleaned, cleaning, cleans
分布：清洁(42%)，打扫(32%)，干净的(17%)，清扫(4%)，完全地(2%)，纯洁的(2%)，完全的(1%)
→来自gel,明亮，耀眼，词源同glass,gleam.引申词义干净的。
a.清洁的,干净的v.除去..污垢,把...弄干净The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
adjective
NOT DIRTY 不脏的
 ESSENTIAL
■not dirty 干净的；清洁的
• a clean white shirt 干净的白衬衫
• clean air/water 清洁的空气／水
• Make sure your hands are clean before you have your dinner. 饭前一定要把手洗干净。
• Hospitals need to be kept spotlessly (= extremely) clean. 医院必须保持一尘不染，干干净净。
[kli:n] adjective
HONEST 诚实的
■honest or fair, or showing that you have not done anything illegal 诚实的；公正的；光明正大的；清白的
• a good clean fight/contest 公正的比赛／竞赛
• The judge took the defendant's clean record (= the absence of previous involvement in crime) into account when passing sentence. 法官在宣判时考虑到被告没有前科。
• I've always had a clean driving licence. 我开车一直都没有违规纪录。
■slang
■not doing anything illegal, or not having or carrying illegal drugs or stolen goods 清白的；没有私藏（或携带）毒品的；没有赃物的
• The police busted Pete last night, but he was clean. 员警昨晚搜查了皮特，可是未搜出他有任何违禁品。
[kli:n] adjective
MORAL 道德的
■morally acceptable 纯洁的；正派的
• It's all good clean fun. 这完全是个正派纯洁的玩笑。
• clean living 生活清白的
■not about sex 不猥亵的，不下流的；无色情的
• Can't you think of any clean jokes ? 你脑子里难道就没有正经的笑话吗？
[kli:n] adjective
NOT ROUGH 不粗糙的
■having no rough edges, and smooth, straight or equally balanced 边缘整齐的；平滑的；流线型的；简洁流畅的
• I've broken my leg, but the doctor says that it's a clean break , so it should heal easily. 我摔断了腿，不过医生说断口很整齐，应该很快就会长好。
• A good clean hit from Botham sent the ball straight out to the boundary. 博瑟姆干净俐落的一击将球直接击出边界。
• What he liked about the car was its clean lines. 他喜欢这辆车简洁流畅的线条。
• I tried to make a clean cut , but the knife wasn't sharp enough. 我想切得整整齐齐，可是刀子不够锋利。
[kli:n] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun]
■complete 彻底的，完全的
• It's better for both of us if we make a clean break (of it) (= end our relationship completely). 要是我们一刀两断，对双方都好。
• Sara says she needs a clean break with the past. 萨拉说自己需要和过去彻底决裂。
• The new prime minister is expected to make a clean sweep (= a complete change) of the government. 人们期望新首相对政府进行大换班。
[kli:n] adjective
NOTHING ON 上面无东西
[before noun]
■When something you write on is clean, there is nothing on it or it is not yet used 未写过的；未用过的；空白的
• Take a clean sheet of paper. 拿一张白纸来。
[kli:n] adjective
(as) clean as a (new) pin (also (as) clean as a whistle) old-fashioned
■extremely clean 干干净净；极其干净
[kli:n] adjective
a clean bill of health informal
■when a doctor says that someone is healthy 身体健康证明
• He's been given a clean bill of health by the doctor. 他拿到了一份医生出具的健康证明。
■when someone in authority says that a particular thing is in good condition 合格证明；安全证明
• Of 30 countries inspected for airline safety, only 17 received a clean bill of health. 在对30个国家进行的航班安全性检查中，只有17个国家获得了安全证书。
[kli:n] adjective
a clean sheet/slate informal
■when people decide to forget your past behaviour, usually because it was not good 既往不咎；无污点的纪录；清白的历史
• You were very lazy last term, but we'll start again with a clean sheet this term. 你上学期很懒，可是这学期我们会既往不咎，重新开始。
[kli:n] adjective
come clean
■to tell the truth about something that you have been keeping secret 全盘招供；和盘托出
• I thought it was time to come clean (with everybody) about what I'd been doing. 我认为是时候了，该（向大家）说清楚我一直在做些甚么。
[kli:n] adjective
make a clean breast of it
■to tell the truth about something 全盘招供；和盘托出
• Julia finally made a clean breast of it and admitted that she had stolen the money. 朱丽亚最终坦白了，承认是她偷了钱。
[kli:n] verb
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to remove dirt from something 把…弄干净；打扫；清洁；清洗
• I'm going to clean the windows this morning. 今天上午我要擦窗户。
• You should always clean your teeth after meals. 每次饭后你都应该清洁牙齿。
• Would you clean the fingermarks from/off the door? 你把门上的指纹擦掉，好吗？
• He asked her to help him clean out the stables. 他叫她帮忙打扫马厩。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to become clean 变干净
• This carpet doesn't clean very well. 这地毯不太好清洗。
• I hope these bloodstains will clean off my shirt. 我希望我衬衫上的这些血迹能洗掉。
transitive
■to prepare a fish or an animal killed for food by removing the inside parts of it that are not eaten 清除（鱼或动物）的内脏（以备烹调）
[kli:n] verb
clean up your act
■to start to obey certain laws or generally accepted standards of behaviour 改邪归正；开始遵纪守法
• You're going to have to clean up your act if you're serious about keeping your job. 要是你真想保住工作，就必须改邪归正。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clean sth out
■to take everything out of a room, car, container, etc. and clean the inside of it 把…内部彻底打扫干净
• I found these photos while I was cleaning out my cupboards. 我清理橱柜时发现了这些照片。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clean sb/sth out informal
■to use or steal all of someone's money or goods 把…一扫而光；洗劫
• Buying our new house has completely cleaned us out. 买新房子把我们完全掏空了。
• Richard came home for the weekend and completely cleaned us out of food. 理查回家过周末，把我们的食物一扫而光。
• The burglars cleaned out the shop. 盗贼把商店洗劫一空。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clean (sb/sth) up
■to make a person or place clean and tidy （把…）梳洗整齐；打扫，清理
• We'll go out as soon as I've cleaned up the kitchen. 我一收拾完厨房我们就出去。
• I need to clean up (= clean myself or the place where I am) before we go out. 我们出去之前我要先收拾一下。
• [R] Clean your self up a bit before dinner. 吃饭前先把你自己弄干净点。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clean (sth) up slang
■to win a lot of money 赢得大笔钱，赚大钱，发大财
• We cleaned up at the poker table last night. 我们昨晚在牌桌上大捞一票。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clean sth up
CRIME
■to stop illegal or dishonest activity in a place or organization 肃清，整顿，清理（非法或不诚实行为）
• We need a mayor who is tough enough to clean up this town. 我们需要一位元强硬的市长来整顿这个城市。
BAD BEHAVIOUR
■to stop or limit the violence, sex or bad behaviour shown or contained in programmes or books, magazines, etc., to make them more acceptable 肃清，净化（节目或书刊中的暴力、色情或不道德内容）
• Some people think that television should be cleaned up. 有些人认为应该净化电视节目。
[kli:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clean up after sb
■to remove dirt or problems that someone has made 打扫（某人）弄脏的地方；解决（某人）制造的问题
• I'm fed up with cleaning up after you all the time. 你弄脏了东西老是我来打扫，我真是受够了。
[kli:n] noun only singular
■when something is cleaned 清洁，清扫，打扫
• These windows need a really thorough clean. 这些窗户需要彻底擦洗一遍。
[kli:n] adverb
■completely 完全，彻底
• I clean forgot that I was supposed to be meeting Lucy last night. 昨晚我本来应该跟露西见面的，结果我忘得一干二净。
• He's been cheating his customers for years, and getting clean away with it. 他欺骗顾客多年，还一点事都没有。
• The bullet went clean through his shoulder. 子弹射穿了他的肩膀。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
adj. 清洁的，干净的；清白的
 - pure, sanitary
vi. 打扫，清扫
 - do out, rid up
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. 打扫
 - dusting, sweep

Word: resource
Front: resource
[rɪˈsɔ:s] (研四六托雅 769/786 -K4)
Vocabulary: resource
(once / 139 pages)
n
A resource is any personal talent or outside supply that can be tapped for help or support.
Resource comes from an old French word meaning "relief" or "recovery," which certainly ties in with the idea of a resource being something that offers necessary aid. However, the word resource also refers to the natural resources available in and on our Earth — things that we are constantly drawing on and depleting, such as our trees, ores, and atmosphere. Once such a natural resource is used up, it’s usually gone forever, and is no longer a resource.
WORD FAMILY
resource: resourceful, resourceless, resources+/ resourceful: resourcefully, resourcefulness/resourceless: resourcelessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Israel is creating Palestinian ghettos, islands of land that are doomed to failure without basic resources,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The state Department of Natural Resources says it will seek money from lawmakers to help acquire land.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Iowa Natural Resources Department says the man fell about 60 feet from an overlook off Lost Lake Trail around 11:15 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 资源; 物力，财力; 办法; 智谋
分布：资源(97%)，消遣(2%)，才略(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，source,资源。引申词义才智，谋略。
n.(pl.)资源,财力;办法,智谋;应变之才The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US ['ri:.sɔ:rs] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization or person 资源；财力；素质
• The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers. 这个国家最大的资源就是劳动者的奉献精神。
• Britain's mineral resources include oil, coal and gas deposits. 英国的矿产资源包括石油、煤炭和天然气。
uncountable formal for * resourcefulness
UK [rɪ'zɔ:s/ UK ['ri:.sɔ:s] US ['ri:.sɔ:rs] noun
have inner resources
■to have the ability to help yourself manage or achieve something 拥有内在素质；具有内在力量；具有精神力量
• He can't cope with difficult situations on his own - he has no inner resources. 他不能独力应付困难局面——他心理素质很差。
UK [rɪ'zɔ:s/ UK ['ri:.sɔ:s] US ['ri:.sɔ:rs] verb transitive
■to provide an organization or department with money or equipment 为…提供资源；资助；供给…设备
• The school must be properly resourced with musical instruments and audio equipment. 一定要为这所学校妥善配备乐器和音响设备。
n. [计] [环境] 资源，财力；办法；智谋
 - financial ability

Word: hospital
Front: hospital
[ˈhɒspɪtl] (中高雅 647/562 -K5)
Vocabulary: hospital
(once / 96 pages)
n
A hospital is the place to go when you're very sick or injured in a way that requires immediate treatment. If you trip over your shoelaces and break your arm, you'll need to go to the hospital.
People having surgery or delivering a baby usually go to a hospital, and if you suspect you have food poisoning, you might visit the emergency room of a hospital. Hospitals are staffed by doctors and nurses, as well as office workers, cleaners, and aides of various kinds. The earliest hospitals were shelters or needy people, or hostels for travelers, and the word comes from the Late Latin hospitale, "guest house or inn."
WORD FAMILY
hospital: hospitalise, hospitalize, hospitals+/hospitalise: hospitalisation, hospitalised/hospitalization: hospitalizations/ hospitalize: hospitalization, hospitalized, hospitalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A hospital in the Sadr City area also was struck Monday, killing 27.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Schnorenberg was injured during the altercation and treated at a hospital.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 医院; 收容所; 养老院; 〈古〉旅客招待所
分布：医院(100%)
→来自古法语hospital,旅店，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，词源同host,guest.后用于指为需要的人提供的收容所或慈善机构，现用于指医院。
医院(客气对待病人的地方)[hospit,host=guest,表示"客人"]
医院(hospit客人+al,病人是医院的客人)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.医院The incapable man in cap went into the hospitable capital hospital.戴帽的无能男子走进热情好客的首都医院.
US ['hɑ:.spɪ.tˌəl] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where people who are ill or injured are treated and taken care of by doctors and nurses 医院
• a general/children's/maternity hospital 综合／儿童／妇产医院
• hospital patients/staff 医院的病人／工作人员
• UK I've got to go (in)to hospital (USto the hospital) for three weeks to have an operation. 我不得不住院三周来接受手术。
• UK She spent a week in hospital (USin the hospital) last year. 去年她住了一个星期医院。
n. [医] 医院
 - infirmary

Word: broad
Front: broad
[brɔ:d] (高研四 1404/1462 -K4)
Vocabulary: broad
(once / 66 pages)
1adj 2n
The adjective broad boasts an extensive — you might even say broad — array of subtly different meanings including wide, spacious, far-reaching, vague, and unsubtle.
It's kind of funny that the word broad can communicate such an expansive range of ideas since expansive is, in fact, a synonym for broad. This adjective can be used to describe actual physical spaces. A broad highway, for example, would be difficult to cross because of all the cars in the many lanes of the road. The word can also be used more figuratively. American history covers a broad range of topics and events. A broad-minded person is open to new ideas, while broad humor aims for a mass audience with obvious gags and stunts.
WORD FAMILY
broad: broaden, broader, broadest, broadly, broadness, broads+/broaden: broadened, broadening, broadens/broadening: broadenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But “Lion” raises broader issues of identity — ethnic and otherwise — that are implicated in most human stories.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 宽阔的; 广泛的; 概括的; 明显的
n. 婆娘
级别：broader, broadest
分布：宽广的(44%)，明显的(25%)，粗俗的(19%)，清楚无误的(6%)，胸怀开阔的(6%)
→词源不详。可能来自break, 分开。比较wide, 宽，来自PIE *wi, 分开，原义见widow, 寡妇。
a.宽的,广阔的;广大的;宽宏的,豁达的He has a broad forehead.他有个宽大的前额.
US [brɑ:d] adjective
WIDE 宽阔的
 IMPROVER
■very wide 宽广的
• We walked down a broad avenue lined with trees. 我们走在林荫大道上。
• He flashed a broad grin at us. 他冲我们咧嘴笑了笑。
• My brother is very broad- shouldered. 我兄弟肩膀很宽。
Compare narrow
 ADVANCED
■If something is a particular distance broad, it measures this distance from side to side …宽的
• This river is over 500 metres broad at its widest point. 这条河最开阔处有500多米宽。
• O'Connell Bridge in Dublin is famous for being broader than it is long. 都柏林的奥康奈尔桥因其宽度大于长度而闻名。
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] adjective
GENERAL 广泛的
 IMPROVER
■including a wide range of things; general 广泛的，普遍的
• The politician gave a broad outline of his proposals. 那位政界人士大致说了一下他的动议要点。
• The magazine covers a broad range of subjects, from sewing to psychology. 那份杂志涉及内容范围广泛，从缝纫到心理学无所不包。
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] adjective
STRONG 强的
■If someone has a broad accent (= way of speaking) , it is strong and noticeable, showing where they come from 口音重的
• He spoke with a broad Australian accent. 他讲话带有很重的澳大利亚口音。
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] adjective
INFORMATION 资讯
broad hint
■a hint (= when you tell someone something without saying it directly) that is easy to understand 明显的暗示
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] adjective
broad in the beam old-fashioned humorous
■having wide hips and a large bottom 臀围大；屁股大
• Her mother was fairly broad in the beam. 她母亲的屁股很大。
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] adjective
in broad daylight
■If a crime is committed in broad daylight, it happens during the day, when it could have been seen and prevented 大白天；光天化日之下
• Thieves had broken into the car in broad daylight and stolen the stereo. 小偷在光天化日之下撬开车门，偷走了音响。
UK [brɔ:d] US [brɑ:d] noun countable US offensive
■a woman 女人，娘儿们
broad, wide
broad: 侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
wide: 侧重于一边到另一边的距离,
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
adj. 宽的，辽阔的；显著的；大概的
 - wider, obvious, prominent, marked, noted

Word: promote
Front: promote
[prəˈməʊt] (高研四六托雅宝 1328/1433 -K4)
Vocabulary: promote
(once / 126 pages)
1v 2v 3v
If you work for a marketing firm, your job is to promote new products — to publicize them and to try to get the public to buy them.
The verb promote can also mean to advance to a higher position. Because of your hard work, your boss might decide to promote you. In school, passing students are promoted each year when they enter a higher grade. In chess, the verb promote is used when a pawn is exchanged for a higher ranking piece. Make sure you promote your pawn to a queen, giving you two queens on the board and a strong advantage in the game.
WORD FAMILY
promote: promoted, promoter, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotive+/ promoter: promoters/ promotion: promotional, promotions/ promotional: promotionally/promotive: promotively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“When I started looking for work I often felt discrimination and never was promoted.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Promoting diversity and upholding basic rights aren’t the same thing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On the one hand, Mr. Barnea said, there were already signs that Netanyahu loyalists would try to promote legislation banning investigations of sitting prime ministers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 促进，推进; 提升，助长; 促销; 使（学生）升级
vi. 成为王后或其他大于卒的子
时态：promoted, promoting, promotes
分布：促进(85%)，提升(12%)，发起(2%)，升迁(1%)
→pro-,向前，-mot,移动，词源同motion,move.比喻用法。
促进;提升(pro+mote动→向前动→促进)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
促进;提升(pro向前+mote→向前动→促进)[mot=move,表示"动"]
v.促进,发扬;提升,提拔;增进,助长The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
【记】pro向前，mote动－向前动－促进
【反】abate（v 使减少）；subside（v 下沉；沉淀；衰减）
US [-'moʊt] verb
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 IMPROVER transitive
■to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something 促进；促销，推销；推广
• Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. 广告公司总是得想出新办法来促销。
• The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world. 该协会旨在促进人们对阿拉伯世界政治文化的了解。
• Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today. 绿色和平组织致力于促使人们更了解当前威胁地球的危机。
• It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health. 经常运动能促进全面健康，这一点已久为人知。
UK [prə'məʊt] US [-'moʊt] verb
RAISE 提升
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank 提升，晋升
• If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs. 如果我在今后两年内得不到升迁，我就换工作。
• She's just been promoted to senior sales rep. 她刚刚被升为高级业务代表。
• If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League. 如果考文垂市队赢得了这场比赛，他们将晋升甲级俱乐部联盟。
Opposite demote
transitive often passive US
■If a student is promoted, they go up to the next higher grade (= level in school). 使（学生）升级
promote, improve
promote: 提升，提倡
improve: 改进，改善
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
vt. 促进；提升；推销；发扬
 - facilitate, boost, prefer, upgrade, further

Word: poverty
Front: poverty
[ˈpɒvəti] (研四六托雅 2333/2666 -3)
Vocabulary: poverty
(once / 186 pages)
n
Families who live in poverty have a hard time getting enough food to eat. "The loss of jobs in the area led to increased poverty." "The poverty rate is the percent of people who live in poverty in a geographic area."
In the US, the government pays careful attention to how many citizens are living above and below the poverty level, which is defined by a certain maximum level of income. Poverty can also mean the lack of an important quality besides having enough money to live comfortably. For the last five years, David's sister has given him a pair of socks for his birthday. David believes this reflects the poverty of her imagination.
WORD FAMILY
poverty: poverties
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most of the students live in poverty, according to data from the Kansas State Department of Education.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a clichéd saying, but the cycle of poverty is true. It really is a cycle,” Phifer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 贫穷; 缺乏，不足; 贫瘠，不毛; 低劣
分布：贫困(93%)，贫乏(6%)，劣质(1%)
→来自古法语poverte,贫穷，贫乏，来自拉丁语pauper,穷的，少的，词源同poor.
n.贫穷,贫困The poor man in poverty sleeps on the floor at the doorway.那个贫困的可怜人睡在门口的地板上.
US ['pɑ:.vɚ.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the condition of being extremely poor 贫困，贫穷
• Two million people in the city live in abject (= very great) poverty. 这个城市有两百万人生活在赤贫中。
• He emigrated to Australia to escape the grinding (= very great) poverty of his birthplace. 他为了逃避家乡极为贫困的生活而移民到了澳大利亚。
• Helping to alleviate poverty in developing countries also helps to reduce environmental destruction. 帮助缓解开发中国家的贫困也有助减少对环境的破坏。
a poverty of sth formal
■a lack of something or when the quality of something is extremely low …的贫乏，…的缺少；…的劣质
• There is a disappointing poverty of creativity in their work. 他们的工作缺乏创造性，令人失望。
n. 贫困；困难；缺少；低劣
 - difficulty, shortage, hardness, want

Word: infrastructure
Front: infrastructure
[ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r)] (研六 3613/5839 -2)
Vocabulary: infrastructure
(once / 1187 pages)
n
The infrastructure is the basic foundation or underlying framework of an organization or system. In your house, the infrastructure is the system of beams, weight-bearing walls and the foundation that keeps it standing.
Infrastructure often refers to the equipment and structures required by the military or by a country or region. Roads, bridges, and school buildings are part of our nation's infrastructure, and are necessary for the continued growth of our communities. This word was formed as a compound in English, using the prefix infra- "below, underneath."
WORD FAMILY
infrastructure: infrastructures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The politics and diplomacy may be murky, but, based on a visit to the area late last month, the infrastructure here is ready to roll.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But efforts to build a clean-energy infrastructure are not yet widespread.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基础设施; 基础建设
分布：基础(58%)，基础设施(42%)
→infra-,低于，在下方，structure,结构。引申词义基础结构，基础设施。
n.基础结构,基础设施
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country or organization uses in order to work effectively 基础建设
• The war has badly damaged the country's infrastructure. 战争严重破坏了该国的基础建设。

Word: available
Front: available
[əˈveɪləbl] (中高研四六托雅宝 622/334 -K5)
Vocabulary: available
(once / 141 pages)
adj
"Is this seat available?" "Are you available, or are you married?" As you can tell from these two examples, available means "not busy or not taken."
Available can be used to describe anything that's ready to be used like a restaurant table or a theater seat. It can also be used to describe a person who is not involved in a romantic relationship: "Available singles use online dating websites." When you use a resource, like the school library, you can say that you "avail yourself to the research opportunities made available to students." No matter how you slice it, available means free for the taking.
WORD FAMILY
available: availability, availableness, availably, unavailable +/ avail: available, availed, availing, avails/ availability: availabilities/availing: unavailing/ unavailable: unavailability/unavailing: unavailingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol officials were not immediately available for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The tally will be available later in January.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 4,000 tickets to the 31 July event at the cemetery will be available through a public ballot online at www.passchendaele100.org until 24 February.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可获得的; 有空的; 可购得的; 能找到的
分布：可利用的(44%)，有效的(22%)，可得到的(17%)，有空的(17%)
→avail,有益，有用，-able,形容词后缀。引申词义可获得的，有空的等。
有用的;有效的(avail+able)[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
a.(用于物)可利用的;可见到的,接受采访的Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■able to be bought, used, or reached 可获得的；可用的；可取得联系的；有空的
• Is this dress available in a larger size? 这件衣服有更大一号的吗？
• Our autumn catalogue is now available from our usual stockists. 秋季商品目录现已推出，请到我们公司定点批发零售商处索取。
• There's no money available for an office party this year. 今年没有钱举办办公室派对了。
• It is vital that food is made available to the famine areas. 一定要把食品送到遭受饥荒的地区，这是至关重要的。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm afraid I'm not available to help with the show on the 19th. 19号的演出恐怕我没有时间来帮忙了。
• Every available officer will be assigned to the investigation. 每一名可以调用的员警都将会被派去进行调查。
• Do you have any double rooms available this weekend? 你们饭店本周末有没有双人房？
[ə'veɪ.lə.bl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  availableWarning: Check your spelling! Available is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
reliable, suitable, available, identifiable
reliable: 可依靠的
suitable: 适合的
available: 可用的，可看见的
identifiable: 可识别的
adj. [交] 有效的，可得的；可利用的；空闲的
 - valid, effective, virtual, telling, significant

Word: odd
Front: odd
[ɒd] (研四六托雅 2738/2002 -K4)
Vocabulary: odd
(once / 148 pages)
1adj 2adj
The numbers 1, 3, 5, and 35 are all odd numbers — they can't be divided by two. They are not even. Also, things that are weird or strange are called odd.
This word covers things that are slightly off-kilter, like odd numbers. You can use odd for a single thing that belongs in a pair, like an odd sock or odd mitten. If someone wants you to do odd jobs, that could mean almost anything: odd jobs are random and unpredictable jobs that could come up. When you describe a person as odd, or that they’re exhibiting odd behavior, it means they're peculiar and out of the ordinary.
WORD FAMILY
odd: odder, oddest, oddingly, oddish, oddity, oddly, oddness+/ oddity: oddities/oddness: oddnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I always think it’s odd if anybody equates the depiction of a city via an artistic lens with the actual city,” Brownstein said.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
True, the letters no longer arrive, but to all intents and purposes, life remains a sort of odd status quo.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 古怪的; 奇数的; 剩余的; 临时的
n. 奇特的事物; 怪人; [高尔夫球]多于对方的一次击球
分布：古怪的(63%)，奇数的(16%)，零散的(12%)，剩余的(9%)
→来自古诺斯语oddi,第三或多出的，来自Proto-Germanic*uzdaz,向上刺的点，顶角，来自uzdho,刺，刺点。后引申词义奇数的，怪异的，偶然发生的等。
a.奇数的;奇怪的;单只的;临时的;带零头的The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
US [ɑ:d] adjective
STRANGE 奇怪的
 IMPROVER
■strange or unexpected 奇怪的，古怪的；异常的；出人意料的
• Her father was an odd man. 她父亲是个古怪的人。
• What an odd thing to say. 说起来多古怪的一件事啊。
• The skirt and jacket looked a bit odd together. 这裙子和夹克搭配看上去有点怪。
• That's odd (= surprising) - I'm sure I put my keys in this drawer and yet they're not here. 真奇怪——我肯定把锁匙放进这个抽屉了，可是却不见了。
• It 's odd that no-one's seen him. 奇怪的是没人见过他。
• It must be odd to live on the 43rd floor. 住在43层一定很怪异。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
NOT OFTEN 不经常
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■not happening often 不常发生的；不经常的
• She does the odd teaching job but nothing permanent. 她有时教教课，但并不固定。
• You get the odd person who's rude to you but they're generally quite helpful. 你不巧遇到了一个对你粗鲁的人，不过他们这样的人一般是相当乐于助人的。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
NUMBERS 数字
■(of numbers) not able to be divided exactly by two 奇数的，单数的
• 3, 5, 7 are all odd numbers. 3， 5， 7都是奇数。
• The houses on this side of the street have all got odd numbers. 街道这边的房子都是单号的。
Opposite even
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
SEPARATED 分开的
[before noun]
■(of something that should be in a pair or set) separated from its pair or set （指一对或一组事物中）单个的，单只的，不成对的
• He's got a whole drawer full of odd socks. 他有一抽屉的单只袜子。
• I'd got a few odd (= I had various) balls of wool left over. 我有几个花色不同的、织毛衣剩下的毛线团。
UK [ɒd] US [ɑ:d] adjective
the odd one out (also the odd man out)
■a person or thing that is different from or kept apart from others that form a group or set 与众不同的人（或物）；异类；不合群的人
• Guess which number of the following sequence is the odd one out. 猜猜看，以下一系列数字中哪个与其他的不一样。
• She was always the odd one out at school - she didn't have many friends. 她在学校里总是形单影只——她没有多少朋友。
eccentric, peculiar, strange, queer, curious, crazy, funny, odd, singular, quaint
这组词都有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的”的意思，其区别是：
eccentric: 指偏离常规的怪异或怪癖。
peculiar: 侧重令人奇怪的或独一无二的特性，也指性格特征方面显著的与众不同之处。
strange: 普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇、奇怪、奇怪或不自然的人或物。
queer: 指一种无法解释的怪诞，强调事物的奇特和不可思议。
curious: 通常指非常特别或能引起注意、研究或探索的奇特。
crazy: 多指与众不同的行为、外表或人与物本身，含荒唐可笑或神经不正常的意味。
funny: 较通俗用词，指奇怪得滑稽可笑或反常。
odd: 通常指不规律、偶尔出现的人或事物，往往令人困惑或奇怪。
singular: 通常指异常或奇特，暗含不同于一般。
quaint: 指古色古香，会人感到既奇怪又有趣。
adj. [数] 奇数的；古怪的；剩余的；临时的；零散的
 - remaining, extraordinary, temporary, surplus, residual
n. [数] 奇数；怪人；奇特的事物
 - put, wack

Word: offering
Front: offering
[ˈɒfərɪŋ] (3988/4716 -3)
Vocabulary: offering
(once / 145 pages)
n
An offering is a type of offer or bid, like the kind made in a business meeting.
When you offer something—like a cookie—you're asking someone if they want it. An offering is like that: it's an offer. One type of offering is a proposal or bid made in business. A sports team could make an offering of three million dollars a year to a running back. A bidder could make an offering of one thousand dollars at an auction. An offering is a promise to pay that much if the offering is accepted.
WORD FAMILY
offering: offerings+/counteroffer: counteroffers/ offer: counteroffer, offered, offerer, offering, offeror, offers/offerer: offerers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Developers in New York are already offering up to three months of free rent on some projects.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 提议; 课程; 贡品，祭品; 奉献物
v. 提供(offer的ing形式)
分布：出售物(39%)，供品(31%)，作品(18%)，动词offer的现在分词.(12%)
提供物,祭品(offer+ing)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
US ['ɑ:.fɚ-] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something that you give or offer to someone 礼物；供物，祭品
• a peace offering 求和的礼物
• a sacrificial offering 祭献的贡品
n. 提供；祭品；奉献物；牲礼
 - sacrifice, oblation
v. 提供（offer的ing形式）
 - lending

Word: represent
Front: represent
[ˌreprɪˈzent] (高研四六托雅 687/645 -K4)
Vocabulary: represent
(once / 31 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Use the word represent when something stands in for something else — whether it's your congressman representing your interests in Washington or the thimble that represents you as it makes its way around the Monopoly board.
We live in a democracy in which we elect a few people to represent the wishes and desires of the rest of us. Their job is literally to "re-present" the voters' demands in Congress. That's why we call them our "representatives." In the world of art, however, to represent something can mean to express its essence by means of something different. For example a ball of string can represent, or symbolize, a cat.
WORD FAMILY
represent: misrepresent, representable, representation, representative, represented, representing, represents+/ misrepresent: misrepresentation, misrepresented, misrepresenting, misrepresents/ misrepresentation: misrepresentations/ representation: representational, representations/representational: nonrepresentational, representationally/ representative: nonrepresentative, representatively, representatives, unrepresentative/unrepresentative: unrepresentatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
As for the argument that fingerprinting disadvantages black prospective drivers because they are disproportionately and sometimes erroneously represented in criminal databases — well, yes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Farrell is a Democrat who represents the 13th district, which includes parts of Hollywood, Silver Lake and Echo Park.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 表现，象征; 代表，代理; 扮演; 作为示范
vi. 代表; 提出异议
时态：represented, representing, represents
分布：代表(56%)，表示(29%)，表现(7%)，象征(2%)，描绘(2%)，说明(2%)，提出异议(1%)，阐明(1%)
→re-,表强调，present,出具，呈现，给予。
v.描述,表示;代表,代理;阐明,说明The dove represents peace.鸽子象征和平.
verb
ACT FOR 替…行动
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people 作为…的代表（或代理人）；作为…的代言人
• They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court. 他们选了一位著名律师为他们出庭辩护。
• Union officials representing the teachers met the government today. 代表教师的工会干事今天与政府官员会谈。
• I sent my husband to represent me at the funeral. 我请我丈夫代表我参加葬礼。
• Women were well/poorly represented at the conference (= there were many/few present). 出席会议的女性很多／少。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to be the Member of Parliament, or of Congress, etc. for a particular area （在议会或国会中等）代表某一地区
• Mr Smythe represents Barnet. 斯迈思先生是巴尼特的代表。
transitive formal
■to express or complain about something, to a person in authority 提出；表达；向…抗议
• We represented our grievances/demands to the boss. 我们向老板表达了我们的不满／要求。
[ˌrep.rɪ'zent] verb
DESCRIBE 描写
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to show or describe something or someone 表现；展现；描绘；描述
• [+ -ing verb] The statue represents St George killing the dragon. 这座雕像展现的是圣乔治斩龙的故事。
• This new report represents the current situation in our schools. 这份新的报告介绍了我们这里的学校现状。
• He represents himself as an expert, but he knows nothing. 他自称是个专家，可是他一窍不通。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to be a sign or symbol of something 表示；象征；代表
• To many people the Queen represents the former glory of Britain. 对于很多人来说，女王代表着英国昔日的荣光。
[ˌrep.rɪ'zent] verb
BE 是
[L only + noun]
■to be the result of something, or to be something 意味着；等于；相当于
• This book represents ten years of thought and research. 这本书是十年思考和研究的结晶。
• The new offer represented an increase of 10% on the previous one. 新的报价比上一次报价高出10%。
picture, sketch, describe, represent
这组词都有“描写、描述”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。
sketch: 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。
describe: 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。
represent: 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
vt. 代表；表现；描绘；回忆；再赠送
 - conduct oneself, bear oneself, trace, figure
vi. 代表；提出异议
 - to stand for, stand for sth

Word: wealth
Front: wealth
[welθ] (中高研四六雅 2559/2310 -K3)
Vocabulary: wealth
(once / 71 pages)
n
The word wealth has many shades of meaning, but most involve having a lot of something — often money or something else that's valuable. You might have a wealth of experience, or you might have great personal wealth.
First used in the mid-13th century, the noun wealth can mean having a lot of material goods or money. A person with this kind of wealth may have a chateau in Italy with a vineyard and a personal yacht. Wealth can also mean a big supply of something. The birth of a newborn baby will surely bring a wealth of happiness and joy to a family.
WORD FAMILY
wealth: wealths, wealthy +/ wealthy: wealthier, wealthiest, wealthily, wealthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “unprecedented” personal wealth of Trump’s nominees warrants the delays, one senior Democratic aide said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The trial is the first since France started investigating African leaders accused of illegally acquiring wealth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 财产，财富; 富豪（阶级）; 丰富，大量; 繁荣
分布：财产(51%)，丰富(25%)，大量(24%)
→来自wel,希望，愿望，词源同will,volunteer.引申义按自己意愿，随心所欲，财富等。
n.财富,财产;大量The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
noun
MONEY 钱财
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has 财富，钱财
• During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth. 在成功的经商生涯中，她积累了巨额财富。
[welθ] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
only singular
■a large amount of something good 大量；丰富；充裕
• Jim has a wealth of teaching experience. 吉姆有丰富的教学经验。
• Russia has a wealth of coal and timber. 俄罗斯有丰富的煤炭和木材资源。
resources, assets, goods, wealth, property, estate
这组词都有“财产、财富”的意思，其区别是：
resources: 指在需要时可以动用的财产，包括国家土地、矿藏、水力等自然资源或个人的存款及其他财产。
assets: 法律和商业用词，指包括全部动产和不动产的资产。
goods: 含义较窄，主要指个人动产。
wealth: 普通用词，含义广。既可指大笔的钱财或物质财富，也可指抽象的精神财富。
property: 含义较estate宽，指个人或团体合法拥有的财产，包括动产与不动产，或临时的财产。
estate: 多指地产或建在地面上的房产。
n. [经] 财富；大量；富有
 - treasure, lots of, ocean, money, fortune, sea

Word: generate
Front: generate
[ˈdʒenəreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 1692/1716 -K3)
Vocabulary: generate
(once / 72 pages)
1v 2v
Generate means produce or create. A good stock pick might generate cash, and a good idea might generate the basis for an Oscar-winning film.
Generate and the closely related word generation both come from the Latin word genus, which means "stock or race." Its root, in turn, is the Proto-Indo-European gen-, "to produce, give birth, or beget." Let's say you have two siblings. In that case, your parents' marriage has generated three children. In a hydroelectric power plant, water generates power. And you can get a paper route or babysit if you're looking to generate a little income.
WORD FAMILY
generate: generated, generates, generating, generation, generative, generator, regenerate +/generated: self-generated/ generation: generational, generations/generational: generationally/generator: generators/ regenerate: regenerated, regenerates, regenerating, regeneration, unregenerate/regenerated: unregenerated/ regeneration: regenerations/unregenerate: unregenerately
USAGE EXAMPLES
The nation’s electrical grid is not a physical entity, but rather a series of networks that generate, transmit and distribute electricity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Every year, humans generate more than a billion tons of solid waste, and that number will be closer to 4 billion by 2100.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 形成，造成; 产生物理反应; 产生（后代）; 引起
时态：generated, generating, generates
分布：产生(85%)，发生(8%)，引起(7%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同gene.
产生;发电(genner+ate→产生[电]等)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
vt.发生,产生;引起;生殖A dynamo is used to generate electricity.发电机用于发电.
【参】generative（adj 有生殖力的）；generator（n 发电机）＝dynamo
US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
CREATE 造成
 IMPROVER
■to cause something to exist 造成；引起；使存在
• Her latest film has generated a lot of interest/excitement. 她最近的一部影片引起了广泛的兴趣／使众多观众很是兴奋。
• The new development will generate 1500 new jobs. 新开发项目将会创造1500个新的就业岗位。
• These measures will increase the club's ability to generate revenue/income. 这些措施将会提升俱乐部的创收能力。
UK ['dʒen.ər.eɪt] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
MAKE ENERGY 产生能量
 IMPROVER
■to produce energy in a particular form （以某种形式）产生，发生（能量等）
• The wind farm may be able to generate enough electricity/power for 2000 homes. 这座风力发电站发的电或许足以供2000个家庭之用。
vt. 使形成；发生； [生物] 生殖
 - go on, call into being

Word: leadership
Front: leadership
[ˈli:dəʃɪp] (研四六托 1304/1873 -4)
Vocabulary: leadership
(once / 286 pages)
n
Leadership is the action of leading a group of people. Or, the actual people who lead the group.
If you think you have leadership skills, you better be able to rally the troops and get the job done. Leadership can be the act of leading, or a name for the group of people doing the leading. The House leadership, newly emboldened by election results, may set an ambitious agenda for the new session of Congress. Your own leadership skills may be called into question if your entire staff resigns and goes to work for your competitor.
WORD FAMILY
leadership: leaderships+/ lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead /leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/ leader: leaders, leadership /leading: leadingly, leadings/ mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He will never be able to elude the often paralyzing seclusion of presidential leadership.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This year's conference runs from Jan. 17-20 under the banner "Responsive and Responsible Leadership".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Leader Tim Farron is secure in his job, following a year in which Labour, the Conservatives and the Greens all held leadership elections.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 领导; 领导的才能或能力; 一群领导者; 带路，指引
分布：领导(99%)，领导才干(1%)
→leader,领导，-ship,抽象名词后缀。
n.领导John has taken the leadership of the football team.约翰承担了足球队的领导工作.
US [-dɚ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the set of characteristics that make a good leader 领导素质，领导能力
• What the company lacks is leadership. 公司缺乏的是领导能力。
• He lacks leadership qualities/skills. 他缺乏领导素质／技巧。
 IMPROVER
■the position or fact of being the leader 领导地位；领导
• The group flourished under her firm leadership. 在她的坚定领导下，该团体出现了欣欣向荣的景象。
• R&M gained market leadership (= sold more goods than other companies) by selling products that were of superior quality. R&M公司因产品质量优良在市场上占据了主导地位。
the leadership
 ADVANCED
■the person or people in charge of an organization 领导人员；领导层
• There is growing discontent with the leadership. 人们对领导层的不满情绪日益高涨。
• The election for the leadership of the council will take place on Tuesday. 议会领袖选举将在星期二进行。

Word: forecast
Front: forecast
[ˈfɔ:kɑ:st] (高研四六托雅宝 5890/3980 -K3)
Vocabulary: forecast
(once / 443 pages)
nv
A forecast is a prediction of what will happen. If the weather forecast calls for sunny skies, consider leaving your umbrella at home. (But, since forecasts aren’t guaranteed to be right, don’t blame us if you get rained on.)
While often used in the context of weather, forecast can also be used for other types of predictions such as those related to financial or political outcomes. Note that a forecast is typically a prediction made by experts. So, while a financial analyst might forecast fourth-quarter profits, your prediction about whether your friend will pay back the five dollars he owes you is more of a hunch than a forecast.
WORD FAMILY
forecast: forecasted, forecaster, forecasting, forecasts+/forecaster: forecasters/forecasting: forecastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The weekend forecast for Pittsburgh calls for temperatures in the 20s.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 预报，预测; 预示
vi. 预报，预测
n. 预报; 预言
时态：forecast, forecasting, forecasts
分布：预测(68%)，预报(32%)
→fore-,在前。cast, 投射。用于天气预报。
预料(fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料)[fore-表示"前面,预先"]
v./n.预测,预报The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
【记】fore前，cast扔－原指巫师扔一种叫障柄的东西预测天气cast第21个意思：占星，算命
US ['fɔ:r.kæst] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a statement of what is judged likely to happen in the future, especially in connection with a particular situation, or the expected weather conditions （尤指对特定形势或天气的）预测，预报
• economic forecasts 经济预测
• The weather forecast said it was going to rain later today. 天气预报说今天晚些时候有雨。
UK ['fɔ:.kɑ:st] US ['fɔ:r.kæst] verb transitive (forecast or forecasted, forecast or forecasted)
■to say what you expect to happen in the future 预测；预报
• They forecast a large drop in unemployment over the next two years. 他们预测今后两年失业人口会大幅下降。
• Snow has been forecast for tonight. 预报今晚有雪。
• [+ to infinitive] Oil prices are forecast to increase by less than 2% this year. 预计今年油价上涨不会超过2%。
foretell, forecast, predict, foresee
这组词都有“预言，预示，预告”的意思，其区别是：
foretell: 一般的通俗用语，往往指根据客观因素做出的预告，强调预先要发生的事。
forecast: 指对未来事件的预报、推测或设想，侧重最终可能出现的结果。
predict: 较正常的正式用词，通常用于人。指根据事实或自然规律进行推断后作出预告，隐含有科学的准确性。
foresee: 指提前、预先料到将要发生的事或指对未发生的事情形成一种概念或判断。
prophecy, forecast, prediction
prophecy: 根据个人感觉而作的预言
forecast: 预测，预报
prediction: 一般意义的预言，预告
vt. [气象] [通信] 预报，预测；预示
 - predict, indicate, calculate, shadow
n. 预测， [气象] [通信] 预报；预想
 - prediction, divination

Word: plenty
Front: plenty
[ˈplenti] (中高研四六 2044/1977 -K3)
Vocabulary: plenty
(once / 92 pages)
nadv
If you've eaten your fill at a big meal, you know by your full stomach that you have had plenty. In fact, if you had more than plenty, you might even get the feeling you've had too much!
The word plenty usually refers to more than just enough, and this comes, via Middle French plenté, from the Latin word plēnitās, "fullness," from plenus, "full, complete." The meaning is apparent in the following quote by English novelist George Eliot: "I think I should have no other mortal wants, if I could always have plenty of music." May you have plenty of what you need, and some of what you want as well.
WORD FAMILY
plenty: plenteous, plenties, plentiful +/ plenteous: plenteously, plenteousness/ plentiful: plentifuler, plentifully, plentifulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Blatant body checking is banned, but there is plenty of contact.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now that Trump is the President-elect, plenty of prominent conservatives are hoping that he will govern as a reliably conservative Republican.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 富裕; 充裕
adv. 大量; 十分; 很多; 足够有余
det. 很多; 大量
pron. 大量; 众多; 充足
分布：大量(29%)，充足(22%)，丰富(22%)，充分(12%)，非常(5%)，充足的(5%)，相当多的(5%)
→plen-,全体的，全部的，-ty,名词后缀。引申词义大量，众多。
大量,丰富(plen+ty)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.丰富,大量Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
US [-tˌi] pronoun noun adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(the state of having) enough or more than enough, or a large amount 丰富，充足，大量
• "Would you like some more wine?" "No thanks, I've had plenty." “还想要点酒吗？”“不，谢谢，已经足够了。”
• Don't grab at the balloons, children - there are plenty for everyone. 孩子们，别抢气球——气球还很多，每人都有。
• We've got plenty of time before we need to leave for the airport. 去机场前我们有的是时间。
• They've always had plenty of money. 他们总是有很多钱。
• There's plenty to do here. 这里有很多事要做。
• US informal This car cost me plenty (= a lot of money). 这辆车花了我很多钱。
• There's plenty more beer in the fridge. 冰箱里还有很多啤酒。
UK ['plen.ti] US [-tˌi] pronoun noun adverb
be plenty more where sb/sth came from informal
■to be a lot more things or people of the same type available …多的是
• Have another sandwich - there's plenty more where that came from. 再吃一块三明治——还有很多呢。
n. 丰富，大量；充足
 - abundance, lots of, wealth, ocean, sea
adj. 足够的，很多的
 - sufficient, numerous, competent

Word: net
Front: net
[net] (高研四六托 2884/2189 -K3)
Vocabulary: net
(once / 137 pages)
1nv 2n 3nvadj
A net is a device, made of fabric or rope stitched together, used to catch things such as fish or butterflies. Net can also refer to profits.
There are many nets, but two kinds have to do with catching things and making profit. The first net is like a fisherman's net: it's a type of meshing (meaning it has holes) made from rope or wire. This net is used to catch fish, and the holes allow the water to pour out. Also, someone's net worth is how much money they have. A net profit is a company’s earnings. A larger net means more money.
WORD FAMILY
net: netlike, netly, nets, netted, netting+/netting: nettings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trevor Booker led the Nets with 17 points and 15 rebounds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other approaches focus on netting drones, either via bigger drones or by guns firing a net and a parachute via compressed gas.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 网; 网状织物; 球网; 网罩
vt. 用网捕; 捕获; 净赚; 踢入球门
adj. 净的; 净得的; 最后的
时态：netted, netting, nets
分布：网(96%)，网状物(2%)，纯粹的(1%)，净余的(1%)
→来自net,编织，结，词源同node,noose.引申词义网。net 净的，净重的
n.网,网状物v.用网捕,使落网a.纯净的The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
[net] (-tt-)
noun
MATERIAL 材料
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■material made of threads of rope, string, wire or plastic that are woven loosely so that there are spaces between them, allowing gas, liquid or small objects to go through, or an object made with this material which is used to limit the movement of something 网；网状物
• a fishing net 渔网
• a butterfly net 捕蝶网
• Dolphins often get tangled in the nets that are used to catch tuna fish. 海豚常常被缠在捕金枪鱼的网中。
• The living-room windows have net curtains which let in sunlight but stop passers-by looking in from the street. 客厅的窗户有网帘，能阻挡街上路人窥视的目光，而又不至于遮住阳光。
[net] (-tt-)
noun
SPORT 运动
 ADVANCED countable
■a rectangular piece of material made from string which is used to separate the two sides in various sports （分隔开体育比赛中双方的）球网
• If the ball touches the net during a service in a game of tennis, you have to serve again. 在网球比赛中如果发球触网，必须重发。
 ADVANCED countable
■the area surrounded by a piece of material made from string into which a ball or puck is put in order to score points in various sports 球门网
• His penalty kick placed the ball decisively in the back of the net. 他的罚球稳稳地射进网窝。
• a basketball net 篮球球网
[net] (-tt-)
verb transitive
CATCH 捕
■to catch something using a net 用网捕
• How many fish did you net this afternoon? 你今天下午张网捕到多少鱼？
■to get something good or to earn a lot of money from something 获得（好处）；赚得（钱财）
• [+ two objects] She netted herself a fortune when she sold her company. 她卖掉自己的公司，大赚了一笔。
• She netted £10 million (for herself) from the sale of her company. 她卖掉自己的公司，赚了1000万英镑。
• Mark's netted himself a top job with an advertising company. 马克在一家广告公司获得了一个高级职位。
[net] (-tt-)
verb transitive
SCORE 分数
■If you net the ball during a game like football, you score a goal 击（球）入网，把（球）射入球门
• He secured a dramatic victory for England by netting the ball half a minute before the end of the game. 他在比赛结束前半分钟攻进一球，使英格兰队赢得了戏剧性的胜利。
[net] (-tt-)
adjective [before or after noun] (ALSO UK also nett)
 ADVANCED
■left when there is nothing else to be subtracted 净得的，纯的
• I earn £15 000 gross, but my net income (= income that is left after tax has been paid) is about £12 000. 我总共赚了15 000英镑，但净收入为12 000英镑。
• The net weight of something excludes the weight of the material that it is packed in. 净重不包括包装材料的重量。
Compare gross
n. 网；网络；净利；实价
 - network, web
vt. 得到；净赚；用网捕
 - harvest, come into
adj. 纯粹的；净余的
 - pure, whole

Word: household
Front: household
[ˈhaʊshəʊld] (研四六托 1967/1644 -K3)
Vocabulary: household
(once / 133 pages)
n
How many people does your house hold? That’s your household! A household refers to a family or group of people living together. It’s a social unit under one roof.
All the people living in your house, including servants, make up your household. Don’t have any servants? Well, your roommates count as part of your household, too. In the middle of the night, your household might be asleep. Your household income could determine whether or not you get the pool in the backyard. Household can also be an adjective to describe — you guessed it — things that are in your house, like household appliances or household furniture.
WORD FAMILY
household: householder, households+/householder: householders
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company said Frontier subscribers represented less than 3 percent of the total households in Seattle.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Before slavery was restricted by the Spanish crown, in 1542, slaving parties scoured Honduras, kidnapping Indians to work plantations, mines, and households.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Research from this year shows that as M-Pesa became more available in a local area, households became less poor — particularly households run by women.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 家庭，户; （集合词）全家人，（包含人在内的）家眷，家属，家里人; 家庭; （英）王室
adj. 家庭的，家内的，一家的; 日常的，家常的，普通的; 家喻户晓的; 王室的
分布：家庭(57%)，户(29%)，家喻户晓的(8%)，家庭的(6%)
→比喻用法。
n.家庭,家人a.家庭(务)的,家常的The whole household is up early.全家人都起得很早.
US [-hoʊld] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■a group of people, often a family, who live together 一家人；一户；家庭
• By the 1960s, most households had a TV. 到了20世纪60年代，绝大多数家庭都拥有电视。
• household chores 家务
• household expenses 家庭开支
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
adj. 家庭的；日常的；王室的
 - domestic, family, daily, everyday, routine
n. 家庭；一家人
 - family, race

Word: alliance
Front: alliance
[əˈlaɪəns] (研六托雅 3376/2354 -3)
Vocabulary: alliance
(once / 217 pages)
n
Countries that have an alliance, or agreement, help each other out when in need. That means during times of war, for example, if two countries have an alliance, one will help the other by providing weapons and supplies.
An alliance doesn't just have to be between two countries; you can see alliances formed on a playground, when kids start clustering in groups or dividing themselves into teams to play tag. An alliance is essentially a connection through which a common interest is shared. A marriage is an alliance between two people who decide to share their lives together.
WORD FAMILY
alliance: alliances+/ ally: Allies, alliance, allied, allies, allying, misally/misalliance: misalliances/misally: misalliance, misallied
USAGE EXAMPLES
The lawsuit was brought by the Franciscan Alliance, a religious health care network that operates 14 hospitals in Indiana and Illinois.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
A look at the key findings of the Associated Press-Times Square Alliance poll:
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A few months later he created the World Alliance for Clean Technologies.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. （国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟，联盟，联合; 联姻; 同盟条约; 同盟者
分布：联盟(89%)，结盟(7%)，联姻(4%)
n.同盟,同盟国;结盟,联姻The alliance enhanced the reliability of the applicable alloy appliances.盟友增强了适用的合金用具的可靠性.
noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of countries, political parties or people who have agreed to work together because of shared interests or aims 结盟国家（或团体），同盟国家（或团体）
• a military alliance 军事同盟
• NATO is sometimes called the Atlantic Alliance. 北约有时被称作大西洋同盟。
countable
■an agreement to work with someone else to try to achieve the same thing 联盟，结盟；同盟
• The three smaller parties have forged/formed an alliance against the government. 三个小政党结成反政府联盟。
• Some of us feel that the union is in alliance with management against us. 我们中一些人感到工会和资方联合起来对付我们。
alliance, federation, union, league
这组词都有“联盟、同盟、联合会”的意思，其区别是：
alliance: 普通用词，指对双方均有利的任何联盟。
federation: 泛指用条款固定下来的一切联合，尤指联邦政府。
union: 普通用词，指由若干个体结成的一个统一的整体。强调其永久性。
league: 普通用词，指为了共同的利益而建立的地区性、全国性或国际性的联合组织，也指民间或半官方组织的联盟。
n. 联盟，联合；联姻
 - union, association, league, combined with, combination, unity

Word: message
Front: message
[ˈmesɪdʒ] (中高研四六 807/1120 -K4)
Vocabulary: message
(once / 79 pages)
nv
A message is a communication or statement conveyed from one person or group to another. If you call my house phone and I’m out running an errand, you’ll be asked to “please leave a message after the beep.”
Generally transmitted verbally or in writing, a message can also be sent via a look or a gesture. In today’s world, people tend to use email to send a short message. But in ye olden days, pre-internet and when the post was faster, people relied on the art of letter writing to send a message. The noun can also have a moral or pointed implication. For instance, the story's moral message was to always tell the truth.
WORD FAMILY
message: messaged, messages, messaging+/messaging: messagings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She scrolled through hundreds of aggressive messages, searching for the one that troubled her the most.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But what if you need to quickly transmit a sensitive message across, say, the coasts?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信息; 消息; 要旨; 教训
v. 给…发消息; 给…留言
时态：messaged, messaging, messages
分布：消息(66%)，信息(28%)，寓意(3%)，传递信息(1%)，通讯(1%)，要点(1%)
→拉丁语mittere,放置，送出，词源同mission,emit.引申词义信息，消息。
n.消息,信息,通讯,启示,教训,广告词,预言In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
noun countable
INFORMATION 资讯
 ESSENTIAL
■a short piece of information that you give to a person when you cannot speak to them directly 讯息；消息；口信
• If I'm not there when you phone, leave a message. 如果你打电话时我不在，就留个口信。
• [+ that] I got a message that she'll be late. 我得到消息，说她会迟到。
['mes.ɪdʒ] noun countable
IDEA 思想
 ESSENTIAL
■the most important idea in a book, film or play （书、电影或戏剧的）要旨，寓意，中心思想
• The film's message is that rich and poor are alike. 这部电影旨在告诉人们富人和穷人是相似的。
get the message informal
■to understand what someone is trying to tell you, even if they are not expressing themselves directly 领会含意，明白
• I never answer his calls and I ignore him every time I see him, so you'd think he'd get the message. 我从不接他的电话，每次见到他也不予理睬，所以你想他会明白我的意思吧。
get the message across
■to make someone understand 使人意识到，让人明白
• We need to get the message across that too much sun is dangerous. 我们需要让人们明白过多的日晒是危险的。
['mes.ɪdʒ] verb transitive
■to send someone a text message 发文字讯息
• I messaged him yesterday but haven't had a reply. 昨天我发了简讯给他，但没有回音。
message, correspondence, letter, note
这组词都有“信”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指书信、口信、电报等。
correspondence: 集合名词，指全部来往信件。
letter: 最普通用词，泛指一切形式的书信，尤指邮寄的信。
note: 指内容直截了当的短信或便条，正式或非正式均可。
message, information, data
这组词都有“资料、信息”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指通过书写、谈话和信号等方式所进行的通讯“信息”。
information: 和data作“资料”解时，前者仅指所获得、提供或描述的慨况，而不指具体的数据或资料，后者则指具体的资料。
data: 是datum的复数形式，本义指作为计算和测量基础的资料。
n. 消息；差使；启示；预言；广告词
 - news, prediction, word
vi. 报信，报告； [通信] 报文
 - inform of, report to
vt. 通知
 - give notice, instruct, advise of

Word: immigration
Front: immigration
[ˌɪmɪˈgreɪʃn] (高六托 2431/5448 -3)
Vocabulary: immigration
(once / 672 pages)
n
Immigration is the process of moving to a new country to stay. New York's Ellis Island was considered a gateway for European immigration to the United States during the early 1900's. Nowadays, people immigrate through airports instead of islands.
The word migration is in immigration, which is something we think of birds doing when they fly South for the winter. It's not an accident — if American birds had little passports, they'd have to go through immigration when they got to Mexico. When humans immigrate, they have to follow the rules of the new country or else they risk getting in trouble. Immigration is the act of going to a new country, while emigration refers to the process of leaving one.
WORD FAMILY
immigration: immigrations+/ immigrate: immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration
USAGE EXAMPLES
Turkish immigration authorities informed the Brunsons that they would be detained pending deportation from the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“And under California law they are protected, regardless of immigration status.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 移居; 移民人数; 移民局检查站
分布：移民(97%)，移居(3%)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone comes to live in a different country 移民（入境）
• There are strict limits on immigration (into the country). （该国）对入境移民有着严格的限制。
 ADVANCED
■the process of examining your passport and other documents to make certain that you can be allowed to enter the country, or the place where this is done 移民局入境检查；移民局入境检查处
• After you've been through immigration (control) , you can go and get your luggage. 通过移民局入境检查之后，你就可以去取行李了。
• immigration policy 移民政策
• immigration officers 移民局官员
n. 外来移民；移居
 - settling, transmigration

Word: minority
Front: minority
[maɪˈnɒrəti] (高研四六托雅 1633/2106 -K4)
Vocabulary: minority
(once / 383 pages)
1n 2n
If you have eight pennies and twelve dimes, the minority of your coins are pennies. The word minority is often used to describe people when their race or religion is shared by less than half of a nation.
If you have red hair, you are in the minority as most people have blonde or brown hair. Because white people of European descent make up the majority of the population in the U.S., pundits refer to the minority vote when they talk about the political candidates that non-whites prefer in political elections. Majority is the opposite of minority.
WORD FAMILY
minority: minorities+/ minor: minority, minorly, minors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shootings jumped 46% to 3,550, with most occurring in poor and minority neighborhoods on the South and West sides.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Democrats, despite being in the minority in both the House and Senate, will be more than bit players in the new Washington environment.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“You break it, you own it,” Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 少数; 少数民族; 未成年
分布：少数(70%)，少数民族(28%)，未成年(2%)
→来自minor,较小的，较少的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义少数派，少数民族。minority 少数派，少数民族
少数;未成年(minor小或少+ity→少的状态→少数)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
n.少数,少数派,少数民族The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
US [-'nɑ:r.ə.tˌi] noun
SMALL PART 小部分
 IMPROVER only singular
■a smaller number or part 少数
• It's only a tiny minority of people who are causing the problem. 惹麻烦的只是极少数的人。
• Children with single parents at my school were very much in the minority (= there were very few). 在我的学校里单亲孩子只占极少数。
• This section of the bookstore caters for minority interests (= subjects that interest only a few people). 书店的这个专柜主要满足少数读者的兴趣。
Opposite majority
UK [maɪ'nɒr.ɪ.ti] US [-'nɑ:r.ə.tˌi] noun
PEOPLE 人
 IMPROVER countable
■any small group in society that is different from the rest because of their race, religion or political beliefs, or a person who belongs to such a group 少数民族；少数派；少数民族人士；少数派人士
• ethnic/religious minorities 少数民族／宗教少数派
• The plan was designed to help women and minorities overcome discrimination in the workplace. 这项计划旨在帮助女性和少数群体克服在工作场所受到的歧视。
UK [maɪ'nɒr.ɪ.ti] US [-'nɑ:r.ə.tˌi] noun
be in a minority of one
■to be the only person who has your opinion 是唯一持不同意见者；得不到任何人的支持
n. 少数民族；少数派；未成年
 - ethnic minorities, nonage

Word: holding
Front: holding
[ˈhəʊldɪŋ] (5325/3864 -2)
Back: n. 佃户租种的土地; 所有物（如土地、债券、股份等）; 私有财产; （因其热情、精力或决心等）阻拦不住某人
v. 拿( hold的现在分词); 认为; 包含; 容纳
分布：举行(80%)，收藏品(5%)，股份(5%)，耕地(5%)，动词hold的现在分词形式.(5%)
US ['hoʊl-] noun countable
■something that you own such as shares in a company or buildings, or land which you rent and farm 私人股份；私人建筑；租用的农田
• To ensure security the investment fund has holdings in many companies. 为确保资金安全，投资基金会持有多家公司的股份。
n. 举办；支持
 - support, adhesion
v. 召开；担任（hold的ing形式）；握住
 - undertaking

Word: latin

Word: deny
Front: deny
[dɪˈnaɪ] (研四六托雅 1406/1258 -K4)
Vocabulary: deny
(once / 65 pages)
v
To deny means refuse to accept, recognize, or believe. You can deny your sweet tooth all you want, but the stash of candy in your desk tells a different story.
It's hard to deny what etymologists have proven: deny is rooted in the Latin word denegare, which means “to deny, reject, refuse.” You can deny yourself of chocolate if you're on a diet, or deny the accusations that you're a chocoholic. But it's usually best to fess up. Abraham Lincoln famously admitted: “I never did like to work, and I don't deny it. I'd rather read, tell stories, crack jokes, talk, laugh — anything but work."
WORD FAMILY
deny: deniable, denial, denied, denier, denies, denying, denys+/ deniable: undeniable / denial: denials, self-denial/denier: deniers/denying: self-denying/ undeniable: undeniablest, undeniably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A court on Thursday denied his appeal against imprisonment.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Nissenbaum was denied contact with his family, lawyers and colleagues for nearly three days before he was released and allowed to leave the country.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 拒绝; 拒绝承认; 拒绝…占有; 否认知情
时态：denied, denying, denies
分布：否认(95%)，拒绝承认(2%)，拒绝给予(2%)，自制(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-ny, 同-neg, 否认，词源同no, negate. 即否认。拼写比较defy.
v.否认,否定;拒绝I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信牙医会否认那个机密的意外事件.
【反】postulate（vt 要求；假定）；aver（v 断言）；corroborate（v 确证）；posit（v 假定）
verb transitive
NOT TRUE 不对
 ESSENTIAL
■to say that something is not true 否认，否定
• He will not confirm or deny the allegations. 他既不肯定也不否认那些说法。
• [+ that] Neil denies that he broke the window, but I'm sure he did. 尼尔不承认是他打破了窗户，但我敢肯定是他做的。
• [+ -ing verb] Neil denies breaking the window. 尼尔不承认是他打破了窗户。
there's no denying
■it is true 无可否认
• There's no denying that this has been a difficult year for the company. 今年对该公司而言，是非常困难的一年，这一点毋庸置疑。
[dɪ'naɪ] verb transitive
REFUSE 拒绝
 IMPROVER
■to not allow someone to have or do something 不允许；剥夺；拒绝
• Her request for time off work was denied. 她的休假请求未获得批准。
• No one should be denied a good education./A good education should be denied to no one. 任何人都不能被剥夺接受良好教育的权利。
• [+ two objects] The goalkeeper denied him his third goal. 守门员粉碎了他攻入第三球的希望。
• I was denied the opportunity of learning French at school. 我上学时没有机会学习法语。
[dɪ'naɪ] verb transitive
NOT ADMIT 不承认
 ADVANCED
■to not admit that you have knowledge, responsibility, feelings, etc. 拒绝承认；拒绝承担
• He denied all responsibility for the rumours which have been circulating. 他对四处传播的谣言，拒绝承担责任。
• Even under torture, he refused to deny his beliefs/faith. 即使遭受酷刑，他也绝不放弃自己的信仰／信念。
deny yourself [R]
■to not allow yourself to have or do things 节制，克制
• Many parents deny themselves so that their children can have the best. 为了让孩子们生活得称心如意，很多父母宁愿自己节衣缩食。
■formal
■to refuse to admit that you have any connection with something or someone 不承认与（某物或人）有关系
• She has denied her family and refuses to have any contact with them. 她和家里断绝了一切关系，不愿与家人再有联络。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
reject, deny, decline, repel, frfuse
这组词都有“拒绝”的意思，其区别是：
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
deny: 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
repel: 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
frfuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
refute, deny, contradict, oppose
这组词都有“否定，否认”的意思，其区别是：
refute: 语气较强，强调凭推理或证据驳斥一项主张或言论。
deny: 普通用词，侧重否认意见或言论的真实性，尤指否定他人的指控或责难。
contradict: 指肯定地否认、反对或反驳某事，坚持相反的意见。
oppose: 普通的广泛用词。指不作争论或不提出论据而无理由地反对；也指任何温和、有理由的反对或否定。
vt. 否定，否认；拒绝给予；拒绝…的要求
 - negative, disavow
vi. 否认；拒绝
 - object, refuse

Word: stick
Front: stick
[stɪk] (中高研四六托雅 1209/1545 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. 粘贴; 张贴; 插入; 刺入
vt. 容忍; 产生作用; （尤指迅速或随手）放置; 阻延或推迟
n. 棍棒，棍枝; 枝条; 操纵杆; 球棍
时态：stuck, sticking, sticks
分布：粘贴(35%)，刺入(20%)，手杖(17%)，钉住(13%)，杆(6%)，枝(3%)，竖起(3%)，插于(3%)
→来自古英语 sticca,杆，棍，来自 Proto-Germanic*stikkon,刺，戳，来自 steig,*steg,刺，戳， 词源同 sting,stack,stack.引申诸相关词义。
n.棍,棒,手杖v.刺,戳,扎;粘贴The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
noun
THIN PIECE 细条
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a thin piece of wood 枝条；木条，木棍
• The old man was carrying a load of sticks. 那个老人抱着一捆树枝。
• Police said that the child had been beaten with a stick. 警方说那个孩子被人用木棍打了。
• Find some dry sticks and we'll make a campfire. 找些干树枝，我们来生营火。
• A lollipop is a sweet on a stick (= a short thin piece of wood, plastic or paper). 棒棒糖是一团裹在小棍上的糖。
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■a long, thin wooden pole that especially old or injured people use to help them walk （尤指长者或伤者用的）手杖，拐杖
• a walking stick 拐杖
• At 84 he's still quite active, although he walks with the aid of a stick. 他84岁了，虽然走路需要拄着拐杖，可仍旧非常硬朗。
countable
■a long thin piece of wood with a curved end used in playing hockey , or a long thin piece of wood with a triangular shaped net at one end used for playing lacrosse , or a long thin piece of wood with a solid tube-shaped piece fixed horizontally to one end of it used for playing polo （曲棍球或长曲棍球）球棍；（马球）球杆
• a hockey/lacrosse/polo stick 曲棍球球棍／长曲棍球球棍／马球球杆
countable
■a long thin piece of something 条状物；棍状物
• carrot/bread sticks 胡萝卜条／面包棍
• a stick of celery/rhubarb/chewing gum/chalk/dynamite 一根芹菜／一棵大黄／一片口香糖／一根粉笔／一根炸药
countable informal
■a piece of furniture 一件家俱
• When they got married, they didn't have a stick of furniture. 他们结婚时，一件家俱都没有。
take a stick to sb/sth
■to hit someone or something with a long thin piece of wood 用木棍打，对…棍棒相向
• He said that when he was a boy, his father used to take a stick to him to punish him. 他说他小时候，他爸爸经常用棍子惩罚他。
[stɪk] noun
CRITICISM 批评
uncountable UK informal
■severe criticism 指责，苛责；批评
• I really got/took stick from my boss about being late for work again. 我因为上班又迟到了，被老板狠狠数落一顿。
• We gave him some stick for wearing that silly hat. 他戴着那顶愚蠢透顶的帽子，被我们批评了一顿。
[stɪk] noun
COUNTRYSIDE 乡村
the sticks [plural] informal disapproving
■an area in the countryside which is far from a town or city 偏僻乡村，偏远地区
• I'm fed up with living in the sticks. 我受够了穷乡僻壤的生活。
• They live out in the sticks somewhere. 他们住在某个偏远的地方。
[stɪk] noun
a stick to beat sb with UK
■something that you can use to criticize, influence or cause difficulty for someone or something you dislike or disapprove of （某人）的把柄，（某人）的痛处
• The party has a number of sticks with which to beat the prime minister into submission. 该政党手里握有首相的几个把柄，可以迫使他屈服。
[stɪk] noun
Sticks and stones may break my bones , (but words can never hurt me). child's expression
■said in order to show that people cannot be hurt by unpleasant things that are said to them 棍棒和石头可能会打断我的骨头（但言语伤害不了我）。
[stɪk] noun
up sticks UK (US pull up stakes) informal
■to take all the things that you own and go and live in a different place 迁居别处，搬家
• This is the fourth time in five years that we've had to up sticks. 这已经是五年中我们第四次不得不搬家了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
FIX 固定
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to become fixed, for example with glue or another similar substance 黏住，黏贴；固定住
• I tried to stick the pieces together with some glue/tape. 我想用胶水／胶带把这些物件黏在一起。
• He stuck up a notice on the board with pins. 他用大头针把告示钉在布告栏上。
• This glue won't stick. 这种胶水黏不牢。
• My car's stuck in the mud. 我的车陷在泥里。
• Stir the sauce so that it doesn't stick to the pan. 不断搅拌酱汁，以免黏锅。
• My book got wet and all the pages have stuck together. 我的书湿了，书页都黏在一起。
Compare non-stick ; stuck
intransitive
■If a name sticks, it continues to be used （名字）继续使用的，保持不变的
• Although her name is Clare, her little sister called her Lali, and somehow the name stuck. 虽然她的名字是克莱尔，她的妹妹却叫她拉莉，不知怎么的，这个名字就叫开了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
PUT 放
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to put something, especially in a not very careful way （尤指随意）放置，放
• "Where shall I put these books?" "Oh, just stick them on the table for now." “我该把这些书放在哪里？” “噢，就先放在桌子上吧。”
• She stuck her fingers in her ears so that she couldn't hear the noise. 她用手指塞住耳朵，这样就听不到那些噪音了。
• I'll pay for lunch - I can stick it on my expenses. 午餐我来请客——我可以把它算入报账费用。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition offensive
■If you tell someone to stick something or where they can stick something, it means that you do not want to keep that thing 不想接受
• "I've had enough of working here, " she said, "You can stick your job!" “我这里要做的事已经够多了，”她说，“你的工作自己留着吧！”
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
PUSH INTO 推入
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to push a pointed object into or through something, or (of a pointed object) to be pushed into or through something and stay there （把）（尖物）刺进，插进；戳
• She stuck the needle into my arm. 她把针头扎进我的手臂。
• We decided where to go for our holiday by closing our eyes and sticking a pin in the map. 我们闭上眼睛，用大头针往地图上插，这样决定了我们去哪里度假。
• A thorn stuck in her finger. 她的手指扎了一根刺。
• The metal springs were sticking through the mattress. 金属弹簧穿透垫子，露了出来。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
NOT CONTINUE 不继续
intransitive
■In some card games, if you stick, you say that you do not want to be given any more cards. （牌戏中）不再要牌
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
ACCEPT 忍受
transitive UK informal
■to bear or accept something or someone unpleasant 容忍，忍受
• I don't think I can stick this job a day longer. 我认为这份工作我一天也忍受不下去了。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't know how you can stick living in this place. 我不知道你住在这样的地方，怎么能受得了。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
make sth stick informal
■to show something bad that has been said about someone is true 证明（陈述）真实；证明（指控）成立
• They've arrested him for fraud but they'll never make the charges stick. 他们以诈骗罪逮捕了他，但将无法证明这些指控成立。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick in your mind/head/memory informal
■to remember something 铭刻在（某人）的脑海里
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick in your throat/craw
■to make you angry 令（某人）气愤
• It really sticks in my throat that I did all the work, and she's getting all the credit. 所有工作都是我做的，但功劳全都归她，这令我很恼火。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick to sb like glue informal
■to stay very close to someone 黏着某人
• Ellie stuck to her mother like glue. 艾莉像胶水一样黏着妈妈。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
stick to sb's ribs
■If you describe food as sticking to your ribs, you mean that it makes you feel like you have eaten a lot. （食物）撑饱，吃后感觉很饱
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick around informal
■to stay somewhere for a period of time 逗留，停留
• You go - I'll stick around here a bit longer. 你走吧——我在这里再留一会儿。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick at sth (also stick to/with sth) UK
 ADVANCED
■to continue trying hard to do something difficult 继续努力做，坚持做
• You'll never learn to play the piano if you're not prepared to stick at it. 如果你不打算持之以恒的话，你永远也学不会弹钢琴。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick by sth/sb
■to continue to support something or someone, especially in a difficult situation （尤指困境中）继续支持（某人），对（某人）不离不弃
• We must stick by our decision. 我们必须坚持我们的决定。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick out
 ADVANCED
■to go past the surface or edge of something 探出，露出，凸出
• Paul's ears stick out a bit, don't they. 保罗的耳朵有点招风耳，是吧？
• There was a handkerchief sticking out of his jacket pocket. 他的外套口袋露出了手帕的一角。
■informal
■to be very easy to notice 显眼，突出
• She certainly sticks out in a crowd. 她在人群中很显眼。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stick (sth) out
 ADVANCED
■to come forward from the rest of your body, or to make part of your body do this （使）探出，（使）伸出，（使）凸出 stick 1 1. Mum, Lewis stuck out his tongue at me!
妈妈，路易士向我吐舌头。
• He stuck his arm out of the window and waved at us. 他从窗口伸出手臂，朝我们挥手。
• I wish my stomach didn't stick out so much. 我真希望我的肚腩没这么明显。
stick your neck out
■to take a risk 冒险
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick it out informal
■to continue to the end of a difficult or unpleasant situation 坚持到底；忍受下去，挺住
• I know things are difficult at the moment, but if we just stick it out, I'm sure everything will be OK in the end. 我知道现在情况很艰难，但只要我们能坚持下去，我敢保证最后一切都会顺利的。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick out for sth UK
■to continue to demand or try to get something 坚持要求；坚决要得到
• The unions have said that they are going to stick out for a 10% rise. 工会声称会坚持要求10%的加薪。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick to sth
 ADVANCED
■to limit yourself to doing or using one particular thing and not change to anything else 坚持，固守；忠于
• Could you stick to the point, please? 请不要离题，好吗？
• We'd better stick to the main road, because the other roads are blocked with snow. 我们最好沿着干道走，因为其他的路都被雪封住了。
■If you stick to a law, rule or promise, you obey it or do what it states 遵守（法律或规则）；信守（承诺）
• If you make a promise, you should stick to it. 如果你作出了承诺，就必须遵守。
■US for
■stick at sth
stick to your guns
■to continue to have your beliefs or continue with a plan of action, even if other people disagree with you 坚持信念；坚持既定的行动
• Despite harsh criticism, she's sticking to her guns on this issue. 尽管倍受诟病，她在这件事上仍旧坚持自己的立场。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick together
 ADVANCED informal
■If people stick together, they support and help each other 互相扶持，团结一致
• The country's Foreign Minister said that it was important for small nations to stick together. 该国外交部长称，小国之间互相扶持是至关重要的事。
■If people stick together, they stay close to each other 在一起
• The two brothers always stick together at school. 他们兄弟俩在学校里总是形影不离。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick up
■to point up above the surface of something and not lie flat 竖起；向上伸出
• When I get up in the morning, my hair is always sticking up. 我早上起床的时候，头发总是翘着。
• There were some large rocks sticking up out of the water. 有一些大石头突出水面。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stick sth/sb up mainly US informal
■to steal from a place or person, using a gun as a threat 持枪抢劫
• Did you hear that someone stuck up the post office last night? 你听说昨晚有人持枪抢劫邮局吗？
⇒ See also stick-up
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick up for sth/sb informal
■to support or defend someone or something, especially when they are being criticized 支持，捍卫，维护（尤指受到批评的人或物）
• I can stick up for myself. 我能维护自己。
• It's sweet the way he sticks up for his little brother. 他维护他幼弟的样子真讨人喜欢。
[stɪk] verb (stuck, stuck)
  Phrasal Verbs  stick with sth/sb informal
 ADVANCED
■to continue doing something or using someone to do work for you, and not stopping or changing to something or someone else 坚持做；继续任用（某人）
• He said that he was going to stick with the traditions established by his grandfather. 他说他会继续坚持他爷爷立下的传统。
• He's a good car mechanic - I think we should stick with him. 他是个不错的汽车技师——我认为我们应该继续用他。
stick with it
■to continue doing something although it is difficult 坚持下去
• Things are hard at the moment, but if we stick with it, they are bound to get better. 目前情况困难，但如果我们坚持下去，肯定会有所好转。
staff, stick, cane
这组词都有“手杖”的意思，其区别是：
staff: 多指走路爬山时用作支持或防卫使用的长木棒。
stick: 普通用词，指木制的细长手杖。
cane: 多指用藤或竹制成的细长的手杖。
stick, glue, adhere, cling, cohere
这些动词均有“粘着、附着”之意。
stick: 常指用胶水或浆糊粘贴，词义引申指坚持。
glue: 与stick的本义相同，指用胶水把东西粘合在一起，没有“坚持”的含义。
adhere: 正式用词，语气较严肃刻板，既可指物体粘在一起，也可指坚持信仰或忠于事业等。
cling: 着重靠缠绕、紧抱、紧抓等方式而形成密切关系。也可作引申用。
cohere: 指物质微粒粘合在一起，成为不可分离的整体，强调所形成新物体的不可分割性。可引申指逻辑上的前后一致。
vt. 刺，戳；伸出；粘贴
 - extend, finger, pink
vi. 坚持；伸出；粘住
 - stay, hold out
n. 棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人
 - canne, bastinade

Word: club
Front: club
[klʌb] (中高研四雅 1257/493 -K5)
Vocabulary: club
(once / 71 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A club is a group of people who share an interest, whether it's playing chess or hiding out in a tree house together.
You might join a club if you love to play golf or discuss books with a friendly bunch of people. This kind of club is a formal group — another type is simply a big, heavy stick, or a long metal one used for hitting a golf ball. You can even use it as a verb: "Don't club that snake! Just move it over to the field." The root word is the Old Norse klubba, or "cudgel, club."
WORD FAMILY
club: clubable, clubbable, clubbed, clubbing, clubbish, clubby, clubs+/clubbing: clubbings/clubbish: clubbishly/clubby: clubbier, clubbily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump returned to New York Monday after spending the holidays at his private club in South Florida.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews is on pace for just over 220 with clubs averaging almost three fewer power plays per game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it exempts bars, private clubs and casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 俱乐部，会所; 社团; 夜总会; （纸牌的）梅花
vt. 联合; 募集; 用棍棒打; [棒球]击球
vi. 组成俱乐部; 共同出资
adj. 俱乐部的
时态：clubbed, clubbing, clubs
分布：俱乐部(94%)，棍棒(3%)，用棍棒打(2%)，泡夜总会(1%)
→来自gel,堆积，成块，词源同clump,globe.本义为大块状的物件，后指短木棍。因早期 扑克牌花色形似木棍而得名，但现在多使用法国trefoil（三叶草）形状，汉语译为梅花。后 引申词义一群人的集会活动，即俱乐部。
n.俱乐部,夜总会;社团;棍棒,球棒The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
noun
GROUP 团体
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■an organization of people with a common purpose or interest, who meet regularly and take part in shared activities 俱乐部；社团
• I've just joined the local golf/squash/tennis club. 我刚参加了当地的高尔夫球／壁球／网球俱乐部。
• Visitors must be accompanied by club members. 来访者必须有会员陪同。
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb] * a team
• The Orioles are an exciting club this year. 黄鹂队今年的表现令人振奋。
• Stockport County Football Club 斯多克港足球俱乐部
countable
■a building in which a club meets 俱乐部大楼，会所
[klʌb] noun
DANCE 跳舞
countable
■a place that people go to in order to dance and drink in the evening; a nightclub 夜总会
• I went to that new club that's just opened. 我去了那家新开的夜总会。
[klʌb] noun
GOLF 高尔夫球
countable
■a long, thin stick used in the game of golf to hit the ball 高尔夫球棒
• a set of golf clubs 一套高尔夫球棒
[klʌb] noun
WEAPON 武器
countable
■a heavy stick used as a weapon （用作武器的）棍，棒
[klʌb] noun
CARD 纸牌
countable
■a playing card showing the black sign with three leaves 梅花牌
clubs uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■one of the four suits in playing cards 一手梅花牌
• the three of clubs 梅花3
[klʌb] noun
in the club UK old-fashioned slang
■pregnant 怀孕的
[klʌb] verb transitive (-bb-)
■to beat a person or an animal, usually repeatedly, with a heavy stick or object 棒打，棒击
• He was clubbed over the head. 他头上挨了一棍。
• The alligators are then clubbed to death. 接着短吻鳄会被乱棒打死。
[klʌb] verb transitive (-bb-)
  Phrasal Verbs  club together
■If a group of people club together, they share the cost of something between them 分摊费用；凑钱
• If we club together, we'll be able to get her the complete dinner set. 如果我们把钱凑在一起，能给她买一整套餐具。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
n. 俱乐部，社团；夜总会；棍棒；（扑克牌中的）梅花
 - society, association, corporation, league, casino
vt. 用棍棒打；募集
 - fustigate, cudgel
vi. 集资；组成俱乐部
 - raise money, collect money

Word: soviet

Word: simple
Front: simple
[ˈsɪmpl] (中高雅 763/624 -K4)
Vocabulary: simple
(once / 24 pages)
adjn
Simple refers to something that's easy and uncomplicated, without too many steps to follow.
Simple comes from the Latin word for single (simplus). Simple things are often solo, like a simple dress or directions with one step. A teacher might advise you to KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid). What could be bad about a word for something easy? Well, it's not that simple. It can be an insult. If you call your little brother simple when he can't tie his shoes, you mean he isn't very smart. Rude!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
simple / simplistic
Simple has a rich etymology and has kept most of its meanings throughout the centuries. It began life in the early 1200s as meaning humble or ignorant:
They were simple, ignorant, harmless children of Nature; with no knowledge of soul, mind, God or heaven.
By the late 1200s, simple also meant low-ranking:
This language, in spite of the complex influences which went to the making of the nationality of France, was of a simple origin.
About 1300, it had add pure to its list of meanings, and in the early 1400s, it also meant made of just one thing, the opposite of composite. By 1550, simple could also be used to mean not complicated.
Sometime during all this, simple was also used as a noun to mean a plant or an herb used for medicine. To simple was to collect such a plant, and a simplist was someone who did the collecting. If a given plant had simplistic virtues, it had the virtues of a simple. If your cousin had simplistic talents, she was good at making use of simples.
The medicinal simple has long since disappeared from everyday English, but simplistic has survived. By 1881, it had come into its modern meaning of trying to explain something complicated as being simpler than it is; that is, oversimplifying:
Joe Ollinger offers simplistic answers to the complex issues we face.
What simplistic does not mean, however, is simple or easy:
The game offers simplistic controls for the entire family to enjoy.
Don't be fooled by salesmen pitching simplistic products. Unless he's selling medieval medicine, he's probably too simple to know what he is selling.
WORD FAMILY
simple: simmpleness, simpleness, simpler, simples, simplest, simplicity, simplify, simplism, simplistic, simply+/oversimplification: oversimplifications/oversimplify: oversimplification, oversimplified, oversimplifies, oversimplifying/ simplicity: simplicities/simplification: simplifications/ simplify: oversimplify, simplification, simplified, simplifies, simplifying/simplism: simplisms/ simplistic: simplistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether it’s simple dry skin or a specific skin condition, try these tips:
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It seems as though it should be simple: Just exercise to burn more calories and reduce your calorie intake.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 简单的; 单纯的; 易受骗的; 天真的
n. 笨蛋; 愚蠢的行为; 出身低微者
级别：simpler, simplest
分布：简单的(91%)，单纯的(5%)，朴素的(3%)，笨的(1%)
→来自古法语 simple,简单的，直白的，来自拉丁语 simplex,单倍的，简单的，来自 sem, 一，词源同 same,-plex,倍数，词源同 triple,complex.引申诸相关词义。
a.简单的;单纯的,直率的;迟钝的,头脑简单的For example, this simple sample similar to his can be exemplified.例如,这件与他的相似的简单样品可以作为例证.
adjective
EASY 容易的
 ESSENTIAL
■easy to understand or do; not difficult 简单的，容易的
• The instructions were written in simple English. 这些说明书是用简单的英文写成的。
• It 's simple to find our house. 我们的房子很好找。
• I want an explanation, but keep/make it simple. 我需要解释，不过要简单些。
['sɪm.pl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■used to describe the one important fact, truth, etc. 纯粹的，完全的
• We didn't go swimming for the simple reason that the water was too cold. 我们没去游泳纯粹是因为水太冷了。
['sɪm.pl] adjective
PLAIN 朴素的
■without decoration; plain 朴素的；简洁的
• I like simple food better than fancy dishes. 比起精美的菜肴，我更喜欢平常的食物。
['sɪm.pl] adjective
ONE PART 一部分
[before noun]
■having or made of only one or a few parts （结构）简单的
• A hammer is a simple tool. 锤子是一种简单的工具。
• Simple forms of life have only one cell. 简单的生命形式只有一个细胞。
['sɪm.pl] adjective
NATURAL 自然的 usually approving
■ordinary; traditional or natural rather than modern and complicated 普通的；淳朴的；自然的
• He was just a simple fisherman. 他只是个淳朴的渔夫。
['sɪm.pl] adjective
FOOLISH 愚蠢的
■describes a person who does not have a normal level of intelligence 傻的，愚蠢的
• He's a bit simple, I'm afraid. 恐怕他有点傻。
easy, simple
这组词都有“简单的，轻易的”的意思，其区别是：
easy: 普通用词，指不需要花费太多精力的工作或事，在实际运用中常与simple换用。
simple: 普通用词，指不复杂、不难懂，从而容易被理解的事物。
silly, dull, simple, stupid, foolish
这组词都有“愚蠢的，笨的，傻的”的意思，其区别是：
silly: 口语用词，可和foolish互换，但语气稍强。侧重指人的言行不合常规或不理智，强调单纯、低能和糊涂。
dull: 指对问题理解迟钝，缺乏灵敏机智头脑，可能是先下智力低下，也可能因疲倦或健康不佳所致。
simple: 强调头脑简单或缺少智慧。
stupid: 多指人或行为的愚蠢，尤指先天智能低下，或因某种原因失去正常的反应或感觉。有时也可与silly和foolish换用，但语气强，常含贬义。
foolish: 一般指人的无头脑、愚蠢，或缺乏常识与判断力，或指行动的愚蠢可笑。
adj. [生物] 简单的；单纯的；天真的
 - plain, primitive
n. 笨蛋；愚蠢的行为；出身低微者
 - turkey, put, idiot, stupid

Word: hedge
Front: hedge
[hedʒ] (研四六雅宝 6032/4118 -2)
Vocabulary: hedge
(once / 283 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
A hedge is a living fence made of closely planted bushes, which, as they grow and get trimmed and shaped, form a wall of green.
Hedge can also be used as a verb. If you someone asks you a question and you hedge, you're avoiding a straight answer. If you hedge your bets, you're trying to minimize risk or loss — that is, you're trying to cover yourself no matter what happens. If you're not sure, for instance, what your boss's political views are, you can hedge your bets by not revealing yours.
WORD FAMILY
hedge: hedged, hedger, hedges, hedging+/hedger: hedgers/hedging: hedgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In that regard, his talents will be a good fit for Cantor’s trading and hedge fund businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s too late to hedge that bet now.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At least 40 percent of the fund is in so-called alternative investments, including expensive private equity deals, hedge funds and real estate.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 树篱; 保护手段; 防止损失（尤指金钱）的手段
vt. 用树篱围起; 受…的束缚
vt. & vi. 回避，避免
adj. 树篱下的，树篱旁的; 偷偷摸摸的，名声不好的，低劣的
时态：hedged, hedging, hedges
分布：树篱(45%)，篱笆(24%)，套期保值(16%)，障碍(5%)，两面下注(4%)，避免直接回答(2%)，推诿(2%)，用树篱围(1%)，防护物(1%)
→来自古英语hecg,篱笆，篱笆墙，来自kagh,编织，抓住，围住，词源同hag,haw.后用于指树篱，引申词义缓冲，防备，拐弯抹角等。
n.篱笆,树篱,障碍物v.用树篱围住At the edge of the wedged hedge, I acknowledged the knowledgeable man.在楔形篱笆的边缘上,我向那位博识的人致谢.
【记】h＝high，edge边：edge比较high－篱笆
noun countable
BUSHES 灌木丛
 ADVANCED
■a line of bushes or small trees planted very close together, especially along the edge of a garden, field or road （尤指花园、田地或马路边缘的）树篱
• a privet hedge 水蜡树篱
[hedʒ] noun countable
PROTECTION 保护
■a way of protecting, controlling or limiting something 保护（或控制、限制）手段
• She'd made some overseas investments as a hedge against rising inflation in this country. 她在海外有一些投资，可以抵消该国不断上升的通货膨胀所带来的损失。
[hedʒ] verb
transitive + adverb or preposition [usually passive]
■to limit something severely 严格限制
• We've got permission, but it's hedged about/around with strict conditions. 我们得到了许可，但却有严格的限制条件。
intransitive
■to try to avoid giving an answer or taking any action 避免答覆；拐弯抹角；回避
• Stop hedging and tell me what you really think. 别再拐弯抹角了，告诉我你真正的想法。
[hedʒ] verb
hedge your bets
■to protect yourself against loss by supporting more than one possible result or both sides in a competition （为避免损失）两方下注，两边押宝
• They're hedging their bets and keeping up contacts with both companies. 他们为避免损失而同时与那两家公司都保持着联系。
fence, hedge
这组词都有“篱笆”的意思，其区别是：
fence: 指为阻止人或牲畜等进入田地或院子等而用树木、铁丝网、栅栏等筑成篱笆样的东西。
hedge: 主要指利用灌木丛构成的篱笆。
n. [建] 树篱；障碍
 - bar, obstacle, dam, let, stop

Word: tank
Front: tank
[tæŋk] (高研四六托 1874/1897 -K3)
Vocabulary: tank
(once / 263 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A tank is a large container for gases or liquids, like a tank of oil. Another kind of tank is an armored military vehicle with a cannon. If you see that kind of tank driving down the road, run for cover!
There are two main kinds of tanks. One kind is a container for water, oil, natural gas, or other liquids and gases. Some houses have fuel oil tanks outside or in the basement. The other kind of tank is a large powerful military vehicle. A tank — which has a cannon — rolls across the ground on treads and is heavily armored. Those tanks can roll right over cars and anything else they want to squish.
WORD FAMILY
tank: antitank, tankage, tanked, tanker, tankful, tanking, tanks+/supertanker: supertankers/tanker: supertanker, tankers/tankful: tankfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
The tank buckled, the company said, and supercooled liquid oxygen pooled in the lining.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigation narrowed in on three helium containers within the second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 油[水]箱; 坦克; 贮水池; 酒量大的人
vt. 把…贮放在柜内; 打败
时态：tanked, tanking, tanks
分布：箱(37%)，罐(30%)，坦克(25%)，槽(5%)，贮水池(2%)，把 ... 储于槽中(1%)
→来自葡萄牙语 tanque,水箱，容器，借自印度语，如印度总理莫迪所在邦古吉拉特语 tankh, 水箱，畜水池，最终可能来自梵语 tadaga,池塘。现主要词义军事坦克来自一战时英国人发 明该重型装甲武器后为出其不意给德军重创，从而以“Tank”作掩护而得名。
n.罐,槽,箱;坦克vt.储于槽中The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED
■a container which holds liquid or gas （盛放液体或气体的）容器
• a water tank 水箱
• a fuel/petrol tank 燃料／汽油箱
[tæŋk] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆
 ADVANCED
■a large military fighting vehicle built to protect those inside it from attack, which is driven by wheels which turn inside moving metal belts 坦克
n. [军] 坦克；水槽；池塘
 - trough, mere
vt. 把…贮放在柜内；打败
 - beat, best

Word: fair
Front: fair
[feə(r)] (中高研四六托 1484/1150 -K4)
Vocabulary: fair
(once / 26 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6n 7v
When used as a noun, fair refers to a traveling show with games, rides, and farmers showing off their prized pigs, similar to a carnival. As an adjective, it gets a bit trickier.
The adjective fair, has several different meanings. If someone says, "That's not fair!” they mean whatever happened wasn't just or done in an unbiased way. If you have fair skin, you have a pale complexion. If the weather is fair, it's a gorgeous day out. If the rides at the fair were fair, then they were just so-so. And watch out if the umpire shouts "fair ball!" during the baseball game — that means it was hit within the foul lines.
WORD FAMILY
fair: faired, fairer, fairest, fairing, fairish, fairly, fairness, fairs, unfair+/fairish: fairishly/unfair: unfairer, unfairest, unfairly, unfairness/unfairness: unfairnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Taylor said it’s “fair to say” the decision indicates a loss of confidence in him.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said Hong Kong’s judges would deal with it “in a fair, just and professional manner”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Insurer demands in Minnesota and Iowa raise fair questions about whether promised savings and value for taxpayers and enrollees are being realized.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 公平的; 合理的; 晴朗的; 美丽的
adv. 公平地; 直接地; 清楚地; 正大光明地
n. 集市，庙会; 商品交易会，展览会; 美人，美丽的事物
vt. （卡通制作）顺利接合; （动作）衔接协调; （飞机）装配平整; 使（飞机接合部）平滑
vi. 转晴
时态：faired, fairing, fairs
分布：公平的(71%)，展览会(15%)，晴朗的(9%)，市集(5%)
→缩写自古英语faeger, 美丽的，漂亮的，来自pek, 使美丽，漂亮。词义由美丽引申为公平，公正。比较very, 原义为真实的，even, 原义为平的。fair 集市，庙会
a.公平的,合理的;相当的n.集市,交易会I met a fairly unfair affair upstairs.我在楼上遇到一件颇不公平的事.
US [fer] adjective
RIGHT 正当的
 ESSENTIAL
■treating someone in a way that is right or reasonable, or treating a group of people equally and not allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment 合理的；公平的；公正的；平等待人的
• a fair trial 公正的审讯
• Why should I have to do all the cleaning? It's not fair! 为甚么我要做所有的打扫工作？这不公平！
• It's not fair on Joe (= It is not right) to make him do all the work! 所有的工作都由乔做，这对他不公平！
• It's not fair that she's allowed to go and I'm not! 允许她去，却不许我去，这不公平！
• It's not fair to blame me for everything! 把一切都怪在我头上，这不公平！
• She's scrupulously fair with all her employees (= she treats them all equally). 她对所有的员工都一视同仁。
• She claims her article was a fair comment on (= a reasonable thing to say about) a matter of public interest. 她声称她的文章是对公众利益问题提出的公正合理的意见。
• He offered to do all the cleaning if I did all the cooking, which seemed like a fair (= reasonable) deal. 他提议如果我做饭，他就做好所有的打扫清洁，这似乎挺公平合理的。
 ESSENTIAL
■If something, such as a price or share, is fair, it is reasonable and is what you expect or deserve （价格、分配等）合理的，恰当的
• I thought it was a fair price that she was offering. 我觉得她的报价是合理的。
• I'm willing to do my fair (= equal) share of the work. 我愿意做我应该承担的那部分工作。
• All the workers want is a fair wage for the work that they do. 工人想要的只是与他们的工作相称的合理报酬。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a game or competition is fair, it is done according to the rules （比赛）按规则进行的，公平的
• It was a fair fight. 这是一场公平的拳击赛。
it's only fair
■it is the right way to treat someone and what they deserve 只有…才合理；只有…才正确
• I think it's only fair to tell you that we have had over 300 applications for this job. 我认为应该告诉你一声，已经有300多人应征这份工作了。
it's fair to say
■it is true to say 说…是恰当的
• I think it's fair to say (that) you've done less of the work than I have. 我觉得说你事情做得比我少是很合理的。
to be fair
■considering everything that has an effect on a situation, so that a fair judgment can be made 说句公道话
• He's done the job badly but, to be fair, I gave him very little time to do it. 他工作做得很糟糕，但是说句公道话，我给他的时间非常少。
fair enough UK informal
■something you say to show that you understand why someone has done or said something 有道理；做得（或说得）对
• "I'm just annoyed with him because he's behaved so badly." "Fair enough." “令我感到不快的是他太没礼貌了。”“说得没错。”
Fair's fair (also fair do's) informal
■something that you say when you want someone to behave reasonably or treat you the same as other people 应该公平才是
• Come on, it's my turn. Fair's fair! 得了吧，轮到我了。公正一点！
a fair hearing
■an opportunity to explain something or give your opinions, without other people trying to influence the situation 申辩（或发言）的机会
• He didn't feel he got a fair hearing in court. 他觉得在法庭上没有得到公正的申辩机会。
fair and square
■in an honest way and without any doubt 光明正大地
• We won the match fair and square. 这场比赛我们赢得光明正大。
■UK (US squarely)
■If you hit someone fair and square on a particular part of their body, you hit them hard, exactly on that part 不偏不倚
• He hit me fair and square on the nose. 他不偏不倚打中我的鼻子。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
PALE 浅色的
 ADVANCED
■(of skin) pale, or (of hair) pale yellow or gold （皮肤）白晰的；（头发）浅黄的，金色的
• She's got fair hair and blue eyes. 她金发碧眼。
• a fair complexion 白晰的肤色
• My sister's dark and my brother's fair (= He has fair hair). 我姐姐是黑发，哥哥是金发。
• He's fair -haired. 他有一头浅色头发。
• All my family are fair -skinned. 我们全家人皮肤都很白。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
QUITE LARGE 相当大的
[before noun]
■quite large 相当大的
• We've had a fair amount of rain this week. 本周我们这里下了不少雨。
• We've had a fair number of applicants. 我们已经有相当多的求职者。
• It's a fair -sized garden. 这是一座不小的花园。
• We've come a long way, but there's still a fair way (= quite a long distance) to go. 我们已经走了很长的路，但是还要走很久。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
AVERAGE 一般的
[after verb]
■neither very good nor very bad 不好不坏的，一般的
• Films are rated on a scale of poor, fair, good and excellent. 影片被评为优、良、中、差四等。
• I was fair at science but it was never my thing. 我理科成绩还算过得去，但我从来都不喜欢理科。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
QUITE GOOD 相当好的
[before noun]
■(of an idea, guess or chance) good, but not excellent （想法、猜测或机会）相当好的，不错的
• I think I've got a fair idea of (= I understand reasonably well) what you want. 我想我很了解你想要甚么了。
• She's got a fair chance of winning (= There is a reasonable chance that she will win). 她获胜的可能性相当大。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
WEATHER 天气
■(of weather) pleasant and dry （天气）晴朗的
• Fair weather was forecast for the following day. 气象预报表示明天天气晴朗。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
BEAUTIFUL 漂亮的 old use
■(of a woman) beautiful （女子）美丽的
• a fair maiden 美丽的少女
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
All's fair in love and war. saying
■in love and war you do not have to obey the usual rules about reasonable behaviour 在情场和战场上可以不择手段。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
by fair means or foul
■If you try to achieve something by fair means or foul, you use any method you can to achieve it, even if it is not honest or fair. 不择手段
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
a fair crack of the whip UK (US a fair shake)
■an equal chance to do something 平等的机会
• It's only right that all the candidates should be given a fair crack of the whip. 应该给所有候选人平等的机会才合理。
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
fair to middling informal
■not very good but not bad 马马虎虎，过得去
• "What's your French like?" "Oh, fair to middling." “你的法语怎么样？”“哦，马马虎虎。”
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
it's a fair cop UK informal
■something you say when someone has caught you doing something wrong and you agree that you were wrong （当场被抓获时承认错误）抓得对，抓得没错
UK [feər] US [fer] adjective
with your own fair hand(s) humorous
■used to say that you have made something yourself 亲手，亲自
• "Where did you get this cake?" "I made it with my own fair hands." “你从哪里弄的蛋糕？”“我一双巧手做出来的。”
UK [feər] US [fer] noun countable
■a large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from tables which have been specially arranged for the event, and where there is often entertainment 市集
• I bought a wooden salad bowl at the local craft fair. 我在当地的手工艺品市集上买了个木制沙拉碗。
■ (UK also funfair) (US also carnival)
■an outside event where you can ride large machines for pleasure and play games to win prizes 露天游乐会
■a large show at which people who work in a particular industry meet, and sell and advertise their products 商品展销会，商品交易会
• a book/antiques/toy fair 书展／古玩交易会／玩具展销会
• a trade fair 商品交易会
■a public event in the countryside where farm animals and farm products are sold （农村的）市集
• a cattle/agricultural fair 牲畜市场／农产品市集
• US a county/state fair 县／州农畜产品市集
mainly US for
■ fête (EVENT) 园游会，游乐会
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
market, fair
这组词都有“集市，市场”的意思，其区别是：
market: 指人们购买货品的地方，经常出售商品的市场。
fair: 一般指在乡村小镇定期举行的买卖牛羊或农产品等的集市。现引申指国际性的博览会、交易会等。
adj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的； [气象] 晴朗的
 - beautiful, fine, clear, just, impartial
adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地
 - definitely, directly, equally, immediately, straight
n. [经] 展览会；市集；美人
 - expo, exhibition, beauty

Word: ability
Front: ability
[əˈbɪləti] (中高研四托雅 783/946 -K4)
Vocabulary: ability
(once / 107 pages)
n
Ability is skill or talent. You might have the ability to blow bubbles, or sing in a falsetto, or dance the waltz. Or, just maybe, you have the ability to do all three things at once. Impressive!
From the Old French ablate "expert at handling (something)," and that from the Latin habilitatem, "aptitude," comes the English ability, a noun indicating the power to act, perform, or accomplish. Capacity is similar in meaning to ability, but note that people have a capacity for doing something, and an ability to do something.
WORD FAMILY
ability: abilities, inability +/ able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling / inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A thought process like that raises questions about Bradshaw’s spelling ability.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We might wonder at our ability to look past some questionable expressions of character.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 能力，资格; 能耐，才能
分布：能力(85%)，才能(15%)
→来自able的名词形式。
能力[abl,bili=able,表示"能力"]
n.能力;本领;才能,才干;专门技能,天资Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the physical or mental power or skill needed to do something （体力或智力方面的）能力；才能，才智
• There's no doubting her ability. 她的能力毋庸置疑。
• [+ to infinitive] She had the ability to explain things clearly and concisely. 她有能力简单扼要地把事情解释清楚。
• She's a woman of considerable abilities. 她是个非常有才干的女性。
• I have children in my class of very mixed abilities (= different levels of skill or intelligence). 我班里孩子的能力参差不齐。
• a mixed ability class 不同智力水准的学生混编的班级
UK [ə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  ability Remember that ability is never followed by 'of'. Don't say 'ability of doing something', say ability to do something :
✗ I admire people who have the ability of being positive. I admire people who have the ability to be positive.
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 能力，能耐；才能
 - capacity, competence, talent, quality, power

Word: monitor
Front: monitor
[ˈmɒnɪtə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 2349/2431 -K3)
Vocabulary: monitor
(once / 724 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A monitor is a device or a person who watches or checks to see that all is going well. If you're babysitting, you might use a baby monitor so you can hear if the baby cries in its sleep.
Monitor can be used as a noun or a verb, both of which are concerned with watching over someone or something. A heart monitor displays the rhythm of your heart. A hall monitor is a person who checks to see that students aren't wandering the halls. If you are monitoring your grades, you are keeping track of them to see if they go up or down. And some parents buy a program that will monitor your Internet use, though you might think that this is an invasion of privacy.
WORD FAMILY
monitor: monitored, monitoring, monitors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finding it would allow doctors to monitor those children.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
“We report them quarterly, but we monitor them daily,” Kay said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 显示屏，屏幕; [计]显示器; 监测仪; 监控人员，班长
vt. 监控，监听; 搜集，记录; 测定; 监督
vi. 监视
时态：monitored, monitoring, monitors
分布：监视(43%)，班长(23%)，监视器(19%)，监督(11%)，监听(3%)，监听员(1%)
→来自拉丁语monere,警告，提醒，监视，使记忆，来自men,思考，考虑，思想，记忆，词源同mania,comment,mind.引申词义学长，班长，监督员等，后也用于指显示屏，监视器等。
劝告者;监视器(monit+or→警告者)[mon,monit=warn,表示"警告"]
n.班长;监听器,监视器v.监控,监测In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
PERSON WHO WATCHES 监督员
 ADVANCED
■a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things 监督员；核查员
• United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area. 联合国核查员没有获准进入这个地区。
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
TESTING MACHINE 监测器
 ADVANCED
■a machine which regularly tests something 监控器；监测器
• a radiation monitor 辐射监测器
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
SCREEN 萤幕
■a device with a screen on which words or pictures can be shown 显示器；显示幕；监视器
• a computer monitor 电脑显示器
• a TV monitor 电视萤幕
• Doctors watched the old man's heartbeat on a monitor. 医生透过萤幕监测着这个老翁的心跳。
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
AT SCHOOL 学校里
■a child in school who has special jobs to do （学校的）班长，级长，班代表
• the library monitor 图书馆助理生
UK ['mɒn.ɪ.tər] US ['mɑ:.nɪ.tˌɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it 监控；监测；监视，密切注视
• The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels. 新发现显示女性应当注意她们的胆固醇浓度。
• The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls. 中央情报局正在对他的电话进行监听。
overhear, monitor, bug
这组词都有“偷听，窃听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 多指在别人不注意或不知道的情况下偶然听到谈话的内容。
monitor: 通常指用仪器设备偷听别人的谈话内容。
bug: 指在室内等处安装窃听器以窃听他人的谈话内容。
n. [电子] [环境] 监视器； [通信] [军] 监听器； [自] 监控器；班长
 - detectophone, invigilator

Word: islamic

Word: trend
Front: trend
[trend] (高研四六托雅宝 1697/1949 -K3)
Vocabulary: trend
(once / 437 pages)
nv
A trend is what's hip or popular at a certain point in time. While a trend usually refers to a certain style in fashion or entertainment, there could be a trend toward warmer temperatures (if people are following trends associated with global warming).
A trend simply reflects what seems to be going around at any given time. A trend can be in any area and doesn't only reflect fashion, pop culture and entertainment. There can also be a trend in the stock market to be bullish or bearish, depending on economic indicators, or a political trend reflecting a nation’s current mood. Some trends are fun, some fabulous, some appalling, but however long they last, you can be sure there will always be a new trend coming along to replace the old.
WORD FAMILY
trend: trended, trending, trends, trendy +/ trendy: trendier, trendiest, trendily
USAGE EXAMPLES
And global condemnations notwithstanding, the trend is poised to accelerate.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This trend will continue, he says, spelling more difficulties for first-time buyers whose incomes may fall in real terms.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And now that trend is amplified by other developments, including a reassessment of the whole issue brought on by the Selig vote in particular.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 走向; 趋向; 时尚，时髦
vi. 倾向; 趋势
时态：trended, trending, trends
分布：趋势(91%)，倾向(7%)，转向(1%)，方位(1%)
→来自古英语 trendan,滚动，转动，来自 Proto-Germanic*trandijana,旋转，词源同 trundle,轮子， 滚轮。该词原指河流或海湾的拐弯，后引申词义潮流，趋势，动向等。
n.倾向,趋势vi.伸向,倾向I spend money on expensive things endlessly; so the expenditure trends up.我无休止地花钱买昂贵的东西,所以开支趋向上升.
【记】源于：tend（v 趋向；照管）
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are behaving 趋势，趋向；倾向，动向
• Surveys show a trend away from home-ownership and towards rented accommodation. 调查显示，出现了一种从私人拥有住房转向租赁住房的趋势。
• There's been a downward/upward trend in sales in the last few years. 过去几年，销售额一直呈下降／上升趋势。
 ADVANCED
■a new development in clothing, make-up, etc. 时尚；新款式
• Whatever the latest fashion trend, you can be sure Nicki will be wearing it. 不管是甚么样的流行款式，尼基肯定会穿。
• The trend at the moment is towards a more natural and less made-up look. 时下的潮流是多一分自然，少一些妆容。
trend, tendency, current
这组词都有“趋势，倾向”的意思，其区别是：
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
course, trend, stage
course: 过程
trend: 趋势
stage: （发展）阶段，舞台
n. [统计] 趋势，倾向； [地质] 走向
 - tendency, tide, direction, liability, set
vi. 趋向，伸向
 - verge on, tend towards

Word: gap
Front: gap
[gæp] (研四六托雅 2121/1988 -K3)
Vocabulary: gap
(once / 323 pages)
nv
A gap is the space between two things. It can be physical (like "the gap between your two front teeth") or philosophical (like "the generation gap" between you and your parents).
Gap is a small word that packs a lot; it can be used in a straightforward manner: in England, the signs in the subway station say, "Mind the gap" — in hopes that passengers will not wander into the space between the train and the platform. The American retailer, "The Gap," is said to have taken its name from the generation gap. The clothes were designed for teenagers and young adults, and therefore nothing your middle-aged parents would be caught dead in. Times change.
WORD FAMILY
gap: gapped, gapping, gaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
The age gap closes because we’ve been through this unique experience together.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said it’s also grown the achievement gap for those students who struggle in class.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The gap between northern and southern European government bond spreads compressed.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 缺口; 分歧; 间隔; 美国休闲服饰品牌
vt. 造成缝隙; 使成缺口; 使豁裂
vi. 豁开; 张开; 有缺口; 露出裂口
时态：gapped, gapping, gaps
分布：差距(61%)，缺口(21%)，空白(16%)，裂缝(2%)
→来自ghai, 打呵欠，张口，词源同gape, yawn.
n.缺口;差距;空白;缺乏The mapper trapped in the gap tapped the tap wrapper with strap.陷在缝中的制图者用皮带轻击塞子套.
noun
HOLE 孔
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an empty space or opening in the middle of something or between two things 缺口；豁口；裂口
• The children squeezed through a gap in the wall. 孩子们从墙的一个缺口处硬挤了过去。
• She has a small gap between her front teeth. 她的门牙之间有条细缝。
gap in the market countable
■an opportunity for a product or service that does not already exist 市场空白
• There is a gap in the magazine market that needs to be filled. 在杂志市场上还有一个缺口需要填补。
[gæp] noun
DIFFERENCE 不同
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a difference between two things 差距；分歧；隔阂
• The gap between rich and poor is still widening (= becoming greater). 贫富差距仍在继续拉大。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a period of time spent doing something different （时间上的）间断，间隔，间隙
• After a gap of five years, Jennifer decided to go back to work full-time. 时隔五年之后，珍妮花决定回去做全职工作。
[gæp] noun
bridge a/the gap
■to connect two things or to make the difference between them smaller 弥合差距；弥补隔阂；消除差异
• Mr Clinton singled out education as a vital tool in bridging the gap between rich and poor. 克林顿先生首推教育为消除贫富差距的重要途径。
• This collection of stories bridges the gap between history and fiction. 这部短篇小说集融合了历史和虚构文学。
n. 间隙；缺口；空白
 - separation, blank
vi. 裂开
 - seam, spring off
vt. 使成缺口
 - jag

Word: ministry
Front: ministry
[ˈmɪnɪstri] (高研四六托 4242/1717 -K4)
Vocabulary: ministry
(once / 231 pages)
n
If you are discussing the duties of your minister or rabbi, you are talking about his or her ministry — the work the religious leader does in serving a congregation. The noun ministry also refers to a group of clergy.
Even if you do not lead a religious community, you can still have a ministry, as the word means to provide information or services about an organization or cause. The charity can have a ministry to serve homeless people. The noun ministry can also refer to a government department. In the United Kingdom, for example, the Ministry of Defense oversees the armed forces. A ministry can also be the building where this sort of government work occurs.
WORD FAMILY
ministry: ministries
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Brunson was elated when Turkey’s Interior Ministry summoned him on Oct.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （政府的）部; 神职; 牧师职位; 神职任期
分布：内阁(100%)
→来自minister,部长，-y,名词后缀。用于指中央政府下属部。ministry 政府的部
n.(政府的)部;牧师The Ministry has resigned.内阁已辞职.
noun
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT 政府部门
 IMPROVER countable
■a department of the government led by a minister （政府的）部
• the Ministry of Defence/Agriculture 国防／农业部
['mɪn.ɪ.stri] noun
PRIEST'S WORK 牧师职责
uncountable
■work as a minister 牧师职责
• He practised a preaching and teaching ministry there for over 40 years. 他在那里当了40多年的传教和教学牧师。
the ministry
■the job of being a priest, in some parts of the Christian Church 牧师职位
• In 1985 he decided to go into/leave the ministry. 他在1985年决定当牧师／辞去牧师职务。
n. （政府的）部门
 - division, department, sector

Word: confidence
Front: confidence
[ˈkɒnfɪdəns] (研四六托雅宝 1870/1342 -K4)
Vocabulary: confidence
(once / 67 pages)
n
The noun confidence means "a feeling of trust and firm belief in yourself or others." A person who walks into a room, smiling at everyone and not at all nervous about the speech she's about to give? She has confidence.
Confidence comes from the Middle French word of the same spelling, which means "firmly trusting, bold." You can have confidence in yourself, another person, your country, even your rain boots — what you put your confidence in will not let you down. Confidence can also mean "in secret," like when your neighbor tells you in confidence that he and his family are thinking of moving away — he doesn't want others to know.
WORD FAMILY
confidence: confidences, confidential, self-confidence+/ confident: confidence, confidenter, confidently, overconfident, self-confident / confidential: confidentiality, confidentially/ overconfident: overconfidence, overconfidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
But she seemed to find some form and confidence in the third game which included a booming winner from a crosscourt forehand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Del Rio sees no reason for Oakland’s confidence to be shattered despite the loss of Carr and the lopsided defeat.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Taylor said it’s “fair to say” the decision indicates a loss of confidence in him.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信心; 信任; 秘密
adj. 骗得信任的; 欺诈的
分布：信心(80%)，信任(15%)，把握(3%)，骗得信任的(1%)，知心话(1%)
→con-, 强调。-fid, 信任，词源同faith, fiance.
自信,信任(con+fid+ence)[fid=trust,faith,表示"相信,信念"]
n.(in)信任;信心,自信;秘密,机密He lacks confidence in himself.他缺少自信.
US ['kɑ:n-] noun
CERTAINTY 确定
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the quality of being certain of your abilities or of having trust in people, plans, or the future 自信；信心，把握；信赖，信任
• [+ to infinitive] He's got the confidence to walk into a room of strangers and immediately start a conversation. 他有信心步入一间满是陌生人的房间，并马上和人搭上话。
• She's very timid - completely lacking in (self-)confidence. 她很腼腆——一点自信也没有。
• I have every/complete confidence in her. She'll be perfect for the job. 我对她信心十足，她完全能胜任这份工作。
• [+ that] I don't share your confidence that the market will improve next year. 对于明年市场会好转，我可没有你那么有信心。
UK ['kɒn.fɪ.dənts] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
SECRET 秘密
countable
■a secret that you tell someone 秘密；知心话
• They talked endlessly, exchanging confidences. 他们聊个不停，互诉心事。
in confidence
■If you tell something to someone in confidence, you do not want them to tell anyone else. 私下地；秘密地
take sb into your confidence
■to share your secrets with someone, trusting them not to tell other people 向（某人）透露自己的心事，将秘密告诉（某人）
• I should never have taken him into my confidence. 我真不该把他当作知心朋友。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
n. 信心；信任；秘密
 - faith, trust, secret, privacy, hope

Word: fifth
Front: fifth
[fɪfθ] (中高雅 2497/2418 -4)
Back: num. 第五
n. 五分之一; 第五音，五度音程; <美>五分之一加仑（瓶）
分布：第五(83%)，五分之一(17%)
ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■5th written as a word 第五（的）
• the fifth floor of the building 大楼的五楼
• Tomorrow is the fifth (of September). 明天是（9月）5号。
[fɪfθ] ordinal number
I take/plead the Fifth (Amendment) US humorous
■something that you say in order to tell someone you are not going to answer a question 表示拒绝回答
• 'So, who do you like best, Jenny or Kim?' 'Sorry, I take the Fifth on that.' “那么，你最喜欢谁？是珍妮还是金姆？”“对不起，我拒绝回答。”
[fɪfθ] noun countable
■one of five equal parts of something 五分之一
• One fifth is the same as 20 percent. 五分之一也就是20%。
n. 第五；五分之一
 - Quincy

Word: keen
Front: keen
[ki:n] (研四六托雅 6508/2280 -K3)
Vocabulary: keen
(once / 114 pages)
1adj 2nv
If you have a keen interest in something, you are really, really into it. Keen is an adjective that describes something that is intense, sharp, or focused.
The adjective keen comes from the Old English word cene that translates to "bold and brave" and while the spelling is now really different, the sounds are similar. Variations of keen as being "bold" and "strong" show up in other languages like Old Norse, German, Dutch, but apparently only English has the meaning of "sharp" — relating to "an edge or blade." Keen has a lot of close — and brutal — synonyms, such as caustic, cutting, piercing, and penetrating!
WORD FAMILY
keen: keened, keener, keenest, keening, keenly, keenness, keens
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was keen to try octopus, and it met with his approval.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Pope Francis – who is to visit Ireland in 2018 – was reportedly keen to examine the possibility of married priests at his next synod of bishops.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
With the New Year, that is something we’re keen to address.”
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 厉害的，强烈的; 敏锐的，敏捷的; 锐利的; 热心的
vi. （为死者）恸哭，哀号
n. 〈英〉号哭，恸哭
时态：keened, keening, keens
分布：敏锐的(47%)，强烈的(27%)，锋利的(13%)，热衷的(9%)，精明的(4%)
→来自古英语cene,勇敢的，来自Proto-Germnaic*kan,有能力的，来自gno,知道，了解，词源同can,know.引申词义渴望的，热切的。
a.锋利的;敏锐的;敏捷的;(on)热心的,渴望的The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
【记】读：基恩，曼彻斯特联队的著名中场，具有敏锐的头脑。
【反】ennui（n 倦怠；厌倦）词性不符
adjective
EAGER 热切的
 ESSENTIAL
■very interested, eager or wanting (to do) something very much 热衷的；热心的；渴望的
• They were very keen to start work as soon as possible. 他们渴望尽早开始工作。
• Joan wanted to go to a movie but I wasn't keen (= I didn't want to go). 琼想去看电影，但我不想去。
• She's a keen tennis player 她热衷于打网球。
• She's keen on (playing) tennis. 她很喜欢打网球。
• UK My son's mad keen on cycling. 我儿子对骑脚踏车很着迷。
• He's rather keen on a girl in his school (= he is very attracted to her). 他迷上了学校里的一个女孩子。
[ki:n] adjective
STRONG 强烈的
■extreme or very strong 强烈的，激烈的
• Many people are taking a keen interest (= a very great interest) in the result of the vote. 许多人对投票结果深感兴趣。
■very good or well developed 敏锐的；敏捷的
• a keen sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉
[ki:n] adjective
SHARP 锋利的 literary
■very sharp 尖利的；寒风刺骨的
• a keen north wind 寒冷刺骨的北风
[ki:n] adjective
(as) keen as mustard UK old-fashioned
■very eager and interested in everything 极为热切；极感兴趣
[ki:n] verb intransitive literary
■to make a loud, long, sad sound, especially because someone has died （尤指因某人死去而）恸哭
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
anxious, keen, eager
这组词都有“急切的，渴望的”的意思，其区别是：
anxious: 强调因忧虑、关注或害怕而产生的急切心情。
keen: 强调因兴趣强烈或欲望而急于做某事。
eager: 侧重于急于成功的迫切心情。
adj. 敏锐的，敏捷的；渴望的；强烈的；热心的；锐利的
 - acute, intense, eager, pointed, burning
n. 痛哭，挽歌
 - elegy, dirge

Word: contain
Front: contain
[kənˈteɪn] (高研四六托宝 931/559 -K4)
Vocabulary: contain
(once / 43 pages)
1v 2v 3v
The verb contain has many shades of meaning but it often describes something that's held back or held in by something. Kids on the last day of school may find it hard to contain their glee when summer officially starts.
Picture Times Square on New Year's Eve. People can barely contain — or hold back — their excitement at being there. They clutch cups that contain — or hold — hot drinks that help them stay warm. The police set up barriers to contain — or restrain — the crowd to keep everyone under control. The next morning, the heaps of trash on the street will contain — or include — streamers, party hats, and cups.
WORD FAMILY
contain: contained, container, containing, containment, contains+/contained: self-contained/ container: containerful, containerise, containerize, containers/containerize: containerized
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say firefighters got control of the fire within minutes and the blaze was contained to the main sanctuary.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As with all stories, it contained elements of truth, and, as with all stories, it was incomplete.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But he did assert that some recent published reports about him contained factual errors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 包含，容纳; 克制，遏制; 牵制; 包括或由…构成
时态：contained, containing, contains
分布：包含(86%)，容纳(4%)，抑制(4%)，克制(4%)，自制(2%)
→con-, 强调。-tain, 持，握，词源同detain, tension.
包含,包容(con全部+tain→全部拿住→包容)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
招待;娱乐(enter在中间+tain→在[工作]中间拿[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.包含,容纳;容忍,抑制;可被...除尽It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
【记】con全部，tain拿－全部拿住－包含
【参】retain（vt 保持；保留）；detain（v 拘留；留住；阻止）container（n 容器；集装箱）
verb
HOLD 拥有
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■to have something inside or include something as a part 包含；容纳；盛
• How much liquid do you think this bottle contains? 你认为这个瓶可装多少液体？
• I've lost a file containing a lot of important documents. 我丢了一个装有大量重要文件的文件夹。
• Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat. 尽量别吃脂肪含量高的食物。
• The allegations contained in this report are very serious. 这份报告中提出的指控非常严重。
[kən'teɪn] verb
CONTROL 控制
transitive not continuous
■to keep something harmful within limits and not allow it to spread 控制，遏制，制止（有害物蔓延）
• Farms in the area have been closed off in an attempt to contain the disease. 为阻止疾病扩散，该地区的农场都被关闭了。
• More police were sent to help contain the violence. 更多警力被派去协助控制暴力行为。
[T often in negatives]
■to control or hide a strong emotion, such as excitement or anger 克制，抑制，控制（情绪）
• She could no longer contain her anger and shouted at him uncontrollably. 她再也无法抑制自己的愤怒，不由自主地向他大叫起来。
• humorous Contain yourself! It's not that exciting. 控制一下！没那么精彩！
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
vt. 包含；控制；容纳；牵制（敌军）
 - involve, possess, regulate, manage, accept
vi. 含有；自制
 - restrain oneself, abstain

Word: colleague
Front: colleague
[ˈkɒli:g] (高研四六托 1518/1338 -K4)
Vocabulary: colleague
(once / 215 pages)
n
A colleague is someone you work with at your job. When you are a teacher, the other teachers are your colleagues. When you work as a cashier at 7-11, the guy at the deli counter is your colleague as well.
Your colleagues are usually people at the same level or rank as you are. You would not usually consider your boss to be a colleague. This noun is from French collègue, from Latin collega "a person chosen along with another," from the prefix com- "with" plus legare "to appoint as a deputy."
WORD FAMILY
colleague: colleagues
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the interrogators hit back, telling the activist his friends and colleagues were turning against him.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Best of all, Mr. Latimer is working with many of his old Apple colleagues.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同事; 同僚; 同行
分布：同事(100%)
→col-, 强调。-leag, 收集，选出，词源同elect, college.字面意思即选到一起的人。
同事(col+→league捆绑→捆绑在一起的人→同事)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
n.同事,同僚Long Tongue League's colleagues are fatigued with cataloguing.长舌联合会的同僚们编目录编累了.
【记】co1共同，league（n 同盟）
US ['kɑ:.li:g] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■one of a group of people who work together 同事；同僚
• We're entertaining some colleagues of Ben's tonight. 今晚我们要招待本的几位同事。
UK ['kɒl.i:g] US ['kɑ:.li:g] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  colleagueWarning: Check your spelling! Colleague is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
client, colleague, co-worker, employee
client: 客户
colleague: 同事
co-worker: 同事
employee: 雇员
n. 同事，同僚
 - brother, fellow, associate

Word: paris
Front: paris
['pærɪs] (高 -/1548)
Back: n. 巴黎
分布：巴黎(100%)

Word: ensure
Front: ensure
[ɪn'ʃʊə(r)] (研四六宝 1754/712 -K4)
Vocabulary: ensure
(once / 377 pages)
v
When you ensure that something will happen, you guarantee it. All that homework will ensure that you have no time for fun this afternoon!
Ensure comes from the Old French en- "make" plus seur "sure," and that is exactly what it means today - "to make sure or certain, to guarantee." If you ensure success or someone's safety, you are guaranteeing it. Make sure you can really come through with something before you ensure it!
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assure / ensure / insure
Although these three often show up at the same party, giving hugs, they're not the same, thank you very much. To assure is to tell someone everything's ok, to ensure is to make certain, and to insure is to protect financially. Have it straight now? Are you sure?
To assure is to remove doubt, or confidently tell someone about something. It's generally followed by an object, so you assure someone. You can also tell someone to rest assured when you know everything's under control:
"Rest assured that Brazil will have a great World Cup in 2014," Rebelo said. (Washington Post)
I assure you I meant no harm. (V for Vendetta)
He considered retirement before doctors assured him he could still fight. (Newsweek)
Ensure, on the other hand, means to make certain a thing will (or won't) happen:
Aides said the leaders conferred by telephone to ensure that their speeches, while different in tone, would not be incompatible. (Reuters)
Roast Brussels sprout mixture on sheet pan for 12 to 15 minutes, shaking pan about halfway through to ensure even cooking. (New York Times)
The "feed kids first" policy is designed to ensure that parents can eat in peace. (New York Times)
Finally, use insure when you need insurance. To insure is to arrange for financial compensation against the loss of something or against someone getting hurt or dying. You might insure your health, your Cadillac, your beachside condo, or your stocks and bonds:
Very well then, listen: You know our house was insured for a good deal of money — fifteen thousand dollars. (Gabrielle Emile)
Euro-area finance chiefs meeting tonight also will discuss using the European Financial Stability Facility to insure bonds of troubled governments. (Business Week)
Remarkably, younger and healthier individuals in other industrialized countries have long accepted the mandate to be insured in return for community-rated premiums and guaranteed issue. (New York Times)
Sometimes people say ensure or insure when they really mean assure, to remove doubt. Bryan Garner points out in Garner's Modern American Usage that the usage has become "ubiquitous." Harrumph! We assure you that there is a difference, and by reading this you've ensured that you know your homonyms, but alas we can't insure you. It's just not that kind of party.
WORD FAMILY
ensure: ensured, ensures, ensuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jones says that ensuring all counties are in compliance will bring in more state revenues from property taxes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The latest effort would ensure outside development doesn’t affect the designated features.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With “rainy day fund” balances under stress, state officials must ensure that their spending meshes with needs and priorities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 确保; 担保获得[避免]; 使（某人）获得; 使安全
时态：ensured, ensuring, ensures
分布：确保(71%)，保证(25%)，担保(2%)，使安全(2%)
→en-, 进入，使。sure, 确认。
v.确保,保证;使安全I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
【记】sure（adj 可靠的；确定的）
US [-'ʃʊr] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make something certain to happen 确保；保证
• The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft. 航空公司正在采取措施以确保其航班的飞行安全。
• [+ (that)] The role of the police is to ensure (that) the law is obeyed. 员警的职责就是确保人们遵守法律。
• [+ two objects] Their 2-0 victory today has ensured the Italian team a place in the Cup Final/ensured a place in the Cup Final for the Italian team. 今天义大利队二比零获胜，稳操胜券进入世界杯的决赛。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
vt. 保证，确保；使安全
 - undertake, assure, insure

Word: task
Front: task
[tɑ:sk] (中高研四六 1047/779 -K4)
Vocabulary: task
(once / 88 pages)
nv
A task can be big or small, easy or really hard — but it's never more than a job that needs to get done.
Chop chop! There's a task that needs completing, and you're just the person for the job. If you're smart though, you'll figure out a way to task someone else with it, or assign it elsewhere. Task comes to us all the way from the Latin word taxare, which in its earliest days meant "to impose a tax on." So much like the filling out of your tax forms, most tasks are considered chores.
WORD FAMILY
task: tasked, tasking, tasks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe seems a credible candidate for the huge task of modernising Mumbai’s archaic traffic policing system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Nearly every governor after Brewer called on him to serve on various state commissions and task forces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工作，任务; 作业; 苦差事
vt. 交给某人（任务）; 使过于劳累
时态：tasked, tasking, tasks
分布：任务(77%)，工作(22%)，使做艰苦的工作(1%)
→来自古法语方言 tasque,税收，税费，置换自拉丁语 taxa,估价，估税，收税，来自 taxare,评 估，估计，来自 tag,接触，安排，词源同 tax,tangent.后用于指以劳动或劳务代替应交税 款，再后引申词义分派的任务，目的等。
n.任务,作业,工作The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
US [tæsk] noun
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of work to be done, especially one done regularly, unwillingly or with difficulty 任务；（尤指经常、不情愿或很难做的）工作；（苦）差事
• We usually ask interviewees to perform a few simple tasks on the computer just to test their aptitude. 我们通常让接受面试人士在电脑上进行一些简单操作，只想测测他们的能力。
• The government now faces the daunting task of restructuring the entire health service. 政府现在面临重新改组整个医疗卫生体系的艰巨任务。
UK [tɑ:sk] US [tæsk] noun
SPEAK ANGRILY 怒斥
take sb to task
■to criticize or speak angrily to someone for something that they have done wrong 责备（某人）
• She took her assistant to task for/over her carelessness. 她责备助手太粗心大意。
UK [tɑ:sk] US [tæsk] verb transitive usually passive
■to give someone a task 派给…任务
• We have been tasked with setting up camps for refugees. 我们接到了建难民营的任务。
assignment, task, profession, job
assignment: 指分派做的特定任务，也指长期性工作
task: 被派或自愿承担工作，尤指困难、辛劳的工作
profession: 指从事脑力劳动，经过特殊培训的“职业”，如老师
job: 常指短期任务
work, task, job
这组词都有“工作”的意思，其区别是：
work: 最普通用词，含义广，指人们日常生活和工作中所从事的有目的的体力或脑力劳动。
task: 通常指分派给的任务，也指自愿的工作，但往往是艰巨或令人厌烦的工作。
job: 多用于口语，侧重指受雇用的，以谋生为目的工作，不论有无技术，也不管是零工或散工。
n. 工作，作业； [计] 任务
 - job, work, role, pursuit, labor

Word: mail
Front: mail
[meɪl] (中高雅 2508/2485 -K3)
Vocabulary: mail
(once / 183 pages)
1nv 2n
Mail is anything that's delivered to your mail box or post office box — letters, bills, packages, magazines, or anything else that's sent through the postal service. Email is the internet's version of mail.
Mail carriers' bags are full of mail, and the system that allows this mail to be delivered all over the world is also called the mail. As a verb, to mail something is to send it via this system: when you write a letter, address and stamp it, and put it in a mailbox, you mail it. In the seventeenth century, mail meant "bag full of letters," from the Old French male, "wallet, bag, or bundle."
WORD FAMILY
mail: mailed, mailer, mailing, mails+/mailer: mailers/mailing: mailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They mailed 360 letters to residents, explained the plans and asked for input.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Some examples are David Rose from the UK who writes for The Mail on Sunday.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“All his letters were like mail art,” Mr. Lethem said.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 邮件，邮政; 邮政（制度）; 邮务员，邮递员; 〈古〉袋，旅行包
vt. 邮寄; 给…穿盔甲
vi. 投邮
时态：mailed, mailing, mails
分布：邮件(76%)，邮寄(16%)，邮政(8%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*malho,来自molko,皮袋，袋子。后引申词义旅行袋，信件袋，邮袋，最终用于指邮件。mail 锁子甲
n.邮件v.邮寄The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
noun
POST 邮件
 ESSENTIAL [S or U] (mainly UK post)
■the letters and parcels which are sent by post, or the postal system itself 邮件，信件；邮包；邮政（系统）
• She spent the morning reading and answering her mail. 她花了一个上午处理信件。
• All of our customers will be contacted by mail. 我们利用邮件方式联络所有的客户。
• The book came in yesterday's mail. 书是昨天寄达的。
• Some strange things get sent through the mail. 一些奇怪的东西经邮政系统寄了出去。
[meɪl] noun
COVERING 覆盖物
uncountable
■ chain mail
[meɪl] verb transitive mainly US (mainly UK post)
■to send a letter or parcel or email something 邮寄；把…寄出
• She mailed it last week but it still hasn't arrived. 上周她就把它寄出了，但还没有寄达。
• [+ two objects] I promised to mail him the article/mail the article to him. 我答应过把文章寄给他。
mail, post
这组词都有“邮件，邮寄”的意思，其区别是：
mail: 主要用于美国。
post: 主要用于英国。
n. 邮件；邮政， [邮] 邮递；盔甲
 - armour, dawk
vi. 邮寄；寄出
 - send off, pack off

Word: persuade
Front: persuade
[pəˈsweɪd] (高研四六托 3265/1776 -K3)
Vocabulary: persuade
(once / 100 pages)
v
If you get talked into something, you've been persuaded. If your friends try to persuade you to swan-dive into a dangerous ravine, it's time to find some new friends.
To persuade is to get your way — win the argument, convince the group to see your favorite movie, get your parents to let you borrow the car. You persuade with language, with a carefully constructed argument, and with the strength of your conviction. The word is sometimes used tongue-in-cheek to describe the very opposite of a carefully worded argument. A movie gangster might "persuade" people with the gun he keeps tucked in his pocket.
WORD FAMILY
persuade: persuadable, persuaded, persuader, persuades, persuading, persuasible, persuasion, persuasive +/persuadable: unpersuadable/persuaded: unpersuaded/persuader: persuaders/ persuasion: persuasions/ persuasive: persuasively, persuasiveness, persuasivest, unpersuasive/unpersuasive: unpersuasively, unpersuasiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Haber discovered that was necessary as a catalyst to break the bonds between air's nitrogen atoms and persuade them to bond with hydrogen instead.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
When the government ended tuition aid for inmates, she helped persuade local colleges to offer affordable courses.
New York Times(Jan 12, 2012)
I worked all my life to become young — no, you can’t persuade me to get old I will die twenty seven —
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 说服; 劝说; 使相信; 使信服
时态：persuaded, persuading, persuades
分布：说服(84%)，劝说(16%)
→per-,完全的，-suad,甜的，词源同sweet,dissuade.引申词义劝说，劝服。
劝说(per+suade劝→一直劝→劝说)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
v.说服,劝说;(of)使相信That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
【记】suade力劝，敦促
【参】dissuasion（n 劝阻）
【反】inveigle（v 诱骗）
US [pɚ-] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe it 劝服；说服
• If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will persuade her. 如果她不想去，你是说甚么也劝不动她的。
• [+ (that)] It's no use trying to persuade him (that) you're innocent. 试图让他相信你的无辜是徒劳的。
• [+ to infinitive] He is trying to persuade local and foreign businesses to invest in the project. 他正在努力说服国内外商人投资该专案计划。
• Using a bunch of bananas, the zoo-keeper persuaded the monkey back into its cage. 动物园管理员用一串香蕉诱使猴子回到笼子里。
• formal The first priority is to persuade the management of the urgency of this matter. 当务之急是要让管理阶层了解到事情的紧迫性。
• Her legal advisers persuaded her into/out of mentioning (= to mention/not to mention) the names of the people involved in the robbery. 她的法律顾问劝她说出／不要说出涉入抢劫的人的名字。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade, advise, suggest
persuade: 劝说（并使之听从）
advise: 劝说（但不一定说服）
suggest: 建议，提议
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 说服，劝说；使某人相信；劝某人做（不做）某事
 - satisfy, convince, argue
vi. 说服；被说服
 - talk around, win over
adj. 空闲的，有闲的
 - available, leisure, off

Word: card
Front: card
[kɑ:d] (中高雅 892/1035 -K4)
Vocabulary: card
(once / 106 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A card is a thick, often square or rectangular piece of paper. A schmoozer might hand you a business card, or you might send your mom a Mother’s Day card, or perhaps you’ll play poker with a deck of cards.
There are many different kinds of cards, from birthday cards to flashcards for studying vocabulary words before a big test. Cards are traditionally made from a light cardboard or heavy weight paper, although you probably also have plastic cards like an ATM card or a library card. To card someone is to ask for an identification card. The Greek root of card is khartes, "layer of papyrus."
WORD FAMILY
card: carded, carding, cards
USAGE EXAMPLES
To avoid a stockpile of holiday cards, “save only those that are meaningful and special,” Tova Weinstock, a professional organizer in Brooklyn, said.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
“The dinosaurs found themselves holding some bad cards,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When the asteroid hit, “dinosaurs were basically caught holding bad cards—a dead man’s hand,” Erickson says.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 卡片; 纸牌; 明信片; 信用卡
vt. 记于卡片上
时态：carded, carding, cards
分布：卡片(57%)，纸牌(17%)，名片(16%)，梳理(7%)，梳理机(2%)，把 ... 记入卡片(1%)
→来自PIE *sker, 砍，劈，撕，词源同scar, shear。词义由撒下的树皮引申至纸张，卡片，词源同chart. 同时，劈，撕等动作弱化为梳理，词源同harsh, harvest.
n.卡片,名片;纸牌;纸片The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生辨认出了身份证上相同的成语.
US [kɑ:rd] noun
PERMISSION 许可
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small rectangular piece of card or plastic, often with your signature, photograph or other information proving who you are, which allows you to do something, such as make a payment, get money from a bank, or enter a particular place （显示个人资料的）卡片；银行卡；通行证
• I don't have any cash - can I put this on (= pay using) my (credit/charge) card? 我没带现金——可以用（信用／记帐）卡支付吗？
• A lot of shops won't accept cheques unless you have a (cheque/ UK also banker's) card with you. 许多商店不收支票，除非你带了支票保付卡。
• The bank's closed now, but I can get some money out with my (cash) card. 银行现在关门了，不过我可以用我的（自动提款）卡取些钱。
• I don't have any change for the phone but I do have a (phone) card, if that's of any use. 我没有打电话所需的零钱，不过（电话）卡我倒是有一张，如果能用得上的话。
• You usually have to show your (membership) card at the door. 通常必须在门口出示你的（会员）卡。
⇒ See also phone card;railcard;scorecard
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
GAME 游戏
 IMPROVER countable (also playing card)
■one of a set of 52 small rectangular pieces of stiff paper each with a number and one of four signs printed on it, used in games 纸牌
• After dinner, Ted got out a pack / US also deck of cards 晚饭后，特德拿出了一副纸牌。
• John shuffled (= mixed up) the cards before he dealt them (out)(= gave them to the players). 约翰在发牌前先洗了牌。
• Whist is my favourite card game. 惠斯特牌是我最喜欢玩的纸牌游戏。
• a card table 牌桌
cards [plural]
■any of a range of games played with cards, such as poker , whist and bridge 纸牌游戏
• I've never been much good at cards. 我向来都不擅长玩纸牌游戏。
• Shall we have a game of/play cards? 我们玩纸牌好吗？
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
GREETINGS 问候
 IMPROVER countable
■a rectangular piece of stiff paper, folded in half, with a picture on the front and often a message printed inside, sent on a special occasion 贺卡
• anniversary/get-well cards 周年纪念／祝愿康复卡
• It's Steve's birthday on Thursday - I must send him a card. 周四是史蒂夫的生日——我一定要给他寄张卡。
countable * a postcard
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
INFORMATION 资料
 IMPROVER countable
■a small rectangular piece of stiff paper with information printed on it, especially a person's job title, business address and telephone number 名片
• Here, let me give you my (business) card. 来，我给你一张我的名片吧。
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
STIFF PAPER 硬纸
countable or uncountable
■(a piece of) thick stiff paper （一张）厚纸片，卡纸
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■a thin plate inside a computer which contains very small electronic circuits and which controls certain operations of the computer （电脑的）卡，外挂程式
• a graphics/sound card 显示卡／音效卡
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
PERSON 人
countable old-fashioned informal
■a funny or strange person 活宝；怪人
• You're such a card, Patrick! 派翠克，你可真是个活宝！
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
be on the cards UK (US be in the cards)
■to be likely to happen 很可能发生
• "So you think there'll be an election next year." "I think it's on the cards." “那么你认为明年将有一场选举？”“我看很有可能。”
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
your best/strongest/trump card
■your main advantage over other people 绝妙高招，撒手锏，王牌
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
have a card up your sleeve
■to have an advantage that other people do not know about 有锦囊妙计，有一张王牌，留有一招
• Well, Alan, England have definitely been the weaker side in the first half, but I think they've still got one or two cards up their sleeve. 嗯，艾伦，英格兰队在上半场无疑处于弱势，不过我觉得他们还有一两张王牌未打出来。
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
keep / hold your cards close to your chest
■to be very secretive about your intended actions 对（计划等）守口如瓶，对（打算）秘而不宣
• You never quite know what Barry's going to do next - he keeps his cards very close to his chest. 你永远不太会知道巴里接下来会有甚么举动——他总是守口如瓶。
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] noun
put / lay your cards on the table
■to be honest about your feelings and intentions 摊牌，（把想法和意图）和盘托出
• I thought it was time I laid my cards on the table, so I told him that I had no intention of marrying him. 我觉得到摊牌的时候了，于是就告诉了他我并不打算嫁给他。
UK [kɑ:d] US [kɑ:rd] verb transitive US
■to ask someone to show you a document, especially an identity card , in order to prove how old they are 要求出示身份证件（以确认年龄）
n. [计] 卡片；纸牌；明信片
 - solitaire, postcard

Word: banker
Front: banker
[ˈbæŋkə(r)] (六托 4421/4334 -3)
Back: n. 银行家; 银行主; 银行经理; 庄家
分布：银行家(95%)，庄家(4%)，鳕渔船(1%)
银行家(bank银行)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-kɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone with an important position in a bank 银行家
• She was a successful banker by the time she was forty. 她在40岁时已经是一名成功的银行家了。
■the person in gambling games who is responsible for looking after the money 庄家
n. [金融] 银行家；银行业者；掘土工
 - money changer

Word: person
Front: person
[ˈpɜ:sn] (中高雅 345/308 -K5)
Vocabulary: person
(once / 13 pages)
1n 2n
A human being is called a person, and while this applies to an actual individual, it also, in grammar, means the type of person — first person being "I/me," second person being "you," and third person being "he/him," "she/her," or "they/them."
The Latin persōna referred to an actor's mask that created the character being played. This later came to mean "human being," a meaning it still conveys. You can also use it to refer to a person's physical body. I wouldn't recommend crossing the border with any illegal items on your person. Nowadays, the word person replaces "man" to avoid sexism in words such as "congressperson."
WORD FAMILY
person: foreperson, nonperson, personable, personal, personhood, personify, persons, unperson+/depersonalise: depersonalisation, depersonalising/depersonalize: depersonalization, depersonalized, depersonalizing/ impersonal: impersonally/ interpersonal: interpersonally/nonperson: nonpersons/ personable: personableness, personabler, personably/ personal: impersonal, interpersonal, nonpersonal, personalise, personality, personalize, personally, personals/personalise: depersonalise, personalised, personalising/ personality: personalities/personalize: depersonalize, personalized, personalizes, personalizing/ personification: personifications/ personify: personification, personified, personifies, personifying/unperson: unpersons
USAGE EXAMPLES
During the 30 weeks of the show, the contestants lost an average of over 125 pounds per person.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m not an email person myself,” Trump echoed during that infamous July news conference in which he invited Russia to hack Hillary Clinton’s email.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人; （语法）人称; 身体; 容貌
分布：人(97%)，身体(2%)，本人(1%)
→来自拉丁语persona,面具，角色，演员，性格，假象，人，可能来自personare,发声，透过，来自per-,通过，-son,声音，词源同sound,sonorous.其原义可能是透过面具发出声音或扩大声音，该词原为古罗马时期戏剧表演时演员所戴的面具，后引申多种词义。
n.人,喜欢(或适应)..的人;人物;人称That person personally persuaded the personnel with persuasive words.那个人用有说服力的话亲自说服了人事部门.
US ['pɝ:-] (plural people or formal OR LAW persons)
noun countable
HUMAN 人
 ESSENTIAL
■a man, woman or child 人
• Who was the first person to swim the English Channel? 游过英吉利海峡的第一人是谁？
• A meal at the restaurant costs about $70 for two people. 在这个餐厅里两个人吃饭的费用大约为70美元。
• legal Four persons have been charged with the murder. 四人被控犯有谋杀罪。
 ESSENTIAL
■used when describing someone and their particular type of character （用于描述人的某一品质）…的人
• She's an extremely kind person. 她是个非常和蔼的人。
• He's nice enough as a person, but he's not the right man for this job. 他是个很好的人，但不适合做这份工作。
• informal I don't think of him as a book person (= a person who likes books). 我认为他不是个喜欢看书的人。
in person
■If you do something or go somewhere in person, you do it or go there yourself 亲自，本人
• If you can't be there in person, the next best thing is watching it on TV. 如果你不能亲自到场的话，在电视上观看就是退而求其次的选择了。
  Common Learner Errors  persons or people? Remember: the plural of 'person' is usually people :
✗ There are twenty persons in my English class. There are twenty people in my English class. Persons is usually used in official language, especially in public notices or legal documents: Attention: This taxi is licensed to carry a maximum of 4 persons.
UK ['pɜ:.sən] US ['pɝ:-] (plural people or formal OR LAW persons)
noun countable
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED specialized
■used in grammar to describe the verbs and pronouns that refer to the different people in a conversation. The first person ('I' or 'we') refers to the person speaking, the second person ('you') refers to the person being spoken to and the third person ('he', 'she', 'it' or 'they') refers to another person or thing being spoken about or described 人称（第一人称 I 或 we 指说话人，第二人称 you 指听话的人，第三人称 he， she， it 或 they 指谈到的人或事物）
• The novel is written in the first person, so that the author and narrator seem to be the same. 小说是以第一人称写的，因此作者和叙述者好像是同一个人。
• 'Am' is the first person singular of the verb 'to be'. am 是动词 to be 的第一人称单数形式。
UK ['pɜ:.sən] US ['pɝ:-] (plural people or formal OR LAW persons)
noun countable
in the person of sb formal
■in the form of someone 透过（某人）表现；以（某人）的身分
• The editorial board has an expert with a world-wide reputation in the person of Professor Jameson. 编委会有一位举世闻名的专家，那就是詹姆森教授。
UK ['pɜ:.sən] US ['pɝ:-] (plural people or formal OR LAW persons)
noun countable
on/about your person formal
■in a pocket, bag, or something else that you are holding （某人）身上有，身上带着
• Do you have about your person such a thing as a lighter? 你身上有打火机这类东西吗？
n. [人类] 人；身体；容貌，外表；人称
 - body, feature, creature, human being, garment

Word: oppose
Front: oppose
[əˈpəʊz] (高研四六托雅宝 1945/2559 -K3)
Vocabulary: oppose
(once / 48 pages)
v
To oppose something is to go against it or fight hard to stop it. A senator might oppose a bill, or a teen might oppose authority.
Words starting with opp-, like opposite, opponent, and oppose, usually hint that there's a disagreement somewhere. You might oppose a decision if you don't agree with it or if it's the opposite of what you believe or know is right. Sometimes, though, to oppose just means to be on the other team.
WORD FAMILY
oppose: opponent, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposes, opposing, opposition +/ opponent: opponents/opposable: unopposable/ opposed: unopposed/opposer: opposers/opposing: opposingly/ opposition: oppositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The new study also shows that more Americans than ever are buying their firearms as opposed to inheriting or receiving them as gifts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, Buffalo also allowed opposing running backs to gain 200 yards rushing three times - including Miami’s Jay Ajayi twice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 反对，抗争; 使相对; 使对照; 抵制
时态：opposed, opposing, opposes
分布：反对(96%)，对抗(3%)，使对立(1%)
→op-,相对，对着的，-pos,放置，词源同pose,component.即对着放的，引申词义反对，阻挠。
v.反对,使对立,使对抗,使相对The colored students held a one-week moratorium on classes to oppose racism.黑人学生举行罢课一周反对种族歧视.
【记】op反，pose放－反对
【反】capitulate（v 有条件投降；屈服）
US [-'poʊz] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to disagree with something or someone, often by speaking or fighting against them 反对；反抗；抵制
• The proposed new examination system has been vigorously opposed by teachers. 实行新考试制度的提议遭到教师们的强烈反对。
• Most of the local residents opposed the closing of their hospital. 当地大多数居民反对关闭他们的医院。
• [+ -ing verb] I would certainly oppose changing the system. 我当然会反对改变这制度。
refute, deny, contradict, oppose
这组词都有“否定，否认”的意思，其区别是：
refute: 语气较强，强调凭推理或证据驳斥一项主张或言论。
deny: 普通用词，侧重否认意见或言论的真实性，尤指否定他人的指控或责难。
contradict: 指肯定地否认、反对或反驳某事，坚持相反的意见。
oppose: 普通的广泛用词。指不作争论或不提出论据而无理由地反对；也指任何温和、有理由的反对或否定。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
vt. 反对；对抗，抗争
 - combat, sit down on
vi. 反对
 - object, sit down on

Word: owner
Front: owner
[ˈəʊnə(r)] (中高研四六 1021/1153 -K4)
Back: n. 物主，所有人
分布：所有人(59%)，物主(41%)
→来自own,拥有，所有。
n.物主,所有者The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport.车主人再也不要依赖公共交通了.
US ['oʊ.nɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who owns something 所有者；主人；物主
• Are you the owner of this car? 你是这辆车的车主吗？
• We still haven't found the dog's owner. 我们还没有找到狗的主人。
n. [经] 所有者； [法] 物主
 - proprietor

Word: son
Front: son
[sʌn] (中高 481/599 -K5)
Back: n. 儿子; 孩子; 男性后裔; 圣子（耶稣基督）
分布：儿子(100%)
→来自中古英语 sone,来自古英语 sunu,来自 Proto-Germanic*sunuz,儿子，来自 seue,生育。
n.儿子;孩子(长者对年青或年幼男子的称呼)The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■your male child 儿子
• This is our son Raja. 这是我们的儿子拉贾。
• We have two sons and three daughters. 我们有两个儿子和三个女儿。
■used as an informal form of address by a man to a boy （男人对男孩的称呼）孩子
• Come on, son, we haven't got all day. 快点，孩子，我们没有那么多时间。
a son of somewhere literary
■a man who was born in a particular place 生于某地的人
• that notable son of Württemberg, Martin Brecht 那位弗腾堡的著名人物马丁•布莱希特
n. 儿子；孩子（对年轻人的称呼）；男性后裔
 - child, fils

Word: final
Front: final
[ˈfaɪnl] (中高研四托雅 887/778 -K5)
Vocabulary: final
(once / 29 pages)
nadj
Use the word final when something is over and done with. If you pester your parents too much, they may say, "You aren't going out and that's final!" End of discussion.
What is the last thing you do at school? You take final exams. Before leaving for a trip? You do a final check of your suitcase to make sure you have everything you need. Then you know you're finished packing. Both final and finish come from the Latin word finis, meaning "end." Now you know why some European movies show fin instead of the end before the credits roll.
WORD FAMILY
final: finalise, finalist, finality, finalize, finally, finals, semifinal+/finalise: finalisation, finalised/ finalist: finalists/ finality: finalities/ finalize: finalization, finalized, finalizes, finalizing/semifinal: semifinalist, semifinals/semifinalist: semifinalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
They lost four of their final six regular-season games before reaching the Super Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He re-aggravated the injury during a November loss to Georgia and missed the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The final part of the season is about positioning and staying relevant, but the Knicks must not falter before then.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最后的，最终的; 决定性的; 不可更改的
n. 结局; 决赛; 期末考试; 〈口〉（报纸的）末版
分布：最后的(49%)，最终的(20%)，决赛(20%)，期终考试(5%)，决定性的(4%)，大学毕业考试(1%)，不可改变的(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，边界，词源同finish.
a.最终的,决定性的n.结局;决赛;期末考试I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■last 最后的，最终的
• a final warning/offer 最后一次警告／出价
• the final chapters of a book 书的最后几章
• the final years 最后几年
• The game is in its final stages. 比赛到了最后阶段。
in the final analysis
■used when you are talking about what is most important or true in a situation 归根结底，总之
• In the final analysis, it is the drug companies that are going to profit from this policy. 归根结底，从这项政策中获益的将是那些制药公司。
that's final
■used to show that you are certain you will not change your decision about something （表示决定不会更改）就这么决定了
• It's no use begging me - I'm not coming and that's final. 求我也没有用——我已经决定了，我不会来。
['faɪ.nəl] noun
COMPETITION 竞赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the last in a series of games, races or competitions, usually the one in which the winner is chosen 决赛
• Last year we got through to the final. 去年我们进入了决赛。
• The men's basketball final will be on Sunday. 男子篮球决赛将在星期天举行。
the finals [plural]
■the last set of games in a competition 决赛
• Do you think Scotland will qualify for the European Championship finals? 你认为苏格兰队能入围欧洲国家杯决赛吗？
['faɪ.nəl] noun
EXAMINATION 考试
finals [plural]
 ADVANCED UK
■the examinations taken at the end of a university or college course 大学毕业考试，结业试
• I'm taking my finals in June. 我6月份要参加大学毕业考试。
• The finals results have gone up on the noticeboard. 大学毕业考试的成绩已经张贴在布告栏上。
countable US (also final exam)
■a test taken on a subject at the end of a school year or college course （大学的）期末考试，课程结业考试
• The final exam for this class will be on May 21st. 这门课的期末考试将在5月21日举行。
• When is your chemistry/French/algebra final? 你的化学／法语／代数期末考试是甚么时候？
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
adj. 最终的；决定性的；不可更改的
 - ultimate, crucial, critical, decisive
n. 决赛；期末考试；当日报纸的末版
 - shoot-off, fight-off

Word: pro
Front: pro
[prəʊ] (4060/6425 -2)
Vocabulary: pro
(once / 340 pages)
1nadjadv 2n
Pro is a Latin root word meaning for. If you make a list of pros and cons, you are listing the reasons for doing something and the reasons not to, respectively.
Pro is also the shortened form of the word "professional," often referring to professional sports. If your cousin plays college basketball — and he's really good — he'll have to decide if he is going to turn pro or finish college first. The shortened form isn't always about sports, however. You might handle your little sister's bicycle accident like a pro, cleaning her up, sticking bandages on her knees, and handing her a lollipop.
WORD FAMILY
pro: proly, pros, semipro+/semipro: semipros
USAGE EXAMPLES
Donald, a Pro Bowl selection in each of his first three seasons, finished with eight sacks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Green said will not play in the Pro Bowl because of a right hamstring strain suffered in November.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专业人员; 职业选手; 老手
adj. 职业的; 专业的
prep. 赞成; 支持
分布：赞成(36%)，赞成的(19%)，专业的(19%)，正面地(8%)，正面(6%)，能手(6%)，行家(6%)
US [proʊ] noun countable (plural pros)
ADVANTAGE 好处
 ADVANCED
■an advantage or a reason for doing something 好处，益处
• One of the big pros of living in Madrid is the night life. 住在马德里的一大好处就是那里的夜生活丰富。
• We're just weighing up the pros and cons (= advantages and disadvantages) of moving to a bigger house. 我们正在权衡搬进大房子里住的利弊。
UK [prəʊ] US [proʊ] noun countable (plural pros)
SPORTSPERSON 运动员 informal
■a person who plays sport as a job rather than as a hobby 职业运动员
• a tennis pro 职业网球运动员
• a pro golfer 职业高尔夫球手
UK [prəʊ] US [proʊ] adjective preposition
 ADVANCED
■supporting or agreeing with something 赞成的，支持的
• Are you pro or anti (= Do you support or are you against) the new bill? 你是赞成还是反对这个新议案？
n. 赞成者；赞成的意见
 - favorer, assentor
prep. 赞成
 - in favour of, in sympathy with

Word: anyone
Front: anyone
[ˈeniwʌn] (中高研四 659/662 -K4)
Back: pron. 任何人; 任何一个; 谁
分布：任何人(100%)
pron.(用于疑问句,否定式)任何人Except dishonest ones, anyone who is honest can get honey, everyone thinks so.除了不诚实的人外,任何诚实的人都能得到蜂蜜,人人都这么想.
['en.i.wʌn] (also anybody)
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used in questions and negatives to mean 'a person or people' （用于疑问句和否定句中）有人，任何人
• I haven't spoken to anyone all day. 我一整天都没跟任何人说过话。
• I haven't told anyone. 我没有告诉任何人。
• Was there anyone you knew at the meeting? 开会的人你有认识的吗？
• Has anyone seen my glasses anywhere? 有谁在哪里看到我的眼镜了吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■any person or any people 随便哪个人
• Anyone can go - you don't have to be invited. 谁都可以去，用不着邀请。
• Anyone could dress well with all that money. 有了那些钱谁都可以穿得衣冠楚楚。
['en.i.wʌn] (also anybody)
pronoun
anyone who is/was anyone
■all the most famous and important people 所有最有名的人，所有的重要人物
• In those days anyone who was anyone dined in this exclusive little restaurant. 那个时候，所有有头有脸的人物都到这家高级小餐馆进餐。

Word: certain
Front: certain
[ˈsɜ:tn] (中高研四 577/440 -K3)
Vocabulary: certain
(once / 13 pages)
adj
When you're certain, you're sure about something. When you raise your hand to give the answer, you feel certain that you are correct.
Certain can mean "definite" or "sure to happen," like getting wet, a certain outcome of not having an umbrella in a rainstorm. It can also refer to a particular person or thing. You can use it avoid explaining something unnecessarily — you might say, "There are certain things I want to do when I get home." To avoid saying someone's name, you can say, "a certain person," as in, "A certain person left the kitchen a mess."
WORD FAMILY
certain: certainer, certainest, certainly, incertain, uncertain +/ uncertain: uncertainly, uncertainness
USAGE EXAMPLES
They tally the number of medication errors, the number of patients injured in falls and the number who develop infections after certain types of surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Problem: A lack of accurate information about how to achieve certain hairstyles and where to find a high quality stylist.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But he’s not certain that will be the case and isn’t sure about Cousins’ desire to be back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 某一; 必然的; 已确定的
pron. [动词用复数]某些
分布：某些(62%)，某种(14%)，肯定的(6%)，特定的(6%)，确定的(5%)，某几个(4%)，某事(1%)，某人(1%)，轻微的(1%)
→来自krei, *sker, 切，分开。词源同crisis, crime, discriminate, shear.
a.确实的,肯定的,必然的;某个,某些There might be a certain bug in the machine.机器里面可能有些毛病.
US ['sɝ:-] adjective
IN NO DOUBT 无疑问的
 ESSENTIAL
■having no doubt or knowing exactly that something is true, or known to be true, correct, exact or effective 肯定的，无疑的；有把握的；确定的
• [+ (that)] Are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number? 你敢肯定你给他们的号码没错吗？
• I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing. 我确信你做得对。
• You should make certain (that) everyone understands the instructions. 你应该确保大家都能听懂指令。
• The police seem certain (that) they will find the people responsible for the attack. 警方似乎确信他们会查出谁须对这次袭击事件负责。
• [+ question word] I'm not certain how much it will cost. 我不能确定这要花费多少钱。
• He was quite certain about/of his attacker's identity. 他对袭击他的人的身份十分肯定。
• One thing is certain - she won't resign willingly. 有一点是肯定的——她不会心甘情愿地辞职。
know/say for certain
■to know or state something without doubt 确切知道／肯定地说
• I don't know for certain if she's coming. 我不能肯定她是否会来。
• I can't say for certain how long I'll be there. 我说不准我在那里会留多久。
UK ['sɜ:.tən] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
EXTREMELY LIKELY 极有可能的
 IMPROVER
■impossible to avoid or extremely likely 不可避免的，必然的；极可能的
• [+ to infinitive] The population explosion is certain to cause widespread famine. 人口激增必然会引起大范围的饥荒。
• Oil prices are certain to rise following the agreement to limit production. 限制石油生产的协议签订后油价必然会上涨。
• After all his hard work, he's certain to pass his exams. 他这么用功，一定会通过考试的。
• The team looks almost certain to win the match. 这支球队看上去几乎准能赢得比赛。
• [+ (that)] It is virtually certain (that) she will win the gold medal. 几乎可以肯定她会赢得金牌。
• Even if a ceasefire can be agreed, how can they make certain (that) neither side breaks it? 即使双方都同意停火，他们又怎么能确保对方不会出尔反尔呢？
• Cancer sufferers no longer face certain death as they once did. 癌症患者不再像从前那样面临着必死的命运了。
• This scandal will mean certain defeat for the party in the election. 这桩丑闻将意味着该党在选举中必败无疑。
UK ['sɜ:.tən] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
NAMED 指名的
[before noun] formal
■named but neither famous nor known well 某个，某位
• I had lunch today with a certain George Michael - not the George Michael, I should explain. 我今天和一位叫乔治‧麦可的人共进了午餐——我必须说明一下，不是那个乔治‧麦可。
UK ['sɜ:.tən] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
LIMITED 有限度的
[before noun]
■limited 有限的
• I like modern art to a certain extent/degree , but I don't like the really experimental stuff. 在一定程度上我还是喜欢现代艺术的，可是不喜欢太实验性的东西。
UK ['sɜ:.tən] US ['sɝ:-] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■particular but not named or described （没有指明或描述的）某，某个，某些
• We have certain reasons for our decision, which have to remain confidential. 我们作出这样的决定是有一定原因的，这些原因仍需保密。
• Do you think war is justifiable in certain circumstances? 你是否认为在某些情况下战争是正当的？
• The song has a certain appeal, but I'm not sure what it is. 这首歌有某种感染力，可是我说不出到底是甚么。
• Certain members of the audience may disagree with what I'm about to say. 听众中某些人可能会对我要说的有异议。
UK ['sɜ:.tən] US ['sɝ:-] pronoun formal
■some
• Certain of the candidates were well below the usual standard, but others were very good indeed. 有些候选人与一般的标准相距甚远，但其他一些确实很出色。
definite, certain, positive, sure
这组词都有“无疑的，确信的”的意思，其区别是：
definite: 指已毫无怀疑的余地。
certain: 与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
positive: 语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
sure: 侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
adj. 某一；必然的；确信；无疑的；有把握的
 - inevitable, some, necessary, automatic, secure

Word: none
Front: none
[nʌn] (中高 1086/1182 -K4)
Back: pron. 没有人，没有一人; 没有一个; 没有一部分，没有一点
adv. 根本不; 无法，绝不
分布：没有人(89%)，决不(11%)
→缩写自no one.
pron.没有任何人(东西);都不ad.一点也不Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■not one (of a group of people or things), or not any 没有一个（人或事物）；全无
• None of my children has/have blonde hair. 我的孩子们的头发都不是金色。
• "I'd like some more cheese." "I'm sorry there's none left". “我想再来点儿起司。”“很抱歉，已经没有了。”
• "Have you any idea how much this cost?" "None at all /None whatsoever." “你知道这花了多少钱吗？”“完全不知道。”
• She went to the shop to get some oranges but they had none. 她去商店买橘子，但是都卖完了。
[nʌn] pronoun
have none of sth formal
■to refuse to accept, agree with or support something 不接受；不同意；不支持
• She tried to persuade him to retire, but he would have none of it. 她试图劝他退休，但他拒绝了。
[nʌn] pronoun
none but formal
■only 只有
• None but a dedicated scientist would want to read such a detailed report. 只有专心致志的科学家才会去读如此细致的报告。
[nʌn] pronoun
none other than sb/sth formal
■said when you want to show that someone or something is a surprising or exciting choice or example （用于表示吃惊或兴奋）竟然，正是
• The first speech was given by none other than Clint Eastwood. 第一个发言的正是克林特．伊斯特伍德。
[nʌn] pronoun
none the worse/better/richer, etc.
■not any worse/better/richer, etc. than before 丝毫没有恶化／好转／变富等
• Luckily, the horse seemed none the worse for his fall. 幸运的是，马匹似乎丝毫没有因为他摔下来而受到影响。
• Small investors like myself are probably none the richer after handing over their financial affairs to professional advisers. 像我本人这样的小投资者，把理财事务移交给专业顾问后，收益很可能并未增加。
[nʌn] pronoun
none too formal
■not very 不太
• He seemed none too happy/pleased at the prospect of meeting the family. 他似乎对即将见到家人并不是太开心。
nothing, none, no one
nothing: 强调有没有,nothing指物
none: 强调有多少, --- How many…/How much…? --- None.
no one: 强调有没有,no one指人
nobody, none, no one
这组词都有“没人”的意思，其区别是：
nobody: 普通用词，表单数，只能指代人，不能用于加of表范围的结构中。
none: 可指代人或物，表示对三者以上的否定，可跟表范围的of结构。
no one: 只用于指人，在英国英语中写成no-none，通常后面不连用of。
adj. 没有的，一点没有的
 - lacking, void of
adv. 决不，一点也不
 - nothing, noway

Word: dead
Front: dead
[ded] (中高托 726/877 -K4)
Vocabulary: dead
(once / 24 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adjadv 5adv
Someone who's dead is not alive anymore. If you accidentally hit a squirrel with your car, you might stop and check to see if it's alive or dead.
People — and animals — who are deceased are dead, and if you forget to water your favorite plant, it may be dead too. You can even use this word for inanimate objects: when your car's battery runs out of power, your car won't start because it's dead. People describe themselves as dead when they're exhausted or lacking appropriate emotion: "Her voice was dead and cold." If your town is boring, you can say, "It's dead here on the weekends."
WORD FAMILY
dead: deaden, deader, deadest, deadly, deadness, deads+/deaden: deadened, deadening, deadens/deadening: deadeningly, deadenings/ deadly: deadlier, deadliest, deadlily, deadliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under most antitrust analysis, such a deal would be dead on arrival.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A minibus filled with dead passengers was on fire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When he saw the gunman, Raak dove under a bench and played dead.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 死去的; 完全的; 无感觉的; 呆板的
adv. 完全地; 非常; 绝对; 极度
n. 死者; （死一样的）寂静; 极寒时候
分布：死的(37%)，完全地(15%)，沉闷的(10%)，麻木的(10%)，完全的(7%)，无效的(5%)，突然地(5%)，直接地(5%)，筋疲力尽的(2%)，不起作用的(2%)，无趣的(2%)
→来自dheu, 死，词源同die.
a.死的;无生命的;死气沉沉的ad.完全地The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
adjective
NOT LIVING 死的
 ESSENTIAL
■not now living 死的，死亡的，去世的
• She's been dead for twenty years now. 到现在她已经去世20年了。
• The motorcyclist was dead on arrival at the hospital. 那位摩托车骑士被送到医院时已经死亡。
• He was shot dead (= killed by shooting) outside his home. 他在家门外被人开抢打死了。
■mainly UK
■If a part of your body is dead, you cannot feel it （身体局部）失去知觉的，麻木的
• I've been sitting with my legs crossed for so long, my right leg has gone dead. 我两双腿盘坐了很久，结果右腿都麻木了。
■UK
■describes empty glasses and bottles that were previously full （杯子、瓶子等）空了的
■In some sports, if a ball is dead, it is outside the area of play. （某些运动中球）出界的
[ded] adjective
BORING 乏味的
■If a place is dead, it is too quiet and nothing interesting happens there （地方）沉寂的，死气沉沉的
• The city centre's quite lively during the day, but it's totally dead at night. 市中心白天相当热闹，晚上却死气沉沉。
[ded] adjective
EQUIPMENT 设备
■If a piece of equipment is dead, it is not working 坏了的，失灵的
• a dead battery 没电的电池
• The phone suddenly went dead. 电话突然不能用了。
[ded] adjective
be (as) dead as a/the dodo informal
■to not be important or popular any longer 失势；过时；不再走红
• Who cares about Socialism any more? Socialism's as dead as the dodo. 谁还会关心社会主义啊？它老早就过时了。
[ded] adjective
be as dead as a doornail informal
■to be clearly and obviously dead 显然已经死了；死僵了
[ded] adjective
be dead in the water
■If something is dead in the water, it has failed and it seems impossible that it will be successful in the future 沉沦，一蹶不振
• So how does a government revive an economy that is dead in the water? 那么政府怎样才能使一蹶不振的经济起死回生呢？
[ded] adjective
be dead on your feet
■to be very tired 疲惫不堪，累极了
[ded] adjective
be dead to the world
■to be sleeping 睡觉
• "Is Georgie up yet?" "I doubt it - she was dead to the world ten minutes ago." “乔姬起床了吗？”“我看还没有--十分钟前她还在睡呢。”
[ded] adjective
Dead men tell no tales. saying
■People who are dead cannot tell secrets 只有死人才会保守秘密
• I think they killed him because he knew too much. Dead men tell no tales. 我认为他们把他杀了是因为他知道的太多了。只有死人才不会乱说话。
[ded] adjective
over my dead body
■If you say something will happen over your dead body, you mean that you will do everything you can to prevent it 只要我还有一口气就不能那样做；除非我死了
• "Joe says he's going to buy a motorbike." "Over my dead body!" “祖说他想买辆摩托车。 ”“只要我还有一口气就不准他买！”
[ded] adjective [before noun] adverb
■complete(ly) 完全（的），全然（的）
• The conductor waited for dead silence before commencing the performance. 乐队指挥等观众们完全安静下来后才开始表演。
• You won't be able to change his mind - he's dead against the plan. 你不可能改变他的想法——他坚决不同意这项计划。
• informal I'm dead certain I left my purse on the desk. 我绝对肯定我把钱包留在桌上。
• informal I'm dead (= very) hungry. 我饿极了。
• informal The exam was dead (= very) easy. 这次考试太容易了。
• UK informal "How was the film?" "It was dead good." “那出电影怎么样？”“棒极了！”
• The post office is dead (= straight) ahead. 邮局就在前面。
• Aim for the dead (= exact) centre of the target. 瞄准靶子的正中心。
• I always try to arrive dead (= exactly) on time. 我总是尽量准时到达。
• Martha's dead set on having (= very much wants to have) a new bike. 玛莎一心想要一辆新脚踏车。
• He's dead set against (= completely opposed to) living in the city. 他坚决反对住在城里。
[ded] noun
the dead
[plural]
■dead people 死去的人们，死者
• Three children were among the dead. 死者中有三名儿童。
• A ceasefire has been called to allow the survivors to bury their dead. 人们呼吁停火以便幸存者能够埋葬他们死去的亲人。
[ded] noun
come back from the dead (also rise from the dead)
■to be successful or popular again after a period of not being successful or popular 东山再起，起死回生
• This was a company that had risen from the dead. 这是一间已经起死回生的公司。
[ded] noun
in the dead of night/winter
■in the middle of night/winter 午夜／隆冬
• The fire broke out in the dead of night. 那场火是午夜时分发生的。
dead, dying
这组词都有“死”的意思，其区别是：
dead: 指已停止呼吸和心脏跳动，与alive(活着的，活的)相对。
dying: 指奄奄一息，行将死亡。
adj. 无生命的；呆板的；废弃了的
 - mechanical, wooden
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. 死者
 - decedent, departed

Word: couple
Front: couple
[ˈkʌpl] (中高研四托 531/727 -K4)
Vocabulary: couple
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n
If you are hanging out with a couple of friends, you are hanging out with two friends. A couple is a pair or a twosome. As a verb, couple means "to pair or match."
As a noun, couple means "a pair." If two people are dating, you can refer to them as "a couple." Similarly, two people who are married can be called a "married couple." Two guys playing basketball can be called "a couple of guys playing basketball." As a verb, couple means "to pair or combine," as people on a dance floor might couple or form pairs when the music starts. You can also couple two ideas by combining them.
WORD FAMILY
couple: coupled, coupler, couples, coupling, decouple, uncouple+/coupler: couplers/coupling: couplings/decouple: decoupled, decoupling/uncouple: uncoupled, uncouples, uncoupling
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the posters shows an illustration a white couple above the slogan: “We have a right to exist.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The Chiefs have struggled going into halftime and at the end of games the past couple of years.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
There’s plenty for him to fix as a passer before a likely playoff game, and certainly in the next couple of years.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 对，双; 配偶，夫妻; <口>几个，两三个
vt. &vi. 连在一起，连接; 成双，结婚; 性交，交配
时态：coupled, coupling, couples
分布：对(57%)，夫妇(39%)，交配(2%)，数个(1%)，连结(1%)
→来自co-,强调，-ap，连接，匹配，见apt,copula.
n.(一)对,双;夫妇;v.连接,结合Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
【记】有了coup才能成为couple
【反】disconnect（v 拆开）
noun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■two or a few things that are similar or the same, or two or a few people who are in some way connected （相似或相同事物的）一对，一双，几个；（有某种联系之人的）一对，几个
• The doctor said my leg should be better in a couple of days. 医生说我的腿过几天就会好转。
• A couple of people objected to the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it. 有几个人反对该提议，但绝大多数人赞同。
• We'll have to wait another couple of hours for the paint to dry. 我们还得再等几个小时油漆才干。
• She'll be retiring in a couple more years. 她再过几年就退休了。
• The weather's been terrible for the last couple of days. 这几天天气糟透了。
• Many economists expect unemployment to fall over the next couple of months. 许多经济学家预测近几个月失业率将会下降。
• I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks. 很抱歉我没打电话给你，这几个星期我实在是太忙了。
['kʌp.l] noun
TWO PEOPLE 两人
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■two people who are married or in a romantic or sexual relationship, or two people who are together for a particular purpose 夫妻；情侣；（有共同目的的）两个人
• a married couple 一对夫妻
• An elderly couple UKlive/ USlives next door. 一对老夫妻住在隔壁。
• Should the government do more to help young couples buy their own homes? 政府应该更多地帮助年轻夫妇购买他们自己的住房吗？
• The couple skated spectacularly throughout the competition. 这对选手在整个比赛中滑得棒极了。
['kʌp.l] verb
JOIN 加入
transitive usually passive [usually + adv/prep]
■to join or combine 连接；结合
• The sleeping car and restaurant car were coupled together. 卧铺车厢和餐车挂在一起。
• High inflation coupled with low output spells disaster for the Government in the election. 低出口率与高通货膨胀率导致政府在选举中惨败。
['kʌp.l] verb
HAVE SEX 性交
intransitive formal
■When two people or two animals couple, they have sex. 性交；交配
pair, couple
pair: 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
couple: 主要指人或动物,
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
n. 对；夫妇；数个
 - immune to, conjugality
vi. 结合；成婚
 - bond, become one, combine
vt. 结合；连接；连合
 - become one, join together

Word: prefer
Front: prefer
[prɪˈfɜ:(r)] (高研四六 1716/1386 -K4)
Vocabulary: prefer
(once / 72 pages)
v
Prefer means to like better. If your parents prefer your sister to you, chances are her allowance will be higher and you'll get blamed for things she's done.
If someone offers you hamburgers and hot dogs, it's more polite to say, "I'd prefer a hot dog," then "Blech, hamburgers. Gag me!" Note that prefer means not just to like, but to like better––you're comparing two or more things. Whether it be chocolate ice cream over other flavors, or getting going first thing in the morning as opposed to lounging in your PJs, what you prefer is called your preference. And if you like them all the same, you can say you have no preference
WORD FAMILY
prefer: preferable, preference, prefering, preferment, preferred, preferring, prefers+/ preferable: preferably / preference: preferences, preferential / preferential: preferentially/preferment: preferments/ preferred: preferredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Brown said the team would prefer not to use franchise tags on either player.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Maybe Facebook would prefer the statue to be dressed again.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 更喜欢; 提升，提拔; 给予（债权人）优先权; 提出（控告）
vi. 更喜欢，宁愿
时态：preferred, preferring, prefers
分布：较喜欢(55%)，宁可(45%)
→pre-,在前，早于，-fer,携带，拿，带，词源同bring,infer.引申词义优先，偏好。
更喜欢(pre预先+fer→预先带好→更喜欢)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.(to)更喜欢,宁愿I prefer the preferable preference you referred to in the reference books.我更喜欢你在参考书中提到的那个更可取的优先权.
US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
 ESSENTIAL
■to like, choose or want one thing rather than another 宁可，更喜爱；觉得还是…更可取
• Do you prefer hot or cold weather? 你喜欢热天还是冷天？
• I prefer red wine to white. 比起白葡萄酒，我更喜欢红葡萄酒。
• [+ -ing verb] He prefers watching rugby to playing it. 比起玩橄榄球，他更喜欢看橄榄球比赛。
• [+ to infinitive] I'd prefer not to discuss this issue. 我宁愿不讨论这个问题。
• formal I'd prefer you not to smoke (= I would like it better if you did not smoke) , please. 我希望你别抽烟。
UK [prɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
ACCUSE 控告 UK legal
■to accuse someone officially 举报；提出（控告）
• The police have decided not to prefer charges against them because of insufficient evidence. 由于证据不足，警方决定不对他们提出诉讼。
UK [prɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  preferWarning: Check your spelling! Prefer is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
UK [prɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  preferWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using prefer in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'rr'. Don't write 'prefered', write prefe rr ed. The -ing form is prefe rr ing.
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vt. 更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升
 - introduce, promote, present, upgrade, file
vi. 喜欢；愿意
 - affect, take a fancy to

Word: mix
Front: mix
[mɪks] (高研四 1759/2156 -K4)
Vocabulary: mix
(once / 69 pages)
vn
To mix is to combine or blend different things together. If you mix baking soda and vinegar, you can create an erupting volcano for your science project.
Scientists mix chemical substances; bakers mix flour, eggs, milk, and sugar; and songwriters mix different musical elements — in each of these cases, the result is also a mix, a combination of different things into a new whole. The word mix comes from the Middle English adjective mixte, "composed of more than one element," which is rooted in the Latin miscere, "to mix or blend," and also "to throw into confusion."
WORD FAMILY
mix: intermix, mixable, mixed, mixer, mixes, mixing, mixture, premix+/intermix: intermixed, intermixes, intermixing, intermixture/intermixture: intermixtures/mixable: unmixable/mixed: mixedly, unmixed/mixer: mixers/mixing: mixings/ mixture: mixtures/unmixed: unmixedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Mills likes to call her a mix of “Amelia Earhart and Humphrey Bogart — but more Humphrey Bogart,” he said in a telephone interview.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
School funding is a complex mix of federal, state and local money.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Throw just six touchdowns into the mix, and this was a lost fantasy season for Gurley and his owners.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 混合; （使）结交; 相容; 平安相处
n. 混录; 食物混合配料; 乐曲组合
vt. 调配，配制
vi. 混合录音，混录，混音
时态：mixed, mixing, mixes
分布：混合(91%)，融合(6%)，合成(1%)，掺入(1%)，介入(1%)
→来自拉丁语miscere,混合，来自meik,混合，词源同miscellany,mixture.
v.使混合;混淆The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
verb
COMBINE 混合
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause different substances to) combine, so that the result cannot easily be separated into its parts （使）混合，拌和
• Oil and water don't mix. Even if you shake them together they separate into two layers. 油与水不相融。即使你将其混在一起摇晃，它们也会分为两层。
• Radioactive material was mixed in/up (with) the effluent. 放射性物质被混入废水中。
• Mix the eggs into the flour. 在面粉里加入鸡蛋混和。
• In a large bowl, mix together the flour, sugar and raisins. 用一个大碗，将面粉、糖和葡萄干混合在一起。
• [+ two objects] Shall I mix (= make) you a cocktail? 我帮你调一杯鸡尾酒好吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have or do two or more things, such as activities or qualities, at the same time 把…结合起来，使同时进行
• Some people are happy to mix business with/and pleasure, but I'm not one of them. 有些人喜欢寓工作于娱乐，但我不是那种人。
[mɪks] verb
BE WITH PEOPLE 交往
intransitive
■to be with or communicate well with other people 交往；相处；交际
• I suppose you mix with a wide variety of people in your job. 我猜你工作时与各种各样的人打交道。
• She mixes very well - perhaps that's why she's so popular. 她很会和人打交道，可能这就是她如此受欢迎的原因。
[mɪks] verb
RECORD MUSIC 录制音乐
transitive specialized
■to control the amounts of various sounds which are combined on a recording 混音
[mɪks] verb
be mixed up with/in sth usually disapproving
■to be connected with a bad or unpleasant person or thing 卷入；与…有牵连
• Please don't get mixed up with him. You'll regret it if you do. 请别和他混在一起，不然你会后悔的。
• I knew someone who was mixed up in that corruption scandal. 我认识的某个人与那件贪污丑闻有牵连。
[mɪks] verb
mix your metaphors
■to combine two or more metaphors , often producing a silly or humorous effect 混合隐喻（常产生愚蠢、滑稽效果）
• Mixing his metaphors, he described the problem by saying "We've opened up a can of worms here, and now we have to get the genie back in the bottle". 他用混合隐喻形容面对的问题：“我们打开了一个‘虫罐子’，现在我们必须把精灵放回瓶里去。”
[mɪks] verb
mix it (US mix it up) informal
■to fight or argue with people 打架；争吵
• Don't take any notice of Sally - she just likes to mix it. 别理萨莉——她就是喜欢闹事。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sb/sth up
■to fail to recognise two people or things correctly by thinking that one person or thing is the other person or thing 混淆；把…弄错
• People often mix us up because we look so similar. 人们常常把我们弄错，因为我们看起来很相像。
• I think you're mixing me up with my sister. 我想你把我和我姐姐弄错了。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sb up
■to confuse, worry or upset someone 使（某人）不知所措；把（某人）搞糊涂
• The roadworks mixed me up and I went the wrong way. 道路施工把我搞糊涂了，我走错路了。
[mɪks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mix sth up
■to make a group of things untidy or badly organized, or to move them into the wrong order 弄错，弄乱
• Don't mix up the bottles - you'll have to repeat the experiment if you do. 别弄乱那些瓶子——如果乱了，你就要重做这个实验。
• Your jigsaw puzzles and games are all mixed up together in that box. 你的拼图玩具和游戏用具都乱糟糟地混在那个盒子里。
[mɪks] noun
COMBINE 混合
 IMPROVER [C usually sing]
■a combination 混合；结合
• There was an odd mix of people at Patrick's party. 派翠克的派对上有形形色色的人。
• "She's studying physics and philosophy." "That's an interesting mix." “她在学习物理和哲学。”“这个组合很有趣。”
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something which is sold in the form of a powder and to which a liquid, such as water, can be added later （常为粉状的）配料，混合料
• cake/cement mix 蛋糕粉／水泥配料
[mɪks] noun
RECORD MUSIC 录音乐
countable
■a version of a recorded piece of music 混录，混音
• A new mix of their hit single is due to be released early next month. 他们热门单曲的新混音版唱片定于下月初发行。
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
vt. 配制；混淆；使混和；使结交
 - confuse with
vi. 参与；相混合；交往
 - participate, travel, company, sort
n. 混合；混合物；混乱
 - mixture, hybrid, chaos, disorder, confusion

Word: enter
Front: enter
[ˈentə(r)] (中高研四 709/706 -K4)
Vocabulary: enter
(once / 17 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To enter is to go inside or into a place. When you enter your house after school, you might pet your cat and take off your shoes.
You might enter the kitchen to see what's for dinner, or enter the library to look for a book to read. In both cases, you go from one place into another, through a doorway. If you're an actor, the word enter takes on a different meaning: to appear on the stage during a play. The stage directions might read, "Enter the King, stage left." Countries also enter wars, and people enter contests — they register or become involved.
WORD FAMILY
enter: entered, entering, enters, entrance, entrant, entry, re-enter+/entering: enterings/ entrance: entranced, entrancement, entrances, entrancing/ entranced: entrancedly/entrancement: entrancements/entrancing: entrancingly/ entrant: entrants, re-entrant, reentrant/ entry: entries, reentry/re-enter: re-entered, re-entering/reentry: reentries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Trump said in May that he would enter direct talks with Mr. Kim as a way to try to deter its nuclear-weapon development.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 进入; 开始; 参加; 登记
时态：entered, entering, enters
分布：进入(100%)
→en-, 进入，使。-ter, 比较级后缀，见external, extrovert.
vt.进入;参加,加入;写入vi.进去,进来Her dream to enter the famous university came true.她要进入名牌大学学习的梦想实现了.
US [-tˌɚ] verb
GO IN 进入
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to come or go into a particular place 进来；进去；进入
• The police entered (the building) through/by the side door. 员警从侧门进入（这座大楼）。
• You will begin to feel sleepy as the drug enters the bloodstream. 药物进入血液后你就会开始感到昏昏欲睡。
  Common Learner Errors  enterWarning: when enter has a direct object, it is not followed by a preposition. Don't say 'enter in/into a place', say enter a place :
✗ As you enter into the station, the shop is on the right. As you enter the station, the shop is on the right.
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
COMPETITION 竞赛
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to be included in a competition, race or examination, or to arrange for someone else to do this （为…）报名参加（竞赛、考试等）；安排…参加
• Both men have been entered for/in the 100 metres in Paris next month. 两个人都已报名参加下个月在巴黎举行的百米短跑比赛。
• All three companies have entered the race to develop a new system. 三家公司都加入了开发这套新系统的竞争。
• Are you going to enter the photography competition ? 你要参加摄影比赛吗？
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
INFORMATION 资讯
 ADVANCED transitive
■to put information into a computer, book or document 输入；登记；登录
• You have to enter a password to access the database. 你必须输入密码才能进入资料库。
transitive formal
■to make a particular type of statement officially （正式）提出
• The prisoner entered a plea of not guilty. 犯人提出无罪抗辩。
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
ORGANIZATION 组织
 ADVANCED transitive
■to become a member of a particular organization, or to start working in a particular type of job 成为…的一员，加入；开始从事
• Ms Doughty entered politics/Parliament after a career in banking. 道蒂女士在银行业工作了几年后开始从政／成为议员。
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
PERIOD 时期
transitive
■to begin a period of time 进入…时期
• The project is entering its final stages. 工程就要进入最后的阶段。
• The violence is now entering its third week. 暴动现已进入第三周。
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  enter into sth formal
 ADVANCED
■to start to become involved in something, especially a discussion or agreement 参加，进入，开始（尤指讨论或协定）
• They refuse to enter into any discussion on this matter. 他们拒绝就此事进行任何探讨。
not enter into sth
■If you say that something does not enter into something else, it is not an important or necessary part of it 对…没有影响；对…无关紧要；不是…的主要构成部分
• The Council's opinion doesn't enter into it - it's up to us to make the decision. 政务委员会的意见无关紧要——决定权在我们手里。
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  enter on/upon sth formal
■to do or become involved in something 开始…；着手做…
• He first entered on a career in banking over 40 years ago. 他四十多年前进入银行业。
UK ['en.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun only singular
■the key on a computer keyboard which is used to say that the words or numbers on the screen are correct, or to say that an instruction should be performed, or to move down a line on the screen 输入键
• Move the cursor to where it says 'New File' and press enter. 把游标移到“开新档案”处然后按输入键。
vt. 进入；开始；参加
 - institute, come into, participate in, go into, get into
vi. 参加，登场；进去
 - participate in, take part in, go through
n. [计] 输入；回车
 - import, inputting

Word: reveal
Front: reveal
[rɪˈvi:l] (研四六托 927/968 -K4)
Vocabulary: reveal
(once / 77 pages)
v
When you make something visible or make it public information, you reveal it. For example, if you want to plan a picnic, wait until forecasters reveal the weather that is predicted.
The verb reveal comes from the Latin word revelare meaning "unveil," like when you take off your hat to reveal your new haircut, or when you reveal information about your past that will shock or amuse your friends. You might also be familiar with the noun form of reveal, makeover show-speak for the moment viewers see the newly renovated room or someone's dramatic new look, as in saving the reveal for the end of the show so people keep watching.
WORD FAMILY
reveal: revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelatory +/revealed: unrevealed/ revealing: revealingly, revealings/ revelation: revelations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Your tax bracket doesn’t reveal the amount of taxes paid on your total income.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schippers did not reveal any new marketing plans to emphasize racing, but did stress what they think sets their casino apart from other area casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 显露; 揭露; 泄露; [神]启示
n. 揭示，展现; [建]门侧，窗侧
时态：revealed, revealing, reveals
分布：揭示(39%)，透露(35%)，显示(14%)，展现(9%)，门侧(3%)
→来自拉丁语 revelare,揭露，揭示，来自 re-,相反，velare,遮盖，来自 velum,面纱，词源同 veil,velar.
揭露,显示(re反+veal[=veil]→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露)[veil=cover,表示"盖上"]
v.展现,显示;揭示,揭露;告诉,泄露The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret 揭露；泄露；透露
• He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians. 他因为向俄国人泄密而被监禁。
• [+ that] Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought. 她的自传透露她并非像大家所想像的那样富有。
• [+ question word] He would not reveal wh ere he had hidden her chocolate eggs. 他就是不说他把她的巧克力蛋藏在哪里了。
 ADVANCED
■to allow something to be seen that, until then, had been hidden 使显露；展现；显示
• A gap in the clouds revealed the Atlantic far below. 从云缝中可以看到远在下方的大西洋。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露
 - make clear, prove, disclose, expose
n. 揭露；暴露；门侧， [建] 窗侧
 - uncovery, exposure to sth

Word: dispute
Front: dispute
[dɪˈspju:t] (研四六托雅宝 2705/2066 -4)
Vocabulary: dispute
(once / 113 pages)
nv
If kids can't settle their own argument, they may need someone to mediate their dispute, or conflict. You can often tell this is the case if you hear the loud cry, "Mom!"
The noun dispute means any conflict or disagreement. The countries were in the middle of a border dispute; both sides claimed the toxic waste dump belonged to the other. As a verb, dispute can mean to quarrel or argue, but it can also mean to take exception to something. If your boasting friend crows because you lost the trivia game to her by 150 points, you may want to dispute the facts. It was only 145 points.
WORD FAMILY
dispute: disputable, disputant, disputation, disputatious, disputative, disputed, disputes, disputing+/disputable: disputably, indisputable, undisputable/disputant: disputants/disputation: disputations/ disputatious: disputatiously/disputative: disputatively/disputed: undisputed/ indisputable: indisputability, indisputably/undisputable: undisputably/undisputed: undisputedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Roof is sentenced to death, the dispute about his mental health is likely to be central to any appeals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 辩论，争论
vt. 就…进行争论，辩论; 对…的真实或有效进行争论，怀疑; 争夺，竞争; 抵抗，抵制
n. 辩论; 争端; （劳资）纠纷; 罢工
vi. 激烈争辩; 争执; 争吵; 吵架
时态：disputed, disputing, disputes
分布：争论(32%)，争端(27%)，争议(26%)，质疑(7%)，争吵(6%)，辩驳(2%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-put, 思考，词源同compute, putative. 即不同的思考，引申词义争论。
反驳(dis反+pute→过来思考→反驳)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
n.争论,争执v.争论,辩论;反驳;怀疑;阻止The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
【反】accept（v 接受；同意）
noun countable or uncountable /dɪˈspjuːt/ /ˈdɪs.pjuːt]
 IMPROVER
■an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border （尤指劳资双方或相邻两国之间的）争执，争端，纠纷
• a bitter/long-running dispute 激烈／长期的争执
• a border dispute 边界争端
• a pay/legal/trade dispute 工资／法律／贸易纠纷
• They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions. 他们无法解决工作条件方面的争端。
• The unions are in dispute with management over pay. 工会与管理层在工资问题上存在分歧。
beyond (all) dispute
■certainly 毫无争议地，无可争辩地，不容置疑地
• He is beyond all dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today. 无可置疑，他是当今荷里活最好的演员。
in dispute
■being doubted 正在受到怀疑的
• I don't think her ability is in dispute, what I question is her attitude. 我相信她的能力没有问题，但我怀疑她的态度。
open to dispute
■not certain 不确定的，不肯定的
• He says it's the best musical equipment you can buy, but I think that's open to dispute. 他说那是能买到的最好的音乐设备，但我认为这种说法不一定对。
verb intransitive or transitive /dɪˈspjuːt/
 ADVANCED
■to disagree with something that someone says （对…）有异议；不同意，否认；争论
• Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period. 他是那个时期最好的艺术家，很少有人对此存有异议。
• The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed. 她的死引起了激烈的争论。
• [+ (that)] I don't dispute (that) Lucas' films are entertaining, but they haven't got much depth. 我并不否认卢卡斯的电影具有娱乐价值，但这些电影都没有甚么深度。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
vt. 辩论；怀疑；阻止；抗拒
 - discuss, debate, argue, stem, block
vi. 争论
 - debate, argue with
n. 辩论；争吵
 - argument, debate, brush, controversy

Word: operator
Front: operator
[ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)] (高研四六托 3210/2700 -3)
Vocabulary: operator
(once / 427 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
An operator is a person who runs a machine, equipment, or a vehicle. If you want to be a jackhammer operator some day, you might hope to work on a road crew of for a construction company.
An operator operates, or controls, something. You could be a radio operator, a heavy machinery operator, or even a telephone operator — or you can be the operator, or manager, of a business. If you start your own dog walking company, you can call yourself an "owner-operator." The Latin root of both operator and operate is operari, "to work," and "to cause."
WORD FAMILY
operator: operators+/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator / operation: operational, operations/ operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally/operationalism: operationalist/ operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative /postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rangitsch, owner and operator of Aspen Dental in Marion, began collecting vinyl records about a year and a half ago.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Plummer is the chief executive of the Rail Delivery Group which represents train operators and Network Rail.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经营者; 操作员; 电话接线员; 运算符
→来自operate,运作，操作。
n.操作人员,(电话)接线员The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
US ['ɑ:.pə.reɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle 操作员，业务员；驾驶员
• a computer operator 电脑操作员
 ADVANCED
■a company that does a particular type of business 经营公司；专业公司
• a tour operator 旅行社
 ADVANCED
■a person who helps to connect people on a telephone system （电话）接线生
smooth/clever, etc. operator
■a person who deals with people or problems cleverly, especially for their own advantage 圆滑的／精明的人等（尤指善于牟取私利的人）
• He has shown himself to be a canny operator in wage negotiations. 他在薪酬谈判过程中表现得精明老练。
n. [经管] 经营者； [计] 操作员； [通信] 话务员；行家
 - expert, proprietor

Word: sure
Front: sure
[ʃʊə(r)] (中高 347/386 -K5)
Vocabulary: sure
(once / 17 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj
Being sure has to do with being certain, convinced, trustworthy, or dependable. You can trust a sure thing.
Besides being a synonym for yes, sure has to do with lots of kinds of dependability. If you have a sure eye, then you have good aim, maybe with shooting a basketball or throwing darts. If you're sure of yourself, you're confident. A sure thing or sure bet is something almost certain to happen. If you're 100% convinced of something, you're sure of it.
WORD FAMILY
sure: surely, sureness, surer, sures, surest, unsure+/unsure: unsurely, unsurer
USAGE EXAMPLES
But a listing on mainland exchanges is no sure thing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
He added: "I am arriving at the end of my coaching career, of this I am sure."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Now I am sure that plenty of you right now are thinking: What an idiotic column.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 确信的，确实的; 有把握的; 无疑的; 一定的
adv. 当然; 确实地; 无疑地
级别：surer, surest
分布：当然(30%)，确信的(20%)，必定(11%)，可靠的(11%)，肯定的(8%)，不用客气(5%)，沉着自信的(5%)，确实地(5%)，无疑地(5%)
a.肯定的;一定会...的;有信心的,有把握的I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
US [ʃʊr] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■certain; without any doubt 确定的，肯定的，毫无疑问的
• "What's wrong with him?" "I'm not really sure." “他怎么啦？”“我不太清楚。”
• I'm sure (that) I left my keys on the table. 我确定我把锁匙放在桌上了。
• I feel absolutely sure (that) you've made the right decision. 我完全确信你的决定是正确的。
• It now seems sure (that) the election will result in another victory for the government. 现在看来，这次选举无疑又会以政府的胜利而告终。
• Simon isn't sure wh ether/if he'll be able to come to the party or not. 西蒙不太确定他能否参加这次聚会。
• Is there anything you're not sure of/about ? 还有不清楚的地方吗?
• There is only one sure way (= one way that can be trusted) of finding out the truth. 只有一种方法肯定能弄清真相。
⇒ See also cocksure
be sure of/about sb
 IMPROVER
■to have confidence in and trust someone 对（某人）有信心，信任
• Henry has only been working for us for a short while, and we're not really sure about him yet. 亨利才为我们工作了很短一段时间，我们对他还不是很了解。
• You can always be sure of Kay. 你完全可以信任凯。
for sure
 IMPROVER
■certain or certainly 肯定的（地），确定的（地），无疑的（地）
• I know for sure that I won't be able to go to the party. 我非常确定自己不能参加这个晚会。
• One thing's for sure - once the baby's born, your lives will never be the same again. 有一点是肯定的——一旦孩子出生，生活就完全不一样了。
be sure of yourself
 ADVANCED
■to be very or too confident 非常自信；过于自信
• She's become much more sure of herself since she got a job. 她找到工作以后自信多了。
be sure of sth
 ADVANCED
■be confident that something is true 肯定，确信
• He said that he wasn't completely sure of his facts. 他说他还不能完全肯定自己所掌握的情况是否属实。
be sure of getting/winning sth
■to be certain to get or win something 确保能获得／赢得
• We arrived early, to be sure of getting a good seat. 我们很早就到了，以确保有个好座位。
• A majority of Congress members wanted to put off an election until they could be sure of winning it. 大多数国会议员都想把选举延后到他们有把握稳操胜券的时候。
be sure to
■to be certain to 肯定，一定
• She's sure to win. 她肯定会赢。
• I want to go somewhere where we're sure to have good weather. 我想去一个肯定有好天气的地方。
make sure (that)
■to look and/or take action to be certain that something happens, is true, etc. 确保，保证，确定
• Make sure you lock the door behind you when you go out. 出门的时候一定要锁好门。
■If you have a sure knowledge or understanding of something, you know or understand it very well 非常清楚的，十分了解的
• I don't think he has a very sure understanding of the situation. 我想他还不是十分了解情况。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
(as) sure as eggs is eggs UK old-fashioned
■for certain 肯定，毫无疑问，的的确确
• One day he'll realize that I was right, as sure as eggs is eggs. 毫无疑问，他总有一天会了解我是对的。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
(as) sure as hell slang
■used for emphasis （用于强调）肯定，绝对
• There better be another way in - I'm sure as hell not climbing up all those steps. 最好还有别的路可以进去——我是肯定不会爬那么多台阶的。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
sure enough
■as expected 果然，果真，不出所料
• He said he'd left the book on the desk, and sure enough, here it was. 他说他把书放在桌上了，果然，书就在那里。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
sure thing mainly US informal
■used to show agreement （表示同意）当然，没问题
• "Could you give me a lift home tonight?" "Sure thing!" “今晚我能搭你的车回家吗？”“没问题！”
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adjective
to be sure formal
■certainly 肯定地，不可否认地
• This is not his best book, to be sure, but it is still worth reading. 这肯定不是他写得最好的书，但还是值得一读。
UK [ʃɔ:r] US [ʃʊr] adverb informal
 IMPROVER
■certainly 当然
• "Do you want to come swimming with us?" "Sure." “你想来跟我们一起游泳吗？”“当然。”
• mainly US "Will you help me with this?" "Sure I will." “能帮我拿一下这个吗？”“当然可以。”
• US I sure am hungry. 我当然饿了。
definite, certain, positive, sure
这组词都有“无疑的，确信的”的意思，其区别是：
definite: 指已毫无怀疑的余地。
certain: 与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
positive: 语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
sure: 侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
adj. 确信的；可靠的；必定的
 - confident, responsible, honest, reliable, tried
adv. 当然；的确
 - certainly, definitely, indeed

Word: capacity
Front: capacity
[kəˈpæsəti] (研四六托雅 1777/1507 -K3)
Vocabulary: capacity
(once / 133 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Capacity describes your ability to do something or the amount something can hold. If your bird cage is at full capacity, you can't stuff one more feathered friend in there without causing birdie claustrophobia.
From the Latin word capacitatem meaning “breadth, capacity,” capacity is a noun that in the simplest sense means "ability" or "capability": the capability of a room to hold a certain number of people, the ability of a law to change crime rates, your ability to pick up foreign languages. You might hear about factories working at "full capacity" — that means at full speed, producing as much as they possibly can.
WORD FAMILY
capacity: capacious, capacitate, capacities, incapacity+/ capacious: capaciously, capaciousness/capacitate: capacitated, capacitates, capacitating, incapacitate / incapacitate: incapacitated, incapacitates, incapacitating/incapacity: incapacities
USAGE EXAMPLES
There may be questions, however, about Mr. Jain’s capacity to serve for a long period as a No. 2 executive.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials expressed dismay over the scenes of slaughter in the Compaj prison, which held more than 1,200 inmates, about triple its official capacity.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"At a minimum, it suggests that he may lack the mental capacity to assume the role of his own lawyer."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 容量; 才能; 性能; 生产能力
adj. 充其量的，最大限度的
分布：能力(67%)，容量(25%)，职位(3%)，容积(3%)，资格(2%)
容量,才能(cap+acity→拿住的能力→容量;才能)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
容量;能力(cap容纳)[-acity表名词"有…倾向"]
n.容量,容积;能量,能力;接受力He has a great capacity for Chinese.他有很强的语文才能.
US [-tˌi] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ADVANCED countable or only singular or uncountable
■the total amount that can be contained or produced, or (especially of a person or organization) the ability to do a particular thing 容积，容量；生产能力；（尤指某人或某组织的）办事能力
• The stadium has a seating capacity of 50 000. 这个体育场能容纳五万人。
• The game was watched by a capacity crowd/audience of 50 000 (= the place was completely full). 比赛场座无虚席，五万观众观看了比赛。
• She has a great capacity for hard work. 她特别能吃苦耐劳。
• The purchase of 500 tanks is part of a strategy to increase military capacity by 25% over the next five years. 购买500辆坦克是在今后五年里将军事力量增加25%的战略计划的一部分。
• [+ to infinitive] It seems to be beyond his capacity to (= He seems to be unable to) follow simple instructions. 他好像连简单的指令也听不懂。
• Do you think it's within his capacity to (= Do you think he'll be able to) do the job without making a mess of it? 你认为他有能力完成这项工作而不把它搞得一团糟吗？
• The generators each have a capacity of (= can produce) 1000 kilowatts. 每台发电机都有1000千瓦的发电能力。
• The larger cars have bigger capacity engines (= the engines are bigger and more powerful). 大轿车引擎功率也比较大。
• All our factories are working at (full) capacity (= are producing goods as fast as possible). 我们所有的工厂都在全力生产。
• We are running below capacity (= not producing as many goods as we are able to) because of cancelled orders. 因为订单取消，我们的工厂开工不足。
• He suffered a stroke in 1988, which left him unable to speak, but his mental capacity (= his ability to think and remember) wasn't affected. 1988年他得了中风，不能说话了，但是思维能力没有受影响。
UK [kə'pæs.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
POSITION 职位
only singular formal
■a particular position or job 职位；工作；角色
• In his capacity as secretary of the residents association, he regularly attends meetings of the community policing committee. 他以居民协会秘书的身分定期参加社区治安委员会的会议。
• She was speaking in her capacity as a novelist, rather than as a television presenter. 她是以小说家而不是电视节目主持人的身分发言。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 能力； [物] 容量；资格，地位；生产力
 - ability, competence, membership, status, productivity

Word: widely
Front: widely
[ˈwaɪdli] (四六 2175/1692 -K)
Vocabulary: widely
(once / 245 pages)
adv
The adverb widely is good for describing something that happens over a broad area or in a big way. If it is widely believed that the stock market will crash, then you better sell, sell, sell.
If the houses in your neighborhood vary widely, there is an enormous amount of difference between each house — a tiny bungalow next door to a huge mansion, for example. Likewise, when you smile widely at a cute little kid, it's a big smile. The adverb widely comes from the adjective wide, or broad, from an Old English root word, wīd, "spacious or extensive."
WORD FAMILY
wide: widely, widen, wideness, wider, wides, widest, width+/widen: widened, widening, widens/widening: widenings/width: widths
USAGE EXAMPLES
And with the release of the new album, he posted his thoughts about the end of 2016 on Facebook, in a widely shared post.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Swiss use it in shops, restaurants and for train travel, he said, and “it is also widely used for automobile purchases and in agriculture.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The roughly 1 million Rohingya Muslims are widely described as the world’s most persecuted minority.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 广泛地; 普遍地; 到处; 大量地
分布：广泛地(67%)，大大地(33%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■including a lot of different places, people, subjects, etc 范围广地；广泛地
• They have both travelled widely. 他们俩都游历过很多地方。
• His plays are still widely performed in the USA. 他的戏剧仍在美国各地上演。
• French used to be widely spoken in Kampuchea. 在柬埔寨，过去人们普遍讲法语。
• His work on DNA was widely admired. 他在 DNA 研究方面的工作受到了广泛赞赏。
• This theory is no longer widely accepted. 这一理论不再被人们广泛接受。
differ/vary widely
 ADVANCED
■to be very different 大不相同
• Prices vary widely from shop to shop. 商店之间的价格相差很大。
adv. 广泛地
 - far and wide, diffusely

Word: treat
Front: treat
[tri:t] (高研四六托 960/856 -K4)
Vocabulary: treat
(once / 33 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v 5v
If you've been working hard and living thriftily for months on end, give yourself a treat: take the night off and go out to dinner and a movie.
One sense of treat has to do with pleasures and special occasions. You might treat your mother to a pedicure, or give your dog a tasty treat. Treat can also mean "to carry on negotiations," (the meaning that feeds into treaty), or "to take care of." A doctor treats your illness with medication. If you treat a boy as an adult, that means you act as though he is one, even if he's only 16. Treat him carefully!
WORD FAMILY
treat: entreat, ill-treat, mistreat, treated, treater, treating, treatment, treats+/ entreat: entreated, entreating, entreats/ill-treat: ill-treating/ mistreat: mistreated, mistreating, mistreatment, mistreats/ mistreatment: mistreatments/treated: ill-treated, retreated, untreated/treater: treaters/ treatment: ill-treatment, treatments
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Under international standards, construction companies in the Gulf are not only responsible for how they treat their direct employees,” Lynch said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hence, I oversee our dental residents as they treat patients at the urgent-care clinic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 款待; 招待; 乐事; 乐趣
v. 对待; 治疗; 处理; 款待
时态：treated, treating, treats
分布：治疗(53%)，对待(19%)，处理(10%)，请客(7%)，款待(6%)，视为(2%)，探讨(2%)，宴飨(1%)
→来自古法语 traitier,处理，来自拉丁语 tractare,管理，引导，来自拉丁语 trahere 的反复格动词 形式，词源同 tract,entreat.引申词义对待，治疗，款待等。拼写比较 fact,feat.
v.对待;治疗;论述;款待,请客n.款待,请客In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to behave towards someone or deal with something in a particular way 对待
• My parents treated us all the same when we were kids. 小时候，父母对我们一视同仁。
• He treated his wife very badly. 他对妻子很不好。
• It's wrong to treat animals as if they had no feelings. 把动物当成没有感情的东西来对待是错误的。
• I treat remarks like that with the contempt that they deserve. 那种说法根本不值一提，我对此嗤之以鼻。
[tri:t] verb
GIVE MEDICAL CARE 给予治疗
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of a disease or heal an injury 治疗，医治
• He is being treated for a rare skin disease. 他患了一种罕见的皮肤病，正在接受治疗。
• Western medicine tends to treat the symptoms and not the cause. 西医往往治标不治本。
[tri:t] verb
PAY FOR 为…付款
transitive
■to buy or pay for something for another person 请（客）；款待
• Put your money away - I'm going to treat you (to this). 把钱收起来吧——（这次）我请你。
• I'm going to treat my self to (= buy for myself) a new pair of sandals. 我要给自己买一双新凉鞋。
[tri:t] verb
PUT ON 涂抹
transitive
■to put a special substance on material such as wood, cloth, metal, etc. or put it through a special process, in order to protect it from damage or decay （用特殊物质）涂抹，处理
• The material has been treated with resin to make it waterproof. 这种材料涂上了树脂以防水。
[tri:t] verb
treat sb like dirt
■to treat someone extremely badly 把（某人）不当人看，把（某人）视为草芥
• For years I allowed him to treat me like dirt. 多年来，他一直不把我当人看，我都一直忍着。
[tri:t] verb
treat sb like royalty
■to treat someone extremely well 以最高标准招待（某人）
• The staff in the hotel treated us like royalty. 饭店工作人员把我们当作贵宾接待。
[tri:t] noun
SPECIAL EXPERIENCE 特殊经历
countable
■a special and enjoyable occasion or experience 乐事；享受；特别款待
• We're going to Italy for the weekend - it's my birthday treat. 我们要去义大利度周末——为我庆祝生日。
• As a special treat, I'll take you to my favourite tea-shop. 我要带你到我最喜欢的茶馆去，这是个特别待遇。
[tri:t] noun
PAY FOR 为…付款
my/your etc. treat
only singular
■something that I/you etc. buy or pay for for another person 请（客）；款待
• No, you paid for dinner last time - this is my treat. 不，上次吃饭是你付钱——这次我请客。
[tri:t] noun
a treat UK informal
■very well; with good results 很好；效果不错
• To prevent red wine from staining, put some salt on it - it works a treat. 要想不让红葡萄酒留下污渍，在污渍处洒些盐——效果很不错。
• That soup went down a treat (= tasted very good) ! 那汤很好喝！
• I polished that old desk of grandma's and it came up a treat (= its appearance improved). 我把奶奶的那张旧书桌擦了擦，马上就焕然一新。
remedy, heal, cure, treat
这组词都有“治疗、医治”的意思，其区别是：
remedy: 着重用药物对病人进行治疗。
heal: 侧重指治愈伤口、伤痛如灼伤等。
cure: 主要指治愈疾病。
treat: 普通用词，指接受并诊治病人。
vt. 治疗；对待；探讨；视为
 - cure, help
vi. 探讨；请客；协商
 - arrange, confer with
n. 请客；款待
 - entertainment, delectation

Word: review
Front: review
[rɪˈvju:] (中高研四六托雅 1384/1128 -K4)
Vocabulary: review
(once / 102 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n 5nv
To review means to look back over something for evaluation or memory. "The year in review" is a popular form of news feature near the end of December.
If your boss wants to give you a review, she wants to look over the history of your job performance. A doctor might review your medical record to help diagnose your sickness. The review of a book or movie often evaluates the work in question based on its strong and weak points, sometimes ending with a recommendation (or a dismissal). Before a big test, you might want to review ("brush up on") your notes.
WORD FAMILY
review: reviewed, reviewer, reviewing, reviews+/ interview: interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interviewing, interviews/interviewee: interviewees/interviewer: interviewers/ overview: overviews/ preview: previewed, previewing, previews/reviewer: reviewers/ view: interview, overview, preview, review, viewable, viewed, viewer, viewing, viewless, views/viewer: viewers/viewing: viewings/viewless: viewlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The case is one of several that led to reviews of the state Division of Children, Youth and Families.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy then appealed to the state Supreme Court, which agreed to review the case.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 复习; 回顾; （报刊的）评论; [法]复审
vt. 检验; 复查; 复习; 评论
vi. 复习功课; 写评论
时态：reviewed, reviewing, reviews
分布：回顾(28%)，复习(22%)，评论(14%)，检讨(11%)，评审(9%)，检阅(8%)，温习(6%)，写评论(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，view,看。引申诸相关词义。
v.回顾,复习n.回顾,复习;评论The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
verb transitive
THINK AGAIN 审核
 IMPROVER
■to consider something in order to make changes to it, give an opinion on it or study it 审查；仔细审核
• The committee is reviewing the current arrangement/situation. 委员会正在审查目前的安排／研究当前的形势。
• Let's review (= talk about) what has happened so far. 我们谈谈到目前为止发生的事情吧。
• He reviewed (= thought about) his options before making a final decision. 他在最后作出决定之前，对各种选择进行了斟酌权衡。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
BOOK/FILM 书／电影
 IMPROVER
■If critics review a book, play, film, etc. they write their opinion of it 评论
• I only go to see films that are reviewed favourably. 我只去看那些获得好评的电影。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
MILITARY 军事
■When an important person reviews a large group of military forces, they formally visit and look at them 检阅（部队）
• The Queen reviewed the troops on her recent visit. 在最近的访问中，女王检阅了部队。
[rɪ'vju:] verb transitive
STUDY 学习 US for revise (STUDY) 学习
[rɪ'vju:] noun
THINK AGAIN 审查
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you consider something again in order to make changes to it, give an opinion of it or study it 审查；仔细审核
• an annual review of company performance 对公司业绩每年一度的审核
• a review of the year's top news stories 评审年度重大新闻事件
• Salary levels are under review at the moment. 目前正对工资水准进行评审。
• Your licence will come up for review every July. 你的执照每年七月要接受审核。
[rɪ'vju:] noun
BOOK/FILM 书／电影
 IMPROVER countable
■a report in a newspaper, magazine, or programme that gives an opinion about a new book, film, etc 评论
• Derek writes film/theatre/book reviews for the newspapers. 德里克为报纸写影／剧／书评。
• The play got excellent reviews when it was first seen. 这部剧首演就获得了极高的评价。
countable usually singular
■a (part of a) newspaper or magazine that has articles on films, books, travel, famous people, etc 评论性报纸；评论杂志；（报刊的）评论栏目，评论版
• Could you pass me the review (section of the paper), please? 把评论版部分递给我好吗？
[rɪ'vju:] noun
MILITARY 军事
countable
■a formal military ceremony in which forces are reviewed by an important person 检阅；阅兵，阅兵式
• Many diplomats attended a naval review to mark the anniversary of the end of the war. 很多外交官参加了在战争结束周年纪念上举行的海军阅兵式。
[rɪ'vju:] noun
THEATRE 戏院
countable
■a revue
[rɪ'vju:] noun
STUDY 学习
countable US
■information or a practice exercise about a subject to be studied （一门课程的）材料，练习，习题
• Their teacher distributed a review for the exam. 老师给他们发了一套考试复习题。
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 回顾；复习；评论；检讨；检阅
 - comment, retrospection
vt. 回顾；检查；复审
 - examine, inspect
vi. 回顾；复习功课；写评论
 - look back to, look back on

Word: pull
Front: pull
[pʊl] (中高托雅 471/718 -K4)
Vocabulary: pull
(once / 53 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v 6v 7v
To pull is to use force to drag or yank something toward you. You might pull a rolling suitcase as you run to catch your train, for example.
A horse pulls a carriage, and a tow truck pulls your dead car along the highway. You can also pull the cord on the bus that signals the driver to stop, and the kid next to you might pull on your jacket to ask if he can take your seat. A magician pulls a rabbit out of a hat by grasping it and lifting, and a sad story pulls at your heart (figuratively) — it exerts a force on your emotions.
WORD FAMILY
pull: pulled, puller, pulling, pulls+/puller: pullers/pulling: pullings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ben Mee pulled one back for the Clarets and, despite City holding on, Guardiola cut an edgy figure following the victory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was hard to explain, different than a bug or a pulled muscle, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拉; 扯; 拉过来; 划（船）
vt. 赢得; 吸引异性; 取消; （耍手腕）得逞
n. 拖; 爬; 影响力
时态：pulled, pulling, pulls
分布：拉(55%)，引力(11%)，拔(8%)，拉力(7%)，吸引(7%)，拖(7%)，牵(3%)，影响力(1%)，划船(1%)
→来自古英语pullian,拉，拔羊毛，词源不详。可能来自pil,拔，羊毛，毛发，词源同pluck,fleece.
v.拉,拖n.拉,拖;拉力,牵引力The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
verb
MOVE TOWARDS YOU 移近
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move something towards yourself, sometimes with great physical effort 拖，拉，扯
• Could you help me move this bookcase over there? You pull and I'll push. 你能帮我把这个书柜移到那边去吗？你拉我推。
• He pulled the chair away from the desk. 他把椅子从书桌旁拉开。
• He pulled the heavy box across the floor to the door. 他把地上那个沉重的箱子一直拖到门口。
• [+ obj + adj] He pulled the door open. 他拉开了门。
• The car was pulling a caravan. 那辆小汽车正在拖一辆有篷卡车。
• The sun was so strong we had to pull down the blinds. 阳光太强烈了，我们不得不拉下百叶窗。
• She pulled out the drawer. 她拉开了抽屉。
[pʊl] verb
REMOVE 移开
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take something out of or away from a place, especially using physical effort 拉，抽出；移走
• He pulled off his sweater. 他脱下了毛衣。
• The dentist pulled both teeth out. 牙医把两颗牙都拔了出来。
• I spent the morning pulling up the weeds in the flowerbeds. 我早上在花圃除草。
• He put his hands on the side of the pool and pulled himself out of the water. 他双手撑着游泳池边，把自己拉出了水。
• I watched an old woman pull herself up the stairs, holding on to a rail. 我看着一个老太太抓着楼梯扶手艰难地上楼。
[pʊl] verb
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move in the stated direction 朝某方向移动
• During the last lap of the race one of the runners began to pull ahead. 跑到最后一圈时，有位选手开始领先。
• We waved as the train pulled out of the station. 火车出站时我们挥了挥手。
• Our armies are pulling back on all fronts. 我们的军队正全面撤出前线。
[pʊl] verb
ATTRACT 吸引
transitive
■to attract a person or people 吸引
• The show has certainly pulled (in) the crowds. 表演当然吸引了大批观众。
intransitive or transitive UK informal
■to succeed in starting a sexual relationship with someone 勾引，吸引（异性）
• He certainly knows how to pull the birds (= attract female sexual partners). 他的确懂得如何勾引女人。
• Did Tracy pull at the nightclub last night? 昨晚翠西在夜总会有没有勾引到谁？
[pʊl] verb
INJURE 损伤
transitive
■to injure a muscle by stretching it too much 拉伤，扭伤（肌肉）
• I pulled a muscle in my back lifting some drawers. 我搬抽屉时把背部一块肌肉拉伤了。
• He pulled a hamstring. 他拉伤了腿后跟腱。
[pʊl] verb
DISHONEST 不诚实的
transitive slang
■to perform a dishonest action 做（勾当），玩（花招）
• The gang that pulled the bank robbery were all arrested. 抢劫银行的那帮歹徒都被逮捕了。
• No one's gonna pull that kind of trick on me! 任何人都不许跟我耍那种花招！
[pʊl] verb
like pulling teeth
■If you say that making someone do something was like pulling teeth, you mean it was very difficult and they did not want to do it 艰难的，艰苦不堪的
• Getting her to tell me about her childhood was like pulling teeth. 请她告诉我她的童年往事是十分艰难的事情。
[pʊl] verb
not pull any/your punches
■to speak in an honest way without trying to be kind 直言不讳
• Her image is that of an investigative reporter who doesn't pull any punches. 她是位专写调查报道的记者，说话从来都直言不讳。
[pʊl] verb
pull sth out of the bag/hat
■to do something unexpected which suddenly improves a bad situation 出人意料地通过…改善局面；突施妙计
[pʊl] verb
pull your socks up informal
■to make an effort to improve your work or behaviour because it is not good enough 加把劲，加油
• He's going to have to pull his socks up if he wants to stay in the team. 如果他还想留在队里的话就得努力加以改进。
[pʊl] verb
pull sb up short
■to surprise someone, often so that they stop what they are doing 使（某人）吓呆
• Seeing her picture in the paper pulled me up short. 在报纸上看到她的照片时我吓傻了。
[pʊl] verb
pull your weight
■to work as hard as other people in a group 做好自己的份内事，做好本职工作
• The others had complained that Sarah wasn't pulling her weight. 其他人抱怨说莎拉工作不尽职。
[pʊl] verb
pull a fast one informal
■to successfully deceive someone （成功地）欺骗，耍弄
• It's never worth that much - I think he pulled a fast one on you. 那个不值那么多钱，我觉得你上了他的当。
[pʊl] verb
pull a gun/knife, etc. on sb
■to suddenly take out a weapon and threaten someone with it 突然拔出枪／小刀等威胁（某人）
[pʊl] verb
pull out all the stops
■to do everything you can to make something successful 全力以赴，竭尽所能
• They pulled out all the stops for their daughter's wedding. 他们全力以赴筹备女儿的婚礼。
[pʊl] verb
pull rank
■to use the power that your position gives you over someone in order to make them do what you want 仗势欺人；以势压人
• He doesn't have the authority to pull rank on me any more. 他再也无权对我颐指气使了。
[pʊl] verb
pull strings
■to secretly use the influence you have over important people in order to get something or to help someone 套关系，走后门
• I may be able to pull a few strings if you need the document urgently. 你急需那份档案的话我也许能套一下关系。
[pʊl] verb
Pull the other leg / one (it's got bells on)! informal humorous
■used when you do not believe what someone has just said 别逗了！别开玩笑了
• Helen, mountain climbing? Pull the other one - she can't even climb a ladder without feeling sick! 海伦去爬山？别逗了，她爬梯子不晕就不错了！
[pʊl] verb
pull the plug
■to do something which prevents an activity from continuing, especially to stop giving money 制止，阻止（某事继续）；釜底抽薪（尤指停止资助）
• If the viewing figures drop much further, the TV company will probably pull the plug on the whole series. 如果收视率继续下滑，该电视制作公司可能会停止整个系列节目的制作。
[pʊl] verb
pull the rug from under sb's feet
■to suddenly take away help or support from someone, or to suddenly do something which causes many problems for them 突然停止对某人的帮助（或支持）；突然给某人制造麻烦
[pʊl] verb
pull the strings
■to be in control of an organization, often secretly 幕后操纵；暗中控制
• I want to know who's pulling the strings around here. 我想知道是谁在这里幕后操纵。
[pʊl] verb
pull up short
■to stop suddenly in a vehicle 突然停车
• A dog suddenly ran across the road and I had to pull up short. 一只狗突然横越马路，我只好紧踩煞车。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth/sb apart
■to separate two things or people 使分开
• They went for each other with their fists and had to be pulled apart. 他们挥着拳头打了起来，不得不被人拉开。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth apart
DESTROY
■to destroy something by tearing it into pieces 撕碎，撕毁
CRITICIZE
■to say that something, usually a piece of work, is very bad 痛批（一篇文章）
• The last essay I gave him he completely pulled apart. 上次我给他的文章被批得体无完肤。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull at sth
■to pull something quickly and usually repeatedly （常指多次）轻拉
• The child pulled at his sleeve to catch his attention. 那个孩子轻轻拉扯他的袖子以引起他的注意。
• He pulled at his ear as he spoke. 他说话时老是在扯耳朵。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull away
VEHICLE
■If a vehicle pulls away, it starts moving （车辆）驶离，开出
• There was a roar and a cloud of smoke as the car pulled away from the traffic lights. 那辆车马达轰鸣，喷出一股浓烟，从红绿灯下开走了。
PERSON
■If you pull away from someone who is holding you, you suddenly move your body backwards, away from them 迅速躲开，闪避（某人）
• She pulled away just as he was about to kiss her. 他正要吻她时她避开了。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull back (from sth) mainly US
■to decide not to do or involve yourself with something when you were previously going to 改变主意；退却；退出
• It is rumoured that the company intends to pull back from petrochemicals. 据谣传该公司想撤销石化产品专案。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth back
■If a team that is losing pulls a goal back or pulls points back, it scores a goal or wins some points. （比赛落后的球队）扳回（一球或比分）
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth down
 ADVANCED
■to destroy a building 拆掉，拆毁
• They pulled down the warehouse to build a new supermarket. 他们拆掉了仓库来建一个新超市。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sb down UK old-fashioned
■If an illness or a difficult situation or experience pulls you down, it makes you feel unhappy or physically weak 摧毁；使萎靡
• That virus she had two months ago really pulled her down - she still hasn't fully recovered. 她两个月前感染的病毒彻底把她给打倒了－－她到现在还没有完全康复。
[pʊl] verb pull 1 Phrasal Verbs  pull down sth US informal
* to earn a stated amount of money 赚（特定数额的钱）
• Between them they must be pulling down over $100 000 a year. 他们两个人加起来每年肯定能赚十万美元以上。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull in/pull into somewhere
■If a vehicle pulls in or pulls into somewhere, it moves in that direction and stops there （车辆）驶进，驶向
• He pulled in at the side of the road. 他把车开到路边停下。
• I pulled into the empty parking space. 我把车开进了空车位。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sb in mainly US informal
■If the police pull you in, they arrest you 逮捕，拘留（某人）
• The police pulled in scores of protesters during the demonstration. 示威游行期间员警逮捕了许多抗议人士。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth off informal
■to succeed in doing something difficult or unexpected 成功做成（困难或出乎意料的事）
• The central bank has pulled off one of the biggest financial rescues of recent years. 中央银行完成了近年来规模最大的一次经济援助。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull off UK
■If a vehicle pulls off, it starts moving （车辆）开动
• The car pulled off and sped up the road. 车开动了，在公路上加快了速度。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull sth on
■to put on clothes quickly （迅速地）穿上，戴上
• I pulled on my jeans and ran downstairs. 我匆匆穿上牛仔裤向楼下跑去。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull out
■If a vehicle pulls out, it starts moving onto a road or onto a different part of the road （车辆）开出，离去
• A car pulled right out in front of me. 一辆小轿车正好开到我的面前。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pull (sb/sth) out
AREA
■If soldiers or military forces pull out or are pulled out, they move out of an area because they have been ordered to. （使）（士兵或军队）撤出，（使）撤离
ACTIVITY
■to stop being involved in an activity or agreement 退出（某活动或协议）
• He pulled out of the deal at the last moment. 他在最后一刻退出了交易。
• They've pulled all their athletes out of the competition. 他们已叫他们的所有运动员退出了比赛。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull over
■If a vehicle pulls over, it moves to the side of the road and stops （车辆）驶到路边
• Just pull over here, and I'll get out and walk the rest of the way. 就在这里停车吧，剩下的路我自己走回去。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull through (sth)
■to become well again after a serious illness, especially when you might have died （尤指从致命的重病中）恢复健康
• They said the operation had been successful and they expected his wife to pull through. 他们说手术很成功，预期他妻子能度过险境。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull (sb) through (sth)
■to succeed in dealing with a difficult period, or to help someone do this （使某人）渡过（难关），（使某人）克服（困难）
• He'd never have managed on his own, but his colleagues have pulled him through. 他一个人绝不可能做到，他的同事们帮他渡过了难关。
• It was a crisis year for the company, but we have pulled through. 对公司来说这是艰难的一年，但我们还是渡过了难关。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] pull yourself together
■to become calm and behave normally again after being angry or upset 控制自己的情绪，冷静下来
• Just pull yourself together. There's no point crying about it. 要控制自己的情绪，没必要为了那件事哭。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull together
■to work hard as a group in order to achieve something 齐心协力，通力合作
• We don't have much time but if we all pull together we should get the job done. 我们没有多少时间了，但如果齐心协力的话应该能完成任务。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull sb up
■to tell someone that they have done something wrong 责备（某人），批评（某人）
• She's always pulling me up for/over my bad spelling. 她总是批评我的拼写很糟糕。
[pʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pull up
■When a car or someone driving a car pulls up, the driver stops the car, often for a short time （车）停下；（某人）把车停下
• A car pulled up outside my house. 一辆轿车在我家门外停了下来。
[pʊl] noun
MOVEMENT TOWARDS YOU 拉
countable usually singular
■when you pull something towards yourself 拉，拖，扯
• Give the rope a hard pull. 使劲拉一下绳子。
countable
■something that you pull to make something work or to open something 拉手，把手；拉线；拉环
• a curtain pull 窗帘拉绳
• a drawer pull 抽屉把手
[pʊl] noun
ATTRACTION 吸引力
countable
■something which attracts people 有吸引力的东西
• "How can we persuade people to come to the meeting?" "A glass of wine is quite a good pull." “我们怎么才能说服人们来开会呢？”“请他们喝杯酒效果会相当不错。”
uncountable
■the physical or emotional power to attract 吸引力，魅力
• The greater the mass of an object, the greater its gravitational pull. 物体的质量越大重力也就越大。
• The movie's all-star cast should give it a lot of pull. 这部电影的全明星阵容应该会使它很有吸引力。
[pʊl] noun
INFLUENCE 影响力
uncountable
■influence 影响力
• He's still got quite a bit of pull in the club - he could probably get you elected. 他在俱乐部的影响力还是相当大的，他也许能帮你当选。
[pʊl] noun
be on the pull UK informal
■to be trying to find someone to have sex with 寻找性伴侣
• Michael was out on the pull again last night. 麦克昨晚又出去寻花问柳了。
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
vt. 拉；拔；拖
 - draw, snake
vi. 拉，拖；拔
 - draw
n. 拉，拉绳；拉力， [交] 牵引力；拖
 - tension, digging rope

Word: innovation
Front: innovation
[ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 3657/3151 -2)
Vocabulary: innovation
(once / 522 pages)
n
An innovation is the introduction of something new. If you run a magazine about new technology, then you're constantly looking out for the next innovation.
Innovation comes from Latin innovare for renew, whose root is novus or new. It can be used for either the act of introducing something new, as in a company that rewards creativity and innovation, or something that is newly introduced, like an innovation in microchip design. It was once used politically in the sense of revolution, but now you're most likely to hear it in relation to technology, or new ways of doing something.
WORD FAMILY
innovation: innovational, innovations+/ innovate: innovated, innovates, innovating, innovation, innovative, innovator / innovative: innovatively, innovativeness/ innovator: innovators
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But our approach to transportation innovation is that we want to be a catalyst for new and interesting technologies.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But experts say it is the battle for dominance in innovation and science that is more likely to determine the economy of the future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 改革，创新; 新观念; 新发明; 新设施
分布：创新(88%)，革新(12%)
(制度等)革新(innovate+ion)[nov=new,表示"新的"]
n.改革,革新;新观念,新方法,新发明The innovation of air travel has made the world seem smaller.空中飞行似乎使世界变小了.
【记】novation（n 更新）；novel（n 小说adj 新奇的；新颖的）
noun countable or uncountable
■(the use of) a new idea or method 新观念；新方法；（新观念或方法的）创造，使用
• the latest innovations in computer technology 电脑科技最新的发展
n. 创新，革新；新方法
 - reformation, renovation, renewal

Word: combine
Front: combine
[kəmˈbaɪn] (高研四六托雅 1448/1581 -K3)
Vocabulary: combine
(once / 79 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
When you put things together, you combine them, creating one out of several. In some cases, the different items blend their properties and cannot be divided again, while in other cases the combined items can be picked out separately.
In Latin, the prefix com- means "together," and bīnī means "two by two." These were combined to create the word combīnāre, or "to unite." Comedian Dave Attell offers a good use of the verb combine (cum-BINE): What're the two things they tell you are healthiest to eat? Chicken and fish. You know what you should do? Combine them, eat a penguin. Hiram Moore's combine (the noun is pronounced COM-bine) was a machine that combined reaping, binding, and threshing into one machine, saving farmers a lot of work.
WORD FAMILY
combine: combinable, combination, combinative, combinatory, combined, combines, combining, recombine +/ combination: combinational, combinations, combinatorial/combinative: noncombinative/ combined: combinedly, uncombined/combining: combinings, noncombining/recombination: recombinations/ recombine: recombination, recombined, recombines, recombining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kelley and Thompson combined for 25 rushing yards on five carries.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Because it is for each issue involved — the violence, alcoholism, mental incompetence and legal jeopardy — much less for all of them combined.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, the two gobble up a combined 58 percent of all the advertising purchased in the U.S. online or on mobile phones.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 使结合; 使化合; 兼有; 用联合收割机收割
时态：combined, combining, combines
分布：结合(66%)，联合(19%)，联合收割机(9%)，联合企业(2%)，使结合(2%)，集团(2%)
→com-, 强调。-bine, 二，词源同two, binary. 即二者合一的。
联合,结合(com+bine捆→捆在一起→结合)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
v.联合;结合;化合n.集团;联合企业The comb is combined with a bomb in the tomb.梳子和坟墓里的炸弹结合在一起.
【记】com共同，一起，bine捆，绑－捆绑在一起－结合
【参】combination（n 结合，合并，化合物）
US [ˈkɑːm-]
GROUP 组织
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people or organizations acting together in business 联合企业，集团
• They had earlier that year established a newspaper combine. 他们在那年早些时候成立了报业集团。
noun UK [ˈkɒm.baɪn] US [ˈkɑːm-]
MACHINE 机器
countable (also combine harvester)
■a large farming machine which cuts the plant, separates the seed from the stem and cleans the grain as it moves across a field 联合收割机
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
mingle, merge, blend, combine, mix
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
mingle: 暗示混合后的各成分仍保持各自的特性，能辨别出来。
merge: 指一种成分被别一种成分吸收或融合，着重成分的个性消失在整体之中。
blend: 一般可与mix和mingle换用。混合与其各成分的性质通常是一致的，侧重混合整体的统一性与和谐性。
combine: 通常用于化学反应中，指化合物等。
mix: 含义广泛，侧重混合的一致性，混合的各成分可能按原样存在，但不一定能辨别出来。
integrate, link, combine, wove
integrate: 使合并，使结合
link: 联系，有关联的
combine: 结合，组合，综合
wove: 编、织
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
vt. 使化合；使联合，使结合
 - bond, associate
vi. 联合，结合；化合
 - band, bond, couple, become one, connect
n. [农机] 联合收割机；联合企业
 - integrated works, Konzern

Word: dominate
Front: dominate
[ˈdɒmɪneɪt] (研四六托雅宝 2312/2041 -K4)
Vocabulary: dominate
(once / 284 pages)
v
If your basketball team is undefeated, you could say that it was able to dominate the competition. To dominate means to be in control or have the power to defeat.
Dominate is related to the word domain — which means home. While these words may not seem all that similar, when you are the master of a home or thing, you dominate it. If you get angry, it is wise to not let your feelings dominate you or your actions. Dominate can also mean to be most prominent. If in the woods around your house, oak trees are the most common, you could say that "oak trees dominate the forest."
WORD FAMILY
dominate: dominated, dominates, dominating, domination +/ dominating: dominatingly/ domination: dominations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Tennessee State dominated the interior outscoring the Owls 36-14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 支配，影响; 占有优势; 在…中具有最重要的特色; 在…中拥有最重要的位置
时态：dominated, dominating, dominates
分布：控制(37%)，统治(27%)，支配(27%)，占优势(4%)，俯视(4%)，高耸于(1%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，词源同domain. 即一家之主，支配，控制。
支配,统治(domin[=dom]+ate→像家长一样→统治)[dom=house,表示"屋,家"]
统治[domin=lord(主人)]
v.支配,统治,控制;占优势A great man can dominate others by force of character.伟人能以人格的力量支配他人.
【反】have no control over（对…无法控制）
US ['dɑ:.mə-] often disapproving
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing 统治；控制
• He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting. 每次开会他都专横跋扈，不让他人讲话。
• They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate. 他们以团队的形式工作——不允许其中任何人独揽大权。
vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
vi. 占优势；处于支配地位
 - advantage over, prevail over

Word: dozen
Front: dozen
[ˈdʌzn] (中高研四 1194/2371 -K4)
Vocabulary: dozen
(once / 90 pages)
nadj
A dozen is twelve. If you buy a dozen doughnuts for six people, everyone will get to eat two of them.
When you buy a dozen of something, you'll end up with twelve items. Your cat might, amazingly, have a dozen kittens, leading you to make a dozen phone calls trying to find homes for them all. Sometimes people use the word dozens to generically mean "a whole lot," as when you gasp, "There are dozens of seagulls sitting on my car!" Dozen has a Latin root, duodecim, "twelve."
WORD FAMILY
dozen: dozens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Intrepid to the galleries of the Brooklyn Museum and to dozens of more traditional spaces.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （一）打，十二个
adj. 一打的
分布：十二个(55%)，一打的(30%)，十二个的(15%)
→来自拉丁语duodecim, 十二，duo, 二，decim, 十。
n.一打,十二个The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
noun countable determiner
 IMPROVER
■twelve 十二个，一打
• a dozen eggs 一打鸡蛋
• This recipe makes three dozen cookies. 这份配料能做三打曲奇饼。
• Could you get me half a dozen (= six) eggs when you go to the shop? 你去商店时给我捎半打鸡蛋好吗？
• informal I've spoken to him dozens of (= many) times, but I still don't know his name! 虽然我和他说过很多次话，但我连他的名字都还不知道！
• The refugees arrived by the dozen] in their dozens (= in large numbers). 难民们成群结队地到来。
['dʌz.ən] noun countable determiner
nineteen/ten to the dozen UK informal
■If you are talking nineteen/ten to the dozen, you are talking very quickly and without stopping. 说话快，喋喋不休
n. [计量] 十二个，一打
 - twelve

Word: immigrant
Front: immigrant
[ˈɪmɪgrənt] (研四六托雅 2069/6097 -3)
Vocabulary: immigrant
(once / 567 pages)
n
The United States is a country of immigrants — people who come to one country from another country, in hopes of having a better life. If you didn't immigrate to the United States yourself, it is extremely likely that you have at least one recent ancestor who did.
Don't confuse the words immigrant and emigrant. If you come to a country, you are an immigrant and you emigrate from somewhere else. Ireland has many emigrants to America; America has many immigrants from Ireland. If your parents were immigrants to the United States, but you were born here, you are a citizen automatically.
WORD FAMILY
immigrant: immigrants+/ migrant: immigrant, migrants
USAGE EXAMPLES
She is interested in immigrants’ rights and women’s rights but also income inequality and improving public education.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She added that cities in the Rust Belt are “all looking at how immigrant integration plays a part in that revitalization of a city.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At Jo-Ann Fabric, the sewing aisle, a beacon of immigrant industriousness, was humming.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 移民，侨民; 从异地移入的动物[植物]
adj. 移民的，移来的; 侨民的
分布：移民(97%)，侨民(3%)
→来自immigrate,移民，移居。
a.(从国外)移来的,移民的n.移民,侨民The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
['ɪm.ɪ.grənt/ (Australian also migrant)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who has come to a different country in order to live there permanently （外来的）移民
• a large immigrant population 庞大的外来移民人口
• Illegal immigrants are sent back across the border if they are caught. 非法移民如果被抓住就会从边境被遣返。
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
adj. 移民的；迁入的
 - emigratory
n. 移民，侨民
 - migration, transplantation

Word: doctor
Front: doctor
[ˈdɒktə(r)] (中高雅 570/665 -K4)
Vocabulary: doctor
(once / 87 pages)
nv
You see doctor, and you think of someone doing good — like the medical doctor who saves lives. However, a person who doctors or tampers with a document is adding something wrong or harmful to it, like a lie.
Doctor is the Latin word for "teacher," which makes sense since your doctor is often the one teaching you about how to take care of your body. Anyone who has a PhD, be it in English or Egyptology, is also referred to as a doctor because she holds a doctorate degree. But beware, there's also a market out there for doctored, or tampered-with diplomas, where you can buy a fake degree to call yourself a doctor.
WORD FAMILY
doctor: doctoral, doctored, doctorial, doctoring, doctors+/doctoral: doctorally, doctorate, postdoctoral/ doctorate: doctorates/doctorial: doctorially
USAGE EXAMPLES
To visit IU Health, the largest health care provider in Indiana, with 15 hospitals and 8,700 doctors, is to see those changes up close.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said doctors told him he compressed his spinal cord.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Associations representing hospitals, doctors and other health care providers are among those joining the suit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 医生，大夫; 博士; 神学家; 医疗设备
vt. & vi. 医疗，行医
vt. 修理，装配; 假造; 搀杂; 修改，修饰
时态：doctored, doctoring, doctors
分布：医生(93%)，博士(6%)，阉割(1%)
→来自dek, 接受，得体，匹配，教导，词源同decent, dignity. 原义指老师，尤指宗教导师，学者，神父，后用于指医生和博士。
博士,医生(doct教+or→教的人→有学问的人→博士)[doc,doct=toteach,表示"教"]
n.医生;博士vt.授以博士学位;诊断;修改The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
US ['dɑ:k.tɚ] noun countable
MEDICINE 医学
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation Dr)
■a person with a medical degree (= university qualification) whose job is to treat people who are ill or hurt 医生，大夫
• The doctor prescribed some pills. 医生开了一些药。
• You should see a doctor about that cough. 你咳嗽应该找医生看看。
• [as form of address] Good morning, Doctor Smith/Doctor. 早上好，史密斯医生／医生。
the doctor's
 ESSENTIAL
■the place where a doctor, especially a GP , works 诊所，卫生院
• He went to the doctor's this morning for a checkup. 今天上午他去诊所做身体检查。
UK ['dɒk.tər] US ['dɑ:k.tɚ] noun countable
EDUCATION 教育 (written abbreviation Dr)
■a person who has the highest degree (= qualification) from a college or university 博士
UK ['dɒk.tər] US ['dɑ:k.tɚ] noun countable
just what the doctor ordered
■exactly what is wanted or needed 正是想要的东西；正是需要之物
• Ooh thank you, a nice cup of tea. Just what the doctor ordered. 噢，谢谢你，这杯茶真好。来得正是时候。
UK ['dɒk.tər] US ['dɑ:k.tɚ] verb transitive
CHANGE 改变
■to change a document in order to deceive people 窜改，涂改
• He was found to have provided the court with doctored evidence. 他被发现向法庭提供了窜改过的证据。
■to secretly put a harmful or poisonous substance into food or drink 下（毒），投（毒）
• Bottles of lemonade doctored with rat poison were discovered in the kitchen. 厨房里发现了几瓶掺了老鼠药的柠檬汁。
UK ['dɒk.tər] US ['dɑ:k.tɚ] verb transitive
ANIMAL 动物 UK informal
■to remove the sexual organs of an animal in order to prevent it from having babies 阉割（动物）
dentist, surgeon, physician, doctor
这组词都有“医生”的意思，其区别是：
dentist: 指专门从事治牙的医生。
surgeon: 指专修外科或专修人体某个部分的外科专科医生，这种医生一般需对患者进行手术治疗。
physician: 指医院的内科医生。
doctor: 普通用词，泛指各科医生，即一切有行医资格的人。
n. [医] 医生；博士
 - medical, hakeem
vt. 修理；窜改，伪造；为…治病；授以博士学位
 - repair, perform maintenance
vi. 就医；行医
 - practice medicine

Word: secure
Front: secure
[sɪˈkjʊə(r)] (高研四六托宝 2489/1654 -K4)
Vocabulary: secure
(once / 32 pages)
1adjv 2adjv 3v
Secure means safe, protected. Your money is secure in a bank. Supportive friends and family make you feel secure.
Secure can also be used as a verb. You secure the sails before you take out the sailboat, which means you tie them down. If you secure someone a ticket to a popular Broadway play, you've found them a hard-to-find seat. On an airplane, you're told that in the event you need an oxygen mask, you should secure yours — get it in place — before helping someone else. Almost all meanings contain the idea of safety: making sure things are right.
WORD FAMILY
secure: insecure, secured, securely, secureness, securer, secures, securest, securing, security +/ insecure: insecurely, insecureness, insecurity / insecurity: insecurities/secured: unsecured/securer: securers/ security: securities
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Packers won Sunday night at Detroit to secure the NFC North title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 安全的; 牢固的; 有把握的; 安心的
vt. 保护; （使）获得; 使安全; 担保
vi. 获得安全，变得安全; 安全，保险; 承保，担保; [航海学]停止工作
时态：secured, securing, secures
分布：安全的(58%)，获得(18%)，固定(15%)，使安全(5%)，牢靠的(3%)，稳妥的(1%)
→se-,分开，没有，-cur,关心，挂念，照顾，词源同 cure,curator.即不需要挂念的，引申词义安 全的，可靠的等。
安全的(sc分开+cure→不关心,不担忧→安全的)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
a.(from,against)安全的,放心的v.得到;防护The furious obscure curer is curious to secure the curly-curved mercury curiosity.盛怒的不出名治疗者渴望弄到这种带卷曲曲线的水银珍品.
【反】unfasten（v 解开；放松）
US [-'kjʊr] adjective
FIXED 固定的
 ADVANCED
■positioned or fixed firmly and correctly and therefore not likely to move, fall or break 牢靠的；牢固的
• That ladder doesn't look very secure to me. 那梯子我看不太稳固。
• Check that all windows and doors are secure. 检查一下，看门窗是否都关紧了。
• figurative Her promotion has made her position in the company more secure. 她的升职使她在公司的地位更加稳固。
• figurative The museum has been promised £22 million by the government, so its future is relatively secure. 政府承诺拨款2200万英镑给博物馆，因此该博物馆的未来相对无忧。
 ADVANCED
■A secure place is one that it is difficult to get out of or escape from （地方）守卫森严的，插翅难逃的
• He killed the man just a month after his release from a secure mental hospital. 他离开戒备森严的精神病院才一个月就杀了那个人。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
PROTECTED 受保护的
■(especially of objects, situations, etc.) able to avoid being harmed by any risk, danger or threat （尤指物品、境况等）安全的
• Car manufacturers ought to produce vehicles which are more secure against theft. 汽车制造商应该生产出防盗更佳的汽车。
• Endangered species need to be kept secure from poachers. 应该保护濒危物种不被盗猎。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] adjective
CONFIDENT 自信的
■not doubting or being worried about yourself and your personal relationships 无忧无虑的；安心的
• Children need to feel secure in order to do well at school. 孩子们需要感到安心在学校学习才会有好成效。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
GET 获得
 IMPROVER transitive formal
■to get something, sometimes with difficulty 获得；设法得到
• He was disappointed by his failure to secure the top job with the bank. 他因没能得到银行的高层工作而失望。
• The change in the law will make it harder for the police to secure convictions. 法律的变更会使警方更难定罪。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
PROTECT 保护
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make certain something is protected from danger or risk 使安全；保护；保卫
• The building has only one main entrance and would be easy to secure (against/from intruders). 该建筑只有一个主要入口，所以（防止外人闯入的）守卫工作很容易。
• This form of investment is an excellent way of securing your children's financial future. 这种投资方式是为你的孩子提供日后经济保障的极佳方式。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FINANCE 金融
transitive
■to make certain that money which has been lent will be paid back, by giving the person who lends the money the right to own property belonging to the person who borrows it, if the money is not paid back 抵押；为…担保
• a secured loan 抵押贷款
• Her bank loan is secured against/by/on her house. 她的银行贷款是用房子抵押的。
UK [sɪ'kjʊər] US [-'kjʊr] verb
FIX 固定
transitive
■to fasten one object firmly to another 紧固，拴牢，扣紧
• The gate won't stay open, so we'll have to secure it to that post. 大门没办法一直保持开着，所以我们不得不将它拴在那根柱子上。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
safe, secure
这组词都有“安全的”的意思，其区别是：
safe: 主要指人或物未受危险或损害。
secure: 着重指由于环境等因素而使人产生的安全感，含可以不必担心或害怕的意味。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
adj. 安全的；无虑的；有把握的；稳当的
 - safe, certain
vt. 保护；弄到；招致；缚住
 - invite, court, preserve, spell
vi. 获得安全；船抛锚；停止工作
 - call it quits, place out of service

Word: sex
Front: sex
[seks] (高研四六雅 814/1105 -K4)
Vocabulary: sex
(once / 75 pages)
1nv 2nv
Sex is shorthand for sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual stimulation. We also call males and females the two sexes.
Though sex is often considered a dirty topic, it's pretty important: without sex, there'd be no people, or animals for that matter. There are many types of sex, and the word sex has a few meanings. "Male" and "female" are considered the two sexes or genders, while farmers who sex their chickens are figuring out whether they have a rooster or a hen. Sexing can also mean sexually arousing or stimulating. We hope the farmer saves that kind of sexing for his wife.
WORD FAMILY
sex: intersex, oversexed, sexed, sexes, sexing, sexism, sexless, sexual, sexy, undersexed, unsex+/bisexual: bisexuality, bisexually, bisexuals/desexualize: desexualized/intersex: intersexes/nonsexual: nonsexually/ sexism: sexist / sexist: sexists/sexless: sexlessly, sexlessness/sexual: bisexual, intersexual, nonsexual, sexualise, sexuality, sexualize, sexually, transsexual/sexualise: desexualise/sexualize: desexualize, sexualized, sexualizes, sexualizing/ sexy: sexier, sexiest, sexily, sexiness, unsexy/transsexual: transsexualism, transsexuals/unsex: unsexed, unsexes, unsexing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The epidemic began among marginalized populations, including gay men, IV drug users and sex workers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Cox said his group will push to join seven states in banning so-called sex-selection abortions, where a pregnancy is terminated based on the fetus’ sex.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“This is the want, buy, get generation,” he says; sex is a part of China’s new materialism.
Economist(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 性别; 两性之一; 性，性特征; 性活动
vt. 辨识性别; 引起性欲; 吸引
时态：sexed, sexing, sexes
分布：性(84%)，性别(14%)，性欲(1%)，引起 ... 性欲(1%)
→来自拉丁语 sexus,性，性别，可能来自 secare,切，劈，分开，词源同 Saxon,saw,segment.
n.性别,性I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
noun
MALE OR FEMALE 雄性或雌性
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the state of being either male or female 性别
• What sex is your cat? 你的猫是公的还是母的？
• Some tests enable you to find out the sex of your baby before it's born. 有些检查能让你在婴儿出生之前知道其性别。
• It's illegal to discriminate against people on the basis of (their) sex. 性别歧视是违法的。
• She accused her employer of sex discrimination (= of treating her unfairly because she was a woman). 她指控自己的雇主有性别歧视。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■all males considered as a group, or all females considered as a group 男性；女性
• She seems to regard all members of the male sex as inferior. 她似乎认为所有的男性都低她一等。
• Members of the opposite sex are not allowed in students' rooms overnight. 在学生宿舍不允许异性留宿。
[seks] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■sexual activity involving the penis or vagina, especially when a man puts his penis into a woman's vagina 性活动；（尤指）性行为，性交
• Sex before/outside marriage is strongly disapproved of in some cultures. 在有些文化中，婚前／婚外性行为是被强烈抵制的。
• She was complaining about all the sex and violence on television. 她抱怨电视上充斥着性和暴力画面。
• She'd been having sex with a colleague at work for years. 多年来她一直和一位同事保持着性关系。
• Most young people now receive sex education at school. 现在大多数年轻人在学校里接受性教育。
• extramarital / premarital sex 婚外／婚前性行为
• casual sex (= sex with someone you do not know) 随意性行为
• unprotected sex (= sex without using something to prevent disease or becoming pregnant) 无防护措施的性行为
[seks] verb
transitive specialized
■to discover whether an animal is male or female 辨别…的性别
• How do you sex fish? 你如何辨别鱼的雌雄？
[seks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sex sth up informal
■to make something seem more exciting or interesting 使更精彩；使更有趣
• How can we sex up science writing? 我们如何能把科学写作变得更有趣呢？
n. [生物] 性； [胚] 性别；性行为；色情
 - gender, sexuality

Word: treatment
Front: treatment
[ˈtri:tmənt] (中高四六托雅 745/766 -K4)
Vocabulary: treatment
(once / 110 pages)
n
Treatment has to do with how someone or something is managed or handled. Hopefully you get the royal treatment when you choose the deluxe pedicure treatment!
You know how some people treat you with respect but others don't treat you so nicely? You can refer to how people act toward you as treatment. If a restaurant is known for rude treatment of customers, people will stop going there. Doctors also use the word treatment when they discuss a particular medical course of action — such as chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer. The root word is the Latin tractare, which originally meant "drag about," but came to mean "manage, handle, or deal with."
WORD FAMILY
treatment: ill-treatment, treatments+/ entreat: entreated, entreating, entreats/ill-treat: ill-treating/ mistreat: mistreated, mistreating, mistreatment, mistreats/ mistreatment: mistreatments/ treat: entreat, ill-treat, mistreat, treated, treater, treating, treatment, treats/treated: ill-treated, retreated, untreated/treater: treaters
USAGE EXAMPLES
But when is it just dry skin, and when is it something that needs treatment?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Because the treatment would expose his oral structures — including the jawbone, salivary glands and teeth — to radiation, a dental evaluation was prompted.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 治疗，疗法; 处理; 待遇，对待
分布：治疗(71%)，处理(22%)，对待(7%)
→treat,对待，处理，ment,名词后缀。
待遇;治疗(treat+ment)[treat=handle,表示"处理"]
noun
DEALING WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the way you deal with or behave towards someone or something 对待；待遇；处理
• Peter gets special treatment because he knows the boss. 彼得认识老板，所以受到特殊待遇。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the way something is considered and examined 处理；探讨；论述
• The same subject matter gets a very different treatment by Chris Wilson in his latest novel. 在克里斯‧威尔逊最新的小说中，对同样的主题作出了完全不同的处理。
['tri:t.mənt] noun
MEDICAL CARE 治疗
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the use of drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of an illness or injury 治疗，医治
• free dental treatment 免费的牙科治疗
• Perhaps it's time to try a new course of treatment. 也许该是试试接受新疗程治疗的时候了。
• This disease doesn't generally respond to (= improve as a result of) treatment. 这种病通常无法医治。
• There are various treatments for this complaint. 这种病有多种治疗方法。
n. [临床] 治疗，疗法；处理；对待
 - therapy, transactions, settlement, disposal, computing

Word: following
Front: following
[ˈfɒləʊɪŋ] (高研四六 1471/748 -K4)
Vocabulary: following
(once / 31 pages)
1nadj 2adj 3n
A following is a group of fans. The Beatles had a huge following. Following also means “coming after.” Rabid fans were always following the Fab Four around.
To follow is to go after, like a groupie following a rock star or a panic following an explosion. If you’re watching a TV show, when it’s over you might watch the following show. Also, a following is a bunch of people who follow someone in the sense of believing in them. The movie Blade Runner has a cult following. Sometimes when store clerks want to sound fancy, they say they can help the “following guest” when “next guest” would do.
WORD FAMILY
following: followingly, followings+/ follow: followed, follower, following, follows/ follower: followers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Surgery wasn’t an option, but he asked Graf to return the following week to discuss what they might try next.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Wade noticed the swelling following Saturday night’s loss to Milwaukee.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 后面的，其次的; 下列的; 顺风的
n. 崇拜者，拥护者; 下列，如下; 跟随; 随球
prep. 随后，在…以后
v. 跟随，接着(follow的现在分词)
分布：下列的(44%)，接着的(24%)，下列各项(12%)，动词follow的现在分词(8%)，追随者(8%)，在 ... 以后(4%)
a.下列的,下述的,其次的,接着的The following students will stay.下列同学请留下.
US ['fɑ:.loʊ-] preposition
 ADVANCED
■after 在…之后
• The weeks following the riots were extremely tense. 暴乱之后的几周气氛极其紧张。
• Following the dinner, there will be a dance. 晚餐之后将有一场舞会。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ-] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■The following day/morning, etc., is the next one. 接着的
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ-] adjective
following wind
■a wind which is blowing in the same direction as the one in which you are going 顺风
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ-] noun only singular
NEXT 接下来
the following
 ADVANCED
■(often used to introduce a list, report, etc.) what comes next 接下来（常用于引出名单、报告等）
• The following is an extract from her diary. 接下来是摘自她日记中的一段。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ.ɪŋ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ-] noun only singular
PEOPLE 人
■a group of people who admire something or someone 追随者
• She has attracted a large following among the rich and famous. 她在富贾名流中有一大批追随者。
• The shop has a small but loyal/devoted following. 那家商店有数量不多但忠实的一批老顾客。
■a group of people who support, admire or believe in a particular person, group or idea 拥护者；追随者
adj. 下面的；其次的，接着的
 - under, coming, next

Word: complain
Front: complain
[kəmˈpleɪn] (研四六托 1859/2033 -K4)
Vocabulary: complain
(once / 126 pages)
v
To complain is to express your unhappiness about something. You might complain to your landlord about a raise in your rent, or to the cops about your noisy neighbors. Just don't whine; it won't get you anywhere.
Speakers of Yiddish will know that complain is often interchangeable with kvetch, which is what you do when you don't like the food or the small portions. But you can complain in a more formal way by, say, writing a letter or even filing a lawsuit. But whether the issue is large or small, do yourself a favor and don't complain too often, or people might stop taking you seriously.
WORD FAMILY
complain: complainant, complained, complainer, complaining, complains+/complainant: complainants/complainer: complainers/complaining: complainingly, uncomplaining/uncomplaining: uncomplainingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Will we just continue to complain while failing to recognize the slow decay of our fine state?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The pop star's live appearance in New York's Times Square was beset by problems as she complained of sound difficulties and struggled to sing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 抱怨，诉苦; 申诉，控诉，抗议
vt. 诉说，申诉，控告[后面常跟从句]
时态：complained, complaining, complains
分布：抱怨(93%)，控诉(4%)，诉说(3%)
→com-, 强调。-plag, 击打，词源同plague, plangent.指捶胸顿足的，抱怨的。
v.(about,of)抱怨;申诉The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say that something is wrong or not satisfactory 抱怨；发牢骚；诉苦
• Lots of people have complained about the noise. 许多人抱怨过这噪音。
• You're always complaining! 你总是满腹牢骚！
• [+ that] He complained that his boss was useless and he had too much work. 他抱怨说老板无能，而且他要做的工作太多。
 ESSENTIAL
■to tell someone formally that something is wrong 投诉；控告；申诉
• If the service was so bad why didn't you complain to the manager? 如果服务品质这么差的话，你为甚么不向经理投诉呢？
[kəm'pleɪn] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  complain of sth
■to tell other people that something is making you feel ill 诉说（病痛）
• She's been complaining of a bad back recently. 她近来一直诉说自己的背痛得厉害。
[kəm'pleɪn] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  complain Remember to use the preposition about. Don't say 'complain something', say complain about something.
✗ I want to complain the quality of the food in the canteen. I want to complain about the quality of the food in the canteen.
grumble, complain, murmur
这组词都有“抱怨、埋忽”的意思，其区别是：
grumble: 指因对处境、待遇不满或其他个人因素而愤愤不平地向他人诉苦或自言自语。
complain: 侧重因对处境不满、待遇不公或自己有痛苦等而向别人诉说、埋怨。
murmur: 多指因不满某人或某事而背着人自言自语地发怨言。
vi. 投诉；发牢骚；诉说
 - whine about, beef
vt. 抱怨；控诉
 - beef about, rail against

Word: patient
Front: patient
[ˈpeɪʃnt] (中高研四六 572/384 -K4)
Vocabulary: patient
(once / 35 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
You are patient if you don't get frustrated or annoyed when you have to wait or deal with difficulties. The band director may show patient leadership, but a football coach uses other methods with his team.
It may be difficult to wait for something that takes a long time or deal with someone who is annoying, but if you are patient, you endure these things calmly and without frustration. Endure is the keyword here as patient comes from the Latin verb pati "to suffer, endure." Think of the patient way a chess player wins a game — calmly, steadily and willing to wait for the right time to act.
WORD FAMILY
patient: impatient, inpatient, patience, patiently, patients+/ impatience: impatiences/ impatient: impatience, impatienter, impatiently/inpatient: inpatients/ patience: patiences
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The skin of rosacea patients is very sensitive,” says John Wolf, chair of dermatology at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有耐性的; 能容忍的
n. 患者; 病人; 病号
分布：病人(95%)，有耐心的(4%)，能忍耐的(1%)
→来自拉丁语pati,忍受，承受，词源同passion,passive.-ent,现在分词后缀。即正在忍受的，正在遭受痛苦的，引申词义病人。
a.有耐心的,能忍耐的n.病人,患者The mental patient thinks the cement is the elementary element of the ornament.精神病人认为水泥是装饰品的基本成分.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is receiving medical care, or who is cared for by a particular doctor or dentist when necessary 病人
• I'm a patient of Dr Stephens, please could I make an appointment to see her? 我是史蒂芬斯医生的病人，请问我能不能预约一下看病时间？
['peɪ.ʃənt] adjective
 IMPROVER
■having patience 有耐心的，忍耐的
• Dinner will be ready in half an hour - just be patient! 晚餐半小时后就好——耐心点！
• Be patient with her - she's very young. 对她耐心点——她年纪还小。
Opposite impatient
patient, invalid
这组词都有“病人”的意思，其区别是：
patient: 泛指正患病的人，尤指正接受治疗的人。
invalid: 多指因伤病或营养不良而造成键康受损，需要他人照顾、护理的病人，也指先天性的残疾者。
adj. 有耐性的，能容忍的
 - indefatigable
n. [医] 病人；患者
 - sick, sufferer

Word: grant
Front: grant
[grɑ:nt] (研四六雅宝 1907/1395 -K4)
Vocabulary: grant
(once / 80 pages)
1vn 2v
You can grant anything from a permanent restraining order to a request for time off, or, if you’re a genie, seven wishes. When you grant something you are letting someone have or do something that they are asking for.
When you grant something, you’re typically fulfilling a request that is not an automatic entitlement. For example, if you order a plate of spaghetti with tomato sauce in a restaurant, when the meal arrives, you wouldn’t say that the chef has been kind enough to grant you the meal; it’s an order that’s been fulfilled. If you ask the chef to make it a vegan dish that doesn’t include chicken stock, however, then you’re making a request that it’s up to the chef to grant — or not.
WORD FAMILY
grant: granted, grantee, granter, granting, grantor, grants+/grantee: grantees/granter: granters/grantor: grantors
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also granted Roof's request for an extra day to prepare for his case.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s a doozy: How about the possibility that Mr. Trump will grant Edward J. Snowden clemency as part of a handover with Putin?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 承认; 同意; 准许; 授予
n. 拨款; 补助金; 授给物（如财产、授地、专有权、补助、拨款等）
vi. 同意
时态：granted, granting, grants
分布：授予(38%)，同意(16%)，承认(14%)，补助金(13%)，给予(13%)，认为(2%)，财产转让(2%)，授予物(2%)
→来自拉丁文credentem, 相信，信任，词源同heart, credit, credible.
v.同意,准予;授予n.授予物;津贴;转让证书The merciful merchant wants to grant some merchandise to the panting immigrants.仁慈的商人要给喘气的移民们一些商品.
【反】concede（vt 勉强；退让）－refuse to grant；withhold（vt 使停止；保留；抑制）
US [grænt] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a sum of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose （尤指政府为特殊目的给予个人或组织的）拨款，补助金
• a student/research grant 助学金／研究拨款
• a local authority/government grant 当地行政机构／政府拨款
• [+ to infinitive] They gave/awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year. 他们给／授予她一笔奖学金供她出国留学一年。
UK [grɑ:nt] US [grænt] verb
GIVE 给予
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way （通常指官方）同意，准予，授予
• [+ two objects] They granted her an entry visa. 他们发给她入境签证。
• He was granted asylum. 他的避难请求被接受了。
• formal She granted their request/wish. 她答应了他们的请求／满足了他们的愿望。
UK [grɑ:nt] US [grænt] verb
ACCEPT 承认
 ADVANCED [T + (that)]
■to accept that something is true, often before expressing an opposite opinion （常指在表达相反的意见之前表示让步）承认，同意
• I grant that it must have been upsetting but even so I think she made a bit of a fuss. 我承认这事肯定很让人心烦，但即使是这样，我觉得她也有点小题大做。
• I grant you (= It is true that) , it's a difficult situation but I feel sure he could have handled it more sensitively. 没错，这种局面是很棘手，但我确实觉得他本来可以更加理智地来处理。
take sth for granted
■to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it 认为…是理所当然的
• I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college - I suppose I just took it for granted. 我不知道梅兰妮没上大学——我只是理所当然地认为她上过。
take sth or sb for granted
■If you take situations or people for granted, you do not realise or show that you are grateful for how much you get from them 视…为理所当然（而不去表示感激）；（认为理所当然而）不去重视…
• One of the problems with relationships is that after a while you just take each other for granted. 恋爱中会遇到的一个问题是，相处一段时间后，双方就都把对方为自己所做的一切视为理所当然。
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
grant, restrain, bind
grant: 由于慷慨、仁慈而给予某物，通常是应请求人或根据权力要求的人（通常指下级）以某一要求所给予的东西
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
vt. [法] [专利] 授予；允许；承认
 - award, let, accept, recognize, agree
vi. 同意
 - accept, see with, to agree with, agree on/upon, be agreeable to
n. 拨款； [法] [专利] 授予物
 - appropriation

Word: extend
Front: extend
[ɪkˈstend] (研四六托雅宝 1445/1023 -K4)
Vocabulary: extend
(once / 46 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
The verb extend can have several related meanings, including thrust out, continue, broaden, expand, unfold, span, or increase in scope.
Extend, as a verb, is used in many ways. You extend (hold out) your hand when you offer to shake. You extend (push forward) a deadline when you add a few days to it. Your belly might extend (broaden) after a holiday dinner. A telescope extends (expands) your range of vision. If the list of definitions for extend were infinite, you could extend (add to) that list forever and ever. But your patience might not extend that far.
WORD FAMILY
extend: extendable, extended, extendible, extending, extends, extensible, extension, extensive, extensor, hyperextend, overextend+/coextensive: coextensively/ extended: extendedly, unextended/extensible: inextensible/ extension: coextension, extensional, extensions/ extensive: coextensive, extensively, extensiveness/extensor: extensors/hyperextend: hyperextension/overextend: overextended, overextending, overextends
USAGE EXAMPLES
The outages extended across most of the state of South Dakota.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Japan was closed for an extended New Year holiday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
And an unconfirmed number of inmates also escaped during the riot that extended from Sunday afternoon to Monday morning.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 延伸; 扩大; 推广
vt. 伸展; 给予; 延长; 发出（邀请、欢迎等）
vi. 伸出; 延伸; 增加
时态：extended, extending, extends
分布：延长(35%)，扩展(32%)，延伸(20%)，伸展(5%)，提供(5%)，使竭尽全力(3%)
→ex-, 向外。-tend, 延伸，词源同tend, tense.
延展,扩张(ex出+tend→伸出去→扩张)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.延长,延伸;扩充;给予;提供;估价The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
【记】ex出，tend伸－伸出－延长；扩大
【参】extension（n 延长；范围）
【反】abbreviate（v 缩写；缩短）
verb
REACH 延伸
 IMPROVER transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to (cause something to) reach, stretch or continue; to add to something in order to make it bigger or longer （使）延伸；（使）持续，延续；（使）扩大；（使）延长
• The Sahara Desert extends (= reaches) for miles. 撒哈拉沙漠延绵几百英里。
• The path extends (= continues) beyond the end of the road. 这条小路一直通到大路尽头很远的地方。
• Rain is expected to extend to (= reach) all parts of the country by this evening. 预计今天傍晚之前的降雨范围会扩大到全国各个地区。
• The effects of this legislation will extend (= reach) further than the government intends. 这项立法所产生的影响将比政府预期的更为深远。
• We've extended a washing line (= made it reach) between two trees in the garden. 我们在花园里两棵树之间绑了一条晾衣的绳索。
• We're planning to extend our publishing of children's books (= increase it). 我们正计划扩展儿童图书的出版业务。
• He extended his hand as a greeting (= held out his hand for someone to shake it). 他伸出手表示欢迎。
• The government has produced a series of leaflets designed to extend (= increase) public awareness of the dangers of AIDS. 政府印发了一系列传单，旨在加强大众对爱滋病危害的认识。
• We have plans to extend our house (= to make it bigger). 我们计划扩建房屋。
• The pub has recently extended its opening hours (= made them longer). 酒吧最近延长了营业时间。
• I need to extend my visa (= make it last longer). 我的签证需要延期。
[ɪk'stend] verb
OFFER 提供
transitive slightly formal
■to offer or give 提供；给予
• I should like to extend my thanks to you for your kindness. 对您的好意我谨致以衷心感谢。
• The chairperson extended a warm welcome to the guest speaker. 主席向特别邀请的演讲者表示热烈欢迎。
• The government is extending (= giving) aid to people who have been affected by the earthquake. 政府正在为地震受灾居民提供援助。
• [+ two objects] The bank has agreed to extend us money/extend money to us (= lend us money) to buy our house. 银行已经同意提供我们购屋的贷款。
[ɪk'stend] verb
INCLUDE 包括
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to include or affect someone or something 包括；影响到；适用于
• Parking restrictions do not extend to disabled people. 停车限制不适用于残障人士。
• Her new-found tolerance does not extend to single mothers. 她近来培养出一颗包容之心，可是对单身母亲仍然谈不上宽容。
• The invitation did not extend to family members. 获邀者不能带家属赴约。
[ɪk'stend] verb
USE ABILITY 发挥才干
transitive
■to cause someone to use all their ability 使发挥才干；使尽用其才；使竭尽全力
• She feels that her job doesn't extend her enough. 她觉得她的工作不能充分发挥她的才干。
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vt. 延伸；扩大；推广；伸出；给予；使竭尽全力；对…估价
 - afford, allow, deal, deliver, finger
vi. 延伸；扩大；伸展；使疏开
 - reach, spread, range, enlarge, push

Word: digital
Front: digital
[ˈdɪdʒɪtl] (高研四六雅 2356/3598 -2)
Vocabulary: digital
(once / 486 pages)
adj
While digital refers to something that can be manipulated by the fingers (called "digits"), it also is a type of electronic signal that uses a binary code (a system using numbers, or "digits") to transmit information.
The Latin digitus means "finger or toe," so it makes sense that by adding the suffix -al, which means "being like," we get the adjective digital, "fingerlike." The idea of the word referring to numerals began around 1938, soon becoming vital in computers. It's easy to imagine the connection between fingers and numbers, as the first mathematical "calculators" were probably fingers and toes. Digital recording appeared in 1960 to challenge analog, soon becoming the broadcasting standard for clearer signals.
WORD FAMILY
digital: digitalise, digitalize, digitally+/ digit: digital, digitise, digitize, digits/digitalise: digitalisation/digitalize: digitalization, digitalized/digitise: digitisation, digitised, digitiser, digitising/digitize: digitization, digitized, digitizer, digitizes, digitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Another approach is “data localisation” requirements, which mandate that certain types of digital information must be stored locally or remain in the country.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
When traditional companies acquired small technology companies, they typically would place them in a “digital division” separate from the rest of the company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 数字的; 数据的; 手指的; 指状的
n. 手指; （钢琴等的）琴键; 数字
分布：数字的(44%)，手指的(32%)，数码的(12%)，计数的(12%)
a.数字的;数位的;手指的n.数字The dazzling light from the digital device dizzied me.来自数字化的设备的耀眼的光使我头昏.
US [-tˌəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■describes information, music, an image, etc. that is recorded or broadcast using computer technology （指采用电脑技术录制或播出资讯、音乐、图像等）数码的，数字的
• digital data 数字信息
• a digital recording 数码录音
• a digital camera 数码相机
• digital TV 数码电视
• digital compact/audio cassettes 数字压缩／录音带
 IMPROVER
■showing information in the form of an electronic image （指用电子显示器显示信息）数字式的
• a digital clock/display 数字钟／显示器
• a digital watch 数字手表
adj. 数字的；手指的
 - numerical
n. 数字；键
 - figure, key, number

Word: wave
Front: wave
[weɪv] (高研四六雅 1398/1586 -K4)
Vocabulary: wave
(once / 59 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
The word wave has many different meanings, but they all have to do with an undulating motion or shape. A wave that washes up on a beach has the same kind of back-and-forth movement as a crowd of baseball fans doing "the wave" in the stands.
Use the verb wave to describe a greeting that includes a hand motion, from the enthusiastic flapping wave of a little kid meeting his dad at the airport to the prim wave of a Queen acknowledging her subjects. In physics, when you talk about a sound wave, there is a similar kind of rise and fall. Two Old English root words of wave are wæfre, "wavering or restless," and wagian, "to move to and fro."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
wave / waive
To wave is to move to and fro, like when you wave your hand. Hello there! To waive, with a sneaky "i," is to give up your right to do something.
Waves come in many forms. You can wave your hand, a hanky, or even a baseball hat to say hello or acknowledge someone, as in this example:
Fans around the green gave him a standing ovation, and Guan waved his baseball cap in acknowledgment.
A wave is also that big moving hill of water you can surf on:
Surfing students exercise on their boards before hitting the waves.
Other things are called waves, too — if a lot of people come in somewhere, for example, call it a wave of people. It's often used as a metaphor for things that act like ocean waves:
Maybe the great wave of social change has simply crested.
To waive, on the other hand, is to surrender, as in give up your rights to something. If you go scuba diving at a resort, you might have to waive your right to sue if something goes wrong. Here are some examples:
It also announced a mandatory arbitration clause, forcing users to waive their rights to participate in a class action lawsuit except under very limited circumstances.
Meanwhile, following budget cuts, the LOC board members have waived their salaries.
Waive is always a transitive verb, so you have to waive something. The other kind of wave doesn't need an object — although you can wave your hat, you don't have to. You can just wave. If you waive your salary, even for a good cause, you can wave goodbye to your money!
WORD FAMILY
wave: microwave, waved, wavelet, wavelike, waver, waves, waving, wavy+/ microwave: microwaved, microwaves, microwaving/ unwavering: unwaveringly/wavelet: wavelets/ waver: wavered, waverer, wavering, wavers/waverer: waverers/wavering: unwavering, waveringly, waverings/waving: wavings/wavy: wavier, wavily, waviness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Saturday’s collapse set off large waves that eroded part of the older sea cliff and lava viewing area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bright’s trucking business failed in 2008, due in part, he said, to a wave of bad debt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 波浪，波动; 挥手; 涌现的人（或事物）; 汹涌的行动（或思想）态势
vi. 摇摆，起伏
vt. & vi. （一端固定地）飘扬; 挥手指引; 挥动…示意; 略呈波形
vt. 挥手表示; 挥舞; 使…略呈波形; 烫（发）
时态：waved, waving, waves
分布：波(85%)，波浪(11%)，挥动(3%)，飘动(1%)
→来自webh,转，前后移动，编织，词源抽web,weave。引申词义水波，波浪。
n.波浪;(挥手)示意;飘扬v.(挥手)示意,致意He waved goodbye to his friend.他向朋友挥手告别.
verb intransitive or transitive
MOVE HAND 挥手
 IMPROVER
■to raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, telling them to do something or adding emphasis to an expression 挥（手）；招手，摆手（表示问候、指示或强调）
• I waved to/at him from the window but he didn't see me. 我从窗口向他招手，可他没看见我。
• I was waving my hand madly but he never once looked in my direction. 我疯狂地挥手，可他连看也没朝我这边看一眼。
• She was so annoyed she wouldn't even wave us goodbye /wave goodbye to us. 她极为愤怒，甚至不愿向我们挥手道别。
• She waves her hands about/around a lot when she's talking. 她说话时手总在比划着。
wave sb away/on, etc.
■to make a movement with your hand which tells someone to move in a particular direction 挥手示意（某人）离开／继续向前等
• You'll have to wait till the policeman waves this line of traffic on. 你要一直等到员警挥手示意这队车辆继续前行。
• You can't just wave me away as if I were a child! 你不能就那么挥挥手，像打发小孩子一样把我赶走！
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
MOVE REPEATEDLY 反复移动
■to move from side to side, or to make something move like this while holding it in the hand 挥舞，挥动；摆动，摇晃
• The corn waved gently in the summer breeze. 谷物在夏日微风中轻轻摆动。
• A crowd of football fans ran down the street waving banners. 一群足球迷挥舞着横额，沿着街道一路奔走而去。
• He seems to think I can wave a magic wand and everything will be all right. 他似乎认为我只要挥一挥魔杖，一切就都会解决了。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
CURL HAIR 卷曲的头发
■If hair waves, it curls slightly. （头发的）卷曲，波浪卷
• If she leaves her hair to dry on its own, it just waves naturally. 如果她让头发自己干的话，就会自然卷曲。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
wave/say goodbye to sth informal humorous
■to accept that you will no longer have something you value or that you will not get something you hoped to receive 向…挥手告别；不再指望得到…
• Well, if you've argued with senior management you can wave goodbye to any chances of promotion! 啊，如果你曾与高级管理层争论过，那你就不要再指望得到任何晋升机会了！
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sth aside
■to refuse to consider what someone says 对…置之不理，不理会
• She waved aside all my objections. 她完全不理会我各种的反对意见。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sb/sth down
■to make a driver stop their vehicle by waving your arms up and down 挥手拦下（车辆）
• If a car comes along, wave it down. 如果有汽车来，就拦住它。
[weɪv] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wave sb off
 ADVANCED
■to wave to someone as they leave a place in order to say goodbye 与（某人）挥手道别
• We went to the station to wave her off. 我们去车站与她道别。
[weɪv] noun countable
WATER 水
 ADVANCED
■a raised line of water which moves across the surface of an area of water, especially the sea （尤指海上的）浪，波浪，波涛
• At night, I listened to the sound of the waves breaking/crashing against the shore. 夜里，我倾听着浪花拍击海岸的声音。
[weɪv] noun countable
HAND MOVEMENT 手的动作
 ADVANCED
■when you raise your hand and move it from side to side as a way of greeting someone, etc 挥手道别
• Give Grandpa a wave goodbye, Alice, you won't see him till next week. 跟爷爷挥手告别，爱丽斯，你要等到下个星期才会再见他。
[weɪv] noun countable
ENERGY 能量
 ADVANCED
■the pattern in which some types of energy, such as sound, light and heat, are spread or carried 波，周波；震动
• radio waves 无线电波
[weɪv] noun countable
LARGE NUMBER 大的数字
 ADVANCED
■a larger than usual number of events of a similar, often bad, type, happening within the same period （常指坏事的）一波，一批，一阵
• a crime wave 犯罪率的激增
• In the 1970s, the country came close to collapse as it was swept by a wave of strikes. 20世纪70年代，这个国家在席卷全国的罢工浪潮中，几近崩溃。
a new/second, etc. wave of sth
■an activity which is happening again or is being repeated after a pause 新的一波／第二波等…
• A new wave of job losses is expected this year. 预计今年可能会出现新一波的失业高潮。
[weɪv] noun countable
STRONG FEELING 强烈的感情
■A wave of an emotion or feeling is a sudden strong feeling which gets stronger as it spreads （感情或情绪的）突发，高涨
• A wave of panic swept through the crowd and people started running. 恐慌情绪在人群中蔓延，人们开始四散奔逃。
⇒ See also brainwave
[weɪv] noun countable
HAIR CURVES 头发的卷曲
■a series of slight curves in a person's hair （头发的）卷曲，波浪卷
• Your hair has a natural wave whereas mine's just straight and boring. 你的头发是自然卷，而我的却直挺挺的，了无生气。
⇒ See also wavy
[weɪv] noun countable
make waves informal
■to be very active so that other people notice you, often in a way that intentionally causes trouble （故意）兴风作浪，挑起事端
• If a member of the Cabinet started making waves, the prime minister simply got rid of them. 如果内阁中有人兴风作浪，首相直接就将其解职。
[weɪv] noun countable
wave after/upon wave literary
■large quantities or groups of something, one after another 一波又一波；一批又一批
• Allied planes launched wave after wave of air attacks on the city. 同盟国的飞机对这座城市发动了一波又一波的空袭。
surge, wave, ripple
这组词都有“波浪、浪、波涛”的意思，其区别是：
surge: 词义较模糊，泛指巨浪、波涛或作比喻使用。
wave: 普通用词，指水面上移动的任何具有峰谷皱形的波动，尤指距离相等的波浪，也比喻任何类似的物体。
ripple: 多指微风吹过水面或石头投入水中所激起的涟漪或细浪。
vi. 波动；起伏；挥手示意；摇动；呈波形
 - roll, rock
vt. 卷（烫）发；向…挥手示意；使成波浪形
 - undulate
n. 波动； [海洋] 波浪；高潮；挥手示意；卷曲
 - fluctuation, undulation

Word: transport
Front: transport
[ˈtrænspɔ:t] (高研四六雅宝 4640/1202 -K4)
Vocabulary: transport
(once / 154 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
Transport means to move something, often large quantities of commercial products, over great distances. Container ships transport goods made in China to the U.S., where they will be sold.
A pipeline can transport oil. A school bus transports children. Soldiers get their postings but then must wait for news of their transport. If you are in a hurry to get something to market, you might consider using air transport, though that's expensive. Transport is from Latin words meaning "carry across."
WORD FAMILY
transport: transportable, transportation, transported, transporter, transporting, transports+/ transportation: transportations/transporter: transporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 80 firefighters are dealing with the fire in Transport Avenue in Brentford.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin said the militants were regularly using municipal facilities for military means, including transporting weapons in ambulances.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 运送，运输; 流放; 使欣喜若狂
n. 运输; 运输船（机），运输系统; 狂喜; 流放犯
时态：transported, transporting, transports
分布：运输(95%)，流放(3%)，传播(1%)，激动(1%)
→trans-,转移，-port,携带，词源同 port,report.
运输(trans转移+port→移动着拿→运输)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v.运输,运送,搬运n.运输;运输系统,运载工具With the reporter's support, the sportsmen are transported to the airport.在记者的支持下,运动员们被运送到了机场.
US [-spɔːrt]
GOODS/PEOPLE 货物／人
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when people or goods are moved from one place to another 运输，运送，输送
• the transport of live animals 活体动物的运输
• The company will arrange transport from the airport. 公司将安排从机场起的运输。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable UK (US transportation)
■a system of vehicles, such as buses, trains, aircraft, etc. for getting from one place to another 交通工具
• the Department of Transport 交通部
• investment in public transport (= buses, trains, etc. available for everyone to use) 对公共交通的投资
• Do you have your own transport (= vehicle) ? 你自己有车吗？
• Bicycles are a cheap and efficient form of transport. 脚踏车是一种便宜而高效的交通工具。
  Common Learner Errors  transportTransport does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about transport in general, do not say 'transports', say transport
✗ Public transports were not frequent in the evenings. Public transport was not frequent in the evenings. To talk about transport in the singular, do not say 'a transport', say a form/means/mode of transport :
✗ The bicycle is a convenient transport. The bicycle is a convenient means of transport.
noun UK [ˈtræn.spɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
FEELING 感觉
in transports (of delight) literary
■extremely pleased or happy 欣喜若狂
verb transitive UK [trænˈspɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
GOODS/PEOPLE 货物／人
 ADVANCED
■to take goods or people from one place to another 运输，运送，输送
• The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports on the coast. 建设这条输油管道是为了使石油能够穿越阿拉斯加输送到各沿海港口。
• Such heavy items are expensive to transport (by plane). 这样重的物品（用飞机）运输很贵。
■(in the past) to send a criminal to a country far away, to live, as a punishment （旧时）流放，放逐
• 162 000 convicts were transported to Australia from 1788 to 1868. 从1788年到1868年，有16.2万名犯人被流放到澳大利亚。
verb transitive UK [trænˈspɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
FEELING 感觉 literary
■If something transports you to a different time or place, it makes you feel as if you are in it 使产生身临其境的感觉
• The film transported us back to the New York of the 1950s. 这部电影将我们带回到20世纪50年代的纽约。
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
n. [植] 运输； [航] 运输机；狂喜；流放犯
 - carriage, traffic, conveyance
vt. [植] 运输；流放；使狂喜
 - convey, to freight

Word: bid
Front: bid
[bɪd] (高研六雅宝 4069/2359 -K4)
Vocabulary: bid
(once / 66 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
If you make the winning bid on an item, you offer the highest price and get to take it home. Congratulations, and enjoy your new paper weight!
Bid comes from an Old English word meaning “to offer,” which is right in line with its meaning today. To bid is the act of offering a bid, or more generally to try to get something. With several companies bidding for your services, you have a lot to consider. Tip: go where the weather's warmest.
WORD FAMILY
bid: bade, biddable, bidden, bidder, bidding, bids, overbid, underbid+/ biddable: biddablest, biddably/bidder: bidders/ bidding: biddings/overbid: overbidden, overbidding, overbids/underbid: underbidding, underbids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scotland's Anderson, 46, bidding to become only the third man to win three successive titles, broke to lead 2-1.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
There are understandable questions about the bidding criteria.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, we’ve seen over the recent past a short list of companies submit bids and be awarded work.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 出价，投标; 努力争取; 喊价; 叫牌
vt. & vi. 出价， 投标
vt. 恳求; 命令; 说（问候话）; 邀请，致敬
vi. 投标; 力求，企图得到或赢得某物; 企图(for)
时态：bade, bid, bidding, bids
分布：出价(45%)，投标(40%)，叫牌(6%)，努力(5%)，吩咐(4%)
→来自PIE *bheudh, 意识到，觉醒，原义见Buddha, 佛。此处用于经济义，指投标须对价格有着清醒的认识。bid 道别，吩咐
v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标n.出众,投标To abide the abiding bidding, the oxide bidder strides on the seaside.为了忍耐无休止的吩咐,氧化物投标者在海滨阔步行走.
verb
OFFER 出价
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■to offer a particular amount of money for something which is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property （尤指在拍卖中）出价，喊价竞买
• She knew she couldn't afford it, so she didn't bid. 她知道买不起，所以没有出价。
• The communications group has shown an interest in bidding for the company. 该通讯集团有意出价竞买这间公司。
• A foreign collector has bid £500 000 for the portrait. 一位外国收藏家出价50万英镑，买下了这幅画像。
• [+ two objects] What am I bid for this fine vase? 各位愿给这精美的花瓶出价多少？
 ADVANCED intransitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■If two or more people bid for a job, they compete with each other to do the work by offering to do it for a particular amount of money 投标，竞标
• The department is trying to ensure fairer competition among firms bidding for government contracts. 该部门正努力确保竞标政府合约的公司之间能更公平地竞争。
 ADVANCED transitive + to infinitive (bidding, bid, bid)
■If someone bids to do something, they compete with other people to do it 争取；竞争
• Paris is bidding to host the next Olympics. 巴黎正在争取主办下一届的奥运会。
[bɪd] verb
TELL 告诉
transitive (bidding, bid or bade, bidden) old-fashioned
■to give a greeting to someone, or to ask someone to do something 打招呼，致意；请求
• [+ two objects] They bade her good morning. 他们向她说了一声早安。
• I must now bid you farewell (= say goodbye to you). 我现在必须向您道别了。
• literary She bade her hopes farewell (= She stopped being hopeful). 她已经不抱甚么希望了。
• [+ (to) infinitive] He bade (= asked) them (to) leave at once. 他请他们马上离开。
[bɪd] noun countable
OFFER 出价
 ADVANCED
■an offer of a particular amount of money for something which is for sale 出价，喊价
• I made a bid of $150 for the painting. 我出价150美元买这幅画。
• She made/put in a bid of £69 000 for the flat, which was accepted. 她为这个单位出价69000英镑，并以这出价达成了交易。
 ADVANCED
■an offer to do something when you are competing with other people to do it 投标，竞价
• [+ to infinitive] Sydney made a successful bid to host the Olympic Games. 雪梨成功取得了奥运会申办权。
• I gave the job to the contractors who made/gave the lowest bid (= who offered to do the work for the lowest amount of money). 我将这项工程给了投标出价最低的承包商。
[bɪd] noun countable
ATTEMPT 试图
 ADVANCED
■an attempt to achieve or get something 企图得到；努力争取
• Her bid for re-election was unsuccessful. 她争取连任的努力没有成功。
• The company has managed to fight off a hostile takeover bid (= an attempt by another company to take control of it). 公司成功挫败了一宗恶意的收购计划。
• The government has reduced the cost of borrowing in a bid to get the economy moving again. 政府已经降低了借贷成本，试图重新刺激经济。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
vt. 投标； [贸易] 出价；表示；吩咐
 - tell, tender for
vi. [贸易] 投标；吩咐
 - tender for
n. [贸易] 出价；叫牌；努力争取
 - offer

Word: approve
Front: approve
[əˈpru:v] (高研四六托 2053/1762 -K4)
Vocabulary: approve
(once / 77 pages)
v
When you take your new love to meet your parents, you hope that they approve of your choice in partners, but when your date starts eating with his hands at dinner, chances are pretty slim.
Approve was first used like to mean "prove" or "show"––think, "The proof is in the pudding." Now, approve means to officially agree. You might need the principal to sign off on, or approve, any purchase of new materials for the classroom. Congress can also approve a bill or budget in this way. It’s important to remember that, like apple and appropriate, approve is spelled with a double “p.”
WORD FAMILY
approve: approbative, approbatory, approval, approved, approver, approves, approving, disapprove +/approbative: approbatively/ approval: approvals/approver: approvers/approving: approvingly/ disapproval: disapprovals/ disapprove: disapproval, disapproved, disapproves, disapproving / disapproving: disapprovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those numbers fall well short of the goals in the city’s ambitious climate action plan, which was approved a year ago.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Goldmark also last month approved expanding nearby Devil’s Lake Conservation Area from 80 acres to 495 acres.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Federal officials said last week that the Valles Caldera National Preserve would become the 17th U.S. park unit with designated thermal features if approved.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 赞成，同意
vt. 批准; 认可; 核准; 为…提供证据
vi. 赞同; 称许; 称赞; 满意、喜欢(of)
时态：approved, approving, approves
分布：批准(48%)，赞成(36%)，同意(15%)，称许(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. prove, 证明。
赞成;承认(ap+prove→证明可行→赞成)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
v.(of)赞成,赞许,同意;批准,审议,通过It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
【记】ap一再，prove测试，证明－证明可行－赞成
【反】substantiate（v 证实）－disapprove（v 不赞成）
verb
GOOD OPINION 好的看法
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to have a positive opinion of someone or something 赞成；同意；称许
• She doesn't approve of my friends. 她不喜欢我的朋友。
• He doesn't approve of smoking. 他反对抽烟。
• I thoroughly approve of what the government is doing. 我完全赞成政府现在的做法。
Opposite disapprove
[ə'pru:v] verb
AGREE 同意
 IMPROVER transitive
■to accept, allow or officially agree to something 批准，核准；认可
• We had to wait months for the council to approve our plans to extend the house. 我们要等几个月，直到政务委员会批准我们扩建房屋的计划。
• The court approved the sale of the property. 法院批准卖掉这处房产。
approve, sanction, confirm
这组词都有“批准”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 普通用词，常指正式的或官方的批准。
sanction: 语气最强，多指官方的同意或批准，是书面用词。
confirm: 强调按法律程序提请确认或批准。
approve, conform, conceive, agree
approve: 赞同 ~ of
conform: 符合，与……相一致 ~ to
conceive: 设想，一位，怀有 ~ of
agree: 同意 ~with/to/on
prove, approve
prove: 和approve词形相似，prove是“证明”，“表明是”等。
approve: (1)赞成，同意。如：I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。) (2)批准，通过。如：The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vt. 批准；赞成；为…提供证据
 - confirm, agree, uphold, authorize
vi. 批准；赞成；满意
 - to ratify, give someone the green light

Word: killing
Front: killing
[ˈkɪlɪŋ] (3283/4165 -K3)
Back: n. 谋杀，杀人; 猎物; 暴利
adj. 致死的，致命的; 令人精疲力尽的
adv. 吸引人地
v. 杀死( kill的现在分词); 使停止[结束，失败]; 破坏，减弱，抵消; 使痛苦，使受折磨
分布：杀戮(41%)，谋杀(38%)，迷人的(15%)，动词kill的现在分词.(3%)，使人疲乏的(3%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when a person is murdered 谋杀
• a series of brutal killings 一连串残忍的谋杀
['kɪl.ɪŋ] noun countable
make a killing informal
■to earn a lot of money in a short time and with little effort （短时间内轻易地）获得暴利，发大财
• They made a killing with the sale of their London house. 他们将伦敦的房子卖掉，赚了一大笔钱。
['kɪl.ɪŋ] adjective
EFFORT 尽力的 informal
■making you feel extremely tired 令人筋疲力竭的
• We had to do some killing stomach exercises last night. 昨晚我们不得不做一些极为累人的腹部运动。
['kɪl.ɪŋ] adjective
FUNNY 滑稽的 old-fashioned
■extremely funny 极其滑稽可笑的
• She told us a killing story about her driving test. 她告诉我们一件关于她考驾驶执照的滑稽趣事。
adj. 杀害的；迷人的；使人筋疲力尽的
 - taking, charming
n. 杀戮；谋杀；猎获物
 - bag, murder

Word: referendum
Front: referendum
[ˌrefəˈrendəm] (雅 6758/4445 -3)
Vocabulary: referendum
(once / 1517 pages)
n
A referendum is an official vote on a specific issue. It's often part of a larger election.
On many issues, our elected representatives argue, negotiate, and make a law, but sometimes there's a referendum — the issue is put directly to the people for a vote as part of an election. Past referendums have been on gay marriage and the legalization of marijuana. Usually, a referendum is a yes or no question. Smaller groups can have referendums too — like a school system deciding whether or not to have school uniforms or a longer school year.
WORD FAMILY
referendum: referenda, referendums
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the run-up to the 23 June referendum, banks warned about the consequences of a vote to leave the EU.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Among them is a proposal to hold a referendum that would ask voters whether they prefer statehood or independence.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The national referendum result was narrow but Remain votes piled up in big cities, affluent suburbs and Scotland.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公民投票; 外交官请示书; 全民公决; 请示书
分布：公民投票(94%)，请示书(6%)
→来自拉丁语 referendum,参考对象，来自 referre,拿回，参考，词源同 refer.-end,动名词后缀， -um,中性格。后引申词义全民公决。
公民投票选举(refer+endum表名词→提出(候选人)→选举)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
[ˌref.ə'ren.dəm] (plural referendums or formal referenda) (formal plebiscite) formal
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question （就重大政治或社会问题进行的）全民公决，全民投票
• Is it more democratic to hold a referendum, rather than let the government alone decide? 进行一次全民公决，而不是由政府自己作出决定，是不是要更民主些？

Word: solution
Front: solution
[səˈlu:ʃn] (研四六托雅 1221/1058 -K4)
Vocabulary: solution
(once / 164 pages)
1n 2n
A solution is all about solving or dissolving. If you find an answer to a question, both the answer and how you got there is the solution. If you dissolve a solid into a liquid, you've created a different kind of solution.
This noun descends from Middle English solucion, from Old French, from Latin solutio, from solvere "to loosen." Think of solution both as a loosening of the chemical bonds that make something solid––when you loosen the structure of salt by mixing it into water, you create a solution. When you loosen the "knot" of a math problem you do the same thing––you loosen, untangle or solve it.
WORD FAMILY
solution: solutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As the parched beige hilltops fill with red-tiled homes, decades of international efforts to achieve a two-state solution are unraveling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The report said there was "no easy solution" on Brexit for the party.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 解决; 溶解; 溶液; 答案
分布：溶液(44%)，解决办法(36%)，解答(10%)，溶解(6%)，设计(4%)
→来自 solve,溶解，解决，-ution,名词后缀。
溶解;解决(solut+ion)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
n.解答,解决办法;溶解,溶液It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
noun
ANSWER 答案
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the answer to a problem 解决办法；解决方案
• There's no easy solution to this problem. 这个问题没有容易的解决办法。
• She just seems so unhappy and I don't know what the solution is. 她似乎很不高兴，但我不知道该怎么办。
• When you finish doing the crossword, the solution is on the back page. 完成填字游戏后，可以翻到背面去找答案。
• They help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any solutions. 他们会帮你充分讨论你的问题，但不会给你任何解决方案。
  Common Learner Errors  solution The correct preposition to use after solution is to. Don't say 'solution of/for something', say solution to something :
✗ We must find a solution for this problem. We must find a solution to this problem.
[sə'lu:.ʃən] noun
LIQUID 液体
countable or uncountable specialized
■a liquid into which a solid has been mixed and has dissolved 溶液
• an aqueous solution of salts 盐水溶液
• copper sulphate in solution (= dissolved in water) 硫酸铜溶液
n. 解决方案；溶液； [化学] 溶解；解答
 - liquor, dissolution

Word: moreover
Front: moreover
[mɔ:rˈəʊvə(r)] (研四六雅 2282/2111 -K3)
Vocabulary: moreover
(once / 118 pages)
adv
Use the adverb moreover to add information that supports what’s already been said. You have to go shopping on Saturday to buy new tube socks, and moreover, you need to get a birthday present for your mom.
Breaking moreover into more and over helps you remember what it means: more information over what has already been said. When you hear someone use moreover that tips you off that whatever follows is going to relate to what came before. You can think of moreover as a formal way of saying besides. You may be sick of your brother always getting out of doing the chores, and, moreover, the guy has a really bad attitude about taking on responsibility.
WORD FAMILY
moreover: moreovers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Moreover, a server that is used by Russian spies one year might be used by “granny’s bake shop” the next, Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Moreover, there was almost no evidence supporting its use for women or for the middle-aged and older people.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Moreover, it is one of those very rare titles whose influence lasted long into the future.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 再者; 此外; 而且; 同时
分布：此外(54%)，而且(46%)
→more,更加，over,在上。
conj./ad.再者,加之,而且It was, moreover, a waste of time.此外,那是浪费时间.
US [ˌmɔ:r'oʊ.vɚ] adverb formal
 ADVANCED
■(used to add information) also and more importantly 而且，再者，此外
• The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate. 整个报告都写得很差，而且还内容不实。
adv. 而且；此外
 - besides, again, also, then, additionally

Word: shrink
Front: shrink
[ʃrɪŋk] (高研四六托雅宝 4474/5528 -2)
Vocabulary: shrink
(once / 189 pages)
1v 2n
Shrink is the informal word you can use to talk about a therapist. Talking about your problems with her can hopefully help you shrink them, or make them smaller.
The word shrink is related to the Swedish skrynka meaning "to wrinkle." Think about what happens to a lone forgotten fruit at the bottom of your fridge drawer. After a while, it begins to wrinkle or shrink. Clothes washed in hot water tend to shrink, so be wary of the setting on your washing machine. The use of shrink as referring to therapists started as late as the 1960s — with the idea of a psychologist being a "head-shrinker."
WORD FAMILY
shrink: shrank, shrinkable, shrinkage, shrinking, shrinks, shrunk+/shrinkable: unshrinkable/shrinkage: shrinkages/shrinking: shrinkings, unshrinking/unshrinking: unshrinkingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once this technology is commonplace and driverless cars are ubiquitous, those numbers will shrink to a tiny fraction of what they are today.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s interesting that each time we remove a number the solution space shrinks by a factor of about seven.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Unpersuaded by the prospect of sunshine after two days of rain, Baffert yanked Arrogate, thus shrinking an already puny field to a wagering-unfriendly four.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 收缩，皱缩; （使）缩水; 退缩，畏缩
n. 收缩; 畏缩; <俚>精神病学家
时态：shrank, shrunk, shrinking, shrinks
分布：收缩(53%)，萎缩(27%)，退缩(15%)，使收缩(4%)，精神科医生(1%)
→来自古英语 scrincan,收缩，枯萎，凋谢，来自 Proto-Germanic*skrink,收缩，来自 sker, 弯，转，词源同 ring,curve,scrimp.引申词义缩小，缩水等。
v.起皱,收缩;退缩,畏缩While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
【参】shrivel（v 通过干燥使枯萎和起皱）
verb (shrank, shrunk)
BECOME SMALLER 变小
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to become smaller, or to make something smaller （使）缩小，（使）变小
• Your sweater will shrink if you wash it at too high a temperature. 用温度过高的水洗毛衣，毛衣会缩水。
• The company's profits have shrunk from £5.5 million to £1.25 million. 公司利润从550万英镑减少到了125万英镑。
• The productivity improvements have shrunk our costs by 25%. 生产率的提高使我们的成本下降了25%。
⇒ See also shrunken
[ʃrɪŋk] verb (shrank, shrunk)
BE FRIGHTENED 受惊吓
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition literary
■to move away from someone or something because you are frightened 畏缩，退缩
• The child shrank behind the sofa as his father shouted at him. 孩子在父亲对着他吼叫时退缩到了沙发后面。
• When she was younger she would shrink (away) from me whenever I spoke to her. 她年纪更小一些的时候，我一和她说话她就会退缩。
[ʃrɪŋk] verb (shrank, shrunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  shrink from sth
■to avoid doing something that is unpleasant or difficult 逃避，躲避（令人不快或困难的事）
• We must not shrink from our responsibilities. 我们一定不能逃避责任。
• [+ -ing verb] We will not shrink from using force. 我们不会放弃使用武力。
[ʃrɪŋk] noun countable informal
■a psychiatrist or psychoanalyst
• I was so depressed that I ended up going to see a shrink. 我太郁闷了，最后不得不去找心理医生看看。
compress, contract, shrink, condense
这组词都有“收缩，压缩”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把乱而不成形的东西压成一定形状。
contract: 主要指以内、外部力量进行紧缩，也可用作引申。
shrink: 侧重指因收缩而达不到原有的长度、体积或容积。
condense: 指将东西压缩得更紧密、紧凑，但不失去原有的内容。
vi. 收缩；畏缩
 - contract, recoil from
vt. 使缩小，使收缩
 - astrict, constringe
n. 收缩
 - contraction, necking down

Word: relatively
Front: relatively
[ˈrelətɪvli] (四六 1462/1237 -K)
Vocabulary: relatively
(once / 390 pages)
adv
Use relatively when you want to make a statement about something compared to something else. After a zero degree day, 30 degrees might feel relatively warm.
This adverb has to do with how things stack up next to each other. Relatively speaking, you could say you're tall if you're around very short people, even if you're just five five. Fat free ice cream is relatively healthy compared to other desserts, but it's still ice cream. If you've been sick for a week and you feel relatively better, you're feeling just a little better. This word only makes sense when you're comparing one thing to another.
WORD FAMILY
relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize+/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Louisiana, there was also relatively serious damage in the southwestern parishes of Beauregard and Allen, including the town of Reeves.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 关系上地; 相对地; 比较地; 较比
分布：相对地(60%)，比较地(40%)
US [-tˌɪv-] adverb
relatively good/bad/etc.
 IMPROVER
■quite good/bad/etc. in comparison with other similar things or with what you expect 较好／较差等
• He's a relatively good squash player. 他是个比较不错的壁球运动员。
• There was relatively little violence. 暴力事件相对较少。
relatively speaking
■said when you are judging one thing in comparison with other things 相对而言；相对来说
• Relatively speaking, it's a fairly poor country. 相对而言，这是个很贫穷的国家。
adv. 相当地；相对地，比较地
 - fairly, comparatively, reasonably, pretty, considerably

Word: cutting
Front: cutting
[ˈkʌtɪŋ] (雅 5468/4089 -3)
Back: adj. 锋利的，锐利的; 刺骨的，像刀割似的; 讽刺的，挖苦的
n. 切割; 剪报，剪辑; [园]插枝; 开凿
v. 切开(cut的现在分词); 削减; 采伐
分布：切断(38%)，剪报(16%)，刺骨的(10%)，挖苦的(10%)，插条(10%)，开凿(9%)，切下(5%)，动词cut的现在分词.(2%)
US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
ARTICLE 文章 UK (US also clipping)
■an article which has been cut from a newspaper or magazine （从报纸杂志上剪下的）剪报，剪下的材料
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a piece cut off from a plant which can be used to grow another plant of the same type in a different place （用来插种的）插条，插枝
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道 (US cut)
■a deep narrow passage made through a hill for a road, railway or canal （从山中开凿出的）通道铁路，河床
UK ['kʌt.ɪŋ] US ['kʌtˌ-] adjective
■unkind and intending to upset someone 刻薄的；尖刻的；伤人感情的
• a cutting remark/comment 刻薄的话／评论
• He can be very cutting when he chooses to be! 当他决意伤人时，会变得很尖刻！
n. [机] 切断；剪辑；开凿
 - slicing, C-O
adj. 锋利的；严寒的；尖酸刻薄的
 - sharp, freezing
v. 削减（cut的ing形式）； [林] 采伐；切开
 - slitting, sundering

Word: victim
Front: victim
[ˈvɪktɪm] (高研四六 1063/1371 -K4)
Vocabulary: victim
(once / 108 pages)
n
Use the word victim to describe someone who has been wronged or harmed, like the victim of the armed robbery or the stores that went out of business, victims of the slow economy.
The noun victim refers to a person who has been harmed by a crime, accident, or other adverse circumstances, such as a victim of a tsunami or a victim of domestic violence. It can also refer to someone has been tricked or swindled, like when you paid $2 for a candy bar that should only have cost a dollar — you were the victim of someone's scheme to pocket half the money from the candy bar sale.
WORD FAMILY
victim: victimise, victimize, victims+/victimisation: victimisations/victimise: victimisation, victimised, victimiser, victimises, victimising/victimization: victimizations/ victimize: victimization, victimized, victimizer, victimizes, victimizing/victimizer: victimizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Names of the victims were not released, and Amarillo fire officials were not immediately available for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 牺牲者，受害者; 自找苦吃的人; 受骗者，上当者; 为祭祀杀死的动物（或人）
分布：受害者(79%)，牺牲(19%)，受骗者(2%)
→来自拉丁语victima,祭品，献祭的人或动物，来自weik,选择，选出祭品，牺牲，词源同Wicca,witch。由祭品引申词义受害者。
n.牺牲品,受害者In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone or something which has been hurt, damaged or killed or has suffered, either because of the actions of someone or something else, or because of illness or chance 受害者；罹难者；牺牲者；牺牲品
• to provide financial aid to hurricane/flood, etc. victims 为飓风／洪水等的受灾者提供经济援助
• victims of crime 犯罪的受害者
• The children are the innocent/helpless victims of the fighting. 孩子们是打架斗殴的无辜／无助的受害者。
• The new drug might help save the lives of cancer victims. 这种新药也许可以用于挽救癌症病人的生命。
• We appear to have been the victims of a cruel practical joke. 我们看来已经成了一个大恶作剧的受害者。
• Our local hospital has become the latest victim of the cuts in government spending. 我们本地的医院成了政府削减开支的最新受害者。
fall victim to sth
■to be hurt, damaged or killed because of something or someone 成为…的受害者；被…所伤（或所害）
• In 1948, Gandhi fell victim to a member of a Hindu gang. 1948年，甘地被一个印度教帮派成员杀害。
• The company has fallen victim to increased competition. 日益激烈的竞争让这家公司深受其害。
['vɪk.tɪm] noun countable
be a victim of your own success
■to have problems because of your success 因成功而反受其害
• The school has become a victim of its own success as parents with children who have special needs now actively seek it out. 这所学校已经为其成功所累，因为那些需要特殊教育的孩子的家长现在会想方设法向他们寻求帮助。
n. 受害人；牺牲品；牺牲者
 - sacrificial lamb

Word: relationship
Front: relationship
[rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp] (高研四六雅 486/532 -K4)
Vocabulary: relationship
(once / 222 pages)
n
When you're in a relationship, you're emotionally involved or at least connected in some way. If you're related to somebody — your parents, your aunts and uncles, your cousins — you share a family relationship with them.
You can also use relationship to describe dealings between various groups, as “Members of the European Union have a relationship of economic interconnectedness,” or “A lease helps define your relationship with your landlord.” You'll also see relationship used with interactions that don't directly involve people. In many of these cases, the word relation is better. For example, in the sentence "We are always looking at the relationship between ticket price and sales," it would be better to use relation.
WORD FAMILY
relationship: relationships+/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Almost playing a game of improv, the two “yes and” each other’s fabrications into an elaborate lie that encompasses an imagined past relationship.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Set on Thanksgiving Day, the play depicts a family gathering for the holiday and grappling with the issues that confront their lives and their relationships.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
TMZ has reported that the two were previously involved in a casual relationship prior to Ms. Rose’s pregnancy.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 关系; 联系; 浪漫关系; 血缘关系
分布：关系(93%)，联系(5%)，亲属关系(2%)
→来自 relation,联系，关联，亲属，-ship,抽象名词后缀。
(亲属)关系(relation关系)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.关系,联系He has good relationships with most of his colleagues.他和大多数同事关系很好.
noun countable
CONNECTION 关系
 ESSENTIAL
■the way in which two things are connected 关系；联系；关联
• Scientists have established the relationship between lung cancer and smoking. 科学家们已经证明了肺癌和吸烟之间的联系。
[rɪ'leɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp] noun countable
FRIENDSHIP 友好关系
 ESSENTIAL
■the way in which two or more people feel and behave towards each other （人们彼此的）关系，感情关系
• He has a very good relationship with his uncle. 他和他叔叔的感情很深。
 ESSENTIAL
■a close romantic friendship between two people, which is often sexual 浪漫关系；情爱关系；（常指）性关系
• Have you had any serious relationships in the past year? 过去一年中你有没有正经八百地同谁谈过恋爱？
a love/hate relationship
■a relationship in which you have feelings of love and hate for someone or something 又爱又恨的关系或感受（你对某人或某物心存爱恨之情的一种关系）
  Common Learner Errors  relationshipWarning: choose the correct preposition! Don't say 'someone's relationship to someone', say someone's relationship with someone:
✗ I have a good relationship to my parents.
[rɪ'leɪ.ʃən.ʃɪp] noun countable
FAMILY 家属
 ADVANCED
■the family connection between people 亲属关系；家属关系；姻亲关系
• The judge asked the witness what the relationship was between her and the victim. 法官问证人她跟受害者有甚么亲戚关系。
n. 关系；关联
 - connection, correlation, bearing, concern, link

Word: video
Front: video
[ˈvɪdiəʊ] (中高研四六雅 1109/1271 -K4)
Vocabulary: video
(once / 168 pages)
n
Video is a noun that refers to the recording or broadcasting of a moving image, like the funny video your friend took of you the first time you tried to skateboard.
Video means a recorded image or movie, like a home video of your uncle's wedding or the video equipment a television station uses to make news stories. You can also call a movie you watch on your television or computer a video. A short film made to accompany a song? That's a music video. Video was first used in 1935 as a counterpart to audio which describes sound or music. It comes from the Latin word video: I see.
WORD FAMILY
video: videos
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video, just 12 seconds long, shows what appears to be toxic smog descending on buildings over 20 minutes, with nearby structures becoming almost unrecognizable.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fliers there and elsewhere shared photos and videos of the long lines and the delays they faced.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 磁带录像; 录像磁带; 录像机，电视; （指方法）录像
adj. 电视的; 视频的; 影像的; 用录像磁带[录像带]的
vt. 录像; 制作…的录像
分布：视频(71%)，录像(18%)，视频的(7%)，录像的(3%)，录制电视节目(1%)
→来自拉丁语videre,看，词源同visit,evident。
n.电视,视频;录像a.电视的,视频的;录像的Let' s go for a walk instead of playing video games.出去走走吧,不要玩电脑游戏了.
US [-oʊ] noun (plural videos)
FILM 影片
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable (also videotape)
■(a) recording of moving pictures and sound that has been made on a long narrow strip of magnetic material inside a rectangular plastic container, and which can be played on a special machine so that it can be watched on television 录影，录影；录影带
• Ed came over last night to watch the video of the football match that I'd recorded. 埃德昨天晚上过来看我录的足球比赛录影了。
• We had a video made of our wedding. 我们的婚礼录了像。
• 'Spiderman' is now available on video. 《蜘蛛侠》的录影带现在已经在出售了。
⇒ See also tape
 ADVANCED countable (also music video)
■a short film made to advertise a popular song 音乐视频，（流行歌曲的）MV
UK ['vɪd.i.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun (plural videos)
MACHINE 机器
countable UK for
■ video (cassette) recorder
UK ['vɪd.i.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
■using video 录影的；录影的
• a video recording 录影
■specialized
■connected with or used in the showing of moving pictures by television 电视的；图像的；视频的
• video frequencies 视频
UK ['vɪd.i.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb transitive (also tape)
■to record a programme from the television onto a video, or to use a video camera to film an event 录制；录下；给…录影
• There's a play on TV tonight that I'd like to video. 今天晚上电视上要播出一部剧，我想把它录下来。
• We videoed the school concert. 我们把学校音乐会录了下来。
n. [电子] 视频；录像，录像机； [电视] 电视
 - television, Vedio
adj. [电子] [电视] 视频的；录像的；电视的
 - televisual
v. 录制
 - to produce

Word: journalist
Front: journalist
[ˈdʒɜ:nəlɪst] (高研四六托雅 2099/2607 -K4)
Vocabulary: journalist
(once / 281 pages)
n
A journalist is a person whose job involves writing nonfiction stories for newspapers, magazines, or online news sites. If you are reading or hearing a news story, you have a journalist to thank for providing that story.
One type of journalist is a reporter, who researches topics and interviews people before writing a story or producing a piece for TV. Editors, photographers, and columnists can also be described as journalists, particularly if they work for a newspaper. Another kind of journalist is a person who regularly writes in a journal or diary. Journalist comes from the Old French jornel, "day" or "day's work," which became journal, "daily publication."
WORD FAMILY
journalist: journalists+/ journalism: journalisms, journalist, journalistic / journalistic: journalistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Twitter last month, he suggested that journalists were manufacturing controversy about the issue.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Performed in Russian with English subtitles, the play centers on three real Belarussian women — two journalists and an activist — jailed during the 2010 presidential elections.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 新闻工作者，新闻记者; 记日志者
分布：记者(93%)，新闻工作者(7%)
→来自journal,新闻，-ist,人。即从事新闻工作的人。
记者(journal+ist人)[journ=day,表示"日期"]
n.记者,新闻工作者The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
US ['dʒɝ:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television 新闻记者；报纸撰稿人；广播员
• a freelance political journalist 政论文章自由撰稿人
n. 新闻工作者；报人；记日志者
 - newspaperman, jounalist

Word: monetary
Front: monetary
[ˈmʌnɪtri] (研六托雅宝 5077/2863 -3)
Vocabulary: monetary
(once / 770 pages)
adj
If it has to do with money or currency, it’s monetary, like your childhood toy collection that has no monetary value, but you love it nonetheless.
The adjective monetary is related to a Latin word that means “mint,” which is not just a refreshing gum or ice cream flavor but, in this case, where money is made. Anything that pertains to money can be described as monetary, like a country whose monetary system consists of metal coins of different denominations or an antiques expert who can tell you the monetary value of the old things in our attic.
WORD FAMILY
monetary: monetarily, monetarism, monetise, monetize +/demonetise: demonetisation, demonetised, demonetises, demonetising/demonetize: demonetization, demonetized, demonetizing/monetarism: monetarist/monetarist: monetarists/monetise: demonetise, monetisation/ monetize: demonetize, monetization, monetized, monetizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s also evidence that both monetary and nonmonetary compensation offer strong incentives for donation.
Slate(Dec 30, 2016)
The International Monetary Fund estimates that national output shrank 8 percent in 2016 and inflation was almost 500 percent.
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The investigation eventually determined that both nonmonetary and some monetary transactions were improperly recorded.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 货币的，金钱的; 钱的（尤指一国的金融）; 金融的; 财政的，财政（上）的
分布：货币的(70%)，金融的(30%)
→来自拉丁语moneta,硬币，铸币，铸币处，词源同mint,money.
a.金融的,货币的The monetary system of certain countries used to be based on gold.某些国家的货币制度过去一直是金本位的.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to the money in a country 货币的，金融的
• monetary policy 货币政策
• monetary control 货币管制
• The monetary unit of the UK is the pound. 英国的货币单位是英镑。
adj. 货币的；财政的
 - financial, fiscal

Word: park
Front: park
[pɑ:k] (中高雅 3467/853 -K4)
Vocabulary: park
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2vn
A park is an outdoor green space that people use for recreation. People can also park a car, which is to pull into a parking space and stop. Just don’t park your car in a park. Unless you’re a squirrel.
A city park usually has playgrounds, sports fields, walking paths, grass, and trees. There are also larger tracts of wild public land also known as parks, and these often have hiking trails, mountains, or bodies of water. Park is a verb too, meaning "drive into a parking space," so you could park your scooter at the park. Originally this verb referred exclusively to military vehicles, but by 1844 you could park any vehicle at all.
WORD FAMILY
park: parked, parking+/parking: parkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
And in July, the company will present a free production in a to-be-determined Seattle park.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“The biggest issues are traffic jams, no parking, accidents, and oil spills on the road,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
They’ve been working with county officials for two years now on the building’s height, lighting and parking on the parcel of land they bought.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公园; 停车场
vi. 泊车，停车
vt. 将…放置在某处; 停车
时态：parked, parking, parks
分布：公园(65%)，停车(19%)，停车场(7%)，停放(5%)，园区(3%)，置于(1%)
→来自中古法语parc,狩留场，来自Proto-Germanic*parrukaz,围栏，围场，来自spar,柱子，栅栏，词源同spear,spar.后用于指公园，花园。动词词义泊车来自军事术语，原指军事训练场或军用车辆存放调转地，后词义通用化。
n.公园,停车场,运动场v.停放(汽车等),寄放In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US [pɑ:rk] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large area of land with grass and trees surrounded by fences or walls, which is specially arranged so that people can walk in it for pleasure or children can play in it 公园
• Central Park 中央公园
• Hyde Park 海德公园
• We watched the joggers in the park. 我们在公园里看别人慢跑。
■UK
■an area of land around a large house in the countryside 庄园，庭院
■US
■an area of land for playing sports 运动场，体育场
UK [pɑ:k] US [pɑ:rk] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a vehicle in a place where it can stay for a period of time, usually while you leave it 停泊（车辆）
• Where have you parked? 你把车停在哪里了？
• Just park your car in the driveway. 就把车停在车道上吧。
 IMPROVER transitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to put yourself or something in a particular place for a long time, often annoying other people 坐在（某处），站在（某处），把…放在（某处）（常因持续时间过长而令人生厌）
• [R] He parked him self in front of the TV and stayed there all afternoon. 他在电视前一坐就是一个下午。
• She's parked an enormous pile of papers on my desk and I haven't a clue what to do with them. 她把一大堆档案堆在我桌子上，我根本不知道该拿它们怎么办。
n. [建] 公园； [交] 停车场
 - public garden, stopping place
vt. 停放；放置；寄存
 - check, place in

Word: born
Front: born
[bɔ:n] (中高研四 1088/1206 -4)
Vocabulary: born
(once / 70 pages)
adj
When a baby is born, she comes into the world through birth. If you say, "I was born in July," that's the month in which your mother gave birth to you.
You can talk about a newly born baby or ask your friend what year she was born. Even ideas or organizations can be described this way: "My book group was born in 2005." If you're a really good bowler, you can also say you were born to do it, or that you're a "born bowling champion." The Old English root of born is boren, the past participle of beran, "to bring, bear, or produce."
WORD FAMILY
born: borner, bornly, reborn, unborn
USAGE EXAMPLES
Albert Preston Brewer was a Tennessean by birth, born on Oct.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Any product with more than 8 percent foreign meat must say where the animal was born, raised and butchered.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I think it depends when they were born.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. bear的过去分词; 支撑，支持; 亲自携带，运输
vi. 结果，生产; 和…有关
adj. 出生的，出身于…的; 天生的，天赋的
分布：出生的(90%)，与生俱来的(9%)，动词bear的过去分词.(1%)
a.出生的,产生的;天生的,十足的The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
US [bɔ:rn] verb
be born
 ESSENTIAL
■When a person or animal is born, they come out of their mother's body and start to exist 出生
• She was born in 1950. 她生于1950年。
• We saw a lamb being born. 我们看到小羔羊降生。
• Diana was born into an aristocratic family. 戴安娜生于贵族之家。
• Ann was born and brought up in Ealing. 安出生于伊灵并在那里长大。
■having started life in a particular way （以某种方式）出生的，出世的
• The toll of babies born with AIDS is rising. 出生即为爱滋病带菌者的婴儿在不断增加。
• Stevie Wonder was born blind. 史提夫·汪达先天失明。
■slightly formal or literary
■If an idea is born, it starts to exist. （想法）产生，形成
born of sth slightly formal
■existing as the result of something 来自于…，产生于…
• With a courage born of necessity, she seized the gun and ran at him. 迫于情势，她平生出一股勇气，拿起枪向他冲去。
UK [bɔ:n] US [bɔ:rn] verb
born and bred
■describes someone who was born and grew up in a particular place, and has the typical character of someone who lives there 土生土长的
• He's a Parisian born and bred. 他是土生土长的巴黎人。
UK [bɔ:n] US [bɔ:rn] verb
born with a silver spoon in your mouth
■to have a high social position and be rich from birth 生来高贵富有的
UK [bɔ:n] US [bɔ:rn] verb
not be born yesterday
■to not be stupid or easy to deceive 不傻；不易上当
• You don't fool me - I wasn't born yesterday. 不要愚弄我——我可不是三岁小孩。
UK [bɔ:n] US [bɔ:rn] verb
wish you had never been born
■to be extremely unhappy 多么希望没有出生（表示极度痛苦）
• When I've finished with you you're going to wish you'd never been born! 等我和你一刀两断了，你会觉得生不如死的！
UK [bɔ:n] US [bɔ:rn] adjective
■having a natural ability or liking 天生的；命中注定的
• a born writer/athlete 天生的作家／运动员
• [+ to infinitive] I felt born to look after animals. 我感到我天生擅长照料动物。
adj. 天生的
 - natural, inborn

Word: feature
Front: feature
[ˈfi:tʃə(r)] (研四六雅宝 1190/741 -K4)
Vocabulary: feature
(once / 64 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A feature is a part of something that makes it special or able to work better, such as a bonus feature on a DVD or a smartphone feature that provides faster Internet connections.
The word feature has both a noun and a verb form used to describe a main characteristic, as in a car's safety features or a restaurant menu that features Italian dishes. In addition, feature can refer to a newspaper or magazine article that provides in-depth information, like a feature about the First Lady and her life. You’ve probably also heard it used to describe a main part of the face, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth.
WORD FAMILY
feature: featured, featureless, features, featuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
It features a man in an undisclosed location handing over documents to an official.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 特征，特点; 容貌，面貌; （期刊的）特辑; 故事片
vt. 使有特色; 描写…的特征; 以…为号召物
vi. 起主要作用; 作重要角色
时态：featured, featuring, features
分布：特征(62%)，特色(15%)，特写(7%)，故事片(7%)，起重要作用(4%)，容貌(4%)，以 ... 为特色(1%)
→来自法语。来自词根fac, 做，词源同do, fact.即做出来的事实。引申词义特征，面容以及电影体裁故事片。
面貌;特征(feat+ure→做事的状态→做事特征)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.特征;容貌;特色;特写v.以...为特色This is a key feature of our society.这是我们社会的一个主要特点.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
QUALITY 特性
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a typical quality or an important part of something 特色；特征；特点
• The town's main features are its beautiful mosque and ancient marketplace. 漂亮的清真寺和古老的市集是该镇的主要特色。
• Our latest model of phone has several new features. 我们最新款的电话机型有几个新特点。
• A unique feature of these rock shelters was that they were dry. 这些可供栖身的岩洞的一个独特之处在于它们是干燥的。
countable
■a part of a building or of an area of land （建筑物的）外部特征；地形
• a geographical feature 地理特征
• This tour takes in the area's best-known natural features, including the Gullfoss waterfall. 本次旅行的路线包括了该地区最知名的自然景观，其中就有古佛斯瀑布。
• The most striking feature of the house was a huge two-storey room running the entire breadth and height of the building. 这幢房子最显著的特点是有一个巨大的两层高的房间，与整幢房子同宽同高。
countable usually plural
■one of the parts of someone's face that you notice when you look at them 面容的一部分；面貌
• He has wonderful strong features. 他五官分明，相貌英俊。
• regular (= even and attractive) features 五官端正的面孔
• Her eyes are her best feature. 她容貌中最引人注目的是她那双眼睛。
UK ['fi:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
ARTICLE 文章
countable
■a special article in a newspaper or magazine, or a part of a television or radio broadcast, that deals with a particular subject （报纸或杂志的）特写；（电视或广播的）专题节目
• a double-page feature on global warming 关于全球暖化的跨页特写
UK ['fi:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
FILM 电影
countable (also feature film)
■a film that is usually 90 or more minutes long 故事片，正片
UK ['fi:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive slightly formal
 IMPROVER
■to include someone or something as an important part 以…为特色；给…以显著的地位
• The film features James Dean as a disaffected teenager. 这部电影由詹姆斯‧狄恩饰演一个心怀不满的少年。
• This week's broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence. 本周广播节目里有一则关于家庭暴力受害者的特别报道。
• It's an Australian company whose logo features a red kangaroo. 这是一家澳大利亚公司，其标志是一只红色袋鼠。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 特色，特征；容貌；特写或专题节目
 - person, characteristic
vt. 特写；以…为特色；由…主演
 - star

Word: indicator
Front: indicator
[ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)] (雅 3892/3574 -2)
Vocabulary: indicator
(once / 2025 pages)
1n 2n
If you're familiar with the verb to "indicate," then indicator should be no problem. An indicator points to, suggests, or shows something. The arrow on a street sign is an indicator telling you which way to go.
"It's not the heat, it's the humidity!" In other words, temperature is only one indicator of how it feels outside. Air-pressure, humidity, wind-chill, and cloud cover are other important indicators of weather conditions. You might hear a lot from newscasters about "economic indicators." These are figures, such as the rate of unemployment or inflation, that indicate where we're headed economically. Good or bad, we need reliable indicators if we're going to recover economically. Not all the indicators say the same thing: some say we're going to be OK sooner than others.
WORD FAMILY
indicator: indicators+/ indicate: indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative, indicator, indicatory/ indication: indications, preindication/ indicative: indicatively, indicatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
At times, he found himself running around his neighborhood in the dark until his calorie-burn indicator reset to zero at midnight.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Leading economic indicators — such as job growth and increases in total personal income — show the city continues to thrive, Lazere said.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Furman also suggested that consumer confidence was a lagging indicator.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 指示器; [化]指示剂; 指示者
分布：指示器(81%)，指示剂(17%)，指示牌(2%)
→来自indicate,指示。
US ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tɚ] noun countable
SHOWING 指标；标志
■something that shows what a situation is like 指标
• Commodity prices can be a useful indicator of inflation, he claimed. 他声称，商品价格可以作为一种有用的通货膨胀指标。
• an economic indicator 经济指标
UK ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tər] US ['ɪn.dɪ.keɪ.tɚ] noun countable
SIGNAL 信号 UK (US turn signal)
■one of the lights at the front and back of a road vehicle which flash to show which way the vehicle is turning （车辆）方向灯
■a device which indicates a value or a change in level, speed, etc 指示器；指针
• The car has an overhead console with a compass and outside temperature indicator. 这辆汽车上方有个仪表板，板上有个指南针和显示车外温度的指示器。
n. [微] [试剂] [计] [电] [电子] [机] 指示器；指示剂；指示符；压力计
 - pointer, viewer

Word: vast
Front: vast
[vɑ:st] (高研四六托 1965/1936 -K3)
Vocabulary: vast
(once / 74 pages)
adj
If you’re in a boat out on the water and you can’t see any land, then the body of water you’re in is probably vast, or enormous.
Things that are described as vast include oceans, seas, the heavens, deserts, and the surface of the moon. Even places that can't be seen or touched, like imaginations, are called vast, because of the endless ideas that come out of them. Someone with a vast imagination is very creative, and a place with a vast landscape is very large. Possibilities are vast, and so are the vocabularies of the world, filling vast volumes.
WORD FAMILY
vast: vaster, vastest, vastly, vastness+/vastness: vastnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, the lake is a vast expanse of salt flats.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Valles Calderas is home to vast grasslands and the remnants of one of North America’s few super volcanoes.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Oliver believes that the vast majority of police officers are sound and well intentioned.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 广阔的; 巨大的; 大量的; 巨额的
n. 浩瀚; 广大无边的空间
级别：vaster, vastest
分布：巨大的(64%)，广阔的(36%)
→来自拉丁语vastus,荒废的，空无的，引申词义辽阔的，无垠的，词源同vain,waste.
a.巨大的,辽阔的,大量的;巨额的The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
US [væst] adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely big 巨大的；广大的
• A vast audience watched the broadcast. 大量的观众观看了转播。
• The amount of detail the book contains is vast. 该书所包含的细节内容非常丰富。
• The people who have taken our advice have saved themselves vast amounts/sums of money. 那些听从了我们建议的人省了一大笔钱。
• The vast majority of pupils attend state-funded schools. 绝大部分学生就读于州立学校。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 广阔的；巨大的；大量的；巨额的
 - huge, massive, extensive, tremendous, enormous
n. 浩瀚；广阔无垠的空间
 - voluminousness

Word: understand
Front: understand
[ˌʌndəˈstænd] (中高托 320/391 -K5)
Vocabulary: understand
(once / 19 pages)
v
To understand something is to comprehend or get it. The more we learn, the more we understand.
The goal of most education is to help students understand how the world works: history, math, English, music, science, and art are all complicated subjects that you need to practice and think about before you can really understand them. Understanding requires knowledge and thought. Another kind of understanding is like sympathy. For example, you might not approve of stealing, but you could understand why a guy would steal to feed his family.
WORD FAMILY
understand: misunderstand, understandable, understanding, understands, understood+/ misunderstand: misunderstanding, misunderstands/misunderstanding: misunderstandings/misunderstood: misunderstoodest/ understandable: understandability/ understanding: understandingly, understandings/understood: misunderstood, understoodest, ununderstood
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Also understand that this is a two-way street.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To better understand this approach I spoke with the Rev. William Barber II, president of the North Carolina chapter of the NAACP.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 懂，理解
vt. 了解; 默认; 听说; 领会
时态：understood, understanding, understands
分布：理解(62%)，明白(23%)，懂得(7%)，听说(3%)，认识到(3%)，获悉(2%)
→词源理解存争议。under-, 来自inter-变体，在里面，词源同interact, undertake,stand, 站立，立场，即站在里面的，同一立场的。引申词义理解，懂得。
v.懂,理解;获悉,听说;揣测,认为A good teacher must understand children.一个好的老师应该了解孩子们.
US [-dɚ-] (understood, understood)
verb
KNOW 知道
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to know the meaning of something that someone says 理解；明白；懂得
• She explained the whole idea again, but I still didn't understand. 她把整个想法又解释了一遍，但我还是不明白。
• Is there anyone here who understands Arabic? 这儿有人懂阿拉伯语吗？
• I think he was phoning from a pub - it was so noisy I couldn't understand (= recognize) a word he said. 我想他是在一个酒吧里打的电话——那头太吵了，他说的话我一个字也没听清。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to know why or how something happens or works 弄懂，搞明白
• [+ question word] We still don't fully understand how the brain works. 我们还未完全弄懂大脑是如何工作的。
intransitive or transitive
■to know how someone feels or why they behave in a particular way 理解；体谅
• My wife doesn't understand me. 我太太不理解我。
• Sometimes I don't understand James. 有时候我搞不懂詹姆斯。
• [+ question word] You don't understand wh at it's like/ how it feels to have to beg on the streets. 你不了解出于无奈才上街乞讨是甚么样子／是甚么样的感觉。
understand sb to mean sth
■to think, especially wrongly, that someone means a particular thing （尤指错误地）把（某人）的意思理解为…
• When he said 3 o'clock, I understood him to mean in the afternoon. 他说三点钟时，我误解为是下午。
understand one another/each other
■When two people understand one another, they both know what the other means and wants and they have an agreement 彼此理解
• Both sides must try to understand one another, to recognise each others' rights, feelings and beliefs. 双方都应尽量相互理解，认可彼此的权利、情感和信仰。
UK [ˌʌn.də'stænd] US [-dɚ-] (understood, understood)
verb
REALISE 得知
 ESSENTIAL transitive formal
■to know or realise something because you have been told it 得知，获悉，听说
• [+ (that)] I understand (that) you are interested in borrowing some money from us. 我听说你想从我们这里借些钱。
• [+ that] The Director had given her to understand (= told her) that she would be promoted. 主任跟她说她将会得到提拔。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] A secret buyer is understood to have paid £1 million for the three pictures (= there is unofficial news that this has happened). 据说，有一位不愿透露姓名的买家花了100万英镑买走了那三幅画。
intransitive or transitive formal
■used when making certain that someone knows what you mean and that they will do as you want （用于询问他人是否明白自己所表达的意思并按要求去做）明白
• I don't want you to see that boy again. Understand?/Do you understand?/Is that understood? 我不想你再和那个男孩见面，明白吗？
it is understood formal
■used to refer to something such as a rule that everyone knows and accepts 众所周知
• In the library it is understood that loud talking is not permissible. 众所周知，图书馆里禁止大声喧哗。
UK [ˌʌn.də'stænd] US [-dɚ-] (understood, understood)
verb
make yourself understood
■to communicate effectively 把自己的意思表达清楚
• Since they spoke only Swahili, we used signs and gestures to make ourselves understood. 因为他们只会说斯瓦希里语，因此我们就借助动作和手势让对方明白我们的意思。
grasp, appreciate, understand, comprehend, apprehend
这组词都有“理解”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 从本义抓紧、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。
appreciate: 语气较弱，指对某事物或意义有充分的理解。着重有能力领域或觉察。
understand: 一般用词，很常用，指对事实或意义不仅知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 较正式用词，指对较复杂的事物能透彻理解其意义。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某观念的大概意义，但未能理解其内涵意义，暗含一知半解意味。
understand, recognize, perceive, learn, comprehension
understand: 理解
recognize: 认出，认得
perceive: 察觉，理解
learn: 学会
comprehension: 理解
understand, learn, comprehend, know
这组词都有“懂，知道，明了”的意思，其区别是：
understand: 指对事物已有彻底的认识，不仅知其性质、含义和细节，而且了解其内外的关系。
learn: 通常指通过他人而获得消息或情况，侧重从不知到知的变化过程。
comprehend: 侧重熟悉了解的过程。
know: 普通用词，多指通过学习、经验或他人传播而得到知识，含直接知道的意味。
vt. 理解；懂；获悉；推断；省略
 - see, absorb, read, seize, conclude
vi. 理解；懂得；熟悉
 - know, cotton on

Word: venture
Front: venture
[ˈventʃə(r)] (研四六托雅 3294/2888 -K3)
Vocabulary: venture
(once / 98 pages)
nv
A venture is a risky undertaking. If your latest venture is a dog food store, you hope there are some hungry dogs around. Also, to venture is to go somewhere possibly dangerous, like if you venture out into a snowstorm.
Venture is a shortened form of adventure. This happened sometime between 1100 AD and 1400 AD during the time that Middle English was spoken. While the two words are similar in meaning, when you subtract the "ad," you lose a teaspoon or two of fun, and add a heaping tablespoon of risk.
WORD FAMILY
venture: ventured, venturer, ventures, venturesome, venturing, venturous +/venturer: venturers/ venturesome: venturesomely, venturesomeness/ venturous: venturously
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the first Trump venture in the Arab world.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And he partnered with a Syngenta executive in a consulting venture, emails obtained by The New York Times show.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 冒险事业; 冒险; 冒险行动; 商业冒险
vt. 冒…的危险; 拿…冒险; 用…进行投机; 以…做赌注
vi. 冒险前进，冒险行事; 猜测（常与at连用）
时态：ventured, venturing, ventures
分布：企业(38%)，风险(34%)，冒险(22%)，投机(4%)，敢于(1%)，冒昧地说(1%)
→缩写自adventure,风险。
冒险,冒险做(vent+ure来到[危险]→冒险)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
v.冒险,拼;大胆表示n.冒险事业,拼,闯The ventilator inventor's adventure prevented him from venturing revenge.通风机发明家的奇遇阻止了他冒险复仇.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a new activity, usually in business, which involves risk or uncertainty （有风险的）企业；投机活动；商业冒险
• She advised us to look abroad for more lucrative business ventures. 她建议我们去国外寻找更有利可图的商业机会。
• There are many joint ventures between American and Japanese companies. 有许多美日合资企业。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
 ADVANCED
■to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant, or to risk saying something that might be criticized 冒险去（或做）；冒昧地说
• She rarely ventured outside , except when she went to stock up on groceries at the corner shop. 她极少冒险外出，除非要去街角的商店采购杂货。
• As we set off into the forest, we felt as though we were venturing (forth) into the unknown. 当我们动身进入那片森林时，感觉自己似乎正在冒险进入一个未知的世界。
• She tentatively ventured the opinion that the project would be too expensive to complete, but the boss ignored her. 她有些犹豫但还是斗胆进言，认为完成那个专案计划花费太高，但老板不予理睬。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
Nothing ventured, nothing gained. saying
■You have to take a risk in order to get something good. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
UK ['ven.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive formal
  Phrasal Verbs  venture on/upon sth
■to try to do something difficult or dangerous 冒险做…
• The wind was so strong that when we did finally venture on a walk, we were nearly swept away. 风太大了，当我们最后终于硬着头皮走出去的时候，人都快被吹走了。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
vt. 敢于
 - dare to, be bold to
vi. 冒险；投机
 - adventure, take a risk
n. 企业；风险；冒险
 - enterprise, risk, undertaking, throw

Word: illegal
Front: illegal
[ɪˈli:gl] (高研四六雅宝 2071/3103 -K3)
Vocabulary: illegal
(once / 387 pages)
adj
Something illegal is against the law or breaks the rules. If you're reading this in jail, you've probably done something illegal, and if you're not in jail, there's plenty of time to obey the law.
You can use the adjective illegal to describe breaking the rules, as when you head-butt someone in a game. Acts that go against the law, such as robbing a bank, are also illegal. There is a wide range of things called illegal, from small acts to big ones, but no matter the seriousness, if it is against the law, it is illegal. This adjective also describes people who enter countries without official government approval, they are called "illegal immigrants" or "illegal aliens."
WORD FAMILY
illegal: illegalise, illegality, illegalize, illegally+/ illegality: illegalities/ illegalize: illegalized/ legal: illegal, legaler, legalise, legalism, legality, legalize, legally, nonlegal/legalise: legalisation, legalised, legalises, legalising/legalism: legalisms/ legality: legalities/legalize: legalization, legalized, legalizes, legalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israeli settlements may be illegal in the eyes of the U.N.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“China became quite aware that even in their ‘legal market’ there was tremendous laundering through an illegal system,” Ms. Lieberman said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不合法的，违法的; 违反规则的
n. 非法移民，非法劳工; 间谍
分布：非法的(50%)，非法移民(27%)，不合法的(23%)
→il-,不，非，来自in-在以字母l开头前的拼写异化形式，legal,合法的。
非法的(il+legal合法的)[il-,ir-①放在同辅音词根前表示"不,无"②表示"使…成为,进入"]
不合法的(il不+legal合法的)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
a.不合法的,非法的The one-legged beggar begins to beg eggs illegally.独腿乞丐开始非法讨蛋.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■against the law; not allowed by law 非法的，违法的
• a campaign to stop the illegal sale of cigarettes to children under 16 禁止向16岁以下儿童非法销售香烟的运动
• Prostitution is illegal in some countries. 卖淫在某些国家是不合法的。
• It is illegal to drive a car that is not taxed and insured. 驾驶未上税、未上保险的汽车是违法的。
• Cocaine, LSD and heroin are all illegal drugs/substances. 古柯碱、迷幻药和海洛因都是非法毒品。
illegal, improbable, illogical, improper
illegal: 非法的
improbable: 不大可能发生的
illogical: 不符合逻辑的
improper: 不适当的
adj. [法] 非法的；违法的；违反规则的
 - unauthorized, unlawful
n. 非法移民；间谍
 - espionage, secret agent

Word: guarantee
Front: guarantee
[ˌgærənˈti:] (高研四六托雅宝 2774/2525 -K4)
Vocabulary: guarantee
(once / 277 pages)
nv
To guarantee is to promise or to a make binding agreement. If a baseball player guarantees his team will win the World Series, he better not lead the league in strikeouts.
Guarantee is a word that is both a noun and a verb: the noun means "a binding agreement" and the verb is the act of making that agreement. This word seems to have come from garante, the Spanish word for "protect" and it's related to the Old French word warrant, which means "to authorize." Today, we often come across guarantee in advertisements, and you might wonder how they might guarantee to make your social life better if your teeth are whiter!
WORD FAMILY
guarantee: guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s what we guarantee will happen in 2017, unless something else happens instead:
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Next season’s portion of the contract is guaranteed if Taylor is unable to pass his physical.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保证，担保; 保证人，保证书; 抵押品
vt. 保证，担保
时态：guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
→词源同warranty.
n.保证,保证书v.保证,担保The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
【反】vouch（vt 担保）
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a promise that something will be done or will happen, especially a written promise by a company to repair or change a product that develops a fault within a particular period of time 保证，担保；（尤指公司保证对产品保修或包退的）保修单，包换单
• The system costs £99.95 including postage, packing and a 12-month guarantee. 包括邮资、包装费用，该系统价格共计99.95英镑，保用12个月。
• The video recorder comes with/has a two-year guarantee. 这台录像机保修期为两年。
• a money-back guarantee 退款保证
• [+ that] The United Nations has demanded a guarantee from the army that food convoys will not be attacked. 联合国要求这支军队保证不攻击护送粮食的车队。
• [+ (that)] There is no guarantee (that) the discussions will lead to a deal. 商谈不一定能达成任何协议。
• A product as good as that is a guarantee of commercial success (= It is certain to be successful). 那样好的产品质量就是成功获利的保证。
• The shop said they would replace the television as it was still under guarantee. 商店说会给我们退换那台电视机，因为它还没有过包退期。
countable
■a formal agreement to take responsibility for something, such as the payment of someone else's debt 担保
countable specialized
■something valuable which you give to someone temporarily while you do what you promised to do for them, and which they will keep if you fail to do it 担保物；抵押品
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
PROMISE 保证
 IMPROVER
■If a product is guaranteed, the company that made it promises to repair or change it if a fault develops within a particular period of time 保修；包换
• The fridge is guaranteed for three years. 这个冰箱保修期是三年。
 IMPROVER
■to promise that something will happen or exist 保证；担保；保障
• [+ two objects] European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service. 欧洲航空公司保证为乘客提供最好的服务。
• The label on this bread says it is guaranteed free of/from preservatives (= it contains no preservatives). 这种面包的标签上写着保证不含防腐剂。
■If you guarantee someone's debt, you formally promise to accept the responsibility for that debt if the person fails to pay it. 为…作保；担保；承诺对…负法律责任
[ˌgær.ən'ti:] verb transitive
MAKE CERTAIN 确保
■If something guarantees something else, it makes certain that it will happen 确保，使必然发生
• [+ (that)] The £50 deposit guarantees (that) people return the boats after their hour has finished. 50英镑的押金会确保人们在划完船后将船归还。
■If something is guaranteed to happen or have a particular result, it is certain that it will happen or have that result 肯定…必然发生；肯定会有某种结果
• [+ to infinitive] Just looking at a picture of the sea is guaranteed to make me feel sick. 哪怕是看一眼大海的图片，我都会有晕船的感觉。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保；保证人；保证书； [经] 抵押品
 - assurance, certification, commitment, warranty, pledge
vt. [金融] 保证； [法] 担保
 - assure, undertake, swear for

Word: delay
Front: delay
[dɪˈleɪ] (高研四六托雅 3105/2530 -K4)
Vocabulary: delay
(once / 99 pages)
nv
A delay is a wait or a postponement. An unexpected delay before the start of a play might make the audience restless and noisy.
During a delay, you have to wait around for things to begin. Delay is also a verb: "That burnt pizza is going to delay dinner for at least another hour." You can also delay by loitering or hanging around: "The performer always delays when he's nervous about singing in front of a crowd." Delay comes from the Old French delaiier, from the roots de-, "not," and laier, "leave."
WORD FAMILY
delay: delayed, delayer, delaying, delays+/delayer: delayers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Depending on the severity of these symptoms, patients may need to delay treatment and begin a course of steroids and or discontinue the drug immediately.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He said the agency apologizes to travelers who were delayed getting into the country after long flights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Navy denies there’s been any delays in port access.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 延迟，拖延; 耽搁; 被耽搁或推迟的时间
vt. 延期，推迟; 耽搁
vi. 延缓，延期
时态：delayed, delaying, delays
分布：推迟(35%)，延误(31%)，耽搁(24%)，延期(10%)
→来自法语delaie, 来自de-, 向下，离开，-laie, 留下，停留，词源同lax, 拼写受lay影响俗化，引申义延迟。
v./n.耽搁,延迟The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.被耽搁的运动员代表团停留在操场上.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected （使）延迟，（使）延误；（使）延期
• My plane was delayed by an hour. 我乘坐的飞机延误了一个小时。
• Could we delay the meeting a few days? 我们可以把会议延后几天吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I think we should delay deciding about this until next year. 我认为我们应该等到明年再决定这件事。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause someone or something to be slow or late 使耽误，使耽搁；使迟到
• I was delayed by traffic. 我被交通耽搁了。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to not act quickly or immediately 行动迟缓，磨蹭
• If you delay now, the opportunity might be lost. 现在你如果不赶快行动就会失去机会。
[dɪ'leɪ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you have to wait longer than expected for something to happen, or the time that you have to wait 延迟，延误；延期；延迟（或延误）的时间
• This situation needs to be tackled without delay. 这种情况需要立即处理。
• Long delays are predicted on the motorway because of the accident. 由于这宗意外，预计在高速公路上会出现长时间的交通延误。
• There has been a delay in the book's publication. 该书的出版延期了。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
vi. 延期；耽搁
 - wait, hold over
vt. 延期；耽搁
 - hold over, stand over
n. 延期；耽搁；被耽搁或推迟的时间
 - raincheck, postponement

Word: supreme
Front: supreme
[su:ˈpri:m] (高研四六托雅宝 1618/2550 -1)
Vocabulary: supreme
(once / 96 pages)
adj
If you are the greatest, the most powerful, and the highest, you are supreme.
The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest court in the land. A supreme being is a god or other higher power. A supreme leader is an all-powerful ruler. Sometimes, when everyone else is driving you crazy, you might daydream about being the supreme leader of your school, office, or maybe the entire country, so you could tell everyone else what to do. Or you might just order a supreme pizza, which usually has every imaginable topping on it.
WORD FAMILY
supreme: supremacy, supremely, supremest+/supremacist: supremacists/ supremacy: supremacies, supremacism, supremacist, suprematism/suprematism: suprematist/suprematist: suprematists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The conservancy then appealed to the state Supreme Court, which agreed to review the case.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The district says it needs more money, and hopes the Kansas Supreme Court will agree.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Supreme Court is set to discuss the case Friday to determine whether it will hear the appeal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最高的; 至高的，无上的; 最重要的; （程度）很大的
分布：最高的(54%)，至上的(30%)，极度的(16%)
→来自中古法语 supreme,来自拉丁语 supremus,最高的，最高级形式于 superus,高的，位于上方
a.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■having the highest rank, level or importance （等级、水准或重要性）最高（的），至高无上（的）
• the supreme commander of the armed forces 武装部队最高统帅
• the Supreme Court 最高法院
• The present constitution gives supreme authority to the presidency. 现行宪法赋予总统至高无上的权力。
• From 1960 to 1970, Ayatollah Mohsen al-Hakim reigned supreme among the Shi'ites of Iraq, Iran and elsewhere. 自1960年至1970年，阿亚图拉‧穆赫辛‧哈基姆是伊拉克、伊朗及其他地方什叶派的最高领袖。
[su:'pri:m] adjective
■very great or best 极大的；最好的
• She was awarded a medal for showing supreme bravery. 她因为表现非常英勇而获得一枚奖章。
• For me, dieting requires a supreme effort of will. 对我来说，节食需要极大毅力。
adj. 最高的；至高的；最重要的
 - highest, maximum, peak, top, principal
n. 至高；霸权
 - hegemony

Word: survive
Front: survive
[səˈvaɪv] (高研四六托宝 1342/1325 -K4)
Vocabulary: survive
(once / 116 pages)
v
To survive something is to live through it or endure it. You can survive a car accident, or you can survive your little brother's four-hour violin recital.
The verb survive is from the Latin word supervivere, “live beyond,” or “live longer than.” Originally to survive was used in the legal context as in “you survive your wife and therefore inherit her kingdom.” However, nowadays you might say that you were able to survive a holiday at your in-laws’, that your brother survived his first round of job interviews, or that you will never survive another all-day trip to the zoo in ninety degree heat.
WORD FAMILY
survive: survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor +/ survival: survivalist, survivals/survivalist: survivalists/ survivor: survivors
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition to her daughter, she is survived by two sons, Mark Lansburgh and Frank Bell Appleby, and four grandchildren.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 幸存，活下来
vt. 比…活得长，经历…之后还存在; 幸存
vt. & vi. 幸免于难; 挺过; 艰难度过
时态：survived, surviving, survives
分布：存活(70%)，继续存在(9%)，幸免于难(8%)，活着(7%)，艰难度过(4%)，比 ... 活得长(2%)
→sur-,在上，超过，-viv,生命，词源同 vivid,vivacity.引申词义生存，存活。
存活,辛存(sur在下面+viv+e→在[事故]下面或下来→辛存)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
v.幸免于,幸存;比...长命He survived the war.他在战争中幸免于死.
【记】sur下面，vive＝live－在下面活着－幸存
【参】survival（n 生存；幸存者；残存物）
【反】perish（v 毁灭；死亡）
US [sɚ-] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a difficult or threatening situation 继续生存，存活；（尤指）幸存
• The baby was born with a heart problem and only survived for a few hours. 这个婴儿生下来就有心脏病，只活了几个小时。
• These plants cannot survive in very cold conditions. 这些植物无法在非常寒冷的条件下生存。
• None of Shakespeare's plays survives in its original manuscript form. 莎士比亚的戏剧手稿都没有保存下来。
• The family are struggling to survive on very little money. 这家人靠很少的钱艰难度日。
• The front passengers were lucky to survive the accident. 坐在前面的乘客幸免于难。
• The prime minister succeeded in surviving the challenge to his authority. 首相撑过了众人对他权威的挑战。
• "How are you?" "Oh, (I'm) surviving (= life is satisfactory, but not very good)." “你好吗？”“哦，还过得去。”
transitive
■to continue to live after someone, especially a member of your family, has died 比（尤指家人）活得长
• He is survived by his wife and four children. 他遗留下妻子和四个孩子 死去。

Word: easily
Front: easily
[ˈi:zəli] (高四 1211/1004 -K3)
Vocabulary: easily
(once / 59 pages)
adv
Things that happen easily don't require a lot of effort. When your old car starts easily on a very cold morning, you'll breathe a sigh of relief.
While you can only climb a mountain with difficulty, you can probably climb the stairs in your house easily. You can also use this adverb to mean something closer to "quickly," as when you describe your puppy as easily distracted with treats or yourself as easily bored by long books. The Old French root of easily is aisie, "comfortable" or "at ease."
WORD FAMILY
easy: easied, easier, easiest, easily, easiness, easyly, uneasy +/easiness: easinesses/uneasiness: uneasinesses/ uneasy: uneasily, uneasiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"The key is looking for systems that are scalable, lightweight and easily deployable," he said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of us will find encounters with death all too easily.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Others nominees, such as retired Marine Corps Gen. James Mattis for defense secretary, should easily win confirmation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 容易地; 很可能; 迅速地; 频繁地
分布：容易地(55%)，无疑地(38%)，很可能地(7%)
adverb
NOT DIFFICULT 轻易地
 ESSENTIAL
■with no difficulty or effort 容易地；轻易地；不费力地
• I can easily be home early tonight, if you want. 你想让我回去的话，我今晚就能早早到家，完全不费力。
• Ever since the illness I get tired very easily (= more quickly than usual). 自从生了那场病之后，我动不动就感到浑身乏力。
['i:.zɪ.li] adverb
CERTAINLY 肯定
■without doubt 无疑；肯定
• For me, Venice is easily the most beautiful city in Europe. 对我来说，威尼斯绝对是欧洲最美丽的城市。
['i:.zɪ.li] adverb
LIKELY 很可能
■very likely to happen or be true 很可能发生或成为现实地
• Prices could easily rise further. 价格很可能会进一步上涨。
adv. 容易地；无疑地
 - clearly, no doubt, readily, lightly

Word: vehicle
Front: vehicle
[ˈvi:əkl] (中高研四六托雅宝 1293/1319 -K4)
Vocabulary: vehicle
(once / 213 pages)
n
A vehicle gets you or your stuff where it needs to go. Even though the grocery store is only a few block away, you'll probably want to use a vehicle to get there, so you won't have to carry your groceries all the way home.
A vehicle is anything that transports a person or thing, usually a car. But a vehicle can be a truck, a plane, a bus, a blimp or even a shopping cart, anything that transports people or things. Vehicle is also often used in the sense of a medium of expression. For example, if you're an artist, your art is the vehicle for your creative ideas. Some people believe that bread is just a vehicle for mayonnaise.
WORD FAMILY
vehicle: vehicles, vehicular
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 车辆; 交通工具; 传播媒介，媒介物; [药]赋形剂
分布：车辆(68%)，工具(18%)，交通工具(9%)，传播媒介(3%)，手段(2%)
→来自拉丁语vehere,携带，运载，来自wegh,走，运送，词源同wagon,way,引申词义交通工具。
车辆[veh=carry(带来)]
n.车辆,交通工具;媒介,载体With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
【记】veh带，icle东西－带人的东西－交通工具
noun
MACHINE 机器
 ESSENTIAL countable formal
■a machine usually with wheels and an engine, which is used for transporting people or goods on land, especially on roads （陆上）交通工具；车辆；机动车
• A truck driver died last night when his vehicle overturned. 昨晚一辆卡车翻了车，司机死亡。
• Road vehicles include cars, buses and trucks. 道路交通工具包括汽车、公车和卡车。
• Tractors are farm vehicles. 拖拉机是农用车辆。
• The number of thefts of motor vehicles rose by a third last year. 去年机动车失窃案数量上升了三分之一。
['vi:.ɪ.kl] noun
METHOD 方法
countable usually singular
■a way of achieving, producing or expressing something （实现、产生或表达…的）方法，手段，媒介
• The conference was seen as an ideal vehicle for increased cooperation between the member states. 那次会议被视为增进成员国之间合作的理想途径。
• Corporate America has embraced the Web as a new vehicle for advertising. 美国企业界已将网际网路视作广告宣传的一种新媒介。
countable usually singular
■a show, film, exhibition , etc. that is used to show the special skills or qualities of one particular performer or artist （为某个表演者或艺术家）特意制作的电影（或演出节目、展览等）
• The play seems to be little more than a vehicle for its director and star. 那部戏好像是为其导演兼主演量身打造的。
n. [车辆] 车辆；工具；交通工具；运载工具；传播媒介；媒介物
 - instrument, engine, tool, gear, implement

Word: unit
Front: unit
[ˈju:nɪt] (中高研四六 966/560 -K4)
Vocabulary: unit
(once / 160 pages)
1n 2n
A unit is a single, whole part of something, like a building block. In math class, you might do a unit on algebra before you do another unit on geometry. Also, there are units of measurement, such as inches and miles.
The word unit started out in math but has branched out to refer to any singular thing that is part of something larger. Each apartment in a building is a unit. A unit can also be a small group that fits into a larger social organization, like a military unit or a family unit. In all cases, a unit is a small, whole part of something bigger.
WORD FAMILY
unit: subunit, unify, unitise, unitize, units+/disunify: disunified, disunifying/subunit: subunits/ unification: unifications/ unify: disunify, unification, unified, unifies, unifying / unifying: unifyingly/unitise: unitisation/unitize: unitization, unitized, unitizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Similar units may be available at the consumer level soon.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I replace the filter on the unit every three months.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Within 24 hours, Quinlan was whisked away from their hospital to an intensive care unit at a nearby medical university.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 单位，单元; 装置; 个体; [数]单位数
分布：单位(51%)，单元(43%)，部件(4%)，组件(2%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，来自oi-no, 一，词源同one。用于指单元，单位。
n.单位,单元;部件,元件;机组,装置For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
noun
SEPARATE PART 单独的部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a single thing or a separate part of something larger 单位；单元
• The first year of the course is divided into four units. 该课程的第一年分为四个单元。
• Each unit of the course book focuses on a different grammar point. 课本的每个单元各有不同的文法重点。
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of furniture or equipment which is intended to be fitted as a part of a set of similar or matching pieces （家俱或设备的）组合件，配件
• kitchen/shelf/sink units 厨房／书架／水槽组合件
 ADVANCED countable
■a small machine or part of a machine which has a particular purpose 小机器，装置；机件，元件
• the central processing unit of a computer 电脑的中央处理器
• a waste-disposal unit 废物处理装置
countable specialized
■a single complete product of the type that a business sells （商品的）（一）件，（一）套
countable US
■a single apartment in a bigger building （公寓楼的）单元，单位
• a multiple-unit dwelling 多单位住宅
• a public housing unit 公共住房单位
['ju:.nɪt] noun
PEOPLE 人
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people living or working together, especially for a particular purpose （尤指具有特定目的的）班组，小队
• the traditional family unit 传统的家庭单位
• Dr Nussbaum is director of the Civil Liberties Research Unit at King's College, London. 努斯鲍姆博士是伦敦国王学院公民自由研究中心的主任。
• Both soldiers spent two weeks in training before being allowed to rejoin their unit (= the particular part of the army to which they belonged). 两名士兵均在接受了两周的训练后才被允许归队。
['ju:.nɪt] noun
MEASUREMENT 度量
countable
■a standard measure which is used to express amounts （计量）单位，单元
• A centimetre is a unit of length. 厘米是长度单位。
• The standard unit of currency in the US is the dollar. 美国的标准货币单位是美元。
countable UK
■a standard measure of alcohol 酒精单位
• Experts say that women should not drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week. 专家称妇女每周饮酒不要超过14个酒精单位。
['ju:.nɪt] noun
HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT 医院部门
countable
■a department in a hospital for the treatment of people with similar illnesses or conditions （医院里的）科室；病区
• She's in the burns/paediatric/psychiatric unit. 她在烧伤科／儿科／精神科。
['ju:.nɪt] noun
SINGLE NUMBER 单个数位
countable
■any whole number less than ten （零到九）个位数
• Tens go in the left-hand column and units in the right. 十位数在左栏，个位数在右栏。
countable specialized
■the number 1 （数位）一
n. [计量] 单位，单元；装置； [军] 部队； [机] 部件
 - device, apparatus, installation, components, parts

Word: marriage
Front: marriage
[ˈmærɪdʒ] (中高研四六 1011/1154 -K4)
Vocabulary: marriage
(once / 59 pages)
n
Marriage is when two people join together through a legal contract, a religious ceremony, or both.
In some cultures, marriage is arranged by families, and in others people choose their own husbands or wives if they decide to marry. There are some places where marriage is limited to unions between a man and a woman, while more and more states and countries recognize marriage between same-sex couples too. You can also use the noun marriage to talk about a more figurative link between two things: “The song was a strange marriage of Bavarian polka and punk rock.”
WORD FAMILY
marriage: marriageable, marriages+/intermarriage: intermarriages/intermarry: intermarriage, intermarried, intermarries, intermarrying/marriageable: marriageability, marriageably/ married: marriedly, marrieds, unmarried/ marry: intermarry, marriage, married, marries, marrying, remarry /remarriage: remarriages/ remarry: remarriage, remarried, remarries, remarrying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Amy: I recently celebrated my marriage with an amazing wedding!
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Her first marriage, to the art historian Mark Lansburgh Jr., ended in divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I find this outlook for a guy in his mid-thirties possibly a red flag since I do consider marriage important.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 结婚; 婚姻生活; 密切结合; 合并
分布：婚姻(73%)，结婚(26%)，紧密结合(1%)
→来自marry,结婚，-age,名词后缀。
结婚(marry结婚)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
n.结婚,婚姻;结婚仪式Their marriage ended in divorce.他们的婚姻以离婚收场.
US ['mer-] noun
MAN AND WOMAN 男人和女人
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a legally accepted relationship between a woman and a man in which they live as husband and wife, or the official ceremony which results in this 婚姻；结婚；婚礼
• They had a long and happy marriage. 他们的婚姻长久而幸福。
• She went to live abroad after the break-up of her marriage. 她婚姻破裂后便移居海外了。
• She has two daughters by her first marriage. 她和第一任丈夫有两个女儿。
• the marriage ceremony 婚礼
marriage of convenience
■a marriage in which the partners have married, not because they love each other, but in order to get an advantage, such as the right to live in the other partner's country 基于利害关系的婚姻，权宜婚姻
UK ['mær.ɪdʒ] US ['mer-] noun
COMBINATION 结合
countable
■a combination of two or more things （两个或以上事物的）融合物，结合体
• His music is a marriage of jazz, blues and pop. 他的音乐里融合了爵士乐、蓝调以及流行乐的元素。
wedding, marriage
这组词都有“结婚”的意思，其区别是：
wedding: 普通用词，指婚礼上的结婚仪式以及随之而来的庆祝活动。
marriage: 普通用词，含义广，指婚烟关系及婚后生活，也可指结婚仪式。
n. 结婚；婚姻生活；密切结合，合并
 - wedding, merger, consolidation, coalition

Word: danger
Front: danger
[ˈdeɪndʒə(r)] (中高研四雅 1546/1264 -K4)
Vocabulary: danger
(once / 30 pages)
n
When you're in danger, it seems likely that you might get hurt. Your mom might warn you that if you don't wear your bicycle helmet, you're in danger of cracking your skull open.
A baby bird teetering on the edge of its nest is in danger, and a driver whose car stalls on railroad tracks is also in danger. When something unpleasant might happen, you can also use the word danger: "We were in danger of running out of guacamole before the party ended." Danger can also be a precarious or perilous place, as when you step up on the curb on a busy street, out of danger.
WORD FAMILY
danger: dangerous, dangers, endanger +/ dangerous: dangerouser, dangerousest, dangerously, dangerousness/ endanger: endangered, endangering, endangerment, endangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is perhaps an occupational hazard in Mr. Cohen’s line of work to see the world in light of its dangers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s all about avoiding a relegation dogfight for struggling champion Leicester, which is six points from danger.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police said that a search of his apartment turned up no evidence of any concrete danger to New Year’s Eve celebrations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 危险; 危险物，威胁
分布：威胁(100%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语dominus, 统治，主人，词源同domino, domineer. 原指君主的权力，君主的威严，引申义危险。参照汉语成语伴君如伴虎。拼写参照同源词daunt.
n.危险;威胁;危险事物The eagle is eager to anger the tiger in danger.鹰渴望激怒处在危险中的老虎.
US [-dʒɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the possibility of harm or death to someone 危险，风险
• Danger! Keep out! 危险！别进来！
• He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in danger. 他的车开得太快了，当时我真的觉得自己会有生命危险。
• The doctors say he is now out of danger (= is not expected to die although he has been extremely ill). 医生们说他已经渡过危险期。
• the dangers of rock-climbing 攀岩的种种危险
 IMPROVER countable
■something or someone that may harm you 威胁；危险因素
• Icy roads are a danger to drivers. 结冰的路面对司机来说是种威胁。
• The judge described him as a danger to society. 法官说他对社会构成威胁。
danger of sth
■the possibility that something bad will happen …的危险性；发生（坏事）的可能
• If there's any danger of seeing Gary at the party, I'm not going. 如果在派对上有可能看到加里，那我就不去了。
• If he carries on like this he's in danger of losing his job. 如果他再这样下去，就有可能失去工作。
UK ['deɪn.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun
There's no danger of that! humorous
■said to mean that something certainly will not happen （表示某事肯定不会发生）不会的！没事的！
• "Bye - don't work too hard!" "There's no danger of that!" “再见——别太累了！”“不会的！”
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
n. [安全] 危险；危险物，威胁
 - threat, risk, hazard

Word: affect
Front: affect
[əˈfekt] (高研四六托雅 963/754 -K4)
Vocabulary: affect
(once / 67 pages)
1v 2v 3n
Affect is most often used as a verb meaning “to have an impact on,” as in “The tornado barreling towards us will affect our picnic plans.”
As a verb, affect can also mean “to feign an appearance,” as in, “Don’t let that surfer’s California accent fool you. Although she affects a convincing ‘Dude, that was rad,’ she is from Minnesota and just moved out West last month.” Don’t let that affect your friendship, though, she’s probably really fun.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
affect / effect
Choosing between affect and effect can be scary. Think of Edgar Allen Poe and his RAVEN: Remember Affect Verb Effect Noun. You can't affect the creepy poem by reading it, but you can enjoy the effect of a talking bird.
In everyday speech, affect is a verb. It means to influence something, such as in the headline from the Albuquerque News,
Downed Power Line Affects PNM Customers
The downed power line had an impact on some power customers: they were without electricity overnight.
Effect is mostly commonly used as a noun meaning the result or impact of something, an outcome. If there's "a/an/the" in front of it, it's an effect. The second sentence is from a story about the outcome of long-term sleeping trouble,
The Effect of Persistent Sleepiness
Adding to the confusion, effect can also be used as a verb to mean to produce or to cause to come into being. Here's an example that uses it correctly,
A government unable to effect any change is a government that will produce no surprises.
Put another way, a government that can't produce change won't be able to produce surprises; it will be predictable.
Most of the time, you'll want affect as a verb meaning to influence something and effect for the something that was influenced. The difference between affect and effect is so slippery that people have started using "impact" as a verb instead. Don't be one of them! Another trick is to remember that affect comes first alphabetically, and an action (to affect) has to occur before you can have a result (an effect).
WORD FAMILY
affect: affectation, affected, affecting, affectional, affective, affects, disaffect+/ affectation: affectations/ affected: affectedest, affectedly, affectedness, ill-affected, unaffected / affecting: affectingly, unaffecting/affectional: affectionally/ affective: affectively/disaffect: disaffected, disaffecting, disaffection, disaffects/disaffection: disaffections/ unaffected: unaffectedly, unaffectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But the possibility is affecting migrants' remittance decisions.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 影响; 假装; 感动; （疾病）侵袭
n. 感情，情感，心情; [精神病学]（表露或觉察到的）情绪反应
时态：affected, affecting, affects
分布：影响(95%)，感动(3%)，作用(2%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。词根fect, 同fact, 做。该词根衍生出两个截然相反的意思：1. 做出来的样子，假装。2. 真心实意的做，打动，影响。
影响;感动(af使+fect→使人做→影响)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;感动n.情感,感情His affection for the defects is affected by the infectious perfect effect.他对缺点的钟爱受到具有感染力的完美效果的影响.
【记】af一再，fect做，力求－力求使人做－影响
verb transitive
INFLUENCE 影响
 ESSENTIAL
■to have an influence on someone or something, or to cause them to change 影响；侵袭；感染；打动
• Both buildings were badly affected by the fire. 两座大楼都被大火严重焚毁。
• The divorce affected every aspect of her life. 离婚使她生活的各个方面都受到了影响。
• It's a disease which affects mainly older people. 这是一种主要侵扰老年人的疾病。
• I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me). 我被电影深深地打动了。
[ə'fekt] verb transitive
PRETEND 假装 formal
■to pretend to feel or think something 假装
• To all his problems she affected indifference. 对他所有的问题，她都装作漠不关心的样子。
■formal mainly disapproving
■to start to wear or do something in order to make people admire or respect you （为引人注意或自抬身价而）刻意穿戴，故作
• At university he affected an upper-class accent. 在大学里他拿腔捏调冒充社会上流人士。
• He's recently affected a hat and cane. 近来，他头上戴了顶帽子，手上拿了根拐杖，装腔作势起来。
affect, influence, impress
这些动词均含“影响”之意。
affect: 作主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。
influence: 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
impress: 强调影响既深刻又持久。
effect, influence, affect
effect: n. 功效，影响 v. 产生，实现（目的）等
influence: v. 潜移默化的影响人的行为，性格，观点
affect: v. 对…..产生不良影响
vt. 影响；感染；感动；假装
 - influence, impact of, impact on, catch, contract
vi. 倾向；喜欢
 - tend, prefer
n. 情感；引起感情的因素
 - emotion, will, sensibility

Word: type
Front: type
[taɪp] (高研四六雅 590/356 -K4)
Back: n. 类型; 铅字; （印刷或打印的）文字; 于…类型的
vt. & vi. 打字
vt. [医学]测定（血型）; 按类型把…归类; 成为…的典型; [印刷]浇铸（铅字等）
时态：typed, typing, types
分布：类型(89%)，打字(8%)，典型(2%)，铅字(1%)
→来自拉丁 typus,符号，标记，类型，种类，来自希腊语 typos,击打，敲打，刻痕，来自 typtein, 敲击，敲打，来自 steu,敲，击，推进，词源同 steep,study.引申诸相关词义。
种类,v.打字[typ=type,表示"模式,形状"]
n.型式,类型;印刷字体;活/铅字v.打字What type of house would you prefer to live in?你喜爱住哪一类房子?
noun
GROUP 类
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular group of people or things which shares similar characteristics and forms a smaller division of a larger set 类型；种类；品种
• There were so many different types of bread that I didn't know which to buy. 面包种类繁多，我不知该买哪一种。
• What type of clothes does she wear? 她穿甚么类型的衣服？
• It was dark so I didn't notice what type of car it was. 天太黑，我没有注意到那是甚么车型。
• He's the type of man you could take home to your mother. 他是那种你可以带回家给你母亲看的男人。
• He's very attractive, if you like the blond athletic type. 假如你喜欢白肤金发、爱好运动那一类型的话，他算是很有魅力。
• They sell dried flowers and baskets and that type of thing. 他们卖干花、花篮之类的东西。
• We have a range of moisturizers for all different skin types. 我们有一系列适合各种肤质的润肤品。
• She was young and she was wearing student-type clothes so I assumed she was studying here. 她年龄不大，穿得又像学生，所以我还以为她在这里上学。
• He took me to a pub in Soho full of actor types speaking at the tops of their voices. 他带我去了苏活区的一家酒吧，那里到处是高声嚷嚷、像演员的人。
countable specialized
■a person who seems to represent a particular group of people, having all the qualities that you usually connect with that group 具代表性的人；典型
• He doesn't use fully rounded characters in his plays - he uses types. 他在剧中不用个性丰满的人物——他用的是类型化的人物。
be sb's type
■to be the type of person that someone thinks is attractive 是（某人）喜欢的那种类型
• He's a nice enough guy - he's just not my type. 他人倒是挺好，只是不是我喜欢的那种类型。
• I'd have thought Ben was more your type. 我本以为你会更喜欢本这种类型的人。
[taɪp] noun
PRINTED LETTERS 印刷文字
countable or uncountable (specialized typeface)
■the style and size of printed letters used in a piece of printed writing such as in a newspaper, book or article 列印字体；印刷字体
• Use bold type for your headings. 标题用黑体字。
• The software allows you to choose from over twenty sorts of typeface. 用这种软体有20多种字体可选择。
[taɪp] verb intransitive or transitive
WRITE 写
 IMPROVER
■to write using a machine, either a computer keyboard or a typewriter （用电脑键盘或打字机）打字
• She asked me to type a couple of letters. 她叫我打几封信。
• He can type very quickly. 他打字很快。
• I was typing away into the early hours of the morning just to get the thing finished. 我打字打到凌晨，就为把事情做完。
[taɪp] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] type sth in
■If you type an instruction or piece of information in, you press the necessary letters, numbers or other keys on your computer keyboard 输入，键入
• Type in your password. 输入你的密码。
[taɪp] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] type sth up
■to make a typed copy of a piece of text that is written by hand 把…列印成文
• Could you type up the minutes from the meeting, please? 请你把会议记录列印成文好吗？
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. [心理] 类型，品种；模范；样式
 - description, style, fashion, model, prototype

Word: medical
Front: medical
[ˈmedɪkl] (中高研四六雅 646/1068 -K4)
Vocabulary: medical
(once / 124 pages)
adjn
Medical can describe the practice of medicine, or a type of illness or injury. If bright red spots have erupted all over your arms, you probably have some sort of medical condition, and it would be wise for you to visit a doctor.
Medical comes from the Latin word mederi, meaning "to heal," which is exactly what medical professionals such as doctors and nurses are trained to do. When you arrive at your doctor's office or local emergency room complaining of various medical conditions ranging from strep throat to a sprained wrist, doctors provide the necessary medical care.
WORD FAMILY
medical: medically, medicals, premedical, unmedical
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Yet I was still unprepared to deal with the worst bad days and sought medical care three times in that first 30 days.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Maybe it’s the refreshing lack of jargon, either medical or spiritual.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 医学的; 医药的; 医疗的; 内科的
n. 体格检查
分布：医学的(45%)，内科的(25%)，医疗的(22%)，医药的(8%)
→来自拉丁语medicus,医生，大夫，来自mederi,诊断，治疗，来自med,测量，考虑，建议，采取手段，词源同measure,medicine.
a.医学的,医疗的,医药的;内科的We enjoy free medical care.我们享受免费医疗.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■related to the treatment of illness and injuries 医学的；医疗的；医用的
• medical advice 医疗建议
• medical books 医学书籍
• a medical team 医疗队
• medical workers 医疗工作者
['med.ɪ.kəl] noun countable mainly UK (mainly US physical)
■an examination of your body by a doctor to find out if you are healthy 体格检查，健康检查
• The insurance company wanted me to have a medical. 保险公司要我做一次体检。
adj. 医学的；药的；内科的
 - iatrical
n. 医生；体格检查
 - doctor, hakeem

Word: determine
Front: determine
[dɪˈtɜ:mɪn] (高研四六托 773/845 -K4)
Vocabulary: determine
(once / 40 pages)
v
If you determine something, you figure it out or settle a question, like when, after checking paws and hands, you determine that it's not the dog that ate your candy stash, but your kid sister.
Determine comes from the Latin for "bring to a close," and when you determine something, you have closed all the questions you have about it and are quite sure you know the answer. If you become a detective, you'll have to determine who did the crime. After working through a mathematical problem, you determine the value of X. Determine can also mean influence. Your childhood spent in your grandmother's delightful kitchen might have determined your future career as a baker.
WORD FAMILY
determine: determinable, determinant, determination, determined, determiner, determines, determining, determinism, predetermine, redetermine+/determinable: determinably, undeterminable/ determinant: determinants/ determination: determinations, indetermination, self-determination/ determined: determinedly, undetermined/determiner: determiners/determinism: determinisms, determinist, deterministic/determinist: determinists/predetermination: predeterminations/ predetermine: predetermination, predetermined, predetermines, predetermining/redetermine: redetermination, redetermined, redetermines/undetermined: undeterminedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The attorney general’s office did not say what those might be, only that its preliminary inquiry determined that more investigation was needed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The university says a time frame for Merchant’s return to coaching hasn’t been determined.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How many other writers will continue to see it the way Wittenmyer does will determine whether Bonds and Clemens finally get in.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）下决心，（使）做出决定
vt. 决定，确定; 判定，判决; 使决定; 限定
vi. [主用于法律]了结，终止，结束
时态：determined, determining, determines
分布：确定(55%)，决定(37%)，测定(6%)，决心(2%)
→de-, 向下。-term, 边界，界限，词源同term, terminal. 即划下界限，明确。
限定;决定(de加强动作+termine→加强界限→下决心)[termin=limit,表示"界限"]
v.决心,决定;确定,限定I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
US [-'tɝ:-] verb
DECIDE 决定
 IMPROVER transitive often passive
■to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen 确定，决定；影响
• The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we're allowed to spend. 我们雇用的人数将取决于可支配资金的多少。
• Your health is determined in part by what you eat. 在某种程度上你的健康状况取决于你的饮食。
• Eye colour is genetically determined. 眼睛的颜色是由遗传基因决定的。
• [+ question word] formal A pitch inspection will determine wh ether or not the match will be played. 场地检查结果将决定这场比赛能否进行。
• People should be allowed to determine their own future. 应该允许人们决定自己的未来。
transitive formal
■to make a strong decision 下决心
• [+ that] She determined that one day she would be an actor. 她决心将来当演员。
• [+ to infinitive] On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform. 祖出狱后决心改过自新。
UK [dɪ'tɜ:.mɪn] US [-'tɝ:-] verb
DISCOVER 决定
transitive formal
■to discover the facts or truth about something 找出，确定，测定；查明
• The police never actually determined the cause of death. 警方实际上从未查明死因。
• [+ question word] It is the responsibility of the court to determine wh ether these men are innocent. 确定这些人是否无辜是法庭的责任。
• [+ that] The jury determined that the men were guilty. 陪审团裁决那些人有罪。
decide, resolve, determine, settle
这组词都有“决定”的意思，其区别是：
decide: 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve: 语气较强，强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine: 指经过深思熟虑，决心去做某事并坚持施行。
settle: 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的最终结论。
vt. 决定；判决；使…下定决心
 - condition, conclude
vi. 确定；决定；判决，终止
 - identify, drop, finish, judge

Word: structure
Front: structure
[ˈstrʌktʃə(r)] (研四六 950/557 -K4)
Vocabulary: structure
(once / 132 pages)
nv
A structure is something of many parts that is put together. A structure can be a skyscraper, an outhouse, your body, or a sentence.
Structure is from the Latin word structura which means "a fitting together, building." Although it's certainly used to describe buildings, it can do more than that. A family's structure includes the relationship of its members, your body structure can refer to how your muscles and bones fit together. Sentence structure is how a sentence is put together, including subjects, verbs, and all that stuff English teachers love to yap about. Structure is usually a noun, but it can also be a verb meaning to impose order, like if you "structure an argument to convince your parents to let you stay out later."
WORD FAMILY
structure: restructure, structured, structures, structuring, substructure, superstructure, understructure+/ restructure: restructured, restructures, restructuring/ structured: unstructured /substructure: substructures/superstructure: superstructures/understructure: understructures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because the treatment would expose his oral structures — including the jawbone, salivary glands and teeth — to radiation, a dental evaluation was prompted.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The plan will result in towering structures in the wrong places, a paucity of parks, crowded schools and a continuation of nightmare-inducing traffic.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Although flood warnings were posted for many areas, Brazzell said it appeared flooding would be “minor,” with few impacts to structures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 结构; 构造; 建筑物; 体系
vt. 构成，排列; 安排
时态：structured, structuring, structures
分布：结构(84%)，组织(5%)，构造(5%)，建筑物(5%)，建造(1%)
→来自拉丁语 structura,装配，建造，布置，来自 struere,连接，组装，建造，堆放，来自 ster, 展开，延展，词源同 stratum,strew,construct.引申词义结构，构造，体系等。
构造;结构[struct=build,表示"建立"]
n.结构,构造;建筑物v.构造,建造The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
US [-tʃɚ] noun
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the way in which the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized, or a system arranged in this way 结构；构造；机构；体系
• the grammatical structure of a sentence 句子的文法结构
• The structure of this protein is particularly complex. 这种蛋白质的结构特别复杂。
• They have a very old-fashioned management structure. 他们的管理体系非常落伍。
• Some people like the sense of structure that a military lifestyle imposes. 一些人喜欢军事化生活方式所特有的条理。
UK ['strʌk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
 IMPROVER countable
■something which has been made or built from parts, especially a large building 结构体；（尤指）大型建筑物
• The proposed new office tower is a steel and glass structure 43 storeys high. 拟议建造的新办公大楼是一栋高43层的钢铁玻璃结构的建筑物。
UK ['strʌk.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
■to plan, organize or arrange the parts of something 构成；组织
• We must carefully structure and rehearse each scene. 我们每一场戏都必须认真构思、认真排练。
• a well-structured argument 结构严谨的论证
structure, building
这组词都有“建筑物”的意思，其区别是：
structure: 侧重建筑物的构造形式。
building: 普通用词，指任何建筑物，但不涉及建筑物的大小、风格以及所用材料。
structure, system, heritage
structure: 结构
system: 系统
heritage: 遗产
n. 结构；构造； [建] 建筑物
 - configuration, mechanics, formation, framework, texture, construction, fabric
vt. 组织；构成；建造
 - organize, constitute, form, frame

Word: association
Front: association
[əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 1859/742 -K4)
Vocabulary: association
(once / 96 pages)
n
Association has to do with things that are together, whether in a formal group like the National Basketball Association or just two things that are related, like the association between dogs and parks.
Any time people or things are connected, there are associations. The National Basketball Association is an example of the business meaning of association — a formal organization or group that works together. If you ask, "What is your association with Bill?" That just means, "How are you connected to Bill?" You can also make mental associations — you might make an association between the smell of fresh bread and your grandmother's kitchen, for example.
WORD FAMILY
association: associational, associationism, associations+/associability: associabilities/associable: associability, associableness/ associate: associable, associated, associates, associateship, associating, association, associative, associatory, disassociate/associateship: associateships/associational: associationally/ associative: associatively, nonassociative/disassociate: disassociated, disassociates, disassociating, disassociation/disassociation: disassociations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead the Volkswagen Golf topped sales, according to the country's carmakers association.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The president of the FBI Agents Association asked for its removal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Associations representing hospitals, doctors and other health care providers are among those joining the suit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 协会，社团; 联合，联系; 联想
分布：协会(57%)，联合(14%)，联想(12%)，交往(7%)，社团(7%)，结合(3%)
社团;联合(associate+ion)[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
n.联盟,协会,社团;交往,联合;联想I have association with the socialists of the society.我与协会内的社会主义者有交往.
US [-ˌsoʊ-] noun
GROUP 团体
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who work together in a single organization for a particular purpose 协会；社团；联盟
• The Football Association 足球协会
• The British Medical Association is/are campaigning for a complete ban on tobacco advertising. 英国医学协会正发起一项全面禁止烟草广告的运动。
UK [əˌsəʊ.si'eɪ.ʃən] US [-ˌsoʊ-] noun
INVOLVEMENT 关联
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you are involved with or connected to someone or something 联系；关系；关联
• her association with the university 她和这间大学的联系
• This event was organized in association with the Sports Council. 这场赛事由体育委员会协办。
countable or uncountable
■a feeling or thought that relates to someone or something 联想
• The south of France has positive associations for me as I used to holiday there as a child. 法国南部总能给我一种美好的联想，因为我童年时代常去那里渡假。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
n. 协会，联盟，社团；联合； [心理] 联想
 - union, alliance, society, corporation, unity, combination

Word: shape
Front: shape
[ʃeɪp] (中高研四六 1267/1200 -K4)
Vocabulary: shape
(once / 90 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
The form of something gives it its shape. Basic shapes include the square, the circle, and the triangle. You may have a nose the shape of a ski slope.
When you admire someone's shape, you're admiring their form, or their body. When you're out of shape or vowing to get back into shape, you're using shape to refer to your physical stamina or overall health. You can shape something by giving it form, as in "shape the dough into a braided twist," or influence someone, as in a teacher who shapes young minds.
WORD FAMILY
shape: ill-shapen, reshape, shaped, shapeless, shapely, shaper, shapes, shaping, unshapen+/ reshape: reshaped, reshapes, reshaping/shaped: unshaped/shapeless: shapelessly, shapelessness/ shapely: shapelier, shapeliest, shapeliness, unshapely/shaper: shapers/shaping: shapings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Hancock likes to play with shapes in plants to augment his home decor.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 形状; 模型; 状态; 身材
vt. 塑造; 使符合; 体现
vi. 使成形; 形成
时态：shaped, shaping, shapes
分布：形状(74%)，塑造(15%)，身材(6%)，定形(2%)，形式(2%)，使 ... 成形(1%)
→来自古英语 scapan,塑造，成形，来自 Proto-Germanic*skapjanan,塑造，成形，来自 skep, 切，削，词源同 ship,-scape.引申诸相关词义。
n.形状,外形;情况,状态;种类v.成型,塑造The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
noun
FORM 形状
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the particular physical form or appearance of something 形状，形态，外形
• Clay can be moulded into almost any shape. 黏土可以塑成几乎任何形状。
• These bricks are all different shapes. 这些砖块形状都不同。
• Kim's birthday cake was in the shape of a train. 吉姆的生日蛋糕是火车形状的。
• Our table is oval in shape. 我们的饭桌是椭圆形的。
• My bicycle wheel has got bent out of shape. 我的脚踏车轮子已经弯曲变形了。
• This T-shirt has been washed so many times that it's lost its shape (= has become loose and lost its form). 这件T恤已经洗过多次，都变得没形了。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an arrangement that is formed by joining lines together in a particular way or by the line or lines around its outer edge 图形
• a round/square/circular/oblong shape 圆／方／椭圆／长方形
• A triangle is a shape with three sides. 三角形是有三条边的图形。
• The children made patterns by sticking coloured shapes onto paper. 孩子们把彩色图形黏贴在纸上构成图案。
countable
■the physical form or appearance of a particular person or thing （某人或某物的）样子，外表
• In the story, Faust is tempted by the Devil, who has taken the shape of a man. 故事中，浮士德被化作人形的魔鬼所诱惑。
• Life on Earth takes many shapes. 地球上的生物千姿百态。
countable
■a person or object that you cannot see clearly because it is too dark, or because the person or object is too far away 模糊的影子
• I could see a dark shape in the street outside. 我可以看到外面街道上有个黑漆漆的人影。
all shapes and sizes
■many different types 各种各样
• We sell all shapes and sizes of teddy bear. 我们出售各种各样的玩具熊。
• Cars come in all shapes and sizes. 汽车有各种不同的型号。
in any shape or form
■of any type 任何类型的；任何形式的
• I'm opposed to war in any shape or form. 我反对任何形式的战争。
[ʃeɪp] noun
CHARACTER 特征
uncountable
■the way something is organized, or its general character or nature 形式；特征
• Technological developments have changed the shape of industry. 科技的发展改变了工业的面貌。
• We need to change the whole shape of our campaign. 我们需要彻底改变我们宣传活动的形式。
[ʃeɪp] noun
CONDITION 情况
uncountable
■condition, or state of health 情况；健康状况
• He bought up businesses that were in bad/poor shape, and then sold them off bit by bit. 他收购状况不好的企业，然后再一点点地把它们变卖掉。
• "How are you?" "Oh, I'm in great shape." “你身体怎么样?”“哦，好极了。”
• You're in no shape (= not in a good enough state of health) to go to work today. 你今天身体不好，不能去上班。
uncountable
■good structural or physical condition 良好的结构（或身体状况）
• It's taken us five years to get our house into shape. 我们花了五年的时间才把房子整理得像个样子。
• She runs six miles every day to help keep herself in shape. 她每天要跑六哩路以保持健康。
• I haven't had any exercise for weeks, and I'm really out of shape (= not in good physical condition). 我有好几个星期没运动了，所以现在身体状况真的不太好。
[ʃeɪp] noun
be in good shape
■to be prepared and ready to do something 整装待发
• All our bags are packed, and we don't have to leave for another hour, so we're in good shape. 我们所有的行装都收拾好了，我们在一个小时后才出发，因此现在是准备妥当了。
[ʃeɪp] noun
in the shape of sth
■in the form of something; appearing as something 以…的形式；看似…
• Luckily, help arrived in the shape of a police officer. 幸运的是，一名员警模样的人过来帮忙。
[ʃeɪp] noun
knock/lick sth/sb into shape (US usually whip sth/sb into shape)
■to take action to get something or someone into the good condition that you would like 把…整理好；使变好
• to knock the economy into shape 整顿经济
• A better teacher would have licked him into shape. 如果有位好老师，本来是能把他调教好的。
[ʃeɪp] noun
the shape of things to come
■the form or style that is likely to develop or be popular in the future 可能出现（或流行）的形式（或风格）
• I hope the fashions pictured in this magazine are not the shape of things to come. 我希望这本杂志上刊登的时装不是将来的流行款式。
[ʃeɪp] noun
take shape
■to start to develop a more clear or certain form 成形；有了模样
• We watched the vase begin to take shape in the potter's hands. 我们看着花瓶在陶工的手中逐渐成形。
• Our ideas are beginning to take shape. 我们的想法开始成形。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
CHARACTER 特征
 ADVANCED
■to decide or influence the form of something, especially a belief or idea, or someone's character 决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形式；决定，影响（性格）
• Many people are not able to shape their own destinies. 很多人不能决定自己的命运。
• My relationship with my father played a major part in shaping my attitude towards men. 我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。
• He was very influential in shaping the government's economic policy/strategy. 在左右政府的经济政策／战略方面，他有着极大的影响力。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
FORM 形状
■to make something become a particular shape 使成形，塑造
• The skirt has been shaped so that it hangs loosely. 这条裙子设计得很宽松。
• When you've made the dough, shape it into two loaves. 生面团揉好后，把它捏成两个长条面包。
■slightly formal
■to make an object from a physical substance 做成，制作
• Early humans shaped tools out of stone. 早期的人类用石头制作工具。
[ʃeɪp] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  shape up informal
[usually continuous]
■to develop 进展；发展
• How are your plans shaping up? 你的计划进展如何?
• Things seem to be shaping up nicely. 事情似乎进展顺利。
• Colin is shaping up quite well in his new job. 科林的新工作做得不错。
■to improve your behaviour or performance 表现变好
• I've been told that if I don't shape up, I'll lose my job. 我被告知如果不改好，就会被解雇。
Shape up or ship out! informal
■said to tell someone that they must improve their performance or behaviour or they will have to leave 不改进就开除你！
figure, form, shape, outline
这组词都有“形式”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指轮廓、外形，尤指体态，相貌或身体。
form: 最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。
shape: 通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。
outline: 指任何形状的轮廓线。
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
n. 形状；模型；身材；具体化
 - matrix, form, model
vt. 形成；塑造，使成形；使符合
 - mold, make, model
vi. 形成；成形；成长
 - to come into being, to form

Word: complete
Front: complete
[kəmˈpli:t] (中高研四六托雅 1207/998 -K5)
Vocabulary: complete
(once / 29 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adj
Complete means that something is finished, or has all of its necessary parts. When the mechanic hands you your keys, you hope that the work on your car is complete, and he hasn't left out a few important pieces of your engine.
Complete can be used as an adjective to describe something that is whole or finished, like a complete turkey dinner, which includes not only the bird, but also the stuffing, potatoes, cranberry sauce, and gravy. Another way to use complete is as a verb meaning to make something whole. Adding candles completes the birthday cake.
WORD FAMILY
complete: completed, completely, completeness, completes, completest, completing, completion, incomplete, uncomplete+/completed: uncompleted/ completion: completions/ incomplete: incompletely, incompleteness, incompleter, incompletest/incompleteness: incompletenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Franklin III replaced White in the second quarter and completed two of four passes on his first drive that ended with a field goal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Only two main draw matches were completed on the rain-interrupted first day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He completed just 6 of 11 passes for 21 yards and missed a wide-open Amari Cooper on a deep pass in the second quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （用以强调）完全的; 完成的; 达到结尾的; 完整的
vt. 完成，使完满; 完成或结束; 填写（表格）
时态：completed, completing, completes
分布：完成(78%)，完整的(15%)，完成的(3%)，彻底的(3%)，使完美；使圆满(1%)
→com-, 强调。-ple, 装满，满的，词源同full, fulfill.
完全的(com全部+plete满→全满→完全的)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
a.完全的,圆满的v.完成,结束,使完满The competitor is compelled to complete the competition.竞争者被迫完成了比赛.
verb transitive
MAKE WHOLE 使完善
 ESSENTIAL
■to make whole or perfect 使完整；使完全；使完美
• Complete the sentence with one of the adjectives provided. 从所给形容词中选择一个使句子变得完整。
• He only needs two more cards to complete the set. 他只需再有两张牌就凑成一副了。
• All she needed to complete her happiness was a baby. 只需再有个孩子她的生活就幸福美满了。
 ESSENTIAL
■to write all the details asked for on a form or other document 填写（表格或其他档）
• Have you completed your application form yet? 你的申请表填好了吗？
[kəm'pli:t] verb transitive
FINISH 完成
 ESSENTIAL
■to finish doing something 完成；完工；结束
• He's just completed filming his 17th feature film. 他刚刚完成他第17部故事片的拍摄工作。
• The palace took over twenty years to complete. 这座宫殿耗时20多年才竣工。
• She will complete her studies in France. 她将在法国完成学业。
[kəm'pli:t] adjective
VERY GREAT 极大的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■very great or to the largest degree possible 完全的，十足的，彻底的
• The man's a complete fool! 这个人是个十足的傻瓜！
• I need a break, a complete change of scene. 我需要休息一下，彻底换换环境。
• I made a complete and utter mess of it! 我把它彻底弄糟了！
[kəm'pli:t] adjective
WHOLE 全部的
 IMPROVER
■with all the parts 全部的，完全的，完整的
• the complete works of Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡‧王尔德全集
• The report comes complete with (= including) diagrams and colour photographs. 报告中有图表和彩色图片，非常齐全。
• Sun, sand and romance - her holiday was complete. 阳光、沙滩加上浪漫的爱情——她的假期完美无缺。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
attain, finish, accomplish, complete, achieve
attain: 达到，实现，常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如：Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
finish: 最常用，后接动词的-ing形式，表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如：I’ll finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。)
accomplish: 表成功，强调完成的结果而不是过程。如：Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力，事情都已完成了。)
complete: 表示积极的完成，更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如：Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗？)
achieve: 完成，实现，强调通过努力而达到目的。如：You will achieve success if you work hard.
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. [数] 完整的；完全的；彻底的
 - whole, thorough, full, absolute, total
vt. 完成
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, fulfil

Word: series
Front: series
[ˈsɪəri:z] (研四六雅 718/699 -K4)
Vocabulary: series
(once / 67 pages)
n
The World Series consists of a series of seven games between the champions of the National and American Baseball Leagues. A series is a group of similar things happening one after the other.
Your favorite TV drama that comes on week after week is a series. Each episode is one in a series of many. If you make one mistake after another as you try to make dinner, you could say that the meal arrived on the table despite a series of culinary mishaps. If you have several conversations with your parents about how late you can stay out, you might say your curfew was determined by a series of discussions.
WORD FAMILY
series: serieses
USAGE EXAMPLES
That series sets you up for life, although you should continue to get annual flu shots.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And, hey, maybe the kid is unusually good at navigating the series of tubes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s electrical grid is not a physical entity, but rather a series of networks that generate, transmit and distribute electricity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 系列，连续; 串联; （广播或电视上题材或角色相同的）系列节目; 级数
分布：连续(65%)，丛书(35%)
→来自拉丁语 series,顺序，次序，连续，来自 serere,连接，来自 ser,连接，词源同 social,sort.
n.一系列,连续;丛书During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US ['sɪr.i:z] (plural series)
noun countable
SET OF EVENTS 系列事件
 ESSENTIAL
■a number of similar or related events or things, one following another 一连串；一系列
• There has been a series of sexual attacks on women in the area. 这个地区发生了一连串针对女性的性侵害案件。
• She gave a series of lectures at Warwick University last year on contemporary British writers. 她去年在华威大学举行了一系列有关当代英国作家的讲座。
■a number of games played by two teams （两队间的）系列比赛
• The Yankees have a four-game series against the Orioles at home. 洋基队主场有一连四场对金莺队的比赛。
in series
■Parts of an electrical system that are in series are arranged in a single line so that the current flows through each part, one after another. （电路的）串联
UK ['sɪə.ri:z] US ['sɪr.i:z] (plural series)
noun countable
SET OF BROADCASTS 系列广播节目
 ADVANCED
■a set of television or radio broadcasts on the same subject or using the same characters but in different situations （电视或广播的）系列节目
• The footballer Paul Gascoigne is to host a Channel 4 television series on soccer skills 足球运动员保罗‧加斯科因将在第四频道主持一档关于足球技巧的系列节目。
• a comedy series 喜剧系列片
• I missed the second episode of the series so I don't know what's going on now. 我错过了这系列剧的第二集，所以不知道现在的剧情进展如何。
UK ['sɪə.ri:z] US ['sɪr.i:z] (plural series)
noun countable
SET OF BOOKS 系列书
 ADVANCED
■a set of books published by the same company which deal with the same subject 系列书
• They do a series on architecture throughout the ages. 他们出版一套介绍各个时代建筑的系列图书。
succession, series, progression, sequence
这组词都有“连续，顺序”的意思，其区别是：
succession: 侧重一些类似的东西或事件一个接一个连续不断。
series: 指按照性质类似或基本相同的关系而安排的一系列事物。
progression: 指向前推进的行为过程或状态的连续。
sequence: 多指时间、空间或事件等有规律、合乎逻辑的连续。
n. 系列，连续； [电] 串联； [数] 级数；丛书
 - succession, progression

Word: brother
Front: brother
[ˈbrʌðə(r)] (中高 614/827 -K5)
Back: n. 兄弟; 同事，同胞; 同志
int. （表示生气或吃惊）我的老兄！
分布：兄弟(89%)，同胞(6%)，教友(5%)
→来自PIE *bhrater, 兄弟。词源同friar, fraternity.
n.兄弟;同胞;教友Otherwise, mother will go to another movie together with brother.不然,妈妈就和弟弟一起去看另一场电影.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a man or boy with the same parents as another person 兄弟
• Do you have any brothers and sisters? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？
• I have three brothers and a sister. 我有三个兄弟和一个妹妹。
• Johnny is my younger/older/big/baby/little brother. 强尼是我的弟弟／哥哥／大哥／小弟弟。
• My brother lives in Washington. 我哥哥住在华盛顿。
■a man who is a member of the same group as you or who shares an interest with you or has a similar way of thinking to you 同仁，同志
• [as form of address] "Let us unite, brothers and fight this unjust law!" “弟兄们，团结起来，共同抵抗这不公平的法律！”
■used as the title of a man, such as a monk , who belongs to a religious organization （同一宗教组织的）男性教友，修士
• Brother Michael and Brother John were deep in conversation. 麦克修士和约翰修士进行了深入的交谈。
■US informal
■sometimes used by a black man to address or refer to another black man （有时用于黑人男性间的称呼）老弟，老兄
UK ['brʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
I am not my brother 's keeper. saying
■used as a way of saying that you are not responsible for what someone else does or for what happens to them 各负其责；我无须为（某人）负责
n. 兄弟；同事；战友
 - fellow, colleague

Word: discuss
Front: discuss
[dɪˈskʌs] (中高 847/661 -K4)
Vocabulary: discuss
(once / 56 pages)
v
To discuss is to talk: but with a more serious intent. Discussing is a lot more substantial than chatting.
When someone says, "I have something I need to discuss with you," most people think "Uh oh." To discuss usually implies a certain amount of serious talking. This can apply to writing as well: essays discuss topics, usually in a careful, thorough way. On the other hand, sometimes discuss means exactly the same thing as talk or converse. Like all words, the meaning depends on how it’s used.
WORD FAMILY
discuss: discussant, discussed, discusses, discussing, discussion +/discussant: discussants/ discussion: discussions
USAGE EXAMPLES
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Through a spokeswoman, Mr. Prendergast declined a request to discuss his departure.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 讨论，谈论; 论述，详述; 商量
时态：discussed, discussing, discusses
分布：讨论(91%)，商量(5%)，论述(4%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。-cuss, 摇，震荡，词源同concussion,percussion. 引申词义谈话，讨论。
讨论(dis+cuss敲打→把(问题)分开敲→讨论)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
讨论(dis分散+cuss→分散敲击[问题]→讨论)[cuss=shake,表示"摇动"]
vt.讨论,商议In the discussion I discovered that the lost cover was recovered.在讨论中我发现盖子失而复得.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to talk about a subject with someone and tell each other your ideas or opinions 讨论，议论，谈论
• The police want to discuss these recent racist attacks with local people. 警方希望与当地人讨论近期发生的种族主义袭击事件。
 ESSENTIAL
■to talk or write about a subject in detail, especially considering different ideas and opinions related to it 论述，阐述
• The later chapters discuss the effects on the environment. 后面的几章阐述了对环境产生的影响。
[dɪ'skʌs] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  discuss Remember that discuss is never followed by 'about'. Don't say 'discuss about something', say discuss something :
✗ We need to discuss about the new advertising campaign. We need to discuss the new advertising campaign.
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
vt. 讨论；论述，辩论
 - debate, reason, argue

Word: recovery
Front: recovery
[rɪˈkʌvəri] (研四六 2443/2256 -3)
Vocabulary: recovery
(once / 242 pages)
n
The noun recovery refers to the process of healing after an illness or injury. Your recovery from your broken leg will go quicker if you keep off the leg. Use your crutches and definitely no skiing or hopscotch!
A recovery is when you save something that was lost, in danger of becoming lost, or retrieved. If something was taken from you, such as diamonds, money, or your dignity, and you get it back, you can say that you are glad for its recovery. The noun recovery also refers to a return to a natural or original state. After a devastating hurricane, an area's recovery may take many years.
WORD FAMILY
recovery: recoveries+/ cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover/ coverage: coverages/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery / recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Yet my doctor told me to expect weeks to months of recovery.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He credits an immunotherapy drug called Keytruda for his recovery.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 恢复，复原; 重获; 痊愈; 矫正
分布：恢复(80%)，痊愈(10%)，复原(6%)，重获(4%)
n.痊愈,复元;重获,恢复The recovery of the Japanese economy after the war surprised many people.战后日本的经济复苏使许多人惊讶.
US [-ɚ-] noun [S or U]
 ESSENTIAL
■the process of getting back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc （尤指健康、能力、所有物等）失而复得，重新得到，追回，收复，寻回
• Mira made a full/speedy, etc. recovery from (= became well again after) the operation. 米拉手术后完全／很快康复了。
• At last the economy is showing signs of recovery (= is starting to improve). 经济最终出现了复苏迹象。
• The police arranged the recovery (= the getting back) of her body from the river. 员警安排从河中打捞她的尸体。
n. 恢复，复原；痊愈；重获
 - regression, restoration, rehabilitation, retrieval, renewal

Word: voice
Front: voice
[vɔɪs] (中高研四六 465/487 -K4)
Vocabulary: voice
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Literally, your voice is the sound coming out of your mouth. Metaphorically, voice can also mean the way people express themselves.
People have high voices, low voices, quiet voices, and loud voices — but the concept of voice goes well beyond people talking or singing. Writers talk about finding their voice, which means they've developed a unique identity or style. A lawyer can be your voice in court, where he can speak to the judge about your concerns. If you are shut out of some process, then you have no voice in that process.
WORD FAMILY
voice: devoice, voiced, voiceless, voicer, voices, voicing+/devoice: devoiced/voiced: unvoiced/voiceless: voicelessly, voicelessness/voicer: voicers/voicing: voicings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I got it in 1952 when I was 6 years old,” I respond in a staccato voice.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
ProtectUMD is a coalition of organizations throughout the University of Maryland’s campus dedicated to uniting the different voices into one voice for change.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 嗓音; （动词的）语态; 呼声，发言权; 歌唱才能
vt. 发音; 表达，说出; 给（一部乐曲）配上声部; 给（如管风琴音管）整声
时态：voiced, voicing, voices
分布：声音(73%)，嗓音(13%)，表达(6%)，发言权(4%)，意见(4%)
→来自拉丁语vox,声音，发声，来自wekw,说话，发声，词源同invoke,vowel,evocative.
n.声音;嗓音;发音能力;意见,发言权;语态Her rejoicing voice is void of something avoidable.她那令人高兴的声音缺少某种可避免的东西.
noun
SOUNDS 声音
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the sounds that are made when people speak or sing 说话声；嗓音
• She has a loud/quiet/soft voice. 她说话声音很大／很轻／很柔。
• a low-pitched/high-pitched voice 低沉／高而尖的嗓音
• a booming/breathy/clear/deep/fruity/gravelly/husky/squeaky voice 低沉／带喘息声／清脆／深沉／圆润／粗哑／沙哑／尖细的嗓音
• a baritone/soprano singing voice 男中音／女高音歌喉
• You could tell from her voice that she wasn't pleased. 你可以从她的声音里听出来她不高兴。
• "I don't know what you mean," said Fran in a quavering voice. “我不知道你是甚么意思，”弗兰颤声说道。
• She lowered her voice to a whisper. 她放低声音，轻声耳语。
• You'll have to raise your voice (= speak louder) if you want to be heard in here. 在这里你如果想要别人听见那就得大声点儿。
• I've got a cold and I think I'm losing my voice (= becoming unable to speak). 我感冒了，而且觉得嗓子要哑了。
• He's at that age when his voice is breaking (= changing from a boy's to a man's). 他正处在变声的年龄。
• She's done a lot of work with voice- activated computers. 她已经用语音操纵的电脑做了很多工作。
be in good voice
■to be singing well 唱得好
• Well, choir, we seem to be in good voice today! 合唱团的各位成员，我们今天唱得很好！
[vɔɪs] noun
OPINION 观点
[C often singular] uncountable
■(the right to) an expression of opinion 意见的表达；发言权；表达意见的权利
• There was only one dissenting voice during the discussion. 讨论中只有一个不同的声音。
• Unfortunately a strike was the only way to make our voices heard. 不幸的是，罢工是唯一能让人听到我们呼声的方法。
• The committee represents the voice of the students. 那个委员会代表了学生的意愿。
• Developing countries are demanding a stronger voice (= right to express opinions) in the debate. 发展中国家正要求在辩论中拥有更多的发言权。
only singular
■an important quality or opinion which someone expresses, or the person who is able to express it 意见；观点；愿望；发表意见的人
• She just won't listen to the voice of reason. 她就是不愿意倾听理智的声音。
• I wouldn't work for Peter if I were you - this is the voice of experience talking! 我要是你的话就不会为彼得工作——这可是经验之谈！
[vɔɪs] noun
give voice to sth
■to express your thoughts or feelings in words 表达（观点或情感）
• I always had doubts about the scheme but I never gave voice to them. 我一直对那个计划存有疑虑，但我从来没有说出来。
[vɔɪs] noun
voice within you
■your conscience (= the part of you which tells you when you are doing something wrong) 良心；理智
• Suddenly this voice within her told her to stop being so stupid. 突然心里有个声音对她说别再那么傻了。
[vɔɪs] noun
with one voice formal
■If a group of people express an opinion or decide something with one voice, they all agree 一致；全部同意
• The committee decided with one voice to accept the proposal. 委员会一致同意接受该提议。
[vɔɪs] verb transitive
■to say what you think about a particular subject, especially to express a doubt, complaint, etc. that you have about it 表达；吐露；（尤指）表示（质疑、抱怨）
• I have voiced my objections to the plan to management. 我已经向管理层提出了对那个计划的反对意见。
voice, sound, noise
voice: 人的嗓音,
sound: 自然界各种各样的声音,
noise: 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
n. [声] 声音；嗓音；发言权；愿望
 - organ, sound, dream, throat
vt. 表达；吐露
 - put, to express

Word: regard
Front: regard
[rɪˈgɑ:d] (中高研四六托 2084/945 -K4)
Vocabulary: regard
(once / 27 pages)
1n 2vn 3v 4n
When you give someone a good, long look, you regard them. It can also mean "to believe," as in "I regard her as my best friend."
Regard often means respect and admiration, as in "I have the greatest regard for my grandmother." Sometimes it's a greeting: you can send someone your regards, which means to tell them you said hello and wish them well. There's a famous song called, "Give My Regards to Broadway." On the other hand, you can use it as a sign-off on a letter. Instead of "Sincerely" or "Yours Truly," you can close with "Regards."
WORD FAMILY
regard: disregard, regarded, regardful, regarding, regardless, regards, self-regard+/ disregard: disregarded, disregarding, disregards/regardful: regardfully/ regardless: disregardless, irregardless, regardlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Regarding the Dec. 27 Metro article “In Bethesda, more height but less light? ”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts also expressed concerns regarding the report released by DHS and the FBI on the Russian hacking operation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 认为; 注视; 涉及; 尊敬
vi. 凝视; 留意
n. 凝视; 留意; 尊敬; 问候
时态：regarded, regarding, regards
分布：视为(22%)，尊敬(18%)，注意(15%)，考虑(15%)，注视(10%)，关心(7%)，留意(7%)，致意(5%)，和 ... 有关(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-gard,看，看护，词源同 guard,ward.引申诸相关词义。
v.(as)把...看作为;考虑n.(pl.)敬重,问候This problem regards every student in the school.这个问题与全校学生都有关系.
【记】作为“看作”讲大家比较熟悉，例：I regard him as a fool 但是主考“尊敬”的意思。
US [-'gɑ:rd] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 IMPROVER
■to consider or have an opinion about something or someone 考虑，思考；将…认为；看待
• Local people regard this idea of a motorway through their village with horror. 当地居民对修建横穿他们村庄的高速公路这一计划感到惶惶不可终日。
• Her parents always regarded her as the cleverest of their children. 她父母一贯把她看作是所有子女中最聪明的。
■formal
■to look carefully at something or someone 注视；凝视
• The bird regarded me with suspicion as I walked up to its nest. 我走向鸟巢的时候，那只鸟怀疑地注视着我。
as regards formal
■in connection with 关于；至于
• There is no problem as regards the financial arrangements. 资金筹备方面毫无问题。
UK [rɪ'gɑ:d] US [-'gɑ:rd] noun uncountable formal
 IMPROVER
■respect or admiration for someone or something 尊敬，尊重；关心，关注
• The company holds her in high regard. 公司很器重她。
• He has no regard for other people's feelings. 他毫不尊重别人的感情。
in/with regard to
■in connection with 关于；至于
• I am writing to you with regard to your letter of 15 March. 兹覆3月15日贵函。
in this/that regard
■in this particular way 在这／那方面；在这／那一点上
• The union is the largest in the country and in this/that regard is best placed to serve its members. 这个工会是全国最大的，从这方面说，它可为其成员提供最好的服务。
regards [plural] formal
■greetings 问候；致意
• Please give/send/convey my regards to your mother if you see her. 如果见到你母亲，请代我问候她／代我向她问好／向她转达我的问候。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
discern, deem, regard
discern: 发现，看清，辨认
deem: 以为，相信，较正式，常用于法律、文学作品中，强调判断而非思考；
regard: 以为，认为，侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断，多强调观点
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
n. 注意；尊重；问候；凝视
 - estimation, respect, notice, publicity
vt. 注重，考虑；看待；尊敬；把…看作；与…有关
 - view, study, honor, think about
vi. 注意，注重；注视
 - take care of, watch

Word: retail
Front: retail
[ˈri:teɪl] (研四六托雅宝 3479/3601 -3)
Vocabulary: retail
(once / 320 pages)
nadvv
If you buy a pair of jeans at your neighborhood Chique Boutique, you’re buying retail, but if you go to China and buy a boatload of jeans directly from the manufacturer, you’re buying wholesale, which is the opposite of retail.
If you make your living growing flowers, you may have a retail shop where you sell to people buying flowers for themselves, and you may also have a wholesale business, where you sell flowers to florists and supermarkets who sell your flowers to their customers. As you have probably figured out, the retail shops — the florists and supermarkets — add their own markup to the wholesale price you charge them, so they can make a profit, too.
WORD FAMILY
retail: retailed, retailer, retailing, retails+/retailer: retailers/retailing: retailings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, cash dried up, retail commerce froze, and Maduro suspended the move as rioting and looting erupted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Low-paying industries, such as retail, are among the largest and fastest-growing.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 零售
vt. 零售; 零卖; 转述; 传播
adj. 零售的
adv. 以零售方式
时态：retailed, retailing, retails
分布：零售(99%)，以零售形式(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tail,剪，切，词源同 tailor.即切下来，引申词义零售，销售。
零售(re再+tail→再监一次→零售)[tail=cut,表示"剪,割"]
n.零售Jail life made the frail retailer avail every snail in the pail.监狱生命使脆弱的零售商在桶里有益于每只蜗牛.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in small quantities 零售，零卖
• The job is open to applicants with over two years' experience in retail. 这份工作面向有两年以上零售经验的求职者。
• The clothing company has six retail outlets (= shops) in south-eastern Australia. 这间服装公司在澳大利亚东南部地区开设了六家零售店。
• $13 off the manufacturer's recommended retail price 比生产商的建议零售价便宜13美元
Compare wholesale
['ri:.teɪl] verb transitive
■to sell goods to the public in shops or by post 零售，零卖
• The company makes and retails moderately priced sportswear. 这间公司生产和零售价格适中的运动服。
retail at/for sth
■to be sold at a particular price 以…价格零售，零售价格为…
• This model of computer is retailing at £650. 这款电脑零售价为650英镑。
n. 零售
 - sell-through, resale

Word: happy
Front: happy
[ˈhæpi] (中高 747/777 -K4)
Vocabulary: happy
(once / 19 pages)
1adj 2adj
Happy is a feeling of joy, pleasure, or good fortune — exactly how you'd feel if you learned that you won the lottery or got accepted into your number one choice of colleges.
Happy hails from the Middle English word hap, meaning "good luck." Many of the early European words for happy actually referred to good luck, rather than a feeling of joy. On its own, happy means an enjoyable or satisfied state of being. When hyphenated, it can refer to an overwhelming inclination to do something. Someone who is trigger-happy, for example, has an overwhelming urge to shoot things, while a clothes-happy person is obsessed with taking trips to the mall.
WORD FAMILY
happy: happier, happiest, happily, happiness, happyly, unhappy+/ happiness: happinesses/unhappiness: unhappinesses/unhappy: unhappier, unhappiest, unhappily, unhappiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
I’m happy to share my personal foibles and answer questions about my life.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“It is not a happy story,” Dahlin says of his friend.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 幸福的; 快乐的; 巧妙的; 〈口〉有点醉意的
级别：happier, happiest
分布：幸福的(59%)，高兴的(26%)，幸运的(11%)，乐意的(4%)
→来自hap,发生，运气，机会。即运气好的，引申词义高兴的。
幸运的;幸福的(hap+py→有运气的→幸福的)[hap=chance,表示"机会,运气"]
a.快乐的,幸福的;乐意的;令人满意的Perhaps something happy will happen to the unhappy man.或许那个不高兴的人将要碰上某件快乐的事.
adjective
PLEASED 高兴的
 ESSENTIAL
■feeling, showing or causing pleasure or satisfaction 幸福的；满意的；快乐的
• a happy marriage/childhood 幸福的婚姻／童年
• She looks so happy. 她看起来非常快乐。
• School days are said to be the happiest days of your life. 学生时代据说是一生中最快乐的时光。
• Nicky seems a lot happier since she met Steve. 尼基自从认识史蒂夫之后似乎快乐多了。
• You'll be happy to know that Jean is coming with us. 要是知道尚和我们一起前来，你会很高兴的。
• I'm perfectly happy to (= I will willingly) help out. 我非常愿意帮忙。
• I'm so happy (that) everything is working out for you. 我很高兴你一切都很顺利。
• Barry seems happy enough working for himself. 巴里似乎很乐意为自己工作。
• Are you happy about/with (= satisfied with) your new working arrangements? 你对新的工作安排满意吗？
• Your mother's not going to be very happy when she sees the mess you've made! 你妈妈如果看到你弄得乱七八糟，她是不会高兴的。
• formal The manager will be happy (= is willing) to see you this afternoon. 经理很乐意今天下午见你。
['hæp.i] adjective
GREETING 问候
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■(used in greetings for special occasions) full of enjoyment and pleasure （用于特殊日子的祝福）快乐的，幸福的
• Happy Birthday! 生日快乐！
• Happy Anniversary! 周年快乐！
• Happy New Year! 新年快乐！
['hæp.i] adjective
LUCKY 幸运的
[before noun]
■(of a condition or situation) lucky （情况）幸运的
• We hadn't planned to be in France at the same time as Ann and Charles - it was just a happy coincidence. 我们从未打算与安和查尔斯同时到法国——那只是一个幸运的巧合。
['hæp.i] adjective
SUITABLE 合适的 literary
■(of words or behaviour) suitable （言语或行为）恰当的，得体的
• It wasn't a happy choice of phrase given the circumstances. 这样的措词不适合这种场合。
['hæp.i] adjective
the happy day humorous
■a marriage 婚礼
• So when's the happy day then? 那么婚礼何时举行？
['hæp.i] adjective
the happy event (US also the blessed event) humorous
■the birth of a child 喜事（指孩子出生）
['hæp.i] adjective
not be a happy bunny UK humorous
■to be annoyed about a situation 烦恼的，愠怒的
• Her computer crashed an hour ago and she's lost a morning's work - she's not a happy bunny at the moment. 她的电脑一小时前发生故障，害得她一早上的工作成果都没了。她现在还为此闷闷不乐呢。
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
favourable, lucky, happy, fortunate
这组词都有“有利的，好运的，顺利的”的意思，其区别是：
favourable: 普通用词，指预示从良好的结果中能得到明显好处，有利于达到目的。
lucky: 多指偶然机遇中的有利或幸运情况。
happy: 侧重指不是通过某种机会，而是凭借鉴另和选择手段而得到利益与好处。有时也指偶然得到的好处，但强调的是有利的结果。
fortunate: 指目前已存在的成功或有利情况，或指因好运或机会带来的成功和喜悦。
adj. 幸福的；高兴的；巧妙的
 - pleased, glad, blessed, smart

Word: heavy
Front: heavy
[ˈhevi] (中高雅 1005/943 -K4)
Vocabulary: heavy
(once / 34 pages)
1adjadv 2adjn 3adj
Something that's heavy weighs a lot, either physically or emotionally. It's hard to lift a heavy backpack, and it's hard to handle a heavy topic, like the meaning of life.
Bulky, substantial things are heavy, and you can also describe people as heavy, especially if they're big-boned and carry a lot of weight. Thick or strong things are sometimes called heavy as well: "The apple tree was heavy with blossoms, but when the heavy wind started up, they all blew away." Heavy breathing is fast and labored, and heavy food is just too rich or filling.
WORD FAMILY
heavy: heavier, heavies, heaviest, heavily, heaviness, heavyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 重的，沉重的; 大量的，浓密的; 激烈的; 重型的
n. 重物; 庄重的角色
adv. 密集地; 大量地; 笨重地
级别：heavier, heaviest
分布：重的(64%)，沉重的(30%)，猛烈的(6%)
→来自古英语hefig,用力的，沉重的，来自kap,抓住，抓起，词源同capable,have.由重引申多种词义。
a.重的,重型的;沉重的,大量的,猛烈的The weaver will leave for the heavy heaven.那位纺织工将要到阴沉的天国里去.
adjective
WEIGHING A LOT 重的
 ESSENTIAL
■weighing a lot; needing effort to move or lift 重的，沉重的；辛苦的；费力的
• heavy equipment 沉重的设备
• heavy work/lifting 繁重的工作／费力的搬运工作
• How heavy is that box (= How much does it weigh) ? 那个箱子有多重？
['hev.i] adjective
TO A GREAT DEGREE 到了严重的程度
 IMPROVER
■(especially of something unpleasant) of very or especially great force, amount or degree （尤指不愉快的事物）强有力的，剧烈的，大量的
• a heavy blow to the head 迎头痛击
• heavy fighting 激战
• heavy traffic 繁忙的交通
• heavy rain/snow 大雨／大雪
• a heavy smoker/drinker 烟瘾／酒瘾极大的人
• a heavy sleeper 很入眠的人
heavy seas
 ADVANCED
■sea which is rough with large waves 波涛汹涌的大海
['hev.i] adjective
SOLID 结实的
■thick, strong, solid or strongly made 厚实的；坚实的，结实的
• a heavy winter coat 厚实的冬大衣
• a heavy meal (= a large amount of solid food) 难消化的饭菜
• a big man with heavy features 外型粗犷的大汉
■describes soil which is thick and difficult to dig or walk through （土壤）黏重的；泥泞的
■thick, solid-looking and not delicate 粗笨的；厚重的
• The sun disappeared behind heavy clouds. 太阳消失在厚云的背后。
['hev.i] adjective
MACHINES 机械
■describes machines or vehicles that are very large and powerful 重型的
• heavy artillery/machinery 重型火炮／机械
['hev.i] adjective
UNPLEASANT 不愉快 old-fashioned slang
■describes something such as a situation that is dangerous or unpleasant 危险的；严重的
• Then the police arrived and things got really heavy. 然后员警来了，事态变得很严重。
['hev.i] adjective
a heavy date US Australian humorous
■a planned meeting between two people who are very interested in having a romantic or sexual relationship 重要的约会
• I think Carol has a heavy date - she's been in the bathroom for over an hour. 我想卡罗尔有个重要的约会——她在浴室待了一个多小时。
['hev.i] adjective
have a heavy foot US informal
■to drive a car too fast 飙车
• She has a heavy foot - does the trip in half the time it takes me! 她是个飙车族——她跑这趟路花的时间是我的一半！
['hev.i] adjective
a heavy heart
■a feeling of unhappiness 沉重的心情
• With a heavy heart, she turned to wave goodbye. 她怀着沉重的心情转身挥手道别。
['hev.i] adjective
a heavy hitter mainly US
■someone who is powerful and has achieved a lot 了不起的人物
• Have you seen his resumé? He's a real heavy hitter. 你看过他的简历了吗？他可真是个了不起的人物啊。
['hev.i] adjective
be heavy on sb
■to treat or punish someone severely 严厉对待（某人）；严厉惩罚（某人）
• I think his parents are being a bit heavy on him. 我认为他父母现在对他有点严厉。
['hev.i] adjective
be/go heavy on sth
■to use a lot of something 大量消耗
• The engine is heavy on fuel. 这台引擎很耗燃料。
['hev.i] adjective
heavy with
■If something is heavy with something else, it has a lot of it or is full of it 充满…的，满是…的
• The trees were heavy with fruit. 这些树上结满了果实。
• The atmosphere was heavy with menace. 气氛十分紧张可怕。
['hev.i] adjective
make heavy weather of sth UK disapproving
■to find something hard to do and spend a lot of time on it, although it is not difficult 对…小题大做
• She's making such heavy weather of that report she's writing. 她对自己正在撰写的那份报告很小题大做。
['hev.i] noun countable slang
■a large strong man employed to protect someone else or to frighten other people （受雇保护或恐吓他人的）彪形大汉；身强体壮的打手
• Frank always took a couple of heavies along with him when he went collecting his debts. 法兰克讨债的时候总带着几个身强体壮的打手。
weighty, heavy
这组词都有“重的，沉重的”的意思，其区别是：
weighty: 多指实际上而不是相对的沉重，引申指严重或重要。
heavy: 普通用词，指重量或体积大大超过同类物体，常用作引申，多指精神上的重压等。
adj. 沉重的；繁重的，巨大的；阴沉的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro
adv. 大量地；笨重地
 - largely, freely, big, importantly, massively

Word: sport
Front: sport
[spɔ:t] (中高雅宝 666/1122 -K4)
Vocabulary: sport
(once / 69 pages)
nv
Sport has many definitions, the most familiar of which is a game involving physical exertion — think tennis or hockey. Randomly, sport can also mean to wear, as in, "he looked sharp sporting a yellow sport coat."
Most of the definitions of sport involve the idea of fun, or of something being fair. Hopefully organized sports are both. A sporting chance means a player in a game has a fair chance of winning. A good sport is someone who plays fair, and wins and loses graciously. If you torture flies for sport, you do it for fun, and that's just wrong. If you make sport of your little sister's stutter, you make fun of it, and that's even worse.
WORD FAMILY
sport: sported, sporting, sportive, sports+/sporting: sportingly, unsporting/ sportive: sportiveness/unsporting: unsportingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not exactly an everyday thing in other sports, either.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He articulates his points as well as anyone in sports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Ditto for Andrei Timofeyev, 33, who described himself as a “bored manager” whose wife started complaining about his extreme sports after their daughter was born.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运动; 游戏; 娱乐; 运动会
vt. & vi. 炫耀，给人看，玩弄
vi. 游戏
vt. 游戏; 参加体育运动; 夸耀
adj. 运动的
时态：sported, sporting, sports
分布：运动(71%)，体育(21%)，运动的(5%)，嬉戏(1%)，炫耀(1%)，戏弄(1%)
→缩写自 disport,嬉戏，消遣，玩乐，来自 dis-,离开，-port,承担，担负，词源同 comport,porter. 后词义限定为体育运动。引申比喻义穿戴，炫耀，即抖擞精神。
n.(体育)运动(pl.)运动会v.开玩笑;玩耍;夸耀;炫耀Complete absorption in sport will interfere with your studies.全心专注于运动会妨碍你的学业.
【记】满大街的运动品牌助长了sport之风。
US [spɔ:rt] noun
GAME 比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a game, competition or activity needing physical effort and skill that is played or done according to rules, for enjoyment and/or as a job 体育运动；体育比赛；体育竞技项目
• Football, cricket and hockey are all team sports. 足球、板球和曲棍球都是团队运动。
• I enjoy winter sports like skiing and skating. 我喜欢滑雪、滑冰之类的冬季运动。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable UK
■all types of physical activity which people do to keep healthy or for enjoyment 体育运动，体育锻炼
• She used to do/play a lot of sport when she was younger. 她年轻时经常参加体育运动。
uncountable old-fashioned
■fun or enjoyment 乐趣；娱乐；消遣
  Common Learner Errors  sport or sports The correct word to use before a noun to refer to something relating to sport is sports. Before another noun, don't say 'sport', say sports : A new sports centre is being built near our office.
UK [spɔ:t] US [spɔ:rt] noun
PERSON 人
countable old-fashioned informal
■a pleasant, positive, generous person who does not complain about things they are asked to do or about games that they lose 乐观大度的人；有风度的人；输得起的人
• Oh, Douglas - be a (good) sport and give me a lift to the station. 噢，道格拉斯——拿出点风度来，顺便载我一程去车站吧。
⇒ See also spoilsport
countable Australian
■a friendly way of talking to a man or boy 老兄，哥们儿
• [as form of address] Hello sport - how are you? 嘿，老兄——你好吗？
UK [spɔ:t] US [spɔ:rt] verb transitive
■to wear or be decorated with something 穿戴；装饰
• Back in the 1960s he sported bell-bottom trousers, platform heels and hair down past his shoulders. 20世纪60年代，他那时穿喇叭裤、厚底鞋，留着披肩长发。
• The front of the car sported a German flag. 汽车前部都插着一面德国国旗。
athletics, sport, game
这组词都有“体育运动”的意思，其区别是：
athletics: 集合名词，常指需要体力与技术的sports与games，特指跳高、跑等竞技项目。
sport: 含义比athletics广泛，指各种形式的体育运动，尤指户外的如游泳、钓鱼、划船、登山等运动。
game: 主要指决定胜负的游戏、比赛，通常有一定的规则，参加者必须遵守，如蓝球、足球等。也作“运动会”解。
n. 运动；游戏；娱乐；运动会；玩笑
 - movement, entertainment, exercise, campaign, game
vt. 游戏；参加体育运动；夸耀
 - air, make a display of
adj. 运动的
 - athletic, kinetic

Word: camp
Front: camp
[kæmp] (中高研四六托雅 1188/2079 -K4)
Vocabulary: camp
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2adjnv 3n
When you camp, you set up a temporary place to sleep outdoors, often in a tent. Many people like to camp in a beautiful spot, like the mountains or beside a lake.
Use the word camp to describe what you do when you sleep under the stars, and also the site itself — after a day of hiking, you could say, "Let's head back to camp." You can also talk about your usual group of friends or co-workers as your camp. Political parties are described this way sometimes: "She was popular in the Democratic camp." The root is the Latin word campus, which means "open field, or level space."
WORD FAMILY
camp: camped, camper, camping, camply, camps, campy, encamp+/camper: campers/camping: campings/ campy: campily/encamp: encamped, encamping, encampment, encamps/encampment: encampments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Protesters camped in North Dakota for months to try to stop completion of the project.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eight Camp Whitehorse personnel were charged with crimes, including negligent homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Photographers were camped outside the heavily guarded residence, hoping to get pictures of investigators arriving.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 营地，工地宿舍; 阵营（指观点相同且与持不同观点者对立的集团）; 兵营; （度假者、旅游者，尤指青少年的）野营地
vt. & vi. 宿营，露营
adj. 夸张的; （男子）女人腔的; 陈腐可笑的; （男人或其举止）故意带女子气的
vi. （尤指在假日）野营; 借住; 行动矫揉造作; 搞同性恋
vt. 使扎营（住宿）; 使宿于营中; 为…提供住处; 临时安顿
时态：camped, camping, camps
分布：营地(48%)，露营(17%)，野营(10%)，宿营(10%)，帐篷(9%)，扎营(6%)
→来自PIE *kamp, 弯，围，即围起来的一块平地，原义也指战场。
营地[camp=field表示"田野"]
n.野营,营地;帐篷,阵营v.设营,宿营On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
noun
TENTS/BUILDINGS 帐篷／建筑物
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a place where people stay in tents or other temporary structures 营地；宿营地
• We pitched/set up camp (= put up our tents) by the lakeside. 我们在湖边扎了营。
 IMPROVER countable
■an area where people are kept temporarily for a particular reason 临时居住地，暂时滞留地
• a labour/prison/refugee camp 劳改／战俘／难民营
countable or uncountable
■a place where soldiers stay when they are training or fighting a war 兵营，军营
• an army camp 军营
[kæmp] noun
OPINION 主张
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who share an opinion, especially a political one 阵营，阵线（尤指政治组织）
• The pro-abortion camp are fighting to decriminalize abortion. 支持堕胎的阵营正在力争使堕胎合法化。
• The party is divided into two distinct camps over the legislation. 该党在这项立法上很鲜明地分为两大阵营。
[kæmp] verb intransitive
■to put up a tent and stay in it for a short while, for example while on holiday 扎营；露营，宿营
• We camped on one of the lower slopes of the mountain. 我们在山脚的一处低坡上扎了营。
[kæmp] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  camp it up informal
■to behave in a camp manner 娘娘腔的，忸怩作态；行为女性化的
[kæmp] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  camp out
■to sleep outside in a tent 露营
[kæmp] adjective informal
■(of a man) behaving and dressing in a way that some people think is typical of a homosexual （男子）女里女气的，同性恋似的
• What's the name of that amazingly camp actor with the high voice and a funny walk? 那个特别女子气、嗓音尖尖、走路可笑的男演员叫甚么？
■using bright colours, loud sounds, unusual behaviour, etc. in a humorous way 夸张的；滑稽可笑的
• Their shows are always incredibly camp and flamboyant. 他们的演出总是花里胡哨，极其夸张。
vi. 露营；扎营
 - sit down, encamp
vt. 扎营；使扎营
 - pitch, sit down
n. 露营
 - encampment, bivouac

Word: purchase
Front: purchase
[ˈpɜ:tʃəs] (高研四六托宝 2149/2257 -K4)
Vocabulary: purchase
(once / 89 pages)
1vn 2n
When you purchase a pair of shoes, you buy them. If you want to gain purchase, or favor, with new friends, you might tell them about your recent purchase of chocolate, and offer to share.
Purchase can refer to the act of buying or the thing you bought. In 1803, the United States paid France approximately $15,000,000 for 800,000 acres of land which was called Louisiana, in a transaction known as the Louisiana Purchase. In this transaction, the purchase nearly doubled the size of the U.S. –– the territory purchased comprises about 23 percent of current US land.
WORD FAMILY
purchase: purchasable, purchased, purchaser, purchases, purchasing, repurchase+/ purchaser: purchasers/ purchasing: purchasings/repurchase: repurchased, repurchases, repurchasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wealthy businessmen and officials were purchasing elaborate carvings as luxurious gifts or, in some cases, bribes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among owners who purchased their most recent gun from a friend or acquaintance, 77% did so without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 购买; 采购; 换得; 依靠机械力移动
n. 购买; 购买行为; 购置物; 紧握
时态：purchased, purchasing, purchases
分布：购买(98%)，购买的物品(2%)
→pur-,向前，在前，chase,追逐。引申词义得到，获得，握紧，抓牢，后用于指采购，购买，且成为其主要词义。
v.买,购买n.购买的物品Based on the basic case, the purchaser found the vase in the basin in the basement.根据这个基本情况,购买者在地下室的盆子里找到了花瓶.
US ['pɝ:-] formal
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to buy 购买
• Tickets must be purchased two weeks in advance. 门票必须提前两周购买。
• Except under clearly defined circumstances, it is illegal in Britain for a company to purchase its own shares. 在英国，除非是在明确规定的情况下，否则一间公司购买自己的股票是违法的。
• She purchased her first house with the money. 她用这笔钱买了她的第一栋房子。
UK ['pɜ:.tʃəs] US ['pɝ:-] formal
noun
BUYING 购买
 IMPROVER countable
■something that you buy 购买物
• How do you wish to pay for your purchases? 你想用甚么方式付款？
• a major purchase 大额采购
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the act of buying something 购买，采购
• New restrictions have been placed on the purchase of guns. 枪枝的购买有了新的限制。
• A house is the most expensive purchase that most people ever make. 大多数人购买的东西中最昂贵的就是房子。
• No purchase is necessary for you to enter this competition. 你参加这项竞赛没必要买甚么东西。
• This product may be frozen. If required, freeze on day of purchase. 本产品可冷冻。如有必要，请在购买当天冷冻。
UK ['pɜ:.tʃəs] US ['pɝ:-] formal
noun
HOLD 抓握
[S or U]
■a firm hold which allows someone or something to be pulled or lifted without sliding or falling 紧握；抓住
• Dancers use a special powder on their shoes to help them get a better purchase on the floor. 舞者用一种特制的鞋粉来增加鞋子与地面的摩擦力。
buy, purchase
这组词都有“购买”的意思，其区别是：
buy: 普通日常用词，既可指日常随意购物也可指大的购买。
purchase: 正式用词，指大宗购货或购买重要东西。无感情色彩，强调物品的购得。
n. [贸易] 购买；紧握；起重装置
 - buy, grip
vt. [贸易] 购买；赢得
 - buy, win

Word: wonder
Front: wonder
[ˈwʌndə(r)] (中高研四六托 790/815 -K4)
Vocabulary: wonder
(once / 21 pages)
nv
When you wonder about something, you want to learn more about it. You wonder why the car is making that noise so you ask the mechanic to explain it.
Wonder comes from the Old English word wundor, which means "marvelous thing, the object of astonishment." For example, the Taj Mahal is one of the great wonders of the world, so beautiful and magical. But wonders are all around us — anything that amazes and marvels is a wonder, like high-definition television, the Internet, your mom's homemade pizza — though we tend to forget this because we are used to them.
WORD FAMILY
wonder: wondered, wonderer, wonderful, wondering, wonderment, wonders, wondrous +/wonderer: wonderers/ wonderful: wonderfulest, wonderfully, wonderfulness/wondering: wonderingly/ wonderment: wonderments/ wondrous: wondrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
We might wonder at our ability to look past some questionable expressions of character.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s little wonder that the downturn in the ag economy was the story of the year for 2016, according to the Nebraska Farm Bureau.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We were able to get on Interstates 94 and 69 in Port Huron without wondering where construction detours would lead us this time.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 奇妙的; 钦佩的; 远超过预期的
n. 惊奇; 奇观; 奇人; 奇迹
vt. 对…感到好奇; 惊奇; 感到诧异; 想弄明白
vi. 怀疑，想知道; 惊讶
时态：wondered, wondering, wonders
分布：想知道(38%)，奇迹(21%)，惊奇(14%)，怀疑(13%)，奇观(6%)，奇妙的(4%)，非凡的(2%)，惊愕(2%)
→来自Proto-Germanic,奇迹，奇观，来自wen,努力，希望，希冀，词源同Venus,win,wish,引申词义幻想，奇迹，纳闷。
n.惊奇,惊异;奇迹,奇事v.(at)诧异;想知道The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [-dɚ] verb
QUESTION 质疑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to ask yourself questions or express a wish to know about something 疑惑；想知道
• [+ question word] Hadn't you better phone home? Your parents will be wondering wh ere you are. 你是不是最好给家里打个电话？你父母会想知道你在哪里的。
• He's starting to wonder wh ether he did the right thing in accepting this job. 他现在开始怀疑自己接受这份工作是否正确。
• [+ speech] Will this turkey be big enough for eight, I wonder? 我不知道这只火鸡够不够八个人吃。
• "Have you decided where you're going next summer?" "I've been wondering about (= considering) going to Florida." “你决定好明年夏天去哪里了吗？”“我一直在考虑去佛罗里达。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used in phrases, at the beginning of a request, to make it more formal and polite （用于短语中，使某一请求更加正式和礼貌）不知能否…
• [+ speech] I wonder - could you help me carry these books? 不知你能否帮我搬这些书？
• [+ question word] I wonder whether you could pass me the butter? 你能不能把奶油递给我？
• I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area? 不知你能否给我提供一些这个地区可供游玩的地方的情况。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
SURPRISE 惊讶
 IMPROVER intransitive slightly formal
■to feel or express great surprise at something 感到惊讶，觉得惊奇
• [+ (that)] He was behaving so badly at school today, I wonder (that) he wasn't sent home. 他今天在学校的表现真差，我纳闷他怎么没被赶回家。
• I don't wonder (that) she burst into tears after the way you spoke to her. 你那样对她说话，难怪她会突然哭起来。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb
I shouldn't wonder mainly UK
■probably 大概，也许
• "Where's Mark been recently?" "Up to no good, I shouldn't wonder." “马克最近去过甚么地方？”“大概没去甚么好地方。”
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
uncountable
■a feeling of great surprise and admiration caused by seeing or experiencing something that is strange and new 惊讶；惊叹
• The sight of the Grand Canyon stretching out before them filled them with wonder. 大峡谷展现在眼前的景象，令他们惊叹万分。
• The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny red Ferrari. 男孩子们惊讶地盯着那辆闪亮的红色法拉利跑车。
countable usually plural
■an object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admiration 奇观；奇迹；奇事
• We spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilization. 我们花了一周时间游览古希腊文明的奇观。
• With all the wonders of modern technology , why has no one come up with a way to make aircraft quieter? 既然现代科技创造了如此多的奇迹，为甚么没人想个办法令飞行更安静一些呢？
countable informal
■an extremely useful or skilful person 极其有用的人；能人
• Our new babysitter's an absolute wonder - she'll come at very short notice and the children love her. 我们家新来的保姆确实非常能干——她能在接到通知后很快赶来，而且孩子们也喜欢她。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
do/work wonders informal
■to have a very good effect 产生奇妙的作用
• Doctors have discovered that keeping a pet can do wonders for your health. 医生们发现，养一只宠物会对你的健康产生奇妙的作用。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
it's a wonder
■it is surprising 真奇怪；真令人惊讶
• It's a wonder (that)he ever reached Paris, because he set off with only £5 in his pocket. 令人惊讶的是他竟然到了巴黎，因为他出发时口袋里只有五英镑。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
little/small wonder
■it is not really surprising 并不奇怪
• Her car's been broken for the past two months, so it's little wonder (that)she hasn't come to visit you recently. 她的车坏了两个月，所以她最近没来看你并不奇怪。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
no wonder ADVANCED
■it is not surprising 并不让人惊讶；并不奇怪
• No wonder the children are excited, - this is the first time they've been abroad. 孩子们那么兴奋并不奇怪——这是他们第一次出国。
• "If brutal killers like these two are at work, it is no wonder that so many Kosovans have fled," he said. “如果有如此凶残的两个杀手在活动，那就难怪那么多科索沃人逃走了。”他说道。
UK ['wʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] noun
wonders never cease humorous
■an expression of surprise used when something unusual or unexpected happens 真是令人惊讶；奇迹总是会发生的
• Lynda actually managed to get up before ten o'clock. Wonders never cease! 琳达居然在十点之前起床了。真是奇迹！
phenomenon, miracle, marvel, wonder
这组词都有“奇迹”的意思，其区别是：
phenomenon: 指罕见的现象或奇人、奇事。
miracle: 一般指被认为是人力所办不到的奇异之事。
marvel: 侧重异乎寻常，奇怪，从而使人好奇。
wonder: 通常指使人惊奇的事迹、人物或景观，主要指人创造的奇迹。
n. 惊奇；奇迹；惊愕
 - phenomenon, surprise, miracle
vi. 怀疑；想知道；惊讶
 - question, suspect of
vt. 怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶
 - dispute, question
adj. 奇妙的；非凡的
 - remarkable, extraordinary

Word: scientist
Front: scientist
[ˈsaɪəntɪst] (中高研四六 1057/1684 -K4)
Vocabulary: scientist
(once / 232 pages)
n
A scientist is a person with some kind of knowledge or expertise in any of the sciences, like biology or chemistry. See that guy in the white lab coat wearing pocket protectors and experimenting with chemicals? He’s definitely a scientist.
The word science comes from the Latin, scientia, which means "knowledge." The sciences are branches of knowledge about the world that derive from repeated experiments. A scientist is any person with an interest in the sciences, from amateurs to professionals. A curious high school student interested in seeing what happens when he slips vinegar into his best friend's can of soda could be considered a kind of scientist!
WORD FAMILY
scientist: scientists+/ science: sciences, scientist
USAGE EXAMPLES
But studying CBD is not easy: Scientists complain that laws and regulations put excessive constraints on their work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Scientist and entrepreneur Ge Li is a poster child for China’s new model.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 科学家; 科学工作者
分布：科学家(100%)
→来自 science,科学，-ent,形容词后缀，-ist,人。
n.科学家The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an expert who studies or works in one of the sciences 科学家
• a research/nuclear scientist 研究型／核子科学家

Word: ready
Front: ready
[ˈredi] (中高托宝 758/976 -K4)
Vocabulary: ready
(once / 25 pages)
adjnv
If you're ready for something, you're prepared — you're all set to do it. You're not truly ready for bed until you're wearing pajamas and have finished brushing your teeth.
You can be physically ready, like when you grab a towel and sunblock to get ready for a day at the beach, or mentally ready, like when you're ready to rock your algebra test since you studied so much. Other things are ready when they're available, like dinner or a hotel room. If you ready something (or yourself), you prepare for some specific purpose. The Old English ræde meant "prepare a horse for riding," from a root meaning "ride."
WORD FAMILY
ready: readied, readier, readies, readiest, readily, readiness, readying, unready+/unready: unreadily
USAGE EXAMPLES
OVERREACTION: The Packers are ready to duplicate 2010, win three playoff games and the Super Bowl.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He was ready to get his teeth extracted to relieve the pain.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They learn to rappel down abandoned buildings and hold their rifles steady, ready to fire, while charging across a swampy field.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 准备好的，现成的; 即时的，敏捷的; 情愿的; 即将的
vt. 做好…的准备
adv. 预先; 已完成地
n. 现款
时态：readied, readying, readies
分布：现成的(37%)，准备好的(33%)，乐意的(15%)，情愿的(15%)
→来自古英语 raede,准备好的，准备好上马的，词源同 ride,骑马。
a.(for)准备好的,现成的;甘心的The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
【记】因为ready（adj 有准备的），所以ready（adj 机敏的）
adjective
PREPARED 准备好的
 ESSENTIAL
■prepared and suitable for fast activity 准备好的，有准备的；现成的；方便使用的
• [+ to infinitive] Are you ready to leave? 你准备好离开了吗？
• Are you ready to order, Madam? 现在可以点菜了吗，女士？
• Okay, Evie, ready when you are (= I am ready to do what we have arranged). 好了，埃薇，我都准备好了，就等你了。
• Dinner's ready! 可以吃晚饭了！
• Are you ready? Hurry up - we're late. 准备好了吗？快点——我们都晚了。
• We're leaving at eight o'clock, so you've got half an hour to get ready. 我们八点钟出发，所以你还有半个小时准备。
• The army are said to be ready for action. 据说军队已经做好准备随时采取行动。
• The concert hall was made/got ready (= prepared) for the performance. 音乐厅已为这场演出准备妥当。
ready and waiting
■waiting and prepared to act 准备好并等待着；准备好随时行动
• Secret information allowed the police to be ready and waiting when the robbers came out of the bank. 由于得到秘密线报，警方布下埋伏，等着劫匪从银行出来自投罗网。
ready-to-wear
■(of clothes) produced in standard sizes and not made to fit a particular person （衣服）现成的，标准尺寸的
['red.i] adjective
QUICK 快的
[before noun] mainly approving
■quick with answers, jokes, solutions, etc 快的；机敏的；灵敏的
• He had a ready reply to every question. 他对所有的问题都对答如流。
• He was charming, with a ready wit (= the ability to quickly say clever and funny things). 他很有魅力，而且机智风趣。
['red.i] adjective
be ready to do sth informal
■to be going to do something immediately 马上要；即将要；随时
• I should think you're about ready to collapse after all that walking. 走了那么远的路，我应该想到你要累垮了。
■to be willing to do something 愿意做，乐意做，情愿做
• These men are ready to die for their country. 这些士兵甘愿为国牺牲。
['red.i] adjective
be ready to roll mainly US
■to be going to start soon 就绪；即将发生
• The new TV series from the West Wing team is ready to roll. “白宫风云”小组制作的新电视连续剧即将播放。
■to be going to leave soon 即将离开
• Give me a call when you're ready to roll and I'll meet you outside. 当你准备好要走的时候打电话给我，我会在外面和你会合。
['red.i] adjective
ready to hand UK
■close to you and therefore available for use when necessary 随手可取；随时可用；在手头准备好
• The sheriff slept with his gun ready to hand under his pillow. 治安官睡觉时把枪放在枕头底下，伸手就能拿出来。
['red.i] adjective
Ready , steady , go ! UK saying
■said at the start of a race, especially one for children 各就各位，预备，跑！（尤指用于小孩子们赛跑时）
['red.i] noun
at the ready
■prepared to be used or to act immediately 准备好；可随时使用；可随时采取行动
• He stood by the phone, pencil at the ready. 他准备好了铅笔，站在电话旁。
adj. 准备好；现成的；迅速的；情愿的；快要…的
 - rapid, fast, forward, express, quick
n. 现款；预备好的状态
 - cash, real money
adv. 迅速地；预先
 - quickly, rapidly, in advance, previously, fast
vt. 使准备好
 - prime

Word: mile
Front: mile
[maɪl] (中高研四六 -/772 -K4)
Back: n. 英里; 很远的距离; 一英里赛跑
分布：英里(93%)，一英里赛跑(4%)，海里(3%)
→来自拉丁语milia,一千，词源同million,millimeter.后引申词义英里，即一千整步，两千小步。
n.英里,哩,海里Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a unit of distance equal to 1760 yards or 1.6 kilometres 英里（长度单位，相当于1760码或1.6公里）
• a ten-mile drive 10英里的车程
• The nearest town is ten miles away. 最近的城镇在十英里外。
• The speed limit is 30 miles an/per hour. 限速为每小时30英里。
miles [plural]
■a very long way 很远的距离
• From the top, we could see for miles in every direction. 从顶部我们可以环视四周，极目远眺。
• He lives miles away on the other side of town. 他住在城的另一边，离这里很远。
[maɪl] noun
be miles away mainly UK
■to not be conscious of what is happening around you because you are thinking about something else 心不在焉
• You could tell by the expression on her face that she was miles away, thinking about home. 从她的表情你就可以看出她心不在焉，在想家呢。
[maɪl] noun
a mile a minute
■very quickly 迅速地
• Mike was very excited talking a mile a minute. 麦克很兴奋，说话像连珠炮。
[maɪl] noun
a mile off
■If you can see or realize something a mile off, you notice it easily and quickly 一下子，很容易（就能注意到…）
• She's lying - you can tell it a mile off. 她在撒谎——一眼就能看得出来。
[maɪl] noun
(by) miles informal
■used to say something is much greater or better than something else （大或好）很多；…得多
• British restaurant food is better by miles/miles better than it used to be 20 years ago. 英国餐厅的食物比20年前的好多了。
[maɪl] noun
miles from anywhere/nowhere
■a long distance from other houses or a town 荒郊野外，偏远的地方
• They live miles from nowhere, in the middle of the countryside. 他们住在远离人烟的乡下。
[maɪl] noun
miles too big/small/expensive, etc. informal
■very much bigger/smaller/more expensive, etc. than you would like 实在太大／小／贵等
• This tea is miles too sweet! 这茶实在太甜了！
[maɪl] noun
stand/stick out a mile
■to be very obvious or easy to see 一目了然，显而易见
• His lack of experience sticks out a mile. 他缺乏经验，这显而易见。

Word: match
Front: match
[mætʃ] (中高托雅 1972/1097 -K5)
Vocabulary: match
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v 4n
A match is a competition or game, like a soccer match. Another type of match places people together instead of opposing one another. Perhaps you'll find your perfect match on an online dating web site.
You might cheer at a boxing match or challenge your friend to a tennis match. Another kind of match is a pair of things that go together or are equal: "His zombie costume was a perfect match with his best friend's." There's also the match you strike to start a fire: "She lit the candle with a match." This match has a Greek root meaning "lamp wick," while other matches come from the Proto-Germanic gamakon, "fitting together."
WORD FAMILY
match: matched, matcher, matches, matching, matchless, mismatch, rematch, unmatchable+/matched: unmatched/matcher: matchers/matchless: matchlessly/ mismatch: mismatched, mismatches, mismatching/rematch: rematches/unmatchable: unmatchably
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Only two main draw matches were completed on the rain-interrupted first day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 比赛; 对手; 相配的人（或物）; 火柴
vt. 相同; 适应; 使较量; 使等同于
vt. & vi. 使相配，使相称
时态：matched, matching, matches
分布：比赛(68%)，火柴(12%)，相配(12%)，对手(6%)，较量(1%)，般配的人(1%)
→来自中古英语macche,灯芯或烛芯，来自希腊语myxa,鼻涕，灯芯，来自meug,黏的，滑的，词源同mucus,mucous.比喻用法，把悬荡的灯芯比喻成小孩的鼻涕。后引申词义用于点火的浸油小木条，最后指火柴。拼写比较bake,batch.match 匹配，配对，比赛
n.火柴;比赛,竞赛;对手,配偶v.匹配,相称I scratched a match and saw my watch catching a patch.我划了一根火柴发现我的手表钩着了一块补丁.
noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly UK (US usually game)
■a sports competition or event in which two people or teams compete against each other 比赛，竞赛
• a football/cricket/tennis match 足球／板球／网球比赛
• We won/lost the match. 我们赢／输掉了比赛。
• Liverpool have a match with (= against) Blackburn next week. 利物浦队下周将与布莱克本队对赛。
the man/woman of the match mainly UK
■the person who has scored the most points or played the best in a match 比赛中得分最多的人；比赛中表现最出色的人
[mætʃ] noun
STICK 棍
 ADVANCED countable
■a short thin stick made of wood or cardboard and covered with a special chemical at one end which burns when rubbed firmly against a rough surface （一根）火柴
• a box of matches 一盒火柴
• You should always strike a match away from you. 擦火柴时应该离身体远一些。
put a match to sth UK
■to make something burn 点燃
[mætʃ] noun
EQUAL 同等
only singular
■a person or thing which is equal to another person or thing in strength, speed or quality 旗鼓相当的人（或物）；敌手
be no match for sth/sb
■to be less powerful or effective than someone or something else 远比不上；根本敌不过
• Gibson ran well but was no match for the young Italian. 吉布森跑得不错，但远远比不上那个年轻的义大利人。
[mætʃ] noun
SUITABLE 合适的
 ADVANCED only singular
■something which is similar to or combines well with something else 相似物；相配的物品
• The curtains look great - they're a perfect match for the sofa. 窗帘看起来棒极了——正好和沙发相配。
only singular old-fashioned
■If two people who are having a relationship are a good match, they are very suitable for each other 般配的一对；相配的两个人
• Theirs is a match made in heaven (= a very good relationship). 他们是天造地设的一对。
[mætʃ] verb
EQUAL 同等
transitive
■to be as good as someone or something else 比得上；敌得过
• It would be difficult to match the service this airline gives its customers. 很难赶得上这家航空公司的乘客服务水准。
[mætʃ] verb
LOOK SIMILAR 相似
intransitive or transitive
■If two colours, designs or objects match, they are similar or look attractive together （和…）相似；（和…）相配
• Do you think these two colours match? 你认为这两种颜色相配吗？
• Does this shirt match these trousers? 这件衬衫和这条裤子相配吗？
• a sofa with curtains to match 一张沙发和相配的窗帘
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  match sb against sb
■If one team or player is matched against another team or player, they are made to compete against each other. 使（某人）与（某人）较量；使（某人）与（某人）比赛
• Germany has been matched against Holland in the semi-final. 德国队要在准决赛中与荷兰队对决。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  match up
SAME
■If two pieces of information match up, they are the same 一致，相同
• Their accounts of what happened that evening don't match up. 他们对那晚所发生的事情说法不一致。
SIMILAR
■If two things match up, they are similar and are designed to connect or to work together 相称，相配
• If the teeth on the cogs don't match up properly (= If they are not in the correct place) , the mechanism will jam. 如果齿轮上的轮齿不能啮合到位，机件就会卡住。
EQUALLY GOOD UK
■to be as good as another thing, person or experience 相称；配得上，媲美
• There was so much hype beforehand that it would have been difficult for the film to match up to/with our expectations of it. 这部电影事先有太多的夸大宣传，所以很难达到我们的期望。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] match sth up
■If you match up a design or material, you look for something that would look good with it and be similar to it 与…相配，和…相似
• I'm trying to match up this wallpaper with some suitable curtain material. 我在找一种合适的窗帘布料来配衬这种壁纸。
[mætʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] match sth/sb up
■to find a similarity or connection between two things or people 把…归类；搭配
• Can you match up these songs with the bands who sang them? 你能把这些歌曲和其演唱乐队都配对起来吗？
rival, equal, match
这组词都有“相称，比得上，与……相比”的意思，其区别是：
rival: 指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。
equal: 指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。
match: 指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。
match, game
这组词都有“比赛”的意思，其区别是：
match: 多指重要的，参加队数较多的大型比赛。
game: 指决定胜负的比赛，多以个人对抗或集体对抗形式根据一定的规则进行。
contest, match, competition
这组词都有“比赛，竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contest: 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。
match: 通常指体育运动项目的比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。
competition: 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技巧等方面的竞赛。
vt. 使比赛；使相配；敌得过，比得上；相配；与…竞争
 - equal, rival
vi. 比赛；匹配；相配，相称；相比
 - suit, balance
n. 比赛，竞赛；匹配；对手；火柴
 - competition, game, tournament, play, contest

Word: foot
Front: foot
[fʊt] (中高雅 380/459 -K5)
Vocabulary: foot
(once / 15 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5v
Your foot is like your leg's hand, and a foot is twelve inches. When you walk, you go by foot.
Since feet are so important, the word foot has many meanings. The main one is that thing below your ankle — people have feet, and so do many animals. The lower part of a bed is the foot of the bed — the foot of a mountain is also where you would expect it. The lower part of anything could be called a foot. Paying for something is footing the bill, and footing up a column of numbers is adding them up.
WORD FAMILY
foot: feet, footed, footer, footing, footless, foots, forefoot, underfoot+/footed: footedly, footedness/ footer: footers/footing: footings/forefoot: forefeet, forefoots/underfoot: underfoots
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Because the sign is 45 feet high, it’s extremely easy to slip and fall,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The quarterback climbed to his feet and limped back to the huddle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 脚; 底部; 英尺(=12 英寸或 30。48 厘米); 脚步
vt. 走，踏
vt. & vi. 结算，总计，共计
时态：footed, footing, foots
分布：脚(77%)，踏(9%)，英尺(6%)，步行(3%)，付账(2%)，音步(1%)，共计(1%)，表演舞步(1%)
→来自ped, 脚，词源同biped, pedestal.用做测量单位英尺，因约略等于成人脚长而得名。
n.(pl.feet)脚,足;英尺;底部After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
【参】foothold（n 立足点；据点）；footlights（n 脚灯；演艺界）；footnote（n 脚注：书页底的注释，对文中的一部分加以评论或引出参考书目；无足轻重的事）
noun
BODY PART 身体部位
countable (plural feet)
■the part of the body at the bottom of the leg on which a person or animal stands （人或动物的）脚，足
• I've got a blister on my left foot. 我左脚上起了个水泡。
• I've been on my feet (= standing) all day and I'm exhausted. 我一整天都没坐过，可把我给累坏了。
• He got to/rose to/jumped to his feet (= stood up) when she walked in. 她进来的时候他站了起来／站起身来／一跃而起。
• informal "You look tired. Why don't you put your feet up (= sit or lie down with your feet resting on something) ?" “你看上去很疲倦，你休息一会儿吧。”
• Please wipe your feet (= clean the bottom of your shoes) before you come into the house. 进屋前请把鞋底擦干净。
on foot IMPROVER
 ESSENTIAL
■walking 走路，步行
• Are you going by bicycle or on foot? 你骑脚踏车去还是走路去？
[fʊt] noun
MEASUREMENT 度量单位
 IMPROVER countable (plural feet or foot) (written abbreviation ft)
■a unit of measurement, equal to twelve inches or 0.3048 metres, sometimes shown by the symbol ′ 英尺（相当于12英寸或30.48厘米，有时用符号'表示）
• The man was standing only a few feet away. 那个男子就站在几英尺远的地方。
• She is five feet/foot three inches tall. 她身高五英尺三英寸。
• She is 5′ 3″ tall. 她身高五英尺三英寸。
[fʊt] noun
BOTTOM 底部
only singular
■the bottom or lower end of a space or object 底部；下端
• They built a house at the foot of a cliff. 他们在悬崖脚下建了一所房子。
• She dreamed she saw someone standing at the foot of her bed. 她梦见有人站在她的床脚处。
• There's a note to that effect at the foot of the page. 在页末对那一效应有一条注释。
[fʊt] noun
POETRY 诗歌
countable (plural feet) specialized
■a unit of division of a line of poetry containing one strong beat and one or two weaker ones （诗的）音步
[fʊt] noun
be back on your feet
■to be healthy again after a period of illness （病后）恢复健康，痊愈
• "We'll soon have you back on your feet again," said the nurse. 护士说：“你很快就能康复了。”
[fʊt] noun
fall/land on your feet
■to be successful or lucky, especially after a period of not having success or luck （尤指在一段时间的失意或霉运之后）获得成功，好运连连
• She's really fallen on her feet with that new job. 她做这份新工作真是一帆风顺。
[fʊt] noun
get a/ your foot in the door
■to enter a business or organization at a low level, but with a chance of being more successful in the future 初步进入（企业或组织）；迈出成功的第一步
• Making contacts can help you get a foot in the door when it comes to getting a job. 建立社会关系可能是你得到一份工作的第一步。
[fʊt] noun
get off on the right/wrong foot
■to make a successful/unsuccessful start in something 出师告捷／不利
[fʊt] noun
have a foot in both camps
■to be connected to two groups with opposing interests 脚踏两只船
[fʊt] noun
have feet of clay
■to have a bad quality which you keep hidden 有不为人知的缺点
• Some of the greatest geniuses in history had feet of clay. 历史上一些极其伟大的天才有不为人知的缺点。
[fʊt] noun
have one foot in the grave humorous
■to be very old and near death 一只脚已踏进坟墓；行将就木
[fʊt] noun
have/keep your feet on the ground (also have both feet on the ground)
■to be very practical and see things as they really are 脚踏实地
[fʊt] noun
my foot informal old-fashioned
■used to mean that you do not believe what another person has just told you （表示不相信对方所说的话）算了吧
• "He says his car isn't working." "Not working my foot. He's just too lazy to come." “他说他的车坏了。”“鬼才相信他的话。他不过是太懒了，不想来。”
[fʊt] noun
not put a foot wrong
■to not make any mistakes 不犯任何错误
[fʊt] noun
put your foot down
■to use your authority to stop something happening 利用…的权力制止
• When she started borrowing my clothes without asking, I had to put my foot down. 她开始连问都不问就把我的衣服借走了，我不得不出面制止了。
UK (US floor it)
■to increase your speed when you are driving 踩油门，加速行驶
• The road ahead was clear, so I put my foot down. 前面道路畅通，所以我猛踩油门。
[fʊt] noun
put your foot in it (mainly US put your foot in your mouth) informal
■to say something by accident which embarrasses or upsets someone 失言而令人尴尬（或不快）
• I really put my foot in it with Alison. I had no idea she was divorced. 我在爱丽森面前真的是失言了。我不知道她离婚了。
[fʊt] noun
hardly / barely put one foot in front of the other
■If you can hardly/barely put one foot in front of the other, you are having difficulty walking 走一步路
• I was so tired that I could hardly put one foot in front of the other. 我累坏了，几乎一步都走不动了。
[fʊt] noun
rush/run sb off their feet
■to cause someone to be very busy 使（某人）奔忙
• I've been rushed off my feet all morning. 我整个上午忙得不可开交。
[fʊt] noun
set foot in somewhere
■to go to a place 去（某处）
• He refuses to set foot in an art gallery. 他不愿去美术馆。
[fʊt] noun
under your feet
■If someone is under your feet, they are near you in a way that is difficult and prevents you from doing what you want to do 阻碍，妨碍；碍手碍脚
• The children were under my feet all day so I couldn't get anything done. 孩子们一整天在我这里碍手碍脚的，我甚么都做不了。
[fʊt] verb transitive informal
■to pay an amount of money 支付（账单或费用）
• His parents footed the bill for his course fees. 父母为他支付了课程费用。
• They refused to foot the cost of the wedding. 他们拒绝为婚礼结账。
• The company will foot her expenses. 公司将会为她的花费掏腰包。
n. [解剖] 脚；英尺；步调；末尾
 - last, trilby
vi. 步行；跳舞；总计
 - hoof it, pad
vt. 支付；给……换底
 - Make Payment, disburse

Word: aircraft
Front: aircraft
[ˈeəkrɑ:ft] (高研四托 2803/1538 -K4)
Vocabulary: aircraft
(once / 555 pages)
n
A machine that can fly, held aloft in the air, is called an aircraft. Airplanes and helicopters are two types of aircraft.
Some kinds of aircraft, primarily helicopters, use rotors or spinning blades to fly, while the lift of other aircraft comes from jet engines or the shape of the aircraft's wing. Still other aircraft, including hot air balloons, use buoyancy — generally a gas that's lighter than air — for lift and flight. Balloons were actually the first vehicles referred to as aircraft, along with airships. The word was adapted from nautical terminology.
WORD FAMILY
aircraft: aircrafts, antiaircraft
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The aircraft was part of the Rossiya airline's special flight detachment group - the carrier for the president of Russia and other government officials.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
A drop in aircraft orders accounts for November’s expected decline.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 飞机，航空器，
分布：飞机(100%)
n.飞机,飞船,飞行器The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
US ['er.kræft] (plural aircraft)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any vehicle, with or without an engine, which can fly, such as a plane or helicopter 飞机；飞行器，航空器
• military aircraft 军用飞机
UK ['eə.krɑ:ft] US ['er.kræft] (plural aircraft)
noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  aircraftWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of aircraft , don't write 'aircrafts', write aircraft.
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 飞机，航空器
 - plane, airplane, aeroplane

Word: teacher
Front: teacher
[ˈti:tʃə(r)] (中高雅 371/486 -K)
Vocabulary: teacher
(once / 88 pages)
n
If the guy down the street shows you how to play the guitar and helps you develop a masterful plucking style, then he's your guitar teacher.
A teacher is anyone who teaches things. Schools hire people to be teachers, but you don't have to work in a school to be a teacher. You can be a teacher to your children. If you're really good at making pizza, you can be a teacher to an aspiring pizza chef. If you're really passionate about methods of education, then you can become a teacher who teaches teachers how to teach better. Whoa.
WORD FAMILY
teacher: teachers, teachership+/taught: untaught/ teach: taught, teachable, teacher, teaches, teaching, unteach/teachable: teachably/teachership: teacherships/teaching: teachings/unteach: unteached, unteaches, unteaching
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was bullied by classmates and teachers would just ignore my existence,” Chen said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Karen is hypercritical of the school’s teachers, the curriculum, the kids and the other parents, either because they’re absent or overly involved.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 教师，教员，老师，先生; [航]教练机
分布：教师(100%)
→来自 teach,教育，-er,人。.
n.教师(员),老(导)师The preacher preached to the teacher's teacup.传教士对着老师的茶杯说教.
US [-tʃɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone whose job is to teach in a school or college 教员；教师
n. 教师；导师
 - professor, master

Word: suppose
Front: suppose
[səˈpəʊz] (中高研四六托 2161/840 -K4)
Vocabulary: suppose
(once / 22 pages)
v
If you suppose you love your girlfriend, you may not be too sure. Suppose means to guess, or think, or imagine something without absolute certainty. Best hold off on the engagement ring until you know for sure!
Suppose also has the meaning of assuming something hypothetical for the sake of argument. You might ask, "Suppose someone breaks in while I'm away?" Suppose also has the more technical (and often legal) sense of something you must take for granted if some other condition is to happen. Your theory might suppose the victim was home by 8:00. In this last sense, suppose introduces something that's a precondition.
WORD FAMILY
suppose: presuppose, supposable, supposal, supposed, supposes, supposing, supposition +/ presuppose: presupposed, presupposes, presupposing, presupposition / presupposition: presuppositions/supposable: supposably/supposal: supposals/ supposed: supposedly / supposition: suppositional, suppositions, suppositious, supposititious /suppositious: suppositiously/ supposititious: supposititiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that he is supposed to begin his rehabilitation program towards the middle or end of January.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company in this case, the U.S. official said, “did what it was supposed to do.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Why are we supposed to believe, as ironclad certainties, the judgment of intelligence officials who recently failed to anticipate the rise of Islamic State?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 假定; 猜想，推测; 认为; 让（用于祈祷语气）
vi. 想象，猜想
时态：supposed, supposing, supposes
分布：想(51%)，假设(23%)，认为(14%)，假定(9%)，应该(2%)，推测(1%)
→sup-,在下，-pos,放置，词源同 position,propose.引申词义认为，假设等。
猜想,推测(sup+pose放→放下去想→猜想)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
v.料想,猜想;假定;conj.假使...结果会怎样What is he supposed to be doing now?他目前应该做什么呢?
US [-'poʊz] verb
THINK LIKELY 认为可能
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to think that something is likely to be true 认为可能，料想，猜想
• [+ (that)] I couldn't get any reply when I called Dan, so I suppose (that) he's gone out. 我给丹打电话，但是没人接，所以我想他应该是出门了。
• He found it a lot more difficult to get a job than he supposed it would be. 他发现找工作比他想像的要难多了。
• [+ (that)] Do you suppose (that) Gillian will marry him? 你认为吉莉恩会嫁给他吗?
• It is widely supposed (that) the minister will be forced to resign. 很多人都猜测首相会被迫辞职。
• [+ to infinitive] We all supposed him to be German, but in fact he was Swiss. 我们都以为他是德国人，但事实上他是瑞士人。
• Her new book is supposed to be (= generally people think it is) very good. 大多数人都认为她的新书写得很好。
[+ (that)]
■used in making polite requests 用于礼貌地提出请求
• I don't suppose (that) you could/I suppose you couldn't lend me £5 till tomorrow, could you? 您现在能借我五英镑吗？
[+ (that)]
■used to show that you think something is so, although you wish that it were not （用于表示与愿望相反的估计）猜，推测
• I suppose (that) all the tickets will be sold by now. 我想现在所有票恐怕都已经卖完了。
[+ (that)]
■used when you are annoyed （用于表示气恼）
• I suppose (that) you're going to be late again. 我看你又要迟到了。
• I suppose (that) you think that's funny. Well, I certainly don't. 我想你会认为这很有趣。但我一点也不这么认为。
■used to show unwillingness to agree （用于表示不愿同意）
• "Can I go out tonight?" "Oh, I suppose so." “我今晚能出去吗？”“哦，可以吧。”
• [+ (that)] I don't agree with it, but I suppose (that) it's for the best. 我对此并不赞同，但我想这也是出于好意。
UK [sə'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
NEED 需要
transitive formal
■to expect and need 预期，需要，以…为条件
• Investment of this kind supposes (= would not be possible without) an increase in the company's profits this year. 公司今年的利润要有成长才能进行这样的投资。
⇒ See also presuppose
UK [sə'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] conjunction (also supposing)
■used at the beginning of a sentence or clause to mean 'what would happen if' （用于句首）假如，假设，如果
• Suppose we miss the train - what will we do then? 假设我们错过了火车——那我们该怎么办?
• We'd love to come and see you on Saturday, supposing (= if) I don't have to work that day. 如果我星期六不用上班的话，我们会来看你。
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 假设；认为；让（虚拟语气）；推想
 - expect, have, count, say, guess
vi. 猜想；料想
 - believe, imagine

Word: maintain
Front: maintain
[meɪnˈteɪn] (研四六托雅 922/825 -K4)
Vocabulary: maintain
(once / 67 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Maintain means to keep the same––keep steady, keep up, or keep going. Sure, you can ride your bike super fast on a flat surface, but it can be hard to maintain that speed, or keep the same speed, going up a hill.
When you maintain a strict study schedule, you stick to it. When you maintain your car in good working order, you take good care of it. If you maintain records of your business activity, it means you make notes of your sales and expenses. If a teacher maintains order in the classroom, she never lets disruptions get out of hand. If you maintain your family, you keep them in food, shelter and clothing. If you maintain that eating animals is cruel, you keep that position.
WORD FAMILY
maintain: maintainable, maintained, maintainer, maintaining, maintains, maintenance +/maintainer: maintainers/ maintenance: maintenances
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Helping them maintain their body image is a huge part of treatment.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 保持; 保养; 坚持; 固执己见
时态：maintained, maintaining, maintains
分布：维持(62%)，维修(16%)，坚持(10%)，保养(10%)，断言(2%)
→来自古法语maintenir,保持，维持，来自拉丁语manu tenere,握在手上，控制，来自manu,手，词源同manual,tenere,握住，词源同tenure,contain.引申多种词义。
保持,维持(main[=man手]+tain拿→用手拿住→保持)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
维持;坚持(main[=man手]+tain→用手拿住→坚持)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
维持(main+tain拿→拿住,留住→维持)[man,main=stay,表示"逗留"]
v.维修,保养,维持,供养,坚持,主张,支持His aunt maintained him at the university.他的姑母供他读大学.
【反】swerve（v 突然转向）－maintain direction
verb transitive
CONTINUE TO HAVE 继续有
 ESSENTIAL
■to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less 维持；保持
• The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region. 军队已调配到这个地区来维持秩序。
• We have standards to maintain. 我们要坚持原则。
• Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links. 尽管住在不同的国家，两个家庭仍保持着紧密联系。
• The film has maintained its position as the critics' favourite for another year. 这部电影再度获评论家评为年度最佳影片。
[meɪn'teɪn] verb transitive
KEEP IN GOOD CONDITION 保养
 ADVANCED
■to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good condition 维修；保养
• A large house costs a lot to maintain. 保养一座大房子花费很高。
• The roads around the town have been very poorly maintained. 城镇四周的道路保养得很差。
[meɪn'teɪn] verb transitive
EXPRESS 表达
 ADVANCED
■to express firmly your belief that something is true 坚称；断言
• Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always maintained his innocence. 邓恩在监狱服刑期间一直坚称自己是无辜的。
• [+ that] He maintains that he has never seen the woman before. 他坚称以前从未见过那位妇女。
[meɪn'teɪn] verb transitive
PROVIDE 提供
■to provide someone with food and whatever is necessary for them to live on 供养；抚养；赡养
• They barely earn enough to maintain themselves and their four children. 他们赚的钱只够勉强养活自己和四个孩子。
conserve, store, save, maintain, preserve
这组词都有“保存，储藏”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 较正式用词，指小心地使用难以补充的资源或贵重物，免遭浪费或毁坏，以备不时之需。
store: 普通用词，指将物品存放，以备将来使用。
save: 普通用词，指尽量少用，以争取数量上有所增加。
maintain: 指保持原样，不增不减
preserve: 侧重将物品完好无损地保存下来。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
vt. 维持；继续；维修；主张；供养
 - pursue, submit, sustain, advocate, service

Word: client
Front: client
[ˈklaɪənt] (研六雅 1157/907 -K3)
Vocabulary: client
(once / 233 pages)
1n 2n
If you pay for something, you are a client. If you pay to get your dog groomed, you are a client of the dog groomer (and so is your pooch).
If you shop at a certain store or use the services of a particular business, then you are a client of that store or business. If you want to go into acting, for example, you'll need to become a client of a talent agent. In computer terms, a client is a computer that makes a request of another computer, called a server. The term client is especially used in networks where one server may handle multiple requests from multiple clients.
WORD FAMILY
client: clients
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should clients follow their therapist on social media or ask personal questions?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Clients, the start-up companies say, range from intelligence agencies to hotels.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, he will strategize and engage with clients at a senior level.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 顾客; 当事人; 诉讼委托人; [计算机]客户端
分布：客户(95%)，委托人(5%)
→来自klei,倾斜，倾听，依靠，词源同listen,incline.在现代顾客是上帝，在古代顾客是门 客，听从于主人，其原义见client state,附庸国。
n.律师等的当事人,委托人;商店的顾客The recipe recipient transiently made the conscientious alien client unconscious.烹饪法接受者瞬变使有责任心的外国人客户无意识.
noun countable
CUSTOMER 顾客
 IMPROVER
■a customer or someone who receives services 客户；顾客，主顾；委托人
• Mr Black has been a client of this firm for many years. 布莱克先生是这家公司多年的老主顾。
• We always aim to give our clients personal attention. 我们一向致力于为顾客提供体贴入微的照顾。
['klaɪ.ənt] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a computer that is connected to a server (= large central computer) from which it gets information （连接在伺服器上的）客户机
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
client, colleague, co-worker, employee
client: 客户
colleague: 同事
co-worker: 同事
employee: 雇员
n. [计] [经] 客户；顾客； [审计] 委托人
 - customer, consumer, principal, guest, correspondent

Word: date
Front: date
[deɪt] (中高托雅 1201/571 -K4)
Vocabulary: date
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A date is a particular day of the month, and to date is to go out with someone. You might have the date of your first date with a special someone marked on your calendar. Awwwwwwww.
Date comes from the Latin datus, "given," because in ancient Rome when people wrote letters or decrees, they'd say, "given ("data") May 1st" (for example). Date can mean a day of each year, like May 1st, or one historical day, like May 1st, 1873. You make a date to meet someone for dinner. You date your letter. If you make many appointments with one special lady, you're dating her. A date is also a fruit, from the date palm.
WORD FAMILY
date: antedate, datable, dateable, dated, dateless, dates, dating, foredate, misdate, postdate, predate +/ antedate: antedated, antedates, antedating/datable: undatable/ dated: datedly, undated/dateless: datelessly/dating: datings/misdate: misdated, misdates, misdating/postdate: postdated, postdates, postdating/ predate: predated, predates, predating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Iridium says it in a tweet that it is pleased with the SpaceX’s announcement and target launch date.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The new community plan replaces one dating back to 1990.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 日期，日子; 约会; 时代，年代; （北非和西亚常见的海枣树的）海枣
vt. 过时; 使…显老; 显示出…时代（或年龄）; 鉴定…的年代
vt. & vi. 与人约会，相约
vi. 属于某一特定时期; 从某时起计算日期; 记载日期; 注有（或注明）日期
时态：dated, dating, dates
分布：日期(62%)，约会(23%)，追溯到(5%)，过时(4%)，年代(3%)，约会对象(1%)，枣椰树(1%)，枣子(1%)
→1.日期，来自拉丁语datum, 给予，来自do, 给予，词源同donate, dowry. 来自古罗马时期的书信习惯，在结果处写上datum, 附上年月日，因此引申该词义。
n.日期,年代v.注明...的日期n./v.约会The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
noun countable
DAY 日期
 ESSENTIAL
■a numbered day in a month, often given with a combination of the name of the day, the month and the year 日期；日子
• What's the date (today)?/What date is it?/What's today's date? 今天是几号？
• Today's date is (Friday) the 24th of June/June the 24th (1994). 今天是（1994年）6月24日（星期五）。
• What is your date of birth ? 你的出生日期是哪一天？
• The closing date for applications is the end of this month. 申请截止日期为本月底。
• We've agreed to meet again at a later date. 我们定好稍后再见面。
• I'd like to fix a date for our next meeting. 我想定下我们下次见面的日期。
• I've made a date (= agreed a date and time) to see her about the house. 我已与她说好了见面谈房屋的日期。
⇒ See also out-of-date
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular year 年份
• The date on the coin is 1789. 硬币上的年份是1789年。
• Albert Einstein's dates are 1879 to 1955 (= he was born in 1879 and died in 1955). 阿尔伯特‧爱因斯坦生于1879年，卒于1955年。
 ESSENTIAL
■a month and a year （年月）时间
• The UK expiry / US expiration date of this certificate is August 2005. 本证书的失效日期为2005年8月
[deɪt] noun countable
MEETING 会面
 ADVANCED
■a social meeting planned before it happens, especially one between two people who have or might have a romantic relationship （异性间的）约会，幽会
• He's asked her out on a date. 他把她约了出去。
• She has a hot date (= an exciting meeting) tonight. 她今晚有一个朝思暮想的约会。
 ADVANCED US
■a person you have a romantic meeting with 约会对象
• Who's your date for the prom? 你约了谁去参加舞会？
[deɪt] noun countable
PERFORMANCE 表演
■a performance 演出，表演
• They've just finished an exhausting 75-date European tour. 他们刚刚结束了欧洲巡回表演，一共演了75场，可谓筋疲力尽。
[deɪt] noun countable
FRUIT 水果
■the sweet fruit of various types of palm tree 海枣
[deɪt] noun countable
it's a date informal
■used to say that a particular time is a suitable time to meet （会面时间）很合适，没问题，就这样定了
• "I can't make it at seven o'clock. How about nine-thirty?" "Sure, it's a date." “我7点钟不行。9点30分怎么样？”“当然可以，没问题。”
[deɪt] noun countable
to date formal
■up to the present time 至今，迄今
• This novel is his best work to date. 这部小说是他迄今为止最好的作品。
[deɪt] verb
TIME 时间
 ADVANCED transitive
■to write the day's date on something you have written or made 在…上写上日子，在…上标明日期
• [+ obj + noun] Thank you for your letter dated August 30th. 谢谢你8月30日的来信。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to say how long something has existed or when it was made 确定…的年代，推算…形成的时间
• Archaeologists have been unable to date these fossils. 考古学家无法确定这些化石的生成年代。
• An antique dealer had dated the vase at (= said that it was made in) 1734. 古董商推算那个花瓶的制造年代为1734年。
[deɪt] verb
MEET 会见
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive mainly US
■to regularly spend time with someone you have a romantic relationship with 约会，（和…）谈恋爱
• They were dating for five years before they got married. 他们谈了5年恋爱才结婚。
• How long have you been dating Nicky? 你和尼基谈恋爱有多久了？
[deɪt] verb
BECOME OLD 变老
intransitive or transitive
■to stop being fashionable or become old-fashioned, or to show the age of a person or thing 过时，不流行；表明（某人的）年龄；揭示…的年代
• Some James Bond films have dated more quickly than others. 和另外一些电影相比，詹姆斯‧庞德系列电影中有一些很快就过时了。
• I can remember watching live TV coverage of the first lunar landing, so that dates me (= shows how old I am). 我还能记得观看首次登月电视直播的情景，由此可以看出我的年纪。
[deɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  date back
■to have existed a particular length of time or since a particular time （时间）追溯
• This tradition dates back to medieval times. 这个传统可以追溯到中世纪时期。
date, appointment, engagement
这组词都有“约会”的意思，其区别是：
date: 主要指朋友之间的随便约见或男女之间的约会。
appointment: 通常指严格根据时间表上预约的时间进行的约见或约会，其目的主要是讨论公事或业务问题。
engagement: 普通用词，可与本组的另外两个词换用。泛指任何商定的地点和时间见面，专指针对某一目的约会。
day, date
这组词都有“日”的意思，其区别是：
day: 泛指任何一天，或指含有“一昼夜”意义的一天，也可指工作日。可用复数表时代、时期。
date: 指具体的年、月、日，或指年代、时代。
n. 日期；约会；年代；枣椰子
 - era, years, engagement
vi. 过时；注明日期；始于（某一历史时期）
 - get out of fashion, out of season

Word: merger
Front: merger
[ˈmɜ:dʒə(r)] (研托 5012/3475 -3)
Vocabulary: merger
(once / 951 pages)
n
When two companies become one company, they've had a merger. A merger is like a marriage for things other than people.
It might help you remember merger to think of something that happens on the highway: several lanes sometimes have to merge into one lane. Merging leads to more than one thing becoming one. Words that mean something similar to merger are unification and fusion. Separation and break-up are opposites of a merger.
WORD FAMILY
merger: mergers+/ merge: merged, merger, merges, merging/merging: mergings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The merger last year was widely seen as an important step in the transfer of Samsung’s leadership from Lee Kun-hee to Jay Y. Lee.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. （两个公司的）合并; 联合体; 吸收
分布：名词(100%)
→来自merge,合并，融合。用于经济学术语，指两个公司的合并。
US ['mɝ:.dʒɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when two or more companies join together （公司、企业等的）合并
• She's an attorney who advises companies about mergers and takeovers. 她是一位律师，提供公司合并、收购方面的咨询服务。
• The merger of these two companies would create the world's biggest accounting firm. 这两家公司的合并将造就世界上最大的会计事务所的诞生。
n. （企业等的） [经] 合并；并购；吸收（如刑法中重罪吸收轻罪）
 - absorption, marriage, consolidation, coalition

Word: compete
Front: compete
[kəmˈpi:t] (高研四六托宝 2065/2583 -K3)
Vocabulary: compete
(once / 89 pages)
v
In sports you compete against the opposing team. At work you compete for a promotion. With siblings, you compete for everything. Compete means to vie for a goal.
The urge to compete is universal and human, from kids who say "Race ya!," to great athletes who manage to achieve the impossible when faced with a worthy opponent. Some people are more inclined to compete than others. They are viewed as competitive and may be accused of turning everything into a competition.
WORD FAMILY
compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor +/ competition: competitions/ competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive/ competitor: competitors/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Smith left Beard with the ingredients needed to compete in the Big 12.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vi. 竞赛; 竞争; 比得上; 参加比赛（或竞赛）
时态：competed, competing, competes
分布：竞争(78%)，比赛(19%)，对抗(3%)
→com-, 强调。-pet, 追逐，渴望，词源同feather, petition. 追逐同一个目标的，竞争。
比赛(com+pete追求→一起追→比赛)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
竞争,竞赛(com共同+pete→共同追求[一个目标]→竞争)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
vi.比赛;竞争;对抗You will have to compete with others for this position.你要和别人竞争这个职位.
【记】com共同，pet追求－共同追求一个目标－竞争
【参】competition（n 竞赛）；competitive（adj 竞赛的）；competence（n 胜任，能力＝ability）；competent（adj 指人能干的；不错的＝good）
verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to try to be more successful than someone or something else 竞争
• It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete against/with the big supermarkets. 小超市很难与大超市竞争。
• Both girls compete for their father's attention. 两个女孩在父亲面前争宠。
• figurative Turn the music down - I'm not competing against/with that noise (= I can't/won't try to speak louder than that music) ! 把音乐调小声一点——我可不想跟那噪音较量！
 IMPROVER
■to take part in a race or competition 参加赛跑；参与竞争；争夺
• Are you competing in the 100 metres? 你参加100米赛跑吗？
• The two athletes are competing for the gold medal. 这两位选手在争夺金牌。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
vi. 竞争；比赛；对抗
 - contest, war, cope

Word: civilian
Front: civilian
[səˈvɪliən] (高研四六托雅宝 3219/5055 -3)
Vocabulary: civilian
(once / 360 pages)
nadj
The most common meaning for civilian is simply someone who is not in the military. It can also refer to any object that is not military in origin — e.g., "civilian clothes" or "civilian life."
The meaning of civilian as a non military person is a relatively new one, dating from the early 19th century. Before that it referred to the code of law that governed non-military life. In fact for hundreds of years a civilian was somebody who was a judge or otherwise an expert on the law that applied outside military courts. Because it comes originally from a French word, remember to spell it with only one "l," even though it sounds like it should have two.
WORD FAMILY
civilian: civilians+/ civil: civiler, civilest, civilian, civilise, civility, civilize, civilly, uncivil/civilisation: civilisations/civilise: civilisation, civilised, civilises, civilising/civilised: noncivilised, uncivilised/ civility: civilities, incivility / civilization: civilizations/ civilize: civilization, civilized, civilizes, civilizing/ civilized: noncivilized, uncivilized/ incivility: incivilities/uncivil: uncivilly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several smaller bombings elsewhere in the city on Monday killed at least 20 civilians and wounded at least 70, according to medics and police officials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First, though, Congress must pass a law allowing the former military man to serve in a civilian post.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We are determined to annihilate terrorism and we are able to shorten its age,” he said, calling on security forces and civilians to remain vigilant.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 平民，百姓; 市民; 文官; 民法学者
adj. 民用的; 平民的
分布：平民(87%)，平民的(12%)，罗马法专家(1%)
民众,平民(civil+ian)[civ=citizen,表示"公民"]
平民(civil人民的)[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
平民(civil公民的+ian)[-ian 1.表名词"某种人"2.表形容词"…国家的"]
n.平民a.平民的;民用的The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
【记】civil＝citizen（n 市民）－市民的，平民
【参】civilization（n 文明，教化；一个著名游戏的名称）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is not a member of the police or the armed forces 平民；老百姓
• The bomb killed four soldiers and three civilians. 炸弹炸死四名士兵及三名平民。
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
adj. 民用的；百姓的，平民的
 - many-headed
n. 平民，百姓
 - populace, common man

Word: bar
Front: bar
[bɑ:(r)] (高研四托雅宝 991/993 -K4)
Vocabulary: bar
(once / 112 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6n
If you bar a college student from entering a bar because he's too young to drink, it means that you prevent him from going into an establishment that serves alcoholic beverages.
Bar is one of those handy words with many different meanings. There's the kind of bar where you order coffee or a drink. There is also the bar that a bartender keeps close at hand in case she needs a weapon when patrons get rowdy — like a long piece of metal. And when you bar something, you make it inaccessible in some way. The word bar comes from the French word barre, which means "beam, gate, or barrier."
WORD FAMILY
bar: barred, barring, bars, unbar+/barring: barrings/bars: barss/unbar: unbared, unbaring, unbarred, unbarring, unbars
USAGE EXAMPLES
Directed by Lee Sunday Evans, the show puts us in a neighborhood bar as the arrival of a new face shakes up the regulars.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The white guy, who happened to be the only white guy at the bar besides the bartender, nudged me.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
International Olympic Committee gets tough, bars all Russian male golfers from participating in next Olympics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 条，棒; （门、窗等的）闩; 障碍; 酒吧间
vt. 闩（门等）; 阻碍，封锁; 排除，去除
prep. 除…之外
时态：barred, barring, bars
分布：酒吧(63%)，条(28%)，禁止(3%)，横木(2%)，闩上(2%)，阻挠(1%)，栅(1%)
→词源不详。酒吧义来自酒馆木架陈列的待售酒类。律师义来自旧时条棒隔开律师与法官。
n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物)v.闩上,阻拦In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
US [bɑ:r] noun countable
DRINKING PLACE 喝酒的地方
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where especially alcoholic drinks are sold and drunk, or the area in such a place where the person serving the drinks stands 酒吧；酒吧的吧台
• They noticed him going into the hotel bar. 他们看见他走进饭店的酒吧里。
• There weren't any free tables, so I sat at the bar. 没有空位了，我只好坐在吧台旁。
• Why don't you ask the guy behind the bar (= serving drinks there) ? 你怎么不问一问吧台里的那个职员？
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
LONG PIECE 长条
 IMPROVER
■a straight stick made of metal 铁栅栏
• The gorilla rattled the bars of its cage. 大猩猩把笼子的铁栅栏弄得吱嘎吱嘎地响。
■ IMPROVER
■a substance that has been made into a solid, rectangular shape 条状物
• a bar of soap 一块肥皂
• a chocolate bar 一条巧克力棒
■The bar of an electric heater is a long thin wire in the shape of a spring which is wrapped tightly around a tube. When electricity passes through it, it produces heat and red light. （电炉上的）供热电阻丝
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 (US also measure)
■one of the small equal parts into which a piece of music is divided, containing a fixed number of beats （音乐的）小节；乐谱的小节线
• Waltzes have three beats in/to the bar (= in each bar). 华尔滋每小节有三拍。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
UNIFORM 制服 US for stripe (MATERIAL)
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
PREVENT 阻挡
■something that prevents a particular event or development from happening 阻碍某事件发生或发展的东西
• A lack of formal education is no bar to becoming rich. 没有接受正规教育并不是致富的障碍。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] noun countable
behind bars
■in prison 在监狱里
• He's spent most of his life behind bars. 他一生中大部分时间是在监狱里度过的。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
PREVENT 阻挡
■to prevent something or someone from doing something or going somewhere, or to forbid (= refuse to allow) something 阻挡，阻挠；防止，禁止
• The centre of the town was barred to / US usuallybarred off to football supporters. 球迷不得进入城镇的市中心。
• The incident led to him being barred from the country/barred from playing for England. 这事件导致他被禁止进入该国／无法再为英国队效力。
• I tried to push past her but she barred my way/path (= stood in front of me and prevented me from getting past). 我试图从她旁边挤过去，但她还是挡住了我的去路。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] verb transitive (-rr-)
LONG PIECE 长条
■to put bars across something, especially to hold it shut 闩上、闩住某物（尤指使某物紧闭）
• We barred the door to stop anyone getting into the room. 我们把门闩上以防有人进入房间。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] preposition slightly formal
■except 除…外
• Everyone is leaving the village, bar the very old and ill. 除了年老体弱者，其他人都要离开村庄。
• They're the best songwriters of this century, bar none (= no one else is better). 他们是本世纪最优秀的作曲家，无人能比。
UK [bɑ:r] US [bɑ:r] preposition slightly formal
(all) over bar the shouting UK
■If an activity is all over bar the shouting, the result of it is known, but it has not been officially finished or stated, so people can still state that a different result is possible 基本已成定局
• With practically all the results declared, the Nationalist Party has 68% of the vote, so it's all over bar the shouting. 几乎所有的结果已宣布，国民党赢得了68%的选票，看来选举结果已成定局。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. [金融] 条，棒； [建] 酒吧；障碍
 - rod, staff, obstacle, dam, let
vt. 禁止；阻拦
 - inhibit, forbid

Word: opponent
Front: opponent
[əˈpəʊnənt] (研四六托雅宝 2181/2663 -K3)
Vocabulary: opponent
(once / 204 pages)
nadj
An opponent is your competition, whether it's a rival hockey team, or the other finalist in the chess tournament. Coaches tell you to never underestimate your opponent.
Someone who competes or fights against you is your opponent. If you're arguing that chocolate ice cream is better than vanilla, the vanilla ice cream fan is your opponent. An opponent can also be someone who opposes, like an opponent of gun control laws. The Latin word opponent means setting against, and it was first used in English to describe the person who would begin a certain type of philosophical debate.
WORD FAMILY
opponent: opponents+/opposable: unopposable/ oppose: opponent, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposes, opposing, opposition / opposed: unopposed/opposer: opposers/opposing: opposingly/ opposition: oppositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
No matter how much they scouted their opponents, they couldn’t imitate them effectively in practice, because their bench players weren’t good enough.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Opponents averaged 16 points in the final 11 games.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 对手; 反对者; 敌手
adj. 对立的; 敌对的
分布：对手(89%)，反对者(5%)，敌手(4%)，敌对的(1%)，反对的(1%)
→op-,相对，对着的，-pon,放置，词源同pose,component.即对着放的，引申词义反对者，对手。
对立的n.对手(op反+pon+ent→反着放→对立的)[pon,pound=put,表示"放置"]
n.对手,反对者,敌手a.对立的,对抗的Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
【记】源于：oppose（v 反对），op反，pose放－反对
【参】component（adj 合成的）；proponent（n 支持者）
US [-'poʊ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change it 反对者；对手；敌手
• a political opponent 政敌
• Leading opponents of the proposed cuts in defence spending will meet later today. 反对削减国防开支建议的带头人将在今天晚些时候会面。
 IMPROVER
■a person being competed against in a sports event （体育比赛中的）对手
• In the second game, her opponent hurt her leg and had to retire. 在第二局，她的对手拉伤了腿，不得不退出比赛。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
n. 对手；反对者；敌手
 - equal, anti, comparative, rival, match
adj. 对立的；敌对的
 - contrary, adverse, against

Word: therefore
Front: therefore
[ˈðeəfɔ:(r)] (高研四六托 1161/408 -K4)
Vocabulary: therefore
(once / 25 pages)
adv
The adverb therefore means as a result or consequence, or "for that reason." Cats and dogs tend to fight; therefore, keep your pets apart at night if you want to get some sleep.
The adverb therefore is also used to introduce a conclusion that follows based on logic. You'll see this construction a lot in logic, math, and science, for example. Of course, sometimes the conclusions are false, as in this argument: "All fish live in water. A whale lives in water. Therefore, a whale is a fish." A whale is, in fact, a mammal. Therefore, the argument that a whale is a fish is wrong.
WORD FAMILY
therefore: therefores
USAGE EXAMPLES
Because metabolic activity is strongly dependent on tissue temperature, RMR will therefore fall even more.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
"Mitigation capabilities," says Jonathan Hunter, CEO of Department 13, "are therefore limited."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
From the outset, therefore, self-interest rather than affection governed Israel’s attitude toward the United States.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 因此; 所以; 故; 乃
分布：所以(56%)，因此(44%)
→来自古英语 thaerfore,为了，因为，因此，来自 there,那里，fore,为了，来自 for 在古英语的 拼写变体。
ad.因此,所以conj.因此I think, therefore I am.我思故我在.
US ['ðer.fɔ:r] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■for that reason 因此，因而，所以
• We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project. 我们无法筹到资金，因此不得不放弃计划。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此；所以
 - hence, accordingly, consequently, thus, as a result of

Word: emission
Front: emission
[iˈmɪʃn] (六托 2915/3483 -2)
Vocabulary: emission
(once / 1200 pages)
n
An emission is something that's been released or emitted into the world. Car exhaust, burps, and radio broadcasts are all examples of emissions.
Technically, an emission is anything that's been released out into the open. But more often it refers to gases being released into the air, like greenhouse gasses or emissions from power plants and factories. Anytime your body emits something (sweat, drool, gas), it's also considered an emission. Be careful not to confuse this word with the closely spelled omission — that's something that's been left out.
WORD FAMILY
emission: emissions+/ emit: emission, emits, emitted, emitter, emitting/emitter: emitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A government spokesman said the UK was committed to playing a major role in reducing global CO2 emissions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Manufacturers might also need to add more pollution controls, or pay other companies for pollution credits earned from shutting down or reducing emissions.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 排放，辐射; 排放物，散发物（尤指气体）; （书刊）发行，发布（通知）
分布：排放(86%)，散发(10%)，发行(4%)
发出,放射(e＋miss+ion)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
noun
uncountable
■when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out （气体、热量、光线等的）排放，散发，射出
• The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK. 绿党要求英国切实减少温室气体的排放量。
countable
■an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out 排放物；散发物
• carbon dioxide emissions 二氧化碳的排放
n. （光、热等的） [物] 发射，散发；喷射；发行
 - shot, sending, launch, jet, projection

Word: reject
Front: reject
[rɪˈdʒekt] (高研四六托 2029/1485 -K4)
Vocabulary: reject
(once / 143 pages)
1vn 2v
When you reject something, you rule it out or dismiss it. If you're trying to pick a fancy restaurant to go to for your birthday, you'll probably reject the diner you went to just yesterday.
The verb reject has several shades of meaning Reject can mean to refuse to accept or agree with something. If you don't believe space aliens are living on earth, you reject the idea — you just don't believe it. Reject can also mean to turn down something with contempt. If the "cool kids" in your high school reject you, they'll ignore you in the halls and also show contempt by making fun of you behind your back.
WORD FAMILY
reject: rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejective, rejects+/ rejection: rejections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s different than four years ago when the village board rejected a similar plan.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rejecting wooden skis, he was the first skier to win an Olympic gold on metal skis.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 拒绝; 抛弃，扔掉; 排斥; 吐出或呕吐
n. 被拒绝或被抛弃的人或事物
时态：rejected, rejecting, rejects
分布：拒绝(79%)，排斥(11%)，驳回(5%)，丢弃(3%)，不合格产品(1%)，被拒之人(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-ject,扔，词源同 project,jet.比喻用法。
拒绝,驳回(re回+ject→扔回来→拒绝)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
v.拒绝,抵制,丢弃,排斥,退掉n.落选者The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
【记】re反，ject扔－反过来把你扔了－抛弃；拒绝
verb transitive /rɪˈdʒekt/
 ESSENTIAL
■to refuse to accept, use or believe something or someone 拒绝接受；拒收；不录用；不相信
• The appeal was rejected by the High Court. 上诉被最高法院驳回。
• Coin-operated machines in England reject Irish money. 英格兰的投币机不接受爱尔兰钱币。
• The prime minister rejected the suggestion that it was time for him to resign. 首相拒绝了他该辞职的建议。
• I applied for a job as a mechanic in a local garage, but I was rejected (= I was not offered the job). 我到当地一间汽车修理厂求职，想做个技工，但被拒绝了。
• The football coach rejected him for the first team (= He was not offered a place in the team). 足球队的教练拒绝接收他加入一线队。
■to not give someone the love and attention they want and are expecting from you 拒绝…的求爱；嫌弃；冷落；怠慢
• When she was sent to boarding school, she felt as though her parents had rejected her. 当她被送到寄宿学校时，她觉得好像遭到了父母的抛弃。
■specialized
■If your body rejects an organ that has been put in during a medical operation, it fails to accept it and tries to attack and destroy it. 排斥，排异（移植的器官）
noun countable /ˈriː.dʒekt/
■a product which is damaged or not perfectly made 残品；次品
■a person who has not been accepted by an organization or by society 被拒绝的人；不合格者；被拒收者
• He considered himself as one of life's rejects. 他自认为是被生活抛弃的人。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
reject, deny, decline, repel, frfuse
这组词都有“拒绝”的意思，其区别是：
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
deny: 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
repel: 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
frfuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
relieve, reveal, reject, release
relieve: 援助，接替
reveal: 透露，暴露
reject: 拒绝，抛弃
release: 释放，解除
vt. 拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃
 - refuse, negative
n. 被弃之物或人；次品
 - inferior, degraded product

Word: turning
Front: turning
[ˈtɜ:nɪŋ] (四六雅 6215/6345 -1)
Back: n. 旋转; 转向; 转弯处; 车工工艺
v. 转动; 扭转; （使）变成; “turn”的现在分词
分布：转向(43%)，旋转(37%)，回转(20%)
US ['tɝ:-] noun countable
■a place, especially a road, track or path, where you can leave the road you are on （尤指路的）转弯处，岔路口
• Take the third turning on the left after the traffic lights. 过了红绿灯，在第三个拐弯处向左转。
n. 转向；旋转；回转；转弯处
 - revolution, rotation, rolling
v. 旋转（turn的ing形式）
 - rotating, swimming, spinning

Word: blow
Front: blow
[bləʊ] (中高托 1414/1822 -K3)
Vocabulary: blow
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5v 6n 7v 8v
To blow is to create a burst or puff of air. When chilly breezes start to blow, it's time to close your windows.
People blow candles out on birthday cakes and blow up balloons — a person blows by directing a flow of air from the mouth in a steady stream. When the wind blows, an air current moves. Another way to blow something is to burst, break, or ruin it: "If I drive over that broken glass, I'll blow a tire," or "I just know I'm going to blow my audition." You can also blow money, by wasting or squandering it.
WORD FAMILY
blow: blew, blowed, blower, blowing, blows, blowy, counterblow, overblown +/blower: blowers/blowing: blowings/blowy: blowiest/counterblow: counterblows
USAGE EXAMPLES
His phone was blowing up in his pocket as we walked.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
His conclusion was that "most boycott threats around this topic ultimately blow over."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
They got down by 18 in the loss to Detroit, lost by 21 at Indiana and blew an 18-point lead at Brooklyn.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 殴打，打击; 吹风，一阵风; 意外的灾害; 吹奏（声）
vt. & vi. （风）吹; （轮胎等）爆炸
vt. 吹，吹气; 使爆炸; 奏出，演奏; 使气喘
vi. 吹刮，吹动; 随风飘动; 鸣叫; 喘气
时态：blew, blown, blowing, blows
分布：吹(53%)，打击(40%)，风吹(5%)，殴打(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，涌出。词源同bellow, 吼叫。
vi.吹,吹气,打气;吹奏;爆炸;n.打,打击The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
SEND OUT AIR 吹气
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move and make currents of air, or to be moved or make something move on a current of air 吹；吹动；被吹走
• The wind was blowing harder every minute. 风越来越大。
• The letter blew away and I had to run after it. 信被风吹走了，我不得不去追。
• A gale-force wind had blown the fence down. 大风将篱笆吹倒了。
• I blew the dust off the books. 我吹掉了书上的灰尘。
• I wish you wouldn't blow smoke in my face. 我希望你不要把烟吹到我脸上。
intransitive or transitive
■to make a sound by forcing air out of your mouth and through an instrument, or to make a sound when someone does this 吹响；吹奏，演奏
• Ann blew a few notes on the trumpet. 安用喇叭吹了几个音符。
• He scored the winning goal just before the whistle blew. 就在哨声吹响之前他打入了致胜的一球。
transitive
■to shape glass which has been heated until it is soft into an object by blowing air into it down a tube 吹制（玻璃）
• a beautiful blown glass vase 漂亮的玻璃吹制花瓶
blow your nose
■to force air from your lungs and through your nose to clear it 擤鼻子
blow sb a kiss (also blow a kiss to/at sb)
■to kiss your hand and blow on it in the direction of someone 向（某人）送飞吻
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
DESTROY 摧毁
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cause something to be destroyed by a bomb, technical failure, etc. 毁掉；炸毁
• His car had been blown to pieces. 他的车被炸得粉碎。
intransitive or transitive
■If an electrical fuse (= short thin piece of wire) blows, or if something electrical blows a fuse, the device it is fitted to stops working because it is receiving too much electricity. （使）（保险丝）烧断
intransitive informal
■If a tyre blows, it suddenly gets a hole in it and goes flat. （轮胎）爆开，爆裂
blow sth sky-high
■to seriously damage something by making it explode 将…炸得稀烂；严重损坏
• The explosion blew the building sky-high. 爆炸把这座建筑物炸得稀烂。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
SPEND 花费
transitive informal
■to spend a large amount of money, especially on things that are not really necessary 挥霍，浪费
• When I got paid I blew it all on a night out. 我领到工资后出去一个晚上就全花光了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
be blowed if... old-fashioned informal
■If someone says that they are blowed if they will do something, they are determined not to do it 决不会…
• I'm blowed if I'm going to pay for his taxi home. 打死我也不会替他付回家的计程车费。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow (it)! old-fashioned informal
■an expression of anger 该死，讨厌
• Oh, blow it! I've forgotten to invite Paul to the party. 噢，该死！我忘了邀请保罗来参加聚会了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sb's brains out slang
■to kill someone by shooting them in the head 用枪把（某人的）脑袋打开花
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sb's cover
■to make known secret information about who someone is or what they are doing 暴露（某人的）身份；揭发（某人的）秘密活动
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your lid/top/stack informal
■to become extremely angry 发怒，生气
• My father will blow his top when he sees what happened to the car. 我父亲看到汽车的这副样子肯定会大发雷霆的。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow sth/sb out of the water
■to destroy or defeat something or someone completely 以压倒性姿态战胜…；彻底击垮…
• They came to court with fresh evidence that would, they said, blow the prosecution's case completely out of the water. 他们为法庭带来新的证据，又说这些证据可以彻底推翻指控。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your mind informal
■If something blows your mind, you find it very exciting and unusual 使感到极度兴奋（或激动）
• There was one scene in the film that really blew my mind. 电影中有个场面的确让我很震撼。
⇒ See also mind-blowing
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow your own trumpet/horn
■to tell everyone proudly about your achievements 自吹自擂，自我吹捧
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow a fuse/gasket old-fashioned informal
■to become very angry 勃然大怒，大发雷霆
• When he told her how much it cost, she blew a gasket. 当他告诉她这个东西花了多少钱时，她勃然大怒。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow hot and cold
■to sometimes like or be interested in something or someone and sometimes not, so people are confused about how you really feel 忽冷忽热；反覆无常；摇摆不定
• He's been blowing hot and cold about the trip to Holland. 他对去荷兰这件事一直变来变去。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow it (also blow your chance) informal
■to fail to take advantage of an opportunity by doing or saying something wrong 错失机会
• I really blew it when I turned down that job offer, didn't I? 我拒绝那份工作就等于真的错失了一个机会，对吧？
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the cobwebs away UK
■to get rid of feelings of tiredness, usually with fresh air or exercise （通常透过呼吸新鲜空气或锻炼）消除疲劳，振作精神
• We went for a five-mile jog to blow the cobwebs away. 为了恢复精神，我们慢跑了五英里。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the gaff UK old-fashioned
■to make known a secret 泄露秘密
• He's a good bloke - he wouldn't blow the gaff on us. 他是个好人——不会泄露我们的秘密。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
blow the whistle on sb/sth informal
■to cause something bad that someone is doing to stop, especially by bringing it to the attention of other people 叫停，取缔（坏事）；（尤指）告发，揭发
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
(well) I'll be blowed! (also blow me!) old-fashioned informal
■an expression of great surprise 天哪！
• "Kate's getting married." "Well, I'll be blowed!" “凯特要结婚了。”“是吗，真难以置信！”
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow sb away
PLEASE mainly US informal
■to surprise or please someone very much 使（某人）大为惊讶；令（某人）非常高兴
• The ending will blow you away. 结局会让你无比惊喜。
KILL [M] US informal
■to kill a person by shooting them 枪杀（某人）
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sb/sth away US informal
■to defeat someone or something completely, especially in a sports competition （尤指在体育比赛中）大败，彻底战胜
• They blew the other team away in the second half of the game. 在比赛的下半场他们大败对手。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sth/sb off US
■to treat something or someone as if they are not important 不认真对待…
• Just blow off his comments, he's only joking. 别把他的话当真，他只不过是在开玩笑。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow (sth) out
■If a flame blows out or you blow it out, it stops burning when a person or the wind blows on it （被）吹熄，（被）吹灭
• After dinner she blew out the candles. 晚饭后她吹灭了蜡烛。
• The sudden breeze made the candles blow out. 突然的一阵微风吹灭了蜡烛。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sb out informal
■to disappoint someone by not meeting them or not doing something that you had arranged to do with them 失约于（某人）；放（某人）的鸽子
• She was supposed to go to that party with me, but she blew me out. 她本该与我一起去那个聚会的，可是她失约了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow over
SITUATION
■When an argument blows over, it becomes gradually less important until it ends and is forgotten （争论）逐渐平息
■1. I thought that after a few days the argument would blow over. blow 1 我觉得过几天这场争论就会逐渐平息。
STORM
■When a storm blows over, it becomes gradually less strong until it ends 平息，渐渐停止
• The storm raged all night but by morning it had blown over. 暴风雨肆虐了一整夜，但到第二天早上就平息了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow (sb/sth) up IMPROVER
■to destroy something or kill someone with a bomb, or to be destroyed or killed by a bomb （被）炸毁；（被）炸死
• They threatened to blow up the plane if their demands were not met. 他们威胁说如果要求得不到满足就炸毁飞机。
• He drove over a landmine and his jeep blew up. 他开的吉普车碰上地雷后被炸毁了。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] blow sth up
FILL WITH AIR
■to fill something with air 给…充气，给…打气
• Would you help me blow up these balloons? 请你帮我给这些气球充上气好吗？
PHOTO
■to print a photograph or picture in a larger size 放大（照片或图片）
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] verb (blew, blown)
  Phrasal Verbs  blow up
STORM
■When a storm blows up, it begins. 开始
ANGER informal
■to suddenly become very angry 勃然大怒
• My dad blew up (at me) when he saw the phone bill. 我爸爸看到电话帐单后（对我）大发雷霆。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
HIT 打击
 ADVANCED countable
■a hard hit with a hand or a weapon （用拳头或武器的）重击
• a sharp blow to the stomach 对肚子猛的一击
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
BAD EVENT 坏事
 ADVANCED countable
■an unexpected event that has a damaging effect on someone or something 打击；不幸
• Losing his job was a severe blow to his confidence. 失去工作对他的自信心是个沉重的打击。
• Her death came as a terrible blow to her parents. 她的死对她父母是个沉重的打击。
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
AIR 吹气
countable usually singular
■when you blow something, such as your nose or an instrument 吹；擤（鼻子）；吹奏（乐器）
• Have a good blow (= blow your nose well). 好好擤一下你的鼻子。
countable usually singular UK old-fashioned
■a walk in the fresh air （在空气清新的地方）散步
• Shall we go out for a blow? 我们出去散散步好吗？
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable slang UK
■ cannabis
■uncountable US slang
■ cocaine blow 的短语动词
UK [bləʊ] US [bloʊ] noun
come to blows
■to have a physical fight or a serious argument with someone 动手，打架；吵架
• Demonstrators nearly came to blows with the police during the march. 游行期间示威者差点与员警打了起来。
• Do you think the two countries will come to blows over this? 你认为两国会因此发生冲突吗？
n. 吹； [机] 打击；殴打
 - stroke, shock, strike, hit, hiding
vi. 风吹；喘气
 - catch my breath

Word: district
Front: district
[ˈdɪstrɪkt] (高研四六托宝 1266/1071 -K4)
Vocabulary: district
(once / 80 pages)
nv
Use the word district to talk about a specific part of your city or town. Your school district, for example, is an officially marked area that designates which school students can attend.
When a government outlines a region of a state, city, or town, that area is called a district. Besides school districts, there are also congressional districts and electoral districts, which are set up specifically for organizing voting and governing. In the 1600's, the word district was used for a feudal lord's territory, and it came from the Latin districtus, "territory of jurisdiction," with its root of distringere, "draw apart."
WORD FAMILY
district: districted, districting, districts
USAGE EXAMPLES
School district spokesman John White says Charlotte was “a great spirit” with lots of friends.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Farrell is a Democrat who represents the 13th district, which includes parts of Hollywood, Silver Lake and Echo Park.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 地区; 教区; 〈美〉（各州众议员）选举区; 行政区，市区
vt. 把…分区
时态：districted, districting, districts
分布：地区(91%)，行政区(8%)，把 ... 划分成区(1%)
→dis-, 分开。-str, 拉紧，词源同strict, stress. 即拉紧，包括，用来指地区，区域。
n.地区,行政区;美国各州的众议院选区In this district I can strictly distinguish the distinct distinctions of bees' stings by instinct.在该地区我能靠直觉严格分辨蜜蜂刺的明显特征.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an area of a country or town which has fixed borders that are used for official purposes, or which has a particular feature that makes it different from surrounding areas 区，区域
• South Cambridgeshire District Council 剑桥郡南区议会
• the fashion district of New York 纽约的时装区
• the Lake District/the Peak District 湖区／皮克区
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, vicinity, area, district, zone
这组词都有“区域”的意思，其区别是：
region: n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区"；身体部位。
 • The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.   美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity: n.周围地区，附近地区。
 • The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.   警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
area: n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专业领域。
 • The New York area has high rents.   纽约地区房租很高。
district: n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
zone: n.指特定的地方、地带。
 • The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.   市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。
n. [地理] 区域；地方；行政区
 - area, place

Word: chancellor
Front: chancellor
['tʃɑ:nsələ(r)] (研雅宝 11335/2364)
Vocabulary: chancellor
(once / 1766 pages)
n
Use the noun chancellor to describe the president of your college, or the head of the German government.
The word chancellor is often capitalized, depending on whom it's being used to describe. Many governments use the term to describe people with varying amounts of power, from the head of state to judges and financial officials. The head of a university is frequently called a chancellor too. The Latin root is cancellarius, an usher or guard in a court of law.
WORD FAMILY
chancellor: chancellery, chancellors, chancellorship+/chancellery: chancelleries/chancellorship: chancellorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Teachers in D.C. public schools will welcome a new chancellor in February.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The chancellor will also talk about Germany’s democracy and values as being the opposite of the “hate-filled world of terrorism” and “stronger than terrorism”.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
He returned to the university in 1978 as vice chancellor for research and dean of the graduate college.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 大臣; （某些美国大学的）校长; （德国或奥地利的）总理; （英国大学的）名誉校长
分布：总理(51%)，大臣(46%)，大法官(2%)，名誉校长(1%)
→来自拉丁词cancellus, 斜栅。词源同cancel, chancery. 原指法庭入口斜栅处的引导员，后词义不断扩大，代指各部门的高官。比较marshal, 将军，原指国王马夫。
n.(英)大臣;法官;(德,奥)总理;大学校长In Britain, the Chancellor of the Exchequer deals with taxes and government spending.英国的财政大臣负责税务和政府的开支.
【记】chance（n 机会）：靠机会的人－高级官员，一有机会就往上爬chan拼：搀（扶），cellor＝cellar地下室。这些总理大臣们都比较老，需要搀扶才能进入地下室。
US ['tʃænt.səl.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person in a position of the highest or high rank, especially in a government or university （政府）大臣，总理，大法官；（大学）校长
• Helmut Kohl became the first Chancellor of a united Germany in 1990. 赫尔穆特‧科尔于1990年成为德国统一后的首任总理。
• A former politician has been appointed Chancellor of the university. 一位昔日的政治家获委任为大学校长。
n. 总理（德、奥等的）；（英）大臣；校长（美国某些大学的）；（英）大法官；（美）首席法官
 - president, secretary, premier, principal

Word: various
Front: various
[ˈveəriəs] (高研四六托雅 859/643 -K4)
Vocabulary: various
(once / 48 pages)
adj
Various describes several different kinds of things, like a candy shop that is home to various sweets, from lollipops to chocolate fudge.
Various comes from the Latin word varius, meaning "changing, different, diverse." If you have various interests, you have a lot of them, and they represent a range — you might love hip hop, movies from the 1940s, fixing cars, and reading fashion magazines. Various can convey a high number, like when you say, "Various people want to get involved with the park clean-up." This means a lot of people want to help.
WORD FAMILY
various: variousest, variously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Nearly every governor after Brewer called on him to serve on various state commissions and task forces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration is testing various counter-drone technologies at several airports.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 各种各样的; 多方面的; 许多的; 各个的，个别的
分布：各种各样的(100%)
→来自vary,改变，多变。
不相同(ari+ous)[uari=uary,change,表示"变化"]
a.各种各样的;不同的The scraped escapee taped the grapes into various shapes.擦伤的逃犯用带子把葡萄扎成各种形状.
US ['ver.i-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■many different 各种不同的；各种各样的
• We had various problems on our journey, including a puncture. 我们在旅途中遇到了各种各样的问题，包括轮胎被扎破了。
• The author gave various reasons for having written the book. 作者给出了写那本书的各种理由。
• Girardo was out of action with various injuries for most of last season. 上个赛季大多数时间吉拉多都因为各种伤病而不能上场。
• Various people whom we weren't expecting turned up at the meeting. 形形色色让我们意想不到的人在会场出现了。
UK ['veə.ri.əs] US ['ver.i-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  various or varied? Warning: choose the correct adjective! To describe something that changes between or contains several different things or types, don't say 'various', say varied :
✗ The school organises a rich and various social programme. The school organises a rich and varied social programme.
different, diverse, various
这组词都有“不同的”的意思，其区别是：
different: 普通用词，强调事物间的区别或本质的不同。有时侧重对比，不着重差别。
diverse: 语气较强，指性质完全不同，着重显著的区别。
various: 通常强调种类的数目。
adj. 各种各样的；多方面的
 - varieties of, miscellaneous

Word: twice
Front: twice
[twaɪs] (中高 1410/1501 -K5)
Back: adv. 两次; 两倍; 两遍
分布：两次(50%)，两倍(50%)
→twi-,二，-ce,副词后缀。
ad.两次,两倍I'm twice your age.我的年龄比你大一倍.
predeterminer adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■two times 两次；两倍
• I've already asked him twice. 我已经问过他两次了。
• The post comes twice daily (= two times every day). 邮件每天来两次。
• There are twice as many houses in this area as there used to be. 这个地区的房屋数量是从前的两倍。
• The state is at least twice as big as England. 这个州至少是英格兰的两倍大。
• He's twice her size (= much bigger than she is). 他的体形大她两倍。

Word: electronic
Front: electronic
[ɪˌlekˈtrɒnɪk] (高研四六雅 2407/2494 -K3)
Vocabulary: electronic
(once / 381 pages)
adj
Electronic things work because of electricity that's transmitted using tiny parts. The keyboard you play in your band is electronic, and so is the calculator you use in math class.
The adjective electronic describes machines and devices that require electrical currents to run, and that use microchips and transistors to direct that current. There are electronic parts in many areas of our lives — cars use electronic devices, and so do computers, radios, televisions, and cell phones. Electronic instruments like synthesizers have lead to an entire genre of music that's also known as electronic. The word itself was first used in the 1930's to mean "pertaining to electrons."
WORD FAMILY
electronic: electronically, electronics, microelectronic+/microelectronic: microelectronics
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mammoth technology industry confab, formerly the International Consumer Electronics Show, used to be centered on big-screen televisions, appliances and speakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 电子的; 电子操纵的; 用电子设备生产的; 用电子设备完成的
分布：电子的(71%)，电子学的(29%)
a.电子的The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
US [-'trɑ:.nɪk] adjective
ELECTRICAL 电的
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of equipment), using, based on or used in a system of operation which involves the control of electric current by various devices （尤指设备）使用电子器件的，电子的
• an electronic keyboard/game 电子键盘／游戏
• electronic components/devices 电子元件／设备
UK [ɪˌlek'trɒn.ɪk] US [-'trɑ:.nɪk] adjective
COMPUTING 电脑技术
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to computers or something that is done by computers 电脑的；电子的
• electronic communication/cash 电子通迅／货币
• electronic publishing 电子出版
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)

Word: finding
Front: finding
[ˈfaɪndɪŋ] (研四六雅 1476/2027 -2)
Vocabulary: finding
(once / 83 pages)
n
A finding is a discovery, especially by scholars or scientists. Finding is the act of researching or analyzing something. If the dog digs up the hamster grave in the backyard, better not to share his finding with the neighbors.
Findings are facts that have been found, especially by academics studying something. A dietary study could have the finding that more people are avoiding gluten. An economic study could have the finding that more people are working out of their home. An environmental study could have the finding that a type of toxin is increasing. A dog’s finding would be a little less academic. The word is usually plural, because it usually refers to more than one thing found.
WORD FAMILY
finding: findings+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He did say the front office will lean heavily on Jackson in finding a QB.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In other words, the school is thought of as really good at finding the next Mark Zuckerberg.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发现物; 研究结果; 调查（或研究）的结果; <律>（陪审团的）裁决
v. 发现( find的现在分词)
分布：名词(100%)
n.发现,发现物;(常pl.)调查/研究结果I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
noun
DISCOVERY 发现
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of information that is discovered during an official examination of a problem, situation or object （正式的）调查发现，调研结果
• The report's finding on the decrease in violent crime supports the police chief's claims. 这份报告关于暴力罪行减少这一现象的结论证实了警察局长的说法。
['faɪn.dɪŋ] noun
JUDGMENT 裁决
countable usually singular
■a judgment made at the end of an official legal inquiry (= a process to discover the answer to something) （正式法律调查后的）裁决，判决
n. 发现；裁决；发现物
 - discovery, occurrence, detection

Word: overall
Front: overall
[ˌəʊvərˈɔ:l] (研四六托雅 1941/1565 -K4)
Vocabulary: overall
(once / 393 pages)
1adj 2n
The overall meaning of the word overall is that it covers all the parts of something. For example, the individual parts don't matter as much as the overall value.
The word overall is the sum of its parts. Take the word over, meaning "above," and add it to the word all, meaning "everything" and you get overall, meaning "above everything". But remember, it's an adjective as in the overall impression of the music, the overall effect of the new tax code, the overall direction (as opposed to individual little changes.) Remember that overalls, the clothes you wore as a kid, went "over all" your other clothes.
WORD FAMILY
overall: overalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But the Browns also possess the first-round choice of the Eagles, projected to be 12th overall, thanks to the Carson Wentz trade.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Two men, in flannel and jeans and overalls, holding hands.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的; 全体的; 一切在内的; 综合的
adv. 全面地; 总地; 总的说来
n. 工装裤; 罩衫; 〈英〉（军官的）紧身军裤
分布：总的来说(58%)，全部的(14%)，工作服(9%)，总体的(7%)，罩衫(5%)，总共(5%)，全面考虑的(2%)
→over-,在上，all,全部的。
a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
US [ˌoʊ.vɚ'ɑ:l] adverb [before noun] adjective
 IMPROVER
■in general rather than in particular, or including all the people or things in a particular group or situation 总的（来说）；全面的（地）；包括一切的（地）
• The overall situation is good, despite a few minor problems. 尽管有些小问题，局势总的来说是好的。
• Overall, it has been a good year. 总的来说，这一年很不错。
• The overall winner, after ten games, will receive $250 000. 10场比赛后，总冠军将获得25万美元。
adj. 全部的；全体的；一切在内的
 - entire, all, corporate, total, universal
adv. 全部地；总的说来
 - outright
n. 工装裤；罩衫
 - jeans, jea

Word: nine
Front: nine
[naɪn] (中高 1154/737 -5)
Back: num. 九; 九个; 第九
n. 九，九个
adj. 九的，九个的
分布：九(100%)
→来自古英语nigen,来自newn,九，词源同noon,November.一种观点认为该词与newos属于同一词源，新的，词源同new,novelty.因为九在古代观念里意味着完美，顶点，同时也意味着新生，新的开始。
num.九pron./ad.九(个,只...)Nine divided by three is three.九除以三得三.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 9 （数字）9
• a nine-month prison sentence 九个月的刑期
• The birthday girl was wearing a badge with a nine on it. 过生日的女孩戴着一个上面有9字的徽章。
nine to five
■describing or relating to work that begins at nine o'clock in the morning and finishes at five, which are the hours worked in many offices from Monday to Friday （早九点到晚五点的）正常办公时间的；朝九晚五的
• a nine-to-five routine 朝九晚五工作制
• She's tired of working nine to five. 她厌倦了朝九晚五的工作。
[naɪn] number
be a nine days' wonder UK old-fashioned
■to be a cause of great excitement or interest for a short time but then quickly forgotten 是昙花一现的新鲜事物，是轰动一时的事物
[naɪn] number
done/dressed (up) to the nines informal
■wearing very stylish and fashionable clothes, often for a particular purpose or occasion 衣饰华丽，身着盛装
• The doorbell rang and there was Chris, all dressed up to the nines. 门铃一响，衣着华丽的克里丝来了。
[naɪn] number
go the whole nine yards informal US
■to continue doing something dangerous or difficult until it is finished 不顾艰难险阻地做完某事
• The weather was terrible but I wanted to go the whole nine yards and get to the top of the mountain. 天气糟透了，但我还是想咬咬牙一路登上山顶。
[naɪn] number
nine times out of ten (also ninety-nine times out of a hundred) ADVANCED
■almost always 十有八九，几乎总是
• Nine times out of ten, you can fix it. 你十有八九能够修好它。

Word: defeat
Front: defeat
[dɪˈfi:t] (高研四六托雅 3326/2560 -K4)
Vocabulary: defeat
(once / 102 pages)
nv
Defeat is the opposite of victory. When you lose, you suffer defeat. When you win, you defeat your enemy.
This is a word that's all about losing. In World War II, America and the Allies defeated the Axis powers: we beat them. In basketball, Michael Jordan usually defeated his opponents. Any loss can be called a defeat. When you're disappointed or think that nothing is going right, you feel defeated. If you're determined to win, you could say, "I won't accept defeat!" Some people are so stubborn that even though they've obviously been defeated, they won't admit defeat.
WORD FAMILY
defeat: defeated, defeating, defeatism, defeats+/defeated: defeatedly, undefeated/defeating: self-defeating/defeatism: defeatist / defeatist: defeatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1966, he was elected lieutenant governor, defeating three opponents in the Democratic primary without a runoff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Del Rio sees no reason for Oakland’s confidence to be shattered despite the loss of Carr and the lopsided defeat.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But after resounding defeat in elections early this year, the KMT struggles for relevance on an island that is proud of its separateness from China.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 击败，战胜; 挫败; [法]宣告无效，作废
n. 战胜; 失败; [法]废除
时态：defeated, defeating, defeats
分布：击败(49%)，战胜(35%)，挫败(10%)，败北(5%)，使...不能实现(1%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。feat, 功绩。引申义战胜。
打败,摧毁(de向下+feat→做下去→打下去)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.击败,战胜,失败v.击败,战胜;使失败We beat (defeated) the cheat who heated the wheat.我们打败了给小麦加热的骗子.
【记】de使变坏，feat（n 功绩）－使没有功绩－击败
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to win a victory over someone in a fight, war or competition 击败，打败，战胜
• Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo. 拿破伦在滑铁卢战役中被威灵顿公爵击败。
• If we can defeat the Italian team, we'll be through to the final. 如果我们能打败义大利队，我们将晋身决赛。
⇒ See also self-defeating
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause someone or something to fail 使失败，使落空
• The proposal to change the rules was narrowly (= only just) defeated by 201 votes to 196. 变更规则的提案仅以196票对201票的微弱劣势未获通过。
• Our ambitions for this tournament have been defeated by the weather. 天气使我们赢得锦标赛的雄心壮志落空了。
• I'm afraid anything that involves language learning has always defeated me (= I have been unable to do it). 恐怕凡是与学语言沾边的事都会把我给难倒。
[dɪ'fi:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone loses against someone else in a fight or competition, or when someone or something is made to fail 失败；战败；落败
• At the last General Election, they suffered a crushing/humiliating defeat. 在上次大选中，他们一败涂地。
• After their defeat in battle, the soldiers surrendered. 士兵们在战斗中被打败后就投降了。
• She admitted/conceded defeat well before all the votes had been counted. 选票尚未统计完毕，她就承认竞选失败了。
Compare victory
admit defeat
■to accept that you cannot do something 承认失败
• I thought I could mend the radio myself, but I've had to admit defeat. 本以为自己可以修好收音机，但是我不得不承认自己不行。
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
vt. 击败，战胜；挫败；使…失败
 - down, get the best of
n. 失败；战胜
 - failure, loss, losing, reverse, collapse

Word: expert
Front: expert
[ˈekspɜ:t] (高研四雅 899/1335 -K4)
Vocabulary: expert
(once / 144 pages)
nadj
An expert is someone who knows a ton about the subject at hand. The adjective form of expert describes someone or something that has that special knowledge. If you get expert instruction, that means an expert is your teacher.
The word expert is related to experience, and to be an expert at something you need experience. While your academic honors might suggest that you're an expert in certain areas, like rocket science, other fields — like wake boarding and tattoo art, for example — require more hands-on experience before you're an expert. The word expert is also an adjective: once you become really good at it, people will say you're an expert snake handler.
WORD FAMILY
expert: expertise, expertly, expertness, experts, inexpert +/ inexpert: inexpertest, inexpertly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is the chairman of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, a group of experts which in June published a report on online policy.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The sounds of soft, expert cork pops bounce percussively off every wall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 专家，能手; 权威; 行家，高手; 熟练者
adj. 专家的; （技术）熟练的; 老手; 需要专门知识（或技术）的
vt. 以专家身份研究（或检查），像专家那样研究（或检查）; 由专家审读（书籍等）
vi. 做专家工作，担任专家，成为高手（或能手）
分布：专家(94%)，能手(3%)，熟练的(2%)，内行的(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-per, 尝试，试验，词源同peril, empiricism. -t,过去分词后缀。即经历过多次的人。
n.专家,能手a.熟练的,有经验的;专门的From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
【记】回忆：excerpt（n /vt 摘录）只有专家才能干的事。
【反】tyro（n 新手）读：太弱
US [-spɝ:t] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person with a high level of knowledge or skill; a specialist 专家；内行；行家
• a gardening/medical expert 园艺／医学专家
• My mother is an expert at dress-making (= she does it very well). 我妈妈是做裁缝的高手。
UK ['ek.spɜ:t] US [-spɝ:t] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■having or showing a lot of knowledge or skill 专家的；内行的
• The centre provides expert advice for people with financial problems. 这间中心为大家提供理财方面的专业咨询。
• What's your expert opinion ? 作为专家，你有甚么意见？
• an expert fisherman 一个经验丰富的渔民
expert, skilled, skillful, proficient
这组词都有“熟练的”的意思，其区别是：
expert: 特指有某项专长，有某方面经验。
skilled: 通常指已掌握某行业的专业技能或手段，或已有从事某一专门工作的本领或技术。
skillful: 指在工作或操作中表现出灵巧、熟练。
proficient: 多指擅长于某事，侧重技艺或科学方面。
adj. 熟练的；内行的；老练的
 - skilled, accomplished, clever, diplomatic, practiced
n. 专家；行家；能手
 - operator, specialist

Word: rural
Front: rural
[ˈrʊərəl] (研四六托雅宝 2006/1519 -K3)
Vocabulary: rural
(once / 348 pages)
adj
Rural means "relating to or characteristic of the country or the people who live there." If you move to a rural area, you won't see a lot of skyscrapers or taxis — but you'll probably see a lot of trees.
You may have known people who live on country roads––mail to their houses must be addressed to a rural route, abbreviated as RR. Rustic is a near synonym but emphasizes the supposed qualities of country people: being simple, awkward, and even rude and rough. The adjective rural descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Latin rūrālis, from rūs "the country."
WORD FAMILY
rural: ruralism, rurality, rurally+/ruralism: ruralist/ruralist: ruralists/rurality: ruralities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Three of the four will spend time in prison for the fires in rural parts of Wood County south of Toledo.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 乡下的，农村的; 田园的; 地方的; 农业的
分布：形容词(83%)，名词(17%)
→来自拉丁语 ruralis,乡村的，来自 rus,开阔地，乡村，来自 reue,展开，词源同 room,rustic.
乡村的[rust,rur=country表示"农村"]
乡村的(rur乡村+al)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
a.乡下的,田园的,乡村风味的In the rural the naturally matured tomatoes have this nature.在乡下自然成熟的番茄具有这种性质.
US ['rʊr.əl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■in, of or like the countryside 乡村的，农村的；似乡村的
• The area is still very rural and undeveloped. 这个地区仍是一片乡村景象，没有被开发。
Compare urban
adj. 农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的
 - country, sylvan

Word: traffic
Front: traffic
[ˈtræfɪk] (中高研四六托雅 1712/1423 -K3)
Vocabulary: traffic
(once / 229 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
If you drive during rush hour, you're likely to hit some heavy traffic, and if you get stuck in a big traffic jam, you'll definitely be late. It's not just cars that create traffic — a large number of anything trying to occupy the same space adds up to traffic.
Internet providers may see a lot of traffic when there's big news and everyone is trying to sign on to find out what happened. Pedestrians also create traffic, like those walking past your new burrito palace and pet costume shop. While your business may be perfectly respectable, you would want to watch out for people who traffic stolen goods and illegal drugs. In that sense, traffic acts as a verb indicating you're trading something, often illegally.
WORD FAMILY
traffic: trafficing, trafficked, trafficker, trafficking, traffics+/trafficker: traffickers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe seems a credible candidate for the huge task of modernising Mumbai’s archaic traffic policing system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Residents not only complained about traffic, but complained that the area wasn’t appropriate for a religious facility.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The plan will result in towering structures in the wrong places, a paucity of parks, crowded schools and a continuation of nightmare-inducing traffic.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交通，运输量; （非法的）交易; 通信量; 交际
vt. 用…作交换; 在…通行
vi. 交易; 买卖
时态：trafficked, trafficking, traffics
分布：游览(100%)
→来自意大利语 traffico,买卖，交易，来自 trafficare,买卖，交易，词源不详。可能来自 tra-,转 移，-fic,做，制造，词源同 fact,efficient.后引申词义交通，并成为主要词义。
n.交通,交通量Traffic is very heavy during the rush hour.尖峰时间交通十分繁忙.
noun uncountable
VEHICLES 车辆
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains or ships moving along a route 交通流量
• There was heavy/a lot of traffic on the roads this morning. 今晨道路上车流量很大。
• We got stuck in traffic for several hours. 我们碰上交通阻塞，被堵了好几个小时。
• New measures have been introduced to try and ease traffic congestion in the city. 这个城市已经采取了新措施，试图缓解交通挤塞。
• Five people were injured in a traffic accident (= one involving vehicles). 有五人在交通事故中受伤。
• Air traffic has increased 30% in the last decade. 在过去的十年里，空中交通量增加了30%。
■people or goods transported by road, air, train or ship, as a business 运输量
• The airline halved its overseas service because of a sharp reduction in traffic. 该航空公司因运输量骤降而削减了一半海外业务。
• Environmental groups want more passenger and freight traffic moved off the roads and onto trains. 环保团体想要把更多的客运和货运业务从公路转移到铁路上。
['træf.ɪk] noun uncountable
TRADE 交易
■illegal trade 非法交易
• to cut down the traffic in drugs /the drug traffic 打击毒品买卖
• Police are looking for ways of curbing the traffic in guns. 警方正在想方设法遏制非法枪支交易。
['træf.ɪk] verb intransitive (trafficking, trafficked, trafficked)
■to buy and sell goods illegally 非法交易
• They were arrested for trafficking in the eggs of protected species of birds. 他们因非法交易国家保护鸟类所产的蛋而被捕。
traffic, communication, transportation
这组词都有“交通”的意思，其区别是：
traffic: 指来往的东西的情况，表示一种抽象概念的交通流动量。
communication: 指邮电、无线电、铁路、公路等各种交通方式或媒介。
transportation: 指将乘客或货物从一处运到另一处，也可指交通运输工具。
n. [交] 交通；运输；贸易； [通信] 通信量
 - transportation, commerce, trade, carriage
vi. 交易，买卖
 - exchange, trade in

Word: relate
Front: relate
[rɪˈleɪt] (高研四六宝 1080/747 -K3)
Vocabulary: relate
(once / 22 pages)
1v 2v 3v
The verb relate means "to make a connection." If you can relate to someone's story, something like that has happened to you.
Relate also means "to give an account of something verbally," like relating details of your trip to Sweden. That meaning of relate comes from the Latin word relatus, meaning "to recount, tell." If you talk about the federal budget crisis, people might not be interested until you relate it, meaning "explain the relationship between," to the possible job cuts at your local schools and police departments.
WORD FAMILY
relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative +/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/ relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“Most people think that illness is related to the organism. That’s only one part of the story,” Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The questioning Monday night was apparently related to the less serious of the two, which concerns gifts from businessmen, according to the media reports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （把…）联系起来; 讲，叙述（故事等）
vt. 讲述，叙述; 使…有联系; 建立或展示联系
vi. 有联系; 涉及; 符合; 发生共鸣
时态：related, relating, relates
分布：涉及(51%)，叙述(22%)，符合(11%)，有关联(8%)，发生共鸣(6%)，使有联系(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-lat,拿，带，词源同 translate,prelate.即带回来，引申词系联系，相关。
v.叙述,讲述;使互相关联One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
verb transitive
CONNECT 联系
■to find or show the connection between two or more things 找到联系；证明…有联系
• Researchers are trying to relate low exam results and/to/with large class sizes. 研究者们正试图证明学生考分低和班级规模大有关系。
[rɪ'leɪt] verb transitive
TELL 讲述 formal
■to tell a story or describe a series of events 讲述；叙述；讲
• She related the events of the previous week to the police. 她对警方讲述了上个星期发生的事情。
• [+ question word] He relates how at the age of 23 he was interned in a prison camp. 他讲述了他在23岁时被关押在战俘营中的经历。
[rɪ'leɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  relate to sb/sth
 IMPROVER
■to be connected to, or to be about someone or something 涉及；与…相关；有关
• Chapter nine relates to the effects of inflation on consumers. 第九章的内容是关于通货膨胀对消费者的影响的。
relating to
■connected with something 有关，关于；涉及
• Anything relating to maths is a complete mystery to me. 和数学有关的任何东西对我来说都完全是天书。
[rɪ'leɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  relate to sb
■to understand someone and be able to have a friendly relationship with them 理解（某人）；体恤（某人）
• Many parents find it hard to relate to their children when they are teenagers. 很多父母感到，当孩子到了十几岁的时候，就很难理解他们了。
[rɪ'leɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  relate to sth
■to understand a situation or someone's feelings because you have experienced a similar situation or similar feelings 理解；认同；与…产生共鸣
• The culture that he describes is so different from mine that I sometimes find it hard to relate to. 他所描述的那种文化和我所处的文化如此迥异，有时我觉得很难理解。
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
vt. 叙述；使…有联系
 - narrate, recount
vi. 涉及；认同；符合；与…有某种联系
 - deal with, identify

Word: tool
Front: tool
[tu:l] (中高研四六 1291/1739 -K3)
Vocabulary: tool
(once / 160 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
A tool is an instrument that you use to help you accomplish some task. If you are going to build a bookcase, you'll need the proper tools, like a saw, a drill, and a tape measure.
A tool is also something that you use to perform the duties of a certain profession. The tools of a kindergarten teacher's trade include construction paper, glue sticks, and safety scissors. As a verb, tool can mean to drive aimlessly just for fun, the way you might tool around town in your convertible on a beautiful summer day.
WORD FAMILY
tool: retool, tooled, tooling, tools+/ retool: retooled, retooling, retools
USAGE EXAMPLES
CEOs could gain a new tool to push for even higher pay to match their peers.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
In time, however, automated screening systems may go from being useful tools for human operators to outperforming them.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
India’s “demonetisation” is a cautionary tale of the reckless misuse of one of the most potent of policy tools: control over an economy’s money.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 器具，工具; （有助于做工或完成某事的）用具; 受人利用的人; 压印机
vt. 用工具给…加工; 压印; 驾车到处跑
vi. 使用工具; 开车，乘车
时态：tooled, tooling, tools
分布：工具(93%)，手段(3%)，使用工具(2%)，用具(1%)，用工具加工(1%)
→来自古英语 tol,工具，设备，武器，来自 Proto-Germanic*towlam,工具，对等于 tow,拉，引导， -le,工具格后缀。
n.工具,用具;方法,手段Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
noun countable
EQUIPMENT 设备
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of equipment which you use with your hands to make or repair something （用于生产或维修的）工具，器具
• power tools 电动工具
• machine tools 机床
■something that helps you to do a particular activity （帮助从事特定活动的）工具
• A free low-interest credit card can be a useful budgeting tool. 一张免手续费的低息信用卡是一种有用的省钱的工具。
tool of the trade
■A tool of the trade is something you need to use to do your job 职业所需的工具；职业技能
• For the modern sales executive, a Blackberry is one of the tools of the trade. 对现代的业务经理来说，黑莓手机是商务工具之一。
[tu:l] noun countable
PERSON 人
 ESSENTIAL disapproving
■someone whose decisions and actions are unfairly controlled by others 傀儡；爪牙
• The President was widely regarded as the tool of the military. 该国人民普遍认为现任总统为军方的工具。
[tu:l] noun countable
PENIS 阴茎 offensive
■a penis 阴茎
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [机] 工具，用具；器械，机床；手段
 - instrument, facilities, vehicle, engine, implement

Word: beginning
Front: beginning
[bɪˈgɪnɪŋ] (高研四六雅 1200/1242 -K3)
Vocabulary: beginning
(once / 47 pages)
nadj
The beginning is the first part or section of something, or the place where it starts. You watch the opening credits at the beginning of a movie.
"In the beginning," says the beginning of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth." Beginning can mean the act of starting something (the day after Thanksgiving is the beginning of the Christmas shopping season), or it can mean the time when something will start (Beginning at noon, all Christmas ornaments will go on sale.) Beginning can also refer to the origin of something, its root or source, as the beginning of the Mississippi River is Lake Itasca, Minnesota.
WORD FAMILY
beginning: beginnings+/ begin: began, begining, beginner, beginning, begins, begun/ beginner: beginners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Respected policy centers and thinktanks on both sides of the Atlantic are beginning to think along these lines.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no encore, and for those looking for the beginning of the end, Oct.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ah, the end of one year and the beginning of another.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 开始; 根源; 原始思想; 前兆
v. 开始( begin的现在分词)
分布：开始(91%)，开端(5%)，起源(3%)，早期(1%)
n.开始,开端;起源,早期阶段This is a good beginning.这是一个良好的开端.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular uncountable
■the first part of something or the start of something 开端，开始
• Notes on how to use this dictionary can be found at the beginning of the book. 这本词典的使用说明在全书的开头。
• She sat down and read the book straight through from beginning to end. 她坐下来，一口气把书从头到尾看完了。
• I enjoyed my job at/in the beginning (= when I started it) , but I'm bored with it now. 刚开始时，我很喜欢我的工作，可是现在我已经厌倦了。
[often plural]
■the origin of something; the place, time or way in which something started 起源，发端（某物起源的地点、时间或方式）
• The city had its beginnings in Roman times. 这座城市起源于古罗马时代。
[bɪ'gɪn.ɪŋ] noun
the beginning of the end
■the point where something starts to get gradually worse, until it fails or ends completely 末日的开始，不幸的起点
• It was the beginning of the end for their marriage when he started drinking. 他开始酗酒后，他们的婚姻便开始一步步走向破裂。
[bɪ'gɪn.ɪŋ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  beginningWarning: Check your spelling! Beginning is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'nn' in the middle.
n. 开始；起点
 - threshold, opening, conception, fresh, first
v. 开始；创建（begin的ing形式）
 - starting, initiating

Word: animal
Front: animal
[ˈænɪml] (中高雅 728/652 -K4)
Vocabulary: animal
(once / 41 pages)
1n 2adj
An animal is a particular kind of living organism, one that can move voluntarily and can find and digest food. Your favorite animal might be the naked mole rat, but probably not.
Although a human is biologically an animal, the word often distinguishes humans from other kinds of animals, like when scientists talk about diseases passing from animals to people. Sometimes the word animal means a cruel, violent, or uncivilized person: "He just destroyed my house at the party last night — what an animal!" The Latin word for "soul," anima, led to animale, or "living being, a being that breathes." Before 1500, the word "beast" was much more commonly used than animal.
WORD FAMILY
animal: animalise, animalism, animality, animalize, animally, animals+/animalise: animalisation, animalised, animalising/animalism: animalisms, animalistic/animalistic: animalistically/animality: animalities/animalize: animalization, animalized, animalizes, animalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are animal onesies, glittery blazers and suspenders, exposed bras and flip-flops.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“These animals were profligate wasters of energy,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They were warm-blooded, large animals who already required a lot of food and expended a lot of energy.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 动物，兽，牲畜; <俚>家畜，牲口; <俚>畜生（一般的人）; 兽性
adj. 动物的; 肉体的; 肉欲的
分布：动物(86%)，动物的(11%)，牲畜(2%)，野兽的(1%)
→来自词根anim, 呼吸，风，灵魂，有生命。
n.动物,野兽,牲畜a.动物的,野兽的The animals unanimously vanished from the mammal's room furnished with Spanish furniture.动物一齐从配备有西班牙家具的哺乳动物的房间消失.
noun countable
CREATURE 生物
 ESSENTIAL
■something that lives and moves but is not a human, bird, fish or insect （除人、鸟、鱼和昆虫之外的）动物；兽；牲畜
• wild/domestic animals 野生动物／家畜
• Both children are real animal lovers. 两个孩子都很喜爱动物。
• Surveys show that animal welfare has recently become a major concern for many schoolchildren. 调查显示动物福利近来已成为很多小学生关注的主要问题。
 ESSENTIAL
■anything that lives and moves, including people, birds, etc. （包括人、鸟等的任何）动物
• Humans, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals are all animals. 人、昆虫、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物都是动物。
['æn.ɪ.məl] noun countable
BAD PERSON 坏人 informal
■an unpleasant, cruel person or someone who behaves badly 牲畜般的人；残暴野蛮的人；猪狗不如的人
• He's a real animal when he's had too much to drink. 他酒一喝多，简直就是畜生。
['æn.ɪ.məl] noun countable
TYPE 类型
■used to describe what type of person or thing someone or something is 某种类型的人（或物）
• At heart she is a political animal. 本质上她是一个很有政治秉性的人。
• She is that rare animal (= she is very unusual) , a brilliant scientist who can communicate her ideas to ordinary people. 她是个少见的奇才，是一位能够把自己的思想传达给普通人的优秀科学家。
• Feminism in France and England are rather different animals (= are different). 法国和英国的女权主义不属于同一种类型。
['æn.ɪ.məl] adjective
CREATURE 生物
 IMPROVER
■made or obtained from an animal or animals 取自动物的；以动物为原料的
• animal products 动物产品
• animal fat/skins 动物脂肪／毛皮
 IMPROVER
■relating to, or taking the form of, an animal or animals rather than a plant or human being 动物的
• The island was devoid of all animal life (= There were no animals on the island). 这个岛上没有任何动物生存。
['æn.ɪ.məl] adjective
PHYSICAL 身体的
[before noun]
■relating to physical desires or needs, and not spiritual or mental ones 肉体的；肉欲的
• As an actor Russell Crowe has a sort of animal magnetism. 作为一名演员，罗素‧克洛具有一种对异性的吸引力。
• She knew that Dave wasn't the right man for her but she couldn't deny the animal attraction between them. 她明知戴夫不是适合她的男人，但无法抗拒他们之间肉体上的吸引力。
beast, brute, creature, cattle, animal
这组词都有“动物”的意思，其区别是：
beast: 指有别于爬行动物、昆虫等的较大的四脚兽类或牛、马等牲畜。
brute: 特指野兽。用于人时，突出其野蛮或残忍。
creature: 通常指生物或动物，与非生动相对。指人时，则含怜悯或轻蔑的意味。
cattle: 指大牲畜，尤其指牛。
animal: 普通用词，指区别于植物和矿物而言的动物的总称。
n. [动] 动物
 - creature, zoon

Word: protection
Front: protection
[prəˈtekʃn] (高四六托 1315/1220 -K4)
Vocabulary: protection
(once / 119 pages)
n
Protection refers to keeping something or someone safe. Through protection, we shelter and defend things.
Since protecting is to shelter from harm, protection is the act of doing so. Children are under the protection of their parents, who keep them safe. The Secret Service is responsible for the protection of the President. Many famous people hire bodyguards, who offer protection. A security guard offers protection to a bank or store. Also, a house gives you protection from the weather. Valuable things and vulnerable people need the most protection. Protection keeps things and people safe.
WORD FAMILY
protection: protectionism, protections, self-protection+/ overprotect: overprotected, overprotecting, overprotection, overprotects/ protect: overprotect, protected, protecting, protection, protective, protector, protects/protected: unprotected/protecting: protectingly/ protectionism: protectionist/protectionist: protectionists/ protective: overprotective, protectively, protectiveness, unprotective/ protector: protectors, protectorship/unprotected: unprotectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It sought higher payment rates or other financial protections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保护; 护照; [经]保护贸易制，保护政策; （向歹徒缴纳的）保护费
分布：保护(99%)，防卫(1%)
→来自protect,保护。
保护[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act of protecting or state of being protected 保护；受保护
• Their flimsy tent gave/offered little protection against the severe storm. 他们薄薄的帐篷几乎无法抵挡狂风暴雨的袭击。
• Round-the-clock police protection is given to all senior politicians. 对所有的高层政界人士都采取了24小时的警力保护。
• New legislation still does not offer adequate protection for many endangered species. 新的法律还是没有给许多濒临灭绝的物种提供充分保护。
• Always wear goggles as a protection for your eyes when using the machines. 使用这些机器时要随时戴好护目镜以保护眼睛。
• The insurance policy provides protection (= will make a financial payment) in case of accidental loss of life or serious injury. 这份保险单为意外死亡或重伤提供保险。
informal for * protection money
■a condom (= thin rubber covering for the penis) used as a way of preventing pregnancy or the spread of disease 避孕套；保险套
• Did you use any protection? 你有用保险套吗？
refuge, protection, shelter
这组词都有“保护、掩蔽(部)、庇护(所)”的意思，其区别是：
refuge: 指避免危险或灾难的安全场所。
protection: 普通用词，指任何保护物。
shelter: 多指暂时性的防护，侧重场所。
n. 保护；防卫；护照
 - lee, safeguard, conservation, defence, pass

Word: merely
Front: merely
[ˈmɪəli] (高研四六 1988/1273 -K3)
Vocabulary: merely
(once / 57 pages)
adv
Merely means "only." If you say "I was merely trying to help," your efforts were probably not appreciated and you're likely to be stalking off with your nose in the air.
Merely comes from the Latin merus, ("undiluted"). But "undiluted" is positive — as in, "that's the undiluted truth" — in a way that merely is not. When you use merely, it always has a negative, disapproving tinge to it: You might say, "She was merely a minor player in that drama," but if you said, "She was merely the star of the show," you would mean it ironically, since being the star is the most important role.
WORD FAMILY
mere: merely, meres, merest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 仅仅，只不过; 只是; 纯粹; 全然
分布：仅仅(62%)，只不过(38%)
→来自mere,纯粹的，仅仅，只不过。
adv.仅仅,只不过Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US ['mɪr-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more 仅仅，只，不过
• I wasn't complaining, I merely said that I was tired. 我不是抱怨，我只不过是说我累了。
• The medicine won't cure her - it merely stops the pain. 这种药不能治愈她的病——只能止痛罢了。
adv. 仅仅，只不过；只是
 - simply, just, only, but, barely

Word: treasury
Front: treasury
[ˈtreʒəri] (9660/2900 -3)
Back: n. 国库，金库; （政府的）财政部; 宝库，宝藏; 贮藏所，库房
分布：财政部(53%)，国债(27%)，国库(14%)，金库(3%)，宝库(3%)
→treasure,财富，珍宝，-ury,表地。引申词义财政部。
N-COUNT-COLL
(英、美等国的)财政部
In Britain, the United States, and some other countries, the Treasury is the government department that deals with the country's finances.
例：The Treasury has long been predicting an upturn in consumer spending.财政部早就预测消费者支出会出现上扬。
N-COUNT
(城堡、教堂等的)宝库，珍藏室
The treasury in a building such as a castle or a church is a room where valuable objects are displayed or stored.
n. [财政] 国库， [金融] 金库；财政部；宝库
 - chest, public purse

Word: inside
Front: inside
[ˌɪnˈsaɪd] (中高研四六 964/1301 -K4)
Vocabulary: inside
(once / 76 pages)
1adjnadv 2adv
Something that's inside is located near the center or in the interior of a space. The inside of a perfectly baked potato should be fluffy, buttery, warm, and delicious.
You can scrape inside a jar with a knife to get the last of the jam, or stay inside the house all day when it's very hot outside. Inside can serve as an adjective, noun, or adverb, depending how you use it, but it always refers to the inner, most privileged, or deepest part of something. Colloquially, your insides are your digestive system or stomach, and when someone's inside after stealing a car, they're in prison.
WORD FAMILY
inside: insides
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 里面的，内部的; 内幕的; 内侧的
n. 里面，内侧; 内脏; 内容，内幕; （道路或跑道拐弯处的）内侧
adv. 在内地，在内部地; 在内侧地; 在监狱里
prep. 在…以内; 在内侧或内部; 进入里面
分布：内部(66%)，里面的(21%)，在里面(12%)，在 ... 里面(1%)
→in-,进入，使，在内，side,边。
a.里面的ad.在里面n.内部prep.在...里Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the inner part, space or side of something 里面，内部
• Did you clean the inside of the car? 你把车内擦干净了吗？
• The hotel looked shabby from the street, but it was fine on the inside. 这家饭店从街上看去显得很破旧，但里面很好。
• the insides of people's houses 人们的房子内部
Compare outside
countable usually singular
■The inside of a part of the body such as the arm or leg is the part facing in towards the rest of the body （肢体的）内侧
• She dabbed perfume on the inside of her wrist. 她在手腕内侧搽了香水。
insides [plural] informal
■a person's or animal's internal organs, especially their stomach or bowels 内脏，（尤指）肠胃
• The dead seal's insides were spread all over the snow. 死海豹的内脏散布在雪地上。
noun]ɪnˈsaɪd/
on the inside informal
■If someone is on the inside, they have a job or position in which they have special or secret information 在（机构或组织的）内部；参与内部机密
• Who do we know on the inside who can help us? 我们认识哪位能帮助我们的内部人士？
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into a room, building, container, or something similar 在（…）里面，在（…）内部；里面的，内部的
• "Is Anna in the garden?" "No, she's inside (= in the house)." “安娜在花园吗？”“不，她在屋里。”
• What's inside the box? 盒子里面是甚么？
• Luckily, no one was inside the building when it collapsed. 幸运的是，房子倒塌时里面没有人。
• figurative She couldn't cope with the grief she felt inside. 她无法承受内心的悲伤。
• figurative Who can tell what goes on inside his head? 谁知道他脑袋里想的是甚么？
• He put the documents carefully in his inside pocket (= pocket on the inside of a jacket or coat). 他把文件小心翼翼地放进外套内层的口袋里。
inside out
 IMPROVER
■If something is inside out, it has the usual inside part on the outside and the usual outside part on the inside 里面朝外地
• She had her jumper on inside out. 她把羊毛衫穿反了。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
turn a place inside out UK informal
■to search a place very thoroughly 彻底搜查
• I've turned the house inside out but I still can't find my keys. 我把房子翻了个底朝天，仍没能找到锁匙。
adverb preposition adjective]ɪnˈsaɪd/
know sth inside out informal
■to know everything about a subject 对…了如指掌
• He knows the system inside out. 他对该体系了如指掌。
preposition]ˌɪnˈsaɪd/ (also inside of)
■If you do something or if something happens inside (of) a particular time or limit, you do it or it happens in less than that amount of time or under the limit 在（某段时间）内；少于（某时间）
• The new faster trains can do the journey inside two hours. 新型快速列车两小时内就可跑完全程。
• He finished it inside of two hours. 他不用两个小时就做完了。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-/ (of information) obtained by someone in a group, organization or company and therefore involving special or secret knowledge （资讯）内部的
• inside information/knowledge 内部消息／内情
• I'll call up Clare and get the inside story (= a true report of the facts). 我将给克莱尔打电话了解内幕。
adjective [before noun] /ˈɪn.saɪd/ /ˌ-ˈ-]
have the inside track
■to have a special position within an organization, or a special relationship with a person that gives you advantages that other people do not have 有优先权；处于有利地位
adverb]ɪnˈsaɪd/ informal
 IMPROVER
■in prison 在监牢里
• Her husband's inside for armed robbery. 她的丈夫因持械抢劫而进了牢房。
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
n. 里面；内部；内情；内脏
 - interior, within, inner
adj. 里面的；内部的；秘密的
 - internal, inner, secret, underground, chamber
prep. 少于；在…之内
 - within, under, in

Word: content
Front: content
['kɒntent] (高研四六托雅宝 1732/1281 -K2)
Vocabulary: content
(once / 41 pages)
1adjvn 2n 3n
If you feel content, you're satisfied and happy. The content of a book, movie, or song is what it's about: the topic.
This word has two main meanings. The first has to do with being pleased and satisfied (feeling content) or making someone else feel happy and at peace with things (contenting them). The other meaning has to do with subject matter: the content of a history class might be American history. The content of a math class might be geometry. As long as there's a topic or subject, there's content.
WORD FAMILY
content: contented, contenting, contentingly, contently, contentment, contents, discontent +/ contented: contentedest, contentedly, contentedness/ contentment: contentments/ discontent: discontented, discontenting, discontently, discontentment, discontents/discontented: discontentedly, discontentedness/discontentment: discontentments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Facebook says it restricts nudity because “some audiences within our global community may be sensitive to this type of content”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
"And as other big media and content companies get involved, they will attract more types of consumers to VR, rather than just the tech-enthused. "
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 内容; （书等的）目录; 满足; 容量
时态：contented, contenting, contents
分布：内容(69%)，含量(25%)，目录(2%)，满意的(2%)，满足的(1%)，使 ... 满足(1%)
→con-, 强调。-ten, 持有，握住，词源同tenable, tenure. 即包含于其中的，心满意足的。
内容,容量[ken'tent]a.满足的(com全部+ten→全部拿住→容量,引申为满足)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
n.容量,内容,(pl.)目录a.(with)满足的The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】con共同，tent拉－全部拉开－全身舒展－满意
【参】discontent（n 不满）；contented（adj 满足的）
【反】disaffected（adj 不满的；造反的）；contented（adj 满足的）－avaricious（adj 贪婪的）
US [ˈkɑːn-]
SUBJECT 主题
contents [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the list of articles or parts contained in a magazine or book, with the number of the page they begin on （杂志或书的）目录
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the ideas that are contained in a piece of writing, a speech or a film （文章、演讲、电影等的）内容
• It's a very stylish and beautiful film, but it lacks content. 这出电影很新潮而且画面美丽，但内容空洞。
• We've discussed the unusual form of the book - now, what about the content? 我们已经讨论了这本书与众不同的形式——现在，谈谈它的内容怎么样？
noun UK [ˈkɒn.tent] US [ˈkɑːn-]
AMOUNT 数量
contents [plural]
 IMPROVER
■everything that is contained within something 所含之物；容纳的东西；内容
• The contents of his bag spilled all over the floor. 他袋子里的东西掉了一地。
• He hardly needed to open the letter because he already knew the contents. 他几乎不用拆那封信，因为他已经知道内容了。
 ADVANCED only singular
■the amount of a particular substance contained in something 含量
• Chocolate has a high fat content. 巧克力脂肪含量很高。
verb transitive /kənˈtent/
■to make someone feel happy and satisfied 使满意，使满足
• You're quite easily contented, aren't you? 你很容易满足，是不是？
• My explanation seemed to content him. 我的解释似乎让他很满意。
verb transitive /kənˈtent/
  Phrasal Verbs  content yourself with sth
■to do something or have something although it is not exactly what you want 使自己满足于；使自己甘心于
• I wanted to take two weeks' holiday, but had to content myself with one because the office was so busy. 我本想休假两周，不过因为公司太忙，休假一周也就算了。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
n. 内容，目录；满足； [物] 容量
 - satisfaction, directory, bulk, list, fill
adj. 满意的
 - satisfactory, well-pleasing
vt. 使满足
 - gratify, appease

Word: mother
Vocabulary: mother
(once / 14 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A mother is a female parent: mothers nurture and mother children. It's also a term for an elderly woman or mother superior.
Your mother is the woman who gave birth to you: mothers are parents, the female equivalent of a father. Besides biological mothers, there are stepmothers and adopted mothers: they all do mothering, which means taking care of children (or, sometimes, being overprotective of children). Oddly enough, a mother is also slimy substance that forms during the fermentation of wine or cider. But in any case, mothers give and sustain life.
WORD FAMILY
mother: foremother, mothered, motherhood, mothering, motherless, motherlike, motherly, mothers+/foremother: foremothers/motherhood: motherhoods/ motherly: motherliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Dear Amy: I appreciated your advice to “Worried Future Mother-in-Law,” whose daughter was marrying a guy whose mother was belligerent when drunk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Now it was time to tattle to their mothers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: village
Front: village
[ˈvɪlɪdʒ] (中高雅 1245/735 -K4)
Vocabulary: village
(once / 75 pages)
n
A village is a place where people live that's smaller than a city or town. The village where your grandparents live might have a population of only a few hundred people.
In the US, some towns, townships, and cities have smaller villages communities within them. There are also villages that are independent of any larger areas. In either case, a village is typically larger than a hamlet and smaller than a town. The majority of Indians live in villages, while in other countries (like Russia and the UK) population has moved to big cities and suburbs, away from traditional villages. The Latin source of village is villa, or "farm."
WORD FAMILY
village: villager, villages+/villager: villagers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The account said police, acting on a tip, then raided a village looking for the attackers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“When they grow up,” he said, “they will see the number of turtles is still good in the village.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With all the hallmarks of a village inn, The Flask is very close to Highgate Cemetery - the burial place of Karl Marx.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 村民; 乡村，村庄; 群落
分布：名词(100%)
→来自villa,村庄。
村庄(villa茅房,别墅)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
n.村,村庄They lived in a remote mountain village.他们住在一个偏僻的山村.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of houses and other buildings, such as a church, a school and some shops, which is smaller than a town, usually in the countryside 村庄；村子
• a fishing village 渔村
• a mountain village 山村
• a village shop 乡村商店
• a village green (= an area of grass in the middle of a village) 乡村绿地
• Many people come from the outlying/surrounding villages to work in the town. 很多人从周围的乡村来到这座城里工作。
countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the people who live in a village 全体村民
• The village is/are campaigning for a by-pass to be built. 全体村民正在积极呼吁，要求修建一条旁道。
n. [建] 村庄；村民；（动物的）群落
 - community, thorpe

Word: primary
Front: primary
[ˈpraɪməri] (中高研四六托雅 1504/1172 -K3)
Vocabulary: primary
(once / 181 pages)
adjn
Primary means basically "first." When you vote in a primary, that is the first election in a series. When a matter is of primary concern, it means it's of first importance. Primary school is the first you go to (after nursery school, at least).
There's an interesting alternate system for counting first, second, third, etc. up to tenth. It's primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octonary, nonary, and denary. There's also a word for twelfth, duodenary, though that — along with all the words after tertiary — is rarely used.
WORD FAMILY
primary: primaries, primarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cough is a primary way to clear the gunk.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, cardiac output is a primary determinant of metabolic activity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 首要的，主要的; 最早的，原始的; [地质学]原生的; 基本的
n. 第一位; 最好者; 要素; 候选人提拔会
分布：主要的(48%)，原色(10%)，首要的(9%)，初级的(9%)，初选(8%)，要素(4%)，第一位(3%)，最主要者(3%)，初期的(2%)，初级线圈(2%)，根本的(2%)
→来自prime,第一的，最初的，首要的，-ary,形容词后缀。
最初的;根本的(prim+ary)[prim=first,chief表示"第一,主要的"]
a.最初的,初级的;首要的,主要的,基本的A primary school is the first school everybody goes to.小学是所有的人上的第一个学校.
US [-mɚ.i] adjective
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要的
 IMPROVER
■more important than anything else; main 首要的；主要的
• The Red Cross's primary concern is to preserve and protect human life. 红十字会最关心的是维护人的生命安全。
• The primary responsibility lies with those who break the law. 主要的责任在于那些违法者。
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
[before noun] UK and Australian English
■of or for the teaching of young children, especially those between five and eleven years old 初等教育的，小学的
• primary education 初等教育
• a primary school 小学
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] adjective
EARLIEST 最早的
■happening first 最初的，起源的，原始的
• the primary stages of development 发展的最初阶段
UK ['praɪ.mə.ri] US [-mɚ.i] noun countable
■in the United States, an election in which people who belong to a political party choose who will represent that party in an election for political office （美国推举党内候选人的）初选
primary, elemental, elementary
这组词都有“基本的”的意思，其区别是：
primary: 可与作“初步的，初级”的elementary换用。
elemental: 强调属于事物的基础或本质。
elementary: 指属于事物的初步或起始阶段
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
adj. 主要的； [数] 初级的；基本的
 - elementary, major, central, main, leading
n. 原色；最主要者
 - original color, fundamental colour

Word: gun
Front: gun
[gʌn] (中高研四六 840/1706 -K4)
Vocabulary: gun
(once / 50 pages)
nv
A gun is a hand-held weapon that fires bullets or shells. A hunter's gun looks very different from the gun carried in a holster by a police officer.Guns come in all shapes and sizes, but they are all dangerous weapons.
Most guns are designed to kill or injure, whether when hunting animals or used for self-defense. There are also starting guns, which make a loud noise to mark the start of a race; squirt guns, which fire streams of water; and paintball guns, used to shoot paint pellets during a paintball game. A so-called "hired gun" is a professional who's paid for their particular abilities. "Son of a gun" is an informal, fond way to refer to someone.
WORD FAMILY
gun: gunned, gunner, gunnery, gunning, guns+/gunner: gunners/gunnery: gunneries
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To handle a gun, you must be “maximally aggressive,” Gariev said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Dec. 19, a Turkish policeman gunned down Russia’s ambassador to Turkey at an art exhibition, while railing against the bloodshed in Syria.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 枪; 发令枪声; 受雇杀人的枪手; 喷射器
vt. 射击（某人）; 给…加大油门; 打猎
vi. 用枪打猎
时态：gunned, gunning, guns
分布：枪(86%)，炮(10%)，用枪打猎(2%)，枪击(1%)，打开节流阀(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自妇女名Gunilda, 字面意思为战斗，击打。gun, 击打，词源同bane, offend. hilda, 砍，杀，词源同gladiator.
n.枪,炮,手枪The funny cunning runner uses his gum gun before sunrise or after sunset.滑稽乖巧的赛跑者在日出之前或日落之后使用胶皮枪.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a weapon from which bullets or shells (= explosive containers) are fired 枪；炮
• The British police do not carry guns. 英国员警不佩带枪支。
• You could hear the noise of guns firing in the distance. 你可以听到远处的枪声。
■in sport, a device which makes a very loud sudden noise as a signal to start a race （体育比赛中用来表示比赛开始的）信号枪
• At the gun, the runners sprinted away down the track. 信号枪一响，运动员们便沿着跑道飞奔起来。
■a device which you hold in your hand and use for sending out a liquid or object 喷射器；喷射枪
• a spray gun 喷枪
• a staple gun U 形钉枪
⇒ See also staple-gun
hired gun mainly US informal
■a person who is paid to shoot and kill someone 受雇杀人的枪手
[gʌn] noun countable
be under the gun mainly US
■to feel worried because you have to do something by a particular time or in a particular way 因为须在限定时间内或以特定方式完成任务而倍感压力
• Al's under the gun to decide by the end of the month whether to move with his company. 艾伦因需在月底前决定是否和公司一起搬走而倍感压力。
[gʌn] noun countable
with guns blazing (also all guns blazing)
■If you do something, especially argue, with guns blazing, you do it with a lot of force and energy （尤指争吵）火药味十足地，真刀真枪地
• I went into the meeting with guns blazing, determined not to let him win. 我进入会场的时候下定决心真刀真枪跟他争辩，决不让他得逞。
[gʌn] verb transitive (-nn-) mainly US old-fashioned informal
■to make an engine operate at a higher speed 使加速；使高速运转
• You must have been really gunning the engine to get here on time. 你竟然准时到这儿了，肯定是一路飞驰而来。
[gʌn] verb transitive (-nn-) mainly US old-fashioned informal
be gunning for sb informal
■to often criticize someone or be trying to cause trouble for them 时常指责（某人）；不时找（某人）的茬，经常挑衅
• She's been gunning for me ever since I got the promotion she wanted. 自从我被提升到她觊觎的那个职位后，她就一直在找我的茬。
[gʌn] verb transitive (-nn-) mainly US old-fashioned informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] gun sb down
■to shoot someone and kill or seriously injure them, often when they cannot defend themselves 用枪击伤，击毙（没有防御能力的人）
• The police officer was gunned down as he took his children to school. 这名员警在送他的孩子去上学时被枪杀。
pistol, fifle, gun, cannon
这组词都有“枪，炮”的意思，其区别是：
pistol: 指手枪。
fifle: 指步枪类的枪。
gun: 系枪的通称。
cannon: 在军事上，现在gun指火炮，取代了cannon这一名词。
n. 枪枝；枪状物；持枪歹徒
 - gunman, rodman

Word: consequence
Front: consequence
[ˈkɒnsɪkwəns] (高研四六托雅宝 1626/1234 -K3)
Vocabulary: consequence
(once / 73 pages)
n
Things in a sequence come one after another, as in a number sequence of 1, 2, 3, 4. A consequence comes after, or as a result of something you do, for example, "He was given a traffic ticket as a consequence of running the red light."
A consequence is a "result" or "conclusion," and the Latin sequī, "to follow," is part of its history. Most actions and acts of nature have a consequence that follows as a result. When people do something wrong, like rob a bank, the consequence will probably be prison time. If an organization works for good and finds a cure for cancer, on the other hand, people will get better as a consequence. When something occurs in nature, like a tornado touching down, destruction might be the consequence.
WORD FAMILY
consequence: consequences, consequential +/ consequent: consequence, consequenter, consequently, inconsequent/ consequential: consequentially, inconsequential / consequently: consequentlys/inconsequence: inconsequences/inconsequent: inconsequence, inconsequently/ inconsequential: inconsequentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the first time in U.S. history, there were more military kids struggling with the behavioral consequences of war than warriors themselves.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
And why, after years of state budget cuts to cities, is this an acceptable consequence?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time, The Economic Consequences of the Peace created an instant controversy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 结果，成果; [逻]结论; 重要性; 推论
分布：结果(51%)，后果(41%)，影响(6%)，重要性(2%)
→con-, 强调。-seq, 连接，连续，词源同sequence, persecute.即按顺序递进的结果。
后果,结果(con共同+sequ+ence→随之而来的全部东西→后果)[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
n.结果,后果,影响;重要性Subsequently the eloquent man frequently asked the consequence of quenching in sequence.其后雄辩者频繁地询问顺序灭火的结果.
US ['kɑ:nt-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a result of a particular action or situation, often one which is bad or not convenient （常指不好或不利的）结果，后果
• Not making a will can have serious consequences for the people you might wish to benefit. 不立遗嘱可能会给你所希望受益的人带来严重后果。
• Scientists think it unlikely that any species will actually become extinct as a consequence of the oil spill. 科学家们认为实际上不太可能会有甚么物种因为石油泄漏而灭绝。
• I told the hairdresser to do what she wanted to my hair, and look at the consequences! 我告诉理发师就按她的想法来弄我的头发好了，可看看结果！
• Well, if you insist on eating so much, you'll have to suffer/take (= accept and deal with) the consequences! 好吧，要是你坚持吃这么多，你会自食其果的！
of little/no consequence (also not of any/much consequence)
■not important 不重要的；无足轻重的；无关紧要的
• The money was of little consequence to Tony. 这钱对于托尼来说无足轻重。
result, effect, outcome, consequence
这组词都有“结果”的意思，其区别是：
result: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不是眼前的结果。
effect: 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，着重持续稳定与其影响。
outcome: 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结局，而不是某种原因的直接结果。常可与result通用。
consequence: 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。
n. 结果；重要性；推论
 - outcome, product, result, significance, event, conclusion

Word: chain
Front: chain
[tʃeɪn] (高研四六 1805/1835 -K3)
Vocabulary: chain
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A chain is a long series of connected metal links. Chains are strong and flexible, so they're useful for pulling a heavy load or securing a dangerous animal.
The chain that anchors a ship to a dock or secures a warehouse door is just a larger version of the gold chain you wear around your neck — both are made of loops of metal. More figurative types of chains include things that hold you back, like the chains of your responsibility to your family, or connected occurrences — like a chain of events that leads to you meeting your best friend.
WORD FAMILY
chain: catenate, catenulate, chained, chaining, chainlike, chains, enchain, unchain+/catenate: catenated/enchain: enchained, enchaining, enchains/unchain: unchained, unchaining, unchains
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fast-food chain’s plan to open a restaurant in a Vatican-owned building was met with derision when it was announced in October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s just been wearing that chain all year. It’s just been growing on me,” Talib said after the Broncos’ 24-6 victory.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The family restaurant chain Hanaya decided to pull eel dishes from its summer menu.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 链子，链条; 连锁，连续; 拘束; 连锁店或旅馆系列的事物
vt. 用铁链锁住; 监禁，束缚
时态：chained, chaining, chains
分布：链(82%)，链条(11%)，束缚(6%)，用铁链锁住(1%)
→来自拉丁词catena, 链子，词源同concatenation. 字母t脱落，比较bake, batch, wake,watch.
n.链(条);(pl.)镣铐;一连串v.用链条拴住The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
noun
CONNECTED THINGS 有联系的事
 IMPROVER countable
■a set of connected or related things 一连串，一系列（的事物）
• She has built up a chain of 180 bookshops across the country. 她在全国各地开了180家连锁书店。
• We witnessed a remarkable chain of events in eastern Europe in 1989. 我们目睹了1989年发生在东欧的一连串不寻常事件。
[tʃeɪn] noun
RINGS 链条
countable or uncountable
■(a length of) rings usually made of metal which are connected together and used for fastening, pulling, supporting, or limiting freedom, or as jewellery 链条，链子；锁链；项炼
• The gates were locked with a padlock and a heavy steel chain. 大门被一把挂锁和一根沉重的钢链锁着。
• Put the chain on the door if you are alone in the house. 你要是一个人在家就把链子钩在门上。
• Mary was wearing a beautiful silver chain around her neck. 玛丽的脖子上戴着一条漂亮的银项炼。
in chains
■tied with chains 戴着锁链地；用链条拴着地
• The hostages were kept in chains for 23 hours a day. 人质一天里有23小时戴着镣铐。
[plural]
■a fact or situation that limits a person's freedom 枷锁，束缚，桎梏
• At last the country has freed itself from the chains of the authoritarian regime. 这个国家最终从独裁政权的束缚中解放了出来。
[tʃeɪn] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to fasten someone or something using a chain 用链条锁住，拴住；束缚
• It's so cruel to keep a pony chained up like that all the time. 把一匹小马一直那样拴着真是太残忍了。
• They chained themselves to lampposts in protest at the judge's decision. 为了抗议法官的判决，他们把自己拴在灯柱上。
• figurative I don't want a job where I'm chained to a desk for eight hours a day. 我不想要一份一天八小时都被拴在办公桌前的工作。
chain, tie, secure, bind, fasten
这组词都有“扎牢、捆、绑”的意思，其区别是：
chain: 专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。
tie: 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。
secure: 指将某物紧紧地固定起来，使之完全无损。
bind: 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。
fasten: 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能任意移动。
n. [计] 链；束缚；枷锁
 - restriction, cord
vt. 束缚；囚禁；用铁练锁住
 - bound, enslave

Word: whereas
Front: whereas
[ˌweərˈæz] (研四六托雅 2731/1524 -K3)
Back: conj. 鉴于; 然而; 反之
n. “鉴于…”：正式文件的介绍性陈述，开场白; 条件性陈述
分布：然而(65%)，鉴于(35%)
conj.而,却,反之Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉,相反有些人讨厌肥肉.
US [wer'æz] conjunction
 IMPROVER
■compared with the fact that; but 尽管；但是；却
• He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty. 他肯定有60岁上下了，可他妻子看起来只有30岁。
• You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich. 你午饭吃了一大盘东西，可我只吃了个三明治。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
conj. 然而；鉴于；反之
 - however, while, nevertheless, but, yet

Word: airport
Front: airport
[ˈeəpɔ:t] (中高雅 1765/2541 -K4)
Back: n. 机场; 航空站
分布：机场(98%)，航空站(2%)
n.机场,航空站,航空港The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
US ['er.pɔ:rt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where aircraft regularly take off and land, with buildings for passengers to wait in 航空站，航空港，机场
• an international airport 国际机场
• a military airport 军用机场
• Gatwick Airport 盖威克机场
• an airport terminal/runway 机场候机大楼／跑道
n. [航] 机场；航空站
 - landing field, aeroport

Word: trillion
Front: trillion
[ˈtrɪljən] (托 5167/26476 -2)
Vocabulary: trillion
(once / 918 pages)
nadj
A trillion is 1,000,000,000,000, also know as 10 to the 12th power, or one million million. It’s such a large number it’s hard to get your head around it, so sometimes trillion just means “wow, a lot.”
A trillion is bigger than a million, more than a billion, it’s 1,000,000,000,000 (and even or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 in some countries). (Yes, those are 18 zeroes in that last one.) Either way, this is such a large number that it's hard to imagine. Maybe that's why people often use this word in a looser sense, as in "I have a trillion reasons why I like this band!" That meaning is similar to gazillion, bazillion, and zillion, which aren't real numbers.
WORD FAMILY
trillion: trillions, trillionth+/trillionth: trillionths
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their bond debt as a whole, however, nearly doubled to 15.4 trillion yuan over the same period.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think it should be large. He’s mentioned a trillion dollars. I told him that sounded good to me,” Schumer told ABC News.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 万亿; 兆; [英]百万兆; 大量
adj. 万亿的
num. 数万亿
分布：万亿(37%)，兆(23%)，大量(20%)，兆的(20%)
→tri-, 三，-llion,百万，衍生自 million,原义为 1018，后受 billion 影响缩减为 1012.
['trɪl.jən] (plural trillion or trillions)
number
■the number 1 000 000 000 000 万亿，兆

Word: roll
Front: roll
[rəʊl] (高研四六托雅 1249/1856 -K4)
Back: vt. 辗; 使（眼球等）左右转动; （使）原地转圈; 滚动
vi. 左右摇晃; 翻滚; 开始移动，启动
n. 名册; 滚翻
时态：rolled, rolling, rolls
分布：滚(45%)，卷(35%)，滚动(9%)，转动(3%)，名单(2%)，绕(2%)，摇摆(2%)，展开(1%)，颤音(1%)
→来自古法语 rolle,纸卷，文件，来自拉丁语 rotulus,纸卷，来自 rota,轮子，词源同 rotary,round. 引申诸相关词义。
v.滚动;使摇摆;卷,卷起n.卷,卷形物;名单By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [roʊl] verb
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) move somewhere by turning over and over or from side to side （使）翻滚；（使）滚动
• The vase rolled off the edge of the table and smashed. 花瓶从桌边滚落下来摔得粉碎。
• The dog rolled over onto its back. 那只狗翻了个身四爪朝天躺着。
• I rolled the wheel along the side of the road back to the car. 我沿路边把车轮滚回到汽车旁。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move somewhere easily and without sudden movements 滚动；滚移；飘移
• A tear rolled down his cheek. 一滴泪水顺着他的脸颊滚下。
• A wave of cigarette smoke rolled towards me. 有人在抽烟，一团烟雾向我这边飘来。
• The piano's on wheels, so we can roll it into the room. 钢琴装有轮子，所以我们可以把它推进屋里来。
intransitive
■If an aircraft or a ship rolls, it leans to one side and then to the other because of the wind or waves. （船或飞机因为风或浪而）摇晃，摇摆
intransitive
■If a machine is rolling, it is operating （机器）运转，启动，开动
• Just as the television cameras started rolling, it began to pour down with rain. 正当电视摄像机启动拍摄时，突然下起了瓢泼大雨。
transitive
■If you roll your eyes, you move them so that you are looking up, to show that you consider someone or something stupid or silly （表示认为某人或某事很愚蠢）翻（白眼），向上翻动（眼球）
• When he suggested they should buy a new car, she rolled her eyes in disbelief. 他建议说他们应该买辆新车，听到这个，她翻了翻白眼，一副不相信自己耳朵的样子。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
TURN OVER 翻转
 IMPROVER transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to (cause something to) turn over onto itself to form a cylinder or a sphere （使）卷；（使）绕；裹；滚搓
• He rolled the clay into a ball in his hands. 他把黏土用手搓成一个球。
• As I got closer, the hedgehog rolled itself (up) into a ball. 我靠近时，刺猬缩成了一个球。
transitive
■to make a cigarette by wrapping a piece of paper around some tobacco 卷（烟）
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to fold over a piece of clothing or material to make it shorter （被）卷起
• We rolled back the carpet to see the floorboards. 我们把地毯卷了起来查看地板。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
SMOOTH 平的
transitive
■to make something smooth and flat 擀平；碾平；滚平
• [+ obj + adj] She borrowed a garden roller to roll the grass flat. 她借了一台园圃滚压器来把草地轧平。
• When you have rolled (out) the pastry, place it in a pie dish. 把馅饼皮擀好后放入馅饼盘子里。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
SOUND 声音
intransitive
■to make a continuous repeated deep sound 发出持续而低沉的声音，隆隆作响，轰轰响
• The drums rolled as the acrobat walked along the tightrope. 在咚咚鼓声的伴奏下，杂技演员在钢丝上行走。
transitive
■If you roll your r's, you pronounce them with your tongue moving quickly and repeatedly against the top of the mouth 发…的舌尖颤音
• The Italians roll their r's. 义大利人发r时带有舌尖颤音。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolled into one
■If someone or something has several qualities rolled into one, they have all of those qualities 融为一体；集于一身
• He is a father, sales manager, and athlete all rolled into one. 他是一位父亲、一名销售经理，还是运动员，集三个角色于一身。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolling in it (also rolling in money) informal
■extremely rich 非常富有，财源滚滚，腰缠万贯
• If they can afford a yacht, they must be rolling in it. 如果他们可以买得起一艘游艇，那他们肯定富得流油。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
rolling in the aisles informal
■laughing uncontrollably 笑得前仰后合；笑得打滚；乐不可支
• The comedian had the audience rolling in the aisles. 那个喜剧演员的表演逗得观众乐不可支。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
Roll on the weekend/five o'clock!, etc. UK informal
■said when you want time to go quickly because you are looking forward to something 但愿周末／五点钟等快点到！
• I can't wait to be finished with this project - roll on October! 我真想这个专案计划马上结束——恨不得十月份快点到！
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
Roll up! Roll up! UK old-fashioned
■said, especially in the past, by someone who wanted people to come and pay to look at something unusual or interesting （尤在旧时用於呼唤人们观看稀罕或有趣的事物）快来看哪！快来看哪！
• "Roll up! Roll up! Come and see the amazing bearded lady!" shouted the circus man. “快来看哪！快来看哪！过来看长胡子的怪女人！”那个马戏团的人喊道。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
roll up your sleeves informal
■to prepare for hard work 摩拳擦掌，跃跃欲试，捋起袖子（准备行动）
• There's a lot of work to do, so roll up your sleeves and get busy. 有很多工作要做，捋起袖子来，赶快做吧。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
roll with the punches informal
■to be able to deal with a series of difficult situations 渡过一道道难关；克服一连串困难
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll sth back
■to reduce the cost or price of something 减（价），降（价），削减（价格）
• The furniture dealer is rolling back the prices on all beds for this week only. 家俱商对所有的床降价销售，优惠时间仅本周一周。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll by literary
■If an amount of time rolls by, it passes （时间）流逝
• The years rolled by, and I didn't see her again until she was married with two children. 流年似水，我再见到她时，她已经结了婚有两个孩子了。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll in informal
■to arrive in great numbers or amounts 纷至沓来；大量涌入；滚滚而来
• Once our business gets started, the money will be rolling in. 等我们的生意一开张，就会财源滚滚。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll (sth) out
■to make a new product, service or system available for the first time 推出（新产品、服务等）；实行（新制度）；开展
• The government plans to roll out a series of tax cuts over the next few years. 政府计划在未来几年中推出一系列的减税措施。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll (sth) over sth
■If you roll over something on a computer screen, you move the mouse over an active place so that you can see information that is hidden underneath 滚动，拖动（如果你在电脑萤幕上把滑鼠滚到某处，就是把滑鼠移动到一个活动位置，使你能看到其中隐藏的资讯）
• If you roll your mouse over a word, its definition will appear. 如果你把滑鼠拖动到某个词上，这个词的定义就会显示出来。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] roll sth up
■to fold something around itself to make the shape of a ball, or to fold cloth around itself to make a piece of clothing shorter 卷起；绕起；使成球（或筒）状
• Could you roll up that string for me? 你能帮我把那条线绕起来吗？
• I rolled up my sleeves and began to wash the dishes. 我卷起袖子开始洗碟子。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  roll up informal
■to arrive at a particular place or event, usually late 到来，到达；（通常指）姗姗来迟
• They rolled up at the party two hours late and rather drunk. 派对开始两小时后他们才醉醺醺地赶到。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
TUBE 筒
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of film, paper or cloth that is rolled into the shape of a tube 一卷；筒形物；卷轴
• a roll of carpet 一卷地毯
• a toilet roll (= a roll of toilet paper) 一卷卫生纸
countable
■If a person or animal has rolls of fat on their body, they are very fat （人或动物身上由于肥胖而突起的）赘肉，肥肉
• The dog had rolls of fat along its neck. 这条狗脖子上有一圈圈的赘肉。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
BREAD 面包
countable (also bread roll)
■a small loaf of bread for one person 面包卷；小圆面包
• Would you like a roll and butter with your soup? 要不要来份奶油面包卷配你的汤？
• UK I bought a cheese roll (UScheese on a roll) (= a small piece of bread filled with cheese) for lunch. 我午饭买了一个起司面包卷吃。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
LIST 名单
countable
■an official list of names 名单；花名册；登记表
• Is your name on the electoral roll (= the list of people who can vote) ? 你的名字在选民册上吗？
take/call the roll mainly US
■If you take/call the roll, you read aloud the names of all the people on the list to make certain that they are present 点名
• The teacher called the roll to see if any students were absent. 老师点名看是否有学生缺席。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
MOVEMENT 滚动
countable
■when something or someone rolls on the ground 滚动；打滚；翻滚
• The dog went for a roll in the grass. 狗跑到草丛里打了个滚。
a roll in the hay humorous
■sexual activity which is quick and enjoyable and does not involve serious feelings 苟合；野合（a roll in the hay 是指“在干草上打滚”；暗示快速的、令人愉快的性行为，不涉及认真的感情）
• I wouldn't sacrifice my marriage for a roll in the hay with a waitress. 我绝不会为了在一个女侍者身上找刺激而牺牲了我的婚姻。
uncountable
■The roll of a ship or aircraft is its movement from side to side in the water or air. （船或飞机的）左右摇晃，摇摆
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun
SOUND 声音
countable usually singular
■a continuous repeated deep sound 发出持续而低沉的声音，隆隆作响，轰轰响
• a drum roll 一阵鼓声
• a deafening roll of thunder 一阵震耳欲聋的雷声
■ roll 1 UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl/
noun
be on a roll informal
■to be having a successful or lucky period 连连获胜；好运连连
• Pippa won five games in a row and it was obvious she was on a roll. 彼帕一连赢了五场比赛，很明显她这段时间打得很顺。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
vt. 卷；滚动，转动；辗
 - turn, wheel
vi. 卷；滚动；转动；起伏，摇晃
 - wave, turn, screw, rock
n. 卷，卷形物；名单；摇晃
 - book, volume

Word: ignore
Front: ignore
[ɪgˈnɔ:(r)] (高研四六托 1375/1296 -K4)
Vocabulary: ignore
(once / 235 pages)
1v 2v
To ignore something is to disregard it. If you ignore the rules of grammar, you're likely to be misunderstood.
It's easy to see the relationship between ignore and a word such as ignorant. To be ignorant of something is to know nothing about it. A good way to be ignorant about something is to ignore it. In other words, if you want to be ignorant about a certain subject—that is, if you want to know nothing about it—then by all means ignore it. Pay it no mind.
WORD FAMILY
ignore: ignored, ignores, ignoring
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was bullied by classmates and teachers would just ignore my existence,” Chen said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Ignoring her question, I point to my breast and say, “I felt a lump right here . . . ”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s a business decision that ignores the culinary tradition of Roman cuisine,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 忽视，不顾; [法律]驳回（诉讼）
时态：ignored, ignoring, ignores
分布：忽视(72%)，不理(23%)，不顾(5%)
→ig-,不，非，-gnore,知道，了解，词源同know,narrate.即不知道的，引申词义无知，忽视。
疏忽;不理睬(I不+geore→不知道→不理睬)[gnos(t),gnor=know,表示"知道"]
v.不理,不顾,忽视The sore is orally ignored by the ignorant immoral man.疮痛被无知的不道德者口头忽视了.
US [-'nɔ:r] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to intentionally not listen or give attention to 不理睬，忽视
• She can be really irritating but I try to ignore her. 她有时会特别烦人，不过我尽量不去理会她。
• Safety regulations are being ignored by company managers in the drive to increase profits. 为了增加利润，公司经理都对安全章程熟视无睹。
• How can the government ignore the wishes of the majority? 政府怎么能不顾大多数人的意愿呢？
• I smiled at her but she just ignored me. 我对她笑了笑，可她根本没理睬我。
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
missing, discard, ignore
missing: 错过
discard: 舍弃
ignore: 忽视
vt. 驳回诉讼；忽视；不理睬
 - neglect, pass sb by

Word: treaty
Front: treaty
[ˈtri:ti] (研四六雅宝 2836/1659 -4)
Vocabulary: treaty
(once / 111 pages)
n
When a war ends, often two countries will sign a treaty, which is a contract where both sides agree to behave a certain way. Treaties are used for many reasons, like creating alliances or preventing nuclear weapons from being built.
The Latin root of treaty is tractare, which means “handle.” When two nations sign a treaty, they decide to handle things according to rules defined in their agreement. However, treaties are not always permanent, and can be broken if one side changes their mind. When white Europeans were settling in the United States, they made many treaties with Native Americans, and every single treaty was eventually broken, some even less than a day later.
WORD FAMILY
treaty: entreaty, treaties+/ entreaty: entreaties
USAGE EXAMPLES
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Just days later, China and Canada agreed to discuss a landmark free trade deal and an extradition treaty.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Even when the U.S. ratifies treaties, the government often adds a caveat that excludes protection of some basic rights.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 条约; 协议，协商; 谈判
分布：条约(91%)，协定(9%)
→treat,对待，处理，-y,名词后缀。引申词义条约，协定。
条约;约定(treat+y→作出处理的文件→条约)[treat=handle,表示"处理"]
n.条约,协议,协商In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
【记】treat（v 对待；处理；谈判），y－做出处理的文件－条约
US [-tˌi] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leaders 条约；协定
• a peace treaty 和平条约
• the treaty on European union 欧盟的条约
• [+ to infinitive] We've signed/concluded a treaty with neighbouring states to limit emissions of harmful gases. 我们和几个邻国签署／缔结了限制有害气体排放的条约。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
n. [法] 条约，协议；谈判
 - agreement, protocol, negotiation, understanding, accord

Word: basis
Front: basis
[ˈbeɪsɪs] (高研四雅 1307/694 -K4)
Vocabulary: basis
(once / 167 pages)
n
Basis is the underlying reason or assumption. The basis of a dictionary is that people are curious to learn the meanings of new words. You are interested, right?
Basis can also apply to a system or pattern that has been established. For example: Since your job is so exhausting, you need vacations on a regular basis. The basis of democracy is regular free elections. Not surprisingly, as its sense of something from which other things spring, basis comes from the Latin word of the same spelling meaning "foundation."
WORD FAMILY
basis
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Even with clear standards, screening millions of posts on a case-by-case basis every week is challenging. “
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Even 200 basis points is not an issue…It’s still cheap.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基础; 主要成分; 基准，基本原则
分布：基础(87%)，根据(12%)，基底(1%)
n.基础,根据What is the basis of your standpoint?你的观点的根据是什么?
['beɪ.sɪs] (plural bases)
noun countable
IMPORTANT FACTS 基础
 ESSENTIAL
■the most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developed 基础，根据
• This document will form the basis for our discussion. 这份文件将是我们讨论的基础。
• Their proposals have no proven scientific basis. 他们的提议没有确凿的科学根据。
• Decisions were often made on the basis of (= using) incorrect information. 决定常常是根据错误的讯息作出的。
['beɪ.sɪs] (plural bases)
noun countable
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL
■a way or method of doing something （行动）方式
• Most of our staff work for us on a voluntary basis (= They work without being paid). 我们的员工大多数是自愿为我们工作的。
['beɪ.sɪs] (plural bases)
noun countable
on a need-to-know basis
■If you tell people something on a need-to-know basis, you only tell them the facts they need to know at the time they need to know them, and nothing more. 仅谈到别人需要知道的东西
basis, ground, base, foundation
这组词都有“基础”的意思，其区别是：
basis: 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground: 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础，也可指某种原因的基础。
base: 侧重指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
foundation: 用于具体意义时，侧重指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。
n. 基础；底部；主要成分；基本原则或原理
 - elements, foundation, base, bed, bottom

Word: bear
Front: bear
[beə(r)] (高托雅 1619/1065 -K1)
Vocabulary: bear
(once / 23 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6n 7n
To bear is to carry or endure, whether by physical or mental force. If you can bear to read on, you'll find out all the different ways to use the word bear.
Obviously you know the big hairy mountain-roaming animal, but you might not have heard about a bear on Wall Street — an investor who is pessimistic about the market. In its verb form, bear is rooted in the Old English beran, meaning “to bring forth, sustain, endure” and more. So you can bear (or carry) a grudge. You can bear (or give birth to) children. Or you can bear (or stand) to listen to your great aunt tell the same story for the umpteenth time if you have a kind soul.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
bare / bear
Bare means naked, but to bear is to carry something. A bear is also a brown furry animal, but most people keep that one straight.
To bare is to uncover, either by removing clothes or revealing something. It's getting down to the bare bones. Bare-knuckled or barehanded means the gloves are off. Don't walk on glass in bare feet, and don't bare your soul to a con artist. Let's reveal a few good examples of bare:
In our textbooks, there are photos of physicians a century ago performing autopsies with their bare hands. (Salon)
At a bare minimum the crisis cost nearly $20,000 for each American. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to be naked, you can't stand it. Bear is to put up with or carry something, like a burden or a baby. Or both. It's spelled just like the animal. Grin and bear it means to smile during a storm, not to smile and disrobe. The Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution mentions the right to bear arms, and it has nothing to do with tank tops. If a tree bears fruit, you're in luck. Here are some non-furry bears caught in the wild:
But he could not bear to live in their dream without the one who was to share it. (Time)
Your son will still be your son, and your grandchildren your grands, no matter what name they bear. (New York Times)
If you can't bear to remember it all, just imagine a lumbering grizzly carrying a heavy load, and you'll bear this knowledge with glee! If a bear bares his teeth, though, run!
WORD FAMILY
bear: bearable, bearer, bearing, bearish, bears, borne, forebear, overbear+/ bearable: bearably, unbearable / bearer: bearers/ bearing: bearings, nonbearing/bearish: bearishly/ forebear: forebears/overbear: overbearing, overbears, overbore, overborne/ overbearing: overbearingly, overbearingness/ unbearable: unbearably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is planning on using public pressure,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Police haven’t released details of her role in the incident Sunday afternoon during the Vikings’ season finale against the Chicago Bears.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 熊; （在证券市场等）卖空的人; 蛮横的人
vt. 忍受; 承担; 支撑; 生育
vi. 生（孩子）; 结（果实）; 与…有关
adj. 跌价的; 股票行情下跌的; 卖空者的
时态：bore, born, bearing, bears
分布：熊(82%)，忍受(14%)，结果(3%)，负荷(1%)
→1.承受，来自PIE *bher(1), 承受，带来，生育，同bring.
n.熊v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
ACCEPT 接受
 IMPROVER transitive
■to accept, tolerate or endure especially something unpleasant 忍受；容忍；经受；承担
• The strain must have been enormous but she bore it well. 当时压力一定很大，但她承受得了。
• Tell me now! I can't bear the suspense ! 现在告诉我吧！ 我等不及了！
• It's your decision - you must bear the responsibility if things go wrong. 是你作出的决定——如果出了差错，你必须承担责任。
• [+ to infinitive] He couldn't bear to see the dog in pain. 他不忍看见狗那么痛苦。
• [+ -ing verb] I can't bear being bored. 我受不了闲极无聊的日子。
not bear thinking about
■to be too unpleasant or frightening to think about （糟糕或可怕得）不敢想像
• "What if she'd been travelling any faster?" "It doesn't bear thinking about." “假如她驾车再快一点，那会怎么样？”“简直不敢想像。”
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
KEEP 保留
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have or continue to have something 具有，带有
• Their baby bears a strong resemblance/an uncanny likeness to its grandfather. 他们的宝宝长得非常／不可思议地像他的爷爷。
• The stone plaque bearing his name was smashed to pieces. 上面刻有他名字的石匾被砸得粉碎。
• On display were boxing gloves which bore Rocky Marciano's signature. 展品中有洛奇‧马西亚诺签名的拳击手套。
• [+ two objects] I don't bear them any ill feeling (= I do not continue to be angry with or dislike them). 我并不怨恨他们。
• Thank you for your advice, I'll bear it in mind (= will remember and consider it). 谢谢你的忠告，我会谨记在心的。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
SUPPORT 支撑
transitive
■to hold or support something 负载，负担，负荷
• The chair, too fragile to bear her weight , collapsed. 椅子太不结实了，她一坐上去就垮了。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
PRODUCE 产生
transitive formal
■to give birth to young, or (of a tree or plant) to give or produce especially fruit or flowers 生（孩子）；结（果实）；开（花）
• She had borne six children by the time she was thirty. 她到30岁时已经生了六个孩子。
• [+ two objects] When his wife bore him a child he could not hide his delight. 他的妻子生了个小孩时，他掩饰不住内心的喜悦。
• Most animals bear their young in the spring. 大多数动物都在春天繁殖后代。
• The pear tree they planted has never borne fruit. 他们种的梨树从来没有结过梨。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
BRING 携带
transitive slightly formal
■to carry and move something to a place 携带；运送
• At Christmas the family descend on the house bearing gifts. 圣诞节时，全家人带着礼物来到那幢房子。
• Countless waiters bore trays of drinks into the room. 很多侍者端着一盘盘的饮品进入房间。
• The sound of the ice-cream van was borne into the office on the wind. 雪糕车的叮当声随风飘进了办公室。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
CHANGE DIRECTION 改变方向
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change direction slightly so that you are going in a particular direction 转向
• The path followed the coastline for several miles, then bore inland. 这条小路沿着海岸线延伸了几英里，然后转向内陆。
• After you go past the church keep bearing left/right. 经过教堂后，继续向左／右。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
SAY 说明
bear testimony/witness formal
■to say you know from your own experience that something happened or is true 见证，作证
• She bore witness to his patience and diligence. 她亲眼见证了他的耐心和勤奋。
■If something bears testimony to a fact, it proves that it is true 证明
• The iron bridge bears testimony to the skills developed in that era. 这座铁桥证明了那个时代的技术发展水准。
bear false witness old use
■to lie 撒谎
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
bear fruit formal
■If something someone does bears fruit, it produces successful results 有成果，获得成功
• Eventually her efforts bore fruit and she got the job she wanted. 她的努力终于有成果，得到了想要的工作。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
bear the scars
■to still suffer emotional pain from something unpleasant that happened in the past 伤痛未平
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear down on sb/sth
■to move in a threatening way towards someone or something 冲向…，向…逼近
• I looked up to see the car bearing down on me 我一抬头，看见那车辆正向我冲过来。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear in on/upon UK formal
■If something is borne in on/upon someone, they are made to understand it 认清，某事被认识到，某人不得不明白
• Suddenly it was borne in on him that he was becoming too old to start a new career. 他突然意识到自己已经太老了，不适合开创新的事业。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear on sth slightly formal
■to be connected or related to; to influence 与…有关系；对…有影响
• I don't see how that information bears on this case. 我不明白那些资料跟这宗案件有甚么关系。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bear sb/sth out
■to support the truth of something 为…作证，证明，证实
• His version of events just isn't borne out by the facts. 他对事件的说法并未得到证实。
• If you tell them what happened I will bear you out (on it). 如果你告诉他们所发生的事，我会为你作证的。
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear up
■to deal with a very sad or difficult situation in a brave and determined way 勇敢地支撑下去，咬紧牙关坚持
• "How has she been since the funeral?" "Oh, she's bearing up." “葬礼后她怎样了？”“哦，她一直在挺着。”
UK [beər] US [ber] verb (bore, borne or US ALSO born)
  Phrasal Verbs  bear with sb
■to be patient and wait while someone does something 耐心等候（某人）；容忍（某人）
• If you'll just bear with me for a moment , I'll find you a copy of the drawings. 请你等我一下，我去替你找一份这些图案的副本。
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ADVANCED
■a large, strong wild mammal with a thick fur coat that lives especially in colder parts of Europe, Asia and North America 熊
• a brown/black bear 棕熊／黑熊
• a bear cub (= young bear) 幼熊
⇒ See also grizzly bear;polar bear;teddy
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
FINANCE 金融 specialized
■a person who sells shares when prices are expected to fall, in order to make a profit by buying them back again at a lower price （股市中）做空头者，预期股市行情看跌的人 Compare bull
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
be like a bear with a sore head (US also like a (real) bear) informal
■to be in a bad mood which causes you to treat other people badly and complain a lot 脾气暴躁；情绪不好
• You're like a bear with a sore head this morning. What's wrong with you? 你怎么了？ 今天早上脾气很暴躁。
UK [beər] US [ber] noun countable
Do bears shit in the woods ? saying humorous or offensive
■used to say that the answer to a question you have just been asked is obviously 'yes' 这还用问吗？（当然是啦！）
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
vi. 承受；结果实
 - fruit
vt. 忍受；具有；支撑
 - support, stomach, go, stand, abide
n. [脊椎] 熊
 - Bruin

Word: shock
Front: shock
[ʃɒk] (高研四六托雅 2298/1998 -K4)
Vocabulary: shock
(once / 102 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6nv
A shock is the uncomfortable feeling you get when an electric current passes through your body. If you stick your finger in an outlet, you'll get an unpleasant shock.
A shock can be a jarring surprise, like the shock of getting fired. If a human body goes into a state of shock, that person is near collapse, reeling from a traumatic situation. A shock of hair refers to a bushy mass of hair on a person's head. As a verb, shock can also mean "to inflict trauma on someone else," like shocking your mom with your news or you shock your dog's electric collar every time he tries to bite you.
WORD FAMILY
shock: foreshock, shockable, shocked, shocker, shocking, shocks+/foreshock: foreshocks/shockable: unshockable/shocker: shockers/shocking: shockingest, shockingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Would winning a Super Bowl be a far bigger shock?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 休克; 震惊; 震动; 打击
vt. 使休克; 使震惊; 使震动; 使受电击
vi. 感到震惊; 受到震动; 堆成禾束堆
adj. 浓密的; 蓬乱的
时态：shocked, shocking, shocks
分布：冲击(34%)，震惊(24%)，休克(24%)，震动(11%)，使震惊(3%)，使受电击(2%)，使震动(2%)
→可能来自中古荷兰语 schokken,摇动，摇晃，猛拉，猛推，来自 Proto-Germanic*skakana,摇动， 颤动，来自 skek,摇动，摇晃，词源同 shake.引申诸相关词义。
n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [ʃɑ:k] noun
SURPRISE 惊讶
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(the emotional or physical reaction to) a sudden, unexpected and usually unpleasant event or experience 令人震惊的事件（或经历）；惊愕，震惊
• Her mother's death came as a great shock - it was so unexpected. 她母亲的去世让人倍感震惊——简直太出乎意料了。
• It was such a loud crash - it gave me/I got quite a shock. 轰隆一声巨响就撞上了——真把我吓了一跳。
• It was a shock to see her looking so ill. 看到她病得如此厉害，真让人震惊。
• I was in (a state of) shock for about two weeks after the accident. 意外发生后，我有约两个星期都处于惊魂未甫的状态。
• UK The French suffered a shock defeat (= completely unexpected defeat) by the Italian side at the weekend. 法国队周末十分意外地被义大利队击败。
countable * an electric shock
• Ow! - I got a shock from that lamp! 哎哟！——我被那盏灯电了一下！
uncountable
■a medical condition caused by severe injury, pain, loss of blood or fear which slows down the flow of blood around the body 休克
• Several passengers from the wrecked vehicle were taken to hospital suffering from shock. 出事的车上有几位乘客处于休克状态，被送往医院。
a shock to the system
■when something new or unusual feels difficult or unpleasant （新的或不常见的事物）让人感到难以应对（或不快）
• It's really hard getting back to work after three months off - it's quite a shock to the system. 三个月的休假之后，真的很难回到工作状态——感觉很不适应。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
DAMAGING EFFECT 破坏性效果
uncountable
■the effect of one object violently hitting another, which might cause damage or a slight movement 冲击，剧烈震动
• For running on hard roads, you need shoes with extra cushioning to absorb (= reduce) the shock. 在坚硬的路面上奔跑时，需要穿具有超强缓冲力的鞋子。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
OFFENDED 冒犯
uncountable
■a feeling of being offended or upset by something you consider wrong or unacceptable 愤怒，生气，不快
• You should have seen the look of shock on her face when he started swearing! 你真应该看看他开始用粗话骂人时，她脸上那又惊又气的表情！
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
HAIR 头发
only singular
■a large and noticeable mass of hair 惹眼的一大团毛发
• She's got a shock of bright red hair. 她有一头浓密抢眼的红发。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] noun
Shock, horror! humorous
■an expression used when you are pretending to feel very shocked by a piece of news 震惊；恐怖（一种措辞，用于假装因一则消息而感到非常震惊）
• Shock, horror! Carl James was seen talking to a woman and it wasn't his wife. 恐怖啊！有人看到卡尔‧吉姆和一个女人说话，但那个女人不是他老婆。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
OFFEND 冒犯
 IMPROVER
■to offend or upset someone by doing or saying something which they consider is immoral or unacceptable （使）愤怒，（使）生气，（使）不快
• The advertisements were designed to shock - that was the whole point of the campaign. 这些广告为的就是要惊世骇俗——这就是此次活动的全部意义。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think it shocks him to hear women talking about sex. 我想他听到女人谈论性会很愤慨。
UK [ʃɒk] US [ʃɑ:k] verb intransitive or transitive
SURPRISE 惊讶
 ADVANCED
■to make someone feel upset or surprised （使）震惊，（使）惊愕
• The photographs of starving children shocked people into giving money. 那些饥饿儿童的照片让人们深感震惊，纷纷解囊相助。
• The news of the accident shocked the family deeply. 那则意外的消息让全家人深感震惊。
clash, collision, impact, shock
这组词都有“冲击，碰撞”的意思，其区别是：
clash: 通常指两个或多个物体，特别是金属物发出刺耳声音或破裂声的撞击。也可引申指意见、利益等的冲突。
collision: 指物体相撞，其结果不是受损就是严重受阻。
impact: 正式用词，侧重指物体相撞的结果或接触点。
shock: 指强烈冲击在肉体上或思想感情上所产生的效果。
n. [临床] 休克；震惊；震动；打击；禾束堆
 - blow, stroke, strike, hit
vt. [临床] 使休克；使震惊；使震动；使受电击；把…堆成禾束堆
 - scandalize, astound
adj. 浓密的；蓬乱的
 - bushy, unkempt

Word: summit
Front: summit
[ˈsʌmɪt] (研四六托雅 3235/2909 -4)
Vocabulary: summit
(once / 211 pages)
nv
What better place for the mountain-climbing summit than on the summit of the mountain. A summit can mean either a meeting between people who are interested in the same subject or the peak of the mountain.
Although originally meant to describe a meeting between the heads of state, summit can be used to describe any gathering of people who care deeply about the same topic. If, for example, you are the captain of your chess club, you might attend the upcoming Chess Club Summit, at which new rules of the tournament will be discussed. Moreover, while summit also means the very top of a mountain, summit can be used metaphorically to mean a variety of heights, such as the summit of a career, an industry, or any kind of major effort.
WORD FAMILY
summit: summited, summiting, summits, summitted
USAGE EXAMPLES
The depth of talent at golf’s summit means Woods will always be overawed and outplayed in such environments now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Those goals were reiterated in Beijing in June during a summit between the United States and China that addressed economic and strategic issues.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Good Counsel placed third in the Pat Summit bracket with a 64-56 win over National Christian.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 顶点; 高层会议; 最高阶层
adj. 最高级的; 政府首脑的
分布：顶点(78%)，最高阶层(22%)
顶峰(summ+it表名词→山的顶峰像数量总和→一样→最高数量→最高峰)[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.顶,最高点;颠峰,高峰;最高级会议His quarrel with his father brought matters to a summit.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点.
【反】nadir（n 天底;最低点）
noun countable
MEETING 会议
 ADVANCED
■an important formal meeting between leaders of governments from two or more countries 高峰会，领袖会议，最高级会议
• a summit meeting 高峰会议
• World leaders will meet next week for their annual economic summit. 世界各国领袖将在下周齐聚一堂，参加一年一度的经济高峰会。
['sʌm.ɪt] noun countable
HIGHEST POINT 最高点
■the highest point of a mountain 山顶，顶峰
• On this day in 1784, Dr Michel Paccard and Jacques Balmat reached the summit of Mont Blanc. 1784年的今天，麦克‧帕卡德医生和雅克‧巴尔马特登上了勃朗峰的顶峰。
the summit
■the highest, most successful or most important point in something 顶峰，极点，巅峰
• I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career. 当然，我还没有达到事业的巅峰。
n. 顶点；最高级会议；最高阶层
 - height, sky, peak, apex, crown
adj. 最高级的；政府首脑的
 - first-chop, ritzy

Word: spot
Front: spot
[spɒt] (高研四六托雅 1228/1723 -K4)
Back: n. 地点，场所; 斑点，污点; [股票]现货; 职位，职务
v. 弄上污渍，弄上斑点; 污辱，玷污; 认出，发现; 散步
adj. 现场的; 现货的; 插播的
abbr. satellite positioning and tracking 卫星定位和跟踪
时态：spotted, spotting, spots
分布：地点(33%)，认出(17%)，斑点(10%)，场所(7%)，职位(6%)，污点(6%)，现货的(6%)，现场的(5%)，少量(4%)，聚光灯(3%)，插播的(3%)
→来自中古英语 splot,来自古英语 splott,斑点，污迹，来自 Proto-Germanic*spluttaz,小块，分开， 来自 spel,分开，劈开，词源同 spill,split.引申诸相关词义。spot 看见，认出，发现
n.斑点;地点v.认出,认清,发现;玷污,弄脏The boy's white shirt was marked up with spots of ink.那男孩的白衬衫上有墨水渍.
US [spɑ:t] noun countable
CIRCLE 圆圈
 IMPROVER
■a small, usually round area of colour which is differently coloured or lighter or darker than the surface around it 点；斑点；圆点
• He had a spot of grease on his tie. 他的领带上有一小块油渍。
 IMPROVER
■one of many spots, that form a pattern （构成图案的）点，斑点
• I wore that skirt with the green spots. 我穿着那条有绿点的裙子。
 IMPROVER UK
■a raised pale red circle on the skin which is temporary （皮肤上的）丘疹，疱疹，粉刺； 青春痘
• Teenagers often suffer a lot from spots. 青少年常常深受粉刺的困扰。
■mainly UK
■a small amount 少量；一点
• I felt a few spots of rain. 我感觉到下了几滴雨。
• Shall we stop for a spot of lunch? 我们停下来吃点午饭好吗？
• I'm having a spot of bother (= some trouble) with one of my back teeth. 我一颗后面牙齿有点问题。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
PLACE 地方
 IMPROVER
■a particular place 地点；场所
• This looks like a nice spot for a picnic. 看起来这里是个野餐的好地方。
on the spot
■at the place where an event is happening or has recently happened 在现场
• The police were called and they were on the spot within three minutes. 警方接到报告，不到三分钟就赶到现场。
■immediately 当场，立即
• You can be sacked on the spot for stealing. 偷窃会被立即开除的。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
PART OF A SHOW 表演的一部分
■a short length of time in a show which is given to a particular performer （演出中）某演员的固定节目
• She's doing a regular five-minute spot on his show. 她将在他的节目中表演一段五分钟的固定节目。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] noun countable
put sb on the spot
■If you put someone on the spot, you cause them embarrassment or difficulty by forcing them at that moment to answer a difficult question or make an important decision. 让（某人）难堪；使（某人）为难
• Mira rather put the boss on the spot by asking him when he was going to give us a pay-rise. 米拉问老板打算甚么时候给我们加薪，真让他当场下不了台。
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SEE 看
 ADVANCED transitive
■to see or notice someone or something, usually because you are looking hard 看见，看出；注意到
• I've just spotted Malcolm - he's over there, near the entrance. 我刚看到马尔科姆了——他在那边，靠近入口的地方。
• If you spot any mistakes in the article just mark them with a pencil. 如果你发现文章中有错误，请用铅笔标出来。
• [+ -ing verb] The police spotted him driving a stolen car. 员警发现他开着一辆偷来的车。
• [+ question word] I soon spotted wh at was wrong with the printer. 我很快就发现了印表机的毛病出在哪里。
• [+ that] The policewoman spotted that I hadn't got my seat belt on and signalled me to stop. 女警发现我没有系安全带，便示意我停车。
well spotted UK
■used to praise someone who has noticed something 真是好眼力
• "I've just seen your glasses - they're under the table." "Ah, well spotted!" “我刚才看到你的眼镜了——在桌子底下。”“啊，眼睛真尖呀！”
UK [spɒt] US [spɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
RAIN 雨
intransitive UK
■If someone says it's spotting (with rain), they mean that a few drops of rain are falling. 飘了几滴雨；下小雨
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
n. 地点；斑点
 - location, site, where
vt. 认出；弄脏；用灯光照射
 - recognize, soil, mud, dirty
adj. [贸易] 现场的；现货买卖的
 - on-the-spot, on-site
adv. 准确地；恰好
 - accurately, just, true

Word: ethnic
Front: ethnic
[ˈeθnɪk] (研六托雅宝 1729/3244 -3)
Vocabulary: ethnic
(once / 673 pages)
1adjn 2adj
An ethnic group encompasses a group of people with a unique culture. People from Bosnia form an ethnic group called Bosnians, and they share common cultural traditions, which often focus on hospitality and family.
The word ethnic comes from the Greek ethnos, "nation," "people." Groups of people from specific areas who share the same or similar customs are ethnic groups. People who resettle in other countries often bring their distinctive traditions with them, including language, food, lifestyle, and music. There are ethnic restaurants, shops, and neighborhoods around the world, including Indian buffets, Italian shoe makers, and Greek Towns and China Towns.
WORD FAMILY
ethnic: ethnical, ethnically, ethnicity, ethnics, multi-ethnic, multiethnic+/ ethnicity: ethnicities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said 92 people were detained, including 16 ethnic Germans.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The country “was riven with all kinds of ethnic and tribal divisions before we got there. It’s still there.”
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
He pointed to Thailand forcibly repatriating ethnic Uighurs to China despite the risk they would face persecution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 种族的，部落的; 某文化群体的
n. 少数民族的成员
分布：民族的(50%)，种族的(32%)，有民族特色的(11%)，少数民族的一员(7%)
→来自swedh, 自己，来自*swe的扩大形式，词源同self, idiom, custom. 即自家的，本族的。
种族的[ethn=nation(民族)]
a.种族的;人种学的This is an ethnic restaurant.这是一家具有民族特色的餐馆.
adjective
 ADVANCED
■of a national or racial group of people 民族的；种族的
• A question on ethnic origin was included in the census. 人口普查包括一个有关种族来源的问题。
• The factory's workforce reflects the ethnic mix from which it draws its labour. 这个工厂的员工组成反映了劳动力来源的种族杂居状况。
• Conflicts between the different ethnic groups in the country exploded into civil war. 该国不同族群之间的冲突激化，引发了内战。
■from a different race, or interesting because characteristic of an ethnic group which is very different from those that are common in western culture 异族的；具有民族特色的；异国风味的
• ethnic food 异国风味的食物
• ethnic costume 具有民族特色的服饰
['eθ.nɪk] noun countable US
■a person belonging to an ethnic group 少数民族的一员
adj. 种族的；人种的
 - racial, tribal

Word: dc

Word: respond
Front: respond
[rɪˈspɒnd] (高研四六托 920/1313 -K4)
Vocabulary: respond
(once / 131 pages)
v
Invited to a great party? You might respond by shouting "Hooray!" and then letting your friend know you'll be there. To respond is to react or reply.
Fireman, police, and EMTs are known as first responders. This is because they are the first people to respond to an emergency. If you get into an accident, an EMT might check your reflexes to see how they respond.
WORD FAMILY
respond: responded, respondent, responder, responding, responds, responsive +/ respondent: co-respondent, respondently, respondents/ responder: responders/ responsive: responsively, responsiveness, unresponsive / unresponsive: unresponsively, unresponsiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I got it in 1952 when I was 6 years old,” I respond in a staccato voice.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
And she waits for her worst troll’s mother to respond.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 回答，响应
vi. 作出反应，响应; 回报或回复
n. [建]（柱，拱基等的）对称，壁联
时态：responded, responding, responds
分布：反应(51%)，响应(29%)，回答(18%)，反响(1%)，反应灵敏(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-spond,承诺，答复，词源同 spouse,correspond.
回答;反应(re回+spond→承诺回去→回答)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
v.回答,响应,作出反应In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US [-'spɑ:nd] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done 回答，作答；回应，作出反应
• [+ speech] To every question, he responded "I don't know." 每一个问题他的回答都是“我不知道。”
• I asked her what the time was, but she didn't respond. 我问她几点了，但是她没理我。
• He responded by marching off and slamming the door behind him. 他的反应是大步走出房间，狠狠甩上了门。
• How did she respond to the news? 她听了这消息有甚么反应？
• [+ that] When the tax office wrote to me demanding unpaid income tax, I responded that I had been working abroad since 1998. 税务所写信催我缴纳拖欠的所得税税款，我回信说我自从1998年以来一直在国外工作。
• The police respond to emergencies (= arrive and are ready to deal with emergencies) in just a few minutes. 紧急事件发生时，员警在短短几分钟内就会作出反应。
respond to sth
■If diseases or patients respond to treatment, the treatment begins to cure them （疾病或病人经治疗后）有良好反应，有起色，有好转
• It remains to be seen whether the cancer will respond to treatment. 这种疗法对癌症是否有效，仍待观察。
• For patients who do not respond to drug treatment, surgery is a possible option. 对于药物治疗无效的病人，手术治疗可能是一个选择。
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
vi. 回答；作出反应；承担责任
 - reply, answer
n. 应答；唱和
 - answering

Word: hear
Front: hear
[hɪə(r)] (中高 195/238 -K5)
Vocabulary: hear
(once / 9 pages)
v
When you hear, you perceive a noise made by someone or something — like a person’s voice, the song of a bird, or the torturous sound of a ticking clock on a sleepless night.
While hear generally means to perceive a noise, it has several senses, including to listen carefully, as to a story. If you hear from someone, they have contacted you in some way, such as by phone call, email, or even snail mail. A judge will also hear a case when she presides over a trial. And when you hear the news, you’ve gotten information or found something out. But you didn’t hear it from me.
WORD FAMILY
hear: hearable, heard, hearer, hearing, hears, overhear, rehear+/hearable: hearably, unhearable/ heard: heardest, heardly, unheard/hearer: hearers/ hearing: hearings, rehearing, unhearing/ overhear: overheard, overhearing, overhears/rehear: reheard/rehearing: rehearings/unhearing: unhearingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
On Monday, at the request of Roof’s former defense attorney, a judge conducted a nonpublic hearing to assess Roof’s competence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also was adamant that a transcript of a hearing where he was found mentally competent not be released to the public.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 听到，听见
vt. 听说; 得知; 听取; 审理
vi. 听; 听见
时态：heard, hearing, hears
分布：听到(90%)，得知(5%)，听证(3%)，倾听(2%)
→来自kous,听，倾听，来自*ak-ous,*ak,尖的，敏税，词源同acid,acumen,*ous,听，感知，词源同ear,auricle,audit.
v.听见;审讯;(from)收到..的信/电话;听说With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
RECEIVE SOUND 听到声音
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to receive or become conscious of a sound using your ears 听见，听到
• She heard a noise outside. 她听到外面一阵嘈杂。
• My grandfather is getting old and can't hear very well. 我祖父上了年纪，耳朵听不太清楚。
• You'll have to speak up, I can't hear you. 你得说大声点，我听不到你。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I heard/I could hear someone calling my name. 我听见有人喊我的名字。
• [+ obj + infinitive without to] At eight o'clock Jane heard him go out. 八点钟的时候，珍听见他出去了。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
BE TOLD 被告诉
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be told or learn (of); receive news 听说，得知
• Have you heard the news? 你听说那则新闻了吗？
• If you haven't heard by Friday, assume I'm not coming. 如果你在星期五之前还没听到消息，那就当作我不来了。
• [+ question word] Have you heard wh at's happened? 你听说发生的事了吗？
• [+ (that)] I hear (that) you're leaving. 我听说你要离开。
  Common Learner Errors  hear from sb To talk about getting a letter or telephone call from someone, remember to use the preposition from. Don't say 'hear someone', say hear from someone :
✗ I look forward to hearing you.
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
LISTEN 听
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to listen to someone or something with great attention or officially in court 听；倾听；开审
• I heard a really interesting programme on the radio this morning. 今天上午我在广播中听到一个非常有趣的节目。
• [+ infinitive without to] I heard the orchestra play at Carnegie Hall last summer. 去年夏天我在卡内基音乐厅聆听了这个交响乐团的演奏。
• An audience gathered to hear him speak. 一群听众聚集起来听他讲话。
• formal Lord, hear our prayers. 主啊，听我们的祈祷。
• The case will be heard (= officially listened to) by the High Court. 高等法院将审理这个案子。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
can't hear yourself think
■If you cannot hear yourself think, you cannot give your attention to anything because there is so much noise （由于太吵）无法集中注意力
• There was so much noise in the classroom that I could hardly hear myself think. 教室里太吵闹了，我的注意力难以集中。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
do you hear?
■a way of emphasizing that you want people to give their attention to what you are saying 听见了吗?（用于提醒人们注意听你说的话）
• I won't stand for this rudeness, do you hear? 我不能容忍这种粗鲁行为，你听到了吗？
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
hear tell (of) old-fashioned
■If you hear tell (of) something, someone tells you about it. 听人说，听说
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
hear wedding bells informal
■to think that someone is going to get married 认为（某人）即将结婚
• She knew that if she brought her boyfriend home her mother would start hearing wedding bells. 她知道如果她把男友带回家，她母亲就会以为他们即将结婚。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
Hear, hear!
■said to strongly agree with what someone else has just said 说得好，说得好！
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
I must be hearing things. humorous
■said when you cannot believe something because it is so unlikely 我想我一定是听错了（表示不相信某事）
• He's offered to wash the dishes - I must be hearing things. 他主动提出要洗碗盘——我一定是听错了。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
will never hear the end of it informal
■If you say you will never hear the end of it, you mean that someone is repeatedly going to speak proudly, criticize, etc. about something 说个没完没了
• If Linda gets that promotion, we'll never hear the end of it. 如果琳达获得擢升，她会说个没完没了。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
won't hear a word (said) against sb/sth
■If you won't hear a word said against someone or something, you refuse to believe anything bad about them 听不进一句（针对…的）坏话
• He's completely infatuated with the woman and won't hear a word said against her. 他被这个女人迷得神魂颠倒，听不进一句她的坏话。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
You could have heard a pin drop.
■something that you say in order to describe a situation where there was complete silence, especially because people were very interested or very surprised by what was happening （因着迷或惊讶而）鸦雀无声
• Margaret's ex-husband turned up at the wedding. Honestly, you could have heard a pin drop. 玛格丽特的前夫出现在婚礼现场。老实说，当时全场真是鸦雀无声。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hear from sb IMPROVER
■If you hear from someone, you get a letter or telephone call from them, or they tell you something 收到（某人）的来信；接到（某人）的电话；（某人）告知
• We haven't heard from her for ages. 我们已经很久没有她的消息了。
• You'll be hearing from my solicitors (= They will write to you about my complaint). 你就等着接我的律师函吧。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hear of sb/sth IMPROVER
■If you have heard of someone or something, you know that that person or thing exists 知道，听说过
• I'd never heard of him before he won the prize. 他获奖之前我从来没听说过他。
• It's a tiny country that most people have never heard of. 那是一个很小的国家，大多数人听都没听说过。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  not hear of sth
■If someone says they will not hear of something, they mean they will not allow it, usually when you want to do something good for them 拒绝接受，拒不答应（常指有好处的事）
• I wanted to pay but she wouldn't hear of it. 我要付帐，但她不同意。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hear sth of sb IMPROVER
■to receive news about someone 得知（某人）的消息
• We haven't heard anything of Jan for months. 我们已经有好几个月没有简的任何消息了。
UK [hɪər] US [hɪr] (heard, heard)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  hear sb out
■to listen to someone until they have said everything they want to say 听（某人）说完
• At least hear me out before making up your mind. 你作决定之前至少先听我说完。
overhear, hear, listen
这组词都有“听”的意思，其区别是：
overhear: 指偶然听到，无意中听到，也指偷听。
hear: 及物动词，指声音进入耳内，但不含有注意的意味，即，只要听觉正常，声音进入耳内，就能听见。但在祈使句中，hear可指有意识的行为。
listen: 及物动词，指有意识地倾听，强调行为的过程。
vt. 听到，听；听说；审理
 - sound, learn of
vi. 听；听见
 - ear, hark

Word: foreigner
Front: foreigner
[ˈfɒrənə(r)] (中高研四六 4887/4934 -3)
Vocabulary: foreigner
(once / 311 pages)
n
A foreigner is someone from another country. A foreigner is not from these parts.
Things that are foreign are different and unknown to people. Likewise, a foreigner is someone from a different country. An American visiting China is a foreigner. A German person visiting Canada is a foreigner. Foreigners are often tourists who check out the sights of other countries. If a foreigner decided to relocate to another country, they become an immigrant and perhaps eventually a citizen.
WORD FAMILY
foreigner: foreigners+/ foreign: foreigner, foreignest, foreignly, foreignness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Paid events are regularly organized in Poland for foreigners who want to hunt deer, wild boar, hares or other small wild animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At least 39 people, mostly foreigners, were killed.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The checkpoint is close to United Nations offices and the Peace Hotel, which is often frequented by foreigners and officials.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 外国人; 外人，陌生人; 外来物，进口货物; （非本土的）外来动植物
分布：外国人(98%)，外人(2%)
n.外国人The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
US ['fɔ:r.ə.nɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who comes from another country 外国人
stranger, foreigner, alien, immigrant
这些名词均有“陌生人，外人”之意。
stranger: 指对当地的生活习惯、语言等不熟悉，或为某团体不熟的人，也指不认识的人。
foreigner: 指在异国作短期访问或长期居住的外国人。
alien: 指没有成为侨居国正式公民的移民。
immigrant: 指在别国定居并取得所在国国籍的外国人。
n. 外地人，外国人
 - provincial, stranger

Word: highly
Front: highly
[ˈhaɪli] (研四六 1320/1091 -K4)
Vocabulary: highly
(once / 111 pages)
adv
Highly means to a high degree, extremely. A highly dangerous substance is one to stay far away from. If you think very highly of yourself, you give yourself the thumbs up every time you walk by a mirror.
Highly comes from the Old English word healice for basically, "honorably," but has also come to mean “very very.” A highly respected writer is one people look up to. A highly regarded politician will probably win an election. Highly also refers to anything that is intense or extreme. A highly flammable chemical can burst into flames easily. The -ly ending is highly common for an adverb.
WORD FAMILY
high: height, higher, highest, highly, highness, highs+/ height: heights/highness: highnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2015 he called Mr. Putin “a man so highly respected within his own country and beyond.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But even if Roof is sentenced to death, it's highly unlikely he'd be executed any time soon.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 高度地; 极，非常; 非常赞许地
分布：很(35%)，非常(34%)，高度地(26%)，赞许地(5%)
→high,高，-ly,副词后缀。
ad.高度地,很,非常;赞许地I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
adverb
ABOVE AVERAGE 超过平均水准
 ESSENTIAL
■very, to a large degree, or at a high level 非常，极其
• a highly paid job 高薪工作
• a highly profitable line of products 利润非常高的系列产品
• For our country to remain competitive, we need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce. 为了使我们的国家保持竞争力，我们需要具备高技能、高学历的劳动力。
think/speak highly of sb
■to admire/say admiring things about someone 对（某人）评价很高／对（某人）高度赞扬
• He's very highly thought of within the company. 他在公司内部得到很高的评价。
['haɪ.li] adverb
IMPORTANT 重要
■in an important or influential (= having a lot of influence) position 在高处，地位高
• According to one highly -placed source, the Prime Minister had threatened to resign over this issue. 据一位高级官员透露，首相曾威胁说要为这项议题而辞职。
highly, high
highly: 抽象的高,高度的 think highly of
high: 具体的高,
adv. 高度地；非常；非常赞许地
 - extremely, badly, greatly, too, most

Word: factor
Front: factor
[ˈfæktə(r)] (研四托雅 729/666 -K4)
Vocabulary: factor
(once / 210 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
A factor is a part or element that contributes to a result. If you only fly budget airlines and refuse to stay anywhere but youth hostels, then money is probably a big factor in your travel plans.
The word factor doubles as both noun and verb. A factor is an element that influences something, like many factors that contribute to global warming. To factor means to consider something relevant when making a decision or conclusion, like factoring in the weather and traffic when figuring out how long the drive will be. And if it's not relevant? Then you factor it out.
WORD FAMILY
factor: cofactor, factored, factoring, factorise, factorization, factorize, factors+/factorise: factorisation/factorize: factorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Genetics are a key factor in the heritability of mental illness and susceptibility to addiction.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Fragmentation caused by government action would be less of a concern if other factors were not also pushing in the same direction.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The DNC does provide some money to state parties for elections based on the state’s competitive races and other factors.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 因素; <数>因子; 代理人
vt. 把…因素包括进去; [数学]分解…的因子，将…分解成因子; 以代理商（或管家等）的身份行事，做代理商（或管家）
vi. 做代理商（或管家）
时态：factored, factoring, factors
分布：因素(86%)，因子(11%)，因数(2%)，作为因素(1%)
→来自词根fact, 做，词源同fact,effect. 即做事情的必要条件，因素，要素等。
要素;动力(fact+or→促使人做的东西→要素;动力)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.因素,要素"In fact, some factors are unsatisfactory to the factory," the dissatisfied manager said."事实上有些因素对工厂来说不是满意的."不满的经理说.
US [-tɚ] noun countable
FACT 事实
 ESSENTIAL
■a fact or situation which influences the result of something 因素；要素
• People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors. 人们的选举习惯受政治、社会和经济因素的影响。
• Heavy snow was a contributing factor in the accident. 大雪是引发这次意外的一项因素。
• Price will be a major/crucial factor in the success of this new product. 价格将是这款新产品能否畅销的主要／关键因素。
• The economy is regarded as the decisive/key factor which will determine the outcome of the general election. 经济被视为影响大选结果的决定性／关键性因素。
• informal The film's success is largely due to its feel-good factor (= its ability to make people feel happy). 这部影片取得成功在很大程度上是由于其予人虚幻的满足。
UK ['fæk.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
NUMBER 数字 specialized
■in mathematics, any whole number which is produced when you divide a larger number by another whole number 因数，因数
• Two, three, four and six are all factors of twelve. 2、3、4 和6都是12的因数。
■specialized
■a particular level on some systems of measurement 系数
• a factor 20 suntan cream 防晒系数为20的防晒霜
• a wind chill factor of -20 风寒指数-20
by a factor of specialized
■If an amount becomes larger or smaller by a factor of a particular number, it becomes that number of times larger or smaller 以…的倍数
• Cases of leukaemia in the area near the nuclear reactor have risen by a factor of four. 核反应堆附近地区的白血病病例已增长四倍。
UK ['fæk.tər] US [-tɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  factor sth in (also factor sth into sth)
■to include something when you are doing a calculation, or when you are trying to understand something 把…因素包括进去
• People are earning more, but when inflation is factored in, they are no better off. 人们赚的钱比以前多了，但将通货膨胀因素考虑在内，他们并没有比以前富裕。
• The age of the patients and their overall health must be factored into the results. 在评价治疗效果时，必须将患者的年龄和他们的整体健康状况等因素考虑进去。
element, component, ingredient, factor
这组词都有“组成成分”的意思，其区别是：
element: n.元素；组成部分，方面；某特定类型的人或群体，分子。
 • The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.   氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
 • He belongs to a bad element in this city.   他属于这个城市的坏分子。
component: n.零部件；(某事物的)组成部分；成分。
 • Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a car.   轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
ingredient: n.原料，成分，要素。
 • Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.   面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
factor: n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
 • Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.   耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
n. 因素； [经] 要素； [物] 因数；代理人
 - element, deputy, agent, basic, essential

Word: saying
Front: saying
[ˈseɪɪŋ] (高 5887/7543 -1)
Vocabulary: saying
(once / 35 pages)
n
A short, common, and easy-to-remember phrase is a saying. When class ends right before your turn to give a speech, you might use the saying, "Saved by the bell!"
A saying is basically the same as an aphorism, an adage, or a proverb, usually offering some kind of wisdom. If you accidentally break your sister's favorite teacup, you might think of the saying "To err is human, to forgive divine," which means that everyone makes mistakes but only truly remarkable people are able to forgive these mistakes. You should probably also remind yourself of the saying, "Honesty is the best policy."
WORD FAMILY
saying: sayings+/ said: saidest, unsaid/ say: said, saying, says, unsay/unsay: unsaying, unsays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
She should’ve followed the old saying: To thine own self be true.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last month he also seemed to reset U.S. nuclear policy via Twitter, saying the country needs to update its nuclear posture.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 话; 说话; 谚语，格言
v. 说(say的ing形式)
分布：谚语(43%)，格言(35%)，俗话(17%)，动词say的现在分词.(5%)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a well-known and wise statement, which often has a meaning that is different from the simple meanings of the words it contains 格言，警句，谚语
• As the saying goes , 'Don't count your chickens before they're hatched'. 正如俗语所说：“别太早打如意算盘。”
n. 话；谚语；言论
 - saw, proverb

Word: read
Front: read
[ri:d] (中高 337/322 -K5)
Vocabulary: read
(once / 15 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
To read is to scan and understand letters and words, making sense of language. You can also read into something, interpreting a meaning.
Usually a verb, read can also be a noun, as in “That book is a quick read.” There are several different roots credited with being the ancestor of read, each with different meanings. One meant "to counsel and advise," which might remind you of having your fortune read by a fortune teller, while another meant "gather up," which is what you do with the information a book you read contains.
WORD FAMILY
read: misread, readable, reader, reading, reads, reread, unread+/ misread: misreading, misreads/misreading: misreadings/nonreader: nonreaders/ readable: readability, readably/ reader: nonreader, readers, readership / readership: readerships/ reading: readings/ reread: rereading, rereads/unread: unreadable/unreadable: unreadably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
To read Trump’s win as some kind of sweeping victory for conservatism would be absurd.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 阅读，朗读; 显示; 研究; 看得懂
vt. 显示; 阅读; 读懂，理解
n. 阅读; 读物; 读书; 里德（人名）
adj. 被朗读的; 博识的; 博览的; 有学问的
时态：read, reading, reads
分布：阅读(67%)，朗读(9%)，读到(8%)，理解(6%)，显示(4%)，识字(2%)，攻读(2%)，听到(1%)，看读数(1%)
→来自古英语 raedan,建议，顾问，劝说，解释，阅读，来自 redan,建议，解释，来自 rei, 思考，考虑，论证，词源同 reason,rate.现词义主要为阅读，朗读。
v.朗读;阅读vt.辨认,观察vi.读到,获悉The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
UNDERSTAND 理解
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to look at words or symbols and understand what they mean 阅读；看懂；读到
• He spent a pleasant afternoon reading (the newspaper/a book). 他一下午都在阅读（报纸／书），过得很开心。
• I read about the family's success in the local paper. 我在当地报纸上读到了这个家庭的成功经历。
• It was too dark to read our map and we took a wrong turning. 天太黑看不清地图，所以我们转错了弯。
• Can you read music? 你识乐谱吗？
• Your handwriting is so untidy I can't read it. 你笔迹太潦草，我看不懂。
• [+ (that)] I've read in the newspapers (that) there is a threat of war. 我从报纸上获悉战争可能会爆发。
• Put your plastic card in the slot, and the machine will read it and identify who you are. 把你的信用卡插入槽内，机器就会读卡并辨认你的身份。
• Some children can read (= have learnt the skill of reading) by the age of four. 一些孩子在四岁时就会识字了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say the words that are printed or written 朗读；读出
• She read (the poem) slowly and quietly. 她小声地慢慢读（这首诗）。
• [+ two objects] Their teacher always reads them a story at the end of the day. 他们老师在一天课程结束时总是给他们读个故事。
• Children love to have stories read (aloud/out) to them. 孩子们喜欢听人给他们（大声／朗）读故事。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to understand and give a particular meaning to written information, a statement, a situation, etc 理解；读作；（用于订正讹误）改作，换用
• She missed the train because she read 18.30 as 8.30 p.m. instead of 6.30 p.m. 她误了火车，因为她把时间18:30理解成了晚上八点半，而不是傍晚六点半。
• On page 19, for 'Blitish', please read 'British'. 第19页上的 Blitish 应作 British。
• If I've read the situation correctly, we should have some agreement on the contract by the end of the week. 如果我对形势的看法正确的话，周末前我们应该可以就合同达成某种一致。
intransitive or transitive
■How you read a piece of writing, or how it reads, is how it seems when you read it 读起来（给人某种印象）；看着好像是…
• The letter reads as if / also not standardlike it was written in a hurry. 这封信读起来好像是匆匆写就的。
• Her latest novel reads well (= is written in an attractive way). 她最新出版的一部小说读起来很是引人入胜。
transitive
■(especially when communicating by radio), to hear and understand someone （尤指用无线电联络时）听到，收听到
• Do you read me? 你能听到我说话吗？
• I read you loud and clear. 我可以清楚地听到你说话。
read sb to sleep
■to read aloud to someone until they go to sleep 给（某人）读书（或故事）使其入睡
• Every night when I was a child my father used to read me to sleep. 童年时，每天晚上父亲都给我读故事哄我入睡。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
STATE 说明
[L]
■(of something written or printed) to have or give the stated information or meaning 写着，写的是；显示
• [+ speech] The start of the American Constitution reads 'We, the people of the United States...' 美国宪法的开头是这样写的：“我们，合众国的人民…”。
• The thermometer is reading 40°C in the shade. 在背阴处温度计显示为40℃。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
STUDY 学习
intransitive or transitive UK formal
■to study at university or to study for a specialized qualification 攻读；主修；念（某一课程）
• They're both reading history at Cambridge. 他们两个都在剑桥大学攻读历史。
• legal She's reading for the Bar (= studying to become a type of lawyer called a barrister). 她正在攻读法律，以后想成为大律师。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read sb's lips
■to follow the movements of someone's lips in order to understand what they are saying, especially if you are unable to hear them speak （尤指在无法听见别人说话时）从口型判断某人说的话，唇读，观唇辨意
• She read his lips across the busy conference hall - "Time to go". 她在热闹的会议厅的另一端从他说话的口型判断他在说“该走了”。
⇒ See also lip-read
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read sb's mind (also read sb's thoughts)
■to know what someone is thinking without them telling you 看出（某人的）心思；猜出（某人）想甚么
• humorous "How about a drink, then? "Ah, you read my mind!" “那么，喝一杯怎么样？”“哟，你想到我心里去了！”
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read sb's palm
■to look at the lines on a person's hand as a way of trying to find out what will happen to them in the future 给（某人）看手相
• In a tent an old gypsy woman was reading palms. 帐篷里，一个吉普赛老妇人正在给人看手相。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read (sb) the riot act
■to speak angrily to someone about something they have done and warn them that they will be punished if they do it again 严厉警告（某人）不得再犯
• He'd put up with a lot of bad behaviour from his son and thought it was time to read him the riot act. 对于儿子的很多不良行为他一直持容忍态度，但他觉得是该严厉警告他收敛一些的时候了。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read between the lines
■to try to understand someone's real feelings or intentions from what they say or write 看出字里行间的意思；听懂话外音；看出（或听出）真实的意思
• Reading between the lines, I'd say he isn't happy with the situation. 听他话里的意思，我觉得他对目前状况不太满意。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read my lips informal
■a slightly rude way of telling someone to listen carefully to what you are saying （表示不太礼貌地命令别人）听好了，仔细听，注意听我说
• Read my lips. No new taxes. 注意听我说，不会有新税了。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
read the runes UK literary
■to understand what will happen in the future, by looking at what is happening now 看清未来的趋势；掌握未来的态势
• He was the first of the Eastern leaders to read the runes and make political changes to stay in power. 他是第一个看清了未来发展趋势并为继续掌权进行政治改革的东欧国家领导人。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
take sth as read UK
■to accept that something is true without making sure that it is 未经证实就视…为正确；想当然认为…不会有错
• I just took it as read that anyone who applied for the course would have the necessary qualifications. 我就想当然地认为，必须得有资格证书的人才能申请学这门课程。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
  Phrasal Verbs  read sth into sth
■to believe that an action, remark or situation has a particular importance or meaning, often when this is not true 对…想得太多；错误地认为…含有某种意思
• Don't read too much into her leaving so suddenly - she probably just had a train to catch. 她离开得很突然，但不必想太多——或许她只是急着去赶火车。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] read sth out
 ADVANCED
■to read something and say the words aloud so that other people can hear 宣读；朗读；大声读出
• He read out the names of all the winners. 他大声宣读所有获胜者的名字。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] read sth over/through
■to read something quickly from the beginning to the end, especially to find mistakes （尤指为了发现错误）快速通读，从头到尾浏览
• I read your proposal through last night and I think we'll agree to it. 昨晚我把你的建议从头到尾读了一遍，我认为我们会采纳的。
• Always read over your work when you've finished. 每次完成作业后，一定要通读检查一下。
verb[riːd/
(/red/ read, /red/ read)
  Phrasal Verbs  read up (on/about) sth
■to spend time reading in order to find out information about something （为了得到有关资讯）广泛阅读，攻读，研究
• It's a good idea to read up on a company before going for an interview. 在去参加面试前，最好仔细了解一下该公司的情况。
noun only singular /riːd/ UK the act of reading something 读；阅读
• It's not brilliant but it's worth a read. 虽说不是特别出色，但它还是值得一读。
• The book is a good/easy etc. read. 这本书读起来很有意思／不难。
• informal Could I have a read of (= Could I read) your newspaper, if you've finished with it? 你的报纸看完了能不能让我看一下？
devor, read, scan, skim
这组词都有“读、阅读”的意思，其区别是：
devor: 指贪婪地读，暗含对某些作者或作品迷恋之义。
read: 最普通用词，含义广泛。既指朗读又可指默读。
scan: 指快速扫视文章等以抓住其要旨。
skim: 指略读或浏览。
vt. 阅读；读懂，理解
 - absorb, see, seize
n. 阅读；读物
 - lire
adj. 有学问的
 - learned, accomplished

Word: principle
Front: principle
[ˈprɪnsəpl] (高研四六宝 1341/722 -K4)
Vocabulary: principle
(once / 51 pages)
n
A principle is a kind of rule, belief, or idea that guides you. You can also say a good, ethical person has a lot of principles.
In general, a principle is some kind of basic truth that helps you with your life. "Be fair" is a principle that guides (or should guide) most people and businesses. A politician who tries to do the right thing rather than win votes is acting on principle. A person who has principles is a good, decent person. On the other hand, if you say someone has no principles, that means they're dishonest, corrupt, or evil.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
principal / principle
If offered a choice, would you rather have principles or principals?
A principle is a fundamental or general truth. It might also be the original (fundamental) source of something.
America's principles establish religious liberty as a fundamental right.
Microsoft principle group manager selling Issaquah 4BD
In principle refers to something in its fundamentals without all the details worked out:
After just one hearing, Arroyo's bill penalizing drunk driving and five other similar bills were approved "in principle" by the committee on transportation.
Principal, on the other hand, is the person with the highest authority in a group, such as a school principal or the principal investor in a company. It is also the original sum of money or assets invested or lent:
An Israeli high school principal has been summoned for a hearing by the country's Education Ministry.
Jan van Eck serves as a director and principal at the firm.
The FHA refinance plan for homeowners may allow for principal reductions and underwater refinancing opportunities for those who qualify.
If you remember that the principal is your pal, you'll be able to choose your words well.
WORD FAMILY
principle: principles
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Cuba will not abandon a single one of its principles ... not its independence and not its sovereignty,” she said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But it would be a titanic fight, some Republican senators would defect on principle, and Mr. Trump would almost certainly lose.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Movements are born in the moments when abstract principles become concrete concerns.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 原则，原理; 准则，道义; 道德标准; 本能
分布：原则(56%)，原理(40%)，主义(3%)，信念(1%)
→来自principal,主要的，最重要的，-le,工具格后缀。引申词义原则，准则，规范等。
n.原理,原则;主义,信念Since then the sincere princess has known the principal principle.从那时起诚实的公主就知道该主要原理.
noun
BASIC IDEA 基本思想
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works 原理；原则
• the principles of the criminal justice system 刑事审判制度的原则
• The country is run on socialist principles. 这个国家推行社会主义制度。
• The machine works according to the principle of electromagnetic conduction. 这台机器根据电磁传导原理运行。
• The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights. 该组织运作的原则是所有的成员都享有同等的权利。
⇒ See also first principles
in principle
■If you agree with or believe something in principle, you agree with the idea in general, although you might not support it in reality or in every situation 原则上，大体上，基本上
• In principle I agree with the idea, but in practice it's not always possible. 我大致赞成这个想法，但实际上这并非总是可行。
• They have approved the changes in principle. 他们基本上批准了这些变革。
['prɪnt.sɪ.pl] noun
MORAL RULE 道德准则
countable or uncountable approving
■a moral rule or standard of good behaviour （行为）准则；道德；为人之道
• She doesn't have any principles. 她毫无道德可言。
• He was a man of principle. 他是个有道德准则的人。
• Anyway, I can't deceive him - it's against all my principles. 无论如何，我不能欺骗他——这有悖于我做人的原则。
• I never gamble, as a matter of principle (= because I believe it is wrong). 我从不赌博，对我来说这是个原则问题。
• She'd never ask to borrow money, on principle. 按照她的处事原则，她从不向人借钱。
law, principle, theorem, fundamental
这组词都有“原理、原则”的意思，其区别是：
law: 指一直公认的。陈述各种现象的条理或关系的公理或定理等。
principle: 普通用词，含义广。指作判断的基础或行动的普通准则；也指自然科学的规律。
theorem: 多指经过推理或演算能得到证明的原理、定理或定律。
fundamental: 通常指原理、原则。
law, principle, rule, regulation
law: 指具体的法律，法规，法令
principle: 原理，原则，用作复数是指行为的准则，规范
rule: 规则，规章，惯常的做法，习惯
regulation: 通常用作复数，法规，条例
n. 原理，原则；主义，道义；本质，本义；根源，源泉
 - theory, mechanism, element, essence, parent

Word: dream
Front: dream
[dri:m] (中高研四六 990/1513 -K4)
Vocabulary: dream
(once / 36 pages)
nv
A dream is one of the little movies in your mind that play at night, or a type of hope: you might dream of being a doctor.
Everyone dreams, and dreams tend to be weird, but the images and sounds that fill your head as you sleep are just part of the meaning of this word. People also have dreams that are kind of like plans and goals: many people dream of being movie stars. A good car runs like a dream. Something too good to be true feels like a dream. If you're acting confused, someone might say, "Stop dreaming!"
WORD FAMILY
dream: dreamed, dreamer, dreamfully, dreaming, dreamless, dreamlike, dreams, dreamt, dreamy +/dreamed: undreamed/dreamer: dreamers/dreaming: dreamings/dreamless: dreamlessly/dreamt: undreamt/ dreamy: dreamier, dreamiest, dreamily, dreaminess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Read more: A Rohingya teenager dreams of leaving Myanmar, even if it means risking his life »
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deutsche Bank was the focus of that dream and along the way, he declined many offers to leave and join rival banks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She considered the birth of her children — “my two miracles, walking” — a chance to raise the family she dreamed of as a child.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 梦想; 做梦; 梦见; 想到
vt. & vi. 做梦，向往
vt. 梦想; 做梦; 想到
n. 梦想; 愿望; 梦
adj. 梦的; 理想的; 不切实际的
时态：dreamed, dreaming, dreams
分布：梦(60%)，梦想(35%)，做梦(5%)
→来自德语。
n./v.梦,梦想,幻想"Ice-cream!" he screamed in dream."冰淇淋!"他在梦中惊叫道.
noun countable
SLEEP 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of events or images that happen in your mind when you are sleeping 梦，睡梦，梦境
• a good/bad dream 好／噩梦
• a recurring dream 反覆出现的梦境
• I had a very odd dream about you last night. 昨晚我梦见了你，那个梦非常奇怪。
• [+ that] Paul had a dream that he won the lottery. 保罗梦见自己彩票中了奖。
[dri:m] noun countable
HOPE 希望
 ADVANCED
■something that you want to happen very much but that is not very likely 梦想，幻想，愿望
• It's always been my dream to have flying lessons. 学习飞行一直是我的梦想。
• Winning all that money was a dream come true. 赢得了那些钱，梦想终于实现了。
of your dreams
■the best that you can imagine 理想的，梦想的
• Win the house of your dreams in our fantastic competition! 参加我们超级棒的竞赛，赢得您梦想中的房子！
[dri:m] noun countable
be (living) in a dream world disapproving
■to have hopes and ideas which are not practical or possible 生活在幻想中，不切实际
• If he thinks I'll forgive him, he's living in a dream world. 如果他认为我会原谅他，那他是在做梦。
[dri:m] noun countable
in a dream UK
■not conscious of what is happening around you because other thoughts are filling your mind 发呆，出神，走神
• I didn't hear what you were saying - I was in a dream. 我刚才没听见你说的话——我闪了神。
[dri:m] noun countable
in your dreams! humorous
■something you say to someone who has just told you about something they are hoping for, in order to show that you do not believe it will happen 做白日梦！（当别人说了一些你认为没可能发生的事情，你给对方的反应）
• Dave, buy you a car? In your dreams! 戴夫，给你买辆车？做你的白日梦吧！
[dri:m] noun countable
work / go like a dream
■to work or go extremely well, without any problems 性能极佳；非常顺利
• The whole plan went like a dream. 整个计划实施得非常顺利。
• He let me drive his new car last night - it goes like a dream. 昨晚他让我开了他的新车——那辆车开起来棒极了。
[dri:m] noun countable
wouldn't dream of sth/doing sth ADVANCED
■used to say that you would not do something because you think it is wrong or silly 根本不会去做，绝不会去做
• My father is very generous, but I wouldn't dream of actually asking him for money! 我父亲很慷慨，但我绝不会去向他要钱！
[dri:m] adjective
dream holiday/house/job, etc.
■the perfect holiday, house, job, etc., that you want more than any other 理想的假日／房子／工作等
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
SLEEP 睡觉
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to experience events and images in your mind while you are sleeping 做梦；梦见
• What did you dream about last night? 昨晚你梦见甚么了？
• I often dream about/of flying. 我常梦见自己在飞。
• [+ that] I dreamed that I was having a baby. 我梦见自己要生小孩了。
intransitive or transitive mainly UK
■to imagine that you have heard, done or seen something when you have not 梦想，想像
• Did you say that you were going tonight or did I dream it? 你说了今晚要去吗，还是只是我的想像？
• I thought I'd bought some polish and it seems I haven't - I must have been dreaming. 我以为自己买了一些亮光剂而现在似乎并没有——这一定是我自己的想像。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
HOPE 希望
intransitive
■to imagine something that you would like to happen 幻想；梦想，想望
• I dream of living on a tropical island. 我梦想着生活在热带岛屿上。
• [+ that] He never dreamed that one day he would become President. 他做梦也没有想过有一天他会成为总统。
dream on informal
■used to tell someone that what they are hoping for is not likely to happen or to be true 痴心妄想，做梦去吧
• "Watch. All I have to do is wink at her, and she'll come over here." "Dream on, Dave!" “你瞧着，我只要冲她眨眨眼，她就会过来。”“做梦去吧，戴夫。”
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Phrasal Verbs  dream about/of sth
■to think about something that you want very much 梦想，幻想
• I dream of one day working for myself and not having a boss. 我幻想将来有一天能没有老板，为自己工作。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] dream sth up
■to invent something very unusual and usually silly 凭空想出，虚构出（通常为荒诞不经的事）
• This is the latest ploy dreamt up by advertising companies to sell their new products. 这是广告公司为了推销其新产品而想出来的最新招数。
[dri:m] verb (dreamed or dreamt, dreamed or dreamt)
  Common Learner Errors  dream Don't say 'dream to do something', say dream about something/of doing something :
✗ I have always dreamt to live by the sea. I have always dreamt of living by the sea.
vi. 梦想；做梦，梦见；想到
 - come to mind, bethink of
n. 梦想，愿望； [心理] 梦
 - voice, aspirations
vt. 梦想；做梦；想到
 - come to mind, bethink of
adj. 梦的；理想的；不切实际的
 - ideal, unreasonable

Word: sanction
Front: sanction
[ˈsæŋkʃn] (研六托雅宝 3217/4228 -4)
Vocabulary: sanction
(once / 301 pages)
1nv 2nv
Sanction has two nearly opposite meanings: to sanction can be to approve of something, but it can also mean to punish, or speak harshly to. Likewise, a sanction can be a punishment or approval. Very confusing––the person who invented this word should be publicly sanctioned!
See if you can guess the meaning of sanction in the following contexts. Before invading Iraq, the US and its allies first imposed sanctions on the country, refusing to supply the country with much-needed trade items. Did you guess sanction=punishment? You were right! But by trading with China at the same time, the US quietly sanctioned that nation's known instances of human rights abuses. Did you guess sanction=approval? You're right again!
WORD FAMILY
sanction: sanctioned, sanctioning, sanctions+/ sanctioned: unsanctioned
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council imposed sanctions for its nuclear tests and long-range rocket launches dating back to 2006.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
On Thursday, Mr. Obama announced a series of sanctions against Russia for its attempts to disrupt the November election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制裁，处罚; 批准，认可; 约束力; 鼓励
vt. 批准; 鼓励，容忍
时态：sanctioned, sanctioning, sanctions
分布：批准(44%)，处罚(24%)，支持(19%)，约束力(13%)
→sanct-,神圣的，-ion,名词后缀。即神圣的存在，封神，祝圣，引申正面词义批准，反面词义 处罚。
批准,授权(给予神圣的权利)[anct=holy,表示"神圣"]
n./v.批准,同意,支持,认可n.处罚,制裁The United States has taken sanctions against Iraq for 10 years.美国制裁伊拉克已经10年了.
【记】读：三颗（人）参，想得到官方的批准，需要贿赂三颗人参。
【反】proscribe（v 禁止）；dismiss（v 解散；解职）
noun
ORDER 命令
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■an official order, such as the stopping of trade, which is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law 制裁
• Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people. 由于该国发生了对本国人民施暴，许多国家都对它进行制裁。
• Trade/economic sanctions will only be lifted (= stopped) when the aggressor nation withdraws its troops. 只有侵略国撤军，贸易／经济制裁才会解除。
 IMPROVER countable
■a strong action taken in order to make people obey a law or rule, or a punishment given when they do not obey （为维护法律或规定而采取的）强硬措施；（对违反法律或规定者进行的）惩罚，处罚
• Without realistic sanctions, some teachers have difficulty keeping order in the classroom. 没有切实可行的处罚措施，有些教师难以维持课堂秩序。
['sæŋk.ʃən] noun
APPROVAL 赞成
uncountable
■approval or permission, especially formal or legal （尤指正式或法律认可的）批准，许可
• They tried to get official sanction for the scheme. 他们想使计划获得正式批准。
['sæŋk.ʃən] verb transitive
■to formally give permission for something 批准，认可，准许
• The government was reluctant to sanction intervention in the crisis. 政府不愿意批准对危机加以干预。
sanitation, sanction
sanitation: n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备。
 • Strict sanitation is used in businesses such as barber shops and restaurants.   在理发店和餐馆等营业场所执行严格的公共卫生制度。
sanction: n.认可，准许，批准。
 • I need my parents' sanction to stay out late.   我晚回家需要得到父母的批准。
approve, sanction, confirm
这组词都有“批准”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 普通用词，常指正式的或官方的批准。
sanction: 语气最强，多指官方的同意或批准，是书面用词。
confirm: 强调按法律程序提请确认或批准。
n. 制裁，处罚；认可；支持
 - approval, penalty, holding, support, adhesion
vt. 制裁，处罚；批准；鼓励
 - encourage, confirm, heart, uphold

Word: goal
Front: goal
[gəʊl] (高研四六托雅 681/930 -K4)
Vocabulary: goal
(once / 119 pages)
n
The goal is the intention of an activity or a plan. In a figurative sense, a goal is the mission of a person or group. A tangible goal could be the net at one end of a soccer field. Your goal is to kick the ball into the net, and then you will have scored a goal.
Goal used to mean "the end point of a race." When you score a goal during a sporting event, the play does momentarily stop. If your goal is to win the presidency and you are in fact elected, you have achieved that goal. A goal is the reason for your efforts. People set goals in all aspects of their lives, not just in scoring points. "Her goal is to eat 40 cupcakes in one day." Go figure.
WORD FAMILY
goal: goalless, goals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The Tigers found the range after the break, improving field goal percentage from 31 percent to 48 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
John Franklin III replaced White in the second quarter and completed two of four passes on his first drive that ended with a field goal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 目标，目的; 球门; 终点; 得分
分布：目标(89%)，球门(8%)，得分(3%)
→来自古英语词gol, 边界，词源不详。可能来自go, 走，离开，目标。后用于指球门。
n.目的,目标;守门员,球门;进球When the boat floats through the throat, the goat in overcoat goes to the goal.当船漂过狭口时,穿大衣的山羊朝目标走去.
US [goʊl] noun countable
SPORT 体育
 ESSENTIAL
■an area on a playing field, that usually has two posts with a net fixed behind them, where players try to send the ball in order to score in sports such as football and hockey （足球或曲棍球等的）球门
• Black kicked/headed the ball into/towards the goal. 布莱克把球踢／顶进／向球门。
 ESSENTIAL
■a point scored in some sports, such as football or hockey , when a player gets the ball into this area （足球或曲棍球等的）射门，进球得分
• Brazil won by three goals to one. 巴西队以三比一获胜。
• Only one goal was scored in the entire match. 整场比赛只进了一个球。
be/play in goal UK
■to be the player who tries to prevent the other team from scoring goals 做守门员；守门
• Who is playing in goal for Milan this evening? 今晚比赛米兰队的守门员是谁？
UK [gəʊl] US [goʊl] noun countable
AIM 目标
 ESSENTIAL
■an aim or purpose 目标；目的
• Our goal is for the country to be fully independent within two years. 我们的目标是在两年之内实现这个国家的完全独立。
• They have set themselves a series of goals to achieve by the end of the month. 他们为自己制定了月底前要完成的一系列目标。
• Do you think I'll be able to achieve my goal of losing 5 kilos before the summer? 我要在夏天来到前减肥五公斤，你认为我能达到这个目标吗？
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
n. 目标；球门，得分数；终点
 - target, object, destination, cause, aim

Word: throw
Front: throw
[θrəʊ] (中高托 677/868 -K4)
Vocabulary: throw
(once / 31 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5v 6v 7v
When you throw a ball, you toss it using your hand. When you throw a party, you buy some food and drinks, then invite your friends over.
Throw means many things. You can throw a baseball game, even if you're not the pitcher, by deliberately trying to lose it. You can throw a baby off its schedule — that is, confuse the baby's waking and sleeping times. In basketball, when you get fouled and throw the ball from the free-throw line, you're taking a free throw. You can throw garbage out. Also, a throw is a small blanket you toss over a chair, much like a throw pillow.
WORD FAMILY
throw: overthrow, threw, throwed, thrower, throwing, throws+/ overthrow: overthrew, overthrowing, overthrown, overthrows/thrower: throwers
USAGE EXAMPLES
All appeared fine with his injured right throwing shoulder, which caused him to miss the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Cousins threw for 4,917 yards, 25 touchdowns and 12 interceptions.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He was left lamenting that final throw in an aggressive attempt to win.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 投掷; 丢; 抛
n. 投掷的距离; 丢
vt. 掷（色子）; 抛; 猛动（头、臂、腿）; 使处于，使限于
时态：threw, thrown, throwing, throws
分布：扔(50%)，抛(19%)，投(14%)，掷(10%)，投掷(7%)
→来自中英语 thrawan,转动，旋转，拧，来自 Proto-Germanic*threw,转动，来自 tere,弯， 转，词源同 turn,torque.词义由旋转引申为扔，来自投掷的姿势和动作。
vt.扔;使突然陷入;使困惑n.投掷(距离)I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
SEND THROUGH AIR 投
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to send something through the air with force, especially by a sudden movement of the arm 投；抛；掷；扔
• My friend threw the ball back over the fence. 我朋友把球从围栏上掷了回去。
• The coat was thrown over the back of the chair. 大衣丢在椅背上。
• [R] She threw herself into a chair, exhausted. 她筋疲力尽地倒在椅子上。
• The rider was thrown as the horse jumped the fence. 马跳过栅栏时骑手被甩了下来。
• He threw a punch at (= hit) his attacker. 他向攻击他的人猛击一拳。
throw a glance/look
■to look quickly or suddenly 扫一眼，瞥一眼
• The boy threw a frightened look in the direction of the house. 男孩朝房子那边惊恐地看了一眼。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
transitive
■to cause to move or act quickly or carelessly 猛推；猛动
• She threw back her hair. 她把头发往后甩了甩。
• David threw open the window to get some air. 戴维用力推开窗户，想透透气。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
CONFUSE 使困惑
transitive
■to confuse or shock someone or cause difficulty for them 使困惑；使惊讶；难住
• I wasn't expecting a visitor. I was really thrown. 我没想到会有人来，我真是措手不及。
• The news of the coup threw them into a state of panic. 政变的消息使他们陷入了恐慌。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
PARTY 聚会，派对
throw a party
■to have a party 举办派对
• Janet threw a party for Jack's fiftieth birthday. 珍妮特为庆祝杰克50岁生日举办了派对。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
ANGER 愤怒
throw a fit/tantrum
■to experience and show a strong feeling of anger, especially suddenly 大发脾气
• My mother threw a fit when she saw what a mess we'd made of her kitchen. 我母亲看到我们把她的厨房弄得一团糟时，她大发脾气。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
SHAPE 成形
transitive
■specializedto shape clay on a special round table that spins （在拉坯轮上）把…拉成坯
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw sth back in sb's face
■to say unkind things about someone's behaviour in the past during an argument 当（某人的）面重提（旧帐）
• She threw all his failures back in his face. 她当着他的面把他过去的那些失败经历都抖搂出来。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw sb back on their own resources
■to force someone to take care of themselves without help from others 丢下不管（强迫某人自己照顾自己）
• When both his parents died, the boy was thrown back on his own resources. 这个男孩的父母都逝世后，他不得不自己照顾自己。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw the book at sb
■to severely punish someone 狠狠责罚（某人）
• After the accident, the safety inspector threw the book at the company directors. 事故发生之后，安全督查员狠狠批评了公司的管理人员。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw caution to the wind /winds
■to do something without worrying about the risk or negative results 不顾风险，鲁莽行事
• I threw caution to the wind and bought the most expensive one. 我甚么也不顾，买了最贵的那个。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw cold water on sth
■to be negative about someone's ideas or plans 给（想法或计划）泼冷水
• You're always throwing cold water on my suggestions. 你总是对我的建议泼冷水。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw (sb) a curve (ball) US Australian informal
■to surprise someone with something that is difficult or unpleasant to deal with 让…摸不透；使…惊讶（以某事让某人惊讶，这种事情难于处理或处理起来很麻烦）
• The weather threw a curve at their barbecue and they had to eat indoors. 老天给他们的烧烤野餐出了一个难题，他们只好在室内进餐。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw good money after bad
■to waste money by spending more money on something that you have already spent money on and which is no good 把钱投入无底洞，花冤枉钱
• Trying to fix that old car would just be throwing good money after bad. 试图修理那辆旧车简直就是花冤枉钱。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw in the towel/sponge
■to admit defeat 认输
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw (your) money/cash around informal disapproving
■to spend money, especially in an obvious and careless way, on things that are not necessary 挥霍金钱
• He lost his job, but still seems to have plenty of money to throw around. 他丢了工作，但看来好像还有足够的钱挥霍。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw money at sth
■to spend a lot of money on trying to solve a problem 花大笔钱在…上
• We won't solve this problem by throwing money at it. 我们不会为解决这问题投入大量资金。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw sb off balance
■to confuse or upset someone for a short time by saying or doing something that they are not expecting 使（某人）心烦意乱；使（某人）乱了方寸
• The question threw him off balance for a moment. 那个问题让他一时不知如何作答。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw sb to the dogs
■to allow someone to be criticized or attacked, often in order to protect yourself from being criticized or attacked 弃卒保车；弃…而自保（让某人受到批评或攻击，常是为了保护自己免受批评或攻击）
• I really felt as if I'd been thrown to the dogs just to save other people's reputations. 我感到自己像是个为了挽救其他人的声誉而被弃掉的棋子。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw up your hands in horror / despair
■to show that you are shocked or that you disagree strongly with something 感到惊恐／绝望；强烈反对
• They threw up their hands in horror at his suggestion. 他们强烈反对他的建议。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw your voice
■to make something which is not real, such as a toy, seem to be speaking 使开口说话，为配音
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
throw your weight around/about disapproving
■to act as if you have a lot of power or authority 耀武扬威，作威作福
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] throw yourself at sb informal disapproving
■to make it very obvious to someone that you want a sexual relationship with them 向（某人）献媚，勾引（某人）
• I don't know what it is about John, but women just seem to throw themselves at him. 我不懂约翰究竟有甚么招数，反正女人似乎总是对他投怀送抱。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth away/out ADVANCED
■to get rid of something that you do not want any more 丢弃，扔掉
• So when are you going to throw away those old magazines? 那么你打算甚么时候把那些旧杂志扔掉？
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth away
■to waste a skill or opportunity 浪费掉（本领）；错过（机会）
• You've spent three years studying - don't throw it all away. 你已经花了三年时间学习——不要荒废。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth in
■If a person or business selling goods throws something in, they provide it for free when you buy something else from them 免费添加，额外奉送
■1. When I bought my new glasses, they threw in a free pair of prescription sunglasses. throw 1 我买新眼镜时，他们额外免费赠送了一副处方太阳镜。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  throw your self into sth
■to do something actively and enthusiastically 投身于；积极从事
• She's thrown herself into this new job. 她满怀热情地做起了这份新工作。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth off
CLOTHES
■If you throw off your clothes, you take them off quickly and carelessly 匆匆脱下（衣服）
• They threw off their clothes and jumped in the sea. 他们扯下衣服跳入大海。
ILLNESS
■to stop suffering from a cold or other illness that is not serious 摆脱（感冒等小病）
• I can't seem to throw off this cold. 我这次感冒好像根治不了。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth/sb off
■to escape from something or someone following you 摆脱，甩掉
• They threw the police off the scent by travelling on false passports. 他们用假护照旅行甩掉了员警。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth open
OBJECT
■to open something which was closed, usually suddenly and completely 突然打开；完全打开
• She drew back the curtains and threw open all the windows. 她拉开窗帘，打开所有窗户。
EVENT
■to allow people to enter or become involved in an event 使…向公众开放
• The competition has been thrown open to the public. 这项竞赛已经对公众开放。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth out
GET RID OF
■see throw sth away/out
NOT ACCEPT
■If people in authority throw out a plan, idea, case, etc. they refuse to accept or use it 拒绝接受，否决（计划或想法）；拒绝受理（案件）
• The case was thrown out by the courts due to lack of evidence. 由于缺乏证据，法庭拒绝受理该案。
throw the baby out with the bath - water
■to lose valuable ideas or things in your attempt to get rid of what is not wanted 把婴儿和洗澡水一起倒掉；把精华和糟粕一起丢掉
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sb out
■to force someone to leave a college, school, house or organization 开除，赶走，解雇（某人）
• She was thrown out of college for not attending lectures. 她因为不上课被大学开除了。
• They had a big row and she threw him out (= made him leave the house). 他们大吵了一次，之后她把他赶出家门。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sb over old-fashioned , informal
■to finish a relationship with someone and start one with another person 甩掉，抛弃（某人）
• She threw him over for a richer man. 她把他甩掉，找了一个更有钱的男人。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth together informal
■to make something quickly without special care or preparation 仓促拼凑，匆匆做成
• I had to throw a meal together at the last minute. 我只好赶紧忙做了一顿饭。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] throw sb together
■If two people are thrown together, they meet each other in a way that was not planned, or events cause them to meet unexpectedly 使（某人）不期而遇
• We were thrown together by chance at a conference. 我们是在一次会上偶然相识的。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw (sth) up informal ADVANCED
■to vomit 呕吐
• I spent the night throwing up. 我吐了一夜。
• He threw up his breakfast all over the back seat of the car. 他把早餐吐在汽车后座上，到处都是。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] verb (threw, thrown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] throw sth up
JOB UK informal
■If you throw up your job, you choose to leave it or stop doing it 辞去，放弃（工作）
• He's thrown up his job and gone off to Africa to work for a children's charity. 他辞掉工作，去非洲为一家儿童慈善机构工作。
IDEA
■to produce new problems or ideas 产生（新问题或新想法）
• The meeting threw up some interesting ideas. 这次会上提出了一些有趣的想法。
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] noun
THROWING 投掷
countable
■when you throw something 投；掷
• a throw of the dice 掷骰子
UK [θrəʊ] US [θroʊ] noun
EACH 每次
a throw only singular informal
■used to mean each thing or for each time 每一个；每一次
• We could get a coffee in there but they charge two quid a throw. 我们可以在那里买到咖啡，不过他们每份要卖两英镑。
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vt. 投；抛；掷
 - cast, pitch
vi. 抛；投掷
 - pitch
n. 投掷；冒险
 - putting, cast, risk, venture, adventure

Word: academic
Front: academic
[ˌækəˈdemɪk] (高研四六托雅宝 1465/1941 -K3)
Vocabulary: academic
(once / 541 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Something that is academic is related to school. Your parents might want to spend less time playing video games and more time focusing on academic pursuits. The noun academic refers to a professor or scholar.
As a noun or an adjective, academic relates to book learning and not always in a good way. An academic discussion back in Plato's Academy was probably something better than what it has more recently come to mean: a discussion that's academic has no place in the real world; it's not practical. An academic might have a PhD in Robotics but not know how to work the TV. It doesn't have to mean stuffy, though, just related to college — like when you need an academic gown for graduation.
WORD FAMILY
academic: academia, academically, academician, academicism, academics+/ academia: academias/academician: academicians, academicianship/academicianship: academicianships/ academy: academic, academies, academism
USAGE EXAMPLES
Will we simply accept the scaling back of programs, both academic and athletic, at our magnificent University of Alaska?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some academic research suggests there is little difference between the shopping behavior of men and women when buying wine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
These awkward exchanges usually stem from ignorance rather than anti-Semitism or neo-Nazi ideals, academic experts and others say.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 学院的，大学的，学会的，（学术，文艺）协会的; 学究的，学理上的，空谈的，非实用的; 〈美〉文科的，文学的; 柏拉图学派的
n. 学者; 大学教师，大学生，学会会员; 纸上空论，空论; [A-]柏拉图哲学信奉者
分布：学术的(50%)，学院的(34%)，理论的(16%)
a.学院的,大学的;学术性的;理论的The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
adjective
STUDYING 学习的
 IMPROVER
■relating to schools, colleges and universities, or connected with studying and thinking, not with practical skills 学校的，学院的；学术的
• academic subjects/qualifications/books 学科／学历／学术书籍
• an academic institution 学术机构
• the academic year (= the time, usually from September to June, during which students go to school or college) 学年
• academic standards 学术水准
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who is clever and enjoys studying 聪明好学的；学习好的
• I was never a particularly academic child. 我从来就不是个特别好学的孩子。
[ˌæk.ə'dem.ɪk] adjective
THEORY 理论的
■theoretical and not related to practical effects in real life 纯理论的；和实际无关的
• a purely academic argument/question 迂阔的争论／不切实际的问题
[ˌæk.ə'dem.ɪk] noun countable (US also academician)
■someone who teaches at a college, or who studies as part of their job 大学教师；学者
adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的
 - theoretical, collegial
n. 大学生，大学教师；学者
 - undergraduate, don, scholar, college student, university student

Word: secret
Front: secret
[ˈsi:krət] (中高研四六托 1868/2375 -K4)
Vocabulary: secret
(once / 39 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
A secret is something you don’t want everybody to know, like your secret crush on the bus driver. A secret can also be a mystery known to only a few — the secret of the lost pyramid.
There might be a secret passageway in your basement that only you know about. You could have a secret passion for Japanese anime comics and share that secret with only your closest friends. If you're "in on a secret" — plans for a surprise birthday party, for instance — that means you're in the inner circle of people in the know. Everybody has to keep the secret, or the party won't be a surprise.
WORD FAMILY
secret: secrecy, secretest, secretly, secrets+/ secrecy: secrecies
USAGE EXAMPLES
And to her secret distress, Ruby is in the 25th percentile for height and the 80th for weight.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Or trade secrets, and valuable inside information about mergers or drug trials.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 秘密，机密; 秘诀; 奥秘
adj. 秘密的，机密的; 神秘的; 隐秘的
分布：秘密(80%)，秘诀(10%)，秘密的(7%)，机密的(2%)，奥秘(1%)
→来自拉丁语 secretus,分开的，隐藏的，过去分词格于 secernere,分开，隐藏，来自 se-,分开， cernere,分开，词源同 crisis,discern,critical.后形容词过名词使用，引申诸相关词义。
秘密的(se分开＋cret区别→分开来放→秘密的)[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
a.秘密的,机密的n.秘密The notorious man's noted notation denotes a notable secret.那个臭名昭著的男子的著名符号代表一个值得关注的秘密.
【反】bruit（v 散播）；divulge（v 泄露）；promulgate（v 发布；传播）－keep secret（保守秘密）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of information that is only known by one person or a few people and should not be told to others 秘密
• Why did you have to go and tell Bob about my illness? You just can't keep a secret, can you? 你为甚么一定要跑去把我生病的事告诉鲍勃？你就是不能保守秘密，是吗？
• A close couple should have no secrets from each other. 关系亲密的夫妻之间应该是没有秘密的。
• Aren't you going to let me in on (= tell me) the secret? 难道你不打算告诉我这个秘密？
• There's no secret (= everyone knows) about his homosexuality. 他是同性恋，这已不是秘密了。
• She makes no secret of (= makes very clear) her dislike of her father. 她毫不掩饰自己对父亲的反感。
• That restaurant is one of the best-kept secrets in London. 那个餐厅是伦敦最鲜为人知的地方之一。
 ADVANCED countable
■a fact about a subject that is not known 奥秘
• the secrets of the universe 宇宙的奥秘
 ADVANCED only singular
■the particular knowledge and skills needed to do something very well 秘诀；诀窍
• So what's the secret of being a good cook? 那么要成为好厨师，有甚么秘诀吗？
['si:.krət] noun
in secret IMPROVER
■in a private place with no one else present and without other people knowing 秘密地，暗地里
• The negotiators were meeting in secret for several months before the peace agreement was made public. 在和平协定公布以前，谈判秘密地进行了几个月。
■only in someone's thoughts, without telling other people 在内心里；在脑海里
• He says he loathes her, but I think in secret he really likes her. 他说他恨她，但我认为他心里其实是喜欢她的。
['si:.krət] noun
your secret's safe with me
■used to say that you will not tell anyone what you have just been told 我会守口如瓶的
• "I'd appreciate it if you kept quiet about this." "Don't worry - your secret's safe with me." “如果你对此保密，我将非常感谢。”“放心，我会守口如瓶。”
['si:.krət] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is secret, other people are not allowed to know about it 秘密的，保密的
• The President escaped through a secret passage underneath the parliament building. 总统从议会大厦下的秘密通道逃跑了。
• We ought to keep these proposals secret from the chairman for the time being. 目前，这些提案我们应该先瞒着主席。
• This is top (= extremely) secret information. 这是绝对机密。
• Do you think we'll manage to keep the surprise party secret from Mum until her birthday? 你认为我们能把这个惊喜派对一直瞒到妈妈生日那天吗？
[before noun]
■describes someone who has a particular habit, hobby or feeling but does not tell or show other people that they do （习惯或爱好）不为人知的，秘而不宣的；隐瞒感觉的
• a secret drinker 偷偷喝酒的人
• a secret admirer 暗恋者
n. 秘密；秘诀；机密
 - privacy, confidence, mystery, tips, stealth
adj. 秘密的；机密的
 - classified, underground, chamber, inside, confidential

Word: radical
Front: radical
[ˈrædɪkl] (研四六托雅 2929/2361 -4)
Vocabulary: radical
(once / 275 pages)
1adjn 2nadj 3n 4n 5adj
If something is considered extremist or very different from anything that has come before it, call it radical.
The noun, radical, comes from the Latin radix "root," and in fact, radical and root are synonymous as technical terms in fields such as math and linguistics. In more everyday language, a radical is someone who has very extreme views, so you could say that their views are different from the root up. Similarly, a radical flaw or change is a fundamental one whereas a radical design or idea is very new and innovative.
WORD FAMILY
radical: radicalism, radicalize, radically, radicals+/ radicalism: radicalisms/ radicalize: radicalized, radicalizes, radicalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He donated half the prize money to the radical African-American movement, the Black Panthers.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Cook assures his friend that he remains as radical as ever.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps the Ninth’s greatest paradox is that its expression of elite, individual genius runs parallel to the message of radical inclusivity.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 根本的，基本的; 激进的; 彻底的; [植]根生的
n. 激进分子; 根基，原子团; [数学]根数
分布：激进的(67%)，彻底的(17%)，激进分子(9%)，基本的(7%)
→rad-,根，-ical,形容词后缀。即根上的，引申词义根本的，激进的。
根本的;激进的(radic+al)[Radic=root,表示"根"]
a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的The patriot's radar made the radical patient impatient.爱国者的雷达使激进病人不耐烦.
adjective
SUPPORTING CHANGE 支援变革的
 ADVANCED
■believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change 激进的；过激的；极端的
• He was known as a radical reformer/thinker/politician. 他是个著名的激进改革者／思想家／政治家。
• These people have very radical views. 这些人观点很偏激。
['ræd.ɪ.kəl] adjective
VERY IMPORTANT 极其重要的
 ADVANCED
■relating to the most important parts of something or someone; complete or extreme 根本的；彻底的，完全的
• We need to make some radical changes to our operating procedures. 我们需要对操作流程进行一些根本性的变革。
• She has had to undergo radical surgery (= aimed at removing the cause of a disease). 她要做一个彻底切除的手术。
['ræd.ɪ.kəl] noun countable
■a person who supports great social and political change 激进分子；极端分子
• She was a radical all her life. 她一生都是个激进分子。
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 激进的；根本的；彻底的
 - thorough, organic, fundamental, ultimate, complete
n. 基础；激进分子； [物化] 原子团； [数] 根数
 - elements, basis, foundation, base, bed

Word: signal
Front: signal
[ˈsɪgnəl] (高研四六雅宝 2078/1960 -K3)
Vocabulary: signal
(once / 118 pages)
nadjv
A signal is a gesture or message that people use to communicate with each other. The wave you give a good friend to call her over from across the room and the impulse that transmits your voice through the telephone to your mother are both signals.
In the course of a single day, you probably send and receive thousands of different signals. When you want to cross the street, you wait for the green light — a signal that it's safe to cross. If you're in a relationship and you're not sure whether you like the person you're dating, you could be sending mixed signals — first acting like you're interested, and then acting uninterested. If your date finally gets tired of your mixed signals while you're at a restaurant, you'll need to signal to your server that it's time for the check.
WORD FAMILY
signal: signaled, signaler, signaling, signalise, signalize, signalled, signaller, signalling, signally, signals+/signaler: signalers/signaling: signalings/signalise: signalisation, signalised, signalises, signalising/signalize: signalization, signalized, signalizes, signalizing/signaller: signallers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But just as he predicts, cars accelerate through, hoping to cross the signal as the yellow flashes.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信号，暗号; 预兆，征象; 动机; 导火线
vt. 向…发信号; 用动作（手势）示意; 以信号告知
vi. 发信号
adj. 显著的，优越的; 暗号的，作信号用的
时态：signalled, signalling, signals
分布：信号(96%)，标志(3%)，显著的(1%)
→sign,标记，记号，-al,名词后缀。引申词义信号，暗号等。
信号[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
n.信号,暗号v.发信号,用信号通知A red lamp is used as a danger signal.红灯用作危险信号.
【记】晚上的信号灯是很明显的。
【参】signatory（n 签字者）；signify（v 表示；意味）
【反】unremarkable（adj 寻常的；不明显的）
noun countable
ACTION 行动
 IMPROVER
■an action, movement or sound which gives information, a message, a warning or an order 信号
• When she gave (them) the signal, they all cheered. 她发出信号后，他们都欢呼起来。
• [+ that] The firework was a signal that the festival had started. 烟火是节日已经开始的信号。
• [+ to infinitive] The police officer gave us a signal to stop. 员警示意我们停下。
• The signal for a race to start is often the firing of a gun. 赛跑常以发令枪响作为开始的信号。
US for * indicator
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
WAVE 波
 ADVANCED
■a series of electrical or radio waves which are sent to a radio or television in order to produce a sound, picture or message （用于传输声音、图像或其他资讯的）电波信号
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
SHOWING 表现
■something which shows that something else exists or is likely to happen 迹象
• The poor result is a clear signal of his deteriorating confidence. 糟糕的结果清楚地显示他信心日渐不足。
• The changing colour of the leaves on the trees is a signal that it will soon be autumn. 树叶颜色的改变代表秋天即将来临。
['sɪg.nəl] noun countable
EQUIPMENT 设备
■equipment, especially on the side of a railway or road, often with lights, which tells drivers whether they can go, must stop or should move more slowly （尤指铁路或公路上的）号志灯
• a railway signal 铁路号志灯
• a traffic signal 交通号志灯
• a road signal 道路号志灯
['sɪg.nəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
ACTION 行动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make a movement, sound, flash, etc. which gives information or tells people what to do 发信号；示意
• Flashing lights on a parked car usually signal a warning (to other motorists). 停着的车辆上闪烁的车灯通常是警告（其他驾车者）的信号。
• He signalled left, and turned the lorry slowly. 他打开左转方向灯，然后将卡车缓慢转弯。
• He was signalling (= giving a signal) with a red flag. 他正用红色旗子发信号。
• She signalled for help. 她发出了求救信号。
• [+ that] She signalled to the cars behind that they were going the wrong way. 她示意后面的车辆走错了路。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The children's mother signalled them to be quiet. 孩子们的母亲示意他们安静。
• [+ to infinitive] The children's mother signalled to/for them to be quiet. 孩子们的母亲向他们示意保持安静。
['sɪg.nəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
SHOW 表现
transitive
■to show that you intend or are ready to do something 表达，表示；显示
• [+ that] The union has signalled that the workers will strike. 工会表示工人们将会罢工。
• The union has signalled the workers' intention to strike. 工会已表示工人们打算罢工。
• The death of Chairman Mao signalled (= marked) the end of an era in Chinese history. 毛主席的去世标记着中国历史上一个时代的结束。
['sɪg.nəl] adjective [before noun] formal
■noticeable; not ordinary 显著的；不寻常的
• a signal success/failure 重大胜利／失败
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 信号；暗号；导火线
 - high sign, alarm-word
vt. 标志；用信号通知
 - mark
adj. 显著的；作为信号的
 - obvious, prominent, marked, noted, outstanding
vi. 发信号
 - semaphore

Word: settlement
Front: settlement
[ˈsetlmənt] (高研四六雅 2167/1600 -4)
Vocabulary: settlement
(once / 130 pages)
1n 2n
A settlement is a colony or any small community of people. If a bunch of people build houses on the moon together, they’ll have the first lunar settlement. A settlement is also the resolution of something such as a lawsuit.
One kind of settlement is a place where people live. This can be a community that's smaller than a town, like a village. Also, if one country establishes a colony somewhere else, that can be called a settlement. The other kind of settlement happens when something is settled, like the end of a disagreement. A lawsuit is ended if there's a settlement — both parties make an agreement that often involves money. A settlement brings closure and resolution.
WORD FAMILY
settlement: settlements+/ resettle: resettled, resettlement, resettles, resettling/resettlement: resettlements/ settle: resettle, settled, settlement, settler, settles, settling, unsettle/settled: settledly/ settler: settlers/settling: settlings/unsettle: unsettled, unsettles, unsettling/unsettled: unsettledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Settlements are, of course, not the only obstacle, but they are without question today the main one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israeli settlements may be illegal in the eyes of the U.N.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 解决; 结算; <律>金钱或财产的转让（契约）; 沉淀; 定居点
分布：解决(45%)，结算(19%)，协议(16%)，殖民(10%)，定居(9%)，安置(1%)
→settle,安排，解决，处理，-ment,名词后缀。
n.解决,决定,调停;居留区,住宅区The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.由白人进行的向非洲移民开始于500年前.
US ['setˌ-] noun
AGREE 同意
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an official agreement that finishes an argument （结束争端的）协定
• It now seems unlikely that it will be possible to negotiate/reach a peaceful settlement of the conflict. 现在看来和平解决这一冲突是不可能的。
• As part of their divorce settlement, Geoff agreed to let Polly keep the house. 作为离婚协议的一部分，杰夫同意房子归波莉所有。
 ADVANCED countable
■an arrangement to end a disagreement involving a law having been broken, without taking it to a court of law, or an amount of money paid as part of such an arrangement 庭外和解（费）
• They reached an out-of-court settlement. 他们达成了庭外和解。
• The actor accepted a settlement of £100 000 from the newspaper. 这名演员接受了报社十万英镑的庭外和解费。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
HOME 家居
countable or uncountable
■a place where people come to live or the process of settling in such a place 定居；定居地
• A large Roman settlement has been discovered just outside the town. 在城外发现了一处大型古罗马人聚落。
• Many Native Americans were killed during the settlement of the American West by Europeans in the nineteenth century. 许多美洲印第安人在19世纪欧洲人在美国西部开拓殖民地的过程中被杀害。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
PAYMENT 支付
countable or uncountable
■the action of paying money to someone 结算；结帐；支付
• The settlement of his debts took him several months. 他花了几个月时间还清了债务。
• I enclose a cheque in settlement of your claim. 我附上一张支票支付你的索赔。
• legal Her mother made a settlement on her (= made a formal arrangement to give her money) when she started college. 她开始读大学时，她母亲赠与了她一笔钱。
UK ['set.l.mənt] US ['setˌ-] noun
MOVEMENT LOWER 下降
uncountable
■the process of the slow sinking of a building or the ground （建筑物、地面的）沈降，下沉
n. 解决，处理； [会计] 结算；沉降；殖民
 - transactions, disposal, resolution, treatment, handling

Word: bail
Front: bail
[beɪl] (宝 7956/6736 -2)
Vocabulary: bail
(once / 814 pages)
1nv 2v
Bail can be a verb or a noun. When you bail (verb) someone out of jail, you post money, also known as bail (noun), to assure the authorities that person won't try to run away before going to trial.
As a noun, bail means bond money. This comes from the Middle English word bayle, for "captivity." As a verb, the idea of "bailing out" comes from the later word baile, which means “dipping out,” a meaning you can use when you are trying to empty something flooded. If your boat has a leak, you should bail it out (then plug the leak). When you bail, in the colloquial sense, you escape in some way.
WORD FAMILY
bail: bailable, bailed, bailee, bailing, bailment, bailor, bails+/bailee: bailees/bailment: bailments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anderson and Ervin were being held Monday without bail pending an initial court appearance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They host initial appearances, set bail amounts and handle probable cause hearings in felony cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
LIccardo is due in court Tuesday for a bail hearing.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [法律]保释金; 保释人，保释; [板球]三柱门上的横木; （马厩的）栅栏
vt. 保释，帮助脱离困境; 将（财物）委托给…; 往外舀水
时态：bailed, bailing, bails
分布：保释(89%)，往外舀水(3%)，杓(2%)，把手(2%)，保证金(2%)，使摆脱困境(1%)，舀空(1%)
→来自拉丁词bajulus, 持有者，责任者。来自旧时的一种法律规定，如须保释某人出去，须自己进监狱代替保释者作为承诺和责任。
【记】ail读：哎哟（n 小病）－得了病的犯人可以保释外出就医。
noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable
■a sum of money which a person who has been accused of a crime pays to a law court so that they can be released until their trial. The payment is a way of making certain that the person will return to court for trial 保释金
• He was released/remanded on bail (of $100 000). 他在交出（十万美元的）保释金后被放了出来。
• Because of a previous conviction, the judge refused to grant bail (= allow the accused person to be released). 由于嫌犯有前科，法官不准将他保释。
• Her parents have agreed to put up/stand/ US post (= pay) bail for her. 她的父母已同意保释她。
[beɪl] noun
CRICKET 板球
bails [plural]
■the two small pieces of wood on top of the stumps in a game of cricket, which can be knocked off with the ball to make the player who is batting (= hitting the ball) out （板球）三柱门上的横木
[beɪl] verb
REMOVE WATER 除去水 (ALSO UK also bale) intransitive
■to remove water from a boat using a container （从船中）往外舀水
• The boat's sinking! Start bailing quickly! 船在下沉！快往外舀水！
[beɪl] verb
MONEY 钱
transitive
■If someone accused of a crime is bailed, they are released until their trial after paying bail to the court. 保释金
• She was yesterday bailed for three weeks on drink-driving offences. 她在酒后驾驶被捕之后，昨天获准保释三个星期。
• [+ to infinitive] He was bailed to appear at the Magistrates' Court next month. 他获准保释，定于下个月在地方法院出庭。
[beɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bail out (ALSO UK also bale out)
JUMP
■to jump out of an aircraft with a parachute because the aircraft is going to have an accident （因飞机失事）跳伞
• The plane's engine failed and the pilot was forced to bail out. 飞机引擎发生故障，机师被迫跳伞。
STOP mainly US
■to stop doing or being involved with something 放弃，退出
• The actor has bailed out of the film after only three weeks' shooting. 该演员只拍摄了三个星期就退演了。
[beɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bail sth out (ALSO UK also bale sth out)
■to remove water from the bottom of a boat （从船中）往外舀水
[beɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bail sb/sth out (ALSO UK also bale sb out)
■to help a person or organization that is in difficulty, usually by giving or lending them money （通常指在经济上）帮助（某人或机构）脱离困境；金援
• She keeps running up huge debts and asking friends to bail her out. 她不断欠下巨额的债务，最后总是要请朋友们帮忙。
[beɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bail sb out
■to pay money to a court so that someone can be released from prison until their trial 把（某人）保释出来
n. [法] 保释，保释人；保释金；杓
 - mainprise
vt. [法] 保释，帮助某人脱离困境；往外舀水
 - help someone out

Word: assume
Front: assume
[əˈsju:m] (高研四六托雅宝 1091/886 -K4)
Vocabulary: assume
(once / 70 pages)
1v 2v 3v
Assume isn't only used to mean "accept as truth without checking"; it also means "take on the form of." It might be safer if you don't assume that the vampire standing in front of you isn't merely a person assuming that form.
Assume always has the sense of taking on something. It may be the belief in the appearance of truth: Your mother probably assumes you do your homework right after school. It may be another form or identity: Superman assumes the identity of a city reporter. Or, it might be a physical space: If you get nervous while driving, your dad might assume control of the car.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
assume / presume
Assume and presume both mean to believe something before it happens, but when you assume you're not really sure. If someone bangs on your door in the middle of the night, you might assume (and hope!) it's your crazy neighbor. If your neighbor knocks on your door every night at 6:30, at 6:29 you can presume she's coming over in a minute.
To assume is to suppose or believe something without any proof. It also means to take over, usually responsibilities and duties, such as with a job, or to take on a look or attitude:
First, based on your question, we'll assume you're a recent college graduate. (USA Today)
Receiving no reply, three days later he sent a second missive, in which he assumed that his first letter had gone astray. (Elizabeth S. Kite)
"I won't have him," said Sir Henry at once, his eyes assuming their most prawnlike expression. (Mary Cholmondeley)
Presume is from the Latin pre "before" and sumere "to take," like taking something for granted. It means to be sure of something before it happened. When you presume, you suppose something without proof, based on probability:
In her latest video, Britney Spears arrives on earth — an alien, we presume — to spread the message of consumerism. (Washington Post)
I favor the latter explanation, also known as a sensibly presumed truth, just as I believe William Shakespeare wrote a few plays in his day. (Time)
People don't love it when you assume, based on the catchy phrase that calls you an ass, because you're basically making a guess. When you assumed it was your neighbor knocking on your door and you told her to go away, you found out later it was your mom! There's no funny phase about presume, because you're usually right.
WORD FAMILY
assume: assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptive, re-assume+/ assumed: assumedly/ assuming: assumingly, unassuming / assumption: assumptions/re-assume: re-assuming/ unassuming: unassumingly, unassumingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"At a minimum, it suggests that he may lack the mental capacity to assume the role of his own lawyer."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In the future, Americans — assuming there are any left — will look back at 2016 and remark: “What the HELL?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Additionally, this somewhat unscientific calculation is assuming white parents solely buy white dolls for their children.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 假定，认为; 承担; 装出; 呈现
时态：assumed, assuming, assumes
分布：假定(51%)，承担(32%)，设想(10%)，假装(7%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根sum, 拿起，同resume, 重启。
承担;假装,假定(as加强动作+sum+e→拿往→承担[责任])[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
vt.假装;假定,设想;承担;呈现,采取The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
【记】as朝向，sume拿，取－拿住－承担（责任、职务）
【参】assumption（n 假定；承担）
【反】abdicate（v 退位，放弃）；refuse＝reject（vt 拒绝，不接受）；usurp（v 篡权）－ assume rightfully（正当的就职）；unassuming（adj 谦虚的）－overbearing（adj 傲慢的）
US [-'su:m] verb transitive
ACCEPT 认可
 ESSENTIAL
■to accept something to be true without question or proof 假定，假设；臆断，想当然地认为
• [+ (that)] I assumed (that) you knew each other because you went to the same school. 你们不是上同一间学校吗？我还以为你们两个认识呢。
• Let's assume (that) they're coming and make plans on that basis. 我们还是假定他们会来，并以此来作出计划。
• [+ to infinitive] We can't assume the suspects to be guilty simply because they've decided to remain silent. 我们不能仅仅因为疑犯选择保持沉默，就断定他们有罪。
• We mustn't assume the suspects' guilt. 我们千万不能想当然地认为疑犯有罪。
UK [ə'sju:m] US [-'su:m] verb transitive
PRETEND 假装
■to pretend to have a different name or be someone you are not, or to express a feeling falsely 冒充，冒称；假装，装出
• Moving to a different town, he assumed a false name. 搬家到了另外一个城镇后，他用了个假名字。
• During the investigation, two detectives assumed the identities of antiques dealers. 在案件调查中，两名侦探假装成古董商。
• He assumed a look of indifference but I knew how he felt. 他装出一副无所谓的样子，但我明白他的内心感受。
UK [ə'sju:m] US [-'su:m] verb transitive
TAKE CONTROL 控制
■to take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so, or to begin to have a characteristic 承担，担任；僭取，夺取；呈现，具有
• The new President assumes office at midnight tonight. 新总统在今晚午夜就职。
• The terrorists assumed control of the plane and forced it to land in the desert. 恐怖分子控制了飞机，并使其迫降在沙漠中。
• The issue has assumed considerable political proportions (= has become a big political problem). 这已经变成一个很大的政治问题。
presume, suppose, guess, postulate, assume
这组词都有“假设，猜想，推测”的意思，其区别是：
presume: 侧重以过去经验或根据现实的某些感觉把某事认定为是事实。
suppose: 常用词，意义较广泛，指缺乏确切事实，根据一些现象进行的推测，也可指为论证而提出合乎逻辑推理的某种假定，有时仅表示自己的意见。
guess: 常用词，指毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断或碰运气的猜测。
postulate: 指为证实一个理论的正确性而进行的假设。
assume: 指有很少或完全无根据的武断推测或不合逻辑的推理。
vt. 承担；假定；采取；呈现
 - undertake, adopt, accept, shoulder, sustain
vi. 装腔作势；多管闲事
 - attitudinize, put on the dog

Word: complex
Front: complex
[ˈkɒmpleks] (高研四六托雅 1598/1339 -K4)
Vocabulary: complex
(once / 227 pages)
1adjn 2n
People who are really good at math can handle complex math problems. The rest of us are all set with simple stuff like the times tables. Use complex to refer to something that is not simple.
Something complex has two or more related parts, or is not simple in its structure. As a noun, a complex is a group of units, often a group of buildings. The adjective is stressed on the second syllable, but the noun is stressed on the first syllable. Complex is from Latin complexus, from complecti "to encircle or embrace."
WORD FAMILY
complex: complexedly, complexes, complexity, complexly, complexness+/ complexity: complexities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kubiak was back in the hospital, this time diagnosed with a complex migraine headache.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
School funding is a complex mix of federal, state and local money.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a separate incident, a man was shot at a Tulsa apartment complex on New Year’s Day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 复杂的; 难懂的; 复合的
n. 建筑群; 相关联的一组事物; 情结; 不正常的忧虑
分布：复杂的(89%)，复合体(4%)，综合体(3%)，复合的(2%)，合成的(2%)
→com-, 强调。-plect, 编织，组成，词源apply,implicate.即多成分的，复杂的。
复杂的(com共同+plex→全部重叠→复杂的)[plex=fold,表示"重叠"]
a.复杂的;合成的,综合的n.联合体I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
US [ˈkɑːm-]
 ESSENTIAL
■involving a lot of different but related parts 由许多相关的不同部分组成的；构造复杂的
• a complex molecule/carbohydrate 复杂的分子／碳水化合物
• a complex network of roads 错综复杂的道路网
• a complex procedure 复杂的程式
• The company has a complex organizational structure. 公司组织结构非常复杂。
 ESSENTIAL
■difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many different parts 难懂的，费解的；错综复杂的
• It's a very complex issue to which there is no straightforward answer. 这个问题错综复杂，没有简单直接的答案。
• The film's plot was so complex that I couldn't follow it. 这部电影的情节太复杂，我看不懂。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pleks] US [ˈkɑːm-]
BUILDING 建筑物
 ADVANCED
■a large building with various connected rooms or a related group of buildings 综合大楼；建筑群
• a shopping/sports and leisure complex 购物／运动休闲中心
• US They live in a large apartment complex. 他们住在一幢大型的公寓楼里。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒm.pleks] US [ˈkɑːm-]
BAD FEELING 不好的感觉
■a particular anxiety or unconscious fear which a person has, especially as a result of an unpleasant experience that they have had in the past or because they have a low opinion of their own worth, and which influences their behaviour （尤指由过去的不快经历或自我评价不高造成的）情结，心理负担，病态心理
• an inferiority complex 自卑情结
• I think he's got a complex about being bald. 我觉得他因秃头而有心理负担。
• Don't go on about her weight - you'll give her a complex! 别再没完没了地谈她的体重了——你会让她有心理负担的！
complex, complicated, sophisticated, intricate
这组词都有“复杂的”的意思，其区别是：
complex: 侧重内在关系的复杂，需通过仔细研究与了解才能掌握和运用。
complicated: 与complex的含义接近，但语气更强，着重极其复杂，很难分析、分辨或解释。
sophisticated: 侧重指事物发展到或达到高级的程度所体现出的复杂。
intricate: 着重指错综复杂，令人迷惑理解。
complex, complementary, comprehensive, compensating
complex: 复杂的；
complementary: 补充的；
comprehensive: 综合的；
compensating: 补偿的
adj. 复杂的；合成的
 - sophisticated, involved, synthetic, detailed, intricate

Word: college
Front: college
[ˈkɒlɪdʒ] (中高雅 415/802 -K4)
Vocabulary: college
(once / 63 pages)
n
In the US, people pursuing education after high school go to college––spending either two or four years earning an associate's degree or a bachelor's degree.
Many colleges are housed within universities. College derives from the Latin collegium 'partnership, association.' While a university offers many programs leading to graduate degrees beyond a bachelor's degree, a college is undergraduate only. So if you want to pursue becoming a lawyer, a doctor, or a college professor, chances are college is just a weigh station on your route to graduate school.
WORD FAMILY
college: colleges, collegial +/ collegial: collegially
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Now 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
If that happens, it is believed Robinson will be the first player from Williams College to play in the league.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大学; （英国）学院; 学会; （尤指必须交费的）中学
分布：学校(80%)，社团(12%)，枢机主教团(4%)，学院；大学(4%)
→来自colleague, 一群有共同点的人，同事。后来该词用于学术用语，即一起工作师生。
n.学院,高等专科学校,大学In the college, I alleged that I recollected the dialog in dialect about the dial collection.在学院里我宣称忆起关于收集到度盘用方言进行的对话.
US ['kɑ:.lɪdʒ] noun
EDUCATION 教育
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■any place for specialized education after the age of 16 where people study or train to get knowledge and/or skills 学院；职业学校；技术学校；高等专科学校
• a teacher training college 师范学院
• a secretarial college 文秘专科学校
• a Naval college 海军学校
• UK a sixth form college 预科学校
• She's at art college. 她在艺术学院学习。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable US
■university （大学）校园，校区
• You have to go to (= study at) college for a lot of years if you want to be a doctor. 如果你想当医生，就必须在大学里学习好多年。
countable
■one of the separate and named parts into which some universities are divided （大学的）学院，分院
• King's College, Cambridge 剑桥大学国王学院
• I attended the College of Arts and Sciences at New York University. 我就读于纽约大学的文理学院。
• Cambridge has some very fine old colleges (= college buildings). 剑桥大学有一些非常优美古雅的学院大楼。
countable
■in Britain and Australia, used in the names of some schools for children, especially those where education is paid for 公学，学校（用于英国和澳大利亚某些私立学校的名称）
• Cheltenham Ladies' College 切尔滕纳姆女子公学
UK ['kɒl.ɪdʒ] US ['kɑ:.lɪdʒ] noun
GROUP 团体
countable
■a group of people with a particular job, purpose, duty or power who are organized into a group for sharing ideas, making decisions, etc. 学会，社团，协会
• the Royal College of Medicine/Nursing 皇家医科／护理学会
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
n. 大学；学院；学会
 - university, academy, campus, school

Word: currently
Front: currently
[ˈkʌrəntli] (六托 1700/1361 -K)
Vocabulary: currently
(once / 435 pages)
adv
Currently means now. You're currently reading the meaning of the word currently.
As with other words you use to refer to the present time, when you use currently, you're often implying that things might change. For example, if you say you're not currently dating anyone, you're hinting that you might in the future. If you're currently working on your novel, you'll probably be working on something else at some point in the future. If your dog isn't currently house-trained, you're probably hoping he will be soon.
WORD FAMILY
current: countercurrent, currency, currently, currentness, currents, noncurrent, undercurrent+/countercurrent: countercurrents/ currency: currencies/undercurrent: undercurrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fabian Society said securing an overall majority was "currently unthinkable" for Labour.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm currently removes search results only for users in the European Union.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: adv. 当前，目前; 通常，一般，现在; 容易，流畅; 普遍地
分布：现在(42%)，当前(35%)，通常(23%)
N-COUNT
(河、湖或海的)水流，潮流
A current is a steady and continuous flowing movement of some of the water in a river, lake, or sea.
例：Under normal conditions, the ocean currents of the tropical Pacific travel from east to west...在正常情况下，太平洋的热带洋流自东向西流。
例：The couple were swept away by the strong current.这对夫妻被巨大的水流卷走了。
N-COUNT
气流
A current is a steady flowing movement of air.
例：I felt a current of cool air blowing in my face.我觉得脸上有一阵冷风吹过。
N-COUNT
电流
An electric current is a flow of electricity through a wire or circuit.
例：A powerful electric current is passed through a piece of graphite.给一块石墨通入强电流。
N-COUNT
思潮;潮流;趋向
A particular current is a particular feeling, idea, or quality that exists within a group of people.
例：Each party represents a distinct current of thought...每个党派代表一种不同的思潮。
例：A strong current of nationalism runs through ideology and politics in the Arab world.一股强烈的民族主义思潮涌入阿拉伯世界的思想体系和政治体系。
ADJ
现时的;当前的;进行中的
Current means happening, being used, or being done at the present time.
例：The current situation is very different to that in 1990...当前的形势与1990年截然不同。
例：He plans to repeal a number of current policies...他计划废除一些当前的政策。
ADJ
通用的;流通的;流行的
Ideas and customs that are current are generally accepted and used by most people.
例：Current thinking suggests that toxins only have a small part to play in the build up of cellulite...目前普遍认为，毒素对皮下脂肪团堆积影响不大。
例：This custom was still current in the late 1960s.这种习俗在20世纪60年代末仍然很普遍。
adv. 当前；一般地
 - commonly, normally, generally

Word: separate
Front: separate
[ˈseprət] (中高研四六宝 1892/1256 -K4)
Vocabulary: separate
(once / 50 pages)
1adjvn 2adjvn 3vadj
Things that are separate are kept apart from other things. A married couple heading for divorce might eat breakfast at separate tables.
You can use the adjective separate to describe something that is thought of as different or not related to other things. The adjective is from the Latin prefix se- "apart" plus parare "to prepare." Separate is also used as a verb, pronounced "SEP-uh-rate." Separate is one of the most commonly misspelled words, so beware of the erroneous spelling, seperate.
WORD FAMILY
separate: separable, separated, separately, separateness, separates, separating, separation, separatism, separative, separator+/ inseparable: inseparably/separable: inseparable, separability, separably/separateness: separatenesses/ separation: separationism, separations/separationism: separationist/separationist: separationists/separatism: separatisms, separatist/separatist: separatists/separator: separators
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separate events in both chambers will be held on Tuesday, leaving both the House and Senate with substantial Republican majorities.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A further four people were arrested in separate operations, the BBC reports.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The virtual and real worlds are not entirely separate.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 分开; （使）分离; 区分; 隔开
vt. 分离（混合物）; 分居; 分类; 割开
vi. 分手; 断裂; （夫妻）分居; 断绝关系
时态：separated, separating, separates
分布：分开(37%)，单独的(24%)，不同的(11%)，区分(7%)，分开的(7%)，隔开(5%)，分居(3%)，各自的(3%)，脱离(2%)，抽印本(1%)
→se-,分开，-par,准备，词源同 prepare.-ate,表动词和形容词。引申诸相关词义。
a.(from)分离的,分开的The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
【反】amalgamate（v 使合并）；compound（v 混合）；meld（v 混合）；concoct（v 调合）；serried（adj 密集的）；integrate（vt 使成整体）
US [-ə˞-]
 ESSENTIAL
■existing or happening independently or in a different physical space 各自的；单独的，不同的
• The art department and the main college are in two separate buildings. 艺术系和主要的学院在两座独立的大楼中。
• I try to keep meat separate from other food in the fridge. 我想把肉和冰箱里的其他食物分开放。
• I have my public life and my private life, and as far as possible I try to keep them separate. 我有自己的公共生活和私人生活，并尽可能使两者分开。
• Three youths have been shot and killed in separate incidents this month. 这个月有三名年轻人在不同的事件中被枪杀。
adjective UK [ˈsep.ər.ət] US [-ə˞-]
go your (own) separate ways
■If two or more people go their separate ways, they stop being together 分道扬镳
• In 1983 the group disbanded and went their separate ways. 1983年乐队解散，成员各奔东西。
verb UK [ˈsep.ər.eɪt] US [-ə.reɪt]
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) divide into parts （使）分离；（使）分开
• The north and south of the country are separated by a mountain range. 这个国家的南北两部分被一条山脉隔开。
• You can get a special device for separating egg whites from yolks. 你可以买一种把蛋白与蛋黄分开的专用器具。
• The top and bottom sections are quite difficult to separate. 顶部和底部很难分开。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make people move apart or into different places, or to move apart （使）分开；（使）分散
• At school they always tried to separate Jane and me because we were troublemakers. 在学校里，他们总是设法把我和简分开，因为我们是捣蛋鬼。
• Somehow, in the rush to get out of the building, I got separated from my mother. 急急忙忙冲出大楼的时候，不知怎么的，我和妈妈走散了。
• Perhaps we should separate now and meet up later. 或许我们现在应该分开，晚些时候再见面。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to consider two people or things as different or not related 分开考虑；认为（两者）不相关
• You can't separate morality from politics. 你不能把道德与政治分开考虑。
intransitive
■If a liquid separates it becomes two different liquids. （液体）分离
intransitive
■to start to live in a different place from your husband or wife because the relationship has ended （夫妻）分居
• My parents separated when I was six and divorced a couple of years later. 我六岁的时候父母分居，几年之后他们便离婚了。
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
separate, segregate, insulate, isolate
这组词都有“分开，分离，隔离”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指一般意义上的分开或隔开。
segregate: 指把一群人或物从整体或主体中分离出来。
insulate: 指隔开、分离，尤指用某种东西阻挡从里面逃出或从外面进入的东西。作技术用词时，专指用某种绝缘体隔断通路。
isolate: 侧重指完全分离、隔开，也指人或处于完全孤立的状态。
separate, detach, allocate, divide
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: v.人为地分开，使隔离开。
 • We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.   我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。
detach: v.拆开组合的物体；远离，疏远。
 • We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.   我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。
allocate: v.分配，把……拨给。
 • The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this year's budget.   市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。
divide: v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
 • The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.   这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。
vt. 使分离；使分开；使分居
 - split, divorce
vi. 分开；隔开；分居
 - come between, to break
adj. 单独的；分开的
 - alone, independent, divided, isolated, sole
n. 分开；抽印本
 - partition, fall-away

Word: default
Front: default
[dɪˈfɔ:lt] (六托雅宝 7415/5836 -2)
Vocabulary: default
(once / 836 pages)
1n 2nv
As a setting, a default is automatic. You weren't sure why your new TV kept returning to the factory defaults until you realized you were sitting on the remote.
Default can also refer to a lack of other options. You shop at Green's by default; it's the only grocery store in town. Default is also a failure to pay a financial obligation. The number of loan defaults was down this month. As a verb, it means "to fail to pay." Your credit score will go down if you default on a loan.
WORD FAMILY
default: defaulted, defaulter, defaulting, defaults+/defaulter: defaulters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whiteness is default, it’s ubiquitous and it’s insidious.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Absorption in a state of distraction, the default mode in the digital era, is both method and message.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
As with Amazon, Google offers a way to delete history data, but otherwise keeps everything by default.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 未履行任务或责任; 受传唤时未出庭; 由于不到庭而败诉; 弃权
vt. 未履行，拖欠; 未参加或完成（例如，比赛）; [法]因未到庭而败（诉）
n. 未履行，拖欠; [法]未到庭; 弃权; [计] 缺省，默认
时态：defaulted, defaulting, defaults
分布：默认(83%)，拖欠(12%)，缺席(3%)，不履行义务(1%)，不履行责任(1%)
→de-, 向下，强调。fault, 过错，欺骗。1858年用于商务术语，指欺骗，违约。1966年用于计算机名词，无可选项，默认选项。
拖久(债);违约(de犯+fault→犯错误→拖久[债])[fall,fail,fault=err,deceive,表示"犯错误,欺骗"]
【记】de向下，fault（n 错误）－错误下去－拖债
【反】pay one’s debts（偿还债务）；fulfill an obligation（履行义务）
US [-'fɑ:lt] verb intransitive
■to fail to do something, such as pay a debt, that you legally have to do 拖欠，不履行债务；违约
• People who default on their mortgage repayments may have their home repossessed. 未能按期偿还抵押贷款者，其房屋可能会被没收。
UK [dɪ'fɒlt] US [-'fɑ:lt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  default to sth
■If a computer defaults to a way of operating, it automatically uses it, unless you intentionally change it. （电脑）默认…，缺省为…，预设为…
UK [dɪ'fɒlt] US [-'fɑ:lt] noun
RESULT 结果
uncountable
■what exists or happens if you do not change it intentionally by performing an action 默认结果，既定结果；预设值；缺省值
• Unless something else happens, the default is to meet at the hotel at 7.00 p.m. 如果没有别的事情，按约定下午七点在饭店见面。
• The computer will take '0' as the default value , unless you type in something different. 如果不输入其他数值，电脑就把0当作预设值。
• formal In default of (= Because there is not) any better alternative, we will have to proceed with the original plan. 由于没有更好的方案，我们只好按原定计划行事。
UK [dɪ'fɒlt] US [-'fɑ:lt] noun
FAIL 未能
countable or uncountable
■when you fail to do something, such as pay a debt that you legally have to 拖欠，不履行债务；违约
• Defaults on loan repayments have reached 52,000 a month. 拖欠贷款的现象每月已达52 000宗。
• Any default on your mortgage repayments may mean you will lose your house. 不按时偿还抵押贷款就意味着你将失去房子。
• Since they refuse to reply, I think we've won the argument by default (= because of their failure to act). 由于他们拒绝回答，我认为我们在这场辩论中自动胜出。
• The default rate (= the number of people failing to do something) is estimated at 1 in 10 of tax payers. 据估计，拖欠税款者在纳税人中约占十分之一。
vi. [会计] 拖欠；不履行；不到场
 - fall behind, lag behind
n. 违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值
 - shortage, deficiency, need, drought, short of
vt. 不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判
 - walk out on sth., unsatisfy

Word: reader
Front: reader
[ˈri:də(r)] (研四六 1268/1148 -K4)
Vocabulary: reader
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n
A person who reads, whether they love to read or simply are able to read, is a reader. If you're a fan of a particular author, you're also one of her readers.
If you write children's books, you need to keep your readers in mind as you tackle difficult topics or use complicated language. Your readers are all the kids who will be reading the words you write. Another type of reader checks manuscripts for typos, or decides if they're good enough to be published as a book or in a magazine. Students who are learning to read sometimes use a book called a reader for practicing reading skills.
WORD FAMILY
reader: nonreader, readers, readership +/ misread: misreading, misreads/misreading: misreadings/nonreader: nonreaders/ read: misread, readable, reader, reading, reads, reread, unread/ readable: readability, readably/ readership: readerships/ reading: readings/ reread: rereading, rereads/unread: unreadable/unreadable: unreadably
USAGE EXAMPLES
We need political will, and the call to readers should be to support conservation action.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That was one reader’s suggestion after voters ignored our advice and elected Donald Trump president.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Do you want the reader to see her in the way she sees herself?
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 读者，朗读者; 读本; 讲读者，讲师; 审稿人
分布：读者(95%)，读物(3%)，读本(2%)
→来自 read,阅读，-er,人。其古义包含顾问者，建议者，指导老师等。
n.读者;读本,读物;(英国的)大学讲师The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
US [-dɚ] noun countable
PERSON WHO READS 读者
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who reads for pleasure, especially a person who reads a lot （尤指大量阅读的）读者，爱读书的人
• He's a great/voracious reader (= reads many books). 他博览群书。
• She's an avid reader of historical novels. 她特别喜欢看历史小说。
■someone who reads a particular newspaper or magazine （某种报刊的）读者
• We asked our readers to write in and give us their views. 我们请读者们给我们来信说说他们的观点。
• She described him as a typical Guardian reader. 她把他描述为一个典型的《卫报》读者。
■specialized
■a person whose job is to advise a publishing company on whether or not a book should be published （为出版公司提供书籍出版建议的）出版顾问，审稿人
UK ['ri:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
SIMPLE BOOK 简单读物
■a book designed and written for children who are learning to read （儿童学习认字的）读本，读物
UK ['ri:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
TEACHER 教师 specialized
■a teacher, at British universities, just under the rank of professor （英国大学仅次于教授的）准教授
• Alan is a Reader in History at Dublin University. 艾伦是都柏林大学的历史学准教授。
UK ['ri:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
DEVICE 机器
■a device that helps you to read very small writing, or a machine that can recognize printed material 显微阅读器，阅读用放大镜；电子阅读器，电子识读机
• a microfilm/microfiche reader 微缩胶片阅读机
• an optical character reader 光符识读器
n. [图情] 读者； [计] 阅读器；读物
 - audience, Adobe Reader

Word: lord
Vocabulary: lord
(once / 121 pages)
nv
A lord is powerful person who's in charge, or is a ruler or master. Sometimes tigers are described as the lords of the jungle, because they're the strongest, most ferocious predators that live there.
You'll most often see lord describing a man who holds authority or strong influence in a particular area, like a wealthy CEO who's known as a "lord of capitalism," or the head of a large drug-dealing enterprise who's called a "drug lord." Originally, a lord was a landowner during the feudal period in medieval Europe. Even today, a British lord holds an elite title marking him as a baron, earl, or duke.
WORD FAMILY
lord: lorded, lording, lordless, lords, lordship, overlord+/lordship: lordships/overlord: overlords, overlordship/overlordship: overlordships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The warrior samurai enforced their lords' reign over the peasantry by extending punishments to transgressors' families.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
“I pray … dear lord, dear creator, watch over us.”
The Guardian(Dec 24, 2016)
“How long, O LORD? Will you forget me forever?” reads a discussion guide, prepared by the firm, quoting Psalm 13:1-2.
New York Times(Dec 24, 2016)

Word: behaviour
Front: behaviour
[bɪˈheɪvjə(r)] (中高托 10352/787 -K4)
Vocabulary: behaviour
(once / 445 pages)
n
Your behaviour is the way you act in various situations. Note that this word ends with "our," which is the British spelling, while the American English spelling is behavior. This discrepancy is common, and either spelling is correct.
The Late Middle English word behavoure meant "to have possession," which seemingly refers to a person in control of his or her actions. If you are accused of childish behaviour, you might be acting as though you have little self-control. Scottish musician Shirley Manson once said: "A lot of celebrities just want money, fame, power, fancy cars, houses all over the world and have people bow down to them. To me, that's frightful behaviour."
WORD FAMILY
behaviour: behaviourism, behaviours+/behaviourism: behaviourist, behaviouristic/behaviourist: behaviourists
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the mass questioning of North Africans happened "because we recognised corresponding aggressive behaviour amongst them".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about how we sometimes forgive the lunatic behaviour of artists and call it “eccentricity”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
If they do something really inappropriate, for example hit another child, you seem to be incapable of reacting with the seriousness such behaviour warrants.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 行为; 举止; （人、动植物、化学药品等的）表现方式; 态度
na. “behavior”的变体
分布：行为(89%)，举止(10%)，品行(1%)
US [-vjɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■Someone's behaviour is how they behave 行为，举止
• Her behaviour is often appalling. 她的行为举止经常都是糟糕得很。
• He was notorious for his violent and threatening behaviour. 他因暴力和威胁行为而声名狼藉。
UK (ALSO US behavior) UK [bɪ'heɪ.vjər] US [-vjɚ] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  behaviourBehaviour does not have a plural form. Do not say 'behaviours'. Only say behaviour.
✗ There can be many reasons for children's bad behaviours. There can be many reasons for children's bad behaviour.
n. 行为；习性；运行状况（等于behavior）
 - dealing, going, habit, act, work

Word: tweet
Front: tweet
[twi:t] (30751/-)
Back: vi. 鸣叫
n. 小鸟啼叫，自录音再现装置发出的高音
时态：tweeted, tweeting, tweets
分布：在Twitter上发微博(34%)，小鸟鸣叫(33%)，小鸟的啁啾声(33%)
[twi:t] informal
noun countable
■the short weak sound made by a young bird （小鸟的）啾啾叫，啁啾声
vi. 吱吱地叫；啾鸣
 - chipper

Word: shot
Front: shot
[ʃɒt] (高研四六托 1053/1836 -K4)
Back: n. 射手，击球; 开枪，发射; 企图; 注射
adj. 闪色的，颜色会变化的; 交织的; 渗透的; （俚语）坏透了的，筋疲力尽的
vt. 射中，射击; 给…装弹; 注射; 抛出
vi. 发射，射击; 突然出现
v. 拍摄(shoot的过去式和过去分词); 射杀; 开（枪或其他武器）; 打猎
分布：开枪(34%)，发射(14%)，拍摄(14%)，子弹(13%)，注射(10%)，投篮(10%)，精疲力尽的(3%)，完了的(1%)，动词shoot的过去式和过去分词.(1%)
→来自 shoot 的过去分词形式，后形容词过名词使用。
n.开枪,射击;投篮;弹丸,炮弹,子弹After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
US [ʃɑ:t] verb past simple and past participle of
■shoot
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
SPORT 运动
 IMPROVER countable
■a kick, hit or throw of the ball which is intended to score points in cricket, football, tennis or golf （板球、足球、网球或高尔夫球中旨在得分的）攻击，击打
• And that was a great shot by Marquez! 那是马奎斯击出的精彩好球！
• Graf drove a forehand shot down the line to win the match. 葛拉芙一记正手击球，球正好落在界内，从而赢得了比赛。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
WEAPON 武器
 ADVANCED countable
■the action of firing a gun or another weapon 发射；射击；开枪；开火
• He fired four shots at the car as it drove off. 车驶离时，他向它连开四枪。
a good/poor shot
■someone who is skilled/not skilled at aiming and firing a gun 枪法好／差的枪手
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
ATTEMPT 试图
 ADVANCED countable usually singular informal
■an attempt to do or achieve something that you have not done before 尝试；努力
• I thought I'd have a shot at making my own wine. 我想尝试自己酿造葡萄酒。
• I've never tried bowling before, but I thought I'd give it a shot. 我之前从未打过保龄球，不过我想试一下。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
FILM 电影
 ADVANCED countable
■a photograph 照片，快照
• I got/took some really good shots of the harbour at sunset. 我拍了一些夕阳下的海港景色，真的很漂亮。
countable
■a short piece in a film in which there is a single action or a short series of actions （电影中的）镜头，片段
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
AMOUNT OF DRINK 一定量的饮料
countable
■a small amount of an alcoholic drink 少量烈酒
• a shot of whisky 少量的威士卡
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
DRUG 毒品
a shot of sth informal
■the amount of a particular drug, whether medical or illegal, which is put into the body by a single injection （药品或毒品的）一次注射量
• The doctor gave him a shot of morphine. 医生给他注射了一剂吗啡。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
METAL BALL 金属球
countable
■a heavy metal ball thrown in a sports competition 铅球 See shot put
uncountable
■a mass of small metal balls which are shot from a gun 弹丸，霰弹
• Shotgun cartridges contain lead shot. 猎枪弹药筒里装有铅弹。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
a shot in the arm
■something which has a sudden and positive effect on something, providing encouragement and new activity 刺激因素，兴奋剂
• Fresh investment would provide the shot in the arm that this industry so badly needs. 新资金的挹注对该行业来说不啻是雪中送炭。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
a shot in the dark informal
■an attempt to guess something when you have no information or knowledge about the subject and therefore cannot possibly know what the answer is 无根据的瞎猜
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
give sth your best shot informal
■to do something as well as you can 尽量做好
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] noun
like a shot informal
■When someone does something like a shot, they do it extremely quickly and enthusiastically 立刻，毫不迟疑地
• The moment I let go of the dog, she's off like a shot. 我一放开那只狗，它拔腿就跑走了。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] adjective
FREE 自由的
get/be shot of sth UK informal
■to get rid of or free of something, or to leave something 摆脱；除去；离开
• I can't wait to get shot of this office for a week. 我迫不急待地要离开这间办公室一个礼拜的时间。
• I suspect he left home to get shot of that awful mother of his. 我猜测他离家是为了摆脱他那位不可理喻的母亲。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] adjective
CLOTH 衣服的
■(of silk) woven in such a way that the colour appears to change depending on the angle at which the cloth is seen （丝绸）呈虹色的，颜色会随着观看角度闪变的
• Her evening dress is made of green shot silk. 她的晚礼服是用绿色闪色丝绸做的。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] adjective
DESTROYED 被毁坏的 informal
■no longer working or effective 用坏的，失效的
• It's no good - these gears are shot. 没用了——这些齿轮已经磨坏了。
UK [ʃɒt] US [ʃɑ:t] adjective
be shot through with sth
■to show or contain a particular emotion or quality in a noticeable way all the way through 充满
• Her novel is shot through with a haunting lyricism. 她的小说充满了令人难忘的抒情描写。
• The report was shot through with inaccuracies. 这份报告错误百出。
⇒ See also shoot through at shoot
n. [军] 发射；炮弹；射手
 - emission, sending, launch, shell, projection
adj. 用尽的；破旧的；杂色的，闪光的
 - varied, shabby

Word: arrive
Front: arrive
[əˈraɪv] (中高 810/708 -K4)
Vocabulary: arrive
(once / 29 pages)
v
To arrive is to come to a destination. When you arrive in Paris, the first thing you should do is go and buy a croissant.
The word arrive generally means to come to a physical destination, like a place. Make sure you arrive home on time for dinner! But it can also be less literal. You can arrive at a conclusion or a decision after much thought. You can also use arrive to mean "achieve great success," though for whatever reason, this specific usage tends to be in the past tense. If you serve champagne and caviar at a party, your snobby aunt might comment, "My dear, you’ve arrived!” In this case, arrive means to come to a place of great wealth or success.
WORD FAMILY
arrive: arrival, arrived, arriver, arrives, arriving+/ arrival: arrivals/arriver: arrivers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson, who registers patients when they arrive for neurology appointments at IU Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, was not helping.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Albuquerque Fire Department officials say several crews arrived at the Joy Light Church of God in Christ about 2:30 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 到达，来; 发生
时态：arrived, arriving, arrives
分布：到达(87%)，到来(10%)，成功(3%)
→前缀ar-同ad-. -rive, 河岸，同river. 指航海后到达陆地。
到达(ar+rive河→到达河边→达到目标)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
vi.到达;(时间,事件)到来,发生;达到At what time will the train arrive at the station?火车几点钟到呢?
verb intransitive
REACH 到达
 ESSENTIAL
■to reach a place, especially at the end of a journey 到达，抵达（尤指到达旅途的终点）；到来；来临
• What time will your train arrive? 你坐的火车甚么时候到？
• It was dark by the time we arrived at the station. 我们到站时，天都已经黑了。
• We arrived in Prague later that day. 我们在那天晚些时候到达布拉格。
• I arrived back to find that my room had been burgled. 我回到家时，发现家里失窃了。
• What time does the mail usually arrive (= is it delivered) ? 邮件一般甚么时候到？
• I ordered some CDs over a month ago, but they still haven't arrived (= I have not received them). 我在一个多月前订购了几张CD，但是现在还没有送来。
  Common Learner Errors  arriveRemember: the most usual prepositions to use after arrive are in and at. Don't say 'arrive to' a country/city/town etc., say arrive in a country/city/town etc. :
✗ I arrived to England on a beautiful morning in May. I arrived in England on a beautiful morning in May. Don't say 'arrive to' a building, say arrive at a building. :
✗ Call me when you arrive to the airport. Call me when you arrive at the airport.
[ə'raɪv] verb intransitive
BEGIN 开始
■to happen or start to exist 发生；开始出现
• The leaves starting to turn brown is a sign that autumn has arrived. 树叶开始变黄，是秋天到来的前兆。
■If a baby arrives, it is born. 婴儿出生
• Their baby Olivia arrived on the date she was expected. 他们的宝宝奥利维亚在预产期准时出生。
[ə'raɪv] verb intransitive
to have arrived
■to have achieved success and often fame 成功；成名
• He felt he had truly arrived when he first got his part in a Broadway play. 他第一次在百老汇剧目中演出角色时，觉得自己真的成功了。
[ə'raɪv] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  arrive at sth
■to reach an agreement about something 达成…；作出…；得出…（协议）
• We all argued about it for hours and eventually arrived at a decision. 我们一起辩论了好几个小时，最后终于作出决定。
arrive, reach, get
arrive: 不及物动词,后接in (大地点),at(小地点), arrive in Beijing,
reach: 及物动词 reach Beijing
get: 不及物动词后接to, get to Beijing,
arrive, attain, reach, achieve
这组词都有“达到”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 指得出结论，达成某项协议或作出某一决定等。
attain: 侧重指在抱负或雄心的激励下，以最大的努力去达到一般所不及或不敢追求的目的。
reach: 常用词，指到达某一空间、时间、目标或发展过程中的某一点。
achieve: 侧重为达到目的所需的技巧、忍耐和努力。
arrive, reach, come
这组词都有“到达”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 侧重到达目的地或达到某一目标。也可用作比喻。
reach: 既可指到达目的地，又可指到达途中的中间站。强调经过的周折或付出的努力。
come: 普通用词，含义广泛。强调到达的动作或进程，不侧重是否到达目的地。也可用于比喻意义。
vi. 到达；成功；达成；出生
 - land, win, make good

Word: channel
Front: channel
[ˈtʃænl] (高研四六托雅 2518/1617 -K4)
Vocabulary: channel
(once / 151 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A channel is a passageway, a means of access for a thing, a communication, or an idea.
Think of a channel as sort of a tunnel or a funnel that moves something directly through. The noun channel can be used for many such avenues. It can mean a waterway such as the English Channel — the "Chunnel" is a tunnel beneath the Channel — or a means of accomplishing a goal, as in "going through legal channels." Use it as a verb when you channel your energies to achieve success.
WORD FAMILY
channel: channeled, channeling, channelise, channelize, channelled, channelling, channels+/channelise: channelisation/channelize: channelization, channelized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But they’ve yet to channel that tangibly since they were reunited three games ago.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He works with local officials in Mexico to help channel remittances into projects in Ixmiquilpan, including a roof over a village school yard.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 频道，波道; 渠道; 途径; 海峡
vt. 引导，开导; 形成河道
时态：channelled, channelling, channels
分布：通道(35%)，频道(29%)，海峡(19%)，方法(8%)，引导(7%)，形成河道(2%)
→词源同cane, canal.
航道(chann管道+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.海峡,水道;信道,波道;路线,途径The hungry drunk plunged a trunk of lungs into the tunnel under the channel.饥饿的醉汉把一大箱肺投进了水渠下面的隧道.
noun countable
TELEVISION 电视
 ESSENTIAL
■a television station 电视台；电视频道
• a cable/terrestrial channel 有线频道／地面频道
• a music/movie/news/shopping/sports channel 音乐／电影／新闻／购物／体育频道
• the news on Channel 4 四频道的新闻
• She switched/turned to another channel to watch the football. 她换到另一个频道看足球比赛。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
PASSAGE 通道
 ADVANCED
■a passage for water or other liquids to flow along, or a part of a river or other area of water which is deep and wide enough to provide a route for ships to travel along （水或其他液体流通的）管道，管道；航道
• There are drainage/irrigation channels all over this flat agricultural land. 在这片平坦的农田上遍布着排水／灌溉渠。
• The boats all have to pass through this narrow channel. 所有船只都必须通过这条狭窄的航道。
the (English) Channel
■the area of sea which separates England from France 英吉利海峡
• We're going to have a day-trip across the Channel. 我们将进行一次横度英吉利海峡的一日游。
• We took the car to France overnight on a (cross-) channel ferry. 我们头一天晚上用横度英吉利海峡的度船把汽车运到了法国。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
AIRPORT/PORT 机场／港口
■a route or way out of an airport or port where travellers' bags are examined （机场或港口检查旅客行李的）通道
• If you have nothing to declare, go through the green channel. 如果你没有东西要申报，就走绿色通道。
• Goods to declare - use the red channel. 有商品要报税——走红色通道。
['tʃæn.əl] noun countable
COMMUNICATING 交流
■a way of communicating with people or getting something done 途径，管道；手段
• We must open the channels of communication between the two countries. 我们必须打开两国之间的交流管道。
• The government pursued every diplomatic/official channel to free the hostages. 政府利用一切外交／官方途径以使人质获释。
• Complaints should be made through the proper/usual channels. 应当透过适当的／正常的管道进行投诉。
['tʃæn.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to direct something into a particular place or situation 引导；把…导入，将…引入
• Ditches were constructed to channel water away from the buildings. 修造沟渠是为了给建筑物排水。
• If she could only channel all that energy into something useful. 要是她能把那些精力都倾注到有用的事情上就好了。
• A lot of money has been channelled into research in that particular field. 大笔经费被投入到那个领域的研究中去了。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
strait, channel
这组词都有“海峡”的意思，其区别是：
strait: 指短而窄的海峡。常用复数形式但作单数用。
channel: 指比strait长而宽的海峡。
vt. 引导，开导；形成河道
 - aim, boot
n. 通道；频道；海峡
 - door, exit, neck, route, narrow

Word: productivity
Front: productivity
[ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti] (研六雅宝 4158/3605 -2)
Vocabulary: productivity
(once / 1945 pages)
n
Use the noun productivity to describe how much you can get done. Your boss at work probably keeps track of your productivity — meaning he’s checking to see how much work you do and how well you do it.
The word productivity is often used in the workplace. It can describe the performance of individual workers, a department, or even an entire industry. You’ll often hear it used with a percentage. Your boss might come in with a smile and say that productivity has increased by 30 percent. Productivity is also frequently used in relation to farming. If you live in a farming community you likely hear news reports about agricultural productivity in your area.
WORD FAMILY
productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ production: productions/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The patterns you establish right now will impact your health, productivity, financial security and happiness for decades.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Estimating the costs of lost productivity and slower processing of transactions is more difficult.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Most employers are smart enough to realize that turnover is an enemy that hurts productivity and raises costs.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生产率，生产力; [经济学] 生产率; [生态学]生产率
分布：生产力(53%)，生产率(47%)
生产力,生产活动(product+ivity)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
生产力(product生产)[-ivity表名词,由-ive+ity组成,"有…能力或特性"]
n.生产率It's deduced that the induced fluctuation does no good to the reproducing productivity.据推断,诱导波动对复制生产率没有好处.
US [ˌproʊ.dək'tɪv.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the rate at which a company or country makes goods, usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the goods 生产率
• Studies show that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity increases. 研究显示如果工作环境舒适，生产效率会提高。
• a productivity bonus/incentive 生产效率奖金／激励
• Productivity in the steel industry improved by 5% last year. 钢铁工业的生产率去年提高了5%。
n. 生产力； [经] 生产率；生产能力
 - fertility, productive forces

Word: presidency
Front: presidency
[ˈprezɪdənsi] (六托 3432/5207 -3)
Vocabulary: presidency
(once / 549 pages)
n
A presidency is the executive office of a country, state, company, or other large organization. It's also the way to refer to the whole length of time a president is president: "Washington's presidency ended after two terms."
When a candidate is elected to the presidency, that person becomes president, the head of a nation, organization, college, or company. The presidency of the United States has potential to change every four years, when the country holds elections. You can also use presidency to talk about a particular time period, defined by who was president them: "His presidency was a period marked by recession and job loss."
WORD FAMILY
presidency: presidencies+/ president: ex-president, presidency, presidential, presidents, presidentship/ presidential: presidentially, unpresidential/presidentship: presidentships/unpresidential: unpresidentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here, then, are the prerequisites of the presidency.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“This covert action by the Nixon campaign,” he said, “laid the ground for the skulduggery of his presidency.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beginning in 2017, Republicans will hold 33 governorships and fully control legislatures in 25 states, as well as the Congress and presidency.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总统; 总统的任期; 管辖; 支配
分布：名词(100%)
noun
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the job of being president, or the period when someone is a president 总统职务（或任期）
• He has announced that he is running for the presidency. 他已宣布参加总统竞选。
• She won the presidency by a wide margin. 她以高额票数当选总统。
n. 总统（或董事长、会长、大学校长等）的职位（任期）；管辖；支配
 - government, disposal, ruling

Word: succeed
Front: succeed
[səkˈsi:d] (中高研四六托 2018/1741 -K4)
Vocabulary: succeed
(once / 35 pages)
v
When you succeed at something, you reach a goal or do really well. If you practice speaking Arabic every day, you are likely to succeed at becoming fluent in this language.
When you succeed, you achieve the result you hope for, but another way to use succeed is to describe taking over a position. A prince who will inherit his father's kingdom will succeed his father one day, and a new high school principal can be said to succeed the old one. The Latin root of succeed is succedere, come close after.
WORD FAMILY
succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor +/succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ succession: successions/ successive: successively, successiveness/ successor: successors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It succeeded just once in eight attempted launches last year.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Domestically, an attempted army coup last summer almost succeeded in toppling Erdoğan.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
“What we need is a great national cleanup,” said Moon Jae-in, an opposition leader who is the leading candidate to succeed Ms. Park.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 成功; 继承
vt. 继承，继任，继位; 随…之后
时态：succeeded, succeeding, succeeds
分布：成功(91%)，继承(8%)，接着发生(1%)
→suc-,在下，在后，-ceed,走，词源同 accede,proceed.即跟在后面走，引申词义接替，继任，达 成目的，成功。
成功(suc+ceed走→从下走到上面→成功)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
成功;继续(suc随后＋ceed→随后跟上→继续→继续做→成功)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
vi.成功;继承,接替vt.接替;继...之后The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上
verb
ACHIEVE SOMETHING 取得某物
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■If you succeed, you achieve something that you have been aiming for, and if a plan or piece of work succeeds, it has the results that you wanted 成功；实现目标；达到目的
• She's been trying to pass her driving test for six years and she's finally succeeded. 六年来，她一直努力想通过驾照考试，终于得偿所愿。
• You need to be pretty tough to succeed in the property world. 要想在地产界出人头地，你必须要坚忍不拔。
• The campaign has certainly succeeded in raising public awareness of the issue. 毫无疑问，这项活动成功唤起大众对这问题的关注。
• humorous Richard succeeded in offending (= managed unintentionally to offend) just about everybody in the room! 理查把房间里的所有人都得罪光了！
  Common Learner Errors  succeedRemember: succeed is usually followed by the preposition in. Don't say 'succeed something', say succeed in something :
✗ I hope you will succeed your new job. I hope you will succeed in your new job. When succeed in is followed by a verb, that verb is usually in the -ing form: Don't say 'succeed to do something' or 'succeed doing something', say succeed in doing something : They finally succeeded in catching the killer.
[sək'si:d] verb
FOLLOW 跟随
intransitive or transitive
■to take an official job or position after someone else 接替，继任；继承
• He succeeded his father as editor of the paper. 他接替父亲成为报纸主编。
• When the Queen dies, her eldest son will succeed to the throne. 女王去世后，将由其长子继承王位。
■to come after another person or thing in time 随后出现；接着发生
• In the weeks that succeeded, five more patients showed similar symptoms. 接下来的几周里，又有五名患者出现类似的症状。
• Almost from its beginnings, New York has produced succeeding generations of intellectuals. 几乎是从存在之日开始，纽约就孕育了一代又一代的知识分子。
[sək'si:d] verb
If at first you don't succeed , try , try again. saying
■said to encourage someone who has failed at something to try to do it again 一次不成，再试一次（这样说是鼓励做某事失败的某人再尝试做一次）
succeed, prosper, thrive, flourish
这组词都有“兴旺，成功”的意思，其区别是：
succeed: 表示成功，强调完成某件想往或企图去做的事，与fail相对。
prosper: 指持续不断地成功，也指越来越成功。
thrive: 指蓬勃发展，常指显而易见的成功。
flourish: 指处于成功、繁荣、进步的顶盛阶段。
resume, succeed, continue, go on
这组词都有“继续”的意思，其区别是：
resume: 指中断后的继续。
succeed: 侧重指有规律地连续。
continue: 普通用词。或指持续而不停止，或有一段中断后又继续下去。
go on: 通俗用词，多用于口语中。go on+-ing表暂停后继续做原事，即后继续的内容与原来的内容相同。go on+不定式指做完某事后，接着做不同的另一件事。
vi. 成功；继承；继任；兴旺
 - arrive, win, make good
vt. 继承；接替；继…之后
 - to inherit, take sth over

Word: respect
Front: respect
[rɪˈspekt] (高研四六托 1554/1476 -K4)
Vocabulary: respect
(once / 30 pages)
1vn 2n
Respect is a way of treating or thinking about something or someone. If you respect your teacher, you admire her and treat her well.
People respect others who are impressive for any reason, such as being in authority — like a teacher or cop — or being older — like a grandparent. You show respect by being polite and kind. For a lot of people, taking your hat off is a show of respect. When people are insulted or treated badly, they feel they haven't been treated with respect. You can respect things as well as people. Saying the Pledge of Allegiance shows respect to your country.
WORD FAMILY
respect: disrespect, respectable, respected, respecter, respectful, respecting, respects, self-respect+/ disrespect: disrespected, disrespecting, disrespects/ disrespectful: disrespectfully/respectability: respectabilities/ respectable: respectability, respectabler, respectablest, respectably, unrespectable/respecter: respecters/ respectful: disrespectful, respectfully, respectfulness, self-respectful/respecting: self-respecting/unrespectable: unrespectability
USAGE EXAMPLES
They might be overprotective, but they are the parents and you should respect their role.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
In 2015 he called Mr. Putin “a man so highly respected within his own country and beyond.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is so smooth that in some respects it doesn’t even look dictatorial,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 尊重; 尊敬; 关心; 遵守
n. 尊重，恭敬; 敬意; 某方面
时态：respected, respecting, respects
分布：尊重(56%)，尊敬(23%)，方面(11%)，遵守(3%)，敬重(3%)，关于(1%)，问候(1%)，关系(1%)，涉及(1%)
→re-,再，-spect,看，词源同 specter,retrospect.即再看，反复看，引申词义尊敬，尊重。
尊敬(re再+spect→再看[一眼]→尊敬)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n./v.尊敬,尊重n.敬意,问候,关系,方面The respectful spectator gave the prospective president a retrospect of the spectacular spectrum.恭敬的旁观者对未来的总统回顾了壮观的光谱(景象).
【记】re反复，spect看：反复看你，是因为你受到了尊敬
【区】respective（adj 分别的；各自的）
【反】deride（v 嘲弄；嘲笑）
noun
ADMIRATION 钦佩
 IMPROVER uncountable
■admiration felt or shown for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I have great/the greatest respect for his ideas, although I don't agree with them. 我非常尊重他的想法，不过我并不赞同这些想法。
• She is a formidable figure who commands a great deal of respect (= who is greatly admired by others). 她是个令人敬畏的人，赢得了大家的无限敬重。
• New teachers have to earn/gain the respect of their students. 新教师必须要赢得学生的尊重。
⇒ See also self-respect
[rɪ'spekt] noun
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER uncountable
■politeness, honour and care shown towards someone or something that is considered important 尊敬；敬意；敬重
• You really should treat your parents with more respect. 你待你父母真应该多几分尊重。
• She has no respect for other people's property (= She does not treat it carefully). 她对别人的财物一点都不爱惜。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and do not attempt to change it or harm it 考虑；顾及；重视
• In their senseless killing of innocent people, the terrorists have shown their lack of respect for human life. 恐怖分子无谓滥杀无辜，暴露出他们草菅人命的本质。
• She grumbled that young people today have/show no respect for the law. 她抱怨说现在的年轻人漠视法律。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when you accept that different customs or cultures are different from your own and behave towards them in a way which would not cause offence （对不同风俗和文化的）尊重，开明
• She teaches the students to have respect for different races and appreciate the diversity of other cultures. 她教育学生要尊重不同种族的人，要认识到其他文化的多样性。
sb's respects formal
■polite formal greetings （某人的）敬意，问候
• Please convey/give my respects to your parents. 请代我向你父母致以敬意／转达问候。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
FEATURE 特点
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular feature or detail 方面；细节
• This proposal differs from the last one in many important respects/one important respect. 本提案在很多重要的方面／在一个重要的方面与上一提案不同。
• In most respects, the new film is better than the original. 在大多数方面，这部新翻拍的电影要比老版本好。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
in respect of sth (also with respect to sth) formal
■in connection with something 关于；至于；就…而言
• I am writing with respect to your letter of 15 June. 兹覆阁下6月15日来函。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
pay your respects formal
■to visit someone in order to welcome them or talk to them 拜访
• We went to pay our respects to our new neighbours. 我们去拜访了我们的新邻居。
(also pay your last respects)
■to honour someone after their death, usually by going to their funeral （通常指参加葬礼）（向死者）表示敬意，告别
• Friends and relatives came to pay their last respects to Mr Clarke. 亲友们前来向克拉克先生告别。
[rɪ'spekt] noun
with (all due) respect (also with (the greatest) respect)
■used to express polite disagreement in a formal situation （用于正式场合礼貌地表示异议）恕我直言
• With all due respect, Minister, I cannot agree with your last statement. 恕我直言，部长先生，我不能同意您最后的那部分阐述。
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
ADMIRE 尊重
 IMPROVER
■to feel or show admiration for someone or something that you believe has good ideas or qualities 敬重；尊重；注重；重视
• I deeply respect David for what he has achieved. 大卫的成就令我非常敬佩。
respect yourself
■to have pride in your own qualities or achievements 自尊；自重
[rɪ'spekt] verb transitive
HONOUR 敬意
 IMPROVER
■to treat something or someone with kindness and care 尊重；善待；精心对待
• to respect someone's feelings 尊重别人的感情
• We should respect the environment and not pollute it. 我们应当善待环境，不去污染它。
 ADVANCED
■to accept the importance of someone's rights or customs and to do nothing that would harm them or cause them offence （对别人的权利或风俗）尊重，重视，礼待
• The agreement will respect the rights of both nations. 这项协定将会尊重两国各自的权利。
• I would appreciate it if you would respect my privacy. 如果您能尊重我的隐私我会非常感谢。
■to accept that something which is established or formally agreed is right or important and not to attempt to change it or harm it 信守；维持；不损害
• The president pledged to respect the existing frontiers between the two countries. 总统承诺维持两国间疆界现状。
■to think that it is important to obey a law or rule 遵守；遵奉；不违背
• I was always taught to respect the law. 我一直被教导要遵纪守法。
respect sb's wishes
■to do what someone has asked to have done 尊重（某人）的意愿；按（某人）的要求去做
• His children respected his last wishes and held a simple funeral for him. 他的子女尊重他的遗愿，为他举行了简单的葬礼。
admiration, honour, esteem, regard, respect
这组词都有“尊敬、尊重、敬意”的意思，其区别是：
admiration: 指除表示尊敬外，还常伴随有一种真挚的倾慕之情。
honour: 指对长辈或有地位、有名望、有功劳的人公开表示极大敬意或软佩。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此可而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，与respect和honour近义。
respect: 指对年长、地位较高的人的尊敬，对他人成就、行为或见解等经过仔细评估后而表示尊重，暗示在上述人面前表现谦恭和有礼貌。
honour, esteem, regard, admire, respect
这组词都有“尊重、钦佩”的意思，其区别是：
honour: 侧重指对某人或某物表示极大的敬意。
esteem: 除表示尊敬之外，还暗示由此而产生的称赞。
regard: 最正式用词，中性，含义不很明确，一般需用修饰语加强或明确其意。
admire: 侧重指对某人或某物的仰慕、钦佩，并含欣赏爱慕之情。
respect: 指对人的行为、品德、才华或成就等的仰慕尊重。尤指对年长或地位高的人的尊敬。
n. 尊敬，尊重；方面；敬意
 - estimation, aspect, regard, side, worship
vt. 尊敬，尊重；遵守
 - honor, esteem, worship

Word: jail
Front: jail
[dʒeɪl] (四六雅 2528/5079 -3)
Vocabulary: jail
(once / 232 pages)
nv
A jail is a place where people are confined while they're being punished for a crime. If you end up getting a mug shot and put behind bars, chances are you are In jail.
To arrest someone and put them in a jail cell is to jail them. Jail prisoners are often simply waiting for their trials — they've been charged with a crime, but they haven't yet been found to be guilty (or innocent). Jail was originally spelled gayhol, and in Britain it's also spelled gaol. This can be traced back to the Medieval Latin gabiola, from Late Latin caveola and the Latin cavea, "cage or enclosure."
WORD FAMILY
jail: jailed, jailer, jailing, jailor, jails+/jailer: jailers/jailor: jailors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His deputy was also jailed for bribery two years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 监狱; 拘留所
vt. 监禁; 拘留
时态：jailed, jailing, jails
分布：监狱(74%)，监禁(16%)，监牢(5%)，拘留所(4%)，下狱(1%)
→来自拉丁语caveola,笼子，词源同cage,cave.引申词义监狱。拼写比较nail,rule.
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where criminals are kept to punish them for their crimes, or where people accused of crimes are kept while waiting for their trials 监狱；看守所
• the country's overcrowded jails 该国过于拥挤的监狱
• a 13-year jail sentence/term 被判13年监禁
• The financier was released from jail last week. 那个金融家上周获释了。
• They spent ten years in jail for fraud. 他们因欺诈罪入狱十年。
(UK old-fashioned gaol) [dʒeɪl] verb transitive often passive
 IMPROVER
■to put someone in a jail 监禁
• He was jailed for three years. 他被监禁了三年。
jail, imprison, confine
这组词都有“监禁”的意思，其区别是：
jail: (英国用gaol)多指审判之间的拘禁或对罪行较轻的罪犯的监禁。
imprison: 较正式用词，多指较长时间的监禁。
confine: 指监禁或幽禁；也指任何使行动受到限制的行为。
prison, cell, jail
这组词都有“牢房，监狱”的意思，其区别是：
prison: 指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。
cell: 指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。
jail: (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。
n. [法] 监狱；监牢；拘留所
 - prison, big house
vt. 监禁；下狱
 - prison, imprison

Word: parliamentary
Front: parliamentary
[ˌpɑ:ləˈmentri] (托 7657/2115 -3)
Back: adj. 议会的，国会的; 议会制度的; 根据议会的
分布：议会的(64%)，国会的(33%)，议会制定的(3%)
US [ˌpɑ:r.lə'men.tˌɚ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■of or relating to a parliament 议会的，国会的
• a parliamentary candidate/debate/election/session 议会候选人／辩论／选举／会议
• parliamentary procedures/rules 议会程式／规则
adj. 议会的；国会的；议会制度的
 - congressional, legislatorial

Word: night
Front: night
[naɪt] (中高雅 209/216 -K5)
Vocabulary: night
(once / 21 pages)
n
At the end of the day, when the sun goes down and the world gets dark, it's night. If you work at night, you have to get used to sleeping in the middle of the day.
Night lasts approximately as long as the dark period of a 24-hour day, although in some parts of the world it stays bright and sunny throughout the night in the summertime, and in other areas the sun goes down in the afternoon during winter, long before night has fallen. The Old English root word niht means both "night" and "darkness."
WORD FAMILY
night: midnight, nightly, nights, overnight +/ midnight: midnights/ overnight: overnighter, overnights/overnighter: overnighters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Austin Rivers was in no mood for introspection Monday night.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
ABC’s night of sitcoms wraps up at 9:30 with “The Real O’Neals” and some self-doubt from Eileen, the family’s matriarch.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 夜; 晚上; （举行盛事的）夜晚
分布：夜晚(88%)，夜晚的(12%)
→来自nekwt,夜晚，词源同nocturnal,equinox.
n.夜间;夜;晚(上)We arrived at the village before night fell.我们在夜幕降临前到达那个村庄.
noun
DARK PERIOD 黑暗的时段
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the part of every 24-hour period when it is dark because there is very little light from the sun 夜晚，夜间，黑夜
• It gets cold at night. 夜间天气转凉。
• I slept really badly last night. 我昨晚睡得很不好。
• I spent the night at Ted's. 我在特德家里过夜。
• He took the night ferry/train. 他搭乘了夜班渡轮／火车。
[naɪt] noun
EVENING 晚上
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the period of time between the late afternoon and going to bed; the evening 晚上（指傍晚至就寝前的时段）
• Shall we go dancing on Saturday night? 我们周六晚去跳舞好吗？
• We've been out every night this week. 我们这个星期每天晚上都出去。
• She's a singer in a bar by night and a secretary by day. 她晚上在酒吧唱歌，白天则从事秘书工作。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the evening on which a special event happens （特殊活动之）夜
• When's the last night of your show? 你甚么时候演最后一场？
• The first/opening night of her new film was a great success. 她的新电影首映相当成功。
night-night child's expression
■used as another way of saying good night , usually by or to children 晚安
the other night
■on one evening recently （最近的）一天晚上
• I saw Naomi at the club the other night. 我前几天晚上在俱乐部见到了娜奥美。
a night out
■an evening spent at a restaurant, theatre, etc. rather than staying at home 外出玩乐的夜晚
• Let's have a night out together on Saturday - we could go dancing. 我们星期六晚一起出去玩吧——我们可以去跳舞。
[naɪt] noun
night after night
■every night 每夜
• The howling of wild animals kept him awake night after night. 野兽的嗥叫使他每晚都睡不着觉。
■every evening 每晚
• She stayed in night after night, waiting for him to call. 她每晚都呆在家里，等他的电话。
[naɪt] noun
night and day (also day and night)
■all the time 夜以继日，日夜不停
• They've worked night and day to publicise their campaign. 他们日以继夜地为自己的活动做宣传。
[naɪt] noun
a night on the town
■an evening when you go to various places and enjoy entertainment such as dancing, eating in a restaurant and drinking in a bar 在外玩乐的夜晚，狂欢之夜
• Let's have/go for a night on the town to celebrate. 让我们狂欢一夜以示庆祝吧。
night, evening
这组词都有“夜，晚上”的意思，其区别是：
night: 指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。
evening: 指日落到就寝之间的时间。
n. 夜晚，晚上；黑暗，黑夜
 - evening, nocte
adj. 夜晚的，夜间的
 - vesperal

Word: socialist
Front: socialist
[ˈsəʊʃəlɪst] (高四六 5591/2568 -3)
Vocabulary: socialist
(once / 330 pages)
adjn
A socialist is someone who supports the political philosophy of socialism, which is a governmental system that advocates community ownership and control of all lands and businesses rather than individual ownership.
The Latin word socius meant "companion," and led to the Old French word social, from which the word socialist derived. However, the meaning came to be so much more than just "associate." As opposed to a capitalist, a socialist advocates a society based on cooperation rather than competition . Winston Churchill once said, “It is a socialist idea that making profits is a vice; I consider the real vice is making losses."
WORD FAMILY
socialist: socialists+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/ social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maduro attempted to outlaw Venezuela’s largest banknote in mid-December, a measure that he said would strike at foreign powers conspiring to sabotage his socialist government.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 1976, the young engineering lecturer was elected a Socialist MP in Portugal’s first democratic vote since the revolution.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In is Victor Gruen, a European socialist and the unlikely father of the modern American mall.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 社会主义者
adj. 社会主义的; 社会党的
分布：社会主义的(57%)，社会主义者(43%)
→socialism,社会主义，-ist,人。
社会主义者(的)(social社会的)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
US ['soʊ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a supporter of socialism or member of a socialist political party 社会主义者（社会主义的支持者或社会主义政党的成员）
• He was a socialist all his life. 他一生都是个社会主义者。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl.ɪst] US ['soʊ-] adjective
■supporting or relating to socialism 支持社会主义的；与社会主义有关的
• socialist policies 社会主义政策

Word: adopt
Front: adopt
[əˈdɒpt] (高研四六托雅宝 1632/1157 -K4)
Vocabulary: adopt
(once / 80 pages)
1v 2v 3v
You can adopt an air of nonchalance, a fake British accent, or even a stray dog. When you adopt something, you consciously select it and accept it as your own.
The word adopt has many different shades of meaning, but most relate to the notion of taking something on and treating it as if it’s your own. You’re probably familiar with what happens if you adopt a child: you take on parental responsibilities and accept the child as if it’s your own. You can adopt other things — such as a plan, a method, or a point of view — in a similar way. For example, when you adopt a particular attitude — such as a respectful attitude — you select that as a way to present yourself and behave as if it is natural.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
adopt / adapt
"Adopt, adapt, and improve," says the thief in a Monty Python skit when he robs a lingerie shop instead of a bank. Adopt is to take something over, and to adapt is to change something to suit your needs. It's helpful advice when you ask for money and get a pair of granny panties.
The robber didn't invent the motto, it's from the Round Table Club, and it comes from a speech made by the Prince of Wales in 1927. The full quote is:
The young business and professional men of this country must get together round the table, adopt methods that have proved so sound in the past, adapt them to the changing needs of the times and wherever possible, improve them.
The prince was encouraging the new generation of businessmen to take on, or adopt, methods that had worked before. Adopt means to take on as one's own, like an idea, an attitude, or behavior, or even, of course, a creature like a baby or a dog:
All this strengthens my conviction that Europe must adopt strict and rigorous rules, including but not limited to the rating agencies," he said. (Wall Street Journal)
Two months ago, I turned down the opportunity to search for my adopted daughter's birth parents. (New York Times)
‎But the prince wanted Britain's industries to go further and adapt those methods to current conditions. Adapt means to change something to fit new situations, to modify:
One wonderful thing the English language can do is adapt. (Forbes)
"But obviously that military presence can adapt over time, taking into account the development in the overall security environment," he said. (Reuters)
Remember, if you mean to rob a bank but wind up at an underwear store: adopt, adapt, and improve!
WORD FAMILY
adopt: adoptable, adopted, adoptee, adopter, adopting, adoption, adoptive, adopts+/adoptable: unadoptable/adoptee: adoptees/adopter: adopters/ adoption: adoptions/adoptive: adoptively
USAGE EXAMPLES
And contrary to popular belief, research shows that adopting WTE technology does not reduce recycling rates.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
My point isn’t that we spend hours or a fortune in the kitchen, just that we adopt an old-fashioned approach where we avoid processed food.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A week before that, his administration allowed the United Nations Security Council to adopt a resolution that condemned Israeli settlement construction.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 采用，采取，采纳; 收养; 正式接受，接受; 批准
时态：adopted, adopting, adopts
分布：采用(72%)，收养(19%)，接受(9%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根opt, 选择，见option.
收养;采纳(ad+opt选择→选出来→采纳)[ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强..."]
采纳;收养(ad增加+opt→通过选择增加→采纳)[Opt=choose,表示"选择"]
vt.采用,采取(态度等);选定;收养The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
【记】ad朝向，opt选择－通过选择－采纳
【参】option（n 选择）；adoptable（adj 可采用的，可收养的）
US [-'dɑ:pt] verb
TAKE CHILD 领养孩子
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to take another person's child into your own family and legally look after him or her as your own child 收养；领养
• They've adopted a baby girl. 他们领养了一个女婴。
• She had the child adopted (= She gave her baby to someone else to look after). 她把自己的孩子送给别人抚养。
• They have no children of their own, but they're hoping to adopt. 他们没有亲生子女，但是他们希望能领养。
Compare foster
UK [ə'dɒpt] US [-'dɑ:pt] verb
START 开始
 ADVANCED transitive
■to accept or start to use something new 接受；采用；采纳
• I think it's time to adopt a different strategy in my dealings with him. 我觉得在和他的交往中该采用一种不同的策略了。
• The new tax would force companies to adopt energy-saving measures. 征收新税将迫使公司采取节能措施。
• He's adopted a remarkably light-hearted attitude towards the situation. 面对这种局面，他摆出了一种异乎寻常的轻描淡写的态度。
UK [ə'dɒpt] US [-'dɑ:pt] verb
CHOOSE 选择
transitive
■to choose or take as your own 选定；选用；采用
• Dr Kennedy has been adopted as the party's candidate for South Cambridge. 甘乃迪博士被选定为该党南剑桥地区的候选人。
• Roz has adopted one or two funny mannerisms since she's been away. 罗兹自她离开后养成了一两种可笑的怪癖。
vt. 采取；接受；收养；正式通过
 - assume, take in sth

Word: remove
Front: remove
[rɪˈmu:v] (高研四六托宝 876/866 -K4)
Vocabulary: remove
(once / 50 pages)
1v 2v 3n
You can remove your name from a list, remove a stain from a t-shirt, or remove old furniture from your house. Whatever it is, when you remove something, you take it somewhere else or get rid of it completely.
The verb remove usually means taking something off or getting rid of something. For example, when you take off your coat, you remove it, or when you remove a skillet from the heat, you take it off the burner. Remove can apply to people: a law-breaking politician who is removed from office. As a noun remove indicates distance, such as being at one remove from your cousin, getting all his news from his mother.
WORD FAMILY
remove: remotion, removable, removal, removed, remover, removes, removing+/irremovable: irremovably/ removable: irremovable/ removal: removals/remover: removers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Heloise: I am a handyman, and each year I install and remove dozens of window air conditioners.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
At her workbench, she uses a microscope while cutting and removing tiny bits of metal with a sharp blade called a graver.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This year it plans to gradually remove price controls, starting in March with some border areas.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 开除; 去除; 脱掉，拿下; 迁移
vi. 迁移，移居; 离开
n. 距离，差距; 移动
时态：removed, removing, removes
分布：消除(76%)，脱掉(16%)，免除(4%)，搬迁(4%)
→re-,向后，离开，move,移动，运动。引申词义移除，去除等。
v.移动,脱掉,调动,免职The motive of the emotional movie is to move the removed men.那部情感电影的动机在于感动被开除的人.
【记】re，move（n /v 移动）－移开
【反】aerate（v 使充满气体）－remove air from（放气）；insert（v 插入；嵌入）
verb transitive
TAKE AWAY 拿走
 ESSENTIAL
■to take something or someone away from somewhere, or off something 移开；拿开；去掉；除去；调动
• The men came to remove the rubbish from the backyard. 这些人来清除后院的垃圾。
• This detergent will remove even old stains. 这种洗涤剂就连以前的顽渍也能除去。
• It got so hot that he removed his tie and jacket. 天气太热了，他解下领带，脱掉外套。
• They decided to remove their son from the school. 他们决定把儿子从那间学校转走。
■to make a negative feeling disappear 排除，去除，打消（负面情绪）
• Hearing your opinion has removed my last doubts/suspicions about her. 听了你的看法，我就彻底打消了对她的怀疑／猜疑。
[rɪ'mu:v] verb transitive
END JOB 开除 formal
■to force someone to leave an important job or a position of power because they have behaved badly or not in a way you approve of 将…免职；开除；解除（某人的职务）
• The company's shareholders have voted to remove the executive board. 公司股东已经投票决定罢免执行董事会。
• Several opposition groups are fighting to remove the president from power. 几个反对团体在极力争取把总统赶下台。
• She has been removed from her post/position as director. 她已经被免去了董事职位。
[rɪ'mu:v] verb transitive
be far removed from sth formal
■to be very different from something 与…大相径庭；与…迥然不同；和…有天壤之别
• It's a wonderful experience but it's far removed from reality. 这是一次美妙的经历，但是和现实生活有天壤之别。
[rɪ'mu:v] noun countable formal
■a stage in a process or development 阶段；时期；差距
• We are at one remove from (= very close to) war. 我们离战争仅一步之遥。
[rɪ'mu:v] noun countable formal
be several/many removes (away) from sth formal
■to have very little relation to something （与某东西）没有甚么关联
• What you have said is many removes from the truth. 你所说的与事实完全不符。
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
remove, expel, eliminate, dismiss
这组词都有“开除，驱出，去掉”的意思，其区别是：
remove: 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。
expel: 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。
eliminate: 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。
dismiss: 既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。
vt. 移动，迁移；开除；调动
 - put, translate
vi. 移动，迁移；搬家
 - to shift, to move
n. 移动；距离；搬家
 - move, shift, separation, distance, motion

Word: intend
Front: intend
[ɪnˈtend] (高研四六 1536/916 -K4)
Vocabulary: intend
(once / 35 pages)
v
If you intend to do something, you mean to do it or have it in mind as a goal. Do you plan on getting your holiday cards in the mail before February this year? Then you intend on getting them out early.
The world is full of good intentions, meaning there are lots of people who intend to be nice, eat better, floss more, or pick up their dirty socks. But things don't always go as planned. Your actions could produce results that you didn't expect, specify, or ever intend — that might explain the well-known proverb, "The road to Hell is paved with good intentions."
WORD FAMILY
intend: intended, intending, intends, intention +/ intended: intendedly, unintended/ intention: intentional, intentions/ intentional: intentionality, intentionally, unintentional /unintended: unintendedly/ unintentional: unintentionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Couriers may be useful if you and your intended recipient are in the same city.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The document was intended to help companies mitigate Russian hacking and report any suspicious activity to the government.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Now 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 意欲，计划; 为特殊目的而设计; 为特定用途而打算; 意指或意味
vi. 怀有某种意图或目的
时态：intended, intending, intends
分布：打算(90%)，想要(7%)，意指(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-tend,延伸，词源同tend,extend.引申词义打算，计划。
打算(in内+tend→内心伸出→打算)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
vt.想要,打算,企图I did not intend to be rude.我并不想粗鲁无礼.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to have as a plan or purpose 打算，计划
• [+ to infinitive] We intend to go to Australia next year. 我们打算明年去澳大利亚。
• Somehow I offended him, which wasn't what I'd intended. 我不知怎的得罪了他，但这不是我的初衷。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I don't think she intended me to hear the remark. 我觉得她并不想让我听见那句话。
• The course is intended for intermediate-level students. 这门课是为中等程度的学生开设的。
• It was intended as a compliment, honestly! 真的，这本来是一句恭维话！
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
mean, intend
这组词都有“想要，打算”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 口语多用，指怀有作某事的想法或希望得到某物，特别用于效果不好而动机良好的场合。
intend: 较正式用词，但常用，指对未来的行动做出打算，并力争实现。
vt. 打算；想要；意指
 - feel like, propose, wanna, think, desire

Word: guide
Front: guide
[gaɪd] (高研四六雅 1779/1645 -K4)
Vocabulary: guide
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2nv
A guide is someone who shows you the way. You'd be lucky to have a kind older sibling to act as your guide through middle school, giving you advice and helping you figure out the school and social scenes.
A guide often leads tourists through a city, taking them to important sites, or assists a group of mountain climbers. Another kind of guide is a book of helpful instructions about what to see in a particular country, how to get along with your teenager, or the best way to grow orchids. When you guide people, you help them find their way, whether it's through the New York subway system or through the steps of building a campfire.
WORD FAMILY
guide: guidance, guided, guides, guiding, misguide +/ guidance: guidances/guided: unguided/guiding: guidingly/ misguide: misguided, misguides, misguiding/ misguided: misguidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Instead, it provides individuals who will work with the community and guide the process.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 引路; 指导; 操纵; 影响
n. 指导者; 向导; 导游; 有指导意义的事物
时态：guided, guiding, guides
分布：指导(27%)，导游(20%)，向导(19%)，引导(17%)，指南(14%)，指导者(2%)，作导游(1%)
→来自weid, 看，词源同vision, wise. 日耳曼w音进入罗曼语系通常发gu音。
n.领路人;指南,导游v.领路;指导;支配;管理The guide disguised his guilty of mixing the liquor with a liter of liquid.导游把酒与一公升液体混合的罪过掩饰起来.
noun countable
BOOK 书
 ADVANCED
■a book which gives you the most important information about a particular subject 指南；要览；手册
• a hotel/wine guide 旅馆／葡萄酒指南
• a guide to the birds of North America 北美鸟类指南
 ADVANCED * a guidebook
• a guide to the British Isles 不列颠群岛旅行指南
• tourist guides 旅行手册
[gaɪd] noun countable
HELP 帮助
 ADVANCED
■something that helps you form an opinion or make a decision about something else 有指导意义的事物；指导性的事物；准则；根据
• I never follow recipes exactly when I cook - I just use them as rough guides. 我烹调时从来不照抄食谱——我只是用它们作个大致指导。
[gaɪd] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a person whose job is showing a place or a particular route to visitors 导游；向导
• We hired a guide to take us up into the mountains. 我们雇了一个向导带我们进入山区。
• a tour guide 导游
[gaɪd] noun countable
INFLUENCE 影响
■a person or thing that influences what you do or think 有影响作用的人（或事物）
• Let your conscience be your guide. 凭你的良心办事。
[gaɪd] verb
HELP 帮助
 IMPROVER transitive
■to show someone how to do something difficult 指导，指引（做困难的事情）
• Our lawyer guided us through the more complicated questions on the form. 我们的律师指导我们答完表格中较为复杂的问题。
[gaɪd] verb
SHOW WAY 展示方法
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show people round a place 给…导游；带…参观；领…四处看
• The curator guided us round the gallery, pointing out the most famous paintings in the collection. 馆长带我们参观了美术馆，并向我们指出馆藏中最为著名的油画。
• a guided tour of the city 在导游带领下浏览该市
transitive
■to take someone somewhere or show them how to get there 给…领路；指引；引导
• The shop assistant guided me to the shelf where the gardening books were displayed. 店员把我带到园艺书籍展架前。
• The runway lights guide the plane in to land. 机场的跑道灯指引飞机降落。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take hold of part of someone's body, especially their arm, and take them somewhere （尤指抓着某人的胳膊）带…去，领…到，搀扶…去
• He took my arm and guided me to the bar. 他拉着我的肩膀，带我到了酒吧。
[gaɪd] verb
MAKE MOVE 使移动
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to make something move in the direction in which you want it to go 操控；驾驶；（朝某个方向）移动（某物）
• The pilot guided the plane onto the runway. 驾驶员将飞机开到跑道上。
• She guided the child's head and arms into the T-shirt. 她帮孩子套上T恤衫。
[gaɪd] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to influence someone's behaviour 影响…的行为
• Trust your own judgment and don't be guided by what anyone else thinks. 相信你自己的判断力，不要给别人的想法影响你。
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
n. 指南；向导；入门书
 - manual, enchiridion
vt. [计] 引导；带领；操纵
 - aim, man

Word: activist
Front: activist
[ˈæktɪvɪst] (2595/4845)
Vocabulary: activist
(once / 808 pages)
nadj
An activist is a person who campaigns for some kind of social change. When you participate in a march protesting the closing of a neighborhood library, you're an activist.
Someone who's actively involved in a protest or a political or social cause can be called an activist. Demonstrations, strikes, and sit-ins are all ways that an activist might work toward the change she believes in. The root word of activist is the Latin actus, "a doing, a driving force, or an impulse." Someone who acts on what she believes is an activist.
WORD FAMILY
activist: activists+/ activism: activist, activistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Performed in Russian with English subtitles, the play centers on three real Belarussian women — two journalists and an activist — jailed during the 2010 presidential elections.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rohingya activists said that police retaliated by detaining all males older than 8 for two days.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At that meeting, according to participants, Trump agreed to further meetings with anti-vaccine activists.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 激进主义分子; 积极分子; 积极行动者
adj. 激进主义的; 激进主义分子的
分布：积极分子(55%)，激进分子(23%)，活动分子(22%)
noun countable
■a person who believes strongly in political or social change and works hard to try and make this happen 激进主义分子，行动主义分子；积极分子
• He's been a trade union/party activist for many years. 多年来他一直是工会／党的积极分子。
• a gay activist 积极支持同性恋权益者
n. 积极分子；激进主义分子
 - rustler

Word: ease
Front: ease
[i:z] (高研四六雅 3229/3093 -K3)
Vocabulary: ease
(once / 120 pages)
1nv 2v
Ease means to lessen or release, often making something possible in the meantime. When you put someone at their ease, you lessen their discomfort. When you ease into a chair, you gently release yourself into it.
A life of ease means you do not have to struggle to make money. Your dad might be mad if you pierce your nose, but eventually, with time, his anger will ease and he will ease up on you. Your older siblings' behavior will ease the way for you to do things that frighten your parents without their overreacting.
WORD FAMILY
ease: eased, easement, eases, easing, unease+/ easement: easements/easing: easings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new nod to modernity in French laws eases the rules for people who want to divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He is 6 feet 1 and rawboned, with a preternatural ease on the court.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
From its inception, the Second Avenue subway was intended to ease congestion on the East Side of Manhattan.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 轻松，舒适; 容易; 安逸; 不拘束，自在
vt. 解除痛苦; 减轻; 延缓; 松弛
vi. 缓解，减少; 轻松前进
时态：eased, easing, eases
分布：减轻(32%)，放松(17%)，缓和(14%)，自在(13%)，容易(12%)，安逸(7%)，悠闲(4%)，缓慢移动(1%)
→词源不详。
v.减轻;使舒适,使安心n.容易;舒适,悠闲The old couple lived a life of ease.这对老夫妇过着安逸的生活.
verb
MAKE LESS 使变少
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc 减轻；减低；缓解
• To ease the problem of overcrowding, new prisons will be built. 为了缓解监狱里人满为患的情况，将修建新的监狱。
• These pills should ease the pain. 这些药丸能缓解疼痛。
• After the arrival of the United Nations soldiers, tension in the area began to ease. 联合国维和士兵到达后，这个地区的紧张局势开始得到缓解。
[i:z] verb
MOVE 移动
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move or to make something move slowly and carefully in a particular direction or into a particular position （使）小心缓慢地移动；（使）缓缓移动
• She eased the key into the lock, anxious not to wake anyone. 她小心翼翼地把锁匙插入锁孔，生怕惊醒任何人。
• I eased myself out of the chair. 我慢慢地从椅子上站起身。
[i:z] verb
ease your mind
■to stop you from worrying 使（某人）安心；宽慰（某人）
• If it will ease your mind, I'll have a word with Charlotte for you. 要是你觉得这样便能安心的话，我去跟夏绿蒂谈一谈。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ease up/off
STOP
■to gradually stop or become less 逐渐停止；减少，减轻
• At last the rain began to ease off. 最后雨势开始减弱了。
WORK LESS
■to start to work less or do things with less energy 放松；缓和；变得悠闲
• As he got older, he started to ease up a little. 随着年岁增长，他工作起来就不再那么拼命了。
TREAT LESS SEVERELY
■to start to treat someone less severely 不再为难；（对某人）不再如此苛刻
• I wish his supervisor would ease up on him a bit. 我希望他的上司能对他宽厚一些。
[i:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ease sb out
■to make someone leave a job or powerful position 把（某人）打发走；使（某人）离职
• The head teacher was eased out of his job after teachers and parents accused him of being autocratic. 老师和家长都指责这位校长太独断专行，于是他被迫离职。
[i:z] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when you experience no difficulty, effort, pain, etc 容易，不费力；舒适，安逸，自在
• She won the 400m race with ease. 她轻松赢得了400米赛跑的冠军。
• The doors are extra-wide for ease of access (= so that people can get in without difficulty). 门都是加宽的，出入方便。
at (your) ease
■relaxed 不拘束的；放松的
• He felt completely at ease. 他感到全身放松。
• She soon put/set me at ease (= made me relaxed). 她很快消除了我的紧张情绪
at ease (also standing at ease)
■If someone, especially a soldier, is at ease, they are standing with their feet apart and their hands behind their back. 稍息（姿势）
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
relieve, console, soothe, comfort, ease
这组词都有“给人以帮助以减轻痛苦或悲伤”的意思，其区别是：
relieve: 指解除或缓解某人的病痛、担心或忧虑等，常用被动态。
console: 较正式用词，侧重缓和或减轻别人的痛苦或悲伤。
soothe: 着重以安慰减轻悲痛、愤怒或激动，使人理智地平静下来。也可指药物等减轻病痛。
comfort: 普通用词，指用语言或行动对痛苦者给予鼓励、勇气和力量，从而减轻其痛苦或悲伤，得到安慰。
ease: 正式用词，指减轻身心的痛苦、不安和忧虑。
vt. 减轻，缓和；使安心
 - moderate, relax
n. 轻松，舒适；安逸，悠闲
 - comfort, leisure
vi. 减轻，缓和；放松；灵活地移动
 - relax, to alleviate

Word: reputation
Front: reputation
[ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 2411/2235 -K3)
Vocabulary: reputation
(once / 147 pages)
n
Your reputation is the general belief or opinion that other people have about you. If you are considered trustworthy and kind, you have a good reputation.
Reputation comes from the Latin word reputationem, which means "consideration." It's how people consider, or label, you — good or bad. The noun reputation can also mean "being known for having a specific skill or characteristic." For example, if you have a reputation in snow shoveling, your phone will soon be ringing off the hook with your lazy neighbors calling.
WORD FAMILY
reputation: reputations+/disreputability: disreputabilities/ disreputable: disreputability, disreputableness, disreputably/reputability: reputabilities/ reputable: disreputable, reputability, reputably/ repute: disrepute, reputable, reputation, reputed, reputes, reputing
USAGE EXAMPLES
People who live and die by their reputations and therefore cultivate those reputations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The program’s resources and reputation attract players from across the country.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 名气，名声; 好名声; 信誉，声望; 荣誉，名望
分布：好名声(100%)
→来自 repute,名誉，名声。
名声(re+put+ation)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
n.名誉,名声,声望I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
noun countable usually singular uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character 名誉；声望；名望
• The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. 这间公司的产品质量誉满全球。
• She has the reputation of being a good doctor. 作为一名优秀的医生，她很有声望。
• His reputation was destroyed when he was caught stealing some money. 他偷钱时被当场抓住，这使他名声扫地。
• The hotel has a bad/good reputation. 这家旅馆名声很好／坏。
• He earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation as an entertaining speaker. 他因为演讲妙趣横生而赢得／享有／得到／获得盛名。
[ˌrep.jʊ'teɪ.ʃən] noun countable usually singular uncountable
by reputation ADVANCED
■not directly, by hearing what other people say 因知名度；听说
• The two men know each other only by reputation. 这两个人只是彼此听说过。
fame, honor, reputation
这些词都可表名声。
fame: 是常用词，一般指好的名声。如：He was not anxious for fame.(他并不渴望成名。)
honor: 荣誉，尊敬，指受到公众崇敬的荣誉和光荣。如：This is an honor more than I can deserve.(这光荣我受之有愧。)
reputation: 名誉，指公众对某人的看法，可好可坏。如：He has a reputation for laziness.(他的懒惰出了名。)
renown, honour, fame, glory, reputation
这组词都有“名声，名誉”的意思，其区别是：
renown: 指远近闻名的声誉。
honour: 侧重指因高尚的举止，忠心或诚实而受到公众钦佩和崇敬，得到好名声和荣誉。
fame: 普通用词，含义广，一般指好名声，可大可小，可远可近。
glory: 指因功绩卓著而获得的令人称颂的光荣或荣誉地位。
reputation: 通常指熟悉某人或某地的人对该人、该地的看法，可好可坏。
n. 名声，名誉；声望
 - credit, name, fame, celebrity, prestige

Word: brain
Front: brain
[breɪn] (中高研四托 1189/1643 -K4)
Vocabulary: brain
(once / 79 pages)
1n 2v
The brain is the most complex organ in the body, located inside the protective skull. The word can also be used as a verb in the phrase "to brain," which means to injure or kill someone by hitting them in the head.
The human brain has inspired many idioms, or colorful phrases. Thinking intently (or obsessively) about something means that you've got it "on the brain," and to "pick someone's brain" means to get their ideas on something. A puzzle is a "brainteaser, someone smart is called "a brain," and the person who runs something is said to be "the brains" of the operation.
WORD FAMILY
brain: brained, braining, brainish, brainless, brains, brainy, forebrain, midbrain+/brainless: brainlessly/brainy: brainier, brainiest/forebrain: forebrains
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But on top of that he’s got a good brain, he works hard and he’s been playing with good teammates.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Championship rings ordered in shape of Bill Belichick’s giant brain.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, he was diagnosed again, this time with an aggressive brain cancer called glioblastoma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 脑; 智慧; 聪明的人; （群体中）最聪明的人
vt. 打破…的脑袋; 打…的头部
时态：brained, braining, brains
分布：脑(96%)，智力(2%)，智者(1%)，打 ... 的脑袋(1%)
→词源不详。
n.(大)脑,骨髓;(pl.)脑力,智能Strain brain on the train is restrained.在列车上过度用脑受到约束.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the organ inside the head that controls thought, memory, feelings and activity 脑，大脑
• Doctors tried desperately to reduce the swelling in her brain. 医生想尽一切办法缩小她脑部的肿块。
• The accident left him with permanent brain damage. 事故给他造成了永久大脑损伤。
• His wife died from a brain tumour. 他妻子死于脑瘤。
 IMPROVER countable
■used to refer to intelligence 头脑；智力
• Marie has an amazing brain (= is very intelligent). 玛丽的智力惊人。
• That can't possibly be the right way to do it - use your brain! 那样做肯定不对——动动脑筋！
• The poor child inherited his mother's brains and his father's looks. 这个可怜的孩子继承了妈妈的智慧和爸爸的长相。
• He's got brains but he's too lazy to use them (= He is clever but lazy). 他人很聪明，但就是懒得动脑筋。
countable usually plural informal
■a very intelligent person, especially one who has spent a lot of time studying 极聪明的人；智者；智囊
• We've got the best brains in the land working on this problem. 我们找到了国内最好的专家来解决这个问题。
the brains only singular
■the cleverest person of a group, especially the person who plans what the group will do （机构组织中主管全域的）最聪明的人；策划组织者
• My little brother's the brains of the family. 我们家数我弟弟最聪明。
[breɪn] noun
have sth on the brain informal disapproving
■to not be able to stop thinking or talking about one particular thing 念念不忘；总是想到（或提到）
• You've got cars on the brain. Can't we talk about something else for a change? 你说话老是离不开汽车。我们能不能换个话题？
[breɪn] verb transitive informal
■to hit someone on the head 猛击…的头部
• I'll brain you if you don't keep quiet. 如果你不保持安静我就打你的头。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
n. 头脑，智力；脑袋
 - intelligence, mind, mentality

Word: hire
Front: hire
[ˈhaɪə(r)] (高研四六 1491/3488 -K3)
Vocabulary: hire
(once / 150 pages)
vn
When you hire someone, you invite them to work for you or the company you represent. If you manage your local ice cream shop, it might be part of your job to hire extra ice cream scoopers for the busy summer season.
Your boss at the animal shelter might hire you immediately if she's desperate for help — or if you impress her as a true animal lover. Once she does, she can call you "a new hire," or a recently hired employee. It's less common in the U.S. than in Britain, but you can also say you hire a car when you rent or lease one. Hire comes from the Old English hyr, which means both "wages" and "interest."
WORD FAMILY
hire: hired, hirer, hires, hiring+/hirer: hirers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Everlasting,” the fictional reality show at the center of “UnREAL,” hired its first black bachelor, Darius.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
I understand that the Washington Post is actually hiring news reporters.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Principals would be allowed to hire the teachers they wanted.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 聘用; 录用; 雇用; 租用
vi. 受雇; 得到工作
n. 租金; 酬金，工钱; [非正式用语] 被雇佣的人; 销售部的两个新雇员
时态：hired, hiring, hires
分布：雇用(66%)，租用(22%)，出租(7%)，租金(5%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*hurjan,租，借。
n./v.雇用,租借The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [haɪr] UK
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL (US rent)
■to pay to use something for a short period 租，租用
• How much would it cost to hire a car for a fortnight? 租一辆车两个礼拜要多少钱？
• You could always hire a dress for the ball if you can't afford to buy one. 如果你买不起舞会礼服，起码可以租一套。
 ESSENTIAL
■to employ someone or pay them to do a particular job 雇，雇用
• I was hired by the first company I applied to. 我应征的第一家公司雇用了我。
• [+ to infinitive] We ought to hire a public relations consultant to help improve our image. 我们应该雇用一位公共关系顾问来提升我们的形象。
UK [haɪər] US [haɪr] UK
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hire sth/sb out
■to allow someone to use something or someone temporarily in exchange for money （短期）出租
• How much do you charge for hiring out a bicycle for a week? 租一辆脚踏车一个星期需要多少钱？
• [R] He's decided to go freelance and hire him self out as a technical writer. 他决定做自由作家，从事科技文章撰稿。
UK [haɪər] US [haɪr] UK
noun uncountable
■when you arrange to use something by paying for it 租用
• The price includes flights and car hire. 此价格包含机票和租车的费用。
• There's a camping shop in town that has tents for hire (= available to be hired) at £10 a week. 城里有家露营用品店有帐篷可供出租，费用为每周十英镑。
engage, employ, hire
这组词都有“雇用”的意思，其区别是：
engage: 可与hire换用，特指雇用专业人员。
employ: 正式用词，侧重受雇者虽为薪金而工作，但工作固定共享有相当尊严。
hire: 普通用词，常指短期或长期雇用某人从事某一特定工作或一次性的工作，含强调为薪金而工作的意味。
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
n. 雇用，租用；租金，工钱
 - employment, rental, letting
vt. 雇用；出租
 - rent, employ
vi. 雇用，租用；受雇
 - take on

Word: dangerous
Front: dangerous
[ˈdeɪndʒərəs] (中高研四托雅 1457/1609 -K4)
Vocabulary: dangerous
(once / 90 pages)
adj
Use the word dangerous to describe anything that can potentially cause serious harm, like a snarling pit bull or an icy, treacherous road.
The earliest meaning of the word dangerous was "difficult or arrogant." When Geoffrey Chaucer wrote "The Canterbury Tales" in the 1300s, he used dangerous to mean "hard to please." Gradually the meaning changed, so that by the late fifteenth century, dangerous meant "liable to cause hurt" or "risky." Just as popular were two other danger-related words that we don't use anymore today: dangersome and dangerful, which at the time could be used interchangeably with dangerous.
WORD FAMILY
dangerous: dangerouser, dangerousest, dangerously, dangerousness+/ danger: dangerous, dangers, endanger / endanger: endangered, endangering, endangerment, endangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials say Morales may be armed and is considered extremely dangerous.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This would be a dangerous combination even if America was not in transition and other governments were capable of pulling together to manage the risks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Gas was quickly shut off to the building, preventing a dangerous buildup of gas in the home and surrounding buildings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 危险的
分布：危险的(96%)，不安全的(4%)
危险的(danger危险)[-ous表形容词,通常放在一个完整的单词后,表示"…的"]
a.危险的,不安全的Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
US [-dʒɚ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a person, animal, thing or activity that could harm you 危险的，有威胁的；不安全的
• dangerous chemicals 危险化学品
• The men are armed and dangerous. 那些人携带武器，太危险了。
• I've never played ice hockey - it's far too dangerous. 我从不打冰上曲棍球——太危险了。
• [+ to infinitive] It 's dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of tablets. 服药过量是很危险的。
adj. 危险的
 - critical, risky, threatening, precarious, perilous

Word: gold
Front: gold
[gəʊld] (中高研四雅 1256/1278 -K4)
Vocabulary: gold
(once / 40 pages)
nadj
Gold is a relatively soft, shiny precious metal. Many kinds of jewelry, including necklaces, bangles, and wedding rings are traditionally made of gold.
The element itself is called gold, and it's used to make valuable jewels, coins, and as a standard for currency trading. You can also use the word to describe the color, a shiny metallic deep yellow, or to describe things made from the metal: "Check out my new gold earrings!" Gold is an Old English word that shares a Proto-Indo-European root with the word "yellow:" ghel-, which means "yellow or green," and possibly "bright."
WORD FAMILY
gold: gold-colored, golder, goldest, goldly, golds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Family matriarch Carol Bundy is expressing fear that the government will ban grazing in the Gold Butte area — although the U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Frenchman won Olympic gold in the downhill at the 1960 winter games in Squaw Valley, California.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 金，黄金; 金色; 金币; 金饰品
adj. 金（制）的，含金的; 金色的; 金本位的
分布：金牌(43%)，金子(22%)，金币(18%)，金色的(9%)，金黄色(6%)，金制的(2%)
→来自ghel, 照耀，发光，词源同glass, glisten.
n.金,黄金;金币;金黄色a.金的,金制的The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [goʊld] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a valuable, shiny, yellow metal used to make coins and jewellery 金，金子，黄金
• gold jewellery/bullion 金首饰／金条
• a gold watch/necklace 金表／金项链
countable (also gold medal)
■a small disc of gold which is given to the person who wins a competition, especially in a sport （尤指体育竞赛中授予的）金牌，金质奖章
• He's running so well, surely he'll take the gold. 他跑得很出色，肯定能拿金牌
UK [gəʊld] US [goʊld] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■made of gold, or the colour of gold 金质的或金色
• a gold dome 金色圆顶
• gold paint 金色漆
UK [gəʊld] US [goʊld] adjective
go gold
■If a recording of a popular song, or of a collection of popular songs, goes gold, it sells a large number of copies. （唱片）畅销，热销
gold, golden
gold: 指真金制品, a gold ring
golden: 指金色的,但金鱼用gold fish
n. [化学] 金， [材] 黄金；金色；金币
 - aurum, zar
adj. 金的，金制的；金色的
 - auric, aurous

Word: construction
Front: construction
[kənˈstrʌkʃn] (高研四六托雅 1415/1442 -K3)
Vocabulary: construction
(once / 163 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
The creation or building of something is construction. Depending on your budget, if you are building a new house, you will get the construction of a castle, a house, a cottage, or a shack.
The word construction has its roots in the Latin word construere, which itself has roots in com-, meaning "together," and struere meaning "to pile up." In addition to the building of property, the noun construction also refers to the building trade itself. If you work for a company that builds things — from offices to houses and bridges to dams — you work in construction, whether you are a carpenter at the work site or the secretary who schedules the jobs.
WORD FAMILY
construction: constructions+/ construct: constructed, constructing, construction, constructive, constructor, constructs, deconstruct, reconstruct / constructive: constructively, constructiveness, constructivism, unconstructive/constructivism: constructivist/constructivist: constructivists/constructor: constructors/ deconstruct: deconstructed, deconstructing, deconstruction, deconstructivism, deconstructs/deconstruction: deconstructionism, deconstructions/deconstructionism: deconstructionist/ reconstruct: reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructive, reconstructs/reconstructed: unreconstructed/ reconstruction: reconstructions/unreconstructed: unreconstructedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Next to the construction area of the new Highway 520 bridge, birds still gather despite the high-decibel sounds from the work.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was actually in charge of the cement block,” Ms. Saxon said, still in awe at her construction skills.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The islands would also provide a construction base, he said, further reducing costs.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 建筑物; 建造; 解释; 建造物
分布：建设(56%)，结构(16%)，建造(13%)，构造(6%)，解释(5%)，建筑物(4%)
n.建造,构造;建筑物,结构;释义,解释The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
noun
BUILDING 建筑物
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc. 建造；构筑；建设
• She works in construction/in the construction industry. 她从事建筑行业。
• The bridge is a marvellous work of engineering and construction. 这座桥梁是工程学和建筑业的杰作。
• This website is currently under construction (= being created). 该网站目前正在创建中。
uncountable
■the particular type of structure, materials, etc. that something has （某种）构造，结构
• The bridge is of lightweight construction. 这座桥结构较轻。
countable
■a building 建筑物
• What's that concrete and metal construction over there? 那边那座混凝土和金属结构的建筑物是甚么？
[kən'strʌk.ʃən] noun
LANGUAGE 文法
countable specialized
■the way in which the words in a sentence or phrase are arranged （句子或片语的）结构，构造
• The writer has used several complex grammatical constructions. 作者使用了几个复杂的句法结构。
[kən'strʌk.ʃən] noun
put a construction on sth formal
■to understand something in a particular way 对…作解释；把…理解为
• How can they put such a damning construction on a perfectly innocent phrase? 他们怎么能把一个毫无恶意的词语理解为谴责呢？
■to understand something as having a particular meaning, especially other people's actions and statements 将…理解为；把…解释为
• I don't want them to put the wrong construction on my actions. 我不想让他们误解我的举动。
See construe
n. [建] 建设；建筑物；解释；造句
 - interpretation, explanation, fabric, building, structure

Word: wind
Front: wind
[wɪnd] (中高雅 1092/1179 -K4)
Vocabulary: wind
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5vn
When wind rhymes with "grinned," it refers to moving air, as in a breeze, or what fills the sails of a boat. When wind rhymes with "kind," it meals to turn, as in winding one's watch.
There are all kinds of ways to wind: You can wind a ball of yard, wind up to take a swing, or wind your way home. There are all types of wind, too, from a light breeze (top wind speed of 7 mph) to a hurricane-force wind (wind speed greater than 73 mph). A wind instrument is one where the music is made by blowing into or over a mouthpiece.
WORD FAMILY
wind: unwind, winded, winder, winding, windless, winds, windy+/ unwind: unwinded, unwinding, unwinds, unwound/winded: windedest, windedly/winder: winders/ winding: self-winding, windingly, windings/windless: windlessly, windlessness/windy: windier, windiest, windily, windiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The air temperature topped out at 55 degrees, but the wind, rain and sea spray from the vessel’s wake chilled to the bone.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
GE wants to build a similar, “virtual twin” of every category of physical asset it sells, from locomotives to wind farms.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Aviation experts say fuel consumption can be influenced by several factors, including winds aloft and the weight the aircraft is carrying.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 风; 气流; 吞下的气; 管乐器
vt. 蜿蜒; 缠绕; 上发条; 使喘不过气来
adj. 管乐的
时态：wound, winding, winds
分布：风(89%)，上发条(3%)，缠绕(2%)，呼吸(1%)，弯曲(1%)，转动(1%)，气息(1%)，给…上发条(1%)，管乐器(1%)
→来自we,吹，词源同ventilate,wing.wind 蜿蜒
n.风;气息v.转动;缠绕;上发条,;蜿蜒而行At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
noun
CURRENT OF AIR 气流
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a current of air moving approximately horizontally, especially one strong enough to be felt 风；气流
• There isn't enough wind to fly a kite. 风不够大，风筝飞不起来。
• The weather forecast warned of winds of up to 60-miles-an-hour today. 天气预报警告说，今天有时速高达60英里的强风。
• There was a light wind blowing. 微风轻拂。
• Strong/High winds made the crossing very unpleasant. 强风使横度变得非常不舒服。
• The sails flapped in the wind. 风帆在风中啪啪地拍打着。
• literary There wasn't a breath of (= even a slight amount of) wind. 没有一丝风。
• A gust of wind suddenly caught her skirt. 突然一阵风吹动了她的裙子。
• The wind is beginning to pick up (= get stronger). 风开始越刮越猛。
• She ran like the wind (= very fast) to catch up. 她像一阵风似的赶了上去。
[wɪnd] noun
BREATH 呼吸
uncountable mainly UK
■breath or the ability to breathe 呼吸；呼吸能力
• I had to stop halfway up the hill to get my wind (= allow my breathing to return to normal). 我不得不在半山腰停下来喘喘气。
uncountable informal disapproving
■words that do not mean anything and false statements 空谈，废话
• I rarely bother to listen to politicians' speeches - it's all just wind. 几乎从不费神去听政治家的演讲——都是废话。
[wɪnd] noun
BOWELS 肠子
uncountable UK (US gas)
■gas in the bowels or in a baby's stomach, especially that which makes you feel uncomfortable or makes noises 肠气，胃气，肠胃气胀
• I like garlic but it gives me terrible wind. 我爱吃大蒜，但吃了肚子胀气很厉害。
[wɪnd] noun
get wind of sth
■to hear a piece of information that someone else was trying to keep secret 听到…的风声；得知…秘密消息
• I don't want my colleagues to get wind of the fact that I'm leaving. 我不想让我的同事知道我要离开的消息。
[wɪnd] noun
put/get the wind up sb UK
■to make someone feel worried about their situation 使（某人）变得紧张（或害怕）
• Tell them your father's a policeman - that'll put the wind up them! 告诉他们，你爸爸是员警——那会令他们害怕！
[wɪnd] noun
take the wind out of sb's sails
■to make someone feel less confident or less determined to do something, usually by saying or doing something that they are not expecting 使（某人）泄气；使（某人）不坚定
• I was all ready to tell him that the relationship was over when he greeted me with a big bunch of flowers - it rather took the wind out of my sails. 我已经准备好告诉他，我们的关系已经结束了，可他捧着一大束花向我迎来——这令我的心又软了下来。
[wɪnd] verb (winded, winded)
BREATH 呼吸
transitive
■to make it difficult or temporarily impossible for someone to breathe, usually by hitting them in the stomach （通常透过击打腹部而）使气急，使呼吸困难
[wɪnd] verb (winded, winded)
BOWELS 肠子
transitive UK (US burp)
■to rub or very gently hit a baby on the back to allow air to come up from the stomach （用抚拍的方法）使（婴儿）打嗝通气
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
TURN 转
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to turn or cause something to turn 绕；使卷绕
• She wound the handle but nothing happened. 她转动把手，但是没起甚么作用。
• Once she'd got into the car, she wound the window down/up (= caused it to open/close by turning a handle). 她一进到车里，就把车窗玻璃摇了下来／上去。
• UK Does this camera wind on (= does the film in it move forward) automatically? 这部照相机是自动进片的吗？
• That noise you can hear is the tape winding back. 你能听到的那种噪声是倒磁带的声音。
⇒ See also rewind
transitive (also wind up)
■If you wind (up) a clock or watch, you cause it to work by turning a key, handle or other device. 给（钟表）上弦，给…上发条
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a road, path or river winds, it follows a route which turns repeatedly in different directions （道路或河流等）曲折前进，蜿蜒
• The river winds through the valley. 河流弯弯曲曲地穿过山谷。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
WRAP AROUND 缠绕
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself 包，裹；使缠绕成团
• She wound a scarf around her neck. 她在脖子上围了一条围巾。
• He wound the string into a ball. 他将绳子缠成一团。
• He wound a small bandage round her finger. 他在她的手指上缠了一小条绷带。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind (sth) down
■to end gradually or in stages, or to cause something to do this （使）逐渐结束
• The government intends to wind the scheme down in early spring. 政府有意在早春时节将这个计划逐渐收尾。
• Unfortunately, the party was just winding down as we got there. 不幸的是，我们赶到时聚会已接近尾声了。
■If a business or organization winds down, or if someone winds it down, the amount of work it does is gradually reduced until it closes completely （使）（企业或机构）逐渐关闭，（使）慢慢倒闭
• They're winding down their operations abroad because they're losing money. 因为亏损，他们正在逐步缩减海外业务。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind down
■to gradually relax after doing something that has made you tired or worried （劳累或担心之后）放松下来
• When he goes on holiday, it takes him the first couple of days just to wind down. 他去渡假时，开始几天只是放松放松。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind sth up
■to close a business or organization 关闭（企业或机构）；使停业
• Lawyers were called in to wind up the company. 律师被请来对这家公司进行停业清理。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind up informal
■to find yourself in an unexpected and usually unpleasant situation, especially as a result of what you do （使自己）陷入，卷入，落得
• If he carries on like this he's going to wind up in prison! 如果他这么做下去，最终会进监狱的！
• You don't want to wind up homeless, do you? 你不想最后落得无家可归，对不对？
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wind (sth) up
■to end, or to make an activity end （使）结束
• I think it's about time we wound this meeting up. 我看我们该结束这次会议了。
• We need to wind up now, we've only got five minutes. 我们现在得结束了，只剩五分钟的时间。
[waɪnd] verb (wound, wound)
  Phrasal Verbs  wind sb up UK informal
ANNOY
[M]
■to annoy or upset someone 惹恼（某人）；使（某人）心烦
• It really winds me up when he goes on about teachers having an easy life. 他不停地说教师的日子过得很轻松，真能把我气坏。
• She just knows how to wind me up. 她就知道如何惹恼我。
⇒ See also wound up
DECEIVE
■to tell someone something that is not true in order to make a joke （为开玩笑而）欺骗，哄骗，戏弄
• Are you serious or are you just trying to wind me up? 你是认真的还是只想骗骗我？
wind-up /ˈwaɪnd.ʌp] noun countable usually singular UK informal 2. You can't be serious - is this a wind-up? 你不可能是认真的——你是不是在骗我？
wind, breeze
这组词都有“风”的意思，其区别是：
wind: 普通用词，指空气的流动现象。
breeze: 系微风的总称。
vt. 缠绕；上发条；使弯曲；吹号角；绕住或缠住某人
 - curve, enwind
vi. 缠绕；上发条；吹响号角
 - wrap
n. [气象] 风；呼吸；气味；卷绕
 - breath, smell

Word: directly
Front: directly
[dəˈrektli] (研四六 1139/1146 -K1)
Vocabulary: directly
(once / 92 pages)
adv
Directly means "without changing direction." When you head directly for the food at a party, you walk straight to the snack table, without stopping to chat on the way.
The adverb directly is useful for talking about something you do in a precise, immediate way, without pausing or getting sidetracked. If you land "go to jail" when you're playing Monopoly, you have to go directly to jail, and if you arrive late at the airport, you'll want to run directly to your gate. In the 1500's, directly meant "in a straight line," from the Latin root word directus, "straight."
WORD FAMILY
direct: directed, directest, directing, directive, directly, directness, director, directs, indirect, misdirect, redirect +/directed: self-directed, undirected/ directive: directively, directiveness, directives, directivity/ director: directors, directorship/directorship: directorships/ indirect: indirectly, indirectness/misdirect: misdirected, misdirecting, misdirection, misdirects/misdirection: misdirections/ redirect: redirected, redirecting, redirects
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The most high-profile race for Labour will be Andy Burnham's attempt to become the first directly elected mayor of the Manchester region.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A separate entrance for emergency care directly into the hospital means a high level of discretion for trauma cases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 直接地; 不久，立即; 正好地，恰好地; 坦率地
conj. 一…就…
分布：直接地(50%)，立即(27%)，正好地(17%)，完全(6%)
ad.直接地,径直地;马上,立即He is directly responsible for this.他直接负责那件事.
adverb
STRAIGHT 直接的
 ESSENTIAL
■without anything else being involved or in between 直接地
• Our hotel room was directly above a building site. 我们在饭店住的房间就在建筑工地的上方。
• The disease is directly linked to poor drainage systems. 这种病与排水系统不完善有直接关系。
• The sun shone directly in my eyes. 阳光直射我的眼睛。
[daɪ'rekt.li] adverb
HONEST 坦率地
■honestly, even when it might make people feel uncomfortable 直率地，坦率地，直接地
• Let me answer that question directly. 让我来坦率地回答那个问题吧。
• "Did you tell him to go?" "Not directly, no." “是你叫他离开的吗?”“我没直接说，没有。”
[daɪ'rekt.li] adverb
SOON 很快 old-fashioned or formal
■very soon 很快，一会儿
• Dr Schwarz will be with you directly. 施瓦茨医生一会儿就来。
■old-fashioned
■immediately 立即，马上
• When you get home you're going directly to bed. 到家后你要马上睡觉。
[daɪ'rekt.li] conjunction formal
■immediately after （在…之后）立刻，刚一…就
• Directly he was paid, he went out shopping. 他刚一领到钱就出去购物了。
slightly formal * as soon as
• I'll be with you directly I've finished this letter. 我一写完这封信就来。
direct, directly
这组词都有“直接地”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 指行路中不停步、不绕道、直奔目的地。
directly: 指以一种直接的方式。表时间时，指立刻，不拖延之意。
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 直接地；立即；马上；正好地；坦率地
 - rapidly, straight, fair
conj. 一…就
 - immediately, than

Word: putt
Front: putt
[pʌt] (8752/10905 -2)
Vocabulary: putt
(once / 91 pages)
vn
To putt is to hit a golf ball softly with a club, usually when you're close to the hole. Golfers use a special club called a putter when they're ready to putt.
The distance between your golf ball and the hole determines how you putt, but the stroke is generally gentle, intended to get the ball on the green or all the way into the hole. Unlike other golf strokes that send the ball arcing through the air, a putt is always meant to simply roll it. Putt is a Scottish word that originally meant "to shove" or "to push," and came to include the golf meaning in 1743.
WORD FAMILY
putt: putted, putter, putting, putts+/ putter: puttered, putterer, puttering, putters/putterer: putterers/putting: puttings
USAGE EXAMPLES
His right leg got caught beneath him, and he stayed on the ground, then hobbled off with help, putting no pressure on his left leg.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"We are putting in the hands of 12 people the life and death of a person."
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a great challenge, a great exercise in putting it together.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （高尔夫球）轻击
vt. & vi. 把（球）轻轻打进洞里; 轻轻一击
时态：putted, putting, putts
分布：短打(60%)，把球轻轻打进洞(40%)
→来自put的苏格兰特殊发音及引申词义。
verb intransitive or transitive
■to hit a golf ball gently across an area of short and even grass towards or into a hole （高尔夫球运动中）轻击球，推球入洞
• Palmer putted the ball straight into the hole. 帕尔默直接把球推入洞中。
• You need to use a special club for putting. 轻击球需要用特殊的球棒。
[pʌt] noun countable
■a gentle hit across short grass which sends a ball towards or into a hole 轻轻击球
• She won the competition with an impressive six-metre putt. 她以一记令人惊叹的六米远推球入洞赢得了比赛的胜利。
vt. 击球入洞
 - hole out

Word: key
Front: key
[ki:] (中高雅 1093/1267 -K4)
Vocabulary: key
(once / 125 pages)
1nv 2nvadj 3nv 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n
A key is a piece of metal that fits inside a lock and turns to open it. You might have a key ring with a house key, a car key, and maybe several more keys.
A key is typically cut from metal, although many hotels use plastic keys for their guest rooms. If you are told that your attendance is key, you know you have to go. Another meaning of key is a button or lever you press with your fingers, like a piano key or a typewriter key. A key is also an explanation, like the answer key for a test or the key to success. And when you sing in key, you have the correct pitch.
WORD FAMILY
key: keyed, keying, keyless, keys+/keyed: keyeder, unkeyed
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wall, the team’s leading assist man, is the key to the success of the other Wizards.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
One key question: Why is it called “science”?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 钥匙; （打字机等的）键; 关键，线索，秘诀; （音乐的）调
vt. 键入; 锁上; 调节…的音调; 提供线索
vi. 使用钥匙
adj. 关键的; 主要的
时态：keyed, keying, keys
分布：键(48%)，关键(32%)，钥匙(13%)，关键的(4%)，答案(1%)，主要的(1%)，键入(1%)
→来自古英语caeg,钥匙，可能来自Proto-Germanic*ki,劈开，分开，来自ke,使锋利，磨，词源同cone,hone.后用于指钥匙，引申词义琴键，键盘，比喻义关键，核心。
n.钥匙;答案;关键;键a.主要的,关键的In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
noun countable
LOCK 锁
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of metal that has been cut into a special shape and is used for opening or closing a lock, starting a car engine, etc 锁匙
• car/door keys 车／门锁匙
[ki:] noun countable
PART 部件
 ADVANCED
■any of the set of moving parts that you press with your fingers on a computer, typewriter or musical instrument to produce letters, numbers, symbols or musical notes （电脑、打字机或乐器的）键
[ki:] noun countable
MUSICAL NOTES 音调
■a set of musical notes based on one particular note 调，主音
• The song changes key halfway through. 歌曲在中间部分调子变了。
• the key of C minor C小调
[ki:] noun countable
LIST 列表
■a list of the symbols used in a map or book with explanations of what they mean （地图、书等的）符号说明，图例
[ki:] noun countable
the key to sth
■the best or only way to achieve something 实现…的关键；完成…的要诀
• Hard work is the key to success. 勤奋是成功的关键。
[ki:] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■very important and having a lot of influence on other people or things 极重要的，关键性的
• She was a key figure in the international art world. 她是国际艺术界的重要人物。
• a key factor in tackling the problem 解决问题的关键因素
[ki:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] key sth in
■to put information into a computer or a machine using a keyboard 用键盘输入（讯息）
⇒ See also keyboard
[ki:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] key sth to sb
■to arrange or plan something so that it is suitable for a particular person or situation 使适合于；针对…安排（或计划）
• The books are keyed to the interests of very young children. 这些书是针对幼儿的兴趣而专门设计的。
n. （打字机等的） [机] 键； [计] 关键； [五金] 钥匙
 - digital, crux
vt. 键入；锁上；调节…的音调；提供线索
 - lock, keyboard
adj. [计] 关键的
 - pivotal

Word: unless
Front: unless
[ənˈles] (中高研四六托 1332/901 -K4)
Back: conj. 除非，如果不
prep. 除了，…除外
分布：除非(90%)，如果不(9%)，除 ... 外(1%)
→来自短语on less (than), 在少于的情况下，后由于该短语的否定含义，介词on被改写成了un.词义演变比较despite, in spite of .
conj.除非prep.除...外I'm busy unless I'm blessed with less lesson.我很忙,除非我很幸运只有少量功课.
conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■except if 除非；除了在…的情况下
• You can't get a job unless you've got experience (= you can only get a job if you have experience). 除非有工作经验，否则你找不到工作。
• Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre (= I will see you there if you do not call to say you are not coming). 除非你打电话说你不来了，否则我就在剧院等你。
prep. 除…之外
 - besides, except as, in addition to

Word: useful
Front: useful
[ˈju:sfl] (中高研四六雅 2026/986 -K4)
Vocabulary: useful
(once / 108 pages)
adj
If you can use something, it's useful. Useful things are handy for whatever you're doing.
If something is just what you need or you just find it helpful, then it's useful. A hammer is useful in building many things. Coasters are useful if you don't want a coffee table to get stains. College degrees are useful — or necessary — for many careers. MacGyver would tell you that just about anything can be useful at some point: it all depends what you need to do.
WORD FAMILY
useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/ use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness/ user: users/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Couriers may be useful if you and your intended recipient are in the same city.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The IP address information alone is not useful, experts noted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The British government ranks universities on how useful their work is to industry and society, tying government grants to their assessments.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 有用的，有益的，有帮助的; 令人满意的
分布：有用的(82%)，有益的(15%)，实用的(3%)
a.有用的,实用的;有益的,有帮助的They provided some useful statistical information.他们提供了一些有用的统计信息.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■effective; helping you to do or achieve something 有用的，有效的；有助益的
• A good knife is probably one of the most useful things you can have in a kitchen. 一把好刀应该是厨房里最有用的物件之一。
• Do the exercises serve any useful purpose? 这些练习有甚么用处吗？
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
come in useful UK
■to be useful and help someone to do or achieve something 派上用场，有帮助
• You should keep that paint - it might come in useful one day. 你应该留着那些油漆——说不定哪天会派上用场。
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
make yourself useful
■a way of telling someone to start being helpful 别闲着
• Now you're here you might as well make yourself useful - there's a lot of clearing up to do. 既然你来了，那就别闲着——有很多清理工作要做。
['ju:s.fəl] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  usefulWarning: Common word-building error! Adjectives which end in the suffix -ful have only one 'l'. Don't write 'usefull', write useful.
adj. 有用的，有益的；有帮助的
 - helpful, beneficial, advantageous, conducive, assistant

Word: suit
Front: suit
[su:t] (高研四六托雅 1411/2119 -K4)
Vocabulary: suit
(once / 54 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5v
Among many other meanings, a suit is a jacket and pants that match — formalwear for men. Suits are well-suited (appropriate) for some jobs and formal events, like a funeral.
A suit is also short for a lawsuit — like when you file a suit against a doctor who removed the wrong kidney. A suit is also an appeal to someone who has something you want — like money or affection. In cards, the suits are hearts, diamonds, spades and clubs. If a hat looks good on you, it suits you. In fact, you can say of just about anything you like, "That suits me." Like a well-fitting suit, when something suits you, you enjoy it and feel comfortable with it.
WORD FAMILY
suit: countersuit, suitable, suited, suiting, suits+/countersuit: countersuits/ suitable: suitability, suitableness, suitabler, suitablest, suitably, unsuitable /suitableness: suitablenesses/suited: suiteder, unsuited/suiting: suitings/unsuitability: unsuitabilities/ unsuitable: unsuitability, unsuitableness, unsuitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once the resolution is passed by the Senate, the House is quickly expected to follow suit.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With only themselves and their appetites as a guide, they bypass any information that doesn’t suit their predisposition and worldview.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 一套外衣; 西装，套装; 诉讼; 恳求
vt. 适合于（某人）; 尤指服装、颜色等相配; 合身; 适宜
vi. 合适，相称
时态：suited, suiting, suits
分布：适合(63%)，套装(13%)，诉讼(11%)，满足(10%)，方便(2%)，请求(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 suit,跟随，来自古法语 suite,跟随，来自通俗拉丁语*sequita,来自拉丁语 sequi, 追随，跟随，词源同 sue,sequence.原指跟随的一群人，追随者，随从，后指配备给随从的统 一的制服，最后演变成现在的套装，西服，以及相关词义匹配，适宜等。
v.合适,适合;相配,适应n.一套西服;诉讼With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
US [su:t] noun
SET OF CLOTHES 一套衣服
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a jacket and trousers or a jacket and skirt that are made from the same material 一套衣服，套装
• All the businessmen were wearing pinstripe suits. 所有商人都穿着细条纹套装。
• She wore a dark blue suit. 她穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。
 IMPROVER countable
■a set of clothes or a piece of clothing to be worn in a particular situation or while doing a particular activity （特殊用途的）套装，服装
• a diving/protective/ski, etc. suit 潜水衣／防护衣／滑雪衣等
• a swimsuit 泳装
• a spacesuit 太空衣
• a suit of armour 甲胄，盔甲
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
LEGAL PROBLEM 法律问题
countable (also lawsuit)
■a problem taken to a court of law, by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police, for a legal decision （由普通人或警方以外的机构提起的）诉讼，讼案
• He brought / mainly USfiled a $12 million libel suit against the newspaper, claiming his professional reputation had been damaged by the paper's stories. 他对这家报纸提出名誉侵权诉讼，称其报导损害了自己的职业声誉，要求索赔1200万美元。
• a malpractice/negligence/paternity suit 渎职／过失／生父确认诉讼
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
PLAYING CARDS 纸牌
countable
■any of the four types of card in a set of playing cards, each having a different shape printed on it 同花色的一组纸牌
• The four suits in a pack of cards are hearts, spades, clubs and diamonds. 一副纸牌中的四种花色为红桃、黑桃、梅花和方块。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] noun
PERSON 人
countable often plural informal mainly disapproving
■a man who works in an office and wears a suit, especially a man with a high position in a company who is considered not to have human feelings and good ideas 穿西装的办公室男职员，（尤指没有人情味、缺乏思想的）公司高级管理人员
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
BE RIGHT 适合
 IMPROVER
■to be right for a particular person, situation or occasion 适合，适宜于
• Corn is grown a lot in this area - the soil seems to suit it very well. 这个地方种了很多玉米——看来这里的土壤非常适合玉米生长。
• The city lifestyle seems to suit her - she's certainly looking very well. 城市的生活方式似乎很适合她——她显然看起来气色非常好。
 ADVANCED
■(usually of a colour or style of clothes) to make someone look more attractive （通常指颜色或衣服式样）适合，与…相称
• You should wear more red - it suits you. 你应该多穿红色的衣服——这个颜色很适合你。
• Short skirts don't really suit me - I haven't got the legs for them. 我不太适合穿短裙——我的腿不好看。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
BE CONVENIENT 方便
 ADVANCED
■to be convenient and cause the least difficulty for someone 对…方便
• We could go now or this afternoon - whatever time suits you best. 我们可以现在去或者下午去——看你甚么时候最方便。
• "How about eight o'clock outside the cinema?" "That suits me fine." “八点钟在电影院外面见怎么样?”“我没问题。”
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
suit yourself ! informal
■an expression used either humorously or angrily to mean 'do what you want to do' （表示幽默或生气）随你的便！你想怎么样就怎么样吧！
• "I don't think I'll come to the party tonight." "All right, suit yourself!" “我想我今晚不会去参加聚会。”“好的，随你的便吧！”
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
suit sb (right) down to the ground
■If something suits someone down to the ground, it suits them perfectly, usually because it is convenient for them 非常合适（某人）；通常指对（某人）非常方便
• Part-time work would suit me right down to the ground. 兼职工作非常适合我。
UK [sju:t] US [su:t] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  suit Remember that suit is not followed by a preposition. Don't say 'suit to/for someone' or 'suit to/for something', say suit someone/something :
✗ We need to find a solution that suits to everyone. We need to find a solution that suits everyone.
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
uniform, clothing, clothes, dress, garment, suit, costume, gown, robe, coat
这组词都有“衣服、服装”的意思，其区别是：
uniform: 指某团体或组织统一做的制服，如军服、校服等。
clothing: 常用词，集合名词，是衣服的总称。
clothes: 普通用词，多指包括上衣、内衣或裤子等具体的一件件衣服。
dress: 多指正式场合或为某些特定用途而穿的服装，也指童装或女性穿的连衣裙。
garment: 语气庄重，正式用词，复数形式可与clothes换用，指身上全部穿着。单数形式指单件衣服，尤指长袍、外套等外面的衣服。
suit: 指一套服装，一般有几件配成一套的套装。
costume: 指流行某一地区或某一时代的服装，也指演员的戏装。
gown: 指女人穿的长服，尤指教士、法官、教授等的礼服或妇女的睡衣等，也指长袍。
robe: 指长袍，也指浴衣、晨衣。
coat: 指上衣、外衣、大衣、外套及女式上装。
vt. 适合；使适应
 - become, condition, season, adapt to something
n. 诉讼；组；套装；恳求
 - litigation, group, team, lawsuit, law
vi. 合适；相称
 - balance, be in order

Word: nature
Front: nature
[ˈneɪtʃə(r)] (中高研四六雅 696/553 -K4)
Vocabulary: nature
(once / 12 pages)
n
Your nature is sort of the way you are — the sum total of how you think, feel, and behave. It might be in your nature to remain calm and level-headed when faced with a difficult challenge.
Things that aren't people can also have their own nature. You might notice the frantic nature of a political debate, or you might question the nature of your brother's friendships. Nature can also refer to the physical world made up of plants and animals: what you think of as "the great outdoors." You might be a nature lover who enjoys hiking. Nature can also describe natural forces, such as the destructive elements of nature, like a tsunami or a tornado.
WORD FAMILY
nature: ill-natured, natural, natures, naturism+/denaturalise: denaturalised, denaturalises/denaturalize: denaturalized, denaturalizes, denaturalizing/ natural: naturalise, naturalism, naturalize, naturally, naturalness, naturals, nonnatural, supernatural, unnatural /naturalisation: naturalisations/naturalise: denaturalise, naturalisation, naturalised, naturalises, naturalising/naturalised: unnaturalised/ naturalism: naturalist, naturalistic / naturalist: naturalists/ naturalistic: naturalistically/ naturalization: naturalizations/ naturalize: denaturalize, naturalization, naturalized, naturalizes, naturalizing/naturalized: unnaturalized/naturalness: naturalnesses/naturism: naturist, naturistic/naturist: naturists/ supernatural: supernaturalism, supernaturally, supernaturalness, supernaturals/supernaturalism: supernaturalisms, supernaturalist, supernaturalistic/ unnatural: unnaturally, unnaturalness/unnaturalness: unnaturalnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Because of the nature of the job, Dowdy said, agents receive little public recognition.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Working with her hands also is second nature.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自然; 天性; 天理; 类型
分布：自然(62%)，性质(13%)，自然界(12%)，本性(10%)，类型(2%)，自然状态(1%)
→来自native,出生的，本土的。引申词义自然，天性。
天性;自然(nat+ure→出生状态→天性)[nat=born,表示"出生的"]
n.自然界,大自然;性质,本性,天性In the rural the naturally matured tomatoes have this nature.在乡下自然成熟的番茄具有这种性质.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
LIFE 生命
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■all the animals, plants, rocks, etc. in the world and all the features, forces and processes that happen or exist independently of people, such as the weather, the sea, mountains, reproduction and growth 大自然，自然界
• her love of nature 她对自然界的热爱
• This new technique of artificially growing cells copies what actually happens in nature. 这种人工培育细胞的新技术是模仿自然界实际发生的现象。
• a nature article/book/programme 自然类文章／书籍／节目
Nature
■the force that is responsible for physical life and that is sometimes spoken of as a person 自然力
• Feeling tired-out is Nature's way of telling you to rest. 感觉疲惫不堪是身体在提醒你该休息了。
• Nature gave these tiny creatures the ability to reproduce quickly when food is abundant. 自然赋予这些微生物在食物充足时快速繁殖的能力。
  Common Learner Errors  natureRemember: do not use the definite article, 'the', when using nature to talk about life and living things. Don't say 'the nature', just say nature :
✗ Children learn a lot about the nature by visiting zoos.
  Common Learner Errors  nature, the environment and the countryside Nature means all the things in the world which exist naturally and were not created by people. He's fascinated by wildlife and anything to do with nature. The environment means the land, water, and air that animals and plants live in. It is usually used when talking about the way people use or damage the natural world. The government has introduced new policies to protect the environment. Countryside means land where there are no towns or cities. I love walking in the countryside.
UK ['neɪ.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
TYPE 种类
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the type or main characteristic of something 种类；特性；本质
• What was the nature of his inquiry? 他究竟想问甚么？
• Motor-racing is by nature a dangerous sport. 赛车本质上是一项危险运动。
be in the nature of things
■to be usual and expected 是正常的，是理所当然的
• There are problems in every relationship - it's in the nature of things. 每段感情都难免会出现问题——这是必然的。
UK ['neɪ.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
CHARACTER 个性
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■Someone's nature is their character 性格，本性
• As a child Juliana had a lovely nature - everyone liked her. 朱莉安娜儿时活泼可爱——大家都喜欢她。
• [+ to infinitive] It 's not really in her nature to be aggressive. 她本性并不好斗。
• He is by nature inclined to be rather lazy. 他生性懒惰。
UK ['neɪ.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
be the nature of the beast
■to be what something is like or what it involves 是事情的本质；是必然包含的事情
• Owning a car involves a lot of expense - that's the nature of the beast. 有车就会有很多开支——这是在所难免的。
UK ['neɪ.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
go/get back to nature
■to start living a more simple life, often in the country 回归自然的生活方式，返璞归真
UK ['neɪ.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
let nature take its course
■to allow someone or something to live or die naturally 任由自生自灭，顺其自然
• He could be kept alive artificially, but I think it would be kinder to let nature take its course. 可以人工维持他的生命，但我想顺其自然反倒更好。
nature, complexion, personality, disposition, character, temper
这组词都有“性格、气质、性情、习性”的意思，其区别是：
nature: 指天生的、不可改变性格。
complexion: 指由思维方式、态度和情绪所决定的本质特征。
personality: 主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。
disposition: 书面用词，指人的主要爱好或思想、精神方面的重要习性、气质。也可指短暂的情绪。
character: 指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。
temper: 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以长久的。
n. 自然；性质；本性；种类
 - property, category, variety, manner, kind

Word: senator
Front: senator
[ˈsenətə(r)] (研六托 2769/6231 -K3)
Vocabulary: senator
(once / 110 pages)
n
A senator is a person who works in the government. In the United States, senators are elected by voters to represent them in a state or federal senate.
Each state in the US elects two senators who serve six-year terms in Washington, DC, where they pass laws and vote on policies. Other countries have senators as well, either elected or appointed. The word senator has been used in English since around 1200, from the Latin word, senex, or "old man." This is especially appropriate when you know that men have far outnumbered women in the US senate and that the first female senator wasn't elected until 1932.
WORD FAMILY
senator: senatorial, senators, senatorship+/ senatorial: senatorially/senatorship: senatorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other woman to also serve as governor and U.S. senator is a fellow Granite Stater, Democratic U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A little later, he wrote that Nixon wanted Senator Everett Dirksen, a Republican from Illinois, to call the president and denounce the planned bombing pause.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vice President Joe Biden, in one of his final official acts, will administer the oath to 27 returning senators and seven new ones.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 参议员
分布：参议员(100%)
→来自 senate,参议院，-or,人。
参议员(sen+ator→老资格的人→参议员)[Sen=old,表示"老"]
n.参议员The senseless senator's pretense of consensus caused a sensation.愚蠢参议员的舆论借口引起了轰动.
US [-tˌɚ] (written abbreviation Sen.)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a politician who has been elected to a Senate 参议员
• Only two senators voted against the bill. 只有两名参议员反对这一个法案。
• [as form of address] It's a pleasure to meet you, Senator. 很高兴见到你，参议员。
n. 参议员；（古罗马的）元老院议员；评议员，理事
 - commissioner, councilor

Word: relative
Front: relative
[ˈrelətɪv] (高研四六 2428/2255 -K3)
Vocabulary: relative
(once / 98 pages)
adjn
A relative is a person who is part of your family. Parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents, cousins, nieces and nephews — they're all relatives.
A relative can be connected to your family through blood or by marriage. If you are a child or grandchild of Maria's, for example, you are a blood relative of her family. If you marry Maria's son, you become a relative by marriage. Relative is also an adjective that means "estimated by comparison," like the steep hill that is tiny, relative to the mountain behind it.
WORD FAMILY
relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize+/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated / relation: relational, relations, relationship /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Media outlets report the woman’s name was withheld pending notification of relatives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say the name of the man is being withheld until his relatives are notified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the chaebol did more than that, sometimes channeling money to the presidents’ personal coffers or those of their relatives and associates.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 相关的; 相对的; 相互有关的; 比较而言的
n. 亲属，亲戚; 相关物; 亲缘植物（或动物）; [语法学]关系词
分布：亲戚(42%)，相对的(36%)，相关的(19%)，比较的(3%)
→来自 relation,联系，关联，亲属，-ive,形容词后缀。
a.相对的,比较的,有关系的n.亲戚,关系词One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
US [-tˌɪv] noun countable (Australian informal rellie)
 ESSENTIAL
■a member of your family 亲戚；亲属
• I haven't got many blood relatives (= people related to me by birth rather than by marriage). 我没有几个有血缘关系的亲戚。
• All her close/distant relatives came to the wedding. 她所有的近亲／远亲都来参加她的婚礼了。
UK ['rel.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective formal
COMPARING 比较的
 ADVANCED
■being judged or measured in comparison with something else 相比较而言的；比较的
• We weighed up the relative advantages of driving there or going by train. 我们权衡了一下，看看开车去那里和乘火车去哪种方式更有利。
 ADVANCED
■Relative can also mean that something is true to a particular degree when it is being compared with other things 相对的；相比之下有的
• Since I got a job, I've been living in relative comfort (= more comfort than before). 自从我有了工作，日子过得就相对舒适一些了。
UK ['rel.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] adjective formal
CONNECTED 相应的
relative to
■If something is relative to something else, it varies according to the speed or level of the other thing 按…的比例；与…相应
• The amount of petrol a car uses is relative to its speed. 汽车耗油量和其行驶速度是成比例的。
■If something is relative to a particular subject, it is connected with it 与…相关；有关；涉及
• Are these documents relative to the discussion? 这些文件和我们讨论的问题有关吗？
relation, relative
这组词都有“亲戚、亲属”的意思，其区别是：
relation: 一般指因血统或婚烟关系形成的亲戚。
relative: 普通用词，常可与relation换用，有时指一般的亲戚。
adj. 相对的；有关系的；成比例的
 - opposing, proportional
n. 亲戚；相关物； [语] 关系词；亲缘植物
 - kin, belongings

Word: web
Front: web
[web] (高研六雅 3706/6919 -K1)
Vocabulary: web
(once / 225 pages)
nv
A web is a sticky pattern of threads woven by a spider, or something similar that appears to be woven together. Your little sister might weave a web of yarn into a potholder.
Some webs are literally woven — of thread, yarn, ropes, or any other strands of material. Other webs are more figurative, like the web of connections between people who work in the same field or the web of rules and regulations attached to filing your income tax return. There's also the World Wide Web, known as the Internet or just "the Web," named this way because it's a web-like series of interconnected documents and links.
WORD FAMILY
web: webbed, webbing, webby, weblike, webs+/webbed: unwebbed/webbing: webbings/webby: webbiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“It looks like a Google story,” said Danny Sullivan, founding editor of Search Engine Land, a web search news site.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Ownership of the assets is often hidden by a web of shell companies.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 蜘蛛网，网状物; [机]万维网; 织物; 圈套
vt. 在…上织网; 用网缠住; 使中圈套; 形成网状
时态：webbed, webbing, webs
分布：网(78%)，网络(18%)，网状物(2%)，结网(1%)，使陷入罗网(1%)
→来自webh,转，编织，词源同weave,weft。引申义织网，网络。
n.网,蜘蛛网They have set up a web of railroads.我们建立了铁路网.
noun
NET 网
countable
■a fixed net used to catch insects, which is made by a spider from the sticky thread that its body produces （蜘蛛）网
• a spider's web 蜘蛛网
• We watched a spider spin a web between three tall grass stems. 我们注视着一只蜘蛛在三根高高的草茎之间织了一张网。
• figurative Those involved in the fraud created an intricate web of trading companies to hide their activities. 那些参与诈骗的人建立起一个交易公司的复杂网路，试图掩盖他们的活动。
⇒ See also cobweb
[web] noun
SKIN 皮肤
countable
■the skin connecting the toes of some birds and other animals living by or on water which helps them when swimming （某些水禽或水生动物的）蹼
n. 网；卷筒纸；蹼；织物；圈套
 - net, cloth, mesh, trap

Word: bubble
Front: bubble
[ˈbʌbl] (研四托雅宝 4104/5570 -K2)
Vocabulary: bubble
(once / 396 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A bubble is a floating ball of air. You can also blow a bubble with gum. If you’re in your own little bubble, you’re living in a fantasy, separated from the rest of the world by a thin layer of your imagination.
Whether you're blowing bubbles in the park or enjoying a bubble bath, those physical bubbles are made of liquid and gas. If something bubbles up, it comes to the surface. That can be an actual bubble or a just a feeling. A bubble can also be an idea that won’t work either because it’s a fantasy or because it’s an uncontrollable scheme, like a housing or economic bubble. The thing about bubbles is that they burst.
WORD FAMILY
bubble: bubbled, bubbler, bubbles, bubbling, bubbly +/bubbling: bubblingest, bubblingly/ bubbly: bubblier, bubblies, bubbliest, bubbliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Let’s examine each of these bubbles to see why.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The Austrian innovation produces small physical bubbles in an area above its touchscreen which delivers refresh double lines of dynamic Braille.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 泡，水泡; 冒泡，起泡; 泡影，妄想; （欲表达的）一点感情
vt. & vi. 起泡，使冒气泡
vi. 使冒泡，发出冒泡的声音; 洋溢着（某种感情）; 滔滔不绝地讲; 兴奋，欢闹
时态：bubbled, bubbling, bubbles
分布：气泡(59%)，冒泡(18%)，起泡(13%)，泡影(9%)，充满...感情(1%)
→拟声词。
n.泡,水泡,气泡v.冒泡,起泡,沸腾The bulk of the ruby rubbish on the pebble bubbles when stirred by bulbed rubber club.小卵石上的大部分红宝石废料在用有球状突起的橡胶短棍搅动是会起泡.
【区】bubble有u像个锅可以烧开水－气泡babble（v 说傻话），《bad boy》puddle（n 小水坑），u象小水坑pebble（n 小卵石），
noun
AIR BALL 气泡
 ADVANCED countable
■a ball of air in a liquid, or a delicate hollow sphere floating on top of a liquid or in the air 泡；气泡；泡沫
• As water begins to boil, bubbles rise ever faster to the surface. 水开了，气泡更快地升向水面。
• I love champagne - I think it's the bubbles that make it so nice. 我喜欢香槟——我觉得它的美妙之处在于它的气泡。
['bʌb.l] noun
GOOD PERIOD 成功时期
countable usually singular
■a temporary period of very successful economic performance by a country, which is often followed by sudden economic failure 经济泡沫
• Japan's economic bubble 日本的经济泡沫
['bʌb.l] noun
the bubble bursts
■If the bubble bursts, a very happy, pleasant or successful time suddenly ends 泡沫破碎；（快乐或成功时期）突然结束，告吹
• He made millions before the dot.com bubble burst. 在纲际网路泡沫爆破之前他赚了几百万。
['bʌb.l] verb intransitive
■to produce bubbles 冒泡
• We could hear the porridge bubbling away (= bubbling strongly) in the pot. 我们能听见锅子里的粥咕嘟咕嘟的冒泡声。
['bʌb.l] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bubble over
■to be very excited and enthusiastic 无比激动
• She was bubbling over with excitement/enthusiasm. 她兴奋／热切之情溢于言表。
n. [涂料] 气泡，泡沫，泡状物；透明圆形罩，圆形顶
 - foam, yeast
vi. 沸腾，冒泡；发出气泡声
 - boil, intumesce
vt. 使冒泡；滔滔不绝地说
 - gush over

Word: cabinet
Front: cabinet
[ˈkæbɪnət] (研四六托雅宝 2693/1378 -K4)
Vocabulary: cabinet
(once / 165 pages)
1n 2n
A cabinet is a piece of furniture that has doors and drawers and is often used for storage, like a kitchen cabinet that holds your drinking glasses and plates.
Cabinets store things, like a bathroom cabinet that holds items like toothbrushes and soap. Another kind of cabinet is a group of official advisers of executive departments of governments. President Andrew Jackson had a group of informal advisers whom his opponents mockingly called his "kitchen cabinet," a term which has since lost its negative meaning and describes any President's closest confidantes.
WORD FAMILY
cabinet: cabinets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ahead of a cabinet meeting on Sunday, Netanyahu responded, saying: "I suggest the opposition calm down."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But the big story continues to be the Trump Cabinet.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In the short term, Democrats are focused more on Trump’s Cabinet picks and the looming Supreme Court nomination.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 内阁; 柜橱; （有特殊用途的）小房间; 展览艺术品的小陈列室
adj. 内阁的; 秘密的; 通常陈列于柜橱内的，可保存的; 细木工制作的
分布：内阁(75%)，橱柜(14%)，内阁的(8%)，秘密的(3%)
→cabin, 小屋。-et, 小词后缀。引申义在小屋子里开会，内阁。
n.内阁,内阁会议;(带玻璃门存物品的)橱柜If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
【记】象cab（出租车）一样有门，里边有net（网格）－储藏柜
noun
GOVERNMENT 政府
 ADVANCED (ALSO usually Cabinet) countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of the most important people elected to government, who make the main decisions about what should happen 内阁
• The Cabinet meet/meets every Thursday. 内阁成员每周四开会。
• a cabinet minister. 内阁大臣
• The Prime Minister has announced a cabinet reshuffle (= changes in the Cabinet). 首相已宣布内阁改组。
['kæb.ɪ.nət] noun
FURNITURE 家俱
countable
■a piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or drawers, which is used for storing or showing things 贮藏柜；陈列柜；橱柜
• Valuable pieces of china were on display in a glass-fronted cabinet. 贵重瓷器陈列在正面是玻璃的柜子里。
• a bathroom/filing cabinet 浴室／文件柜
n. 内阁； [家具] 橱柜；展览艺术品的小陈列室
 - ambry, council of ministers
adj. 内阁的；私下的，秘密的
 - private, secret, underground, chamber, inside

Word: convince
Front: convince
[kənˈvɪns] (高研四六托雅宝 2039/3203 -K3)
Vocabulary: convince
(once / 89 pages)
v
"How again was it that you convinced me to do this?" the boy said to his friend before they jumped out of the plane on their first sky dive. Convince means to talk someone into something, or win someone over.
A person convinces by making an argument—you can convince your parents to let you go to the movies by promising you'll do all your homework the next day. A thing can convince as well. The cash prize convinced me to enter the contest. The threat of failure convinced the kids to study.
WORD FAMILY
convince: convinced, convinces, convincible, convincing +/ convinced: convincedly, unconvinced / convincing: convincingly, convincingness, unconvincing/ unconvinced: unconvincedly/unconvincing: unconvincingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He added, “We kind of tell them, ‘It’s your job to convince them.’”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s over,” Gruden said, almost as if he needed to convince himself.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 使相信，说服，使承认; 使明白; 使确信; 使悔悟，使认错[罪]
时态：convinced, convincing, convinces
分布：说服(93%)，使确信(4%)，使信服(3%)
→con-, 强调。-vince, 胜利，词源同evince, victory. 即战胜，使信服。
说明,使确信(con全部+vinc+e→彻底征服对方→使[人]确信)[vict,vinc=conquer,overcome,表示"征服,克服"]
v.(of)使信服,使确信I'm convinced that the provincial government will provide provisional provisions.我深信地方政府将提供临时供应品.
【反】cogent（adj 有说服力的）－unconvincing（adj 不令人信服的）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to persuade someone or make them certain 说服；使相信；使信服
• He managed to convince the jury of his innocence. 他使陪审团相信他是无辜的。
• [+ (that)] It's useless trying to convince her (that) she doesn't need to lose any weight. 要让她相信她无需减肥是徒劳的。
• [+ to infinitive] I hope this will convince you to change your mind. 我希望这会说服你改变主意。
persuade, advise, convince
这组词都有“劝说”的意思，其区别是：
persuade: 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如：I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。)
advise: 表建议，规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如：He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince: 指向某人陈述事实，运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如：We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 说服；使确信，使信服
 - assure, reason, satisfy, argue

Word: electoral
Front: electoral
[ɪˈlektərəl] (5088/3357 -3)
Vocabulary: electoral
(once / 932 pages)
adj
The adjective electoral describes anything having to do with elections. When people talk about "electoral reform," they're referring to changing the way political elections work.
When you see the word electoral, you can be sure that the subject is politics and elections. An electoral district, for example, is a specific geographic area that elects a representative or has its votes counted separately, and electoral fraud means rigging votes or interfering with the process of an election. Electoral comes from the noun elector, or "voter in an election." In Latin, it means "chooser or selector," from the root eligere, "select."
WORD FAMILY
electoral: electorally+/ elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect /elected: nonelected/ election: electioneer, elections, electoral /electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electorate: electorates/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
The policy was working here — until Mr. Duterte’s electoral victory last year upended the political landscape.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Perhaps the most consequential battles will be outside national electoral contests and within the movement itself.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
At least one theory is irrefutable: Popular votes don’t decide presidential contests in this country; the electoral college does.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 选举的，选举人的; [史]选帝侯的
分布：选举的(74%)，选举人的(26%)
US [-tɚ-] adjective [before noun]
■relating to an election （有关）选举的
• the electoral system 选举制度
• electoral law/reform/gains/defeat 选举法／改革／取得的进展／失利
adj. 选举的；选举人的
 - constituent

Word: fish
Front: fish
[fɪʃ] (中高雅 947/954 -K4)
Vocabulary: fish
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2v
A fish is a cold-blooded aquatic vertebrate with scales and gills, like a shark, a trout, or a pike. To fish is to try to catch a fish.
Fish comes from an old German version of the Latin word for "fish," piscus, from which you might recognize the astrological sign Pisces. The word can describe either the creature or the meat from the creature. When fish is a verb, it can be used literally for the act of trying to catch a fish, or metaphorically for trying to find something, like fishing for someone's name in your memory.
WORD FAMILY
fish: fished, fisher, fishery, fishes, fishing, fishy +/fisher: fishers/fishery: fisheries/fishing: fishings/ fishy: fishier, fishiest, fishily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most residents’ income is from catching and selling fish.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Small and medium-sized fish swim upwards when stressed, whereas larger fish tend to swim downwards.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Snagging for paddlefish at night in northeastern Oklahoma would end under a proposed fishing regulation for 2017, except for Riverview Park in Miami.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 鱼，鱼肉，鱼类; 〈口〉（特殊的）人物，家伙，东西; [建]接合板，夹片，鱼尾板; [航]钓锚器，撑夹桅杆的加固夹箍
vt. & vi. 捕鱼; 钓鱼; 摸出; 掏出
vt. 钓鱼，捕鱼; 搜寻; [航]加夹箍夹牢; [工]用接合板连接[加固]
vi. 捕鱼，钓鱼; 用钩捞取
时态：fished, fishing, fishes
分布：鱼(78%)，钓鱼(10%)，捕鱼(8%)，鱼肉(2%)，搜寻(1%)，笨蛋(1%)
→来自peisk, 鱼，词源同Pisces, piscivorous.进一步来自pa, 喂食，食物，词源同food.比较fur.
n.(pl.fish(es))鱼;鱼肉v.捕鱼;钓鱼The soda made the goddess nod by the fishing rod.苏打使女神在钓竿旁打盹.
noun (plural fish or fishes)
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an animal which lives in water, is covered with scales , and which breathes by taking water in through its mouth, or the flesh of these animals eaten as food 鱼；鱼肉
• Several large fish live in the pond. 池塘里有几条大鱼。
• Sanjay caught the biggest fish I've ever seen. 桑杰伊捉到的鱼是我见过最大的。
• I don't like fish (= don't like to eat fish). 我不喜欢吃鱼。
an odd/queer fish mainly UK old-fashioned
■a strange person 怪人
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be a big fish in a small pond
■to have a lot of influence only over a small area 是小池中的大鱼；仅在小范围内很有影响力
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be like a fish out of water
■to feel awkward because you are in an situation which you have not experienced before or because you are very different from the people around you 如鱼离水，在陌生环境不得其所
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
be neither fish nor fowl
■like one thing in some ways and like another thing in other ways 非驴非马；不伦不类
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
have bigger / other fish to fry informal
■to have something more important to do 有更重要的事情要做
[fɪʃ] noun (plural fish or fishes)
There are plenty more fish in the sea.
■used to say that there are many other people or possibilities, especially when one person or thing has been unsuitable or unsuccessful 海里的鱼多的是；还有很多合适的人（或机会）
• Don't cry over Pierre - there are plenty more fish in the sea! 别为皮埃尔哭了，天下的好男人多的是！
[fɪʃ] verb
SEARCH 搜查
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to search, especially in difficult conditions （尤指在困难情况下）寻找
• She fished in her tool box for the right spanner. 她在工具箱里翻找合适的扳手。
• The director was fishing for information about our strategy. 那个主管正拐弯抹角地打听我们的策略。
• He's always fishing for compliments (= trying to make people say good things about him). 他总是旁敲侧击地想听到恭维话。
[fɪʃ] verb
ANIMAL 动物
intransitive or transitive
■to catch fish from a river, sea, lake, etc., or to try to do this 捕（鱼）；钓（鱼）
• They're fishing for tuna. 他们在捕鲔鱼。
• The sea here has been fished intensely over the last ten years. 在过去的十年间，这片海域一直遭到密集捕捞。
fished out
■If an area of water has been fished out, all or most of the fish in it have been caught. （水域）鱼被捕尽的
[fɪʃ] verb
a fishing expedition mainly US
■an attempt to discover the facts about something by collecting a lot of information, often secretly （通常秘密地）搜集资讯、资料（以求调查揭示真相）
• The investigators' request for the company's accounts is simply a fishing expedition - they have no real evidence of wrongdoing. 调查员要求查公司的账目只是一个收集资讯的手段——他们没有不法行为的确凿证据。
[fɪʃ] verb
fish in troubled waters UK
■to try to win an advantage from a difficult situation or from someone else's problems 浑水摸鱼
[fɪʃ] verb
fish or cut bait US informal
■used to tell someone to take action or to stop saying that they will 要么全力以赴，要么索性放弃；下定决心就别再动摇
• He's been promising voters that he'll support gun control, now it's time to fish or cut bait. 他一直向选民承诺他会支持枪械管制，现在是下定决心的时候了。
[fɪʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fish sth out informal
■to pull something out of water or take something out of a bag or pocket （从水中）拖出；（从袋子或口袋中）拿出，取出
• Police fished a body out of the river this morning. 今晨，警方从河里打捞出一具尸体。
• He fished out a coin from his pocket. 他从口袋里摸出一枚硬币。
vi. 捕鱼，钓鱼；用钩捞取
 - angle
n. [鱼] 鱼，鱼类
 - ikan, fim
vt. 钓鱼，捕鱼；搜寻
 - search, hunt for

Word: fill
Front: fill
[fɪl] (中高 686/900 -K4)
Vocabulary: fill
(once / 33 pages)
1vn 2v
When you fill something, you add to it until it's full, or has enough. When your car's almost out of gas, you have to fill the tank at a gas station.
You can fill a bathtub with hot water and bubbles, but there's also a figurative way to fill: "Scary movies fill me with anxiety," or "Traveling fills me with a sense of adventure." When the smell of chopped raw onions fills the air in your kitchen, your eyes might reflexively fill with tears. When fill is a noun, it means "something that fills a space."
WORD FAMILY
fill: filled, filler, filling, fills, overfill, refill +/filled: unfilled/filler: fillers/filling: fillings/overfill: overfilled, overfilling, overfills/ refill: refilled, refilling, refills/refilling: refillings
USAGE EXAMPLES
We got enough precipitation to fill our reservoirs for the summer.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A minibus filled with dead passengers was on fire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）充满，（使）装满
vt. 满足; 配药; （按订单）供应; 使充满（感情）
n. 填满…的量; 充分; 装填物; 路堤
时态：filled, filling, fills
分布：填充(47%)，装满(41%)，弥漫(5%)，担任(5%)，足量(2%)
→来自full的动词形式。
v.(with)填满,充满The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
verb
SPACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make or become full; to use empty space （使）充满，（使）装满，（使）注满；占据；布满
• I filled the bucket with water. 我往桶里注满了水。
• I could hear the cistern filling. 我听见往蓄水池里注水的声音。
• I went to the library to fill (in) an hour (= use that period of time) until the meeting. 我去图书馆打发开会前的一个小时。
• figurative Happy sounds filled the room (= could be heard everywhere in the room). 房间里充满了欢声笑语。
• figurative The thought of it fills me with (= makes me feel) dread. 一想到它我心中就充满恐惧。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put a substance into an empty space （以…）填塞，充注
• Before painting, fill (in) all the cracks in the plaster. 粉刷之前先把所有的裂缝用灰泥填满。
• These cakes are filled with cream. 这些蛋糕是鲜奶油夹心的。
• figurative The product clearly filled a need/gap in the market. 该产品显然填补了市场的需求／空白。
transitive
■to put a substance into a hole in a tooth to repair it 补（牙）
• You should get that cavity filled. 你应该把那个牙洞补上。
[fɪl] verb
JOB 工作
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give a job or position to someone 派人担任
• I'm sorry, the job/post/vacancy has already been filled. 很抱歉，这个工作／职位／空缺已经有人充任了。
• We would prefer to fill the post with (= give it to) a recent graduate. 我们更想找个应届大学毕业生来做这份工作。
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fill sth in/out IMPROVER
■to write the necessary information on an official document 填写（正式档）
• to fill in a form/questionnaire 填写表格／调查问卷
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fill sb in
■to give someone extra or missing information 向（某人）提供（额外或漏听的资讯）
• I filled her in on the latest gossip. 我告诉了她最新的小道消息。
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fill in
■to do someone else's work for them because they cannot or will not do it themselves 代替；临时补缺
• Volunteers would fill in for teachers in the event of a strike. 如果出现罢工的话，义务工作者会顶替老师授课。
• I'm not her regular secretary - I'm just filling in. 我不是她的常任秘书，我现在只是临时顶替。
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fill out
■If someone who is thin fills out, they become heavier and more rounded, often because they have grown older. （常指因年龄增长而）发福，长胖
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fill (sth) up IMPROVER
■to become full, or to make something become full （使）充满；（使）填满
• The seats in the hall were filling up fast. 礼堂里的座位很快就坐满了。
• As she read the poem, their eyes filled up with tears. 她朗读那首诗时，他们热泪盈眶。
[fɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fill sb up
■If food fills you up, it makes you feel as if you have eaten enough 让（某人）吃得很饱
• That sandwich really filled me up. 吃完那个三明治我觉得很饱。
[fɪl] noun uncountable
■someone's fill is as much as they want or as much as they can deal with 需要的量；可应付的量
• He took only a few minutes to eat/drink his fill. 他只花了几分钟时间就吃饱了／喝够了。
• I'd had my fill of his rude remarks. 我已经听够了他粗鲁无礼的言论。
vt. 装满，使充满；满足；堵塞；任职
 - full of, fulfill, freight, meet
vi. 被充满，膨胀
 - swell with, intumesce
n. 满足；填满的量；装填物
 - satisfaction, content

Word: document
Front: document
[ˈdɒkjumənt] (高研四六托宝 1389/1052 -K4)
Vocabulary: document
(once / 125 pages)
nv
A document is a piece of paper that contains official information. Don't you wish you had a document saying that the bank owed you $5 million?
Document comes from the Latin verb meaning "to teach," so a document instructs you with the information it contains. Legal documents such as contracts contain instructions on how the people signing it will act. Passports, driver’s licenses and birth certificates are all official documents. As a verb, document means "to record in detail," or "offer supporting evidence for." If you call a company to complain about something, make sure to document your phone calls by noting the date you called, who you spoke to and what was said.
WORD FAMILY
document: documental, documentary, documentation, documented, documenting, documents+/documental: documentally/ documentary: documentaries, documentarily/ documentation: documentations/ documented: undocumented
USAGE EXAMPLES
It features a man in an undisclosed location handing over documents to an official.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof also documented his hate in his journal, found in his car when he was arrested.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, with all this in mind, Salemi began travelling across Iran to document the changing climate.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （计算机）文档，证件; 公文
vt. 证明; 记录; 为…提供证明
时态：documented, documenting, documents
分布：文件(51%)，文档(44%)，公文(4%)，记载(1%)
→来自词根doc, 教，教导，词源同doctor.词义引申为文件，文献。
文件;证书(docu[=doc教]+ment→用来教的东西→文件)[doc,doct=toteach,表示"教"]
n.文档,文件,公文vt.证明They are arguing about the document of the monumental instrument.他们在辩论关于那件不朽乐器的文献.
【参】documentary（n 记录片adj 文件的）；documentation（n 文件）
US [ˈdɑː.kjʊ-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an official type （尤指正式的）文件，公文
• official/confidential/legal documents 正式／机密／法律档
• They are charged with using forged documents. 他们被控使用伪造的档。
 ESSENTIAL
■a text that is written and stored on a computer （电脑）文件，文档
• I'll send you the document by email. 我会用电子邮件把文件发给你。
verb transitive UK [ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/
    UK [-ment] US [ˈdɑː.kjʊ-/
■to record the details of an event, a process, etc. 记录，记载
• His interest in cricket has been well- documented (= recorded and written about) by the media. 他对板球的兴趣在媒体的报道中都有详细的记载。
record, document, file
record: 记录；
document: 文件，文献
file: 档案，文件；
document, paper
这组词都有“文件”的意思，其区别是：
document: 即可指法律性文件，也可指用作证明或消息来源的文件或记录等。
paper: 普通用词，泛指成册供将来参考或使用的任何文件或公文等。
n. 文件，公文； [计] 文档； [管理] 证件
 - file, paper

Word: obvious
Front: obvious
[ˈɒbviəs] (高研四六托雅宝 1689/1173 -K4)
Vocabulary: obvious
(once / 107 pages)
adj
Something obvious is plain to see and easily understandable. It was obvious that you didn't enjoy your meal because I found it rolled in a napkin and shoved under the rug.
There's nothing vague about the adjective obvious — it's right there in front of your eyes! It describes something that's easy to figure out or the most straightforward option. If someone states the obvious, you're likely to respond with a sarcastic "No duh!" or "Thanks Sherlock." If obvious isn't the obvious word of choice, you can try a synonym such as "evident" or "apparent."
WORD FAMILY
obvious: obviously, obviousness, unobvious+/obviousness: obviousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s no obvious, runaway favorite, so this means we all yell at each other about it for several weeks.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
When officers got to the scene, they say they found a man with obvious gunshot trauma.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 明显的; 显著的; 平淡无奇的; 自明
分布：明显的(92%)，显然的(8%)
→来自obviate,对着路，挡路，-ous,形容词后缀。即挡着路的，引申词义明显的障碍，后词义通用化指明显的。
明显的(ob加强状态+vi+ous→就在路上→明显的)[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
a.明显的,显而易见的Previously he was obviously envious of my success.先前他明显地嫉妒我的成功.
US ['ɑ:b-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■clear; easy to see, recognize or understand 清楚的；显然的，明显的；明白的
• [+ (that)] It 's obvious (that) she doesn't like him. 显然她不喜欢他。
• They have a small child so for obvious reasons they need money. 他们有个年幼的孩子，所以显然很需要钱。
• I know you don't like her, but do you have to make it so obvious? 我知道你不喜欢她，但有必要表现得那么露骨吗？
• Am I stating the obvious (= saying what everyone already knows) ? 我说的大家早就知道了吗？
• There is no obvious solution. 还没有合情合理的解决办法。
obvious, apparent, conspicuous
obvious: 明白的，清楚的，平淡无奇的
apparent: 清楚易见或易懂的，表面上的
conspicuous: 明显的，惹人注目的
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的
 - distinct, visible, prominent, marked, evident

Word: founder
Front: founder
[ˈfaʊndə(r)] (托宝 2800/4206 -1)
Vocabulary: founder
(once / 276 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4n
The person who creates an organization or a company is known as the founder. Founder is also a verb meaning "fail miserably," which is something a company's founder hopes the company will never do.
As a noun, founder means "the beginner or originator of something." You might talk about the founder of a nation, the founder of club, or the founder of a website. As a verb, founder can mean “stumble,” like when you trip and fall, but more generally it means "collapse or fall apart." A sports team might founder by slumping on a ten-game losing streak; a ship that sinks in a bad storm can be said to have foundered at sea.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
flounder / founder
To flounder is to struggle, but to founder is to sink like a stone and fail. Both are fun as nouns, not so fun as verbs.
A flounder is a fish, but as a verb, it means to blunder about, to be in serious trouble. In the following examples, something is struggling but hasn't completely failed:
He set out for it, limping, while the sharp gravel rolled under his bleeding feet as he floundered up the climbing trail. (Harold Bindloss)
It is a war that has floundered for nine years without a rational strategy and may endure for another decade. (Sydney Morning Herald)
Just as he turned around that floundering business, he suggests, so too could he reverse the country's sagging fortunes as its chief executive. (Washington Post)
A founder is someone who starts something, but as a verb, founder literally means "to sink." Figuratively, it's "to collapse or fail completely." Here are some examples of sinking and failing:
Pratt resisted the impulse of most Mormons to head back to the foundering ship. (Salt Lake Tribune)
Xinhua, in an English-language commentary, said China could not stand by while its largest trading partner foundered. (Reuters)
Yet negotiations over new gas contracts have foundered. (Economist)
Flounder and founder are happy little nouns that don't get mixed up. But it all falls apart when they're verbs — if you're floundering, you're struggling. If you're foundering, you're failing completely. You're sunk! You can't even hold onto the letter l.
WORD FAMILY
founder: foundered, foundering, founders+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded /foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the founders of the lab was born and trained in China before immigrating to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Han, Teforia’s founder, acknowledges that the whole process and price tag might seem like overkill to the average tea drinker.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 失败; 倒塌; 沉没：沉到水下; 摔倒：跌倒
vt. 破坏; 使摔倒; 使沉没
n. 创始人; 建立者; 翻砂工; 蹄叶炎
时态：foundered, foundering, founders
分布：创立者(38%)，失败(27%)，沉没(21%)，弄跛(7%)，摔倒(7%)
→来自found, 奠基，创建。
奠基者(found+er人)[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
【区】flounder（vi 在水中挣扎n 比目鱼）flow underfounder来自词根found底部
【反】stay[keep] aloft（在高处）；succeed（v 成功）
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who establishes an organization 创立者；创建者；创办者
• She is the founder and managing director of the company. 她是公司的创办者兼总经理。
UK ['faʊn.dər] US [-dɚ] verb intransitive
■(especially of a boat) to fill with water and sink （尤指船）沉没
• The ferry foundered in a heavy storm, taking many of the passengers and crew with it. 这艘渡船在一次强风暴中沉没，很多乘客和船员遇难。
■to be unsuccessful 失败；破产
• Teaching computers to read and write has always foundered on the unpredictable human element in language. 教电脑读写的尝试总是因为语言中不可预测的人为因素而宣告失败。
vi. 失败；沉没；倒塌；变跛
 - collapse, come to naught
vt. 破坏；使摔倒；垮掉
 - destroy, undermine
n. 创始人；建立者；翻沙工
 - author, builder

Word: professor
Front: professor
[prəˈfesə(r)] (高研四六雅 825/1711 -K4)
Vocabulary: professor
(once / 70 pages)
n
A professor is someone who teaches at a college or university. Professor is officially a teacher of the highest rank, above adjuncts and lecturers, but college students can call them all professor.
The Latin origin of the word means “declare publicly,” and professors are responsible for publicly sharing their knowledge with the world, or at least with whoever can afford to pay them for lessons. Although anyone teaching college can be called a professor, it’s really a title that has to be earned by going to graduate school and moving up by being an assistant professor, then associate professor, and finally a full professor.
WORD FAMILY
professor: professorial, professors, professorship+/ professorial: professorially/professorship: professorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fans around the world plan to toast “The Professor” at 9 p.m. in their time zones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The robot was a social experiment started by two Canadian professors.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Professor Nigel Hunt said the UK needed "a culture change" at work.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 教授; （大学的）讲师，教员; 自称者，宣称者
分布：教授(98%)，老师(2%)
→来自profess,宣称，信奉，-er,人。字面意思指公开宣称自己在某领域是行家的人，经得起挑战和质问的人。后用于教师职业的尊称。
教授(pro在前面+fess说+or人→在前面说话的人→教授)[fess=speak,表示"说"]
n.教授The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a teacher of the highest rank in a department of a British university, or a teacher of high rank in an American university or college 教授
• Professor Stephen Hawking 斯蒂芬•霍金教授
• a professor of sociology 社会学教授
• a sociology professor 社会学教授
n. 教授；教师；公开表示信仰的人
 - teacher, master

Word: address
Front: address
[əˈdres] (中高研四六托雅宝 1028/1522 -K4)
Vocabulary: address
(once / 43 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
When you are a student and you want to address your teacher, it's generally safer to call her Ms. and not address her by her first name, Esmeralda.
Address is a word that's long been associated with correspondence — the street number, city, state, and postal code that must be on the front of any envelope if it's going to arrive at its destination. In the digital age, an address has also come to mean the location where you might e-mail your friend pictures of your dog dressed up in a birthday hat. If you wanted to tell that friend about your dog's birthday party in person, you might address her directly. Address to describe a way of speaking is usually reserved for more formal occasions, such as when the President addresses the nation.
WORD FAMILY
address: addressable, addressed, addressee, addresses, addressing, misaddress, re-address+/addressed: self-addressed, unaddressed/addressee: addressees/misaddress: misaddressed, misaddressing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump addressed the issue Monday evening on Twitter.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
President Obama is planning a major farewell address which does not appear to be a farewell at all.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The goal is to provide sustainable housing while addressing the causes of homelessness.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地址; 通信处; 演说; 称呼
v. 写姓名地址; 演说; 向…说话; 称呼
时态：addressed, addressing, addresses
分布：讲话(24%)，处理(16%)，住址(16%)，称呼(13%)，提出(10%)，演讲(9%)，谈吐(4%)，致词(4%)，发表演说(2%)，网址(1%)，写地址(1%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。-dress同direct, 指导，导引。词根rect, 直，对，同right.
n.住址;致词v.向...致词;在信封上写姓名Put down your address clearly.地址请写清楚.
US [ˈæd.res]
HOME DETAILS 家庭详细资料
 ESSENTIAL
■the number of the house, name of the road and town where a person lives or works and where letters can be sent 地址；住址
• her business/home address 她的公司地址／家庭住址
• a change of address 地址变更
noun countable UK [əˈdres] US [ˈæd.res]
COMPUTER 电脑 specialized
■the place where a piece of information is stored in a computer's memory （电脑记忆体储存资讯的）位址
noun countable UK [əˈdres] US [ˈæd.res]
SPEAK TO 对…讲话
■a formal speech 演讲，演说
• She gave an address to the Royal Academy. 她在皇家艺术院作了场演讲。
noun countable UK [əˈdres] US [ˈæd.res/
  Common Learner Errors  addressWarning: Check your spelling! Address is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'dd' and 'ss'.
verb transitive /əˈdres/
SPEAK TO 对…讲话
 ADVANCED formal
■to speak or write to someone 对…讲话，对…发表演说，致辞；给…写信，致函
• He addressed a few introductory remarks to the audience. 他向观众说了几句开场白。
• He likes to be addressed as 'Sir' or 'Mr Partridge'. 他喜欢被称为“先生”或“派特里奇先生”。
verb transitive /əˈdres/
DEAL WITH 处理
 ADVANCED
■to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem 对付，应付；处理
• The issue of funding has yet to be addressed. 资金问题尚未得到解决。
verb transitive /əˈdres/
HOME DETAILS 家庭详细资料
■to write a name or address on an envelope or parcel 在（信封或包裹）上写上姓名（或地址）
• The parcel was wrongly addressed. 这个包裹上面的地址写错了。
• So why did you open a letter that was addressed to me? 那你为甚么要拆写给我的信呢？
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
hail, salute, address, welcome, greet
这组词都有“欢迎、致敬，致意，招呼”的意思，其区别是：
hail: 主要指怀着敬意欢迎某人，侧重欢快轻松和嘈杂。也指隔得较远的高声招呼。
salute: 正式用词，指用敬礼、亲吻或挥帽等动作向他人致意或问候，尤指以某种礼节欢迎某人。
address: 侧重打招呼的方式或指所使用的称谓。
welcome: 多指热情的官方的或正式的迎接或欢迎，但也指一般的欢迎。
greet: 常指友好而热诚地欢迎。
vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞
 - undertake, pursue, have
n. [计] 地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧
 - speech, lecture, talk

Word: refugee
Front: refugee
[ˌrefjuˈdʒi:] (研六雅宝 2599/2851 -4)
Vocabulary: refugee
(once / 527 pages)
n
A refugee is someone who has left a dangerous place for a less dangerous place. You could help refugees from a hurricane by bringing them food and blankets.
Refuge means shelter. So a refugee is a person that seeks shelter, usually from war, natural disaster, or some other harmful situation. If you see the conditions inside a refugee camp, you will realize how hard the lives of the refugees must have been before leaving home.
WORD FAMILY
refugee: refugees
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are now a lot of climate refugees in Iran,” Salemi told me.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
He says he also hopes interacting with his German hosts will help them see him and his bandmates as something other than refugees.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During the U.S. election campaign, Trump described Merkel's refugee policies as "insane".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 避难者，难民
分布：难民(100%)
→来自 refuge,避难。
逃难者(re回+fug+ee表示人→逃入避难所的人)[fug=flee,表示"逃,离开"]
难民(refuge避难)[-ee表名词"被动或主动的人"]
n.(政治上的)避难者,难民The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
【记】源于：refuge（n 庇护；避难所），fuge是“逃跑”的词根
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who has escaped from their own country for political, religious or economic reasons or because of a war 难民；避难者；逃亡者
• Thousands of refugees fled across the border. 数以千计的难民越过边境逃入邻国。
n. 难民，避难者；流亡者，逃亡者
 - asylee, displaced persons

Word: islam

Word: spring
Front: spring
[sprɪŋ] (中高托雅 901/1503 -K4)
Vocabulary: spring
(once / 32 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
There's nothing like sitting on a sharp tack to make you spring out of your chair. The verb spring means to leap or bounce up suddenly.
When you spring, you jump abruptly. In fact, your body acts like another definition of spring, "a coil of metal that bounces back when pushed." The Old English springan, "to leap, burst forth, or fly up," is the root of spring, and most uses of the word are clearly connected to that origin. Even when an idea springs to mind, or you spring bad news on someone, the thoughts seem to leap forward.
WORD FAMILY
spring: sprang, springed, springing, springless, springlike, springs, sprung
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 春季; 泉水，小溪; 弹簧，弹性; 跳跃
vi. 跳，跃; 突然发出或出现; 发源; 劈开，裂开
vt. 突然跳出; 跳过; 使开裂
adj. 春天的; 弹簧的，有弹性的
时态：sprang, sprung, springing, springs
分布：春天(49%)，弹(13%)，春季(12%)，弹簧(11%)，跳(4%)，泉水(4%)，出现(2%)，生长(2%)，涌出(1%)，弹力(1%)，突然提出(1%)
→来自古英语 springan,蹦，跳，跃，来自 Proto-Germanic*springana,弹，跳，冲出，来自 spergh, 弹，跳，快速移动，可能来自 sper,播撒，展开，词源同 spread,spark.
n.春;跳;泉,源泉;弹簧,发条v.跳,跳跃The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
noun
SEASON 季节
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the season of the year between winter and summer, lasting from March to June north of the equator , and from September to December south of the equator, when the weather becomes warmer, leaves and plants start to grow again and flowers appear 春天，春季
• spring flowers/weather 春花／春日天气
• Many bulbs bloom in (the) spring. 很多球茎植物春天开花。
• Janet's coming over for a couple of weeks next spring. 珍妮特明年春天要来这里待几个星期。
[sprɪŋ] noun
CURVED METAL 弯曲的金属
countable
■a piece of curved or bent metal that can be pressed into a smaller space but then returns to its usual shape 弹簧，发条
• The children have jumped on the couch so much that they've ruined the springs. 孩子们老是在沙发上跳来跳去的，把弹簧都跳坏了。
uncountable
■something's ability to return to its usual shape after it has been pressed 弹性，弹力
• Over the years the mattress has lost its spring. 几年下来，床垫失去了弹性。
[sprɪŋ] noun
WATER 水
countable (also springs)
■a place where water naturally flows out from the ground 泉
• bubbling/hot springs 汩汩冒泡的泉／温泉
[sprɪŋ] noun
a spring in your step
■If you walk with or have a spring in your step, you walk energetically in a way that shows you are feeling happy and confident 步伐轻快；（走路）轻松自信
• There's been a definite spring in his step ever since he met Joanna. 自从他遇见乔安娜之后，走起路来步伐都变轻快了。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
MOVE QUICKLY 快速移动
■to move quickly and suddenly towards a particular place 跳，跃，蹦
• I sprang out of bed to answer the door. 我从床上跳起来去开门。
• The organization is ready to spring into action (= start taking action) the moment it receives its funding. 那个组织已准备好了，一得到资金就立即采取行动。
• He always springs to his feet when she walks in the room. 她走进房间时，他总是会立即站起来。
• figurative I noticed the way you sprang to his defence when Caroline started joking about his clothes. 我注意到，卡罗琳取笑他的穿着时，你立刻就开始为他说话了。
• The lid of the box sprang shut. 盒盖啪的一下关上了。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
APPEAR SUDDENLY 突然出现
■to appear or start to exist suddenly 突然出现；涌现
• Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past couple of years. 过去几年里数千家新企业如雨后春笋般纷纷涌现。
• informal "Where did you spring from ? - I didn't see you come in!" “你从那里冒出来的？——我都没看到你进来！”
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
spring to life
■to suddenly become very active or busy 突然活跃（或忙碌）起来
• After about 8 o'clock the city springs to life. 大约八点钟过后，整个城市突然热闹起来。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
spring to mind
■to come quickly into your mind 跃入脑海
• Say the word 'Australia' and a vision of beaches and blue seas immediately springs to mind. 一提起“澳大利亚”两个字，脑海中立刻呈现出沙滩和蔚蓝的大海。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
  Phrasal Verbs  spring from sth
■to come from or be a result of something 起源于；来自；由…造成
• His need to be liked obviously springs from a deep-rooted insecurity. 他渴望别人喜欢他，这显然出自一种根深柢固的不安全感。
[sprɪŋ] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (sprang or US ALSO sprung, sprung)
  Phrasal Verbs  spring sth on sb
■to suddenly tell or ask someone something when they do not expect it 突然告诉（某人）；冷不防地问（某人）
• I hope he's not going to spring any nasty surprises on us at the meeting this morning. 我希望今天上午的会议他不会冷不防对我们说出一些让人讨厌的话来。
fountain, spring
这组词都有“泉”的意思，其区别是：
fountain: 指天然或供观赏或饮水用的人工泉或喷泉。引申用根“根源”或“源泉”解。
spring: 指从地面自然涌出的天然泉。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
n. 春天；弹簧；泉水；活力；跳跃
 - energy, vitality, jump, vigor
adj. 春天的
 - vernal
vi. 生长；涌出；跃出；裂开
 - grow, develop, flood, gap
vt. 使跳起；使爆炸；突然提出；使弹开
 - shoot, set sth off

Word: flight
Front: flight
[flaɪt] (高雅宝 1295/1487 -K4)
Back: n. （物体的）飞行; 航班; 飞翔; 楼梯的一段
vi. 成群地迁徙或飞行
vt. 射击; 使惊飞
时态：flighted, flighting, flights
分布：飞行(60%)，航班(39%)，镖尾(1%)
→来自fly的名词形式。
n.飞翔,飞行;航班;航程;逃跑;楼梯的一段I slightly delight in flight in the sunlight and lightning.我有点喜欢在阳光和闪电中飞行.
noun
JOURNEY 旅程
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey in an aircraft 空中航行，航程
• I'll never forget my first flight. 我永远也不会忘记第一次乘飞机的经历。
• How was your flight? 空中旅行感觉如何？
• All flights to New York today are delayed because of bad weather. 因天气不好，今天飞往纽约的所有航班都延误了。
• My flight was cancelled. 我的航班取消了。
[flaɪt] noun
AIRCRAFT 飞行器
 ADVANCED countable
■an aircraft that is making a particular journey 航班飞机，班机
• Flight 474 to Buenos Aires is now boarding at gate 9. 飞往布宜诺斯艾利斯的474航班现在正在九号闸口登机。
[flaɪt] noun
MOVEMENT 运动
uncountable
■when something flies or moves through the air 飞行；飞行路线
• an eagle in flight 飞翔的鹰
• Suddenly the whole flock of geese took flight (= started flying). 突然，整群大雁都飞了起来。
• Modern missiles are so accurate because their flight is controlled by computer. 现代导弹十分精确，因为其飞行路线是由电脑控制的。
countable
■a group of birds, aircraft, etc. flying together （一同飞行的）鸟群（机群等）
• a flight of geese/swans 飞行的一群大雁／天鹅
[flaɪt] noun
ESCAPE 逃跑
uncountable
■(an act or example of) escape, running away or avoiding something 逃跑；逃避；躲避
• They lost all their possessions during their flight from the invading army. 在躲避侵略军时，他们失去了所有的财产。
put sb to flight UK old-fashioned
■to defeat someone and force them to run away 迫使（某人）逃窜
take flight
■to run away 逃走
• The burglars took flight when the alarm sounded. 警报一响，盗贼们就逃走了。
[flaɪt] noun
STAIRS 台阶
countable
■a set of steps or stairs, usually between two floors of a building （通常指两个楼层间的）一段楼梯，一段台阶
• We live up three flights of stairs. 我们住在三楼。
[flaɪt] noun
flight of fancy
■an idea which shows a lot of imagination but which is not practical 异想天开；想入非非
• He was talking about cycling across the US or was that just another flight of fancy? 他正在谈论骑脚踏车横穿美国，这又是一次异想天开吗？
[flaɪt] noun
the top flight UK
■the highest level in a job or sport （职位或体育运动中的）最高档次，最高级别
• The Sheffield Eagles move down to the second division after two seasons in the top flight. 雪菲尔鹰队在超级联赛中打了两个赛季后降到了乙级。
n. [航] 飞行；班机；逃走
 - fly, liner
vt. 射击；使惊飞
 - pot, take a shot at

Word: conclude
Front: conclude
[kənˈklu:d] (高研四六托 1670/1687 -K3)
Vocabulary: conclude
(once / 48 pages)
1v 2v
The verb conclude means two related things: coming to a decision, and bringing to a close.
Conclude is related to the word close, which is related to an old Latin word for "barrier" or "bolt" — the kind you put on a door. When you conclude something, it's as though you're pulling a door shut and bolting it. If your girlfriend concludes an argument by leaving the room and slamming the door, you can conclude that she's angry at you.
WORD FAMILY
conclude: concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusive +/ conclusion: conclusions/ conclusive: conclusively, conclusiveness, inconclusive / inconclusive: inconclusively, inconclusiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
More and more people may conclude that it is the president’s failed, divisive policies that must change if the carnage is to end.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
This led Hamilton to conclude that “Burr would consider a scheme of usurpation as visionary.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 结束，终止; 推断; 议定
vt. 得出结论; 缔结; 推断出; 决定
vi. 终了; 作出决定或达成协议
时态：concluded, concluding, concludes
分布：结束(48%)，总结(26%)，推断出(12%)，缔结(11%)，作协议(1%)，作决定(1%)，使结束(1%)
→con-, 强调。-clud, 关闭，词源同close, clause.
结束;总结(con+clude关闭→全部关闭→结束)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
结论;终结(con全部+clude→全部关掉→结束)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.结束,终止;断定,下结论;缔结,议定The judge concluded that the accused was innocent.法官判定被告无罪.
【记】con全部，clude关闭－嘴全部闭上－结束（讨论）
【参】exclude（v 排除在外）；seclude（v 使孤立）；conclusion（n 结束；结论）；conclusive（adj 结论性的，证据确凿的）
【反】begin（v 开始）；embark on（开始）
verb
FINISH 结束
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to end a speech, meeting or piece of writing （以…）结束（讲话、会议、文章等）
• She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility. 她在演讲结束时提醒我们所承担的责任。
• Before I conclude, I'd like to thank you all for coming. 在结束发言前，我想感谢诸位的光临。
• The concert concluded with a rousing chorus. 音乐会以激动人心的大合唱结束。
transitive
■to complete an official agreement or task, or arrange a business deal 缔结；达成；议定
[kən'klu:d] verb
JUDGE 断定
transitive
■to judge or decide something after thinking carefully about it 断定；决定；推断出；作出（结论）
• [+ that] The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent. 陪审团依据证据作出裁决：被告无罪。
• We talked late into the night, but nothing was concluded. 我们一直谈到深夜，可是没有作出任何决定。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
conclude, judge, gather, infer, deduce
这组词都有“推断”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 指得出符合逻辑的结论。
judge: 多指经过仔细鉴定或评价之后作出决断。
gather: 指从听到的情况推测、判定。
infer: 指从已提供的论据或从已接受的前提出发而推断出的结论。
deduce: 指有充分根据的推论，也指逻辑学上的演绎。
vt. 推断；决定， [劳经] 作结论；结束
 - understand, condition
vi. 推断；断定；决定
 - deduce from, draw the conclusion

Word: welfare
Front: welfare
[ˈwelfeə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1933/1883 -3)
Vocabulary: welfare
(once / 269 pages)
n
Your welfare is your happiness and well being. Parents are usually in charge of their children's welfare, making sure they're healthy, happy and well fed.
Welfare is a state of content or prosperous existence. So if something bad happens, your welfare is threatened. Welfare can also refer to a government system designed to give money, food, and resources to the poor. Welfare systems have been around since ancient Roman times, but the U.S. welfare program didn't start until the 1930's, during the Great Depression.
WORD FAMILY
welfare: welfares, welfarist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Anti-poverty groups are now focused on preventing cuts to food stamp and welfare programs rather than trying to expand them as planned.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska might benefit from studying the State of Florida’s child welfare data system.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police were sent there to check on her welfare.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 福利; 幸福; 繁荣; 安宁
分布：福利(86%)，幸福(9%)，福利事业(5%)
→来自古英语wel faran,来自 wel-,好的，词源同well,fare,旅程，人生航程。引申义社会福利。
n.福利;幸福;福利事业I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
US [-fer] noun uncountable
HELP 帮助
 IMPROVER
■help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it, especially because they do not have enough money 福利救济；社会福利
• This national fund pays for welfare benefits such as unemployment and sickness pay. 此项国家基金提供多项福利救济，例如失业和医疗等。
• UK After her month's sick leave, she was summoned to see the company's welfare officer. 她休了一个月病假之后，公司的福利主管召见了她。
on welfare US
■receiving financial help from the state because you are poor or have not been employed for a long time （因贫困或失业而）接受福利救济
UK ['wel.feər] US [-fer] noun uncountable
HEALTH AND HAPPINESS 健康和幸福
■physical and mental health and happiness, especially of a person （尤指人的）幸福，福祉；安康
• The police are very concerned for the welfare of the missing child. 警方非常担心失踪儿童的安危。
• These organizations have fought very hard for the rights and welfare of immigrants. 这些机构竭力为移民争取权利和福利。
• animal welfare 动物福利
n. 福利；幸福；福利事业；安宁
 - happiness, weal

Word: lesson
Front: lesson
[ˈlesn] (中高 1325/1953 -K3)
Vocabulary: lesson
(once / 107 pages)
n
When a story has something to teach its reader, it has a lesson. The lessons of many folktales range from "always tell the truth" to "be brave" to "find a prince."
There are different kinds of lessons, but they're all meant to teach someone how to do something or some new information. In a French lesson, a teacher teaches you the French language, and in a sewing lesson, you'll learn how to make something using fabric and a sewing machine. A typical day at school is one lesson after another. Originally, lesson had two meanings: "something learned by a student" and "a reading aloud from the Bible."
WORD FAMILY
lesson: lessons
USAGE EXAMPLES
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Yet raising such children taught Fischer some hard lessons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He remains defensive about the lessons of that journey.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 教训，训诫; 功课; 课程，一堂课; [宗]日课
vt. 教训，训斥; 教课; 向…授课
分布：教训(99%)，给 ... 上课(1%)
→来自拉丁语legere,读，讲，词源同lecture,-ss,过去分词后缀。原义为朗诵圣经，经文，后词义通用化。
n.(功)课;[pl.]课程;教训I'm busy unless I'm blessed with less lesson.我很忙,除非我很幸运只有少量功课.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of time in which a person is taught about a subject or how to do something （一节）课
• How can we make science lessons more interesting? 我们怎样才能把理科课程讲得更有趣一些呢?
• She has never had/taken any acting lessons. 她从未上过表演课。
• He gives French lessons. 他教法语课。
 IMPROVER
■an experience which teaches you how to behave better in a similar situation in the future 经验，教训
• There is a lesson for all parents in this tragic accident. 所有父母都应该从这起悲剧性事件中吸取教训。
• My parents made me pay back all the money and it was a lesson I never forgot. 我父母让我把钱都还了回去，这次教训我永远都不会忘记。
• We can learn important lessons (= gain new understanding) from this disaster. 从这次灾难中我们可以汲取重要教训。
course, lesson, lecture, class
这组词都有“课”的意思，其区别是：
course: 指在一段时间内教完或学完的完整的课程。
lesson: 主要指教材中的一课或每次授课的单位时间。
lecture: 指讲课。
class: 从“班级”引申指学生在一起上课，还可表示“(一节)课”。
n. 教训；课
 - lecture, indoctrinization
vt. 教训；上课
 - attend class, have a class

Word: earth
Front: earth
[ɜ:θ] (中高 1547/1026 -K4)
Vocabulary: earth
(once / 52 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
Earth is our home planet, the third from the sun. Life on earth is possible because of its particular climate and the presence of water.
Earth is the most familiar of the planets, being the one we live on. You can also use the word to talk about the earth you stand on — it's the non-liquid part of our planet, the solid ground. It's also another word for "dirt" or "soil." The Old English root, eorþe also had a double meaning, both "ground or soil" and "the material world" or "the abode of man," as opposed to the heavens.
WORD FAMILY
earth: earthed, earthing, earthlike, earthling, earthly, earths, earthy, unearth +/ earthling: earthlings/ earthly: earthlier, earthliest, unearthly / earthy: earthier, earthiest, earthily/ unearth: unearthed, unearthing, unearths/ unearthly: unearthlily
USAGE EXAMPLES
How on earth does this affect ones finances, for instance, moving forward through life, as the article suggests?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
For eye shadows, I usually mix between a YSL palette and the Urban Decay earth tones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They streamed into the daylight in their thousands, the earth would appear to be in motion, and I’d be seized by vertigo.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 地球; 陆地; 泥土; 兽穴
vt. 把（电线）接地; 盖（土）; 追赶入洞穴
vi. 躲进地洞
时态：earthed, earthing, earths
分布：地球(91%)，泥土(8%)，世间(1%)
→来自er, 土地，地面，词源同ore.
n.地球;陆地;泥土,土壤;尘世,人间Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US [ɝ:θ] noun
PLANET 行星
 ESSENTIAL [S or U] (usually Earth)
■the planet third in order of distance from the Sun, between Venus and Mars ; the world on which we live 地球；世界
• The Earth takes approximately 365 1 4 days to go round the Sun. 地球围绕太阳运转一周大约需要365又1/4天
• The Circus has been described as the greatest show on Earth (= in the world). 这个马戏团被誉为是全世界最棒的。
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the usually brown, heavy and loose substance of which a large part of the surface of the ground is made, and in which plants can grow; the land surface of the Earth rather than the sky or sea 泥土，土壤；陆地，地面
• The ploughed earth looked rich and dark and fertile. 耕过的土地看起来黑油油的，非常肥沃。
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
WIRE 电线
countable usually singular UK (US ground)
■a wire that makes a connection between a piece of electrical equipment and the ground, so the user is protected from feeling an electric shock if the equipment develops a fault 地线
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
HOLE 洞
countable
■a hole in the ground where an animal such as a fox lives （狐狸等动物的）洞穴
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
come back down to Earth (also bring sb back down to Earth)
■to start dealing with life and problems again after you have had a very exciting time, or to make someone do this （使）从幻想中清醒过来；（使）回到现实中来；（使）开始脚踏实地处理问题
• The realization of how little work I'd done for the exams brought me abruptly back down to Earth. 意识到要考试了，可是我还没怎么复习呢，我一下子被拉回到了现实中来。
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
cost/charge, etc. the Earth
■to cost/charge, etc. a lot of money 花费／收取一大笔钱等
• They charge the Earth just for a cup of coffee. 一杯咖啡他们就能要个天价。
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
the Earth moved informal
■If someone says the Earth moved, they are joking about how good a sexual experience was. （戏谓性事快感）床都塌了，天摇地动
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
how/what/why, etc. on Earth informal
■used when you are extremely surprised, confused or angry about something （表示对某事吃惊、不解或气愤）到底或究竟如何／甚么／为甚么等
• How on Earth did this happen? 这到底是怎么发生的？
• Why on Earth didn't you tell me before? 你究竟为甚么以前没有告诉我？
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] noun
like nothing (else) on Earth
■very strange, unusual or unpleasant 极其古怪；极不寻常；非常糟糕
• With his make-up and strange clothes, he looked like nothing on Earth. 他化了妆，穿了一身稀奇古怪的衣服，看上去像个外星人。
UK [ɜ:θ] US [ɝ:θ] verb transitive usually passive UK (US ground)
■to put an earth (= wire) between a piece of electrical equipment and the ground 把（电线）接地
• You could get a nasty shock from that water heater if it isn't earthed properly. 如果电热水器接地不良的话，可能会发生很严重的触电事故。
earth, globe, world
这组词都有“地球”的意思，其区别是：
earth: 指表面有陆地和水，人类所居住行星的名字。有时与“天”相对，泛指“地”。
globe: 指我们生活的地球，但强调其实体和圆形。
world: 通常相当于earth与globe，现多用指地球，地球上的世界，社会和人。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. [天] 地球；陆地；泥土；尘世； [电] 地线
 - land, clay, dirt

Word: whatever
Front: whatever
[wɒtˈevə(r)] (中高研四六雅 776/759 -K4)
Back: pron. 无论什么; 任何（事物）; 诸如此类; （表示不在乎，什么都可接受）什么都可以
adj. 无论什么…都; 无论怎样…都; 任何…也
分布：无论什么(62%)，任何事物(14%)，所有的(14%)，不管怎样的(5%)，丝毫的(5%)
pron.无论什么a.无论什么样的On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
US [wɑ:'tˌev.ɚ] pronoun determiner
NOT IMPORTANT WHAT 甚么并不重要
 ESSENTIAL
■it is not important what is; it makes no difference what (is) 不管怎样，无论甚么
• We'll go whatever the weather. 无论天气怎样，我们都要去。
• Whatever happens, you know that I'll stand by you. 你知道无论发生甚么事情，我都会支持你。
• Whatever else may be said of him, Mr Meese is not scared of a fight. 无论别人还说他甚么，米斯先生并不害怕打上一架。
• Whatever the outcome of the war, there will be no winners. 无论战争的结果如何，谁都不会是胜利者。
• Whatever the reason, more Britons are emigrating to Australia today than at any time since the 1950s. 不论出于甚么原因，如今移民澳大利亚的英国人比20世纪50年代以来的任何时候都要多。
UK [wɒt'ev.ər] US [wɑ:'tˌev.ɚ] pronoun determiner
ANYTHING 任何事
 IMPROVER
■anything or everything 任何事物；任何东西
• I eat whatever I want and I still don't seem to put on weight. 我想吃甚么就吃甚么，仍然不见体重有所增长。
• "What shall we do tonight then?" "It's up to you - whatever you want." “那我们今天晚上做甚么呢？”“由你决定──你想做甚么都可以。”
• Whatever I say I always seem to get it wrong. 无论我说甚么，似乎总是说错。
• Don't, whatever you do , tell Patrick or the world will know! (= You certainly should not tell Patrick!) 无论做甚么，千万别告诉派特里克，否则全世界就都会知道。
• Do whatever you want - it won't affect me. 你想做甚么就做甚么吧——不会影响到我的。
• "So I'll bring red wine then." "Sure, whatever (= bring that or anything else)." “那么我就带红酒来。”“当然可以，带甚么都行。”
• Apparently he 'discovered himself' in India, whatever that means (= although I do not know what that means). 显然他在印度“发现了自己”，不管那究竟意味着甚么。
UK [wɒt'ev.ər] US [wɑ:'tˌev.ɚ] pronoun
SURPRISE 惊讶
■used instead of the word what to add emphasis to a phrase, usually expressing surprise （用于代替 what，加以强调以表示惊讶）到底甚么，究竟是甚么
• Whatever is he doing with that rod? 他拿着那根竿子，到底在做甚么？
• Whatever's that yellow thing on your plate? 你盘子里那团黄色的东西到底是甚么？
• Whatever did you say that for? 你说那种话到底是为了甚么？
• Whatever does she see in him - he's revolting! 她究竟看中他甚么——他真令人反感！
• Whatever made him buy that jacket? 他怎么买了那件外套？
UK [wɒt'ev.ər] US [wɑ:'tˌev.ɚ] adverb
EMPHASIS 强调
■ whatsoever
• There is no evidence whatever to show that this is in fact the case. 根本就没有任何证据显示这就是实际情况。
UK [wɒt'ev.ər] US [wɑ:'tˌev.ɚ] adverb
DISRESPECT 不尊敬 informal
■something that is said to show no respect to someone who is asking you to agree with them or agree to do something （用于对强迫自己同意其观点或做某事的人表示不尊敬）怎样都行，无所谓
• "Bryce, could you do what I ask you to once in a while?" "Whatever." “布赖斯，我要你做的事你能不能偶尔做一次？”“无所谓。”

Word: sit
Front: sit
[sɪt] (中高 268/302 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）坐
vi. 坐落; 处在; （在…中）任职; （议会、委员会、法庭等）开会
vt. 使就座
时态：sat, sitting, sits
分布：坐(96%)，使就座(2%)，栖息(2%)
→来自古英语 sittan,坐下，坐落，停留，来自 Proto-Germanic*setjan,坐下，来自 sed,坐下， 词源同 set,sedentary.引申诸相关词义。
vi.坐,坐下;位于;栖息;孵卵vt.使就坐The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
BE SEATED 就座
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause someone to) be in a position in which the lower part of the body is resting on a seat or other type of support, with the upper part of the body vertical （使）坐，（使）坐下，（使）就座
• to sit at a table/desk 坐在桌子／书桌旁
• to sit in an armchair 坐在扶手椅上
• to sit on a chair/a horse/the ground 坐在椅子上／骑在马背上／坐在地上
• He came and sat (down) next to me. 他走过来坐在我身边。
• [R] informal Sit yourself down and have a cup of tea. 坐下来喝杯茶吧。
• The child's father sat her (down) on a chair. 孩子的父亲把她放在椅子上。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be a model for a painter, photographer, etc. （为画家、摄影师等）做模特儿
• Monet's wife sat for him many times. 莫内的妻子多次做他的模特儿。
intransitive
■(of an animal such as a dog) to move into a position with its back legs bent and its tail end on the ground （狗等动物）蹲坐
• We're trying to train our dog to sit. 我们正在训练我们的狗学蹲坐。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a bird sits on its eggs, it covers them with its body to keep them warm before they hatch. 孵（蛋），孵（卵）
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
POSITION 位置
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to stay in one place for a long time and not be used 保持不动；闲置不用
• The encyclopedia sits on my shelf at home, gathering dust. 那本百科全书摆在我家的书架上，积满了灰尘。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be in a particular position 坐落在，位于
• The village sits at/in the bottom of a valley. 村庄位于谷底。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of clothes) to fit someone in a particular way （衣服）合身
• That coat sits very well on you. 你穿那件外套很合身。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
MEET 开会
   intransitive
■to hold an official meeting of a parliament, court, etc. （议会、法庭等）开会，开庭
• The court will sit tomorrow morning. 法庭将于明天上午开庭。
• As an MP, I see much less of my family when Parliament is sitting. 作为一名下院议员，议会开会期间我很少见到自己的家人。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
BE A MEMBER 成为成员
   intransitive
■to be a member of an official group 成为（官方组织的）成员；（在…中）任职
• I'm going to be sitting on the committee for one more year. 我将再任一年的委员会委员。
• Our member of Congress has sat for (= represented) this town for years. 我们那位国会议员已经代表本镇任职多年了。
• US All of the federal judges currently sitting (= in office) in Maryland hail from Baltimore. 马里兰州所有的现任联邦法官都来自巴尔的摩。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
EXAMINATION 考试
   transitive mainly UK
■to take an examination 参加考试
• After I've sat my exams, I'm going on holiday. 考试结束后，我要去度假。
• Australian I sat for my exams today. 我今天去参加考试。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
LOOK AFTER 照料
   intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to babysit
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
be sitting pretty
■to be in a good situation, usually because you have a lot of money （通常因为有很多钱而）处境好，生活优裕
• They bought their house while prices were low, so now they're sitting pretty. 他们在房价很低时买下了自己的房子，所以他们现在过得还不错。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit at the feet of sb
■to be a very admiring student of someone important 拜倒在（某人）脚下，崇拜（某人）
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit in judgment on/over sb mainly disapproving
■to make a judgment on someone especially when you have no right to do so 对（某人）妄加评判，对（某人）指指点点
• I don't know why he thinks he can sit in judgment over us like that. 我不知道他凭甚么认为自己可以那样对我们指指点点。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit on your arse UK (US sit on your ass) offensive
■to do nothing, especially when you should be doing something （尤指应该做事却）无所事事，甚么也不做
• She just sits on her arse all day, while I do all the work. 她整天无所事事，而我却要做所有的工作。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit on your stomach informal
■Food that sits on your stomach makes you feel uncomfortably full. 肚子饱得发胀
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit on the fence
■to delay making a decision 骑墙观望，犹豫不决
• You can't sit on the fence any longer - you have decide whose side you're on. 你不能再骑墙观望了——你必须决定要支持谁。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit right/well (with sb)
■to be something that you agree or are pleased with （某人）可接受；受（某人）欢迎
• Their decision/answer didn't sit well with the Board of Directors. 他们的决定／答覆没有得到董事会的认可。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
sit tight
■to stay where you are 保持不动，待着不动
• You'd better sit tight and I'll call the doctor. 你最好待着别动，我去叫医生。
mainly UK to refuse to change your mind 固执己见，坚持自己的主张
• My parents tried to persuade me not to go alone, but I sat tight. 我的父母试图说服我不要单独前往，但我执意如此。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit around (UK also sit about) informal
■to spend time sitting down and doing very little 闲坐，无所事事
• We sat around most of the evening, waiting for Jake and drinking beer. 我们闲坐了大半个晚上，喝着啤酒等杰克。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit back
COMFORTABLE
■to sit comfortably with your back against the back of a chair 向后靠着坐
WAITING informal
■to wait for something to happen without making any effort to do anything yourself 坐待，坐等
• You can't just sit back and wait for job offers to come to you. 你不能坐等工作机会来找你。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit by
■to fail to take action to stop something wrong from happening 袖手旁观，坐视
• I can't just sit by and watch you waste all our money. 我不能坐视你把我们的钱都浪费掉。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit down ESSENTIAL
■to move your body so that the lower part of it is resting on a seat or on the ground 坐下
• I sat down on the sofa next to Barbara. 我紧靠着芭芭拉在沙发上坐了下来。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit down and do sth
■to spend time discussing a problem in order to solve it or make a decision 坐下来讨论
• I think we should sit down and talk about this. 我认为我们应该坐下来讨论一下这件事。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit in
COMPLAIN
■to go as a group into a public building and refuse to leave or to allow normal activities to continue there until a situation that you are complaining about is changed （在公共建筑物内）静坐示威
BE PRESENT
■to be present in a meeting or class, watching it but not taking part in it 列席；旁听
• There will be a school inspector sitting in on your class this morning. 今天上午将有一名督学来听你上课。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit in for sb
■to take the place of someone who would normally do a particular job or go to a particular meeting 代替（某人）履行职责；代（某人）出席会议
• Mr Baker is ill today, so Miss Dixon is sitting in for him (as your teacher). 贝克先生今天病了，因此由狄克逊小姐代替他（代课）。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit on sth informal
DELAY
■to delay taking action about something 拖延，延迟
• The company has been sitting on my letter for weeks without dealing with my complaint. 公司将我的信搁置了好几个礼拜，没有处理我的投诉。
KEEP SECRET mainly disapproving
■to prevent people from knowing a piece of information 对…保密，不让别人知道…
• The government will presumably sit on the report until after the election. 政府大概在选举前不想公布这份报告的内容。
sit on your hands
■to do nothing about a problem or a situation that needs dealing with 置之不理；无所事事
■1. Every day the crisis worsens and yet the government seems content to sit on its hands. sit 1 这个危机逐日加深，然而政府似乎满足于无所事事。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit on sb informal
■to force someone to be silent or not to do something 管制（某人），压制（某人）
• The boss is going to sit on him to make sure he says nothing. 老板要向他施压，确保他不会泄漏口风。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sit sth out
ACTIVITY
■to not take part in a physical activity such as a dance or a game, because you are tired or injured （因疲劳或受伤）不参加（舞蹈、游戏等）活动
• I'm feeling rather tired, so I think I'll sit out the next dance. 我觉得很累，所以下一首舞曲我不想跳了。
SITUATION
■to wait for an unpleasant situation or event to finish, without leaving or taking some other action 等待…结束，熬到…结束
• The government is prepared to sit out the strike rather than agree to union demands. 政府准备硬撑到罢工结束，而不会同意工会的要求。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit through sth
■to stay until the end of an event such as a meeting or performance that is very long or boring 捱到（会议、表演等）结束
• We had to sit through two hours of speeches. 我们不得不耐着性子听完两个小时的讲话。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit under sb US
■to receive teaching from someone 受教于（某人），师从（某人）
• He sat under the most influential teacher in his field. 他的老师是他那个领域里最有影响力的人。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit (sb) up
■to move into a sitting position after you have been lying down, or to help someone else to do this （使）坐起来；（帮某人）坐起来
• Let me sit you up in the bed so you'll be more comfortable. 我帮你从床上坐起来吧，这样你会更舒服些。
[sɪt] (sitting, sat, sat)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sit up
STRAIGHT
■to sit with a straight back 坐直
• How many times do I have to tell you children to sit up straight ? 孩子们，我已经告诉你们多少次了要坐直？
STAY AWAKE
■to stay awake and not go to bed although it is late 迟睡，熬夜
• [+ -ing verb] The book was so interesting that I sat up all night reading it. 这本书太有趣了，我读了一整夜。
• I'll be late tonight, so don't sit up for (= wait for) me. 今晚我回来会很晚，所以不要熬夜等我。
NOTICE informal
■to show interest or surprise 感兴趣；惊讶
• The news that he was getting married really made her sit up. 他要结婚的消息着实让她大吃一惊。
sit up and take notice informal
■to show interest or surprise 感兴趣；惊讶
• She sat up and took notice when she heard he was getting married. 她听说他要结婚时，显得很惊讶。
sit, seat
这组词都有“坐”的意思，其区别是：
sit: 多用作不及物动词，用作及物动词时，可与seat换用。
seat: 及物动词，常与反身代词连用，常用过去分词seated形式。
vi. 坐；位于
 - lie on, be located on

Word: sentence
Front: sentence
[ˈsentəns] (中高研四六托 2036/1168 -K4)
Vocabulary: sentence
(once / 91 pages)
1n 2nv
A sentence can be a group of words that communicate a complete thought, or it can be the punishment in a criminal case. Did your pen pal in prison write a sentence or two about the length of his sentence?
Actually, both meanings of sentence — words and punishment — are linked, coming from the Latin sententia, meaning "thought or judgment," derived from the verb sentire, "to feel or perceive." If you put some words before a period, you should give some thought to your sentence. If you receive a lengthy prison sentence, you will certainly feel it.
WORD FAMILY
sentence: sentenced, sentences, sentencing, sentential+/sentencing: re-sentencing/sentential: intrasentential, sententially
USAGE EXAMPLES
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He is serving a 19-month prison sentence for bribery and obstruction of justice.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 句子; 宣判
vt. 宣判，判决
时态：sentenced, sentencing, sentences
分布：句子(72%)，判决(18%)，宣判(10%)
→来自古法语 sentence,裁决，判断，决定，来自拉丁语 sententia,裁决，决定，表达思想，现在 分词格名词形式于 sentire,感觉，感知，发表意见，来自 sent,感觉，词源同 sense.引申词 义教条，训导，格言等。后主要用于语法格指句子，即一个完整的表达。
n.句子;判决,宣判v.宣判,判决The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun countable
WORD GROUP 词的组合
 ESSENTIAL
■a group of words, usually containing a verb, which expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction or exclamation and starts with a capital letter when written 句，句子
• He's very impatient and always interrupts me mid-sentence. 他很不耐烦，总是在我说到一半的时候就打断我。
• Your conclusion is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated. 你的结论没错，但最后一句话太长太复杂。
['sen.tənts] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
 IMPROVER
■a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong 判决；宣判；判刑
• He got a heavy/light sentence (= He was severely/not severely punished). 他被判以重刑／轻判。
• The offence carries a jail/prison/life/5-year sentence. 该违法行为可判监禁／终身监禁／五年徒刑。
• He was given a non-custodial/suspended sentence. 他被判监外执行／缓刑。
pronounce sentence
■(of a judge) to say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• The judge will pronounce sentence on the defendant this afternoon. 今天下午法官将对被告作出宣判。
['sen.tənts] verb transitive legal
 IMPROVER
■to decide and say officially what a punishment will be （法官）宣布判决，宣判
• He was sentenced to life imprisonment. 他被判无期徒刑。
convict, judge, sentence, doom, condemn
这组词都有“判决、宣判”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 法律用词，指审判后判定有罪，但未作最后判决。
judge: 指对案件作出审理判决，但判决内容较笼统，不如sentence和condemn使用广泛。
sentence: 法律用词，指根据罪犯所犯罪行的轻重而宣判处罚。
doom: 书面用词，指郑重他宣判某人有罪。
condemn: 普通用词，指法院对审理结束的案件做出的定罪判刑。
n. [语] [计] 句子，命题； [法] 宣判，判决
 - award, proposition
vt. 判决， [法] 宣判
 - determine, adjudge

Word: lobby
Front: lobby
[ˈlɒbi] (研六托雅宝 3736/5302 -3)
Vocabulary: lobby
(once / 471 pages)
1n 2nv
A lobby is a large waiting room or reception area. If you're waiting for an appointment in a lobby, maybe you'll get lucky and find a good magazine or even a peppermint candy.
You'll find a lot of people hanging around in a lobby — which is basically what it’s there for. A lobby is where you meet your friend at the hotel or catch the elevator for your interview. The idea of the "political lobby group" came from the large entrance halls of the legislature, where people hung around trying to influence the lawmakers. So the next time your class tries to lobby your teacher for extra credit, he can thank the halls of congress.
WORD FAMILY
lobby: lobbied, lobbies, lobbying, lobbyism, lobbyist +/ lobbyist: lobbyists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Priebus said his new job was not the result of outside lobbying, but “all a matter of Donald Trump’s opinion.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“That’s why the majority of the poor are still in favour of this move,” says Bhardwai, from the small enterprise lobby.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 门厅，大厅; 休息室; 游说团; 投票厅
vi. 为了支持或抵制某项特定目标游说
vt. 对…进行游说; 陈情（试图努力影响某人采取有利行动）
时态：lobbied, lobbying, lobbies
分布：游说(53%)，大厅(46%)，民众接待厅(1%)
→来自拉丁语lobia,修道院的前厅，门廊，词源同leaf,lodge.后词义通用化，用来指大厅，前厅，以及政治术语游说。
n.大厅,休息室,游说议员者v.游说I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
【记】读：老by，很老的人才会休息。
US ['lɑ:.bi] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to try to persuade a politician, the government or an official group that a particular thing should or should not happen, or that a law should be changed 游说，试图说服（政客、政府或官方团体）
• Small businesses have lobbied hard for/against changes in the tax laws. 小公司极力游说支援／反对修改税法。
• [+ to infinitive] Local residents lobbied to have the factory shut down. 当地居民极力要求关闭该工厂。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] They have been lobbying Congress to change the legislation concerning guns. 他们一直在游说国会修改涉枪法律。
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
PRESSURE GROUP 游说团体
■a group of people who try to persuade the government or an official group to do something 游说团体，游说集团
• the anti-smoking lobby 反吸烟游说团体
UK ['lɒb.i] US ['lɑ:.bi] noun countable
ROOM 房间
■the (large) room into which the main entrance door opens in a hotel or other large building 大堂，大厅，门厅
■in the British parliament, a room where someone meets a member of parliament who they have arranged to talk to, or one of the two passages which members of parliament walk through as a way of voting （英国议会的）接见厅，会见厅，表决厅
n. 大厅；休息室；会客室；游说议员的团体
 - sala, salle

Word: telecom
Front: telecom
['telɪkɒm] (16052/5782)
Back: n. telecommunication,电信
n. 电信，远距通信；电讯
 - telcom

Word: crowd
Front: crowd
[kraʊd] (高研四六托 1270/1686 -K4)
Vocabulary: crowd
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2v
A lot of people or things in a large group make up a crowd. The masses of performers with painted faces, big shoes, and squeaky noses filling up the streets during your town's annual clown parade can be described as a crowd of clowns.
A crowd of people might gather for a party, concert, or demonstration, with the word crowd implying that there's something a little disorderly — noisy or unruly — about the group. Crowd can also mean "the mass of ordinary people," which is the way you're using the word when you say you want to "stand out from the crowd." You want to be seen as a distinct, individual person, rather than part of a larger mass of regular folks.
WORD FAMILY
crowd: crowded, crowding, crowds, overcrowd+/ crowded: crowdedly, uncrowded/crowding: crowdings/overcrowd: overcrowded, overcrowding, overcrowds
USAGE EXAMPLES
The new line is expected to offer long-needed relief to subways on the East Side of Manhattan, the most crowded lines in the nation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Amid the thunderous crowd, he fell to musing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人群; 群众; 一群
vi. 拥挤，聚集
vt. 挤满; 将…塞进; 催逼
时态：crowded, crowding, crowds
分布：人群(67%)，群众(14%)，拥挤(8%)，挤满(4%)，大群(3%)，涌入(2%)，逼迫(1%)，朋友(1%)
→来自ger, 围，群，块，词源同cram, group.
n.人群;一群,一伙v.聚集,群集;挤满,拥挤The grown-up growled at a crowd of crows.那个成年人对着一群公鸡咆哮.
noun [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large group of people who have come together 人群；群众
• A crowd of about 15,000 attended the concert. 大约有15000人出席了音乐会。
only singular informal
■a group of friends or a group of people with similar interests （有共同爱好的）一帮朋友，一伙人，一群人
• She goes about with a friendly crowd. 她常和一群朋友结伴外出。
• "Who was there?" "Oh, the usual crowd, Dave, Mike and Fiona." “有谁在那里？”“噢，还是往常那伙人，戴夫、麦克和菲奥娜。”
[kraʊd] noun [+ sing/pl verb]
follow the crowd disapproving
■to do what most other people do 随大流，随波逐流，人云亦云
• Think for yourself, don't just follow the crowd. 要独立思考，不要只是人云亦云。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
■to make someone feel uncomfortable by standing too close to them or by watching them all the time 挤；靠近；盯着
• I need some time to do this work properly, so don't crowd me. 我需要些时间把这工作做好，所以别总盯着我。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  crowd (sth) into sth
■If people crowd or are crowded into a place, they fill it completely （把…）挤进，塞满
• Hordes of commuters crowded into the train. 一群群通勤的乘客涌进了火车。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] crowd sb/sth out
■to not allow a person or thing any space or opportunity to grow or develop 把…挤出；排挤；阻碍
• Small local businesses have been crowded out by large multinationals. 当地的小公司已被大跨国公司排挤出局。
[kraʊd] verb transitive informal
  Phrasal Verbs  crowd round/around (sb/sth)
■to come together closely in a crowd around someone or something 围聚，围挤；聚集在…周围；团团围住
• As soon as he appeared, reporters crowded round. 他一出现就被记者们团团围住。
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
people, masses, crowd, throng, mob
这些名词均有“人们，人群”之意。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
vt. 挤满；将…塞进；催逼，催促
 - burst at the seams, be packed with
n. 人群；一堆；一帮
 - lot, band
vi. 拥挤，挤；聚集
 - concentrate, pile, collect, mass, pack

Word: environment
Front: environment
[ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] (中高研四六雅 855/702 -K4)
Vocabulary: environment
(once / 153 pages)
n
Think of the environment as everything that is around you. A quiet room with good lighting and no distractions is a good environment for doing homework, or at least that's what your parents and teachers think.
Environment generally refers to your surroundings. If something is good for the environment, it is beneficial to the complex system of plant and animal life, water and air on Earth. An environment need not be so large, however. The environment of your living room means the tables, chairs and decor that are in the room. Sometimes it refers to the general attitude of a place. Do you thrive in a competitive environment or prefer an atmosphere of cooperation?
WORD FAMILY
environment: environmental, environments+/ environmental: environmentalism, environmentally/environmentalism: environmentalist / environmentalist: environmentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This will be a very challenged leasing environment almost everywhere,” Mr. Parsons said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Democrats, despite being in the minority in both the House and Senate, will be more than bit players in the new Washington environment.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The depth of talent at golf’s summit means Woods will always be overawed and outplayed in such environments now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 环境，外界; 周围，围绕; 工作平台; （运行）环境
分布：环境(98%)，外界(2%)
→en-, 进入，使。-viron, 围，绕，词源同wind,wrap.即周围的环境。
n.环境,外界In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
US [-'vaɪr.ən-] noun
NATURE 自然
the environment only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■the air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live 自然环境
• Certain chemicals have been banned because of their damaging effect on the environment. 一些化学品因对环境有破坏作用已被禁止使用。
• We're not doing enough to protect the environment from pollution. 我们在防治污染保护环境方面做得还不够。
UK [ɪn'vaɪə.rən.mənt] US [-'vaɪr.ən-] noun
SURROUNDINGS 周围事物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the conditions that you live or work in and the way that they influence how you feel or how effectively you can work 环境；周围状况
• The office is quite bright and airy - it's a pleasant working environment. 办公室明亮、通风，工作环境不错。
• As a parent you try to create a stable home environment. 作为父母，你应尽力创造一个安定的家庭环境。
UK [ɪn'vaɪə.rən.mənt] US [-'vaɪr.ən-] noun
  Common Learner Errors  environmentWarning: Check your spelling! Environment is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'n' before the 'm'.
surroundings, environment, circumstance, context, atmosphere, climate
surroundings: 特指自然环境（地理概念）
environment: 指对人的感情、品德、思想等或动植物生存产生影响的环境
circumstance: 特指经济状况，表示环境，状况时常用复数
context: 上下文
atmosphere: 气氛，氛围
climate: 气候，风气，思潮
n. [环境] 环境，外界
 - context, circumstance, setting, surrounding, condition

Word: hama

Word: appoint
Front: appoint
[əˈpɔɪnt] (高研四六托宝 3172/1272 -K3)
Vocabulary: appoint
(once / 59 pages)
1v 2v
The President can appoint someone as ambassador to another county; that means to give them the job or recommend them for it.
It must be nice to be appointed. Usually, people who want a job have to send in applications, do interviews, and jump through lots of hoops. Appointing is different: someone with the power to appoint can usually just give you the job. In some cases, appointing isn't a sure thing and means something closer to "recommending" — but it still beats filling out all those applications. It takes power to appoint people, which is why world leaders are often the ones appointing.
WORD FAMILY
appoint: appointed, appointee, appointing, appointive, appointment, appoints+/ appointed: appointedly, self-appointed/appointee: appointees/appointive: nonappointive/ appointment: appointments
USAGE EXAMPLES
A commission appointed to study the issue in 2015 suggested more money be tied to individual students’ background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He refused to let intermittent monsoons derail his appointed rounds.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
With the party finally back in power in 1997, after 18 years in opposition, he was appointed parliamentary private secretary to Foreign Secretary Robin Cook.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 任命，委派; 约定，指定; 装设，布置
时态：appointed, appointing, appoints
分布：任命(58%)，指定(30%)，委派(8%)，约定(4%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. point, 点，指出。
指定,任命(ap+point指→指定)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
任命,指派(ap加强动作+point→指定某人)[point,punct=point,make sharp,表示"点,变尖"]
vt.任命,委派;指定,约定(时间,地点等)The time appointed for the meeting was 8 sharp.约定的开会时间是八点整.
verb
CHOOSE 选择
 IMPROVER transitive
■to choose someone officially for a job or responsibility 任命；委任
• We've appointed three new teachers this year. 我们今年已经任用了三名新教师。
• He's just been appointed (as) director of the publishing division. 他刚刚被任命为出版部主任。
• [+ to infinitive] A commission has just been appointed to investigate fraud claims. 刚委任了一个委员会去调查诈骗的说法是否属实。
[ə'pɔɪnt] verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive usually passive formal
■to arrange a date or time when a meeting or other event will happen 约定，安排（日期、时间）
• A date has been appointed for the election. 选举日期已定。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
vt. 任命；指定；约定
 - install, constitute, name, place, specify
vi. 任命；委派
 - nominate sb to, institute to

Word: negotiation
Front: negotiation
[nɪˌgəʊʃiˈeɪʃn] (六托 2259/1901 -4)
Vocabulary: negotiation
(once / 240 pages)
n
A negotiation is a business-oriented conversation where two sides argue, discuss, and compromise to reach some agreement.
When you hear the word negotiation, you know there are two sides and they're willing to talk to each other. In sports, the owners and the players union go through a negotiation to get a new contract. Parents and kids might have a negotiation over curfew time. Negotiation implies that both sides are willing to give something up and compromise. If your side won't give an inch, then you're not ready for negotiation.
WORD FAMILY
negotiation: negotiations+/ negotiable: negotiably, non-negotiable/ negotiate: negotiable, negotiated, negotiates, negotiating, negotiation, negotiator, renegotiate/ negotiator: negotiators/renegotiate: renegotiated, renegotiates, renegotiating
USAGE EXAMPLES
In April, the government entered bailout negotiations with the IMF and then abandoned them three months later.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Keynes was the official representative of the British Treasury at the negotiations in Paris.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiations with the incoming Trump administration, he said, were mostly “on timeline, on an execution strategy.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 协商，谈判; 转让; 通过
分布：谈判(83%)，协商(17%)
→来自拉丁语negotium,繁忙，占据，忙于事务，来自neg-,不，没有，otium,轻松，轻闲，词源同otiose.后引申词义贸易，商务，谈判，协商。
【记】读：你got，ia，tion－你有得到东西的病－需要通过谈判
【反】tenacious（adj 顽强的）－negotiable（adj 可通过谈判解决的）
US [-ˌgoʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the process of discussing something with someone in order to reach an agreement with them, or the discussions themselves 谈判，磋商，洽谈
• The agreement was reached after a series of difficult negotiations. 该协议是经历了一系列艰难的谈判之后达成的。
• The exact details of the agreement are still under negotiation. 协议的确切条款尚待磋商。
• Negotiation for the pay increase is likely to take several weeks. 加薪谈判可能要持续数周。
n. 谈判；转让；顺利的通过
 - treaty, alienation

Word: necessary
Front: necessary
[ˈnesəsəri] (中高 982/555 -K4)
Vocabulary: necessary
(once / 27 pages)
adjn
Everyone can agree that certain things are necessary for survival: food, water, shelter. Some people might add chocolate to that list. Necessary refers to anything you can't do without.
Necessary, cede, and cease all come from the same root, cedere, which is Latin for "to go away" or "to give something up." When something's necessary, you won't give it up. That fudge-covered brownie sundae from your favorite ice-cream shop? It might seem like a decadent treat, but if you're a true chocolate lover you'll insist that it's as necessary as a warm jacket in winter.
WORD FAMILY
necessary: necessaries, necessarily, unnecessary +/ unnecessary: unnecessarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
But to be a great 3-point team, great shooters are also necessary.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He also said he would ratchet up pressure on China to further isolate North Korea if necessary.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 必要的; 强制的; 必然的; 不可避免的
n. 必需品
分布：必要的(83%)，必需品(9%)，必然的(8%)
→ne-,无，没有，不能，词源同no,-cess,走，离开，词源同cede,concession.即不能走的，不能离开的，引申词义必不可少的，必需的。
a.必需的,必要的;必然的n.必需品In case of necessity, necessary session can be held on the vessel.必要时,必需的开庭可在船舶上进行.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■needed in order to achieve a particular result 必需的，不可或缺的
• He lacks the necessary skills for the job. 他不具备做这项工作所需的技能。
• I don't have much time so I won't be staying any longer than necessary. 我时间不多，所以若非必要我不会逗留。
• Just do what's necessary and then leave. 做完必要的事情就走吧。
• If necessary, we can always change the dates of our trip. 必要的话，我们随时可以改变旅行的日期。
• Is it necessary for all of us to be present at the meeting this afternoon? 我们必须全体出席今天下午的会议吗？
• We don't want to take any more luggage with us than is strictly necessary. 除了不可或缺的行李以外，我们不想带多余的东西。
 IMPROVER
■used in negatives and questions to show that you disapprove of something and do not think it should be used or done （用于否定句和疑问句表示不赞同）必要的，应该的
• I really don't think that sort of language is necessary on television. 我真的认为在电视上使用那种语言是不可取的。
• Was it really necessary for you to say that? 你非要那样说吗？
['nes.ə.ser.i] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  necessaryWarning: Check your spelling! Necessary is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'c' and 'ss'.
requisite, essential, indispensable, necessary
这组词都有“必不可少的，必需的”的意思，其区别是：
requisite: 正式用词，特指为实现某一目的或得到某种结果而应有的需要，有时可与necessary换用。
essential: 指对事物本身性质具有决定性的重要性，暗含不可缺少，否则便无法存在。
indispensable: 语气强，侧重指绝对必要性或不可缺少性。
necessary: 最常用词，侧重由客观因素决定的某种需要，强调不可避免，但并非绝不可缺少。
adj. [数] 必要的；必需的；必然的
 - inevitable, required, essential, certain, automatic
n. 必需品
 - requirement, want

Word: piece
Front: piece
[pi:s] (中高 565/677 -K4)
Vocabulary: piece
(once / 36 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
A piece is a section or a chunk of some larger thing, like a piece of cake or a piece of a broken lamp.
You can describe a serving of something, like pie, as a piece, and you can also call an individual item within a larger group a piece, like a piece of furniture or a piece of silverware. In this case, you're not breaking off a piece, but you're describing one thing out of a collection.
WORD FAMILY
piece: pieced, pieces, piecing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s some missing piece of the puzzle that we need to find right now,” Lindsay Weekes said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trade Representative, a transition official said Monday night, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its new piece, “The Fever,” pushes that conversation further.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 块，片，段; 部分，部件; 文章，音乐作品
vt. 修补; 连接，接上
时态：pieced, piecing, pieces
分布：块(52%)，件(18%)，片(15%)，篇(6%)，作品(5%)，碎片(2%)，修补(2%)
→来自古法语piece,小块，来自俗拉丁语*pettia,可能来自古凯尔特语*pett,小的，词源同petit,patch.
n.(一)件/片/篇;碎片v.(together)拼合,拼凑My niece sacredly sacrificed a piece of pie to the God.侄女郑重地给神供上一块馅饼.
noun countable
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of something 块；片；段；碎片；碎块
• a piece of cloth torn from her coat 从她大衣上撕下的一块布
• He cut the cake into six pieces. 他把蛋糕切成六块。
• This jigsaw puzzle has two pieces missing. 这个拼图玩具少了两块。
• The vase lay on the floor in pieces (= broken into small parts). 花瓶碎片散落一地。
• She tried to break/tear a small piece off the edge. 她试图从边缘撕下一小块。
• The building was taken apart and reassembled piece by piece (= one part after another) in America. 房子被拆解，在美国又一块块地重新拼搭起来。
in one piece
■as a single thing and not divided into smaller pieces 整个地，完整地
• We want to sell the business in one piece. 我们想把公司整个卖掉。
come/fall to pieces
■to break apart into smaller parts 成为碎片
• The glass must have been cracked - it just fell to pieces in my hand. 玻璃杯肯定有裂缝——杯子一到我手上就碎了。
• His clothes were dirty and falling to pieces. 他的衣服又脏又破。
[pi:s] noun countable
THING 事物
 ESSENTIAL
■a single object of a particular type （某类事物中的）一件，一个，一条
• a piece of furniture/clothing/equipment 一件家俱／一件衣服／一个设备
• a piece (= whole sheet) of paper 一张纸
• a piece of (= an object made of) china 一件瓷器
• a piece of information/advice 一个消息／建议
 IMPROVER
■something which has been created by an artist, musician or writer （艺术家、音乐家或作家的）作品；篇，段，首，幅
• an orchestral/piano/instrumental piece 管弦乐／钢琴曲／器乐作品
• a skilful piece of work/research 一件精巧的作品／一项富有技巧的研究
• Did you read that piece (= article) in the newspaper? 你看过报纸上的那篇文章了吗？
■a single thing which forms part of a set （一套或一组中的）一个，一件
• a chess piece 一枚棋子
■a coin with a stated value （某种币值的）硬币
• Could you swap me a 20p piece for two tens? 你能帮我把一枚20便士的硬币换成两枚10便士的吗？
[pi:s] noun countable
GUN 枪 old-fashioned
■a gun 枪；炮；手枪
• an artillery piece 一门炮
• US slang He was carrying a piece when he was arrested. 他被捕时身上有一把枪。
[pi:s] noun countable
come to pieces UK
■If something comes to pieces, it has been designed so that it can be divided into smaller parts. 可拆开，可拆卸
[pi:s] noun countable
give sb a piece of your mind informal
■to speak angrily to someone about something they have done wrong 严厉责备，斥责（某人）
• I'm going to give that mechanic a piece of my mind if the car's not fixed this time. 如果那辆车这次再修不好的话，我就教训那个维修技工一顿。
[pi:s] noun countable
go/fall to pieces
■If someone goes/falls to pieces, they become unable to think clearly and control their emotions because of something unpleasant or difficult that they have experienced （在精神方面）崩溃，垮掉；十分激动，极度紧张
• She just goes (all)to pieces in exams. 她考试时脑袋里一团糟。
■If an organization or system goes/falls to pieces, it fails （机构或系统）四分五裂，瓦解
• Their marriage began to fall to pieces after only a few months. 才过了几个月，他们的婚姻就开始走下坡了。
[pi:s] noun countable
(all) in one piece
■not damaged 完好无损地，安然无恙地
• The radio had been stolen, but otherwise we got the car back (all) in one piece. 除了收音机被偷之外，我们的车找回来时完好无损。
[pi:s] noun countable
pick/pull sb/sth to pieces informal
■to criticize someone or something severely 严厉批评；把…批判得体无完肤
• The moment she left, the rest of the family started to pull her to pieces. 她一离开，家里人就开始七嘴八舌地数落她。
[pi:s] noun countable
piece of ass US offensive
■used to refer to a woman as a sexually attractive object 尤物，美人
[pi:s] noun countable
piece of cake informal
■something which is very easy to do 非常容易的事情
• The exam was a piece of cake. 考试很简单。
[pi:s] noun countable
take sth to pieces UK
■to separate something into smaller parts 把…拆开
• If you take the bookcase to pieces, it will fit in the back of your car. 你把书柜拆开就能放进汽车后部了。
[pi:s] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] piece sth together
■to create something by joining the separate parts of it together or by joining different things together 拼合；凑集
• The ancient skull has been pieced together from fragments. 这个古人类头骨是由头骨碎片拼合而成的。
• Kevin has done a great job to piece together a tremendous team. 凯文拼凑出一支出色的队伍，真是了不起。
• The police are collecting clues in order to piece together the details of the day she died. 警方正在搜集线索，以查清她死去那天的详细情形。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. [计] 块；件；篇；硬币
 - block, mass
vt. 修补；接合；凑合
 - cement, joint

Word: gay
Front: gay
[geɪ] (高研四六 2056/4231 -4)
Vocabulary: gay
(once / 99 pages)
nadj
Gay is a word with many meanings. A gay person is homosexual, but if we describe something like a scene or a party as gay, that means it's bright, merry, and happy.
Gay originally meant excited, festive and merry. Skipping down the street is something you'd do in a gay mood. A fun dinner party could be described as full of laughter and gaiety. Gay really only came to mean homosexual in the last century. The fight for gay rights doesn’t mean a fight for the right to be festive, it means a fight against discrimination.
WORD FAMILY
gay: gaily, gayer, gayest, gayly, gayness, gays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The epidemic began among marginalized populations, including gay men, IV drug users and sex workers.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Taipei’s annual gay-pride parade is a lively celebration that draws 80,000 people or so a year, including gay people from all over Asia.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Associate Commissioner Gay Wilkinson says it wouldn’t be the county.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 快乐的，愉快的; 同性恋的; 艳丽的，华丽的; 放荡的，无法无天的
n. 同性恋者（尤指男性）
分布：同性恋的(61%)，快乐的(15%)，鲜艳的(15%)，放荡的(9%)
→词源不详，可能同joy, gaudy. 原义为欢乐的，因与同性恋联系在一起，该词义现已少用。同性恋义来自同性恋行话，据说是来自gay cat，快乐猫咪。
a.快乐的,愉快的,色彩鲜艳的n.同性恋"The gay mayor maybe lay in the hay by the Baby bay," he says in dismay.他沮丧地说:"快活的市长大概躺在婴儿湾边上的干草中."
adjective
HOMOSEXUAL 同性恋的
 ESSENTIAL
■homosexual 同性恋的
• gay rights 同性恋者的权益
• Mark knew he was gay by the time he was fourteen. 马克到14岁时知道了自己是同性恋。
• the lesbian and gay community 男女同性恋者群体
[geɪ] adjective
HAPPY 快乐的 old-fashioned
■happy 欢快的，愉快的，快乐的
• We had a gay old time down at the dance hall. 我们在下面舞厅玩得开心极了。
■old-fashioned
■If a place is gay, it is bright and attractive 五光十色的；鲜艳的；吸引人的
• The streets were gay and full of people. 大街上色彩缤纷，熙熙攘攘。
[geɪ] adjective
BAD QUALITY 品质差 slang
■Something that is gay is not very good quality or is not clever, sensible or suitable 品质差的；愚蠢的；没有意义的；不合适的
• These seats are so gay. I can't even see what's happening on stage. 这些座位实在太差了，我就连舞台上在演甚么都看不到。
[geɪ] adjective
just gay enough informal
■A heterosexual man who is just gay enough has some of the qualities typical of gay men that many women like, such as an interest in clothes or being able to talk about emotions. 像同性恋的，奶油小生的，脂粉气的
[geɪ] noun countable
■a homosexual person, especially a man （尤指男性）同性恋者
joyful, glad, delightful, merry, gay, happy, agreeable, jolly, nice, pleasant, cheerful
这组词都有“愉快的，高兴的”的意思，其区别是：
joyful: 语气较强，强调心情或感情上的欣喜。
glad: 最普通用词，语气较弱，表示礼貌的惯用语。指乐于做某事或因某事而感到满足，常表愉快的心情。
delightful: 指能带来强烈的快乐，激起愉快的情感，用于非常愉快的场合。
merry: 指精神情绪的暂时高涨，表示欢乐、愉快的心境或情景，侧重充满欢笑声和乐趣。
gay: 侧重无忧无虑、精神昂扬、充满生命的快乐。
happy: 侧重感到满足、幸福或高兴。
agreeable: 指与感受者的愿望、情趣或受好等和谐一致而带来的心情上的快意。
jolly: 通俗用词，多指充满快乐与喜悦的神情。
nice: 语气较温和，泛指任何愉快或满意的感觉。
pleasant: 侧重给人以“赏心悦目”或“愉快的，宜人的”感受。
cheerful: 多指因内心的愉快而表现出兴高采烈，是强调而自然的感情流露。
adj. 快乐的；放荡的；艳丽的
 - festival, cheerful, enjoyable
n. 同性恋者
 - homosexual person, homophile

Word: disaster
Front: disaster
[dɪˈzɑ:stə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2321/2466 -K3)
Vocabulary: disaster
(once / 159 pages)
n
An earthquake, an oil spill, an economic collapse, a party with inedible food and truly awful music: Each of these could be described as a disaster, a cataclysmic event causing extreme suffering, even total destruction.
Disaster made its way into the English language from Greek. The second part of the word is derived from astron — "star" or "planet," familiar from words like astronomy and astronaut. Dis- is prefix with a meaning similar to "un-" or "mis-," but with clearly negative connotations. Translated literally, disaster means "bad or unlucky star," and it's a relic of a time when astrology was considered a serious science that could predict events — including disasters you might try to avoid — in your life on Earth!
WORD FAMILY
disaster: disasters, disastrous +/ disastrous: disastrously
USAGE EXAMPLES
A search involving about 10 ships was underway to find those who were missing, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
For fans, the thrill derives, in part, from the possibility of disaster.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
A search involving around 10 ships was under way to find those who were missing, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency said.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 灾难; 彻底的失败; 不幸; 祸患
分布：灾难(100%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。-aster, 星星，星辰，词源同star, asterisk.即星位不正，在古代占星术中预示着灾难降临。
灾难,灾祸(dis坏＋ester星→星位不正,表示有灾难)[astro,aster=star,表示"星星"]
n.灾难,大祸;彻底的失败The master's masterpiece caused a disaster to headmaster.主人的杰作给校长造成灾难.
【记】dis反，aster星－星位不正－预示着灾难
【参】asterisk（n 星号）；asteroid（adj 星状的）；disastrous（adj 损失惨重的；灾难性的）
US [-'zæs.tɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(an event which results in) great harm, damage or death, or serious difficulty 灾难，大祸
• An inquiry was ordered into the recent rail disaster (= a serious train accident). 有关方面下令调查最近这次铁路灾难事故。
• It would be a disaster for me if I lost my job. 对我而言，如果丢了工作那将是一场灾难。
• This is one of the worst natural disasters ever to befall the area. 这是该地区所经历的最严重的自然灾害之一。
• Heavy and prolonged rain can spell disaster for many plants. 大量持续的降雨会对很多植物造成巨大的危害。
• Everything was going smoothly until suddenly disaster struck. 灾难突然降临之前一切进行得都很顺利。
• Inviting James and Ivan to dinner on the same evening was a recipe for disaster (= caused a very difficult situation) - they always argue with each other. 在同一天晚上请詹姆斯和伊凡吃饭简直就是自找苦吃——他们在一起总是争来争去。
be a disaster informal
■to be very unsuccessful or extremely bad 非常失败，极为糟糕
• The evening was a complete disaster. 那场晚会糟透了。
• As an engineer, he was a disaster. 作为工程师，他简直糟糕透顶。
disaster, misfortune, calamity, catastrophe
这组词都有“灾难”的意思，其区别是：
disaster: 普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
misfortune: 普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
calamity: 多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
catastrophe: 语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
n. 灾难，灾祸；不幸
 - tragedy, evil, calamity, grief

Word: bet
Front: bet
[bet] (研四雅 2699/3246 -K3)
Vocabulary: bet
(once / 204 pages)
vn
To bet is to gamble or risk something valuable against an unknown outcome. Poker players bet on each hand, hoping the cards they hold will beat those of the other players.
Sometimes you bet money on a sporting event, wagering on the team you think will win and collecting even more money if it does. It's even more common to bet in a figurative way, saying something like, "I'd be willing to bet that the bus will be late again." The money you risk when you bet is also called a bet. The word probably comes from the now-obsolete noun abet, or "abetment."
WORD FAMILY
bet: bets, betted, betting, bettor+/betting: bettinger/bettor: bettors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wealthier Americans might ponder the future of football, Irvin said, but poor and middle-class kids were betting their future on football.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It’s too late to hedge that bet now.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But now, it’s Kansas City as division champion and Oakland as a road team with no sure bet on who its quarterback will be.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 打赌，赌博，赌注; 被下赌注的对象; 可能性
vi. 当然，的确; 打赌(on,against,with)
vt. 赌博; 与…打赌; 下赌注; 确信
时态：bet, betting, bets
分布：打赌(62%)，赌注(32%)，确信(5%)，确信无疑(1%)
→来自bait，诱饵。诱使，打赌。
v.赌,打赌n.打赌,赌注Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
verb (betting, bet, bet)
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to risk money on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race, in the hope of winning more money 打赌；赌博
• He regularly goes to the races and bets heavily. 他常去赌马，而且都下重注。
• She bet £500 000 on the horse which came in second. 她在那匹跑了第二名的马身上，下了50万英镑的赌注。
• [+ two objects] [+ (that)] I bet you $25 that I'll get there before you. 我和你赌25美元，我一定比你早到。
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■If you say you bet (someone) that something is true or will happen, you mean you are certain that it is true or will happen 敢肯定
• [+ (that)] I bet you (that) she's missed the bus. 我敢肯定她追不上公车。
• I bet (that) he won't come. 我敢肯定他不会来。
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
(how much) do you want to bet? informal
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you are certain that they are wrong （表示确定对方错了）你敢打赌吗？你想赌多少？
• "Surely she won't be late this time." "How much do you want to bet?" “她这次肯定不会迟到。”“那你敢跟我赌多少？”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
don't bet on it (also I wouldn't bet on it) informal
■used to tell someone that you think something is unlikely to be true or to happen 不大可能
• "Do you think they'll give me back the money they owe me?" "I wouldn't bet on it." “你认为他们会把欠我的钱还给我吗？”“我看不会的了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
I bet (also I'll bet) informal
■said to show that you understand why someone has a particular opinion or feels a particular way （表示理解）有同感，我相信
• "I'm so annoyed with her." "I'll bet." “她令我感到厌烦。”“我相信是。”
• "I was so relieved I didn't have to clean up after the party." "I bet you were." “派对结束后，我不必留下来收拾打扫，这让我大大松了口气。”“我知道你会这样。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
what do you bet?
■See what's the betting? at betting
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you bet informal
■used to emphasize a statement or to mean 'certainly' （表示强调）当然
• "Are you coming to the party?" "You bet!" “你会参加派对吗？”“当然了。”
[bet] verb (betting, bet, bet)
you can bet your life (also you can bet your bottom dollar)
■used to say that you are completely certain that something is true or will happen 肯定
• You can bet your bottom dollar that he'll be the next president. 他肯定会选下一任总统。
[bet] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money which you risk on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race 赌注
• He placed/put a bet on the grey horse. 他在那匹灰色马身上下了注。
■informal
■a guess or opinion 猜想；想法
• [+ (that)] My bet is (that) their baby will be a girl. 我猜他们会生个女儿。
[bet] noun countable
be a fair bet UK
■to be something which is likely to happen 很可能的事
• It's a fair bet (that) the government will increase taxes in the coming term. 政府很可能在即将展开的下届执政期内增税。
[bet] noun countable
be a good bet
■to be something that would be useful, clever or enjoyable to do 明智的事
• Putting your savings in a high-interest account is a good bet. 把你的积蓄存进高利率储蓄帐户是明智之举。
[bet] noun countable
be a safe bet
■to be something that you are certain will happen 肯定会发生的事
• It's a safe bet (that) Martin will be the last to arrive. 马丁肯定是最后一个到。
[bet] noun countable
be your best bet
■to be the best decision or choice 明智的决定（或选择）
• Your best bet would be to take a bus to the airport. 你最好坐公车到机场。
[bet] noun countable
do sth for a bet (US usually do sth on a bet)
■to do something dangerous or risky because someone says that they do not think you will 赌气做
• She jumped in the fountain for a bet. 她赌气跳进了喷水池。
gamble, bet
这组词都有“打赌，赌博”的意思，其区别是：
gamble: 多指投机，为获得某物或牟利而冒大险，含孤注一掷意味。
bet: 指竞赛中的打赌，也指双方对有疑惑之事争执不下的打赌。在口语中，bet作“确信，敢说”解。
n. 打赌，赌注；被打赌的事物
 - stake
vt. 打赌；敢断定，确信
 - make sure, be sure of
vi. 打赌
 - lay, stake

Word: status
Front: status
[ˈsteɪtəs] (高研四六托雅宝 1215/1137 -K4)
Vocabulary: status
(once / 344 pages)
n
If someone wants to know the status of something, they want to know what condition it's in, where it is, or how much progress it's made. You've probably checked the status of your flight to see if it's on time or delayed.
Status doesn't only apply to the state of flights, projects, and traffic jams — it also can be used to refer to a person's social standing or rank. In fact, status was first used in reference to someone's height, and later, their legal standing. Someone with VIP status gets to fly first class and probably has a bunch of photographers following them.
WORD FAMILY
status: statuses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Conference of Mayors Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness” in 38 U.S. cities conducted in December and released Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Savage’s status for this week is in question after he suffered a concussion in the second quarter of a loss to Tennessee on Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
S.A.R. wound up beating Frisch, solidifying its status as one of the league’s top teams.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地位; 情形，状态; 身份
分布：地位(71%)，身份(24%)，情形(5%)
→来自拉丁语 status,情况，状况，位置，举止，来自 stare,站立，词源同 stand,state.引申诸相关 词义。
状态;情况(stat+us)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.地位,身份;情形,状况At the station the statesman hesitates to state the status of the statue.在车站政治家不愿陈述雕像的状况.
【记】stat站，us我们－我们站的位置－地位
【参】abase:status＝shorten:length降低地位＝缩短长度
US [-əs] noun uncountable
OFFICIAL POSITION 正式地位
 IMPROVER
■an accepted or official position, especially in a social group （尤指在社会中的）地位，身份
• The association works to promote the status of retired people as useful members of the community. 这个协会旨在提高退休人员的地位，使其成为社会中有用的成员。
• There has been an increase in applications for refugee status. 越来越多的人申请难民身份。
• The success of her book has given her unexpected celebrity status. 她的书的成功给她带来意想不到的名气。
• Applicants should have a degree or a qualification of equal status. 申请人应该具有大学学位或同等学历的资格证明。
UK ['steɪ.təs] US [-əs] noun uncountable
RESPECT 尊重
■the amount of respect, admiration or importance given to a person, organization or object 尊重程度；仰慕程度；重视程度
• high/low status 很高／很低的地位
• As the daughter of the president, she enjoys high status among her peers. 身为总统的女儿，她在同侪中极有地位。
• The leaders were often more concerned with status and privilege than with the problems of the people. 领袖往往更关心自己的地位和特权，而非民间疾苦。
circumstance, status, condition, state, situation
这组词都有“状况、情况”的意思，其区别是：
circumstance: 多指周围的情况或某事发生时的情况。
status: 指一个人在政治、社会、经济、法律上的地位或身份，暗含地位显要意味。也可用于指政治等事态的状况。
condition: 一般强调产生影响的原因或环境，复数形式指笼统的情况。
state: 普通用词，指人或物在环境、外表、心灵以及健康方面的状况，或指在某一阶段的状态或形式。
situation: 指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
n. 地位；状态；情形；重要身分
 - capacity, ranking

Word: peak
Front: peak
[pi:k] (研四六托宝 2364/2312 -K3)
Vocabulary: peak
(once / 229 pages)
1nv 2n
Use the word peak to refer to the pointy top of something, such as the jagged peak of a tall mountain or the tapered peak that forms when you beat egg whites for a recipe.
Peak is one of those words that can play a variety of roles in a sentence. The noun peak can refer to something that is a literal highpoint, like that snow-covered peak over there in the distance, but you will also hear it used to refer to more abstract high points, such as a time of greatest success (“at the peak of your career”) or top performance (“the stock price reached a peak over the summer”) or highest level (“the peak of the flu season”). The word also has a verb form (“Don’t peak to soon”) and an adjective form (“peak productivity”) that carry similar meanings.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
peak / peek / pique
Let's look at three homophones: peak, peek, and pique. Peak is a topmost point, such as a mountain peak, or to reach that point:
We're sort of at peak demand right now.
A peek is a glance or a quick look, like you do with the unwrapped Christmas presents at the bottom of your loved one's closet. It can also mean to glance or to peer at. It's frequently paired with sneak, which can lead you to use the incorrect peak:
Residents take a peek at bike and pedestrian safety plans
Yellowstone Offers Sneak Peek Of New Visitor Center
Finally, pique is to upset or excite someone. You will sometimes see peek one's interest for pique one's interest, but don't be fooled. If you're piquing someone's interest, you are exciting their interest not taking a quick look at it:
If that doesn't pique your interest, you can leave (but I'm keeping your shoes).
Here's your mnemonic device:
- You have to reach to gain the peak.
- If you peer at something, you are peeking.
- And if you're piqued about something, there's usually a question in your mind about it.
WORD FAMILY
peak: peaked, peaking, peaks, peaky+/peaked: peakeder, peakedest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Across the region, health clubs and fitness studios are preparing for peak season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
During January, Venus will reach its peak height above the horizon, according to the Beckstrom Observatory.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 山峰; 最高点; 尖端; 帽舌
vi. 达到高峰，达到最大值; 消瘦; 变憔悴
adj. 最高的; 最大值的
时态：peaked, peaking, peaks
分布：山顶(38%)，顶峰(34%)，达到顶峰(13%)，尖端(8%)，消瘦(6%)，使处于顶点(1%)
→来自pike变体，由长矛引申词义山峰，山顶，顶锋，峰值等。
n.山顶,最高点;峰,山峰a.高峰的,最高的The weak speaker made a speech on the bleak peak.虚弱的讲话者在荒凉的山峰上发表了演说.
【记】peak作为山峰一意大家都熟悉，见上图的山峰是不是很憔悴。
【参】pecan（n 美洲山核桃树）长在peak上面。
noun countable
HIGHEST POINT 最高点
 ADVANCED
■the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill 最高点，高峰
• Holiday flights reach a peak during August. 八月份度假班机的数量达到高峰。
• Beat the egg whites until they are stiff enough to form firm peaks. 不停地搅拌蛋白直至其变成硬尖状为止。
• We saw a victory by an athlete at the very peak of her fitness and career. 我们见证过一位运动员在她的体能和运动生涯的颠峰时期取得比赛胜利。
[pi:k] noun countable
MOUNTAIN TOP 山顶
 ADVANCED
■the pointed top of a mountain, or the mountain itself 山顶；山峰
• It is one of the most difficult peaks to climb. 这是最难攀登的山峰之一。
[pi:k] noun countable
HAT PART 帽子的一部分 mainly UK (US usually visor)
■the flat curved part of a cap which goes above the eyes of the person who is wearing it 帽檐，帽舌
[pi:k] adjective [before noun]
■peak times are the times when most people are using or doing something 高峰的（时期）
• Traffic congestion is really bad at peak (= the most busy) periods. 交通拥挤状况在尖峰时段真是糟糕透了。
• It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing times (= those with the most people watching). 黄金时段的电视广告费用很高。
• Don't go there in the peak (= busiest) season - it'll be hot and crowded. 不要在旅游旺季时到那里去——那会又热又挤。
■peak levels or rates are when they are at their highest 最后的，巅峰的（水准，率）
• peak rate electricity 峰率电
[pi:k] verb intransitive
■to reach the highest, strongest or best point, value or level of skill 达到顶峰，达到最大值
• Official figures show that unemployment peaked in November. 官方数字显示失业人数在11月达到最高点。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
peak, sumit, climax, top
这组词都有“顶点”的意思，其区别是：
peak: 指山峰的全部或上部。
sumit: 书面用词，指山的最顶峰部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的，国家间的首脑最高级会谈。
climax: 指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，因此多含其后由盛而衰的意味。
top: 普通用词，可指包括人或物或其它任何的最高点或顶点。
n. 山峰；最高点；顶点； [服装] 帽舌
 - height, sky, summit, mount, crown
vt. 使达到最高点；使竖起
 - cock
vi. 消瘦；到达最高点；变憔悴
 - slim down
adj. 最高的；最大值的
 - highest, supreme, maximum, top, tallest

Word: forward
Front: forward
[ˈfɔ:wəd] (中高宝 815/734 -K4)
Vocabulary: forward
(once / 34 pages)
1advadj 2n 3adj 4v
Forward is the direction ahead of you, or toward the front of something. It can also be a position on a basketball, soccer, or hockey team.
Forward can be a direction of either space or time, and also implies progress. A forward-thinking person thinks about what will happen in the future. If you forward an email, you send it on to a new recipient. But if you forward a cause, that means you helped propel it to success. If you’re at a bar and someone tells you you’re being awfully forward, you’re probably coming on too strong.
WORD FAMILY
forward: forwarded, forwarding, forwardly, forwardness, forwards
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He thanked the medical team and his family and friends and said he is looking forward to the inauguration ceremony on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This is a time to get our eyes forward and get back to work.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 前进地; 向前; 至将来; 提前地
adj. 向前方的; 迅速的; （社会、政治）进步的; 早熟的
vt. 促进，助长; （按新地址）转寄; 发送
n. 前锋
时态：forwarded, forwarding, forwards
分布：促进(32%)，转交(15%)，向前的(15%)，发送(14%)，早熟的(9%)，未来的(4%)，热心的(3%)，前部的(3%)，向前地(3%)，将来的(1%)，莽撞的(1%)
→for-, 在前，词源同fore. -ward, 向，词源同toward.
ad.(alsoforwards)向前a.向前的v.转交Afterwards, I went toward the yard and looked upward, downward, inward, outward, forward and backward.后来我走向院子,向上下内外前后看.
【参】forwardness（n 大胆，鲁莽）
US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adverb (also forwards)
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL
■towards the direction that is in front of you 向前
• She leaned forward to whisper something in my ear. 她倾身向前，对我耳语了一番。
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adverb (also forwards)
FUTURE 未来
 ESSENTIAL
■towards the future 向将来；往后
• I always look forward, not back. 我总是放眼未来，而不是回首过去。
from that day forward formal
■after that point 从那刻起
• From that day forward they never spoke to each other. 从那天起，他们彼此再没说过话。
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adverb (also forwards)
PROGRESS 进步
 ESSENTIAL
■used in expressions related to progress 有进展地；前进地
• This is a big step forward for democracy. 这是向民主迈进的一大步。
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adjective
DIRECTION 方向
■towards the direction that is in front of you 向前
• forward motion/movement 向前的运动
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adjective
FUTURE 未来
■relating to the future 未来的
• forward planning/thinking 为未来作的计划／思考
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
adjective
CONFIDENT 自信的 disapproving
■confident and honest in a way that ignores the usual social rules and might seem rude 鲁莽的，冒失的
• Do you think it was forward of me to invite her to dinner when we'd only just met? 你觉得刚见面我就邀请她吃饭是不是有些鲁莽？
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
verb transitive
■to send a letter, etc., especially from someone's old address to their new address, or to send a letter, email, etc. that you have received to someone else 转寄（信件）；转发（电子邮件）
• I'll forward any mail to your new address. 我会把信件都转寄至你的新地址。
• I'll forward his email to you if you're interested. 如果你感兴趣，我可以把他的电子邮件转发给你。
UK ['fɔ:.wəd] US ['fɔ:r.wɚd/ note_panel
noun countable
■a player who is in an attacking position in a team 前锋
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
adj. 向前的；早的；迅速的
 - earlier, rapid, fast, ahead, ready
adv. 向前地；向将来
 - on, antrorsely
vt. 促进；转寄；运送
 - facilitate, promote, boost, freight, ship
n. 前锋
 - stricker, vanguard

Word: transfer
Front: transfer
[trænsˈfɜ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2315/1593 -K4)
Vocabulary: transfer
(once / 176 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn
If you are moving something from one place to another, like transferring money from your savings account to your checking account, you are transferring it. Or, if you've been moved from one job site to another — you, my friend, have been transferred.
Transfer can also be a noun that means the act of moving something from one form or location to another, so that money that was shifted from one account to another is considered a transfer. If you change something from one form to another, you can say that you transferred it. "Her mother had transferred all the old 8mm home movies to video tape. Now she'd have to transfer them again using a more modern technology."
WORD FAMILY
transfer: transferable, transference, transferer, transfering, transferrable, transferral, transferred, transferrer, transferring, transfers+/ transferable: nontransferable, transferability, untransferable/ transference: countertransference, transferences/transferer: transferers/transferrer: transferrers/untransferable: untransferably
USAGE EXAMPLES
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Evans is a junior college transfer who played one season in Blacksburg, Virginia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Overall, researchers found that half of guns transferred privately in all states within the past two years were obtained without a background check.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使转移; 使调动; 转让（权利等）; 让与
vi. 转让; 转学; 转乘; 转会（尤指职业足球队）
n. 转移; 调动; 换乘; （运动员）转会
时态：transferred, transferring, transfers
分布：转移(72%)，迁移(14%)，转乘(4%)，调任(3%)，换车(3%)，移动(3%)，汇兑(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，-fer,带来，词源同 bring,infer.
转送,转移(trans交换+fer→交换带走→转移)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
vt./n.转移;转换;转让;过户;迁移;改乘The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [ˈtræns.fɜ˞ː]
(-rr-)
 ADVANCED transitive
■to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to another 搬；转移
• He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital. 他被转到一家精神病医院。
• She transferred her gun from its shoulder holster to her handbag. 她把枪从挂肩枪套里转移到手提包里。
• We were transferred from one bus into another. 我们被从一辆大客车转到另一辆大客车上。
• Police are investigating how £20 million was illegally transferred from/out of the Trust's bank account. 警方正在调查2000万英镑是如何从该基金会的银行帐户上非法转出的。
• The aim is to transfer power/control/responsibility to self-governing regional councils. 目的在于把权力／控制权／责任移交给自治的地方议会。
• I'll be upstairs, so could you transfer my phone calls (= arrange that I can receive them) up there, please? 我要上楼了，请把我的电话转到楼上好吗？
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to change to a different job, team, place of work, etc., or to make someone do this （使）调动；（使）跳槽；（使）转会
• After a year he transferred to University College, Dublin. 一年后，他转到了都柏林大学。
• Some very high-profile British players have transferred to clubs abroad. 一些非常有名的英国球员已经转到国外球队。
• He threatened to give up football if his club didn't transfer him (= sell him to another team). 他威胁说如果球会不让他转到其他球队，他就不踢足球。
transitive
■to make something the legal property of another person 转让（财产）
• She transferred the house to her daughter before she died. 她死前把房子转让给女儿。
verb UK [trænsˈfɜːr] US [ˈtræns.fɜ˞ː]
(-rr-)
  Common Learner Errors  transferWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using transfer in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'rr'. Don't write 'transfered', write transferred. The -ing form is transferring.
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
MOVE/CHANGE 移动／改变
 ADVANCED
■when something or someone moves or is moved from one place, position, etc. to another 转移；转让；调动
• the transfer of information 资讯的传递
• Black's transfer to an Italian football club came as a shock to Coventry supporters. 布莱克转会到义大利足球会，使考文垂队的球迷大为震惊。
• The official transfer of ownership will take a few days to complete. 所有权的正式移交要花几天时间才能办妥。
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
SPORTS 运动
countable
■a player who has moved from one sports team to another 转会的球员
• They've a new transfer from Tottenham playing for them. 他们有一个从托特纳姆队转会来为他们效力的新球员。
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
TRAVEL TICKET 车票
countable US
■a ticket which allows a passenger to change routes or to change from one bus or train to another 转车票，换乘票
noun UK [ˈtræns.fɜːr] US [-fɜ˞ː]
PATTERN 图案
countable
■a picture or pattern which can be fixed to a surface by pressing it against the surface and then rubbing or heating it （透过压擦或加热转印到物体表面的）转印图画，转印图案
• The kids bought transfers and ironed them onto their T-shirts. 孩子们买来转印图画，然后用熨斗印到他们的短袖圆领运动衫。
Compare decal
transmit, transfer, transcend, transport, translate
transmit: 发射，播送；传播，传染；留传，遗传；
transfer: 转移，迁移；
transcend: 超过，翻越；
transport: 运输，运送，输送；
translate: 翻译；说明，使变成
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. 转让； [计] 转移；传递；过户
 - negotiation, diversion
vi. 转让； [计] 转移；转学；换车
 - make over, dispose of
vt. 转让； [计] 使转移；传递；调任
 - hand, negotiate

Word: division
Front: division
[dɪˈvɪʒn] (高研四六托 1849/891 -K4)
Vocabulary: division
(once / 83 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Division is breaking something down into parts, splitting it up. When you have division of labor, everybody does her part.
Division is a noun. It refers to taking a hunk — of pie, clothes, numbers, people — and splitting it into smaller bits. A division in the military sense is a group large enough to go to battle. Blame British mathematician John Pell for the long division you learned in math class (but proceeded to forget once you discovered the calculator). Any way you slice it, division is the process of separating something into smaller parts.
WORD FAMILY
division: divisional, divisions+/dividable: undividable/ divide: dividable, divided, divider, divides, dividing, divisible, division, subdivide/ divided: dividedly, undivided/divider: dividers/ divisible: divisibility, divisiblest, indivisible /divisional: divisionally/ indivisible: indivisibly/subdivide: subdivided, subdivider, subdivides, subdividing, subdivision/subdivided: unsubdivided/subdivider: subdividers/subdivision: subdivisions/undivided: undividedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, there were several other instances of prisoner abuse involving the division.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When traditional companies acquired small technology companies, they typically would place them in a “digital division” separate from the rest of the company.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its youngest level is the Mites division, which is open to first and second graders.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 分开，分隔; [数]除法; 部门; [军]师
分布：部门(42%)，除法(29%)，划分(20%)，分开(9%)
→来自divide, 分开。用作军事编制师。比较regiment.
划分,区分(divide的名词)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
n.分,分割;部门,科,处;除法;分界线The hidden division is subdivided into individuals.隐藏的师被细分为个体.
noun
PART 部分
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something is separated into parts or groups, or the way that it is separated 分配；分配方法
• the equal division of labour between workers 给工人平均分配工作
 ADVANCED countable
■a separate part of an army or large organization 部门，处，室，科
• the sales division 销售部
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of teams which play against each other in a particular sport （分组赛的）小组
• Norwich are currently top of Division one. 诺里奇队目前在第一组中居于首位。
[dɪ'vɪʒ.ən] noun
CALCULATION 计算
uncountable
■when you calculate how many times one number goes into another 除法
[dɪ'vɪʒ.ən] noun
DISAGREEMENT 不和
countable or uncountable
■when people disagree about something 分歧；不和
• Disagreements about defence cuts have opened up deep divisions within the military. 在削减国防开支问题上的看法不一导致军方内部出现了严重的分歧。
• Division within the party will limit its chances at the election. 内讧将会降低该党在选举中获胜的机会。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 师（军队）； [管理] 部门；分割； [数] 除法
 - ministry, department, sector, segmentation, dom

Word: wife
Front: wife
[waɪf] (中高 466/531 -K5)
Back: n. 妻子，太太; 夫人，老婆; 已婚妇女
分布：妻子(95%)，夫人(5%)
→来自古英语wif,女人，女士，妻子，来自Proto-Germanic*wiban,可能来自webh,弯，转，纺织，词源同weave,web。引申义男耕女织，女人，妻子。
n.妻子,夫人,太太The pious man is dubious about the vicious civilian's vivid description of his vicinity to his wife.虔诚的男子对邪恶的平民生动的描述他与其妻子的密切(关系)半信半疑.
[waɪf] (plural wives)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the woman a man is married to 妻子，老婆，夫人
• I met Greg's wife for the first time. 我是第一次见到葛列格的妻子。
• She's his third wife (= She is the third woman he has been married to). 她是他的第3任妻子。
n. 妻子，已婚妇女；夫人
 - lady, Mrs

Word: negotiate
Front: negotiate
[nɪˈgəʊʃieɪt] (高研六托宝 2541/2586 -4)
Vocabulary: negotiate
(once / 140 pages)
1v 2v
To negotiate is to try to work out an agreement between parties that each want something out of the deal. You might negotiate with your mom — offering to do more chores for a raise in your allowance. Good luck.
Negotiation is all about give and take. Governments are always negotiating with unions, trying to define the terms of new contracts. The government might offer the teachers union a raise, if they agree to work 200 days a year instead of 180. The verb negotiate can also mean to successfully pass through or travel along. You may have to negotiate a hazardous road, or a tricky path through sticker bushes.
WORD FAMILY
negotiate: negotiable, negotiated, negotiates, negotiating, negotiation, negotiator, renegotiate+/ negotiable: negotiably, non-negotiable/ negotiation: negotiations/ negotiator: negotiators/renegotiate: renegotiated, renegotiates, renegotiating
USAGE EXAMPLES
The only certainty is this: That interception in the final 90 seconds of Sunday’s game will haunt Cousins at the negotiating table.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
During the campaign, Mr. Trump called the Iran accord “the worst deal ever negotiated.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the car was traveling westbound and couldn’t negotiate a curve in the road.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 谈判，协商，交涉
vt. 谈判达成; 成功越过; 议价出售
时态：negotiated, negotiating, negotiates
分布：谈判(62%)，协商(27%)，交涉(5%)，谈判达成(4%)，议价出售(1%)，成功越过(1%)
→来自negotiation的回构词。
v.商订;谈判,洽谈,交涉They negotiated with the management for an improvement in working conditions.他们与资方交涉,以便改善工作条件.
US [-'goʊ-] verb
DISCUSS 讨论
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them （就…）谈判，（就…）磋商
• The government has refused to negotiate with the strikers. 政府拒绝与罢工者谈判。
• I'm negotiating for a new contract. 我正在为签订一份新合同进行协商。
• I've managed to negotiate (= get by discussion) a five per cent pay increase with my boss. 透过与老板协商，我的薪水将提高5%。
UK [nə'gəʊ.ʃi.eɪt] US [-'goʊ-] verb
MANAGE TO DO 设法做到
transitive
■to manage to travel along a difficult route 设法穿过，越过（难走的路段）
• The only way to negotiate the muddy hillside is on foot. 要越过那条泥泞的山坡只能靠步行。
transitive
■to deal with something difficult 解决（难题）
• The company's had some tricky problems to negotiate in its first year in business. 公司运营的头一年有些棘手的问题要解决。
UK [nə'gəʊ.ʃi.eɪt] US [-'goʊ-] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
transitive specialized
■to get or give a sum of money in exchange for a financial document of the same value 议付，洽兑
confer, negotiate, consult
这组词都有“协商、商量”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 正式用词，强调对观点或意见的交换。
negotiate: 正式用词，指双方通过争论或讨论最后达成协议等；也指通过商议从而解决问题。
consult: 多指向权威或有识之士请教或咨询。
vt. 谈判，商议；转让；越过
 - transfer, surmount
vi. 谈判，交涉
 - transact

Word: safety
Front: safety
[ˈseɪfti] (中高研四六雅 1132/1165 -K4)
Vocabulary: safety
(once / 101 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A safety is a device that helps keep you from doing bad things, like the safety on a gun that prevents you from pulling the trigger accidentally.
Safety, besides meaning "the state of being safe," is used for things that promote safety. If you designate a special meeting place in case of emergency, that place is a safety. If you use contraception during sex, that's also a safety, to prevent pregnancy. In football it's a safety if a player is tackled behind his own goal line. And if you hit the baseball in a way to ensure you reach the base, that's called a safety too.
WORD FAMILY
safety: safeties
USAGE EXAMPLES
But I also insisted, to myself and everyone else, that Baha never expressed any fears for his own safety.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In the end, Bergh said, the request is about safety, not politics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Police and investigators with the state’s workplace safety regulator are investigating the accident.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 安全; 安全性; 安全处所; 中卫
adj. 保障安全的
分布：安全(96%)，保险(4%)
→safe,安全的，-ty,名词后缀。
安全(safe安全)[-ty表名词,用在形容词后,把形容词变成名词]
n.安全,保险;安全设备,保险装置They crossed the road in safety.他们安全地越过了公路.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a state in which or a place where you are safe and not in danger or at risk 安全，平安
• For your (comfort and) safety, we recommend you keep your seat belt loosely fastened during the flight. 为了您的（舒适和）安全，我们建议您在飞行期间松松地系住安全带。
• Journalists may enter the danger zone but unfortunately we cannot guarantee/assure their safety. 记者可以进入危险地带，但遗憾的是，我们不能确保他们的安全。
• The crew of the ship were winched to safety by a rescue helicopter. 全体船员被救援直升机吊运至安全的地方。
• As the gunman opened fire, they all ran/dived for safety behind trees. 持枪歹徒一开火，他们全都跑／冲到树后以保安全。
• Police are concerned for the safety of (= think that something bad might have happened to) the five-year-old. 警方为那个五岁小孩的安危担心。
• He was led to a place of safety (= somewhere he would not be in danger, especially of being found and harmed). 他被带往一个安全的地方。
['seɪf.ti] noun uncountable
safety first saying
■said to mean that it is best to avoid any unnecessary risks and to act so that you stay safe 安全第一
['seɪf.ti] noun uncountable
There's safety in numbers. saying
■said to emphasize that being part of a group makes you less likely to be harmed 人多比较保险；人多势众
['seɪf.ti] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  safety or security? Safety is when you are safe or how safe something is. Remember to wear your safety belt in the car. Children should have lessons in road safety. Security means activities or people that protect you from harm, or that try to stop crime. He works as a security guard. airport security
n. [安全] 安全；保险；安全设备；保险装置；安打
 - insurance, security, assurance

Word: ill
Front: ill
[ɪl] (中高 2945/1955 -K4)
Vocabulary: ill
(once / 53 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv
If you're ill, you're unwell, or sick. Being ill is a good excuse for missing work or school.
You might get ill after being sneezed on by someone with a cold; or eating street food in a foreign country; or for no reason that you can point to. People can be mentally ill as well as physically ill, from depression or anxiety among other ailments. Ill can also mean "bad" in various ways, including when you suffer ill effects from going too long without sleep, or exercise ill judgment when you buy $500 worth of lottery tickets.
WORD FAMILY
ill: iller, illness, ills+/illness: illnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
We live in the same city, and are close. he day the baby was born, doctors thought she might be seriously ill.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Trump’s recent comments bode ill for federal investments in cyberdefense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Hurricanes found themselves in a pinch when Lack fell ill before Saturday night’s game at Tampa Bay.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不好的; 恶意的; 有病的; 不吉利的
adv. 坏; 不利地; 令人不满地
n. 伤害; 困难; 问题; 弊端
分布：坏话(42%)，有病的(12%)，坏的(11%)，不幸(10%)，祸害(8%)，邪恶(6%)，恶劣地(5%)，恶意的(3%)，勉强地(2%)，引起痛苦的(1%)
→来自中古英语ille,邪恶的，不道德的，来自elk,伤口，脓疮，词源同ulcus,ulcerous.最终词义又回归其词源义生病的，疾病的。
a.有病的;坏的;恶意的ad.坏地;不利地The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
adjective
NOT WELL 不舒服的
 ESSENTIAL
■not feeling well, or suffering from a disease 生病的；不舒服的
• I felt ill so I went home. 我感到不舒服，于是就回家了。
• He's been ill with meningitis. 他得了脑膜炎。
• Sophia fell ill] was taken ill (= became ill) while on holiday. 索菲娅在休假时生病了。
• He is critically (= very badly) ill in hospital. 他在住院，病得很重。
[ɪl] adjective
BAD 坏的
[before noun] formal or old-fashioned
■bad 坏的；恶劣的
• ill health 恶劣的健康状况
• Did you experience any ill effects from the treatment? 你感到治疗有甚么副作用吗？
[ɪl] adjective
be ill at ease
■to be worried and not relaxed 不安，不自在
• He seemed ill at ease and not his usual self. 他似乎不大自在，不像平时的他。
[ɪl] adjective
It's an ill wind (that blows nobody any good). saying
■said to show that even a very bad situation must have some good results 天下无绝对的坏事。
[ɪl] adverb literary
■badly 坏；恶劣地
• He treated her very ill. 他对她很不好。
speak ill of sb formal or old-fashioned
■to say unkind things about someone 说（某人）的坏话
• I realize one shouldn't speak ill of the dead. 我体会到不应该说死人的坏话。
augur/bode ill formal or old-fashioned
■to be a sign of bad things in the future 是凶兆，不是好兆头
• This weather bodes ill for the garden party tonight. 这种天气对今晚的园游会不是好兆头。
can ill afford (to do sth) formal or old-fashioned
■If you can ill afford to do something, it will cause problems for you if you do it 经不起（做…）；一旦…就会遇麻烦
• We can ill afford to lose another member of staff. 我们可经不起再失去一位员工了。
[ɪl] noun
uncountable formal or old-fashioned
■harm 坏；伤害
• I wish her no ill. 我并不希望她倒楣。
countable usually plural
■a problem 问题，弊病
• There seems to be no cure for Britain's economic/social ills. 英国经济／社会的弊病似乎无可救药。
ill, sick
ill: 做表语,
sick: 定,表均可 a sick boy
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
adj. 生病的；坏的；邪恶的；不吉利的
 - bad, evil, black, ugly
adv. 不利地；恶劣地；几乎不
 - badly, barely, adversely
n. 疾病；不幸
 - illness, disaster, disease, sickness, evil

Word: warning
Front: warning
[ˈwɔ:nɪŋ] (高六 2102/1911 -K3)
Vocabulary: warning
(once / 132 pages)
nadj
A warning is a caution against something dangerous. When there's a shark warning at the beach, the lifeguards will order everyone out of the water.
When you receive a warning, you get an official advance notice of some impending problem. A crow might caw loudly as a warning when it sees a cat, and a traffic cop might give a first-time speeder a warning instead of an expensive ticket. You can also use warning as an adjective: "The warning light came on in her car as it started to overheat."
WORD FAMILY
warning: warningly, warnings+/ forewarn: forewarned, forewarning, forewarns/ forewarning: forewarnings/ warn: forewarn, warned, warner, warning, warns/warner: warners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Warning about the use of chemical weapons, President Obama tells Syria’s Assad regime that there is a “red line” that must not be crossed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 警告; 征候，预兆; 前车之鉴
adj. 警告的; 告诫的; 引以为戒的
v. 警告( warn的现在分词); 提醒; 告诫; 预先通知
分布：警告(84%)，警报(9%)，警告的(4%)，预兆(2%)，告诫的(1%)
US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that makes you understand there is a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future 警告；告诫；提醒
• Completely without warning he turned up on my doorstep with all four children! 事先都没说一声，他就带着全部四个孩子出现在我的门口！
• There's a warning on the cigarette packet that says 'Tobacco seriously damages health'. 香烟的包装盒上有一则警告：“烟草严重危害健康。”
• I'm not surprised you feel ill - let it be a warning to you! 你感觉不舒服我一点也不意外——就权当是对你的一个警告吧！
• Just a word of warning - restaurants in this area can be very expensive. 只是提醒一句——这一带的餐厅都特别贵。
• formal The government have today issued a warning about the dangers of sunbathing. 政府今天就日光浴的潜在危险发布了一则警告。
• They can't dismiss you just like that - they have to give you a written warning first. 他们不能那样就把你解雇了——他们必须事先给你一份书面警告。
• The police fired warning shots but the protesters took no notice. 警方鸣枪示警，但示威者根本不予理会。
warning sign
■a physical condition that shows the presence of a disease （预示体内有某种疾病的）警示症状，预兆
• The warning signs of the illness are respiratory problems and dizziness. 预示可能患有这种疾病的症状是呼吸困难和头晕。
UK ['wɔ:.nɪŋ] US ['wɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
hear warning bells (also warning bells start to ring/sound)
■used to describe a situation when people see signs that something bad has started or is going to happen 察觉不祥之兆；警钟已经敲响
• For me, the warning bells started to ring when she stopped eating properly and lost all that weight. 她不再正常进食且体重下降那么严重时，我就觉察到不对劲了。
n. 警告；预兆；预告
 - admonition, caveat
adj. 警告的；引以为戒的
 - cautionary, admonitory

Word: adviser
Front: adviser
[ədˈvaɪzə(r)] (2720/2553 -3)
Vocabulary: adviser
(once / 311 pages)
n
If you're an expert who gives advice or offers professional consultations, you can call yourself an adviser.
You can have an adviser in many areas — he or she may also be called a consultant. A person who helps you decide what classes to take is called an academic adviser. You may also have a tax adviser to help during an audit or a career adviser to help plan your next steps after college. Whoever you take advice from, be advised that this word is sometimes spelled advisor.
WORD FAMILY
adviser: advisers+/ advisable: advisability, advisabler, advisablest, advisably, inadvisable, unadvisable/ advise: advisable, advised, advisee, advisement, adviser, advises, advising, advisor, advisory, misadvise/advised: advisedly, ill-advised, unadvised/advisee: advisees/advisement: advisements/ advisor: advisors/ advisory: advisories/ inadvisable: inadvisability, inadvisably/misadvise: misadvised, misadvising/unadvisable: unadvisably/unadvised: unadvisedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But that’s not the way the world works anymore, the adviser explained.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The writer is a senior adviser at the Atlantic Council.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Kalianovs heard about the problem because Chase’s wife is their financial adviser.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 顾问，劝告者; （美大学）指导教授，导师
分布：顾问(96%)，劝告者(2%)，指导教授(2%)
US [-zɚ] (also advisor)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone whose job is to give advice about a subject 顾问
• She is the party's main economic adviser. 她是该党主要的经济顾问。
• a financial advisor 财政顾问
n. 顾问；劝告者；指导教师（等于advisor）
 - don, consultant, counselor

Word: counter
Front: counter
[ˈkaʊntə(r)] (高研四六雅 2830/3493 -K3)
Vocabulary: counter
(once / 104 pages)
1n 2n 3vnadjadv 4n
A counter is a surface used for making transactions in a store or in a home kitchen for preparing food. In a store, you pay for items at the counter.
When counter is a verb, it means "to speak up in opposition," like when you counter your opponent's argument in a debate. When something conflicts, you can say it "runs counter to," like a fancy car that runs counter to your philosophy of living simply. You can think of this meaning as "in the opposite direction," like "counter-clockwise," meaning the direction that's opposite of clockwise.
WORD FAMILY
counter: countered, countering, counters, encounter +/ count: countable, counted, counter, counting, countless, counts, miscount, recount /counted: uncounted/counting: countings/ countless: countlessly, countlessness/ encounter: encountered, encountering, encounters/miscount: miscounted, miscounting, miscounts/ recount: recounted, recounting, recounts/recounting: recountings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a 2006 interview, Brewer said there was no way to counter the attacks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem, such companies say, is that regulations on the use of drones - and about countering them - are still in their infancy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
With reports of rising incidents of Islamophobia and anti-Semitism during the 2016 campaign, activists will need to ramp up their efforts to counter bigotry.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 柜台; 对立面; 计数器; （某些棋盘游戏的）筹码
adj. 相反的
vt. 反击，还击; 反向移动，对着干; 反驳，回答
vi. 逆向移动，对着干; 反驳
adv. 反方向地; 背道而驰地
时态：countered, countering, counters
分布：柜台(48%)，计数器(27%)，反击(9%)，反对(7%)，反驳(4%)，相反的(2%)，筹码(2%)，与…相反地(1%)
→来自count, 数，结帐。
n.柜台;计数器a./ad.相反(的)v.反对,反击The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
SURFACE 表面
 ADVANCED
■a long flat narrow surface or table in a shop, bank, restaurant, etc. at which people are served 柜枱
• There was nobody behind/on the counter when I went into the bank, and I had to wait to be served. 我进银行时柜枱后没人，我只得等候有人出来服务。
• You will find sausages on the meat counter/rolls on the bread counter. 你会在肉柜枱找到香肠／在面包柜枱找到面包卷。
■mainly US
■a worktop (= flat surface in a kitchen, on which food can be prepared) （厨房）操作枱，料理枱
• We stacked the dirty plates on the kitchen counter. 我们把脏碟子堆放在厨房的料理枱上。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
OBJECT 物体 (US also piece)
■a small object used to mark someone's place in some games played on boards 筹码
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
NUMBER 数位
■a person or machine that counts 计数的人；计数器，计算器
⇒ See also Geiger counter
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
over the counter
■Drugs that are bought over the counter are bought in a shop without first visiting a doctor （买药）不用处方，在药店购买
• You can buy most cold remedies over the counter. 大多数感冒药不用处方就能买到。
• over-the-counter medicines 非处方药
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
under the counter
■Things bought under the counter are bought secretly and illegally （购买东西）秘密地，暗地里，非法地
• He'd managed to get cigarettes under the counter. 他暗中搞到了些香烟。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to react to something with an opposing opinion or action; to defend yourself against something 反驳；反对；对抗
• The Prime Minister countered the opposition's claims about health service cuts by saying that the government had increased spending in this area. 首相反驳了反对党关于社会保健服务开支被削减的说法，称政府已增加了这方面的开支。
• When criticisms were made of the school's performance, the parents' group countered with details of its examination results. 当有人对学校的表现提出批评时，家长会举出具体的考试成绩予以反驳。
• Extra police have been moved into the area to counter the risk of violence. 加派了员警进驻该地区以镇压可能出现的暴力事件。
UK ['kaʊn.tər] US [-tˌɚ] adverb
■in a way that opposes 相反地；对立地
• Bob's decision not to take the job ran counter to his family's expectations. 鲍勃不接受这份工作的决定与其家人的期望相悖。
n. [数] [电子] [核] [计量] 计数器，计算器； [贸易] 柜台；计算者
 - arithmometer, counting machine
adv. 相反地
 - contrary, backward, conversely, inversely
v. 反击；反对
 - Break back, knock back
adj. 相反的
 - contrary, opposite, adverse, cross

Word: govern
Front: govern
[ˈgʌvn] (高研四六托 3711/3050 -K3)
Vocabulary: govern
(once / 12 pages)
v
To govern is to rule, lead, oversee, or otherwise control. Each U.S. state has its own governor, whose job it is to govern the affairs of that state.
While it's true that governors govern — that is, they head the executive branch of their state government — there are lots of other ways to use the verb govern. Almost anything that controls or has a lot of influence over something else can be said to govern. The rules of tennis, for example, govern the way that game is played. In mechanics, a device that controls other devices is called a governor. My dog's basic needs govern the way my household is run: his schedule is our schedule.
WORD FAMILY
govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern+/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governmental: governmentally/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all his confidence, Mr. Trump will also discover that little is simple about governing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The experience of governing other global commons offers little help.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
From the outset, therefore, self-interest rather than affection governed Israel’s attitude toward the United States.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 统治; 管理; 治理; 支配（词或短语的形式或用法）
vi. 控制，支配; 操纵
时态：governed, governing, governs
分布：管理(34%)，控制(23%)，统治(18%)，支配(18%)，规定(7%)
→来自拉丁语gubernare,驾驶，操纵，引申义管理，尤指政府，词源cybernetic, gubernatorial.
v.统治,管理;决定,支配He couldn't govern his temper.他无法控制自己的脾气.
US [-ɚn] verb
RULE 统治
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people, etc 统治；管理；治理
• The country is now being governed by the Labour Party. 这个国家现在由工党执政。
• They accused the government of being unfit to govern. 他们指责这届政府施政无能。
UK ['gʌv.ən] US [-ɚn] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to have a controlling influence on something 支配；控制；影响
• Prices of goods are governed by the cost of the raw materials, as well as by the cost of production and distribution. 商品的价格不但取决于生产和行销成本，而且取决于原材料的价格。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
vt. 管理；支配；统治；控制
 - manage, possess, conduct, run, regulate

Word: core
Front: core
[kɔ:(r)] (研四六托宝 1954/2380 -K3)
Vocabulary: core
(once / 791 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
If you're looking for the most essential part or the very center of something, you're looking for its core. Like the inedible middle of an apple or your inner circle of core friends.
In the late 14th century, the noun core came about from the Old French coeur, meaning “core of fruit” and more literally, “heart.” So the core of something is its very heart, whether you're talking about the seed-containing center of a fruit, the central meaning of a book, or the core courses you need to take in order to graduate.
WORD FAMILY
core: cored, cores, coring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another Apple hallmark — elegant design — is also a core value.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At the core of every habit is a neurological loop with three parts: A cue, a routine and a reward.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
He, too, offered a stay in his home … This level of generosity shocked me to my core.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 中心，核心，精髓; 果心，果核; [地质学]地核; [计] 磁心
vt. 去（果）核，挖去…的果心; 提取岩芯（样品）
时态：cored, coring, cores
分布：核心(92%)，果心(5%)，要点(2%)，挖去果核(1%)
→来自词源cord, 心，词源同heart, courage.
n.果核;中心,核心The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
US [kɔ:r] noun
IMPORTANT PART 重要部分
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the basic and most important part of something 核心，关键，最重要的部分
• The basic lack of government funding is at the core of the problem. 缺乏基本的政府拨款是问题的关键所在。
core value/belief/issue, etc.
■a value, belief, etc. which is basic and more important than any other 核心价值／信仰／问题等
• The final status negotiations would focus on the core issues of the peace process. 最终地位的谈判会把重心放在和平进程这一核心问题上。
core business/operations/activities
■the most important or largest part of a company's business activities, which it depends on in order to continue trading 核心业务
• The company's core operations include entertainment and aviation. 公司的核心业务包括娱乐和航空。
core curriculum/subjects/courses
■the most important parts of a course of study, that all students must do 基础课程
UK [kɔ:r] US [kɔ:r] noun
CENTRE 中心
countable
■the hard central part of some fruits, such as apples, which contains the seeds （水果的）核，心
• Don't throw your apple core on the floor! 别把苹果核扔到地板上！
core muscles
■the muscles in the lower part of your body 下肢肌肉
• Pilates is good for strengthening the core muscles. 皮拉提斯对锻炼下肢肌肉很有好处。
countable
■the centre of a planet （星球的）核心，中心
• The Earth's core is a hot, molten mix of iron and nickel. 地核是滚烫的铁镍熔融混合物。
countable specialized
■The core of a nuclear reactor (= a device in which atoms are changed to produce energy) is the place where fission (= splitting of atoms) happens. （核反应炉的）堆芯，活性区
countable specialized
■a long thin cylindrical mass of material taken out of the Earth for study 岩芯
UK [kɔ:r] US [kɔ:r] noun
to the core
■in every part 彻头彻尾的，完完全全的，完全的
• He's a Conservative to the core. 他是个彻头彻尾的保守分子。
■to an extreme degree 十分，彻底，极其
• I was shocked to the core. 我极其震惊。
UK [kɔ:r] US [kɔ:r] verb transitive
■to remove the core from a piece of fruit 去掉…的果心
• Peel and core the pears before cooking them. 煮梨前先削皮去核。
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
n. [晶体] 核心；要点；果心； [计] 磁心
 - quick, kernel, main, heart, essential

Word: willing
Front: willing
[ˈwɪlɪŋ] (高研四六 1274/2233 -K4)
Back: adj. 乐意的，愿意的; 自愿的，心甘情愿的
v. will的现在分词; 决心; 用意志力驱使
分布：心甘情愿的(55%)，愿意的(45%)
→来自will,意愿。
a.愿意的,乐意的,心甘情愿的I am willing to help you.我愿意帮助你.
adjective
be willing (to do sth)
 ESSENTIAL
■to be happy to do something if it is needed 愿意，乐意（做某事）
• If you're willing to fly at night, you can get a much cheaper ticket. 如果你愿意夜里乘飞机，那就能买到更便宜的机票。
• You said you needed a volunteer - well, I'm willing. 你说过你需要一名志愿者——我愿意。
• Apparently John and Gabriel are willing for us to use their garden. 很明显，约翰和加布里埃尔愿意让我们使用他们的花园。
 ESSENTIAL approving
■describes someone who does their work energetically and enthusiastically 卖力的；积极的
• a willing helper 积极肯做的帮手
willing, voluntary
这组词都有“自愿的”的意思，其区别是：
willing: 着重自愿、令人愉快或急切地去行动。
voluntary: 使用广泛，侧重不受约束，行动不为其他影响所左右。
adj. 乐意的；自愿的；心甘情愿的
 - glad, voluntary

Word: enemy
Front: enemy
[ˈenəmi] (中高研四 1596/1860 -K3)
Vocabulary: enemy
(once / 32 pages)
n
An enemy is a hostile opponent, like your sworn Scrabble enemy who vows to get revenge on your last triple word score.
An enemy is a person who actively opposes someone or something. The Latin word inimicus, meaning "hostile, unfriendly," is the root of enemy, and it comes from the prefix in-, or "not," and amicus, "friend:" an enemy is "not a friend." When two armies fight each other, they both think of the opposing army as the enemy.
WORD FAMILY
enemy: enemies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The MoD said the death was "not the result of enemy activity" and an investigation is underway.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
After the coup, the government launched a crackdown on its perceived enemies, arresting thousands of people.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
On Twitter, Douthat wrote, “I’d rather risk defeat at my enemies’ hands than turn my own cause over to a incompetent tyrant.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 仇敌; 敌军; 危害物
adj. 敌人的; 敌方的; 与敌对力量相关的
分布：敌人(78%)，敌军(21%)，有害物(1%)
→来自拉丁文inimicus, 敌人，词源同enmity, inimical。in-, 不，非，-im, 爱，见amour, amiable.
n.敌人,仇敌,反对者;敌人,敌军,敌国The energetic enemy submerged in the water on the verge of the emergency.在紧急情况快要发生时精力充沛的敌军沉入水中.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a person who hates or opposes another person and tries to harm them or stop them from doing something 敌人；仇敌；反对者
• He's made a few enemies in this company. 他在公司中和几个人结了怨。
• Max stole Lee's girlfriend and they've been enemies ever since. 马克斯抢走了李的女朋友，从那以后他们就成了死对头。
• political enemies 政敌
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■a country, or the armed forces of a country which is at war with another country 敌国；敌军；敌兵
• The enemy had succeeded in stopping our supplies from getting through. 敌人成功切断了我军的补给线。
• an attack by enemy aircraft 敌机的空袭
• enemy forces/territory 敌军／敌区
the enemy of sth literary
■something that harms something else 危害物；大敌
• Familiarity is the enemy of desire. 习以为常，则无所欲求。
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
n. 敌人，仇敌；敌军
 - foe, hostes
adj. 敌人的，敌方的
 - hostile

Word: host
Front: host
[həʊst] (高研四六雅 1840/2542 -K5)
Vocabulary: host
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
If you've invited people over, offered to entertain, or let someone crash on your couch, then you're a host. Throw a fabulous party and you’ll be everyone’s favorite host. Do it when you're also hosting pneumonia germs, and your guests won't be so grateful.
The noun host refers to a person who receives and entertains guests. But hosting also has an ickier side: In biology, a host is an animal, plant or person that provides a home for another organism — like a parasite. Host also functions as a noun, meaning a multitude, horde, or great number. As in, "You will pick up a host of funky germs from drinking the water in rural India."
WORD FAMILY
host: hosted, hosting, hosts
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The country shares long borders with Syria and Iraq, both destabilized by years of war and hosting thousands of militants.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Her desk hosts an ever-expanding array of pens, pencils and markers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [计算机]主机; 主人，东道主; 节目主持人; 酒店业主
vt. 当主人; 主办宴会，主持节目; 款待，做东
vi. 做主人，做东道主
时态：hosted, hosting, hosts
分布：主机(37%)，主人(22%)，主办(14%)，主持(12%)，寄主(6%)，主持人(4%)，大量(3%)，做东(1%)，主办方(1%)
→来自古法语hoste,客人，招待客人的人，主人，来自拉丁语hospes,客人，来自ghostis,外来人，词源同guest.引申词义东道主，招待，寄主等。
n.主人;旅店老板;节目主持人;一大群,许多Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US [hoʊst] noun
PERSON WITH GUESTS 主人，东道主
 ADVANCED countable (female also hostess)
■someone who has guests 主人，东道主
• We thanked our hosts for the lovely evening. 我们感谢主人家让我们渡过了一个愉快的夜晚。
• The local language school is advertising for host families (= families with whom people stay when they are visiting another country). 当地的语言学校正在招募能接待外国访客的家庭。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
ON TELEVISION 电视节目
countable (female also hostess)
■a person who introduces guests and performers, especially on television or radio （电视或广播节目的）主持人
• Our host for tonight's show is Terry Wogan. 我们今晚节目的主持人是泰瑞‧沃根。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
FOR AN EVENT 事件
countable
■a place or organization that provides the space and other necessary things for a special event 主办方，东道主
• Japan is playing host to the next international conference. 日本将主办下一次国际会议。
• the host nation for the next World Cup 下届世界杯的主办国
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
ANIMAL/PLANT 动物
countable specialized
■a plant or animal that another plant or animal lives on as a parasite 寄主，宿主
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
A LOT 大量
a host of
■a large number of something 许多，大量
• There's a whole host of reasons why he didn't get the job. 有一大堆理由可以解释他为甚么没有得到那份工作。
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
CHURCH 教堂
the host only singular specialized
■the holy bread which is eaten at Communion (= a Christian religious ceremony) 圣体（基督教圣餐仪式中用的面饼）
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] noun
INTERNET 网路
countable
■a company which hosts a website on the Internet 在网路上维护网页的公司（主机）
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
EVENT 事件
■to provide the space and other things necessary for a special event 主办（为一活动提供举办场所和其他必需品）
• Which country is hosting the next Olympic Games? 哪个国家将主办下届奥运会？
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
TELEVISION SHOW 电视节目
■to be the host of television or radio programme （电视或广播节目的）主持人
• to host a show/programme 主持节目
UK [həʊst] US [hoʊst] verb transitive
INTERNET 网路
■to provide the computer hardware and software which allows a website to exist on the Internet 为（网站）提供软硬体支援
• I've written my website, now I just need to find a company to host it. 我已经写好自己网站的内容，现在只需找一家公司为它提供软硬体的支援。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
n. [计] 主机；主人；主持人；许多
 - lots of, sea, hundred, master, thousands of
vt. 主持；当主人招待
 - to chair, preside over
vi. 群集；做主人
 - pack, troop

Word: fresh
Front: fresh
[freʃ] (中高研四六 1107/1368 -K4)
Vocabulary: fresh
(once / 51 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
Fresh describes things that are new or energetic, like fresh bread from the oven and fresh music from a recording artist. Moldy bread and grandpa's polkas? Not so fresh.
There are many uses for the adjective fresh, from being flirty to being well-rested. Ripe foods taste fresh compared to freezer-burned varieties, and fresh ideas are exciting and new. Fresh water is without the bitterness of salt water. Modern and different are also synonyms of fresh, while stale and tired are opposites.
WORD FAMILY
fresh: freshen, freshest, freshly, freshness+/freshen: freshened, freshener, freshening, freshens, refreshen/freshener: fresheners/freshness: freshnesses/refreshen: refreshened, refreshening, refreshens
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was closing one self-investigation but providing fresh fodder for another.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Whether the change will bring fresh remedies to the southern African country’s economic woes is open to question.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
That offensive began in October and forces launched a fresh push within the last week.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 新鲜的; 淡水的; 新的; 无经验的
adv. 刚; 最新的
n. 开始; 新生; 泛滥; 淡水流
级别：fresher, freshest
分布：新鲜的(71%)，清新的(12%)，无经验的(10%)，新近的(4%)，最近地(3%)
→来自preisk, 新鲜的，有活力的，进一步来自preu, 蹦，跳，词源同frog, frolic. 并由此引申诸多词义。
a.新鲜的,无经验的The fresh flesh on the mesh refreshed the dog.网格上的新鲜肉使狗恢复了体力.
adjective
NEW 新的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■new; different or another 新的；不同的；另外的
• The original orders were cancelled and I was given fresh instructions. 原来的命令撤销了，我又接到了新的指令。
• Fresh evidence has emerged that casts doubts on the men's conviction. 出现了新的证据，对这些人的定罪出现了疑点。
• We need to take a fresh look at the problem. 我们需要重新看待该问题。
• Your coffee is cold - let me make you a fresh cup. 你的咖啡凉了——我给你冲一杯新的吧。
• There has been fresh fighting between police and demonstrators. 警方和示威者又发生了冲突。
• They decided to move abroad and make a fresh start. 他们决定移民海外，从头开始。
 ESSENTIAL [before noun] approving
■new and therefore interesting or exciting 新颖有趣的
• His book offers some fresh insights into the events leading up to the war. 他的书就导致那场战争的事件提出了一些新颖的见解。
• We have tried to come up with a fresh new approach. 我们试图找到一种新颖的方法。
[freʃ] adjective
RECENT 最近的
 ADVANCED
■recently made, done, arrived, etc., and especially not yet changed by time 新近的；新做的；新到的
• There was a fresh fall of snow during the night. 晚上刚下了一场雪。
• There's nothing better than fresh bread, straight from the oven. 再也没有甚么比刚出炉的新鲜面包更好的了。
• The house, with its fresh coat of paint, looked lovely in the sunshine. 这所房子刚刷过漆，在阳光下显得很漂亮。
• She's fresh out of/from university and very bright. 她刚刚大学毕业，人很聪明。
• The events of last year are still fresh in people's minds (= people can remember them easily). 人们对去年发生的一些事仍记忆犹新。
be fresh out mainly US
■If you are fresh out of something, you have just finished or sold all of it, so that there is no more left. 刚用完；刚卖光
[freʃ] adjective
NATURAL 自然的
 ADVANCED
■(of food or flowers) in a natural condition rather than artificially preserved by a process such as freezing （食物或花）新鲜的，非冷冻的
• fresh fruit and vegetables 新鲜水果和蔬菜
• fresh fish/meat 鲜鱼／肉
• fresh coffee 新煮的咖啡
[freʃ] adjective
AIR 空气
■(of air) clean and cool; found outside rather than in a room （空气）清新的，新鲜的
• I opened the window to let some fresh air in. 我打开窗子放进一些新鲜空气。
• fresh mountain air 山里的新鲜空气
• I'm just going out for a breath of fresh air. 我正要出去呼吸新鲜空气。
■describes weather that is cool and sometimes windy （天气）凉爽的，清凉的
• It was a lovely fresh spring morning. 这是一个凉爽宜人的春天的早晨。
• There's quite a fresh breeze today. 今天风不小，有些凉意。
[freʃ] adjective
CLEAN 清洁的
■clean and pleasant 洁净的；清爽宜人的
• I felt wonderfully clean and fresh after my shower. 洗完澡后我感到非常清爽舒适。
• I use a mouthwash to keep my breath fresh. 我用漱口水保持口气清新。
• This wine has a light, fresh taste. 这种葡萄酒味道清淡爽口。
[freʃ] adjective
NOT TIRED 不累的
[after verb]
■energetic and enthusiastic; not tired 精力充沛的；精神饱满的
• I'll deal with this problem in the morning when I'm fresh. 我会在上午精力充沛的时候处理这一问题。
• Try and get some sleep on the plane, then you'll arrive feeling fresh. 尽量在飞机上睡一会儿，到达时就会有精神。
[freʃ] adjective
SKIN 皮肤
■(of a face) natural, healthy and young looking （面部）容光焕发的，充满青春活力的
• She has a lovely fresh (= clear and smooth) complexion. 她气色很好，皮肤光洁。
[freʃ] adjective
NOT SALTY 不咸的
[before noun]
■(of water) not salty （水）淡的，无盐的
• Trout are fresh water fish (= live in water that is not salty). 鳟鱼是淡水鱼。
• These plants are found in fresh water lakes and rivers (= those containing water that is not salty). 这些植物生长在淡水河湖里。
[freʃ] adjective
TOO CONFIDENT 过于自信的 informal
■being too confident and showing no respect, or showing by your actions or words that you want to have sex with someone 自以为是的，放肆无礼的；（对异性）轻佻放肆的
• Don't you get fresh with me, young woman! 别勾引我，姑娘！
• He started getting fresh (= behaving in a sexual way) in the cinema, so she slapped his face. 在戏院里他就对她动手动脚，所以她打了他一耳光。
[freʃ] adjective
be as fresh as a daisy
■to be full of energy and enthusiasm 精神饱满
• After a good night's sleep I'll be as fresh as a daisy. 好好睡上一觉后我就会精神焕发。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
adj. 新鲜的；清新的； [水文] 淡水的；无经验的
 - new, raw
n. 开始；新生；泛滥
 - beginning, threshold, opening, conception, start
adv. 刚刚，才；最新地
 - hardly, just

Word: me

Word: territory
Front: territory
[ˈterətri] (研四六托雅 2179/2009 -4)
Vocabulary: territory
(once / 99 pages)
n
A certain area that's owned or under the control of someone is called a territory. Countries defend their territories during wars and dogs mark their territory in the yard by peeing on it.
Although the territory of a country includes its entire area, the noun can also specifically refer to an area governed by a country, but one that isn't a state or province. Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, for example. The noun territory can also be used to describe any assigned region or area, such as a salesman whose territory is the Midwest — that means that he's in charge of business in there.
WORD FAMILY
territory: territorial, territories+/ territorial: nonterritorial, territorialise, territoriality, territorialize, territorially, territorials/territorialise: territorialisation/territorialize: territorialization, territorialized, territorializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The US abstains from voting in a UN Security Council resolution that declares Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory illegal.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 领土，版图; 领地; 领域，范围; [商]势力范围
分布：领土(62%)，领域(23%)，范围(9%)，版图(6%)
→terra-,土地，陆地，-ory,表地后缀。原指领主管辖区域，引申词义领土，领地。
领土,领域(terr+itory表示场所、范围→地的范围→领土)[terr=eartth表示"土地"]
n.领土;版图;领域,范围The miracle mirrors a horrible error made by the terrorists in the terrible territory.这件奇事反映了恐怖分子在这一可怕地区犯的可怕错误.
US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
AREA 领域
 IMPROVER
■(an area of) land or sometimes sea, which is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country or person 领土；领域；领地；活动范围
• He was shot down in enemy territory. 他在敌方领土上被击落。
• The UN is sending aid to the occupied territories. 联合国正在向被占领地区提供援助。
■an area that an animal or person tries to control or thinks belongs to them 领域；地盘（某一动物或人想控制的、或认为属于其自己的区域）
• The robin keeps other birds off that part of the garden - that's his territory. 这只知更鸟不许其他鸟进入花园的那块地方，那是它的领地。
UK ['ter.ɪ.tər.i/ UK [-tri] US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
SUBJECT 题材
■a subject that you know about or have experience in （知识等的）领域，范畴（你了解或有经验的学科）
• The director is back on familiar territory with his latest film. 该导演的最新电影又转回到他所熟悉的题材上。
UK ['ter.ɪ.tər.i/ UK [-tri] US [-tɔ:r.i] noun countable or uncountable
go/come with the territory
■to be an expected fact or result of a particular situation or position 属于必然的结果，是难免的
• The public attention that famous people get just goes with the territory. 公众关注名人是难免的。
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. 领土，领域；范围；地域； [地理] 版图
 - domain, province, world, extent, boundary, region, kingdom

Word: file
Front: file
[faɪl] (高研四托雅宝 1745/1170 -K4)
Vocabulary: file
(once / 126 pages)
1v 2nv 3nv 4vn
To file is to submit an application or a record to some official authority, like a court, police station, or city hall. You might file a complaint against your neighbor after he shovels the snow from his driveway into yours.
People file for divorce, file for bankruptcy, and file charges against criminals. You can also file a receipt or a record at home, by putting it in a file folder and then sliding the folder into a file cabinet. When you stand "single file," you're in a line or queue, and if the group moves a few steps, you can say it files forward.
WORD FAMILY
file: file-like, filed, filer, files, filing +/filer: filers/ filing: filings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said a complaint with formal charges is expected to be filed Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 提出（离婚诉讼或其他讼案）; 把…归档; 用锉锉; 发稿，寄给报社
vi. 发送（报道给报社）; 排成一行行走; 提出申请
n. 文件（夹）; 档案; 纵列; 锉刀
时态：filed, filing, files
分布：文件(90%)，档案(7%)，卷宗(2%)，把 ... 归档(1%)
→来自拉丁语filum,线，词源同 filament. 引申词义文件，文献，因古代文献多用线缝合。file 锉刀
行列;档案[fil,fili=thread表示"线条"]
n.锉刀;文件,档案v.锉,成纵列行进Having piled miles of files, the compiler smiled a while at the profile.堆了几英里长的文件之后,编辑对着侧面笑了一会.
noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■any of several different types of container used to store papers, letters and other documents in an ordered way, especially in an office （尤指办公室的）文件箱，文件夹，卷宗
• a box/envelope file 文件箱／袋
• secret/confidential/personnel files 秘密／机密／人事档案
• You'll find it in the files under 'C'. 你会在标着C字母的资料夹里找到它。
• We keep your records on file for five years. 我们把你的纪录归档保存五年。
[faɪl] noun
WRITTEN RECORD 档案
 ESSENTIAL countable
■written records that are kept about a particular person or subject 档案
• The police have opened a file on local burglaries. 警方已为当地的入室行窃案设立了档案。
[faɪl] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
 ESSENTIAL countable
■information stored on a computer as one unit with one name （电脑的）档案，文档
• What's the file name? 档案名称是甚么？
• I'm going to copy/save this file. 我打算复制／储存这个档案。
[faɪl] noun
LINE 行列
countable or uncountable
■a long line of people or animals, one behind another 排成一行的人（或动物）
• They were horrified to see files of ants marching through the kitchen. 他们惊恐地发现一队队蚂蚁正在穿过厨房。
• They walked in (single) file (= one behind another). 他们成（一列）纵队前进。
[faɪl] noun
TOOL 工具
countable
■a thin flat or rounded metal tool, which has rough surfaces for rubbing wooden or metal objects to make them smooth or to change their shape 锉；锉刀
[faɪl] verb
STORE/RECORD INFORMATION 储存／纪录资料
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to store information in a careful and particular way 把…归档
• We file these reports (= put them in a file) under country of origin. 我们把这些报告按国别分类归档。
 ESSENTIAL transitive legal
■to officially record something, especially in a law court （尤指在法庭）提出（诉讼）
• The police filed charges against the two suspects. 警方对两名嫌疑犯提出了诉讼。
transitive
■News reporters file a story by sending it to their office, usually by telephone, email or other electronic method 发送（报道）
• Our foreign correspondent filed this report earlier today. 我们的驻外记者今天早些时候发来了这篇报道。
[faɪl] verb
WALK IN A LINE 排成一列
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk in a line, one behind another 排成一列行进
• The visitors filed through the entrance to the ticket offices. 参观者排队通过入口走向售票处。
[faɪl] verb
TOOL 工具
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to use a file in order to make an object smooth or to change its shape 锉平；锉光滑；锉去
• File (down) the sharp edges. 把锋利的边缘锉平。
• [+ obj + adj] The surface had been filed smooth. 表面已被锉光滑了。
• She filed her nails. 她锉平了指甲。
[faɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  file for sth legal
■to make an official request for something such as divorce or bankruptcy 提出（离婚、破产等）申请
record, document, file
record: 记录；
document: 文件，文献
file: 档案，文件；
n. [计] 文件；档案；文件夹； [机] 锉刀
 - document, portfolio, paper, record, folder
vt. 提出；锉；琢磨；把…归档
 - introduce, present, prefer, advance, put in
vi. 列队行进；用锉刀锉
 - procession

Word: table
Front: table
[ˈteɪbl] (中高雅宝 539/410 -K4)
Vocabulary: table
(once / 31 pages)
1n 2nv 3v 4n
The flat surface people sit around when they eat together is a table. If you clear the table, I'll do the dishes.
A table can also be a chart full of information. When doing your taxes, you might use a tax table to determine how much you owe. If you “have a seat at the table,” you're involved in a discussion. If an offer is “on the table,” it's up to you to accept or reject it. If you made money “under the table,” don't bother looking that up when you do your taxes.
WORD FAMILY
table: tabled, tables, tabling, tabular, tabulate +/ tabular: tabularise, tabularize/ tabulate: tabulated, tabulates, tabulating, tabulation/tabulation: tabulations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Keep the TV off and eat at a table.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
West Ham, meanwhile, drop from 12th to 13th in the Premier League table.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The only certainty is this: That interception in the final 90 seconds of Sunday’s game will haunt Cousins at the negotiating table.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 表，目录; 桌子; 手术台，工作台，游戏台; 平地层
vt. 制表; 搁置; 嵌合; 搁置
adj. 桌子的
时态：tabled, tabling, tables
分布：桌子(65%)，餐桌(13%)，表格(8%)，搁置(4%)，目录(4%)，桌子的(3%)，提交讨论(1%)，一桌人(1%)，台子(1%)
→来自古法语 table,桌子，木板，写字板，来自拉丁语 tabula,石板，木板，桌子，写字板，记 事 板 ， 可 能 来 自 te, 站 ， 站 立 ， 来 自 sta, 站 ， 站 立 ， 词 源 同 stand.-ble, 词 源 同 tintinnabulation,tribulation.引申词义表格，清单等。
n.桌子;餐桌;工作台;表格vt.搁置;提交讨论Vegetables and tablets on the stably established table show no instability.放在稳定设置的桌子上的蔬菜和药片没有显示不稳定性.
【记】原指：把…放在桌子上面，引申为搁置
【反】consider（v 考虑；认为）
noun
FURNITURE 家俱
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat surface, usually supported by four legs, used for putting things on 桌子；枱；餐桌
[+ sing/pl verb]
■the people sitting at a table 一桌人
• There was a really noisy table behind us celebrating someone's birthday. 我们后面的一桌人在给人庆祝生日，吵吵闹闹的。
lay/set the table
■to put a cloth, knives and forks, etc. on the table in preparation for a meal 布置餐桌，摆饭桌
• Could you lay the table for lunch, please? 你来摆餐桌准备吃午饭好吗？
['teɪ.bl] noun
INFORMATION 资讯
 IMPROVER countable
■an arrangement of facts and numbers in rows or blocks, especially in printed material （一览）表，表格
countable * a multiplication table
table of contents
■a list of the information that is contained in a book （书的）目录
['teɪ.bl] noun
on the table
■If a plan or suggestion has been put/laid on the table, it has been made available for people to hear, read or discuss. （计划、建议等）被提交讨论中，正式提交考虑
['teɪ.bl] noun
under the table
■If something is done under the table, it is a secret, hidden action 在暗地里，在私下
• They offered him money under the table to change his mind. 他们私下贿赂他，令他改变主意。
['teɪ.bl] verb transitive UK to suggest something for discussion 把…提交讨论
• An amendment to the proposal was tabled by Mrs James. 该项提案的修正案是詹姆斯夫人提交讨论的。
■US
■to delay discussion of a subject 搁置，暂缓审议
• The suggestion was tabled for discussion at a later date. 这提议被留待日后讨论。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
table, desk
这组词都有“桌子”的意思，其区别是：
table: 桌子，台子。指一般没有抽屉，供劳作、游戏或吃饭等用的桌子。
desk: 书桌，办公桌，通常有抽屉。
n. 桌子；表格；平地层
 - form, tabulation
vt. 制表；搁置；嵌合
 - leave in the air, leave aside

Word: clearly
Front: clearly
[ˈklɪəli] (高四 846/650 -K)
Back: adv. 明亮地; 明净地; 明确地; 显然地
分布：清楚地(50%)，显然地(50%)
US ['klɪr-] adverb
EASY TO UNDERSTAND 易懂地
 ESSENTIAL
■in a way that is easy to see, hear, read or understand 清楚地；明白地；清晰地；易懂地
UK ['klɪə.li] US ['klɪr-] adverb
CERTAIN 明确地
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that you think something is obvious or certain 明显地；明确地；无疑地
• The accident was clearly the lorry driver's fault. 这次意外显然是卡车司机的过错。
• Clearly, you should tell her the truth. 毫无疑问，你应该告诉她真相。
UK ['klɪə.li] US ['klɪr-] adverb
NOT CONFUSED 不糊涂地
■When you think clearly, you are not confused. （头脑）清楚地，不糊涂地
adv. 清晰地；明显地；无疑地；明净地
 - obviously, easily, no doubt, broadly

Word: employer
Front: employer
[ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)] (研四六托雅 2297/1318 -K3)
Vocabulary: employer
(once / 298 pages)
n
An employer is the person or organization that you work for. Can't find a job? Look at the bright side: you don't have to cater to the whims of any employer!
The verb employ means "to make use of." An employer hires an employee, or worker, in order to employ him at various tasks. A factory owner is an employer who might hire people to work on an assembly line. If you're a teacher, then your school is your employer. If you’re lucky enough to have a generous employer, then you’ll probably want to stay at your job for a while!
WORD FAMILY
employer: employers+/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employment: employments, unemployment / unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bean lists the center in court papers as her former employer.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Foundation Health Partners is now the largest private employer in Fairbanks with more than 1,650 workers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But when he turned it into a potential job, it was overlooked because it didn’t translate to the employer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 雇主，老板; 雇佣者
分布：雇主(100%)
n.雇主An employer should appraise the ability of his employees.雇主应该能够鉴定员工的能力.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person or organization that employs people 雇用者，雇主
• We need a reference from your former employer. 我们需要你前任雇主的推荐信。
UK [ɪm'plɔɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  employer or employee? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about someone who is paid to work for someone else, don't say 'employer', say employee :
✗ We should send all our employers on a training course.
n. [劳经] 雇主，老板
 - boss, guvnor

Word: migrant
Front: migrant
[ˈmaɪgrənt] (六托 5190/7371 -2)
Vocabulary: migrant
(once / 385 pages)
nadj
A migrant worker is someone who travels for a job––in the U.S., many farm workers migrate from Mexico every year to work on the harvest and then return home when their jobs are over.
If you have traveled into a new country, you are said to have immigrated there, and you are an immigrant. An emigrant is someone who has left. Migrant doesn't refer to whether you are coming in or out––often it means someone who often travels back and forth, like migrant birds who migrate south every winter, year after year.
WORD FAMILY
migrant: immigrant, migrants+/ immigrant: immigrants
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
But the possibility is affecting migrants' remittance decisions.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Fifty Moroccan and five Spanish border guards were injured when 1,100 migrants tried to get over the fence on Sunday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 候鸟; 移居者，移民; 随季节迁移的工作者; 迁移动物
adj. 移居的; 流浪的; 同“migratory”
分布：候鸟(55%)，移居者(24%)，移居的(21%)
→来自migrate,迁徙，-ant,人，物。引申词义移民，候鸟。
候鸟,迁移者(migr+ant人或物→迁移的鸟→候鸟)[migr=remove,表示"迁移"]
noun countable
■a person or animal that travels from one place to another 移民，迁徙的动物
• These birds are winter migrants from Scandinavia. 这些鸟是从斯堪的纳维亚迁徙过来的冬候鸟。
• The cities are full of migrants looking for work. 城市里到处是寻找工作的移民。
• migrant workers 流动工人
• a migrant population 流动人口
n. 候鸟；移居者；随季节迁移的民工
 - visitor, migratory bird
adj. 移居的；流浪的
 - ragamuffinly, nomadic

Word: foundation
Front: foundation
[faʊnˈdeɪʃn] (研四六 2256/1824 -K3)
Vocabulary: foundation
(once / 122 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A foundation is the base for something. You often hear about the structural foundations of buildings, but a good idea can also be the foundation of a successful business.
In the simplest sense, foundations support something else. Friendship is the foundation of a good marriage, and many svelte figures rely on girdles (known to underwear specialists as a foundation garment). But foundations are also charitable organizations. And in cosmetics, foundation is gooey make-up that's supposed to match your skin tone.
WORD FAMILY
foundation: foundations+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Peter Schweizer, the author of “Clinton Cash,” also recently warned that he sees parallels between the Clinton Foundation and the Trump Organization.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地基; 基础; 基金（会）; 粉底
分布：基础(93%)，根据(3%)，创建(2%)，根基(2%)
→来自found, 底部，基础。
基础,地基[found,fund=base,表示"基础"]
n.基础,根本,建立,创立;地基,基金,基金会Socrates laid the foundations of logic.苏格拉底奠定了逻辑学的基础.
【记】found（v 建立；使有根据）作为词根表示：底部
noun
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when an organization, state, etc. is established 创建；建立
• the foundation of a new state 新州的建立
 IMPROVER countable
■an organization that has been established in order to provide money for a particular group of people in need of help or for a particular type of study 基金会
• the British Heart Foundation 英国心脏健康基金会
• the Environmental Research Foundation 环境研究基金会
uncountable UK
■the first year of infant school, previously known as reception （幼儿学校）基础班
• a foundation class/teacher 幼儿学校基础班课堂／教师
• Her youngest child starts (in) foundation in September. 她最小的孩子九月份上幼儿学校基础班。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
foundations [plural]
■the structures below the surface of the ground which support a building 地基；房基
• The foundations will have to be reinforced to prevent the house from sinking further into the ground. 地基必须进行加固以防房屋继续下陷。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
UNTRUE 不真实
be without foundation uncountable (also have no foundation)
■to be untrue 无根据
• These allegations are completely without foundation. 这些说法完全没有根据。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
MAKE-UP 化妆
uncountable
■a type of make-up which is spread over the skin of the face, usually before other make-up is put on, giving it a better and more even colour and hiding unwanted marks （化妆打底用的）粉底霜
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
lay the foundations of/for
■to produce the basic ideas or structures from which something much larger develops 打下…的基础；为…打下基础
• The two leaders have laid the foundations of a new era in cooperation between their countries. 两位领导人为两国合作的新纪元打下了基础。
• He helped to lay the foundations of English drama. 他在奠定英国戏剧的基础方面做出了贡献。
[faʊn'deɪ.ʃən] noun
shake/rock sth to its foundations
■to seriously damage, upset or change an organization or someone's beliefs 从根本上动摇（某一组织或信仰）
• The scandal has shaken the Democratic Party to its foundations. 那件丑闻从根本上动摇了民主党。
basis, ground, base, foundation
这组词都有“基础”的意思，其区别是：
basis: 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground: 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础，也可指某种原因的基础。
base: 侧重指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
foundation: 用于具体意义时，侧重指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。
n. 基础； [建] 地基；基金会；根据；创立
 - elements, basis, bed, seed, radical

Word: winning
Front: winning
[ˈwɪnɪŋ] (5349/5624 -K3)
Back: adj. 获胜的，赢的; 成功的，胜利的; 吸引人的; 迷人的
n. 获胜; 赢得物; 备采煤区
v. win的现在分词
分布：胜利(32%)，获胜的(27%)，获得(20%)，成功(13%)，迷人的(6%)，动词win的现在分词.(1%)，使人成功的(1%)
adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■that has won something 获胜的；赢的
• Have you heard the winning entry in this year's Eurovision Song Contest? 你听过今年欧洲电视网歌曲大赛的获奖歌曲吗？
• It's nice to be on the winning side for a change. 总是输，偶尔赢一次感觉真好。
■friendly and charming and often making people like you 迷人的；可爱的
• a winning smile 迷人的微笑
adj. 胜利的；获胜的
 - victorious, triumphal
n. 胜利；获得；成功
 - victory, success, acquisition, prosperity, getting
v. 获胜（win的ing形式）
 - prevailing

Word: stability
Front: stability
[stəˈbɪləti] (研四六托雅 2962/3342)
Vocabulary: stability
(once / 525 pages)
n
Stability is the quality of being unchanging. You know you should be congratulated on your commitment to stability when you’ve lived in the same place your whole life.
Stability is often used to describe buildings or structures that won't collapse or fall down. Good tires will help you maintain stability on snowy or icy roads. You can use the word more figuratively for a safe environment or a healthy mental state. Financial and political stability are to be desired. Hopefully you will provide your children stability and love. When you have violent outbursts, people began to doubt your mental stability.
WORD FAMILY
stability: instability, stabilities+/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/ stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable /stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back then the establishment view was that a two-state solution was the key to unlocking stability for the region.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Communist Party relies heavily on the police to enforce order and maintain social stability, and many officers are poorly paid.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 稳定（性），稳固; 坚定，恒心
分布：稳定性(99%)，居于修道院(1%)
→来自 stable,稳定的，-ity,名词后缀。
稳定性(st+ability)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.稳定,安定Economic development depends on political stability.经济发展依靠政治稳定.
【反】inconstancy（n 反复无常）
US [-ə.i] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when something is not likely to move or change 稳定；稳固
• a period of political stability 政治稳定时期
n. 稳定性；坚定，恒心
 - firmness, adament

Word: environmental
Front: environmental
[ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentl] (六雅 819/1193 -K4)
Vocabulary: environmental
(once / 478 pages)
adj
Environmental is the adjective form of environment, referring to a surrounding area. The word is usually used to refer to our ecology and the forces that act to change it.
The noun environment, meaning the "state of being environed," first appeared around 1600. The word as referring to our natural surroundings was first recorded in 1827, and the popular idea of environmental concern in an ecological sense first appeared in 1956. In recent decades, the movement toward environmental awareness has grown rapidly. In a 1997 interview, environmentalist Barry Commoner noted that "Environmental concern is now firmly embedded in public life."
WORD FAMILY
environmental: environmentalism, environmentally+/ environment: environmental, environments/environmentalism: environmentalist / environmentalist: environmentalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
China’s eagerness to act, analysts say, also reflected a desire by the government to raise its profile on environmental issues.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
In the past few decades, we’ve grown accustomed to holding corporations responsible for their labor practices and environmental records.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. （个人）环境的，由个人环境产生的，周围的; 环境艺术的
分布：环境的(88%)，有关环境的(12%)
US [-ˌvaɪr.ən'men.tˌəl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the environment 自然环境的；有关环境的
• People are becoming far more aware of environmental issues. 现在人们对环境问题的关注程度正明显提高。
adj. 环境的，周围的；有关环境的
 - surrounding, ambient

Word: reality
Front: reality
[riˈæləti] (高研四六 1032/1299 -K4)
Vocabulary: reality
(once / 111 pages)
n
Reality is the way things actually are, not the way you might want them to be. Many TV shows claim to be reality, but they are really just pretend. The only actual reality is the life that happens every day.
The noun reality harkens back to the late Latin realis, and later to the mid-16th Century Medieval Latin reālitās, referring to legal property matters, with the current meaning of "true existence" not coming about until 1647. Philosophers and scientists often debate about the true nature of reality, and a common philosophy is that a person’s reality is whatever he or she thinks it is. Or, as film director Tim Burton once said, "One person's craziness is another person's reality."
WORD FAMILY
reality: irreality, realities+/irreality: irrealities/ real: realer, reales, realest, realism, reality, really, realness, reals, reis, unreal/ realism: realisms, realist, realistic, unrealism/ realist: realists/ realistic: realistically, unrealistic/ really: reallys/unreal: unreality, unreally/unrealism: unrealisms/unrealistic: unrealistically/unreality: unrealities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The reality is that with this win, USC emerged from eight years in the probation-cluttered wilderness to become a force in college football again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Everlasting,” the fictional reality show at the center of “UnREAL,” hired its first black bachelor, Darius.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
But every day they become a more entrenched reality on land that Palestinians say should rightfully belong to them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 现实，现实性; 真实情况，实际情形; 实体，实在; 事实
分布：现实(81%)，真实(11%)，实际(8%)
→real,真实的，现实的，-ity,名词后缀。
n.现实,实际;真实I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be 现实；实际情况
• The reality of the situation is that unless we find some new funding soon, the youth centre will have to close. 现实情况是，如果我们不能马上再筹到一些资金，青少年中心就得关门。
• He escaped from reality by going to the cinema every afternoon. 他每天下午都去电影院看电影，借此来逃避现实。
• He seemed very young, but he was in reality (= in fact) older than all of us. 他看上去很年轻，可实际上他比我们所有人年龄都大。
 ADVANCED countable
■a fact 事实；真实
• The book confronts the harsh social and political realities of the world today. 这本书直面当今世界残酷的社会和政治现实。
• Her childhood ambition became a reality (= happened in fact) when she was made a judge. 她被任命为法官，儿时的抱负终于成为了现实。
truth, reality
这组词都有“真实”的意思，其区别是：
truth: 含义广泛，指符合事实、没有错误或虚假。
reality: 侧重指某事物的客观存在的真实性。
n. 现实；实际；真实
 - fact, actuality, sincerity, true

Word: effective
Front: effective
[ɪˈfektɪv] (研四六托雅 1133/1007 -K4)
Vocabulary: effective
(once / 132 pages)
adj
If your email outlining a plan to reduce office paper waste resulted in a 20 percent reduction in paper use, that means your plan was effective: it did what you wanted it to do.
The adjective effective has many shades of meaning, but you'll usually see it describing something that's able to produce a desired goal. Effective traces back to the Latin word effectivus, from efficere, meaning “work out, accomplish,” and that meaning still holds true. Something effective gets the job done. As President, hopefully your policies are effective. We also use effective for something real and in effect, like the effective price of gas, or your effective grounding.
WORD FAMILY
effective: effectively, effectiveness, effectivity, ineffective, uneffective+/ effect: effected, effecter, effecting, effective, effector, effects, effectuate /effecter: effecters/effector: effectors/ effectuate: effectuated, effectuates, effectuating, effectuation/ ineffective: ineffectively, ineffectiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sutter further broke it down that the line was effective at the starts of periods Saturday against the San Jose Sharks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Torture is not effective in eliciting intelligence, the general felt.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It provides both time and legitimacy for an effective response.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 有效的; 起作用的; 实际的，实在的; 给人深刻印象
n. [军]现役兵额，有生力量，精兵
分布：有效的(88%)，实际的(8%)，生效的(4%)
→来自effect, 效果。
有效的(effect+ive)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.有效的,生效的;被实施的;给人深刻印象We have taken effective measures to preserve our natural resources.我们已采取有效措施保护自然资源.
【记】ef出，fect做－做出来的效果
【参】effect（n 结果；效果；影响；印象）；efficacious（adj 有效的；灵验的）；efficacy（n 功效；效验）
adjective
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
 ESSENTIAL
■successful or achieving the results that you want 能产生预期结果的；有效的
• It's an extremely effective cure for a headache. 这种药物治疗头痛极其有效。
• The lighting for the production made a very effective use of shadow. 该戏剧的舞台灯光设计巧妙地运用了阴影效果。
• She's a very effective teacher. 她课上得不错。
Opposite ineffective
[ɪ'fek.tɪv] adjective
IN FACT 事实上的
[before noun]
■in fact, although not officially 实际上的；事实上的
• Although she's not officially our boss, she's in effective control of the office. 她虽然名义上不是我们的老板，但实际上掌管着该办事处。
[ɪ'fek.tɪv] adjective
IN USE 生效，有效
■If a law or rule becomes effective, it starts to be used （法律法规）生效的
• The new laws will become effective next month. 新法律将在下月正式生效。
efficient, effective
这组词都有“有效的”的意思，其区别是：
efficient: “效率高的”，“有能力的”，用以指人或物，着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如：The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。)
effective: 常用以指物，强调能产生某种预期的效果。如：effective medicine, effective method等。
adj. [数] 有效的，起作用的；实际的，实在的；给人深刻印象
 - valid, available, virtual, practical, telling, actual, honest

Word: responsibility
Front: responsibility
[rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti] (高研四六托雅 1067/830 -K4)
Vocabulary: responsibility
(once / 147 pages)
n
A responsibility is something you're required to do as an upstanding member of a community. If you're in a band, it's your responsibility to learn the songs and show up to practice on time.
Responsibility comes from the Latin responsus, which means “to respond.” There are actually a few different definitions of the noun. It can be another word for trustworthiness, as in, "He demonstrated his responsibility by showing up to practice on time." And it can be used to describe the social force that motivates us to take on individual responsibilities, as in, "A sense of responsibility drove him to memorize all of the songs."
WORD FAMILY
responsibility: responsibilities+/ irresponsibility: irresponsibilities/ irresponsible: irresponsibility, irresponsibleness, irresponsibly/ responsible: irresponsible, responsibility, responsibleness, responsibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I felt like it was my responsibility to speak up.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“The ivory trade is a great opportunity for China to show its commitment to its global responsibilities,” he wrote in an email.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic State later claimed responsibility for the attack.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 责任; 职责; 责任感，责任心; 负责任
分布：责任(86%)，职责(9%)，责任心(5%)
→来自 responsible,有责任的。
n.责任,责任心;职责,任务In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US [-ˌspɑ:nt.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
DUTY 责任
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something that it is your job or duty to deal with 职责；责任
• [+ to infinitive] It's her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time. 她的职责就是保证工程如期完工。
• She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously. 身为护士，她对自己的工作极为认真。
have responsibility
 IMPROVER
■to be in a position of authority over someone and to have a duty to make certain that particular things are done 负责；做负责人
• Who has responsibility here? 这里谁是负责人？
• Jenny, you have responsibility for clearing up the room after the class. 珍妮，你负责课后打扫教室。
have a responsibility to sb
■to have a duty to work for or help someone who is in a position of authority over you 对（某人）负责
• The company says it cannot cut its prices any more because it has a responsibility to its shareholders. 公司方面称不能再降价了，因为它要对股东们负责。
UK [rɪˌspɒnt.sɪ'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ˌspɑ:nt.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
BLAME 过失
 IMPROVER uncountable
■blame for something that has happened 对（尤指坏事）负责任；应对…承担责任
• Terrorists have claimed responsibility for (= stated that they caused) yesterday's bomb attack. 恐怖分子声称他们对昨天的炸弹袭击事件负责。
• The minister took/accepted full responsibility for (= admitted that he was to blame for) the disaster and resigned. 部长表示对这场灾难负全责并引咎辞职。
UK [rɪˌspɒnt.sɪ'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ˌspɑ:nt.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
GOOD JUDGMENT 有鉴别能力的
uncountable
■good judgment and the ability to act correctly and make decisions on your own 有鉴别能力的；能明辨是非的；负责可靠的
• He has no sense of responsibility. 他没有丝毫责任心。
• The job carries a lot of responsibility (= it involves making important decisions). 这个职位责任重大。
UK [rɪˌspɒnt.sɪ'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ˌspɑ:nt.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
act/do sth on your own responsibility formal
■to act without being told to by someone in authority 自行负责；自作主张
UK [rɪˌspɒnt.sɪ'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ˌspɑ:nt.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
  Common Learner Errors  responsibilityWarning: Check your spelling! Responsibility is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
capability, responsibility
capability: 能力
responsibility: 责任
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。

Word: analysis
Front: analysis
[əˈnæləsɪs] (高研四六托雅 811/707 -K3)
Vocabulary: analysis
(once / 243 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Use the noun analysis to refer to the way you understand something by looking at it in different ways and studying its different parts.
Analysis is a noun that is used in many ways and by many fields. It makes sense, since it is "a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its essential features and their relations," which means everyone does it at some point. In fact, every time you solve a problem you use analysis. Analysis is also shorthand for psychoanalysis, used for understanding psychological and mental processes.
WORD FAMILY
analysis: analyses, analytical, self-analysis
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Post-Dispatch analysis showed that students at small schools in Missouri fare about as well on state exams as their peers at larger schools.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The accident investigation team worked systematically through an extensive fault tree analysis,” SpaceX said in its statement.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s not based on any attempt at analysis or evidence.”
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 分析，分解; 梗概，要略; [数]解析; 验定
分布：分析(98%)，解析(2%)
分析(ana+lysis分开→分开来→分析)[ana-表示"错误,在旁边,分开"]
分析(ana再次+lys+is表名词→再次分解→分析)[lys,lyst=breakbown,表示"裂开,分解"]
n.(pl.analyses)分析;分解The analysis of the samples provided valuable clues to the police.对标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索.
【反】synthesis（n 综合，合成）
[ə'næl.ə.sɪs] (plural analyses)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when you analyse something 分析
• Chemical analysis revealed a high content of copper. 化学分析结果显示出极高的铜含量。
• I was interested in Clare's analysis of (= examination of and judgment about) the situation. 克莱尔对于局势的分析让我很感兴趣。
[ə'næl.ə.sɪs] (plural analyses)
noun countable or uncountable
in the last/final analysis
■something you say when you are talking about what is most important or true in a situation 归根究柢，总之
• In the final analysis, the only people who will benefit are property owners. 归根究柢，唯一受益的群体将是房产业主。
n. [化学] [数] 分析；分解；验定
 - decomposition, dissolution

Word: incentive
Front: incentive
[ɪnˈsentɪv] (研六托雅宝 2726/3252 -2)
Vocabulary: incentive
(once / 748 pages)
n
If your mom wants you to mow the lawn but you don't feel like it, she might offer to treat you to ice cream after as an incentive. An incentive is something that stimulates you to take action or work harder.
This noun dates back to Middle English, from Late Latin incentivum, from incentivus "stimulating." In Latin, incentivus meant "setting the tune," from incinere "to sing." The related English verb is incentivize. The less common verb incent was first used in the early 1980s, and has been criticized as business jargon.
WORD FAMILY
incentive: disincentive, incentives+/ disincentive: disincentives
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pick a goal and set up an incentive program.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Agency spokeswoman Abby Gras says it is being more selective in which companies receive incentive offers because of improved employment levels in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
U.S. operations, earlier this month said the boost in incentive spending by rival car companies concerns him.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 动机; 刺激; 诱因; 鼓励
adj. 刺激性的; 鼓励性质的
分布：动机(41%)，刺激(30%)，鼓励(24%)，刺激的(3%)，鼓励的(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-cent,唱，吟唱，词源同chant,cantor.其原义为定调，唱的节拍，引申词义鼓励，刺激，刺激因素。
激励(in+cent唱歌+ive→把精神唱进去→激励)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
激励;刺激力量(in进入＋cent唱＋ive→把(力量)唱进去→激励)[cant,cent=sing,song,表示"唱,歌"]
n.刺激;动力;鼓励;诱因;动机He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机.
【记】in进入，cent＝cant唱，发声，ive－说服人做事－刺激
【参】cant（n 黑话；隐语）读：砍他
【反】deterrent（n 威慑；威慑物）
US [-tˌɪv] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something which encourages a person to do something 激励；刺激；鼓励
• Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income. 税收措施在鼓励人们将收入多储蓄和多投资方面很有效。
• [+ to infinitive] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive. 公共交通的费用居高不下，无法激励人们停开私家车。
• Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder. 支付奖金能鼓励人们更努力工作。
n. 动机；刺激
 - motivation, stimulus, reason, excitement, needle
adj. 激励的；刺激的
 - stimulative, hortatory

Word: helping
Front: helping
[ˈhelpɪŋ] (7865/9512)
Back: n. （食物）的一份; 帮助，支持
v. 帮助( help的现在分词 ); 有助于，有利于; 治疗; 避免
分布：帮助(97%)，一客(1%)，辅助的(1%)，助人的(1%)
noun countable
■an amount of food given to one person at one time 一份食物
• a small/large helping of pasta 一小份／大份义大利面
n. 帮助，协助；一份食物
 - assistance, aid, hand, serving, boost
adj. 辅助的；给予帮助的
 - assistant, subsidiary, auxiliary, aided
v. 帮助；扶持（help的ing形式）
 - aiding

Word: truth
Front: truth
[tru:θ] (中高研四六托 850/1152 -K4)
Vocabulary: truth
(once / 53 pages)
n
Truth is something that squares with reality. When you are sworn in to give testimony in a U.S. court of law, you promise to "tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth."
When you're cutting to the heart of something, you might start a statement with, "The truth of the matter is..." or "To tell the truth..." When you hear these introductory phrases containing truth, reality is supposed to follow. The American comedian Stephen Colbert coined the term truthiness as a satirical poke at politicians and pundits whose claims often have no basis in reality. Truthiness is what you wish were truth — unconstrained by fact or logic.
WORD FAMILY
truth: truthful, truths, untruth+/ true: trued, truely, trueness, truer, trues, truest, truing, truism, truly, truth, untrue/ truism: truisms/truthful: truthfulest, truthfully, truthfulness, untruthful/untrue: untruely, untruest, untruly/untruth: untruths/untruthful: untruthfully, untruthfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
And that pointed up the truth that “The Apprentice” never really was Mr. Trump’s show.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The truth remains that Cousins was a highly productive passer this season for a team with obvious flaws in other areas, particularly on defense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In truth, customers lost only $1.5 million, which, if we’re being honest, is minuscule for a bank the size of Wells Fargo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 真理; 真相，事实; 忠实，忠诚; 现实，现实性
分布：真理(34%)，真相(32%)，事实(20%)，真实(14%)
→来自 true,真实的，-th,名词后缀。
事实,真理[tru=true,表示"相信,真实"]
n.真实,真相;真实性;真理Are you telling me the truth?你讲的是真话吗?
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the quality of being true 真实性
• There would seem to be some truth in what she says. 她说的话似乎有些真实。
• There is no truth in the reports of his resignation. 有关他辞职的那些报道毫不可信。
• You cannot question the truth of his alibi. 你无法怀疑他不在现场的申辩。
• And yet what he says contains at least a grain of (= a small amount of) truth. 然而，他说的话至少有那么一点真实性。
the truth
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the real facts about a situation, event or person 事实，实情，真相
• But was he telling the truth? 但是他讲的是真话吗？
• I don't suppose we'll ever know the truth about what happened that day. 我认为我们永远无法知道那天的事实真相。
• To tell (you) the truth (= Speaking honestly) I'm quite pleased he's not coming. （跟你）说实话，他不来我很高兴。
in truth formal
■used to show or emphasize that something is true 事实上，的确
• In truth we feared for her safety although we didn't let it be known. 我们的确很担心她的安全，尽管我们没有表现出来。
countable formal
■a fact or principle which is thought to be true by most people 真理；原理；法则；道理
• It would seem to be a general truth that nothing is as straightforward as it at first seems. 一切都不会像最初看起来那样简单——这似乎是一个普遍法则。
• The entire system of belief is based on a few simple truths. 整个信仰体系是建立在几条简单的原则基础之上。
[tru:θ] noun
Truth is stranger than fiction. saying
■said when you want to emphasize that real events or things are sometimes stranger than imaginary ones 现实比虚构更玄乎。
[tru:θ] noun
Truth will out. UK saying
■said to show that you believe the truth will always be discovered 真相终将大白。
[tru:θ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  truth or true? Warning: do not confuse the noun truth with the verb true :
✗ Nothing that she wrote in her letter was truth. Nothing that she wrote in her letter was true.
truth, reality
这组词都有“真实”的意思，其区别是：
truth: 含义广泛，指符合事实、没有错误或虚假。
reality: 侧重指某事物的客观存在的真实性。
n. 真理；事实；诚实；实质
 - integrity, essence, substance, texture, honesty

Word: buyer
Front: buyer
[ˈbaɪə(r)] (2953/2056 -K)
Back: n. 买主; 买方; 采购员
分布：买方(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who buys something expensive such as a house 购买者，买主
• He's still looking for a buyer for his house. 他还在给自己的房子寻找买家。
■someone whose job it is to decide what will be bought by a company 买手，采购员，采买人员
• She's the buyer for a stylish boutique in Dublin. 她是都柏林一家时尚精品女装店的采购员。
n. 买主； [贸易] 采购员
 - bargainee, vendee

Word: royal
Front: royal
[ˈrɔɪəl] (高研四六雅 4306/682 -K4)
Back: adj. 王国的，王室的; 高贵的，庄严的; 盛大的; 敕许的，敕定的
n. <口>王室成员; [航海]顶桅帆
分布：盛大的(25%)，高贵的(19%)，皇家的(19%)，堂皇的(17%)，顶桅帆(12%)，第一流的(8%)
→来自拉丁语 regalis,国王的，王室的，来自 rex,国王，国君，词源同 regal,rule.
a.王室的,皇家的;第一流的,高贵的The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation r)
■belonging or connected to a king or queen or a member of their family 国王的；女王的；王室的
• the royal family 王室
• a royal visit 国王（或女王）的访问
■good or excellent, as if intended for or typical of royalty 很好的；第一流的；似君王的
• The team was given a royal reception/welcome. 球队受到了隆重的欢迎。
■mainly US
■big or great 极大的；极度的
• a royal pain/a royal mess 剧痛／脏乱透顶
['rɔɪ.əl] noun countable usually plural informal
■a member of the royal family 王室成员
• The press follow the royals everywhere. 王室成员们到哪里，新闻记者们就跟到哪里。
adj. 皇家的；盛大的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的
 - classical, distinguished
n. 王室；王室成员
 - house-hold

Word: cold
Front: cold
[kəʊld] (中高研四 885/972 -K4)
Vocabulary: cold
(once / 33 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj 7adj 8n
Cold is the opposite of hot. It can refer to temperature, passion, friendliness, and even your personality.
All cold things are icy in some way. Your tea can be cold, and someone can be cold to you. If a play leaves you cold, you don't like it. If police find a criminal’s trail has gone cold, they're out of clues. If you're searching for something, and someone tells you you’re "very cold," it means you're not very close to the prize. A cold is also the infection that gives you a runny nose and sore throat.
WORD FAMILY
cold: colder, coldest, coldly, coldness, colds+/coldness: coldnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Szeles imbues his performance with a humanity that is missing from what is a rather cold portrayal from Cross.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The site, on S Norfolk Street, currently houses a warehouse, cold storage facility, and retail and office buildings totaling 963,000 square feet in all.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
I dressed for the moon in fleece and rain layers and I was still cold.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 寒冷的; 冷淡的，无情的; 失去知觉的; [艺]有冷感的，冷色的
n. 寒冷; 感冒，伤风
adv. 完全地
级别：colder, coldest
分布：寒冷(30%)，感冒(25%)，冷的(21%)，寒冷的(14%)，伤风(3%)，冷淡的(2%)，完全地(2%)，冷酷的(1%)，冷静的(1%)，彻底地(1%)
→来自gel, 冷，词源同glacier, jelly.
a.冷的,寒冷的;冷淡的n.冷,寒冷;伤风Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [koʊld] adjective
LOW TEMPERATURE 低温
 ESSENTIAL
■at a low temperature, especially when compared to the temperature of the human body, and not hot or warm （尤指相对于体温而言）冷的，寒冷的，温度低的
• a cold day/house 冷天／寒冷的房子
• cold food/water 冰冷的食物／冷水
• cold hands 冰冷的手
• cold weather 寒冷的天气
• My feet are so cold. 我的双脚冰冷。
• It's freezing cold today. 今天冷极了。
• You'll feel cold if you don't wear a coat. 如果不穿外套你会觉得冷的。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友好的
■not showing kindness, love or emotion and not friendly 冷淡的，冷漠的
• His handshake was cold, and his eyes lifeless. 他握手时很冷淡，眼睛毫无生气。
• He stared into her cold blue eyes. 他凝视着她冷漠的蓝眼晴。
• She would never feel welcome in this city with its cold, unsmiling inhabitants. 置身这个城市里冷漠、面无笑容的居民之中，她永远不会感到受欢迎。
• The school was a cold, unwelcoming place. 这所学校是个冷冰冰、毫无亲切感的地方。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
be (as) cold as ice
■to be extremely cold 冷得像冰一样；冰凉
• Feel my toes - they're as cold as ice. 摸摸我的脚趾头——冰凉冰凉的。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
be cold comfort
■When being told a particular thing about a bad situation is cold comfort, it does not make you feel better although it is intended to. 不令人觉得欣慰；于事无补
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
Cold hands , warm heart. saying
■said to someone with cold hands in order to stop them being embarrassed 手凉心热；外表冷淡心肠热
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
get cold feet
■to suddenly become too frightened to do something you had planned to do, especially something important such as getting married （尤指面对结婚等重要事宜时）突然退缩，裹足不前
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
give sb the cold shoulder (also cold-shoulder sb)
■to be intentionally unfriendly to someone and give them no attention 故意冷落（某人），有意怠慢（某人）
• I tried to be pleasant to her but she gave me the cold shoulder. 我努力想讨好她，可她反倒故意冷落我。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
in cold blood
■If someone kills in cold blood, they kill in a way that seems especially cruel because they show no emotion. 冷血地；残酷地，无情地
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
in the cold light of day
■If you think about something in the cold light of day, you think about it clearly and calmly, without the emotions you had at the time it happened, and you often feel sorry or ashamed about it 事后冷静理智地回想某事（常感到遗憾或羞愧）
• The next morning, in the cold light of day, Sarah realized what a complete idiot she had been. 第二天早上，莎拉回过头来冷静地想了想，意识到自己当时是多么的愚蠢。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
pour / throw cold water on sth
■to criticize someone's opinions or ideas and stop people believing them or being excited about them 给…泼冷水
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] adjective
You're getting colder.
■said by children playing a guessing or searching game to tell the person who is guessing or searching that they are getting further away from the answer or hidden object （儿童游戏时用语）你距离（答案或目标）更远了；你猜得越来越离谱了
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a common infection especially in the nose and throat which often causes a cough, a slight fever and sometimes some pain in the muscles 感冒，伤风
• I've got a cold. 我着凉了。
• She caught a cold at school. 她在学校感冒了。
• UK informal Don't come near me - I've got a stinking/streaming cold (= extremely bad cold). 别靠近我——我得了重感冒。
UK [kəʊld] US [koʊld] noun
LOW TEMPERATURE 低温
[S or U]
■cold weather or temperatures 冷，寒冷；低温
• Don't stand out there in the cold, come in here and get warm. 外面冷，别站在那里，进来暖暖身子。
• Old people tend to feel the cold (= feel uncomfortable in cold temperatures) more than the young. 老年人往往比年轻人怕冷。
• My feet were numb with cold. 我的脚冻麻了。
cool, icy, cold, chilly, freezing, frosty
这组词都有“冷、凉”的意思，其区别是：
cool: 指既不太热也不太冷。
icy: 多指风暴、风雪和水等冷得使人感到如刺如割。
cold: 最普通用词，强调缺乏温暖，使人不舒服。
chilly: 指使哆嗦的冷。
freezing: 指使人僵直，使东西凝固的冷。
frosty: 指雾气在寒冷物体的表面凝结成薄冰时的严寒结霜的温度。
adj. 寒冷的；冷淡的，不热情的；失去知觉的
 - chilly, wintery
n. 寒冷； [内科] 感冒
 - algor, chilliness
adv. 完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully

Word: producer
Front: producer
[prəˈdju:sə(r)] (六 1845/2335 -K)
Vocabulary: producer
(once / 305 pages)
n
If you have the chance to travel to Brazil, you might get to visit the largest producer of coffee beans in the world. A producer is a maker or manufacturer of something.
Since the 1500s, the word producer has been used to mean "one who produces." In the late 1800s it began to have a second meaning, "someone who finances and supervises a show". A movie producer oversees the making of films in various ways, including raising money, and a record producer does a similar job in the music industry, working with musicians. This kind of producer is more of a supervisor and adviser than the actual maker of the finished product.
WORD FAMILY
producer: producers+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ production: productions/ productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Intro: Yes, the producers managed to fit in a gratuitous shot of Nick in the shower.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Her representative told Billboard the producers "set her up to fail".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生产者，制造者; 制片人; 煤气发生炉; 自养有机体
分布：制片人(55%)，生产者(37%)，制造者(8%)
US [-'du:.sɚ] noun countable
FILM/MUSIC 电影／音乐
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who makes the practical and financial arrangements needed to make a film, play, television or radio programme 制作人，制片人
• a film/Hollywood/movie producer 电影／好莱坞／电影制片人
Compare director a person who makes the practical and financial arrangements needed to make a CD or other recording （唱片等的）制片人，制作人
• a record producer 唱片制作人
UK [prə'dju:.sər] US [-'du:.sɚ] noun countable
MAKER 生产者
 IMPROVER
■a company, country or person that provides goods, especially those which are produced by an industrial process or grown or obtained through farming, usually in large amounts （尤指工业品或农牧业产品的）生产者，生产公司，出产国
• egg producers 鸡蛋供应商
• gas/oil producers 煤气公司／石油出产国
• Australia is one of the world's main producers of wool. 澳大利亚是世界上羊毛的主要生产国之一。
n. 制作人，制片人； [劳经] [生态] 生产者；发生器
 - generator, produced by

Word: river
Front: river
[ˈrɪvə(r)] (中高 1327/876 -K4)
Vocabulary: river
(once / 25 pages)
n
A river is a long, flowing natural stream of water. The Nile is one of the most famous rivers in the world.
If you've ever been to Chicago, you've probably seen the Chicago River, which cuts right through downtown. Or what about that big one in the middle of the U.S., called the Mississippi? Rivers are large bodies of water, usually marked out on maps as long, wiggly blue lines. Rivers are bigger than creeks and streams, but they're not as wide as lakes or as vast as oceans. In fact, rivers often pour into lakes or oceans.
WORD FAMILY
river: rivers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Austin Rivers was in no mood for introspection Monday night.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s not getting a lot of shots,” Rivers said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 河，江; 溪，巨流
分布：河(84%)，河流(9%)，江(6%)，水道(1%)
→来自古法语 riviere,河边，河岸，来自拉丁语 riparius,岩边的，来自 ripa,河岸，海滨，来自 rei, 撕开，劈，砍，词源同 rift,riven,riparian.后引申词义河流，江河。该词不与 rival 同源，但词 义相混淆。
n.河流From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river 河；江；川；水道
• We sailed slowly down the river. 我们顺流而下缓缓航行。
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation r)
■used usually before, sometimes after, the name of a river （通常用于河流名称前，有时位于河流名称后）河
• the River Thames 泰晤士河
up (the) river
■in the opposite direction to the flow of water in the river 向河的上游，逆流而上
• We sailed up river. 我们逆流而行。
down (the) river
■in the same direction as the flow of water in the river 向河的下游；顺流而下
UK ['rɪv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
rivers of sth
■a large amount of a liquid 大量的（液体）
• Rivers of sweat ran down his back. 他汗流浃背。
• figurative If there's a revolution, rivers of blood will flow. 如果发生革命，将会血流成河。
stream, brook, river
这组词都有“江、河”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 泛指大小河流，也可专指小溪。
brook: 指小河，尤指发源于山泉的小河。
river: 泛指一般的江河。
n. 河，江
 - kawa

Word: tiny
Front: tiny
[ˈtaɪni] (中高研四六托 1313/1666 -K3)
Vocabulary: tiny
(once / 157 pages)
adj
Tiny means very small. Atoms are tiny. Hawaii is tiny, in comparison to the continental US. If you wear a size five shoe as an adult, you could be said to have tiny feet.
Throughout the world there are stories about tiny mythical heroes, such as Tom Thumb, a tiny baby, who grew into a tiny child then a man so tiny he was no larger than an average man's thumb. One of the things that people love about doll houses are seeing all the artifacts we live with day to day replicated in miniature, or tiny, form.
WORD FAMILY
tiny: tinier, tiniest, tinily, tininess
USAGE EXAMPLES
To live outside the tiny cosmos of our own desires.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
At her workbench, she uses a microscope while cutting and removing tiny bits of metal with a sharp blade called a graver.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Each of those contains a tiny embryo skeleton.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 极小的，微小的
n. 小孩子; [医]癣
级别：tinier, tiniest
分布：微小的(66%)，极小的(34%)
→可能来自 tine,尖刺，-y,形容词后缀。引申词义极小的，微小的。
a.极小的,微小的From the tiny tin pin, the spinner pinched off an inch.纺纱工从小锡别针上掐掉一英寸.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely small 微小的
• a tiny flower 极小的花
• a tiny helping of food 份量极少的一客食物
• a tiny baby 丁点大的婴儿
• a tiny bit late 稍微迟到一点
minute, tiny, little, small, miniature
这组词都有“小的”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指小得难看见，有时需用显微镜才看得见。
tiny: 强调与同类或其他物体比较，小得超出正常比例，有时带强烈的感情色彩。
little: 指在体积、数量、距离、年龄、身材等方面比正常的小，多带主观感情色彩，含小而可爱或小巧的意味。
small: 多指数量、面积、体积、价值、数字或意义等的小或少，指略小于正常的大小。
miniature: 指由正常体积微缩的物体。
adj. 微小的；很少的
 - micro, few, little, minute

Word: lift
Front: lift
[lɪft] (中高研四托雅 1343/1345 -K4)
Vocabulary: lift
(once / 58 pages)
1vn 2vn
To lift something is to pick it up, or raise it in the air. You'll need to lift a flag before you start waving it.
You can lift things literally, like when you lift your cat in the air to save it from your dog's slobbery tongue, or lift your glass for a New Year's Eve toast. You can also lift things figuratively, like when someone lifts your spirits, cheering you up, or when winning first prize in a contest lifts a writer from obscurity, elevating her position in the literary world. In Britain, lift is also another word for "elevator."
WORD FAMILY
lift: lifted, lifter, lifting, lifts+/lifter: lifters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Greaves, 23 in 1989, who now runs a courier company in his native Heswall, said the verdicts lifted a weight of 27 years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I remember looking up from my phone and my body kind of lifting,” Grogan said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 举起，抬起
vt. 举起; 提升; 鼓舞; 抬起
vi. 消散; 升起; 耸立
n. 电梯; 举起; 起重机; 搭车
时态：lifted, lifting, lifts
分布：举起(46%)，提升(17%)，电梯(10%)，帮助(8%)，取消(5%)，偷窃(4%)，搭便车(3%)，运送(3%)，升高(2%)，扒窃(1%)，载货量(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*luftuz,空气，天空，词源同loft.可能进一步来自legwh,轻的，举起，词源同lever,light.
v.升起,举起,消散n.电梯,上升,免费搭车The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb
RAISE 举起
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to move something from a lower to a higher position 举起，提起，抬起，吊起
• Could you help me lift this table, please? 你能帮我抬一下桌子吗？
• Could you lift your chair a bit - I've got my bag caught under it. 你能把椅子稍微抬一下吗——我的袋子被压住了。
• She lifted the cigarette (up) to her lips. 她把香烟举到唇边。
• He lifted his eyes (= looked up) from the paper and glared. 他的目光从报纸上移开，抬起头来怒目而视。
transitive specialized
■to dig underground vegetables or plants out of the ground 把（蔬菜或植物）挖出来，刨出，拔出
• They're lifting potatoes. 他们正在挖马铃薯。
[lɪft] verb
TAKE HOLD 抓住
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to take hold of and raise in order to remove, carry or move to a different position 提起；抱起；移开
• She lifted the baby out of her chair. 她把婴儿从椅子上抱起来。
• He lifted the box carefully down from the shelf. 他小心地从架子上取下那个盒子。
[lɪft] verb
MAKE LOUD 使大声
transitive literary
■to make your voice louder, especially when performing （尤指在演出时）提高（声调）
[lɪft] verb
MAKE INTERESTING 使有趣
transitive informal
■to make something more interesting or enjoyable 使更有趣；增加…的趣味性
• The article is informative enough, but it's a bit dull - we need something to lift it. 这篇文章够资讯性，但有些枯燥——我们需要增强它的趣味性。
[lɪft] verb
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
lift sb's spirits informal
■to make someone happier 提高（某人）的兴致
• Nothing - not even the prospect of dinner - could lift his spirits. 甚么都提不起他的兴致，甚至连吃饭也不例外。
[lɪft] verb
GO AWAY 离开
intransitive
■(of mist or fog) to go away until none is left （雾气）散去，散开，消散
• The morning mist had lifted and the sun was starting to come through. 晨雾已经散去，太阳开始放出光芒。
[lɪft] verb
END 终止
transitive
■to end a rule or law 取消，撤销（规定或法律）
• The restrictions on water usage have been lifted now that the river levels are normal. 河水的水位已经恢复正常，因此用水限制被取消了。
• At last they've lifted the ban on jeans at the club. 最终他们取消了在俱乐部禁止穿牛仔裤的规定。
[lɪft] verb
STEAL 偷
transitive informal
■to steal something 偷窃，偷盗
transitive informal
■to use someone else's writing, music or idea, pretending that it is your own 剽窃
• He'd lifted whole passages from a journal. 他从一本杂志上整段整段地剽窃文章。
[lɪft] noun
CARRYING DEVICE 载重装置
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US elevator)
■a device like a box which moves up and down, carrying people or goods from one floor of a building to another or taking people up and down underground in a mine 电梯；升降机
• Take the lift to the sixth floor. 乘电梯到六楼。
[lɪft] noun
RAISE 举起
countable or uncountable
■an act of lifting or raising something 举，提，抬，吊
• Give it one more lift and we'll have it at the top of the stairs. 再抬一下我们就能把它抬到楼梯顶端了。
uncountable specialized
■the force on the wing of a bird or aircraft that keeps it in the air as it moves forward （鸟或飞行器的）升力，提升力
[lɪft] noun
JOURNEY 旅程
countable usually singular
■a free journey in another person's vehicle, especially a car 搭便车
• I'll give you a lift to the station if you like. 如果你愿意，我可以载你到车站。
• He hitched a lift (= stood by the road and made a signal asking a car to stop and take him) to Birmingham. 他搭便车去了伯明罕。
[lɪft] noun
MAKE HAPPY 使高兴
give sb a lift
■to make someone happier 提高（某人）的兴致
• She'd been feeling a bit low but hearing that she'd got the job gave her a lift. 她一直有些情绪低落，但一听说她得到了那份工作心情便好了起来。
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
vt. 举起；提升；鼓舞；空运；抄袭
 - promote, stimulate, prefer, upgrade, spirit
vi. 消散；升起；耸立
 - evanesce, flee
n. 电梯；举起；起重机；搭车
 - elevator, up with

Word: settle
Front: settle
[ˈsetl] (高研四六雅宝 1316/1295 -K4)
Vocabulary: settle
(once / 33 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6n
To settle means to come to order or rest, much as snow settles on the ground or dust settles on the dining room table.
Settle has a number of meanings. After moving several times, you'll wish your parents would settle in one place for the rest of your school years. Have you ever heard your house creaking or groaning? That's the house settling. When adults tell children to calm down, they'll often say, "Settle down kids!" And as a legal term, you settle a lawsuit when the accuser and the accused come to an agreement without going to court.
WORD FAMILY
settle: resettle, settled, settlement, settler, settles, settling, unsettle+/ resettle: resettled, resettlement, resettles, resettling/resettlement: resettlements/settled: settledly/ settlement: settlements/ settler: settlers/settling: settlings/unsettle: unsettled, unsettles, unsettling/unsettled: unsettledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Virgin Islands, and settled in the Washington area in 1960.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In prime time, Barbara Walters started her introduction this way: “If all she did was get Warren Beatty to settle down, that would be enough.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Expect hundreds more, however, once the Legislature settles in the in the first few weeks, and before filing deadlines.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 解决; 安排; 使定居; 使沉淀
vi. 下沉; 定居
n. 高背长靠椅
时态：settled, settling, settles
分布：解决(65%)，定居(17%)，安顿(8%)，结算(6%)，平静(4%)
→来自古英语 setl,座位，来自 Proto-Germanic*setla,座位，来自 sed,坐下，词源同 sit,seat. 引申词义长木凳，高背长椅。settle 安排，解决，处理，定居，安居
固定;安居(set+tie表动词,如：prattle闲聊)[set=fix,表示"安置好"]
v.安定,安顿;停息;定居;解决,调停At the outset this set of setting settled the offset problem of the kettle.在开始,这一套设置解决了水壶的弥补问题.
【反】roil（v 煽动；激怒）
US ['setˌ-] verb
AGREE 同意
 IMPROVER transitive
■to reach a decision or an agreement about something, or to end a disagreement 确定；决定；解决，结束（争端等）
• Good, that's all settled - you send out the invitations for the party, and I'll organize the food. 好，那就这么决定了——你发送派对的请帖，我来准备吃的。
• [+ question word] They haven't yet settled wh en the wedding is going to be. 他们还没有确订婚礼在甚么时候举行。
• "The tickets are £40 each." "Well, that settles that then - I can't afford that much." “入场券每张40英镑。”“好吧，那就算了吧，我付不起那么多钱。”
• I'd like to get this matter settled once and for all (= reach a final decision on it). 我想把这件事了结了。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to arrange something 安排
• The details of the contract have not yet been settled. 合约的细节问题仍然没有谈妥。
• Our lawyer advised us that it would be better to settle out of court (= reach an agreement in a legal case without it being decided in a court of law). 我们的律师建议我们最好在庭外和解。
• It took months to settle (= bring to an end) the dispute/strike. 用了好几个月的时间才解决这次争端／结束这次罢工。
• My father and I have agreed finally to settle our differences (= stop arguing). 我和我父亲最后同意不再争论。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
MAKE COMFORTABLE 使舒适
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to relax into a comfortable position （使）放松地处在舒适的位置上
• After dinner we settled in front of the television for the evening. 晚饭后，我们舒舒服服地坐在电视机前。
• The dentist told her patient to settle back in the chair. 牙医让病人靠在椅子上放松。
• [R] He settled himself down with a newspaper, and waited for the train to arrive. 他安逸地坐下来看报纸，等候火车到来。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
LIVE 生活
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to go and live somewhere, especially permanently （尤指永久地）定居，安家
• After they got married, they settled in Brighton. 他们结婚后在布莱顿定居下来。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [often passive]
■to arrive, especially from another country, in a new place and establish yourself, taking the land as your own （尤指从别国）移居殖民地；殖民
• America was first settled by people who came across from Asia over 25 000 years ago. 2.5万年前，从亚洲来的移民首次在美洲安家落户。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
MOVE LOWER 下降
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to move to a lower level and stay there; to drop 降落；沈降
• The house had been empty for years, and dust had settled on all the surfaces. 这栋房子多年来一直空着，所有东西上面都积了一层灰。
• Do you think the snow will settle (= remain on the ground and other surfaces without melting) ? 你认为会积雪吗？
• The contents of this packet may settle (= fall towards the bottom of the container and so seem to be less). 包装里的东西可压实一些。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
PAY 支付
intransitive or transitive
■to pay, especially money that you owe 支付（尤指欠款或被索款项）；偿付；结算
• Please settle your account/bill without further delay. 请立即付清账款／账单，勿再拖延。
• It took the insurance company months to settle my claim. 保险公司用了好几个月才付清我的理赔金。
• formal Payment of your account is now overdue, and we must ask you to settle (= pay the money you owe) immediately. 您帐上的款项已逾期未付，我们必须请您马上付清。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
QUIET 安静
intransitive or transitive
■to become quiet and calm, or to make something or someone do this （使）安静下来；（使）平静下来
• The weather is expected to settle towards the end of the week. 天气预计会在周末时稳定下来。
• I'll call you back as soon as I've settled the children for the night. 我把孩子们安顿下来睡觉后，就马上回你电话。
• Before a performance, she takes three deep breaths to settle her nerves. 在演出之前，她会深呼吸三次来平定紧张的情绪。
• We're very busy this week, but things should settle (down) a bit after the weekend. 我们这个星期很忙，不过周末之后事情应该会少一点。
• UK Joe's parents are very worried about him because he doesn't seem to be able to settle to (= to give his whole attention to) anything. 乔的父母很为他担心，因为乔似乎做甚么事都不能够定下心来。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
BE IN A CERTAIN STATE 处于特定状态
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to reach and remain at a certain level or in a certain state 稳定下来
• The pound rose slightly against the dollar today, then settled at $1.53. 英镑对美元的汇率今天略有上升，之后便停留在1.53美元的价位上。
• A peaceful expression settled on her face. 她脸上现出一副平静的神色。
• After the recent riots, an uneasy calm has settled on the city. 最近的暴乱平息后，城里笼罩着一种令人不安的平静气氛。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
settle your affairs formal
■to decide what will happen to your possessions after your death, usually by making a legal document （通常透过立遗嘱）安排死后财产继承事宜，安排身后事
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
settle an (old) score (also settle (old) scores)
■to harm someone because they have harmed you in the past 清算旧帐，报复
• The President used his speech to settle some old scores with his opponents. 总统利用他的演说对他的对手进行了还击。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
settle an account
■to harm someone because they have harmed you in the past 清算旧帐，报复
• Police think that the killings may be a result of accounts being settled between local gangs. 警方认为这些谋杀事件可能是当地黑帮互相清算旧帐的结果。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle down
FEEL COMFORTABLE
 ADVANCED (also settle into somewhere)
■to become familiar with a place and to feel happy and confident in it 安顿下来，习惯于新环境
• She quickly settled down in her new house/job/school. 她很快适应了新居／新工作／新学校的生活。
MAKE HOME
 ADVANCED
■to start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually with your partner （通常与伴侣）定居，安定下来
• Eventually I'd like to settle down and have a family, but not yet. 最终我想安定下来生儿育女，但现在还没有。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle (sb) down
■to become quiet and calm, or to make someone become quiet and calm （使）安静下来；（使）平静下来
• Come on children, stop chatting and settle down please! 行了，孩子们，别吵了，请安静！
• They settled down on the sofa to watch the film. 他们安静下来坐到沙发上看电影。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle for sth
■to accept or agree to something, or to decide to have something, although it is not exactly what you want or it is not the best 无奈接受；勉强同意
• They were hoping to sell their car for £2000, but settled for £1500. 他们本来希望他们的汽车能卖2000英镑，但后来只得以1500英镑卖掉了。
• He wants a full refund and he won't settle for anything less. 他想全额退款，少一分也不行。
• She never settles for second best. 她从不甘心于退而求其次。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle in
■to become familiar with somewhere new, such as a new house, job or school, and to feel comfortable and happy there 适应新环境，安顿下来
• Once we've settled in, you must come round for dinner. 一旦我们安顿下来，你一定要过来吃饭。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] settle sb in
■to help someone to become familiar with a new job or a new place where they will be living, working or staying 帮助（某人）适应新环境，安顿（某人）
• The nurse will be with you soon - she's settling a new patient in at the moment. 护士马上就会到你这里来——她现在正在安顿一位新来的病人。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle on sth
■to agree on a decision 选定，决定
• Have you settled on a name for the baby? 你们决定给宝宝取甚么名字了吗？
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle sth on sb legal
■to formally give money or property to someone 赠与（某人财产）
• When my uncle died, he settled £1000 a year on me. 我叔叔死后，他赠与我每年1000英镑。
UK ['set.l] US ['setˌ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  settle up
■to pay someone the money that you owe them 结账；付清欠款
• Would you like to settle up now, sir? 先生，您想现在结账吗？
• You buy the tickets and I'll settle up with you later. 你来买票，稍后我和你算帐。
dwell, inhabit, reside, settle, lodge, live
这组词都有“居住、定居”的意思，其区别是：
dwell: 文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替。
inhabit: 强调人或动物居住在某个地区并已适应某种特殊环境。
reside: 书面用词，指合法的永久性居住，也指在豪华的住宅里居住。
settle: 侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。
lodge: 指短时间或临时住宿。
live: 最普通用词，指固定的居住，可以是长期的，也可以是临时的。
decide, resolve, determine, settle
这组词都有“决定”的意思，其区别是：
decide: 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve: 语气较强，强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine: 指经过深思熟虑，决心去做某事并坚持施行。
settle: 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的最终结论。
vi. 解决；定居；沉淀；下陷
 - deposit, beach, work out, figure out
vt. 解决；安排；使…定居
 - decide, schedule, budget, place in, work out

Word: eat
Front: eat
[i:t] (中高 543/701 -K4)
Vocabulary: eat
(once / 34 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
If you leave an antique flowerpot outside all winter, the snow and rain might eat the paint, making it look even older than it is.
You probably know that eat means "to consume food," because you do that several times a day. But we also use the verb eat for other situations involving using something up or wearing it down. If your art project eats up all your art supplies, that means you don't have any left. Leaving your car lights on will eat through your battery. Something eating away at us is worrying us. Don't let money stress eat away at your happiness.
WORD FAMILY
eat: ate, eatable, eaten, eater, eatery, eating, eats, overeat+/eatable: eatables, uneatable/eater: eaters/ eatery: eateries/eating: eatings/overeat: overeating, overeats/uneatable: uneatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He’s almost 67 years old, looks 22, and hasn’t eaten refined sugar in what appears to be a decade.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Around us a ballroom of people were laughing and eating and dancing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 吃，喝
vi. （食物）吃起来感到; 咬; （人）感到苦恼（或烦恼）; 侵蚀，腐蚀
vt. （如酸）腐蚀; 吃完; 吃得使; 侵蚀成
时态：ate, eaten, eating, eats
分布：吃(80%)，吃饭(12%)，喝(8%)
→来自ed, 吃，词源同edible,comestible.
vt.吃,喝vi.吃饭,吃东西Monkey likes to eat banana.猴子喜欢吃香蕉.
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to put or take food into the mouth, chew (= crush with the teeth) it, and swallow it 吃
• Do you eat meat? 你吃肉吗？
• When I've got a cold, I don't feel like eating. 我感冒时没有食欲。
• We usually eat (= have a meal) at about 7 o'clock. 我们通常在七点前后吃饭。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eaten up with/by sth informal
■If someone is eaten up with/by a negative emotion, they are experiencing it very strongly 被（某种消极情绪）所折磨；内心充满（某种消极情绪）
• He was so eaten up with guilt, he became ill. 心中的愧疚无时无刻不在折磨着他，最后他病倒了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat sb alive
■to criticize someone very angrily 气愤地严厉批评某人
• If we get our facts wrong we'll be eaten alive by the press. 如果我们把事实弄错了，媒体会对我们大肆发难的。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat sb for breakfast informal
■to be able to very easily control or defeat someone 不费吹灰之力地制伏（或打败）
• He eats people like you for breakfast. 像你这样的人，他不费吹灰之力就制得服服贴贴了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat your heart out humorous
■If someone says eat your heart out followed by the name of a famous person, they are joking that they are even better than that person （后接一个名人的名字，开玩笑地说比其还要强）比你强多了，你算老几
• I'm singing in the village production of Tosca next month - eat your heart out Pavarotti! 下个月我们村里剧团要上演《托斯卡》，我会上台一展歌喉——帕华洛帝，我比你强多了！
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat humble pie (US also eat crow) informal
■to admit that you were wrong 认错；道歉
• After boasting that his company could outperform the industry's best, he's been forced to eat humble pie. 他吹嘘他的公司可以胜过业内最好的企业，但之后，他就不得不承认言过其实了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat like a horse informal
■to always eat a lot of food 吃得很多；食量极大
• She's so thin yet she eats like a horse. 她那么瘦，可是食量极大。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat sb out of house and home humorous
■to eat a lot of the food someone has in their house 把（某人）吃穷；吃光（某人）的家当
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
eat your words
■to admit that something you said before was wrong 承认自己说错了话
• Sam said it would never sell, but when he sees these sales figures he'll have to eat his words. 山姆曾说这个永远不会有销路。可是他要是看到这些销售数字，就得承认自己错了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
have sb eating out of your hand informal
■to easily make someone do or think what you want 牵着（某人）的鼻子走；使（某人）百依百顺；将（某人）搞得服服贴贴
• Within two minutes of walking into the classroom, she had the kids eating out of her hand. 她走进教室不到两分钟，就把这群孩子治得服服贴贴的。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
I'll eat my hat old-fashioned
■used to say that you are sure something will not happen 我敢打赌…绝对不可能发生（或不是真的；要是发生…我把头给你）
• If she actually marries him I'll eat my hat. 她要是真的会嫁给他，我就把脑袋给你。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
(I'm so hungry), I could eat a horse. humorous
■used to say that you are extremely hungry 我饿极了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
What's eating sb ? informal
■used to ask why someone seems angry or upset 是甚么使（某人）烦心
• Jack's in a strange mood - I wonder what's eating him? 杰克今天脾气怪怪的，甚么事让他那么烦啊？
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat away at sth
■to gradually damage or destroy something 逐渐毁掉；侵蚀；损耗
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat away at sb
■If a bad memory or feeling eats away at someone, it makes them feel more and more unhappy. 长期困扰（某人）；烦扰（某人）
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat in
■to have a meal at home rather than in a restaurant 在家吃饭
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat into sth
■to use or take away a large part of something valuable, such as money or time 消耗，花掉，耗费（金钱或时间）
• The high cost of living in London is eating into my savings. 伦敦生活费用太高了，我的积蓄都花了不少了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat out IMPROVER
■to eat in a restaurant 去餐厅吃饭；在外用餐
• When I lived in Spain, I used to eat out all the time. 我住在西班牙的时候，天天去外面吃饭。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] eat (sth) up
■to eat all the food that you have been given 吃完，吃光
• Be a good boy and eat up your vegetables. 好孩子，乖，把蔬菜都吃了。
[i:t] (ate, eaten)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  eat up sth
■to use or take away a large part of something valuable （大量）耗费，损耗
• A big old car like that eats up petrol. 像那样的老式大型车很耗油。
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
vt. 吃，喝；腐蚀；烦扰
 - drink, take, burden
vi. 进食；腐蚀，侵蚀
 - attack, to erode

Word: commit
Front: commit
[kəˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 1394/1393 -K4)
Vocabulary: commit
(once / 36 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To commit is to fully dedicate yourself to something. To commit yourself to being the coolest kid on the beach means spending hours at the mall trying on trunks and flip-flops.
Commit can also mean "perform an act" — often the kind that can get you in trouble. Just ask anyone who's committed theft, or arson, or vandalism. If you are committing another person, that means you are sending that person to an institution. Someone may be committed to prison, or to a psychiatric hospital for treatment.
WORD FAMILY
commit: commited, commiting, commitment, commits, committal, committed, committee, committing, recommit +/ commitment: commitments/committal: committals, noncommittal / committed: committedest, committedness, uncommitted/ committee: committees, subcommittee/ noncommittal: noncommittally/ recommit: recommitted, recommitting/subcommittee: subcommittees
USAGE EXAMPLES
The notes “show that Nixon committed a crime to win the presidential election.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Paul Breyne, the Belgian general commissioner for the commemoration, said his government was deeply committed to supporting the commemoration.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Minnesota’s burglary law includes entering a building without consent and with the intent to commit a crime.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 犯罪，做错事; 把…托付给; 保证（做某事、遵守协议或遵从安排等）; 承诺，使…承担义务
时态：committed, committing, commits
分布：犯罪(52%)，承诺(33%)，委托(12%)，托付(3%)
→com-, 强调。-mit, 派遣，过去分词-miss, 词源同mission. 该词在使用过程中，扩展了诸多词义，甚至词义演变模糊的词义。
委托;委任(com共同＋mit→共同送→委任)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.把...交托给,提交;犯(错误),干(坏事)The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
verb (-tt-)
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER transitive
■to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong 做（违法或错误的事）；犯（罪、错）
• He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit. 他蒙冤入狱。
• to commit adultery/murder 犯通奸罪／杀人罪
• to commit an offence 犯法
[kə'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
PROMISE 承诺
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or plan of action 承诺，保证；（使）忠于；（使）致力于；投入（时间或金钱）
• [R] Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship. 像许多男人一样，他也有用情不专的问题。
• The government must commit itself to improving health care. 政府必须致力改善医疗保健服务。
• Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back. 一旦我们承诺采取这个行动，就没有回头路。
commit yourself
■to express an opinion or to make a decision that you tell people about 表态；决定
• I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure. 我想我能来，但在确定之前我不能保证。
commit sth to memory
■to make certain that you remember something 牢记
commit sth to paper
■to write something down 写下，记下
• Perhaps we should commit these ideas to paper before we forget them. 也许我们应该把这些想法写在纸上，免得忘记。
[kə'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
SEND 送
transitive formal
■to send someone officially to prison or hospital （正式地）将…送进（监狱或医院）
• He's been committed to prison for fraud. 他因诈骗而锒铛入狱。
[kə'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
commit suicide
■If a person commits suicide, they kill themselves. 自杀
[kə'mɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Common Learner Errors  commitWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using commit in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'tt'. Don't write 'comited', write committed. The -ing form is committing.
vt. 犯罪，做错事；把...交托给；指派…作战；使…承担义务
 - sin, do sth. wrong

Word: constitutional
Front: constitutional
[ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃənl] (托宝 2689/2677)
Vocabulary: constitutional
(once / 224 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Constitutional means having to do with the document that is the foundation of a government — in the US, a constitutional right is one provided to you by the US Constitution.
If you break down constitutional, you’ll find the root word constitute, meaning "to make up or form." Constitution can refer to the document that forms (or organizes) the government. It can also refer to the structure of a thing, such as a species, or a person. If you go for a "constitutional walk" — in that sense, the word means having to do with your constitution or your health.
WORD FAMILY
constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional +/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions/constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Heller case upholding the constitutional right to bear arms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 宪法的，符合宪法的; 本质的; 体质上的; 保健的
n. 保健运动; 保健散步
分布：宪法的(82%)，合乎宪法的(9%)，体质的(3%)，组成的(3%)，散步保健(3%)
US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] adjective
LAWS 法律
 IMPROVER
■allowed by or contained in a constitution 宪法（或章程）允许的，符合宪法（或章程）的
• Such a policy would not be constitutional. 这样的政策是不符合宪法的。
• Freedom of speech should be a constitutional right. 言论自由是一项宪法规定的权利。
Opposite unconstitutional
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən.əl] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] adjective
HEALTH 健康
■relating to someone's general state of health 体质的，体格的
• constitutional weakness 体质的虚弱
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən.əl] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable old-fashioned humorous
■a walk that you often do to keep yourself healthy 健身散步
• She's nearly 86 and still takes a constitutional every morning. 她将近86岁了，每天早上仍然散步锻炼。
adj. [法] 宪法的；本质的；体质上的；保健的
 - essential, intrinsic, interior

Word: conduct
Front: conduct
[kənˈdʌkt] (高研四六托宝 1162/1792 -K4)
Vocabulary: conduct
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4v
Conduct is about how you behave––"conduct unbecoming"––and also about carrying something through––"the survey was conducted in May and June."
Conduct's two senses are connected. Your conduct or your own behavior is the way you conduct or lead yourself. Think of your brain as a little man in tails and white tie, holding up a baton to conduct the various parts of you the way he would a symphony orchestra.
WORD FAMILY
conduct: conducted, conducting, conduction, conductive, conductor, conducts, misconduct +/conducting: non-conducting, nonconducting, semiconducting/ conduction: conductions/conductive: conductively, conductivity, nonconductive, semiconductive/conductivity: conductivities, superconductivity/ conductor: conductors, nonconductor, semiconductor/ misconduct: misconducted, misconducting, misconducts/nonconductor: nonconductors/semiconductor: semiconductors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of the three arrests, two were for disorderly conduct and trespassing and one was a handgun case.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A state inspection of the prison conducted in October classified it as “terrible.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, at the request of Roof’s former defense attorney, a judge conducted a nonpublic hearing to assess Roof’s competence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 组织; 实施; 执行; 指挥
时态：conducted, conducting, conducts
分布：行为(67%)，管理(8%)，品行(7%)，导电(6%)，引导(5%)，指挥(4%)，举动(2%)，传热(1%)
→来自conduce, 引导。
行为;指挥(con共同+duct_→引导大家一起做→指挥)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
n.行为,品行v.引导;管理;指挥(乐队);传导One of the students conducted her in.其中有一个学生带领她进入.
【记】con共同，duct引导－引导大家的行为举止
US [ˈkɑːn-]
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER
■behaviour 行为，举止；表现；为人
• bad/excellent/disgraceful conduct 糟糕的／得体的／丢脸的举止
• The club has a strict code (= set of rules) of conduct. 该俱乐部有严格的行为准则。
noun uncountable UK [ˈkɒn.dʌkt] US [ˈkɑːn-]
ORGANIZATION 组织 formal
■the way in which an activity is organized and performed 组织方式；实施方式
• He was criticized for his conduct of the inquiry. 他组织这次调查的方式受到了批评。
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
conduct, attend, escort, accompany
这组词都有“陪同，伴随”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend: 侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort: 通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。
accompany: 既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
conduct, behavior, manner
这组词都有“行为，举止”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 较正式用词，泛指某人的行动。侧重根据社会道德标准和责任感。
behavior: 普通用词，侧重指某人在特定场合对他人或在他人面前的行为、举止。
manner: 主要用来指人的习惯行为。
vi. 导电；带领
 - lead through
vt. 管理；引导；表现
 - manage, run, direct, represent, aim
n. 进行；行为；实施
 - going on, behavior, dealing, enforcement, administration

Word: responsible
Front: responsible
[rɪˈspɒnsəbl] (研四六托 1365/1054 -K4)
Vocabulary: responsible
(once / 74 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you're the responsible one, everyone is depending on you to take care of it. And, if things go poorly, it's all your fault.
Sounds like a drag to be responsible but really it is what we all want out of life. After all, when you're responsible, you get the keys to the car, you make your own decisions, and you get all the credit. Parents love the responsible babysitter who doesn't text with her friends and feed the kids bowls of ice cream. Of course, the boy who is responsible for bringing firecrackers to the football game will not be looked upon with the same level of respect. Responsibility can bring all the glory, but all the blame too.
WORD FAMILY
responsible: irresponsible, responsibility, responsibleness, responsibly +/ irresponsibility: irresponsibilities/ irresponsible: irresponsibility, irresponsibleness, irresponsibly/ responsibility: responsibilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Under international standards, construction companies in the Gulf are not only responsible for how they treat their direct employees,” Lynch said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“In one sense, he was trying to be responsible,” Liptrap said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 尽责的; 承担责任; 负有责任的; 懂道理的
分布：负责的(32%)，有责任的(28%)，可靠的(22%)，责任重大的(18%)
→re-,向后，往回，-spond,承诺，答复，词源同 spouse,correspond.-s,过去分词格，引申词义责 任。
有责任的(response回应+ible→能回应的→负责任的)[Spond,spons=promise,表示"承诺"]
a.(for,to)应负责的;可靠的;责任重大的According to what he said, Linda should be responsible for the case.根据他所说的,琳达应该为此事负责.
US [-'spɑ:nt-] adjective
DUTY 责任
be responsible for sb/sth/doing sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking care of it or them 负责…；掌管…
• Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office. 保罗直接负责办事处的高效运作。
• Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils. 她的部门负责监督各市政会的工作。
be responsible to sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to be controlled by someone or something 向…负责
• In Australia, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the House of Representatives. 在澳大利亚，总理和内阁对众议院负责。
  Common Learner Errors  responsible The correct preposition to use after responsible is for. Don't say 'responsible of/about something', say responsible for something :
✗ We are all responsible of our own decisions. We are all responsible for our own decisions.
UK [rɪ'spɒnt.sɪ.bl] US [-'spɑ:nt-] adjective
BLAME 责怪
be responsible for sth/doing sth
 IMPROVER
■to be the person who caused something to happen, especially something bad 对（尤指坏事）负责任；应对…承担责任
• Who is responsible for this terrible mess? 谁把这里搞得乱七八糟的？
• Last month's bad weather was responsible for the crop failure. 庄稼歉收是因为上月天气恶劣。
hold sb/sth responsible
■to blame someone or something 怪罪…；归咎于…
• He held me personally responsible whenever anything went wrong in the project. 任何时候只要专案计划出现问题，他都归咎到我个人身上。
be responsible for your actions
■to be in control of yourself so that you can fairly be blamed for your bad actions 对行为负责；有行为能力
• The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully responsible for her own actions. 被告患有抑郁症，因此不能完全为她自己的行为负责。
UK [rɪ'spɒnt.sɪ.bl] US [-'spɑ:nt-] adjective
GOOD JUDGMENT 好的判断力
 ADVANCED
■having good judgment and the ability to act correctly and make decisions on your own 有鉴别能力的；能明辨是非的；负责可靠的
• a hardworking and responsible employee 勤恳负责的雇员
• Let's stay calm and try to behave like responsible adults. 让我们冷静下来，行事尽量拿出成年人应有的明辨是非的能力。
• Many big companies are now becoming more responsible about the way they operate. 许多大公司现在在经营方式上变得越来越稳健扎实。
Opposite irresponsible
 ADVANCED
■A responsible job or position involves making important decisions or doing important things. （工作）责任重大的，重要的
UK [rɪ'spɒnt.sɪ.bl] US [-'spɑ:nt-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  responsibleWarning: Check your spelling! Responsible is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling ends in 'ible', and not 'able'.
responsible, liable
这组词都有“对某人或某事负责的”的意思，其区别是：
responsible: 指能熟练而出色地履行职责或完成任务，或指在出差错而对其原因有争执时承担过失。
liable: 着重指在不履行债务等时应负法律责任或受罚。
adj. [法] 负责的，可靠的；有责任的
 - honest, reliable, tried, safe, sure

Word: urban
Front: urban
[ˈɜ:bən] (高研四六托 1583/1749 -K3)
Vocabulary: urban
(once / 365 pages)
adj
Use the adjective urban to refer to cities or people who live in cities. It carries a suggestion of grittiness––urban style involves darker colors.
The terms city and town are sometimes used inconsistently. If it is large enough, a town is considered to be an urban area. Communities where people live outside cities are called suburban. Urban is from a Latin adjective formed from urbs "city."
WORD FAMILY
urban: suburban, urbanise, urbanize+/ suburban: suburbanest, suburbanise, suburbanite, suburbanize/suburbanise: suburbanised/suburbanite: suburbanites/suburbanize: suburbanized/urbanise: urbanisation, urbanised/urbanize: urbanization, urbanized, urbanizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Meanwhile, MPF Vice President Jay Parsons said he expects little or no rent growth in urban rental markets this year.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 都市的; 具有城市或城市生活特点的; 市内
分布：城市的(80%)，都市的(20%)
→来自拉丁语urbanus, 城市，罗马城。
城市的。都市的[urb=city,表示"城市"]
城市的(urb城市;参考:suburb郊区,aub+urb)[-an表名词和形容词"…地方,...人]
a.城市的,市内的Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
【反】bucolic（adj 乡村的）
US ['ɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■of or in a city or town 城市的，城镇的
• urban development 城市发展
• urban decay 城市衰落
Compare rural
adj. 城市的；住在都市的
 - city

Word: discover
Front: discover
[dɪˈskʌvə(r)] (中高研四六 956/923 -K4)
Vocabulary: discover
(once / 30 pages)
v
If you discover something, you find it unexpectedly, like when you discover your favorite childhood stuffed animal in a box of old junk.
When you discover something, it can be by surprise or the result of a search. You might discover the fact that your dad used to travel with the circus as a trapeze artist or discover a band none of your friends ever heard of. Scientists often discover new substances, stars, or organisms. The Latin root discooperire, "uncover," combines the prefix dis-, or "opposite of," with cooperire, "to cover up."
WORD FAMILY
discover: discoverable, discovered, discoverer, discovering, discovers, discovery, rediscover +/discoverable: discoverably, undiscoverable/discovered: undiscovered/discoverer: co-discoverer, discoverers/ discovery: discoveries, self-discovery/ rediscover: rediscovered, rediscovering, rediscovers, rediscovery/rediscovery: rediscoveries/undiscoverable: undiscoverably/undiscovered: undiscoveredly
USAGE EXAMPLES
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the heart problem was discovered during a routine medical checkup.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Connecticut Democrat pointed to recently discovered malware at a Vermont utility as further evidence the nation needs to toughen its cybersecurity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发现; 碰见; 撞见; 获得知识
时态：discovered, discovering, discovers
分布：发现(94%)，发觉(5%)，偶然撞见(1%)
→dis-, 不，非，使相反。cover, 覆盖。
发现(dis+cover盖→把盖揭开→发现)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
v.发现,显示In the discussion I discovered that the lost cover was recovered.在讨论中我发现盖子失而复得.
US [-ɚ] verb
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to find information, a place or an object, especially for the first time （尤指首次）发现，找到
• Who discovered America? 谁发现了美洲？
• We searched all morning for the missing papers and finally discovered them in a drawer. 我们一上午都在找那些失踪的档，最后终于在一个抽屉里找到了。
• [+ question word] Scientists have discovered how to predict an earthquake. 科学家们找到了预测地震的方法。
• [+ (that)] She discovered (that)her husband was having an affair. 她发现丈夫有外遇。
• [+ to infinitive] Following a routine checkup, Mrs Mason was discovered to have heart disease. 例行体检发现梅森夫人患有心脏病。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] The boss discovered him (= unexpectedly found him) stealing money from the till. 老板无意中发现他从钱箱里偷钱。
transitive often passive
■to notice that a person has a special talent or quality and to help them to become successful 发现并培养（人才）
• Los Angeles is full of beautiful girls working as waitresses, hoping to be discovered by a movie agent. 洛杉矶到处都有当服务员的漂亮女孩，她们希望能够被电影星探发掘。
invent, discover, find out
invent: 发明本来不存在的物体,
discover: 发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西,
find out: 发现,查明 At last he found out the truth.
detect, discover, ascertain, find
这组词都有“发现”的意思，其区别是：
detect: 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。
discover: 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。
ascertain: 较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。
find: 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西。强调动作的结果。
vt. 发现；发觉
 - detect, sniff out
vi. 发现
 - sniff out, to find

Word: grand
Front: grand
[grænd] (高研四六托雅 2237/1851 -K4)
Vocabulary: grand
(once / 65 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
Something that's grand is large and impressive. A fancy, catered birthday party with a guest list of hundreds could be described as grand.
The adjective grand can be used in many different ways: it can describe big things, like a grand piano or the Grand Canyon, or luxurious things, like the grand leather seats in your dad's Cadillac. You can also use grand to simply mean "wonderful," as when you exclaim, "Chocolate cake for dessert! Isn't this grand!" Grand is also a slang term for "a thousand dollars." The Latin root is grandis, "big, great, full, or abundant."
WORD FAMILY
grand: grander, grandest, grandly, grandness, grands
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September, a grand jury declined to recommend charges for three Waco police officers who shot bikers during May 2015 gunfight.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
A grand jury in September declined to recommend charges for three Waco police officers who shot bikers during May 2015 gunfight.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
No, Toby plays a great character and does a grand job.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 宏大的，宏伟的; （最）重要的; 豪华的
n. 一千美元; 大钢琴
级别：grander, grandest
分布：宏伟的(29%)，大钢琴(22%)，豪华的(16%)，一千美元(14%)，壮丽的(10%)，重大的(9%)
→来自拉丁文grandis, 巨大的，壮丽的，词源同great. 用做数字量词1000.
a.盛大的,豪华的;重大的,主要的The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ADVANCED
■important and large in degree 重大的；主要的；首要的
• She has all kinds of grand ideas. 她脑子里都是些经天纬地的想法。
• His job has a grand title, but he's little more than a clerk. 他的工作听起来名堂很大，可他不过是个职员。
[grænd] adjective
SPLENDID 壮丽的
■splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention 宏伟的，壮丽的；显赫的
• The Palace of Versailles is very grand. 凡尔赛宫非常宏伟。
• They always entertain their guests in grand style. 他们总是举行盛大宴会款待宾客。
■used in the name of a place or building to show that it is splendid or large （用在地方或建筑物名前表示其规模）大的
• the Grand Hotel 大饭店
• the Grand Canyon 大峡谷
• the Grand Canal 大运河
[grænd] adjective
EXCELLENT 极好的 old-fashioned informal or Irish English
■excellent; pleasing 极好的，出色的；快乐的，称心的
• We had grand weather on our holiday. 我们去渡假时的天气很好。
• My grandson is a grand little chap. 我孙子是个很了不起的小孩子。
• You've done a grand job. 你做得非常好。
[grænd] adjective
grand old age
■If a person or animal lives to a grand old age, they live until they are very old 高龄
• He lived to the grand old age of 97. 他活到97岁高龄。
[grænd] adjective
the grand old man of sth humorous
■a man who has been involved in a particular activity for a long time and is known and respected by a lot of people 元老；资深前辈；老前辈
• He's been called the grand old man of cricket. 他一直被称为板球运动的元老。
[grænd] noun countable (plural grand)
MONEY 钱 (US G) informal
■£1000 or $1000 一千英镑；一千美元
• John's new car cost him 20 grand! 约翰买新车花了两万英镑！
[grænd] noun countable (plural grand)
INSTRUMENT 乐器 informal for
■ grand piano
magnificent, grand, majestic, splendid, noble
这组词都有“宏伟壮丽的”的意思，其区别是：
magnificent: 指环境、建筑物等本身的壮丽、堂皇、庄严、崇高或出色等。
grand: 侧重规模大，豪华而宏伟壮丽、盛大。也可指人的崇高、伟大。
majestic: 侧重状态、外表、仪态等给人以威严感。
splendid: 指人在行为、品德或性格等方面的卓越超群；指物侧重外观上的辉煌。用于口语中，作“极好的，绝妙的”解。
noble: 指因本身著名或从外表上看有令人难忘的华丽、庄严、卓越、雄壮或崇高。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 宏伟的；豪华的；极重要的
 - magnificent, noble
n. 大钢琴；一千美元
 - gee

Word: resident
Front: resident
[ˈrezɪdənt] (研四六托宝 1254/2053 -K4)
Vocabulary: resident
(once / 242 pages)
1nadj 2n
A resident is someone who lives somewhere particular, or a doctor-in-training who takes care of the patients at a hospital under the supervision of other doctors.
You are a resident of wherever you live — your house, town, planet. (Let's assume we're all residents of Earth.) It's where you were born or where you've lived for awhile. Doctors who have their medical licenses but need more training become residents of hospitals. Animals that don't migrate are residents, too. Although it's usually a noun, it can be an adjective, like in the horror movie no one wants to live in, "Resident Evil."
WORD FAMILY
resident: nonresident, residents+/nonresident: nonresidents/ reside: resided, residence, residency, resident, resides, residing/ residence: residences, residential /residency: residencies/ residential: nonresidential, residentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hence, I oversee our dental residents as they treat patients at the urgent-care clinic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Residents not only complained about traffic, but complained that the area wasn’t appropriate for a religious facility.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 定居的，常驻的; [计]常驻的，常存于内存中的; [动]不迁徙的（鸟兽等）; 固有的，内在的
n. 居民; （旅馆的）住宿者; 住院医师
分布：居民(90%)，住院医生(6%)，居住的(3%)，住客(1%)
→来自 reside,居住，定居。
居民(inhabit居住)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.居民,常住者a.居住的She is resident at his house.她住在他家里.
noun countable
HOME 住户
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who lives or has their home in a place 居民；住户
• a resident of the UK/Australia 英国／澳大利亚居民
• The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces. 当地居民对停车位短缺一事非常恼火。
• The hotel bar was only open to residents (= to people staying at the hotel). 这家旅馆的酒吧只对其住客开放。
['rez.ɪ.dənt] noun countable
MEDICAL 医疗的 US a doctor who is still training, and who works in a hospital （美国的）高级专科住院实习医生
• She's a first-year resident in oncology at Boston General Hospital. 她现在波士顿综合医院肿瘤科做高级专科住院实习医生，正处在第一年实习期。
⇒ See also houseman
['rez.ɪ.dənt] adjective
■living or staying in a place 居住的；定居的；居留的
• She's resident abroad/ in Moscow. 她现居住在国外／莫斯科。
[before noun]
■describes someone who has a special skill or quality in a group or organization （有特殊技能或品质者）常驻的
• She is the university's resident expert on Italian literature. 她是这所大学义大利文学方面的常驻专家。
• humorous Tony is the company's resident clown. 托尼是公司里的专职小丑。
citizen, native, civilian, resident, inhabitant
这组词都有“居民，公民”的意思，其区别是：
citizen: 指拥有某国国籍或有某地区合法身份的人，即公民。
native: 指土生土长的本地居民。
civilian: 指相对于军人或官员的平民百姓。
resident: 多指长期居住或暂时居住的民民，有时也指旅居者。
inhabitant: 最普通用词，一般指常住居民。
adj. 居住的；住院医师；定居的
 - stationary
n. 居民
 - liver, dweller, inhabitant

Word: joint
Front: joint
[dʒɔɪnt] (研四六 2218/1489 -K4)
Vocabulary: joint
(once / 158 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3n 4n
Whether it’s the bones making up a skeleton or the wooden sections on your breakfast table, the point where two things come together is called a joint.
The noun joint came into English through the French word joindre, meaning “to join.” Use joint to describe the point where two things connect, or join. A joint on your body allows for movement — you can look at your finger to see how that works. As an adjective, joint means "combined," like a joint gift to someone that was purchased with money combined from two or more people.
WORD FAMILY
joint: disjoint, jointed, jointedly, jointer, jointing, jointly, joints+/disjoint: disjointed, disjointing, disjointly, disjoints/ disjointed: disjointedly, disjointedness/ jointed: unjointed/jointer: jointers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Patients are generally asked to rest, drink plenty of fluids and take medication to bring down fever and reduce joint pains.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Naga, which will control the joint venture, said the platform would be launched between April and June next year.
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
Difficulties in breathing, stomach aches and joint pains are common.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 共同的，联合的; 共享的; 两院的; 连带的，共同的
n. [解]关节; 接合处; 下流场所; 一块烤肉（英式英语）
vt. 结合，联合; 为…装上接头，使…有接缝
时态：jointed, jointing, joints
分布：关节(54%)，接头(13%)，连接(12%)，共同的(5%)，联合的(4%)，接缝(4%)，接合处(3%)，贴合(2%)，连带的(1%)，合资的(1%)，夜总会(1%)
→来自join的过去分词。
关节;连接[junct,join=join,表示"结合,连接"]
n.接合处,接头;关节a.联合的,共同的,连接的I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
【记】join作为词根是结合的意思
adjective
 IMPROVER
■belonging to or shared between two or more people 共有的，共用的；共同的
• a joint bank account 共有的银行户头
• The project was a joint effort/venture between the two schools (= they worked on it together). 这个项目是两所学校共同合作的。
• The two Russian ice-skaters came joint second (= They were both given second prize) in the world championship. 两名俄罗斯溜冰运动员在世界锦标赛中并列第二。
• In court, the parents were awarded joint custody of their son (= the right to care for him was shared between them). 法庭上这对父母获判对他们的儿子共同拥有监护权。
• UK Adrian has a joint honours (Australiandouble honours)degree in English and philosophy (= He studied both subjects to the same standard). 阿德里安拥有英语和哲学的双荣誉学位。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
BODY 身体
■a place in your body where two bones are connected 关节
• an elbow/hip/knee joint 肘／髋／膝关节
• As you become older, your joints get stiffer. 随着年龄增长，关节就会越发僵硬。
put sth out of joint
■to force a joint in the body out of its correct position by accident 使脱臼
• I put my shoulder out of joint last weekend lifting heavy boxes. 我上周末搬重箱子时肩膀脱臼了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
CONNECTION 连接
■a place where two things are fixed together 接头；接缝；结合处
• Damp has penetrated the joints in the wood panelling. 湿气已渗透到木板饰面的接缝处。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
MEAT 肉
■a large piece of meat which is cooked in one piece 一大块烤肉
• a joint of beef/pork 一大块烤牛肉／烤猪肉
■a piece of meat for cooking, usually containing a bone 带骨的大块肉
• Fry four chicken joints in a pan with some mushrooms and garlic. 用平底锅将四大块带骨鸡肉与蘑菇和大蒜一起煎。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
PLACE 地方 informal
■a bar or restaurant which serves cheap food and drink （卖廉价饮食的）酒吧（或餐馆）
• We had lunch at a hamburger joint and then went to see a movie. 我们在一家汉堡包店吃了午餐，然后去看电影。
■slang
■a place where people go for entertainment and which often has a bad reputation 不良场所（尤指声誉不佳的娱乐场所）
• He owned several bars in the city and ran an illegal gambling joint. 他在市内拥有好几家酒吧，还经营着一个非法赌场。
• We arrived at the club just before midnight and the joint was already jumping (= busy). 我们在将近午夜时到达俱乐部，那里已经人声鼎沸了。
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
DRUG 毒品 slang
■a cigarette containing the drug cannabis 大麻烟卷
[dʒɔɪnt] noun countable
put sth out of joint
■to prevent a plan from working correctly 使混乱；使无秩序
• Our whole schedule was put out of joint by the designs arriving a week late. 设计图晚了一周才送来，我们整个计划都被打乱了。
[dʒɔɪnt] verb transitive
■to cut meat into large pieces ready for cooking 把（肉）切成大块（供烹调用）
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
n. [解剖] 关节； [建] 接缝；接合处，接合点；（牛，羊等的腿）大块肉
 - seam, junction
adj. 共同的；连接的；联合的，合办的
 - mutual, corporate, common, linked, connected
vt. 连接，贴合； [建] 接合；使有接头
 - cement, piece, couple

Word: employment
Front: employment
[ɪmˈplɔɪmənt] (研四六雅 2534/933 -K3)
Vocabulary: employment
(once / 130 pages)
1n 2n
Employment is your occupation or the fact that you have a job. If you are looking for employment, you might start by attending a job fair — if you make a good impression, you might get hired immediately.
If you have employment, it means you have a job. You can also use the noun employment to talk about exactly what that job involves, like your employment in the entertainment industry or in the carnival business. Employment also refers to the act of giving someone a job. The Latin root is the word implicare, meaning "enfold, involve, or be connected with."
WORD FAMILY
employment: employments, unemployment +/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employer: employers/ unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Her appointment sparked controversy due to her previous employment links to China’s military.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Walker says he wants to tie funding to performance, such as enrollment, students in high-demand areas, graduation rates and graduates gaining employment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 雇用; 使用; 职业; 有益的活动
分布：职业(55%)，雇用(28%)，使用(17%)
雇佣,就业(employ+ment)[ploy=use,invlve,表示"用,参与"]
n.雇用;使用;工作,职业He left his home to look for employment.他离家去找职业.
noun uncountable
PROVIDE JOB 就业
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone is paid to work for a company or organization 受雇；就业
• Employment levels are unlikely to rise significantly before the end of next year. 在明年年底之前就业率很难有大幅度提升。
• How long have you been looking for employment? 你找工作已经找了多久时间了？
be in employment
 ESSENTIAL formal
■to have a job 有工作，在职
• Are you in employment at the moment? 你现在有工作吗？
[ɪm'plɔɪ.mənt] noun uncountable
USE 利用 formal
■use 使用；利用
• How can you justify the employment of capital punishment? 你如何证明实行死刑是正当的？
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 使用；职业； [劳经] 雇用
 - usage, utilization, profession, career, use, pursuit

Word: era
Front: era
[ˈɪərə] (研四六托 1884/3312 -3)
Vocabulary: era
(once / 508 pages)
n
An era is a period of time distinguished by a particular character. “It was the Eisenhower era, when people were more willing to serve in the military.”
Era has a couple of great things about it. First, it is used whenever you talk about dinosaurs to describe the various geologic time periods, for instance the Paleozoic Era, or the Jurassic Era. Second, it is a word beloved of crossword puzzle editors, so if you’re looking for a three-letter word for an age, look no further. Third, it sometimes confuses people who are talking about the ERA, or the Equal Rights Amendment, a vestige of the era of political feminism.
WORD FAMILY
era: eras
USAGE EXAMPLES
He organized state computer operations into a centralized office - during the early computer era - creating a model that would be used decades later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There is nothing good about the whole era,” Slusser said in a telephone interview.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In this post-fact era, I believe that scientists’ engagement with society will be more important than ever before.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 纪元，年代; 历史时期，时代; 重大事件
分布：时代(84%)，纪元(10%)，年代(6%)
→来自拉丁词aera, 铜钱，计算筹码，拉丁词aes的复数，铜，铜钱，词源同ore, estimate. 后来用来指一个新的时期的开始，纪元。参照汉语铜钱名如开元通宝，康熙通宝等。
n.时代,年代,阶段,纪元The rational operator started a new era of opera cooperation in AD 2000.理性的操作者在公元2000年开创了一个歌剧合作的新时代.
US ['ɪr.ə] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a period of time of which particular events or stages of development are typical 时代；年代
• the Clinton era 克林顿时代
• a bygone (= past) era 过去的时代
• the post-war era 战后年代
• They had worked for peace during the long era of conflict. 在漫长而冲突不断的年代里，他们努力争取和平。
• The fall of the Berlin wall marked the end of an era. 柏林围墙的倒塌标记着一个时代的结束。
times, epoch, age, era, period
这组词都有“时期、时代”的意思，其区别是：
times: 侧重某一特定时期。
epoch: 正式用词，侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期。
age: 常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期。
era: 书面语用词，指历史上的纪元、年代，可与epoch和age互换，侧重时期的延续性和整个历程。
period: 最普通用词，概念广泛，时间长短不限，既可指任何一个历史时期，又可指个人或自然界的一个发展阶段。
n. 时代；年代； [天] 纪元
 - years, age, time, date

Word: hotel
Front: hotel
[həʊˈtel] (中高雅 1002/731 -K4)
Vocabulary: hotel
(once / 78 pages)
n
When you're on vacation, one place you can stay for a nightly fee is a hotel. Most hotels provide accommodations for sleeping, with minibars, pools, and ice machines to keep you entertained.
While in Australia and New Zealand a hotel can also be a bar or a pub, most English-speakers recognize this word as the equivalent of an inn. Simple hotels give you a bed to sleep in and a bathroom to use, while fancier hotels might have beautiful furnishings, separate sitting rooms, swimming pools, and cafes. In the 1760s, hotel was defined as "an inn of the better sort."
WORD FAMILY
hotel: hotelier, hotels+/hotelier: hoteliers
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Clients, the start-up companies say, range from intelligence agencies to hotels.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旅馆，宾馆，酒店，饭店
vt. 使…在饭店下榻
vi. 进行旅馆式办公
分布：旅馆(52%)，饭店(21%)，酒店(20%)，宾馆(7%)
→来自法语hotel,来自古法语hostel,旅店，客店。字母s脱落。
旅馆(客人住的地方)[hospit,host=guest,表示"客人"]
n.旅馆In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US [hoʊ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building where you pay to have a room to sleep in, and where you can eat meals 宾馆；酒店；饭店
• a 4-star hotel 四星级酒店 ／饭店
• the Clarendon Hotel 克拉伦登饭店
• We stayed in/at a hotel on the seafront. 我们住在一家滨海饭店。
• hotel guests 饭店的客人
Compare hostel
motel, inn, hotel
这组词都有“旅馆，客店”的意思，其区别是：
motel: 系motor hotel的混合缩写词，指美国开设于公路旁，专供驾驶汽车的旅客往宿和有停车场的旅店。
inn: 多指开设于乡间、路边，设备简陋的小旅店。
hotel: 指开设于城镇，有一定设备，可提供食宿的旅馆。
n. 旅馆， [经] 饭店；客栈
 - restaurant, inn

Word: fashion
Front: fashion
[ˈfæʃn] (研四六托雅 1922/1852 -K4)
Vocabulary: fashion
(once / 63 pages)
1n 2n 3v 4n
The word fashion has to do with customs and trends. Popular clothes are in fashion. And someone who keeps up with the latest styles is a follower of fashion.
The most common use of fashion is to describe the hippest, trendiest clothes and music — we say popular things are in fashion. But this word can also refer to a way something is done, as in "We train dogs in a certain fashion." To fashion something means to built it, as in "We fashioned a shelter out of rocks and mud." But that kind of fashioning probably isn't in fashion these days.
WORD FAMILY
fashion: fashionable, fashioned, fashioning, fashions, refashion+/ fashionable: fashionably, unfashionable/fashioned: fashionedest, fashionedly/fashioning: fashionings/refashion: refashioned, refashioning, refashions/unfashionable: unfashionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
One cherished heirloom in her studio is a mahogany desk that her grandfather fashioned in the 1950s.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And while the win can’t be discredited, the fashion in which it happened failed to provide much confidence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Pop music and fashion never met cuter than in George Michael’s “Freedom! ’90” video.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 时尚，时装; 时装领域，时尚界; 方式，方法
vt. 制作，塑造; 使适应
时态：fashioned, fashioning, fashions
分布：时尚(80%)，样子(8%)，形成(5%)，风格(5%)，塑造(2%)
→来自法语，来自词根fac, 做，词源同face, fact. 即做，准备，形象，外表。后来该词用来指时尚，潮流。
时髦,风气(fash[=fac做]+ion→做出的东西→时髦)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.流行式样(或货品),风尚,风气;样子,方式This kind of dress is now in fashion.这种衣服现在很时髦.
noun
POPULAR STYLE 时兴式样
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc （尤指服装、发型、妆容的）流行款式，时兴式样
• Long hair is back in fashion for men. 男士又流行留长发了。
• Fur coats have gone out of fashion. 皮草大衣已经过时了。
• a programme with features on pop music, sport and fashion 以流行音乐、运动和时装为主题的节目
• She always wears the latest fashions. 她总是穿着最新款式的服装。
• There was a fashion for keeping reptiles as pets. 有一阵子曾流行过养爬虫当宠物。
follow (a) fashion
■to do what is popular at the time 赶时髦，追随潮流
like it's going out of fashion informal
■If you use something like it's going out of fashion, you use large amounts of it very quickly 大量快速地（使用）
• Emma spends money like it's going out of fashion. 艾玛挥霍无度。
['fæʃ.ən] noun
MANNER 方式
only singular
■a way of doing things 方式
• The rebel army behaved in a brutal fashion. 叛军行事残忍。
after a fashion
■If you can do something after a fashion, you can do it, but not well 还过得去，还算可以
• I can cook, after a fashion. 我会做饭，但做得不好。
['fæʃ.ən] verb transitive formal
■to make something using your hands 手工制作
• He fashioned a hat for himself from/out of newspaper. 他用报纸给自己做了一顶帽子。
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
fashion, style
这组词都有“流行，样式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 侧重指衣着、生活、行为和思想等的风尚，多含一时或一地流行的意味。
style: 与fashion意义相当，可换用，但现代用以强调高雅。
n. 时尚； [服装] 时装；样式；时髦人物
 - mode, style, type
vt. 使用；改变；做成…的形状
 - make use of, employ, influence, exercise, shift

Word: daily
Front: daily
[ˈdeɪli] (中高研四雅 1483/1702 -K4)
Vocabulary: daily
(once / 72 pages)
adjadvn
Something that's described as daily happens every day. We hope your daily habits include brushing your teeth and learning new vocabulary words on Vocabulary.com.
Daily TV programs play at the same time each day, and your daily chores might include feeding the cat and loading the dishwasher. The word is also an adverb with the same basic meaning: "You'll have to visit the shelter daily to see if they get any kittens." Something is also daily if it's so normal that it's become routine, and a newspaper that's printed and read every day is called a daily as well.
WORD FAMILY
daily: dailies+/ day: daily, days, midday /days: dayses/ midday: middays
USAGE EXAMPLES
Indeed, that is the question from a daily national pollster.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每日的，日常的; 一日的; 每日一次的; 每个工作日的
n. 日报; （不寄宿的）仆人，白天做家务的女佣
adv. 每日; 逐日; 每周日; 日复一日地
分布：每日(51%)，日报(23%)，日常的(10%)，天天(9%)，每日的(7%)
→来自day的形容词。
a.每日的ad.每日,天天n.日报Details about the tailor's tail are available from the prevailing dailies.有关我缝在尾巴的细节可从流行的日报上得到.
adverb adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening on or relating to every day 每天（的），天天（的）
• Take the tablets twice daily. 药片日服两次。
• Exercise has become part of my daily routine. 锻炼已经成为我日常生活的一部分。
• We back up our computer files at work on a daily basis. 我们每天工作时都要把电脑文件进行备份。
• She's looking forward to retiring and ending the daily grind (= hard, boring work or duty) of working in an office. 她正盼着早日退休，不用再天天在办公室里受煎熬。
['deɪ.li] noun countable UK old-fashioned informal
■a person who is employed to clean someone else's home （受雇为别人打扫家居的）清洁工，佣人
everyday, daily
这组词都有“每天的，日常的”的意思，其区别是：
everyday: 一般日常用词，指日常发生的、无须特别关心的。
daily: 普通用词，特指每天发生一次的，也可指按日计的。
adj. 日常的；每日的
 - everyday, household, routine
n. 日报；朝来夜去的女佣
 - journal
adv. 日常地；每日；天天
 - habitually, diurnally

Word: switch
Front: switch
[swɪtʃ] (高研四六托雅 2604/1952 -K3)
Vocabulary: switch
(once / 358 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4n
If you and your friend are seated separately on an airplane, you can always ask a stranger if they will switch seats with you. To switch is to change or exchange.
Switch can be a noun or verb, and in most cases it has the meaning of change. You can switch classes, political parties, or the radio station. Sometimes if you switch something with someone, they take yours and you take theirs — as in an exchange or trade. However, there is one unrelated and frightening meaning for the word. In the olden days, a form of punishment was to be hit with a thin, flexible, piece of wood called a switch.
WORD FAMILY
switch: switched, switcher, switches, switching+/switcher: switchers/switching: switchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While players switch roles in practice to get the experience, using Burnett in that position is a last resort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The red card switched the flow of possession.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 开关; 转换，转换器; 软鞭子; [信]接线台
vt. & vi. 转变，改变; 转换; 关闭电流; 鞭打
vt. 转换; 挥动（棍棒、鞭子等）; 迅速转动; 鞭打
vi. 交换; 调换
时态：switched, switching, switches
分布：开关(68%)，转换(12%)，交换(10%)，改变(7%)，鞭子(2%)，鞭打(1%)
→最终来自 swei,弯，转，摆动，词源同 swing,swivel.引申诸相关词义。
n.开关;转换;鞭子v.转变,转换;抽打The pitch made me itch. I pitched the switch into the ditch around the kitchen.沥青使我发痒.我把开关抛进围绕厨房的水沟里.
noun
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER countable
■a small device, usually pushed up or down with your finger, that controls and turns on or off an electric current 开关
• a light switch 电灯开关
• Can you flip the switch? 你能打开那个开关吗？
switches [plural] US for
■ points (RAILWAY) 改变
[swɪtʃ] noun
CHANGE 改变
countable
■a sudden or complete change, especially of one person or thing for another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER
■to use a switch to change a device from one state or type of operation to another （用开关）打开，关闭，转换
• switch the TV off/on 关／开电视
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER
■to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another （尤指由此至彼地）突然改变，彻底改变；调换；转换
• She started studying English at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year. 她刚上大学时是学英语，但二年级的时候改学商了。
• In 1971, Britain switched over (= changed completely) to a decimal currency. 1971年，英国改用十进制货币。
• After the bank robbery, the gang switched cars (= left one car and got into another). 抢劫银行后，劫匪马上换了车。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch off informal
 ADVANCED
■to stop giving your attention to someone or something 不再关注，不再理睬
• If he gets bored, he just switches off and looks out the window. 他觉得无聊时，就心不在焉地朝窗外看。
[swɪtʃ] verb transitive intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  switch sth on usually disapproving
■If someone switches on a particular emotion or behaviour, they suddenly start to feel or behave in that way, but usually not sincerely （通常不是发自内心地）突然变得，突然装出
• When a customer walks in, she switches on the charm. 一有顾客走进来，她就马上装出亲切可人的样子。

Word: map
Front: map
[mæp] (中高托雅 1542/1681 -K3)
Vocabulary: map
(once / 151 pages)
nv
A map is a diagram of a place, showing roads and highways and natural features like lakes, rivers, and mountains. When your dad stops the car, sighs, and pulls out his map, you are probably lost.
As more and more people rely on electronic devices to get directions, the art of reading a map is becoming lost. A map can illustrate roads, stars in the galaxy, or even the genes in a human chromosome. When you map something, you sketch it or plan the route or steps you will take, like mapping out your future. A Latin root of map is mappa, or "napkin," as in something you'd sketch a map on.
WORD FAMILY
map: mapped, mapper, mapping, maps+/mapped: unmapped/mapper: mappers/mapping: mappings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Virginia map changes started with a lawsuit filed by Democratic lawyer Marc E. Elias in 2013.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There’s no road map to follow, no handbook to read.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
According to the annual Map of Violence, in 2015 a woman was killed every two hours in Brazil.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地图，天体图; 类似地图的事物; 〈美俚〉脸，面孔; （染色体上基因排列的）遗传图
vt. 绘制（一地区等的）地图; 勘查; 详细规划; [遗传学]比对
时态：mapped, mapping, maps
分布：地图(96%)，计划(2%)，绘制地图(2%)
→缩写自拉丁语mappa mundi,世界地图，来自mappa,桌布，布料，词源同mop,napkin,apron.因早期地图绘制于布上而得名。mundi,世界的，词源同mundane.
n.地图,图vt.在地图上标示出,绘制地图In the library there is a map of the world.图书馆里有一张世界地图.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a drawing of the Earth's surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position of different countries, political borders, natural features such as rivers and mountains, and artificial features such as roads and buildings 地图
• a map of the world 世界地图
• a map of Paris 巴黎地图
• a road map 公路图
• We need a large-scale map showing all the footpaths that we can walk along. 我们需要一张大比例尺地图，上面要标出所有能走的小路。
• I'm hopeless at map reading (= understanding maps). 我一点也看不懂地图。
■a drawing that gives you a particular type of information about a particular area 图（提供某区域特定资讯的图）
• He bought a map showing the population distribution of Scotland. 他买了一张苏格兰人口分布图。
■something which shows the position of stars in the sky or the features on the surface of planets （标明恒星位置或行星表面特征的）天体图
• a celestial map 天体图
• a map of Mars 火星地形图
■a very simple plan which shows a direction of travel between one place and another 示意图
• I'll draw you a quick map if you're worried about finding the hotel. 如果你担心找不到那家饭店，我就给你画张简单的示意图。
[mæp] noun countable
blow/bomb/wipe, etc. sth off the map
■to destroy a place or thing completely, especially with bombs （尤指用炸弹）彻底毁掉，完全摧毁
• A nuclear bomb could wipe the whole country off the map. 一枚核弹就可以毁掉整个国家。
[mæp] noun countable
put sth/sb on the map
■to make a thing, person or place famous 使…出名
• The governor has managed to put this sleepy southern state in America on the map. 州长终于使美国南部这个死气沉沉的州变得闻名遐迩了。
[mæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
■to represent an area of land in the form of a map 绘制…的地图；在地图上标示出
• Parts of the mountainous region in the north of the country have still not been mapped. 人们还未为这个国家北部的部分山区绘制地图。
[mæp] verb transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] map sth out
■to plan something in detail 详细安排；筹划
• The government has issued a new document mapping out its policies on education. 政府发表了一份新档，详细阐述了其教育政策。
• His future is all mapped out ahead of him. 他的未来全部都事先筹划好了。
graph, map, chart
这组词都有“地图、图”的意思，其区别是：
graph: 多指用纵横坐标之间关系的曲线表示两个量之间的图表。
map: 指标有国家大小、城市、铁路、河流、山脉、海洋等的地图。
chart: 指航海地图，也指图表。
vt. 映射；计划；绘制地图；确定基因在染色体中的位置
 - schedule, propose, design, project
n. [测] 地图；示意图；染色体图
 - conventional diagram, schematic plan

Word: package
Front: package
[ˈpækɪdʒ] (中高研四六托雅 1685/1336 -K4)
Vocabulary: package
(once / 286 pages)
1nv 2n
A package is a wrapped bundle or a container of something. If you order new socks online, they'll be delivered to your door in a package a few days later.
A package might be wrapped in colorful wrapping paper, or it may simply be a container that holds an item or a collection of them, like a package of peppermints. To package is to enclose something in a box or other container: "You should package your brownies and sell them at the farmer's market!" Package stems either from the noun pack, or possibly from the Dutch pakkage, or "baggage."
WORD FAMILY
package: packaged, packages, packaging +/ pack: packable, package, packed, packer, packing, packs, unpack /packaged: prepackaged, unpackaged/ packaging: packagings/packed: prepacked/packer: packers/packing: packings/ unpack: unpacked, unpacking, unpacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are part of a package of proposals following last month’s attack on a Berlin Christmas market.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In the end, the whole package is engagingly chipper, a memoir of delight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 包装; 把…装箱; 向…提出一揽子计划
n. 包裹; 包装袋; 包装盒; 一组建议
时态：packaged, packaging, packages
分布：包裹(97%)，把 ... 进行推销(1%)，把 ... 打包(1%)，整批交易(1%)
→pack,打包，包裹，-age,名词后缀。
n.包装,包裹,箱,包装费,标准部件,成套设备Large packages cost more postage.大的包裹邮费贵些.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a parcel 包裹
• The postman has just delivered a package for you. 邮差刚刚送来一个包裹给你。
• The package was wrapped in plain brown paper. 包裹用普通的牛皮纸包着。
 IMPROVER US for * packet
• a package of cookies 一小包饼干
 ADVANCED
■a related group of things when they are offered together as a single unit 一（整）套
• The computer comes with a software package. 电脑附带一套套装软体。
• The aid package for the earthquake-hit area will include emergency food and medical supplies. 地震灾区的救援物品将包括应急食品和医疗用品。
['pæk.ɪdʒ] noun countable
Good things come in small packages. saying
■said to emphasize that something does not need to be big in order to be good 浓缩的都是精品；好东西不在个头大
['pæk.ɪdʒ] verb transitive
■to put goods into boxes or containers to be sold 把…打包（或装箱）
• These organic olives are packaged in recycled glass containers. 这些有机橄榄装在再生玻璃罐内。
■to show someone or something in an attractive way so that people will like or buy them 对…进行包装；修饰…的外表
• As a young film star, she was packaged as a sex symbol. 作为年轻的电影明星，她被包装成一个性感偶像。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [计] [通信] 包， [邮] 包裹；套装软件，程序包
 - envelopment, fardel
vt. 打包；将…包装
 - parcel

Word: rare
Front: rare
[reə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1872/1831 -K3)
Vocabulary: rare
(once / 68 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
If an event is rare, it doesn't happen often. If an object is rare, there aren't many of its kind. Obviously, finding a rare gem is a rare occasion.
Rare comes from the Latin word rarus, meaning “widely spaced,” as rare things are — whether in actual space or in time. You thought it was rare to meet someone you have so much in common with, until he fainted looking at the rare steak you ordered. The rare that describes prepared meat actually has a separate origin: it comes from the long-gone word rear, meaning “half-cooked.”
WORD FAMILY
rare: rarely, rareness, rarer, rarest, rarity+/rarity: rarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
The Red Raiders flummoxed the Cyclones on their home floor, a rare sight at Hilton Coliseum, and jumped ahead by as many as 14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first Creek episode, a mother and her children mysteriously dying was lazily put-to-bed with a last-minute mention of a rare blood disease.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 罕见的，特殊的; 优秀的，不寻常的; 稀薄的，经过稀化的
级别：rarer, rarest
分布：罕见的(84%)，珍贵的(11%)，煎得嫩的(5%)
→来自拉丁语 rarus,稀疏的，薄的，松散的，来自 ere,分开，网，词源同 retina,reticulate. 引申词义罕有的，罕见的。
a.稀有的,难得的,珍奇的;稀薄的,稀疏的I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US [rer] adjective
NOT COMMON 不常见的
 ESSENTIAL
■not common; very unusual 稀少的；罕见的；不常发生的
• a rare disease/species 罕见疾病／稀有物种
• The museum is full of rare and precious treasures. 这所博物馆里收藏的满是奇珍异宝。
• a rare occasion/opportunity/visit/treat, etc. 难得的时机／机会／探访／款待等
• [+ to infinitive] It 's very rare to find these birds in England in winter. 在英国，冬天很少能看到这种鸟。
• It's very rare to find someone who combines such qualities. 同时具有这些素质的人非常罕见。
UK [reər] US [rer] adjective
COOKED 煮熟的
■(of meat) not cooked for very long; still red （肉）煮得半熟的，煎得嫩的
• I'd like my steak rare, please. 请把我的牛排煎嫩些。
Compare medium
UK [reər] US [rer] adjective
LESS OXYGEN 空气稀薄
■describes the atmosphere or air at the top of a mountain which contains less oxygen, making it harder to breathe （山顶空气）稀薄的
⇒ See also rarefied
UK [reər] US [rer] adjective
have a rare old time mainly UK old-fashioned
■to enjoy yourself very much 极其开心；非常惬意
• We went on a tour of the city's bars and had a rare old time. 我们在城中逛了一间又一间酒吧，喝得痛快极了。
UK old-fashioned
■to have difficulty 困难重重；非常艰难
• We had a rare old time trying to get tickets. 我们购票费了九牛二虎之力。
UK [reər] US [rer] adjective
rare bird
■an unusual person 奇人；不寻常的人；罕见的人
• He's that rare bird, a barman who doesn't drink alcohol. 他是那种奇人，一个滴酒不沾的酒吧调酒员。
rare, scarce
rare: 形容长期缺少从而珍贵的东西。
scarce: 形容暂时缺乏从而不足的
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
uncommon, rare, scare, occasional
这组词都有“稀罕的，很少发生”的意思，其区别是：
uncommon: 指一般不发生或很少发生的事情，故显得独特、异常与例外。
rare: 指难得发生的事或难遇见的人或事，侧重特殊性。
scare: 指暂时不易发现、不存在或数量不足，供不应求的东西。
occasional: 指偶然、不时或间或发生的事，侧重无规律可循。
adj. 稀有的；半熟的；稀薄的
 - thin, subtle
adv. 非常；极其
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too
vi. 用后腿站起；渴望
 - aspire, long for

Word: blue
Front: blue
[blu:] (高宝 842/1083 -K5)
Vocabulary: blue
(once / 43 pages)
1adjnv 2nadj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj 7n 8n 9n
Among other things, blue is a color and a dreary mood. If the blue sky and ocean have turned gray and stormy, you might be blue because your day at the beach is ruined.
Whether it's a primary color or a saddened mood, blue is used often as an adjective for people and things. Blue is a mix of green and purple shades, and it's the favorite color of many. The color blue might bring thoughts of first-place blue ribbons or police officers in blue uniforms, and it colors many flags of the world. Blue is everywhere, but there isn't a lot of blue food unless it's colored with dye. Even blueberries are mostly purple.
WORD FAMILY
blue: blued, blueing, blueish, bluely, blueness, bluer, blues, bluest, bluing, bluish+/bluish: bluishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Really out of the blue, Heinz tells Nathalie he has become involved with another woman and is leaving their home to move in with her.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
ELKHORN, Wis. — The basement room was cleared of pens with blue or black ink, items that could mar paper ballots.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But at the end of the sessions we said, ‘We made a blues album!’
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 蓝色; [复数]（美国海、陆、空三军穿的）蓝色制服; 蓝颜料; [the blue(s)][用作单数或复数]布鲁斯（歌曲）（一种伤感的美国黑人民歌）
adj. 蓝色的; 沮丧的，忧郁的; 下流的
vt. 把…染成蓝色; 使成蓝色; 给…用上蓝剂; 用上蓝剂于
vi. 变成蓝色，呈蓝色
时态：blued, bluing, blues
分布：蓝色(65%)，蓝色的(29%)，沮丧的(3%)，忧郁的(2%)，色情的(1%)
→来自PIE * bhel, 燃烧，发光。词源同blank, black. 在古英语里这一PIE词表示各种颜色。
a.蓝色的;青灰色的;沮丧的,阴郁的n.蓝色I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
【记】巴乔有一双忧郁的蓝眼睛
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of the colour of the sky without clouds on a bright day, or a darker or lighter type of this 天蓝色的；蓝色的，蔚蓝色的
• a faded blue shirt 褪色的蓝衬衫
• pale blue eyes 浅蓝色的眼睛
• Her hands were blue with cold (= slightly blue because of the cold). 她的手冻得发青。
[blu:] adjective
SEXUAL 性的
■showing or mentioning sexual activity in a way that offends many people 淫秽的，下流的
• a blue joke 下流的笑话，黄色笑话
• a blue movie/film 色情电影
• His humour is a bit too blue for my tastes. 他的幽默对我来说有点儿太下流了。
[blu:] adjective
SAD 悲伤的
[after verb] informal
■feeling or showing sadness 悲伤的；忧郁的；沮丧的
• He's been a bit blue since he failed his exams. 自从考试不及格后，他就一直有些闷闷不乐。
⇒ See also blues
[blu:] adjective
once in a blue moon
■not very often 少有地
• My sister lives in Alaska, so I only see her once in a blue moon. 我姐姐住在阿拉斯加，所以我很少去看她。
[blu:] adjective
scream / shout blue murder informal
■to show your anger about something, especially by shouting or complaining very loudly 大声抗议；大声诉苦
• He'll scream blue murder if he doesn't get his way. 如果不能如愿，他就会大声抗议。
[blu:] adjective
until you are blue in the face
■If you say or shout something until you are blue in the face, you are wasting your efforts because you will get no results 任凭你磨破嘴皮
• You can tell her to tidy her room until you are blue in the face, but she won't do it. 任凭你磨破嘴皮叫她打扫自己的房间，她也不会去做的。
[blu:] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a blue colour 蓝色
[blu:] noun
SPORTS 体育
countable UK
■a person who has played a sport for Oxford University against Cambridge University or for Cambridge University against Oxford University, or the title given to them for this 牛津（或剑桥）大学校队运动员（头衔）
[blu:] noun
out of the blue ADVANCED
■If something happens out of the blue, it is completely unexpected 出乎意料地，突然
• One day, out of the blue, she announced that she was leaving. 有一天，她突然宣布要走。
melancholy, unhappy, blue, sad, sorrowful, gloomy
这组词都有“忧伤的，悲哀的，伤感的”的意思，其区别是：
melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。
unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。
blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。
sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。
sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。
gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。
adj. [光] 蓝色的；忧郁的，沮丧的；下流的
 - dark, disappointed, dirty, depressed
n. [光] 蓝色
 - azur, blau

Word: predecessor
Front: predecessor
[ˈpri:dɪsesə(r)] (研六托雅宝 5256/4183 -2)
Vocabulary: predecessor
(once / 401 pages)
n
A predecessor is something that came before the current version. The person you replaced at work is your predecessor, just like Pac Man is the predecessor of modern video games.
If you break the word predecessor down to its Latin roots, you get pre, meaning "beforehand," and decessor, which means "retiring officer." So that's how we get to our definition of "someone who has held an office or position before the present holder." But predecessors aren't just found in the business world: these days predecessors include our ancestors, earlier car models, and all kinds of other forerunners.
WORD FAMILY
predecessor: predecessors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Constellation, as it was called, was designed for America’s space goals under Obama’s predecessor, former President George W. Bush.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adaptable, consensual, affable, intellectual, Guterres is perhaps better qualified than any of his nine predecessors for the world’s most demanding job.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 前任，前辈; 原有事物，前身; <古>祖先
分布：前任(93%)，祖先(4%)，原有事物(3%)
→pre-,在前，早于，de-,从，离开，-cess,走，词源同access.即先行者，前任。
n.前辈,前任Our new doctor is much younger than his predecessor.我们的新医生比他的前任年轻多了.
【记】pre前，de，cess走，or人：在前面走的人－前辈
US ['pred.ə.ses.ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone who had a job or a position before someone else, or something which comes before another thing in time or in a series 前任，前辈；原有事物，前身
• My predecessor worked in this job for twelve years. 我的前任做这份工作做了12年。
• The latest Ferrari is not only faster than its predecessors but also more comfortable. 最新款的法拉利赛车不仅比旧款的更快，而且更舒适。
n. 前任，前辈
 - father, grand old man

Word: door
Front: door
[dɔ:(r)] (中高 343/300 -K5)
Vocabulary: door
(once / 17 pages)
n
A door is a moving structure that when closed acts as a barrier to a room, house, building, or car. You'll have to open the door to let your dog come inside.
Buildings have doors, and so do most vehicles. You might also have a special little door built into your own back door for your cat. Doors act as security, as they can be closed and locked, and also as ventilation when you open the door to let the spring air in. Being "out of doors" means you're outside, beyond all the doors of your house or building.
WORD FAMILY
door: doors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The concerns Stewart felt in the morning at the school’s front door linger through the day .
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture crawl I would, at breakneck pace, through an only-in-Manhattan New Year’s Eve, to show last year the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It's not just as simple as asking the banks to open their doors,” Vita said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 门，户; 出入口; 一家[户]; 通道
分布：门(89%)，门口(10%)，途径(1%)
→来自dhwer, 门，词源同forest, forum.
n.门;门口,出入口;门状物;家;通道Who lives next door to you?谁住在你的隔壁?
US [dɔ:r] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat object, often fixed at one edge, that is used to close the entrance of something such as a room or building, or the entrance itself 门
• the front door 前门
• the back door 后门
• a car door 车门
• a sliding door 拉门
• The door to his bedroom was locked. 他卧室的门上了锁。
• We could hear someone knocking at/on the door. 我们能听到有人在敲门。
• Could you open/close/shut the door, please? 请把门打开／关上好吗？
• She asked me to answer the door (= go and open the door because someone had just knocked on it or rung the bell). 她让我去开门。
be on the door
■to work at the entrance of a building, collecting tickets or preventing particular people from entering 守门，看门
■used to refer to a house or other building 房子，建筑物
• Sam only lives a few doors (away/up/down) from us. 山姆就住在与我们相隔几户（远／以北／以南）的房子里。
• The people next door (to us) (= living in the house next to us) aren't very friendly. 住在（我们）隔壁房子里的人不太友好。
out of doors
■outside in the open air 户外，室外
UK [dɔ:r] US [dɔ:r] noun countable
close/shut the door on sth
■to make it impossible for something to happen, especially a plan or a solution to a problem 使（尤指计划或解决方案）成为不可能
• There are fears that this latest move might have closed the door on a peaceful solution. 人们担心这一最新动向或许已关闭了和平解决问题的大门。
UK [dɔ:r] US [dɔ:r] noun countable
open the door to sth
■to make something possible 使…可能／不可能
• These discussions may well open the door to a peaceful solution. 此番讨论或许可以完全打开和平解决问题的大门。
UK [dɔ:r] US [dɔ:r] noun countable
shut / close the stable / barn door after the horse has bolted
■to be so late in taking action to prevent something bad happening that the bad event has already happened 亡羊补牢，为时已晚
door, gate
这组词都有“门”的意思，其区别是：
door: 指建筑物的大门或房间的门，一般有墙有顶，也指车辆等的门。
gate: 指校园、公园、工厂、城市或庭院等的大门，通常有墙无顶。
n. [建] 门；家，户；门口；通道
 - home, exit, gateway, channel, route

Word: pledge
Front: pledge
[pledʒ] (研六托雅宝 5198/5695 -3)
Vocabulary: pledge
(once / 197 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
A pledge is basically very serious formal promise. You can pledge allegiance to your country, you can pledge to keep a secret, and you can pledge a sum of money to a cause.
Pledge can be used as both a noun and a verb. As a noun, it can be a solemn promise you've made. Or even the person who makes that promise, like the freshman pledges who take an oath to join a fraternity in college. As a verb, it describes the act of promising. “I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people,” vowed Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States.
WORD FAMILY
pledge: pledged, pledger, pledges, pledging+/pledged: unpledged/pledger: pledgers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But then Donald Trump began running for president, pledging to ban Muslims from entering the country and establish a registry for Muslim Americans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He also pledged to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure projects and cut everyone’s taxes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She invoked Trump’s victory speech pledging to be “president for all Americans,” not just those who voted for him.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保证，誓言; [法]抵押权; 公约; （表示友谊的）干杯
vt. & vi. 使发誓，保证; 典当，抵押
vt. 许诺; 用…担保; 以誓言约束; 向…祝酒
vi. 作出庄重有约束力的誓言; 祝愿，祝酒
时态：pledged, pledging, pledges
分布：保证(48%)，誓言(21%)，抵押(12%)，发誓(12%)，抵押品(6%)，向 ... 祝酒(1%)
→来自古法语plege,保证，来自Proto-Germanic*plego,责任，担保，来自dlegh,忙于，从事 于，责任，承诺，来自del,长的，词源同long,play,plight.引申词义请求，许诺，誓言等。
n.誓约;保证v.发誓;保证Her pledge to remain faithful was his anchor when in prison.她对他忠贞不渝的保证是他服刑期间的精神支柱.
【记】读：破烂纸－对于我们新一代不迷信的人来说，誓言只是破纸一张。
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a serious or formal promise, especially one to give money or to be a friend, or something that you give as a sign that you will keep a promise 誓言；诺言；保证
• [+ to infinitive] All the candidates have given/made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected. 所有的候选人都保证当选后不增税。
• Thousands of people made pledges (= promised to give money) to the Children in Need charity campaign. 数千人承诺捐款给救助儿童慈善运动。
• I give you this ring as a pledge of my everlasting love for you. 我把这枚戒指送给你作为我永志不渝爱的信物。
[pledʒ] noun countable
take/sign the pledge UK old-fashioned or humorous
■to make a formal promise to stop drinking alcohol 发誓戒酒
• What's this then, you're only drinking orange juice - have you signed the pledge or something? 这是怎么回事？你只喝柳橙汁——你是发过誓不再喝酒了，还是其他甚么原因？
[pledʒ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to make a serious or formal promise to give or do something 发誓；保证
• We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign. 我们正请求人们承诺支持我们的运动。
• If you join the armed forces, you have to pledge allegiance to your country. 如果从军，你必须宣誓效忠你的祖国。
• So far, £50 000 has been pledged (= people have promised to pay this amount) in response to the appeal. 到目前为止，人们已承诺捐款五万英镑以回应这项呼吁。
• [+ to infinitive] Both sides have pledged to end the fighting. 双方均已保证停战。
• I've been pledged to secrecy. 我已发誓保守秘密。
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
pledge, oath, vow
这组词都有“誓言”的意思，其区别是：
pledge: 普通用词，指保证去做或不做某事的郑重许诺。
oath: 指对上帝或神发出的庄严、正式的誓言以示自己话语的真实性。现多用于法庭上。
vow: 指庄严的许诺或誓约。
assurance, guarantee, pledge
这组词都有“保证，担保”的意思，其区别是：
assurance: 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。
guarantee: 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。
pledge: 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。
n. 保证，誓言； [经] 抵押；抵押品，典当物
 - assurance, certification, commitment, guarantee, mortgage
vt. 保证，许诺；用……抵押；举杯祝……健康
 - undertake, assure, promise

Word: abuse
Front: abuse
[əˈbju:s] (高研四六托雅宝 1540/2352 -K4)
Vocabulary: abuse
(once / 148 pages)
1nv 2nv
If you abuse someone, it means you are hurting that person, mentally, emotionally, or physically. If someone else is harming you, you are yourself suffering from abuse.
The word abuse is made up of two parts — "use," which means to employ, and ab-, a Latin prefix meaning "away" — and as a whole comes from the Latin abūsus, meaning "misuse," or "use wrongly." It began as a verb and became a noun in the mid-15th century. Abuse also refers to anything that is employed improperly or to excess, such as the abuse of alcohol or drugs.
WORD FAMILY
abuse: abused, abuser, abuses, abusing, abusive, disabuse, self-abuse+/abused: abusedly, unabused/abuser: abusers/ abusive: abusively, abusiver/ disabuse: disabused, disabuses, disabusing
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a commander in Iraq, General Mattis ordered several investigations into detainee abuse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 滥用; 恶习; 侮辱; 恶言
vt. 滥用; 虐待; 辱骂
时态：abused, abusing, abuses
分布：滥用(51%)，虐待(33%)，辱骂(13%)，恶习(3%)
→前缀ab-, 非，不好。use,使用。
滥用(ab+use用→用坏→滥用)[ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等]
滥用,谩骂(ab坏+use→不好用→滥用)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
vt.滥用;辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;虐待I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
【记】ab离开，use用－用不好，不好用－滥用，辱骂
【参】disabuse（打消……错误念头）；abusive（adj 辱骂的）
verb transitive /əˈbjuːz/
BEHAVE BADLY 坏表现
 ADVANCED
■to use or treat someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage （尤指为个人私利而）虐待，伤害，滥用，妄用
• She is continually abusing her position/authority by getting other people to do things for her. 她不断滥用职权／权力让别人替她做事。
• I never expected that he would abuse the trust I placed in him. 我从未料到他会利用我对他的信任。
• Several of the children had been sexually/physically/emotionally abused. 几个儿童受到了性虐待／肉体折磨／精神上的伤害。
verb transitive /əˈbjuːz/
SPEAK RUDELY 辱骂
■to speak to someone rudely or cruelly 辱骂，谩骂
• The crowd started abusing him after he failed to save a goal. 他没有守住球门，丢了一分，观众开始对他破口大骂。
noun]əˈbjuːs/
BAD BEHAVIOUR 坏行为
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when someone uses or treats someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to their own advantage （尤指出于个人私利的）虐待，伤害，滥用，妄用
• an abuse (= wrong use) of privilege/power/someone's kindness 滥用特权／滥用权力／利用某人的善心
• sexual/physical/mental abuse (= bad treatment) 性虐待／肉体折磨／精神上的伤害
• She claimed to have been a victim of child abuse (= the treatment of children in a bad, esp. sexual, way). 她声称自己曾是虐待儿童罪行的受害者。
• Drug and alcohol abuse (= Using these substances in a bad way) contributed to his early death. 嗜毒和酗酒导致了他的早逝。
noun]əˈbjuːs/
RUDE SPEECH 辱骂
uncountable
■rude and offensive words said to another person 辱骂，谩骂
• He had apparently experienced a lot of verbal abuse from his co-workers. 显然他经常遭到同事的辱骂。
• He hurled (a stream/torrent of) abuse at her (= He said a lot of rude and offensive things to her). 他对她（劈头盖脸）破口大骂。
• 'Idiot!' is a term of abuse (= an insulting expression). Idiot! 是一句稍带有侮辱性的话。
n. 滥用；虐待；辱骂；弊端；恶习，陋习
 - punishment, vice
vt. 滥用；虐待；辱骂
 - strain, maltreat

Word: waste
Front: waste
[weɪst] (中高研四六雅宝 1986/1624 -K4)
Vocabulary: waste
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5nadj
If waste is useless, then to waste is to fritter away. Don't waste time putting your waste paper in the waste basket, just chuck it in the recycling bin.
As a noun, waste, meaning “desolate regions” stems from the Old English westen, meaning “a desert, wilderness.” Later, it came to imply a “useless activity,” and even later than that, “refuse matter,” or “trash.” As a verb, waste “devastate, ruin,” comes from the Latin vastare, “to lay waste.” It later adopted the sense of “spend or consume uselessly.” It can also mean “to kill.” The poet E. E. Cummings said, “The most wasted of all days is one without laughter.”
WORD FAMILY
waste: wastage, wasted, wasteful, waster, wastes, wasting+/wastage: wastages/ wasteful: wastefully, wastefulness/waster: wasters/wasting: wastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wasting no time, House and Senate Republicans are poised to mark the first day of the 115th Congress with resolutions condemning the U.N.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Every year, humans generate more than a billion tons of solid waste, and that number will be closer to 4 billion by 2100.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
He wasted no time in tackling his disease with fervor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 浪费，白费，挥霍钱财; 废料，废品，废物; 荒地，荒芜; 消耗（量），损耗
vt. & vi. 徒劳; （使）损耗; （使）消瘦; 浪费
vt. 破坏; 干掉; （游戏或比赛中）大胜
adj. 废弃的， 无用的， 荒芜的
时态：wasted, wasting, wastes
分布：浪费(69%)，废物(20%)，消耗(3%)，荒地(2%)，无用的(2%)，浪费的(2%)，荒芜的(1%)，滥用(1%)
→来自拉丁语vastus,空的，荒废的，词源同vain,vast。引申词义浪费。
v.浪费a.无用的;荒芜的n.浪费;废物I tasted the paste in haste and cast it on the waste plaster.我匆忙品尝了浆糊然后将其丢在废泥灰上.
noun
BAD USE 使用不当
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc 浪费；滥用
• That meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a complete waste of time. 那次会议根本没有取得甚么成果——纯粹是浪费时间。
• She's been unemployed for two years and it's such a waste of her talents. 她已经失业两年了，这纯粹是浪费她的才华。
• My mother couldn't bear waste - she always made us eat everything on our plates. 我母亲不能容忍浪费——她总是让我们吃光自己碟子里的所有东西。
go to waste
■to not be used, eaten, etc 被浪费掉
• "Go on, finish off this tart, Paul." "Well, it seems a shame to let it go to waste." “保罗，接着吃，把这块甜果馅饼吃完。”“好吧，把它浪费了似乎有点可惜。”
[weɪst] noun
UNWANTED MATTER 无用的物质
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■unwanted matter or material of any type, often that which is left after useful substances or parts have been removed 废品，垃圾，废物，废料
• Britain produces 20 million tonnes of household waste each year. 英国每年产生2000万吨家居垃圾。
• He opposes any kind of nuclear waste being dumped at sea. 他反对将任何一种核废料倾倒入海中。
• Every day, 30 million gallons of untreated human waste (= excrement) flow from Ciudad Juarez into the Rio Grande. 每天都有3000万吨未经处理的人类粪便从华雷斯城排入格兰德河。
• Oil spills are common, as is the dumping of toxic industrial wastes. 溢油现象很常见，就像倾倒有毒工业废料一样。
• The Japanese recycle more than half of their waste paper. 日本人回收他们一半以上的废纸。
[weɪst] noun
EMPTY GROUND 荒地
waste ground
■an area of ground in or near a city which is not built on, used to grow crops, or used in any way （城市里或市郊的）荒地
• His body had been dumped in an area of waste ground just outside the city. 他的尸体被胡乱抛在城外的一片荒地。
⇒ See also wasteland
wastes [plural]
■large areas of land that are not used to grow crops and have few living animals or plants 荒原，不毛之地
• the Arctic wastes of northern Siberia 西伯利亚北部的极地荒原地区
[weɪst] noun
waste of space informal
■a person or thing that is not useful or helpful 废物，无用的人
• He's a total waste of space, that man. 那个人完全是个废物。
[weɪst] verb transitive
USE BADLY 浪费
 ESSENTIAL
■to use too much of something or use something badly when there is a limited amount of it 浪费；未好好利用
• You waste a lot of water by having a bath instead of a shower. 洗盆浴而不洗淋浴，你会浪费大量水。
• Come on, let's get started - we've wasted enough time already. 快点，我们开始吧——我们已经浪费了不少时间。
• Don't waste your money on me, love, keep it for yourself. 亲爱的，别在我身上浪费钱了，你自己留着吧。
[weɪst] verb transitive
KILL 杀死 US slang
■to kill someone 杀死，杀害，干掉
[weɪst] verb transitive
not waste words
■If someone does not waste words, they talk only about what is important using as few words as possible 惜字如金；不多费口舌
• He explained the whole system in about 30 seconds - he doesn't waste words, does he? 他只用了大约30秒来解释整个系统——真是惜字如金，对不对？
[weɪst] verb transitive
waste your breath
■If you waste your breath, you spend time and energy trying to give advice which is ignored 白费唇舌
• Honestly, you're wasting your breath - he doesn't want to hear what anyone else has got to say. 说实话，你在白费唇舌——他不想听其他任何人要说甚么。
[weɪst] verb transitive
Waste not , want not. saying
■said to advise someone not to waste anything, because they might need it in the future 勤俭节约，吃穿不缺。
[weɪst] verb transitive
wasted on sb
■If you say that something is wasted on someone, you mean that it is too clever or its quality is too high for them and they will not understand its true value 浪费在（某人）身上；用在（某人）身上就是浪费
• I'm not going to serve that good coffee to Chris and Melanie - it would be wasted on them. 我可不想把那么好的咖啡给克里斯和梅拉妮喝——那会糟蹋东西。
[weɪst] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  waste away
■to gradually get thinner and weaker, in a way that is unhealthy 逐渐消瘦；渐渐瘦弱
• You get thinner every time I see you, Sara - you're wasting away! 我每次见你，你都比以前瘦了，莎拉——你真是越来越瘦弱了！
waste, debris, rubbish, litter, garbage, junk
这组词都有“废物，垃圾”的意思，其区别是：
waste: 普通用词，概念广泛，指任何被丢弃的东西。
debris: 着重指分解、分裂或破坏后剩下的碎片，也指零散的普通废品。
rubbish: 普通用词，指任何成堆的、破损的、用过的或无用的东西，尤指弃掉的垃圾堆。也可作引申用。
litter: 是四下乱丢物品的总称，尤指散落于地，有碍观瞻的废物。
garbage: 主要指有机废料，包括厨房的剩菜剩饭或不能再用的食物。也可作引申用。
junk: 指回收的旧汽车或大型机器，也指毫无实用价值，或破烂物体，但不指垃圾。
n. 浪费；废物；荒地；损耗；地面风化物
 - refuse, garbage, dissipation, wear
vt. 浪费；消耗；使荒芜
 - lose, spend, consume
vi. 浪费；变消瘦；挥霍钱财
 - trifle away, fiddle away
adj. 废弃的；多余的；荒芜的
 - spare, unnecessary, redundant

Word: nobody
Front: nobody
[ˈnəʊbədi] (中高 1151/1529 -K4)
Vocabulary: nobody
(once / 89 pages)
n
Use the word nobody to mean "no one," or for someone who's completely unimportant or insignificant. It's not nice to call someone a nobody; everyone wants to be a somebody.
If nobody is at home, you can ring the doorbell for an hour and get no response, and if nobody in your family likes pizza, there's no reason to order it for dinner. Since nobody means "no person," it's come to also have the meaning "insignificant person." It's hard not to feel like a nobody when your sister becomes famous after starring in a popular movie.
WORD FAMILY
nobody: nobodies
USAGE EXAMPLES
OVERREACTION: The Falcons are the team nobody wants to play in the playoffs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Unfortunately, he was greeted at the emergency room doors by a priest, Grogan said, because nobody believed she would be survive.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How am I mean a guy if I’m telling the truth? Because nobody wants to hear the truth.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: pron. 没有人，无人
n. 小人物，无足轻重的人
分布：没有人(95%)，小人物(3%)，无足轻重的人(2%)
→比喻用法。
pron.谁也不,无人n.小人物No, nobody's body is noble, nor is his.不,没有任何人的躯体是高贵的,他的也不是.
US ['noʊ.bɑ:.di] pronoun (also no one)
 ESSENTIAL
■not anyone 没有人，无人
• Is there nobody here who can answer my question? 这儿没有人能够回答我的问题吗？
• I saw nobody all morning. 我整个早上一个人影也没见到。
• Nobody agreed with me. 没人同意我的看法。
UK ['nəʊ.bə.di/ UK [-bɒd.i] US ['noʊ.bɑ:.di] noun countable
■someone who is not important 小人物，无名之辈
• He's just some nobody trying to get noticed by the press. 他只不过是个想引起媒体注意的无名之辈。
nobody, none, no one
这组词都有“没人”的意思，其区别是：
nobody: 普通用词，表单数，只能指代人，不能用于加of表范围的结构中。
none: 可指代人或物，表示对三者以上的否定，可跟表范围的of结构。
no one: 只用于指人，在英国英语中写成no-none，通常后面不连用of。
n. 无名小卒；小人物
 - small potatoes, worm

Word: surge
Front: surge
[sɜ:dʒ] (研六托雅宝 5029/6404 -2)
Vocabulary: surge
(once / 326 pages)
vn
A surge is a sudden strong swelling, like a tsunami wave that engulfs the land. Although a surge offers a fluid image, anything can experience a sudden surge, including emotions, political support, or an angry mob.
The original Latin word surgere, meaning “to spring up or rise,” serves as the basis for the word surge, which refers to a great sudden growth or swelling. If you are watching a sad movie and you experience a sudden surge of emotion, do you quietly reach for a tissue, pretend something's in your eye, or simply weep and sob with reckless abandon. Yeah, me too. Christmas shopping can be dangerous when there is a surge of interest in one toy and desperate shoppers surge into stores trying to grab it up.
WORD FAMILY
surge: resurge, surged, surges, surging+/ resurge: resurged, resurgent, resurges, resurging/ resurgence: resurgences/ resurgent: resurgence /surging: surginger, surgingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the number of U.S. cases of measles is now surging.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 2016 French Open champion saved three set points to surge ahead and broke Stosur twice early in the second set.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Carter jumped up, his body surging with adrenaline; the returner did not.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 汹涌; 激增; 大量; 奔涌向前
v. 汹涌; 使强烈地感到; 激增; 飞涨
时态：surged, surging, surges
分布：激增(62%)，汹涌(19%)，波涛(7%)，猛增(7%)，涌起(5%)
→来自拉丁语 surgere,上升，升起，缩写自 surrigere,来自 sur-,在下，向上，regere,拉直，升直， 词源同 regulate,erect.引申词义涌动，浪涌，比喻义激增，飞涨。
浪潮;涌来[surg=rise,表示"升起"]
vi.汹涌;彭湃;蜂拥而至n.巨浪;汹涌;彭湃The floods surged over the valley.洪水在山谷中汹涌流过.
【记】insurgent（adj 叛乱的）：在里面in起了surge。
US [sɝ:dʒ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a sudden and great increase 陡增，遽增，急遽上升
• An unexpected surge in electrical power caused the computer to crash. 突然出现的电压遽增导致电脑当机。
• There has been a surge in house prices recently. 最近房价飞涨。
⇒ See also resurgence
 ADVANCED
■a sudden and great movement forward 涌现，奔涌
• At the end of the game, there was a surge of fans onto the field. 比赛结束后，大群球迷涌向比赛场地。
• A tidal surge (= sudden and great rise in the level of the sea) caused severe flooding in coastal areas. 潮水猛涨在沿海地区引发严重水灾。
■a sudden increase of an emotion （情感的）涌起，翻涌
• She was overwhelmed by a surge of remorse. 悔恨一下子涌上她的心头。
UK [sɜ:dʒ] US [sɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to increase suddenly and strongly 激增，陡增，剧烈上升
• The company's profits have surged. 公司的利润激增。
 ADVANCED
■to move quickly and powerfully 涌动，蜂拥向前
• An angry crowd surged through the gates of the president's palace. 愤怒的人群涌进了总统府的大门。
• A few metres before the end of the race, Jenkins surged into the lead. 就在离终点几公尺的地方，詹金斯突然发力猛冲到最前面。
■(of an emotion) to develop strongly and quickly （感情）涌起，涌现
• She felt a wave of resentment surging (up) inside her. 她感觉一阵悔恨涌上心头。
surge, wave, ripple
这组词都有“波浪、浪、波涛”的意思，其区别是：
surge: 词义较模糊，泛指巨浪、波涛或作比喻使用。
wave: 普通用词，指水面上移动的任何具有峰谷皱形的波动，尤指距离相等的波浪，也比喻任何类似的物体。
ripple: 多指微风吹过水面或石头投入水中所激起的涟漪或细浪。
n. 大浪；汹涌澎湃；巨涌
 - very rough seas
vi. 激增；汹涌
 - sharp rise, balloon
vt. 使颠簸
 - jolt, jounce

Word: apart
Front: apart
[əˈpɑ:t] (高研四 1971/2419 -K3)
Vocabulary: apart
(once / 119 pages)
advadj
When things are apart, they are separated, often because they're far away from each other. If you are in Hawaii for the summer and your best friend is in Maine, you are apart.
You can say that San Diego and San Francisco are about 500 miles apart, or that you hate spending time apart from your cat when you travel. Sometimes people are figuratively apart, when they've ended their relationship. You can also use apart to mean "in pieces," as when a firecracker blows apart an apple. The word comes from the Old French à part, "to the side," from the Latin roots ad "to," and partem, "a side."
WORD FAMILY
apart: aparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s true genius, though: Being owed money from two teams that fired you 367 days apart.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fisher and Reynolds died one day apart last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schippers did not reveal any new marketing plans to emphasize racing, but did stress what they think sets their casino apart from other area casinos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 相隔，相距; 分散地，分开地; 成部分，成碎片; 分辨
adj. 分离的，隔离的
分布：相距(33%)，分离的(31%)，分开地(18%)，分别地(12%)，分开的(6%)
→a-,向，往，part,分开，部分。
ad.分离,离开,隔开a.分离的,分隔的My jacket is coming apart at the seams.我的夹克的接缝处裂开了.
US [-'pɑ:rt] adverb
SEPARATE 分开
 ESSENTIAL
■separated by a distance or, less commonly, by time （指空间或时间）相隔，相距
• Stand with your feet wide apart. 两腿叉开站立，双脚间距要大。
• How far apart should the speakers be? 两个喇叭应相距多远？
• We were asked to stand in two lines three metres apart. 要求我们站成间距为三米的两排。
• The two lines of children moved slowly apart. 那两队孩子慢慢分开了。
• The garage, large enough for two cars, is set apart from (= not joined to) the house. 足够停放两辆车的车库与房子分开搭建。
• I forget the exact age difference between Mark and his brother - they're two or three years apart. 我记不太清楚马克和他弟弟差几岁了——不是两岁就是三岁。
 ESSENTIAL
■into smaller pieces 成碎片；成零碎；破裂
• My jacket is so old it's falling apart. 我的夹克太旧了，都穿烂了。
• I took the motor apart (= separated it into pieces) to see how it worked. 我把引擎拆开了，想看看它是怎样运转的。
UK [ə'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] adverb
EXCEPT 除了
apart from
 IMPROVER
■except for or not considering 除了；不考虑，不算；此外
• He works until nine o'clock every evening, and that's quite apart from the work he does over the weekend. 他每晚工作到九点，且不说周末还要加班。
• Apart from the salary/Salary apart, it's not a bad job. 不考虑薪水的话，这工作还不错。
• Apart from you and me/You and me apart, I don't think there was anyone there under thirty. 除了你我二人，我想当时那里没有谁年龄在30以下了。
UK [ə'pɑ:t] US [-'pɑ:rt] adjective [after verb]
 ADVANCED
■living or staying in a different place from the person that you are married to or have a close relationship with （夫妻或亲人）分离的，不住一起的
• When you're apart you rely so heavily on the phone. 你们要是分居两地，那就真的离不开电话了。
adj. 分离的；与众不同的
 - unusual, different, distinctive, isolated, separating

Word: deposit
Front: deposit
[dɪˈpɒzɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4692/2384 -K3)
Vocabulary: deposit
(once / 188 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
You are making a deposit when you put money into your bank account. In that sentence, deposit is a noun, but you could express the same action using deposit as a verb. You deposit money into your bank account.
The verb deposit can be used to refer to anything that you put down or in place. If you're carrying your keys and groceries from the car, you may deposit those items on the counter. Just be careful you don't end up playing "where are my keys" in the morning, if the counter is not your usual place for depositing them. You can also use deposit when nature does the placing. You find a deposit of gold in the mountain rock or there is sediment deposited at the bottom of a river.
WORD FAMILY
deposit: deposited, depositing, depositor, deposits, redeposit+/depositor: depositors/redeposit: redeposited, redepositing, redeposition, redeposits
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Los Angeles, some landlords are offering six months of free parking, and some in Houston are waiving security deposits.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The lines provide a record of the tooth’s history: Each line represents the daily deposit of bony tissue called dentine within the tooth’s enamel shell.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Those requirements may include setting up a direct deposit, opening a second account or completing a certain number of transactions each month, McBride says.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 储蓄，存款; 保证金; 沉淀物; 寄存，寄存品
vt. &vi. 储蓄; 寄存; 放置，安置; 付保证金
vi. 沉淀
时态：deposited, depositing, deposits
分布：存款(55%)，矿床(24%)，定金(11%)，寄存(4%)，放置(3%)，存储(2%)，堆积物(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-posit, 放置，词源同composite,position. 即放下，引申词义存放，沉积。
储存n.矿藏(de下面+posit→放下不用→储存)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.存放;使沉淀;付(保证金)n.存款;沉积物She deposited the money in the bank.她把钱存在银行里.
US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] verb
LEAVE 留下
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to leave something somewhere 留下；存放
• The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area. 洪水退去后，留下的淤泥覆盖了整个地区。
• The bus deposited me miles from anywhere. 公车把我扔在一个前不着村后不着店的地方。
• The cuckoo deposits (= puts) her eggs in other birds' nests. 布谷鸟把自己的蛋下在其他鸟类的窝里。
• I deposited my luggage in a locker at the station. 我把行李存放在车站的储物柜里了。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] verb
MONEY 钱
transitive
■to put something valuable, especially money, in a bank or safe (= strong box or cupboard with locks) （在银行或保险箱中）存放，储存（尤指金钱）
• There's a night safe outside the bank, so you can deposit money whenever you wish. 银行外面有夜间保险箱，你可以随时把钱存进去。
• I deposited £500 in my account this morning. 今天早上我在自己的帐户中存了500英镑。
transitive
■to pay someone a sum of money when you make an agreement with them to pay for or buy something, which either will be returned to you later, if the agreed arrangement is kept, or which forms part of the total payment 支付（押金、订金或预缴费用）
• When we moved in, we had to deposit $1000 with the landlord in case we broke any of his things. 我们搬进去时必须向房东交1000美元的押金，以防我们损坏其房内物件。
• You deposit 20% now and pay the rest when the car is delivered. 你可以先付20%的订金，余款在交车时支付。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
LAYER 层
countable or uncountable
■a substance or layer that is left, usually after a liquid is removed 沉淀物，沉积物
• Decant the wine carefully, so that you leave the deposit in the bottom of the bottle. 将酒小心倒出来，以免把瓶底的沉淀物也倒出来。
• In hard-water areas, a chalky deposit often forms in pipes and kettles. 在水质较硬的地区，水管和水壶内常会形成白色沉积物。
• The flood left a thick deposit of mud over the entire ground floor of the house. 洪水在整个房子的底层留下了一层厚厚的淤泥。
countable specialized
■a layer which has formed under the ground, especially over a long period 沉积层
• mineral/oil/coal deposits 矿／油／煤层
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
MONEY 钱
countable
■a payment, especially into a bank account 支出，支付
• To open an account, you need to make a minimum deposit of $500. 开设帐户至少需要存入500美元。
countable
■a sum of money which you pay as the first part of the total payment for something 预缴费用，订金
• The shop assistant says if I leave £10 as a deposit, they'll keep the dress for me. 店员说如果我交十英镑订金，他们就会为我留着那条裙子留起。
• We paid/put a deposit of £10 000 on the house, and paid the balance four weeks later. 我们交了一万英镑的购屋预付款，并在四周后付清余额。
countable
■a sum of money which you pay when you rent something, and which is returned to you when you return the thing you have rented 押金
• It costs £1000 a week to hire the yacht, plus a £120 refundable/returnable deposit. 租一周游艇要花上1000英镑，外加120英镑的可退还押金。
• You pay a 10p deposit/deposit of 10p on the bottle, which you get back when you return the empty bottle. 瓶子收取十便士押金，空瓶送回后可退还押金。
UK [dɪ'pɒz.ɪt] US [-'pɑ:.zɪt] noun
on deposit
■describes money which is saved in a bank or something similar （钱）储蓄的
• I've got £5000 on deposit in the building society. 我在这家房屋互助协会里存了5000英镑。
n. 存款； [金融] 保证金； [地质] [电] 沉淀物
 - fund, saving, covers, sludge, precipitation
vt. [地质] 使沉积；存放
 - trust in, trust with
vi. [电] 沉淀
 - settle, to precipitate

Word: percentage
Front: percentage
[pəˈsentɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅 1787/2610 -3)
Vocabulary: percentage
(once / 433 pages)
n
A percentage is a portion of a whole expressed as a number between 0 and 100 rather than as a fraction. All of something is 100 percent, half of it is fifty percent, none of something is zero percent.
To determine a percentage, you divide the portion of the whole by the whole itself and multiply by 100. So if you just ate two pieces of an eight-piece pie, and you want to know what percentage of the pie you consumed, you'd first divide 2 by 8 which equals .25. Then multiply .25 times 100 and get 25 percent. A percentage can also mean a portion of something but only when it has to do with numbers. When you buy furniture, the salesman gets a percentage of what you spend.
WORD FAMILY
percentage: percentages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Tigers found the range after the break, improving field goal percentage from 31 percent to 48 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His winning percentage is the highest among any QB with at least 20 starts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump carried Wisconsin by less than a percentage point, becoming the first Republican to do so since Ronald Reagan in 1984.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 百分比，百分率; 比例，部分; [数]百分法; [商]手续费
分布：比例(58%)，部分(25%)，百分率(14%)，好处(3%)
百分率[cent=hundred,表示"一百"]
百分比(percent百分之几)[-age名词反缀1.表示"状态,总称"2.表示"场所,物品"3.表示"费用"]
n.百分数,百分率,百分比What percentage of the students are admitted to college?有多少百分比的学生获准进入大学?
US [pɚ'sen.tˌɪdʒ] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an amount of something, often expressed as a number out of 100 百分比，百分率
• What percentage of women return to work after having a baby? 生完小孩后继续工作的女性占多大比例？
• Interest rates have risen by two percentage points. 利率上升了两个百分点。
UK [pə'sen.tɪdʒ] US [pɚ'sen.tˌɪdʒ] noun
ADVANTAGE 好处
uncountable US informal
■an advantage 好处，利益
• There's no percentage in working such long hours. 这样加班超时地工作可没有甚么好处。
percent, percentage
这两个名词均可表示“百分比”之意。
percent或per cent: 系拉丁语per centum的缩略，通常和一个具体数字连用，指具体的百分比。
percentage: 不受数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，通常用在一些形容词或起形容词作用的词之后，可也单独使用。
percentage, percent或per cent
这组词都有“百分比”的意思，其区别是：
percentage: 不受数字修饰，不指具体的百分比，通常用在一些形容词或起形容词作用的词之后，可也单独使用。
percent或per cent: 系拉丁语per centum的缩略，通常和一个具体数字连用，指具体的百分比。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
n. [数] 百分比；百分率，百分数
 - centage

Word: opening
Front: opening
[ˈəʊpnɪŋ] (高研四六雅 1940/1730 -K3)
Vocabulary: opening
(once / 72 pages)
1n 2n 3nadj 4n
An opening is an empty space. That opening in the back of your closet might lead to a secret room. A job opening, on the other hand, is an available job that could open you up to an entirely new career.
There are openings in crowds you can slip through if you're in a hurry, and openings, or availabilities, in classes you really want to take. You can also use this versatile noun to mean the very first performance of a play or the initial night of an art show. Many things that come first are openings, in fact, like the opening move in a chess game or the opening scene of your novel.
WORD FAMILY
opening: nonopening, openings+/ open: opened, opener, openest, opening, openingly, openly, openness, opens, reopen, unopen/opened: unopened/opener: openers/openness: opennesses/reopen: reopened, reopening, reopens
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, he said at least some of Trump’s children likely would be on hand for the opening of the course.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 开幕，开始; 空缺的职位; [商]开盘，交易开始时间; （职位的）空缺
adj. 首次的，开始的
v. （打）开( open的现在分词); 开始; 睁开; 启动
分布：开幕(50%)，开始(20%)，开口(16%)，空缺(9%)，张开(3%)，开头的(1%)，动词open的现在分词.(1%)
n.开,开放,开始,空缺,机会a.开始的,开幕的We revved up rehearsals for the opening of the play.我们为戏剧的开演更加紧排演.
US ['oʊp.nɪŋ] noun
HOLE 孔
 IMPROVER countable
■a hole or space that something or someone can pass through 洞；孔；开口
• The children crawled through an opening in the fence. 孩子们从篱笆上的一个缺口里爬了过去。
UK ['əʊ.pən.ɪŋ] US ['oʊp.nɪŋ] noun
CEREMONY 仪式
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a ceremony at the beginning of an event or activity （某一事件或活动的）开幕仪式
• The official opening of the new school will take place next month. 这所新学校将于下月正式启用。
UK ['əʊ.pən.ɪŋ] US ['oʊp.nɪŋ] noun
BEGINNING 开始
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■the beginning of something 开始，开头，开端
• The opening of the novel is amazing. 这部小说开篇惊人。
countable
■the beginning of a game of chess 国际象棋的开局
• If you want to get anywhere in chess, you have to study the various openings. 想下好国际象棋的话，你就必须学习各种开局方式。
UK ['əʊ.pən.ɪŋ] US ['oʊp.nɪŋ] noun
OPPORTUNITY 机会
 ADVANCED countable
■a job or an opportunity to do something （职位的）空缺；机会，机遇
• There's an opening for an editorial assistant in our department. 我们部门有个编辑助理的职位空缺。
UK ['əʊ.pən.ɪŋ] US ['oʊp.nɪŋ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■happening at the beginning of an event or activity 开始的
• her opening remarks 她的开场白
• the opening night 首演／映之夜
n. 开始；机会；通路；空缺的职位
 - beginning, opportunity, threshold, conception, chance
adj. 开始的
 - preliminary, inauguratory
v. 开放（open的ing形式）；打开；公开
 - cracking, unwrapping

Word: ordinary
Front: ordinary
[ˈɔ:dnri] (高研四六雅 2268/1387 -K3)
Vocabulary: ordinary
(once / 74 pages)
1adjn 2n 3n 4n 5n
Something ordinary is something that happens every day. Maybe you should skip your ordinary breakfast and try something new.
Although we often use the adjective ordinary to mean "ho-hum, nothing special," it actually comes from the Latin root for "rule." You could think of ordinary things as almost like rules in your life. As a noun it has other meanings. In heraldry (that's the art of the family shield), an ordinary is a conventional figure. A probate judge is called an ordinary, as is the clergyman who prepares prisoners for death.
WORD FAMILY
ordinary: ordinaries, ordinarily, ordinariness, ordinaryly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But when it most needs to be intriguing — at the start — it’s just ordinary.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The evidence showed ordinary negligence, a prosecutor’s letter said, but not “an aggravated kind of negligence or carelessness” required to file felony charges.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 普通的; 平常的; 一般的; 平庸的
分布：普通的(72%)，平凡的(21%)，平淡的(7%)
→来自拉丁语ordinare,安排，布置，指定，词源同order.引申词义顺序，按顺序的，普通的。
普通的(ordin+ary→有顺序的;听命令的→普通的)[ordin=order,表示"命令,顺序"]
a.普通的,平凡的,平常的;平庸的It was a very ordinary day today.今天是很平常的一天.
US ['ɔ:r.dən.er-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not different or special or unexpected in any way; usual 普通的，平常的；平凡的；一般的
• an ordinary neighbourhood 普通的街区
• Readers of the magazine said they wanted more stories about ordinary people and fewer stories about the rich and famous. 这本杂志的读者说，他们希望多刊登一些普通人的故事，少一些关于富人和名人的事情。
• Her last concert appearance in Britain was no ordinary (= a very special) performance. 她在伦敦的最后一场音乐会不同凡响。
in the ordinary way UK
■normally, or in the way that usually happens 一般；通常
• If we hadn't seen the TV programme, we would have carried on giving money to the charity in the ordinary way. 要是我们没有看这个电视节目，我们还会像往常那样给该慈善组织捐钱的。
out of the ordinary * unusual
• For the police, the incident seemed nothing out of the ordinary/did not seem out of the ordinary. 对于警方来说，这件事似乎没有甚么不寻常的地方。
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 普通的；平凡的；平常的
 - usual, general, average, regulation, stock
n. 普通；平常的人（或事）
 - common

Word: rescue
Front: rescue
[ˈreskju:] (高研四六托雅宝 3815/3918 -K3)
Vocabulary: rescue
(once / 145 pages)
vn
When you rescue something, you save it from something bad — you come to the rescue. If Muffin, your kitten, is stuck in a tree, you can get out your ladder and climb up to rescue her.
A rescue is a good thing, much appreciated by people (and kittens). If your house is in foreclosure, you'd be very grateful for the uncle who comes to your rescue by paying your mortgage. Whenever there's an earthquake or other disaster, rescue operations are quickly put in place to find survivors. You can use the word more casually, as in describing how you saunter over at a cocktail party and rescue your friend from a conversation with an insufferable bore.
WORD FAMILY
rescue: rescued, rescuer, rescues, rescuing+/rescuer: rescuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rescue crews met United Express Flight 6060 on the tarmac after authorities learned during the flight that the man was trapped with passengers’ luggage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By the time rescue crews arrived, the number of dolphins was up to 10.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 营救，救援，使免遭损失; [法律] 非法劫回
n. 营救，救援; 营救[救援]行动
时态：rescued, rescuing, rescues
分布：救援(53%)，营救(35%)，援救(12%)
→来自古法语 rescurre,营救，解救，来自拉丁语 re-,表强调，excutere,摇出，来自 ex-,向外，-cut, 摇，晃动，词源同 discuss,percussion.
v./n.营救,援救It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
【记】re反复，s死，cu哭，e饿：急需救援。
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help someone or something out of a dangerous, harmful or unpleasant situation 救援；营救；解救
• The lifeboat rescued the sailors from the sinking boat. 救生艇将水手们从正在下沉的船上救起。
• The government has refused to rescue the company from bankruptcy. 政府已经拒绝援助这间濒于破产的公司。
['res.kju:] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when someone in a dangerous situation is helped and made safe 救援；营救；解救
• Lifeboats carry out many rescues every month. 救生艇每月都会执行很多救援任务。
• We huddled together on the cliff ledge, waiting for rescue. 我们挤作一团蜷缩在悬崖上一块突出的岩石上，等待救援。
• I didn't know anybody at the party, but the hostess came to my rescue (= helped me out of a difficult situation) by introducing me to a few people. 在派对上我谁也不认识，但女主人过来救了我的驾，把我介绍给几个客人。
save, rescue
这组词都有“营救、拯救、搭救”的意思，其区别是：
save: 含义广泛，既可指营救某人使脱离危险，也可指精神或道德上的拯救。
rescue: 多指营救某人脱离紧迫的危险。
n. 营救；援救；解救
 - deliverance

Word: prize
Front: prize
[praɪz] (中高研四六 3686/2125 -K4)
Vocabulary: prize
(once / 131 pages)
1nadjv 2v
A prize is the reward or recognition a winner gets. When you win first prize in your state spelling bee, you might get a medal and a trip to the national competition in Washington, DC.
Many prizes are given for hard work, athletic skill, or superior intellect, but it's also possible to win a prize from sheer good luck. The prize for a winning lottery ticket, for example, might be a million dollars. If your dog comes in first at an obedience competition, you can call her your "prize pup." And if you adore and value that dog more than anything else, you can say you prize her.
WORD FAMILY
prize: prized, prizes, prizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The prize is big, and both cities want it badly.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about this: It is shortlisted for the 2017 Royal Academy of Engineering Africa Prize.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
His picaresque novel G won the Booker prize in 1972.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奖赏; 战利品; 值得努力争取的东西
vt. 珍视，珍惜; 估价
adj. 获奖的，有望获奖的; 理应获奖的
时态：prized, prizing, prizes
分布：奖品(32%)，奖金(24%)，奖赏(17%)，珍视(10%)，得奖的(8%)，估价(7%)，奖品的(1%)，一流的(1%)
→来自古法语pris,价格，价值，奖品，词源同price,praise.prize 撬开
n.奖赏,奖金,奖品v.珍视,珍惜I recognized the large-sized prize and seized it.我认出了大号奖品并将它占有.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work 奖；奖赏；奖金
• The critics' prize for best film was won by Marc Abbott for 'Belly Laugh'. 马克•阿博特的《捧腹大笑》被评论家们评为最佳影片。
• I won a prize in the raffle. 我在摸彩中获了奖。
• The first (= main) prize is a weekend for two in Bruges. 头奖是布鲁日双人周末游。
• The prize money for literary competitions can be as high as £40 000. 文学创作竞赛的奖金可能高达四万英镑。
■something important and valuable which is difficult to achieve or get 难能可贵的东西；不易达到的目标
• The prize would be her hand in marriage. 最理想的是娶她为妻。
[praɪz] noun countable
no prizes for guessing sth
■something you say when it is very easy to guess something …太容易猜了；不用猜都知道…
• No prizes for guessing where Daniel is. 不用猜都知道丹尼尔在哪里。
[praɪz] verb
LIFT 举起 (ALSO UK also prise) transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move or lift something by pressing a tool against a fixed point 撬，撬开
• I prized the lid off with a spoon. 我用杓子把盖子撬掉了。
• The window had been prized open with a jemmy. 窗户被用撬棍撬开了。
[praɪz] verb
REWARD 奖赏
transitive often passive
■to think that someone or something is very valuable or important 重视，珍视
• In parts of Asia this plant is prized for its medicinal qualities. 在亚洲某些地区，这种植物因其药用价值而倍受重视。
• I prize that intimacy above everything. 我把那种亲密关系看得比甚么都重。
[praɪz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  prize sth out of sb
■to get something from someone with difficulty, especially information or money （费力地）从（某人）那里获得（尤指消息或金钱）
• He's so secretive - you'll have a hard time prizing any information out of him. 他如此守口如瓶——你要从他那打听情况会很困难。
[praɪz] adjective [before noun]
■A prize animal, flower or vegetable is one that has won or deserves to win a prize in a competition because it is of very good quality （指动物、花或蔬菜）得奖的；该得奖的；一流的
• a prize bull 一流的公牛
• a prize marrow 上好的西葫芦
■describes something which is a very good or important example of its type （指某物）极好的；极重要的
• prize assets 重要资产
• slightly old-fashioned Some prize idiot (= extremely foolish person) forgot to lock the door. 有个大傻瓜忘了锁门。
price, prize
price: 价格, The price is high/low.
prize: 奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize
n. [劳经] 奖品；奖赏；战利品
 - award, capture
vt. 珍视；捕获；估价
 - assess, acquire, evaluate, value, rate

Word: minute
Front: minute
['mɪnɪt] (中高托雅 308/348 -K1)
Vocabulary: minute
(once / 24 pages)
1n 2adj 3n 4n
Craftsmen can paint whole villages or detailed portraits of people on a grain of rice using minute, or tiny, paintbrushes. Often the works of art are so minute that you can only see them with a magnifying glass.
Minutus is the Latin word for "small," and it gave rise to both the adjective minute (my-NOOT), or incredibly small, and the noun minute (MIN-it), or 60 seconds of time. Though they are pronounced differently, both words refer to small measurements. An object can be minute, like a flea compared with its dog, and less concrete things can be minute, like your minute chance of winning the lottery. A minute freckle on the side of your nose is a minute detail of your whole face.
WORD FAMILY
minute: minutely, minuteness, minuter, minutes, minutest+/minuteness: minutenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s 21 unanswered Penn State points in less than three minutes, and the Trojans seemed done.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
USC trailed 49-35 with nine minutes to play, but persevered to win one of the greatest Rose Bowls of all time.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 分，分钟; 瞬间，片刻; 备忘录; 会议记录
vt. 把…记录在案; 为…测定时间
分布：分钟(87%)，微小的(5%)，会议记录(3%)，片刻(2%)，记录(2%)，仔细的(1%)
→来自拉丁语minutus,小的，少的，来自mei,小的，词源同minus,minimum.分钟义来自拉丁短语pars minuta prima,即prime minute part,最初被数学家用于指圈的1/60，后用于指小时的1/60，即1分钟。秒second来自拉丁短语secunda minuta,即second minute,第二个1/60，即1秒钟。minute 极小的，微小的，会议记录
一分钟a.微小的,细微的(min+ute)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
n.分钟,片刻;(pl.)会议记录a.微小的,微细的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
US [-'nu:t] adjective
■extremely small 微小的，极小的
• a minute amount/quantity 微量／少量
• I've never seen a man with such tiny hands - they're minute! 我从没见过手长得这么小的男人——他的手太小了！
• The documentary showed an eye operation in minute detail (= showing every small detail). 这部纪录片纤毫毕现地展示了一次眼科手术的过程。
minute, moment, instant
这组词都有“瞬间、片刻”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指极短的时间，但可觉察到时间的持续。
moment: 较minute所表示的时间短，指一刹那或一段很短时间。有时也含持续的意味。
instant: 常与moment换用，指一瞬间，但更侧重时间短促，多用于表示紧迫、瞬变等情况。
minute, tiny, little, small, miniature
这组词都有“小的”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指小得难看见，有时需用显微镜才看得见。
tiny: 强调与同类或其他物体比较，小得超出正常比例，有时带强烈的感情色彩。
little: 指在体积、数量、距离、年龄、身材等方面比正常的小，多带主观感情色彩，含小而可爱或小巧的意味。
small: 多指数量、面积、体积、价值、数字或意义等的小或少，指略小于正常的大小。
miniature: 指由正常体积微缩的物体。
n. [计量] [数] 分，分钟；片刻，一会儿；备忘录，笔记；会议记录
 - cent, moments, note, while, penny
adj. 微小的，详细的
 - tiny, strict, micro, detailed, particular

Word: warm
Front: warm
[wɔ:m] (中高雅 1356/1353 -K4)
Back: adj. 暖和的，温暖的; 保暖的; 热情的; 暖调的
vt. & vi. （使）变暖，被加热，暖和起来
vt. 加热; 使热情; 使兴奋
n. 暖和的地方
vi. 加温; 感兴趣; 变得友善或友好
时态：warmed, warming, warms
分布：温暖的(55%)，暖和的(19%)，变暖(13%)，热情的(9%)，使暖和(2%)，温暖的空气(2%)
→词源有争议，来自gwher,燃烧，热的，词源同burn,furnace,thermal.
a.温暖的,热心的,热情的v.(使)变暖On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [wɔ:rm] adjective
TEMPERATURE 温度
 ESSENTIAL
■having or producing a comfortably high temperature, although not hot 温暖的；暖和的
• Are you warm enough or do you want the fire on? 你暖不暖和，要不要生火？
• I've got my hands in my pockets to keep them warm. 我把手放在口袋里保暖。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes clothes and covers made of a material that keeps you warm （衣物等）保暖的，暖和的
• I don't have a warm winter coat. 我连一件暖和的冬衣都没有。
• Those gloves look nice and warm. 那些手套看起来又漂亮又暖和。
■A warm colour is one which is based on or contains a colour such as red, yellow or orange which suggests warmth. 暖色的
the warm UK
■a warm place 暖和的地方
• It's cold standing out there - come into the warm. 站在外边挺冷的——进来暖和暖和吧。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] adjective
FRIENDLY 友好的
 ADVANCED
■friendly and loving 亲切友好的；热心的，热情的
• They're a very warm family. 他们一家人非常热情。
• He has a lovely warm smile. 他的笑容亲切而迷人。
• I'd like to give a warm welcome to our guests this evening. 我谨对今晚的来宾表示热烈的欢迎。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] adjective
NEAR 接近
[after verb] informal
■(especially in children's games) near to guessing a correct answer or to discovering a hidden object （尤指在儿童游戏中）即将猜中的，快要发现的
• You're getting warmer! 你马上要猜中了！
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to (cause to) become warm (= less cold) （使）温暖，（使）变暖和
• You're so cold - come and warm your hands by the fire. 你太冷了——来，到火边暖暖手。
• Your supper's just warming through in the oven. 你的晚餐正在炉子上热着呢。
• We can warm (up) the room quite quickly with this electric fire. 用这台电炉我们能让房间很快暖和起来。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm sth over US disapproving
■to use an idea that has been used before or to discuss a subject that has already been discussed before 再次使用（已用过的办法）；对…老调重弹
• Voters are bored with politicians warming over old policies. 选民们已经厌倦了政客们对老的政策旧调重弹。
warmed-over
    UK [ˌwɔːmdˈəʊ.vər] US [ˌwɔːrmdˈoʊ.və˞] adjective [before noun] US disapproving 2. These commercials are just warmed-over imitations of earlier TV ads. 这些商业广告只是对先前那些电视广告的老套模仿而已。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm to sb
■to start to like someone 开始喜欢上（某人）
• I wasn't sure about Sarah at first, but I warmed to her after we'd been out together a few times. 一开始我不太确定是不是喜欢莎拉，可后来我跟她一起外出约会了几次后就对她有了好感。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm to sth
■If you warm to an idea, you start to become interested in or enthusiastic about it 对…变得感兴趣；对…变得热衷
• Unfortunately, I had to leave just as the speaker was warming to his theme. 不巧的是，正当发言者就他的主题越讲越起劲时，我不得不离开了。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm (sb/sth) up
■to become warmer or to make someone or something warmer 变热；（使）暖和；加热
• The house soon warms up with the heating on. 暖气一开，屋子里很快就暖和起来了。
• I'll just warm up the engine while you're getting your coats on. 你们穿上大衣，我去预热一下引擎。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm (sb) up
■to entertain people while they are waiting for a performance to start, for example by telling jokes 节目开始前活跃观众气氛（如讲笑话）
• He's got a job warming up for TV studio audiences. 他找到一份工作，负责在电视节目录制前炒热观众席的气氛。
• He was warming the audience up with his world-famous jokes. 他讲了几个令人捧腹的笑话，以炒热观众席的气氛。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] warm sth up
■to heat food that has already been cooked 重新加热（食品）
• I might just warm up the leftovers from yesterday's meal in the microwave. 我或许只需用微波炉热一热昨天剩的饭菜就可以了。
UK [wɔ:m] US [wɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  warm up
EVENT informal
■If an event warms up, it starts to become more interesting, enjoyable or exciting 活跃起来；热闹起来
• The party was only just starting to warm up as I left. 我离开时派对刚开始要热闹起来。
EXERCISE
■to prepare yourself for a physical activity by doing some gentle exercises and stretches 做准备活动，热身
• If you don't warm up before taking exercise, you risk injuring yourself. 如果你在运动之前不做热身，会有受伤的危险。
warm, hot, burning
这组词都有“热的”的意思，其区别是：
warm: 通常指温度不太高，介于hot与cold之间，不太热也不太凉，给人以舒适感。
hot: 最普通用词，指温度很高，往往有灼热、滚烫含义。
burning: 暗示热源是火，多用于夸张，指像火烧一样热。
adj. 温暖的；热情的
 - intense, hot, tropical, enthusiastic, passionate
vi. 同情；激动；变温暖
 - fire, sympathize
vt. 使…兴奋；使…温暖；使…感兴趣
 - excite
n. 取暖；加热
 - heating up, calefaction

Word: fourth
Front: fourth
[fɔ:θ] (中高 1570/1543 -4)
Back: n. 第四; 月的第四日; 四分之一; 第四音级
adj. 第四的; 四分之一的
num. 第四
分布：第四(60%)，四分之一(32%)，第四档(4%)，第四音阶(4%)
US [fɔ:rθ] ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL
■4th written as a word 第四（的）
• My birthday is on the fourth of December. 我的生日是12月4日。
• Daniel was/finished fourth in the race. 丹尼尔在比赛中获得了第四名。
esp US
■a quarter ¼；四分之一
adj. 第四的，第四个的；四分之一的
 - quartus, demisemi
n. 第四，月的第四日；四分之一
 - quarter

Word: strength
Front: strength
[streŋθ] (高研四六托雅 1275/1194 -K4)
Vocabulary: strength
(once / 38 pages)
n
Strength is the property of being physically strong (you can do, say, 100 push-ups) or mentally strong (you can calculate percentages in your head while people are shouting at you).
Strength has several shades of meaning. The strength of something can be the measure of how much force or pressure it can withstand over time (like a flood wall). Or its potency (like a pesticide). Or its intensity level (like a radio signal). Its fighting capabilities (like an army). Or its specialty: A chameleon's strength is actually in its ability to blend in with its surroundings.
WORD FAMILY
strength: strengthen, strengths+/restrengthen: restrengthened, restrengthening/ strengthen: restrengthen, strengthened, strengthener, strengthening, strengthens/strengthened: strengthenedest/strengthener: strengtheners/strengthening: strengthenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Lacking the military strength to pull a fractured country together, he said he was the place-warmer for a strongman, Yuan Shikai.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Victory in a bitty game, 48 hours after their last, leaves them in sixth place, but playing here with a sense of strength in reserve.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 力量; 优点，长处; （光、声、色等的）力度; 人力[数]
分布：力量(58%)，强度(28%)，力气(11%)，长处(3%)
→来自 strong,强壮的，有力的，-th,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
力量(streng=strong强壮的)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.力,力量;实力;长处,优点;人力;兵力The little boy hasn't the strength to lift that heavy box.这小男孩没有那么大力气把那个很重的箱子提起来.
noun
EFFORT 力气
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to do things that need a lot of physical or mental effort 体力；力气；力量；实力
• She had the strength and stamina to take the lead and win the gold medal. 她有领先并夺金的体力和耐力。
• Admitting you've made a mistake is a sign of strength, not weakness. 自己承认犯错所显现的是坚强，而不是软弱。
• He showed great strength of character when he refused to accept the bribes. 他拒绝接受贿赂，表现出崇高的人格。
• We shall struggle on, drawing our strength from the courage of others. 我们应该从其他人的勇气中汲取力量，继续奋斗。
• Much of the country's military strength lies in its missile force. 这个国家的军事实力主要展现在飞弹部队上。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the degree to which something is strong or powerful 强度；力度；力量
• Opinion polls put the combined strength of the two ecology parties at 15% nationwide. 民意调查显示，两个生态党的支持率合起来在全国占15%。
• You can gauge (= measure) the strength of a democracy by the way it treats its minorities. 你可以根据一个国家对待少数民族的方式来估量其民主程度。
[streŋθ] noun
GOOD FEATURE 优点
countable
■a good characteristic 优点，长处，强项
• She's well aware of her strengths and weaknesses as an artist. 她非常清楚自己作为一个艺术家的优点和不足。
• His greatest strengths are his determination and resilience. 他最大的长处是他的决断力和适应力。
[streŋθ] noun
NUMBER 数字
uncountable
■the number of people in a group 人数；人力
• What's the current strength of the Cambridgeshire police force? 剑桥郡目前的警力有多少人？
in strength
■in large numbers 大量地
• Demonstrators arrived in strength to protest against the closure of the factory. 大批示威者赶来，抗议关闭工厂。
below strength UK
■If a group is below strength, it consists of fewer people or members than usual 人手不够，人员不足
• The office will be below strength in August when a lot of people will be away. 八月许多人都不在，办公室就会人手不足。
at full strength
■with the complete number of people who are usually in a group 以全员，以满员
• Staff cuts have meant that we haven't been working at full strength for a year. 裁员意味着我们已经在人手不足的情况下工作了一年。
[streŋθ] noun
Give me strength ! mainly UK
■something that you say when you find someone else's stupidity or their being unable to do something annoying but quite funny （表示又可气又可笑）真受不了！
• Oh, give me strength! Do you want me to do it for you? 噢，真受不了！难道你想要我帮你做？
[streŋθ] noun
go from strength to strength mainly UK
■to gradually become more successful 从成功走向成功，日渐强大
• The firm's gone from strength to strength since the new factory was built. 自从新工厂建成后，公司就蒸蒸日上。
[streŋθ] noun
on the strength of sth
■If you do something on the strength of something such as advice, you do it because you have been influenced by it or believe it 受…的影响；基于对…的信任
• I invested in the company on the strength of my brother's advice. 在我兄弟的建议下，我投资了这家公司。
might, strength, power, vigour, force, energy
这组词都有“力”的意思，其区别是：
might: 多指巨大或超人的力量。
strength: 指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force。
power: 最普通用词，泛指一切力量或能力等。
vigour: 指由生命元气的存在所产生的活力、精力。
force: 着重指克服障碍，推动人或物朝所要求的方向运动或能产生明显效应的力量。
energy: 用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
n. 力量；力气；兵力；长处
 - force, might, excellence, muscle, power

Word: urge
Front: urge
[ɜ:dʒ] (高研四六托 2261/2262 -K4)
Vocabulary: urge
(once / 70 pages)
vn
If you have an urge to eat candy, you really want to eat those sweets. Your mother might urge you to wait until after dinner. As a noun, urge means a desire. As a verb, it means to strongly encourage.
Urge is related to the word, urgent, or 'pressing.' An urge is a pressing want, one that is almost a compulsion, like when you're so frustrated, you have the urge to scream. If you urge someone to do something, you feel strongly about it. You might urge a friend to wear an orange shirt not because you happen to like orange, but because they're walking in the woods during hunting season.
WORD FAMILY
urge: urged, urgent, urges, urging+/ urgency: urgencies/ urgent: urgency, urgentest, urgently/urging: urgings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 催促; 推进，驱策; 力劝，规劝; 极力主张
n. 刺激，冲动; 推动力
vi. 催促; 强烈要求，竭力主张
时态：urged, urging, urges
分布：冲动(47%)，催促(18%)，鼓励(14%)，驱策(9%)，极力主张(8%)，强烈愿望(2%)，力陈(2%)
→来自wreg, 推，驱动，词源同wreak, wrack.
vt.催促;怂恿;强调n.强烈欲望,迫切要求At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
【记】源于：surge（n 汹涌；澎湃）想巨浪一样的催促urge。
US [ɝ:dʒ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a strong wish, especially one which is difficult or impossible to control （尤指难以或无法控制的）欲望，冲动
• The two of them seem unable to control their sexual urges. 他们两个似乎欲火焚身。
• [+ to infinitive] The urge to steal is very strong in many of the young men we look after here. 我们这儿看管的年轻人中有很多人都有很强的偷窃欲望。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to strongly advise or try to persuade someone to do a particular thing 敦促；驱策；力劝
• [+ to infinitive] Lawyers will urge the parents to take further legal action. 律师们会力劝家长们采取进一步的法律行动。
• [+ that] Investigators urged that safety procedures at the site should be improved. 调查人员敦促该工地改进安全规程。
• Police urged continued vigilance in the fight against crime. 警方呼吁继续保持警惕打击犯罪。
• The dogs are urged into fighting more fiercely by loud shouts from the crowd. 人群里发出的高声叫喊使这些狗咬斗得更凶了。
• We shall continue to urge for leniency to be shown to these prisoners. 我们将继续呼吁对这些犯人给予宽宥。
UK [ɜ:dʒ] US [ɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] urge sb on
■to encourage someone to do or achieve something 鼓励，激励；为（某人）加油
• The crowd was cheering and urging her on all through the race. 在整个比赛中，人们一直在为她加油，激励她鼓起劲儿。
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
coax, urge, persuade, induce, counsel, convince
这组词都有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”的意思，其区别是：
coax: 指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。
urge: 语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。
persuade: 普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。
induce: 指用讲道理来使某人做某事。
counsel: 较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。
convince: 指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。
vt. 力劝，催促；驱策，推进
 - crowd, rush up
n. 强烈的欲望，迫切要求；推动力
 - impulse, driving force
vi. 强烈要求
 - scream for

Word: row
Front: row
[rəʊ] (中高研四六托 1843/1406 -K2)
Vocabulary: row
(once / 89 pages)
1n 2vn 3n
A row is a straight line of something, like a row of penguins at the zoo, tulips planted in a row in a garden, or a row of tuba players marching in the Fourth of July parade in your town.
A row is anything that's lined up, from the row of stitches on your knitting needle to the row of numbers on your spreadsheet. Row is also a verb meaning "to paddle." Row also means a noisy argument, but when you use it this way, it rhymes with cow, rather than toe. The origin of this last meaning is uncertain, but it probably came from the word carousal, or "drinking bout," as a kind of British university slang.
WORD FAMILY
row: rowed, rower, rowing, rows+/rower: rowers/rowing: rowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He finished with 15 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors win at home for the eighth game in a row.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After opening the season with a one-point loss to the New York Giants, Prescott and the Cowboys won 11 games in a row.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The 2011 Giants lost four in a row from mid-November to early December, then won four in a row from early January to early February.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 行，排; 划船; 吵闹; 路，街
vt. 划船; 使…成排; 与…进行划船比赛; 〈口〉争吵，吵闹
时态：rowed, rowing, rows
分布：排(62%)，划船(24%)，吵闹(5%)，吵架(5%)，路(3%)，将...排成排(1%)
→1.来自古英语 raew,排，行，系列，词源不确定，可能最终来自 rei,刮，砍，劈，词源同 rift,river. 2.划船，来自古英语 rowan,划船，来自 Proto-Germanic*ro,划船，来自 ere,划船，词源同 rudder.
n.(一)排,(一)行;吵嚷v.划(船等),荡桨I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US [roʊ] noun
LINE 行
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a line of things, people, animals, etc. arranged next to each other 一排；一行；一列
• a row of houses/books/plants/people/horses 一排房屋／一排书／一行植物／一队人／一队马
• We had seats in the front/back row of the theatre. 我们坐在剧场前／后排。
countable
■Row is also used in the names of some roads （用于一些道路的名称中）路，街
• Prospect Row 普罗斯派克特街
in a row
■one after another without a break 接连地；连续地
• She's been voted Best Actress three years in a row. 她已经连续三年当选为最佳女演员。
  Common Learner Errors  rowWarning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about where someone or something is, don't say 'at/on the back/front/first row', say in the back/front/first row:
✗ Unfortunately, we could only get seats on the back row.
UK [rəʊ] US [roʊ] noun
MOVING THROUGH WATER 在水中移动
countable usually singular
■when someone makes a boat move through water using oars (= poles with flat ends) 划（船）
• They've gone for a row to the island. 他们划船去那个岛了。
UK [rəʊ] US [roʊ] noun
a hard / tough row to hoe US
■a difficult situation to deal with 难以应付的情况
• Teachers have a tough row to hoe in today's schools. 老师现时在学校里处理的工作很棘手。
UK [rəʊ] US [roʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to cause a boat to move through water by pushing against the water with oars (= poles with flat ends) 划（船）
• The wind dropped, so we had to row (the boat) back home. 风小了，我们只好划船回家。
[raʊ] noun
ARGUMENT 争吵
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■a noisy argument or fight 争吵，吵架；打斗
• My parents often have rows, but my dad does most of the shouting. 我父母经常吵架，但大部分时间都是我爸在那里扯着嗓子嚷嚷。
• What was a political row over government policy on Europe is fast becoming a diplomatic row between France and Britain. 这本来是一场关于政府对欧洲政策的政治争论，却很快演变成法国和英国两国之间的外交摩擦。
[raʊ] noun
NOISE 噪音
only singular mainly UK
■loud noise 大的噪音，响声，闹声
• I can't concentrate because of the row the builders are making. 建筑工人弄出那么大噪声，我没法集中注意力。
[raʊ] verb intransitive mainly UK informal
■to argue, especially loudly （尤指大声地）争吵，吵闹
• My parents are always rowing (about/over money). 我父母总是（为了钱的事情）吵个不休。
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
n. 行，排；划船；街道；吵闹
 - hong, range, line, rank, sound
vi. 划船；争吵
 - boat, lock horns

Word: capture
Front: capture
[ˈkæptʃə(r)] (研四六托雅宝 1715/2658 -K3)
Vocabulary: capture
(once / 95 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
The verb to capture means to grab, trap, or take something that doesn't want to be grabbed, trapped, or taken. Hunters, pirates, and kidnappers all capture the things they want.
If you want that tiger, you're going to have to capture him, either by setting a trap or shooting him. Either way, his capture won't be easy. You can also capture a photograph of something—which, while it doesn't mean taking it against its will, is still a kind of taking in which the thing itself if not participating. The pirate captured his hostages, while his hostages captured the scene on their cell-phone video cameras.
WORD FAMILY
capture: captured, capturer, captures, capturing, recapture +/capturer: capturers/ recapture: recaptured, recaptures, recapturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also captures hundreds of billions in savings by slowing the rate of growth in certain Medicare payments.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Louisville captures N.C.A.A. men’s basketball championship, placed on probation in emotional ceremony while cutting down net.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Petra Nova uses the most common technology for carbon capture.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 俘获; 夺取; 夺得; 引起（注意、想像、兴趣）
n. 捕获; 占领; 捕获物; [计算机]捕捉
时态：captured, capturing, captures
分布：捕获(74%)，占领(12%)，夺取(7%)，吸引(4%)，战利品(3%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，拿，握，见captive。
逮捕,捉拿(capt+ure→抓住毛病→挑剔的)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
【记】cap抓－逮捕
US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
CATCH 夺取
 IMPROVER
■to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something into your possession, especially by force 俘虏；俘获；（尤指用武力）夺取
• Two of the soldiers were killed and the rest were captured. 两名士兵被杀，其余被俘。
• Rebel forces captured the city after a week-long battle. 叛军经过一周的战斗攻取了该市。
■to succeed in getting something when you are competing with other people 赢得；获得，取得
• The Democratic Party captured 70% of the vote. 民主党获得了70%的选票。
UK ['kæp.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
RECORD 纪录
■to represent or describe something very accurately using words or images （用文字或图像）表现，描绘，刻画
• It would be impossible to capture her beauty in a painting. 她的美无法用画笔描绘。
■to record or take a picture of something using a camera 拍摄，摄制
• A passer-by captured the whole incident on film. 一个路人拍摄了事件的整个过程。
■specialized
■If a computer or similar machine captures information, it takes it in and stores it. （电脑等）采集，储存（资料）
UK ['kæp.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
INTEREST 关注
■If something captures your imagination or attention, you feel very interested and excited by it 唤起（想像）；引起（关注）
• The American drive to land a man on the Moon captured the imagination/attention of the whole world. 美国的载人登月行动引起了全世界的遐想／关注。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. [物] 俘获；夺得
 - snatch
n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏
 - taking, prize, acquiring

Word: code
Front: code
[kəʊd] (研四雅宝 1648/1469 -K3)
Vocabulary: code
(once / 206 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
A code can be a set of principles. Our laws make up our legal code, and many people govern themselves through a personal "code of honor." Code can also mean a system for sending secret messages, or programming language for computers.
In 1303, you could only use code to mean a set of laws, such as a code of conduct. It wasn’t until 1808 that you could use code to describe a system for sending secret messages. The verb form appeared in 1815, meaning to create laws or send secret messages, and gave birth to encode. In the computer programming context, encode was shortened back again to code, meaning to write instructions for a computer program. Soon the lines of text themselves began to be referred to as simply code.
WORD FAMILY
code: coded, coder, codes, codify, coding, decode, encode, microcode+/coder: coders/codification: codifications/ codify: codification, codified, codifies, codifying/coding: codings/ decode: decoded, decoder, decodes, decoding/decoder: decoders/decoding: decodings/ encode: encoded, encodes, encoding/microcode: microcodes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Republicans plan to move quickly to change the tax code and repeal the Affordable Care Act.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Among proposals popular in the code of conduct committee, but opposed by Luxembourg, were:
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
In fact, WhatsApp also offers encryption, and borrowed the basic code wholesale from Signal.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 行为准则; 代码，密码; 法典; 信号
vt. 将…译成电码; 编码，加密
vi. 为…编码; 指定遗传密码
时态：coded, coding, codes
分布：密码(53%)，准则(20%)，法规(17%)，制成法典(8%)，把 ... 编码(2%)
→来自拉丁词codex, 树干，帐本，医典。可能因古代发现于树干上的文字难懂，引申词义密码。比较book来自beech.
n.代码,代号,密码;法典,法规,规划The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
US [koʊd] noun
LANGUAGE 语言
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message in secret form, or a system of numbers, letters or signals which is used to represent something in a shorter or more convenient form 密码；代号；代码
• The message was written in code. 电报是用密码写的。
• She managed to decipher/break/crack (= succeed in understanding) the code. 她成功地破译了密码。
• Each entry in this dictionary has a grammar code. 这本词典的每个词条都有一个文法标记。
UK [kəʊd] US [koʊd] noun
RULES 法规
 IMPROVER countable
■a set of rules which are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules which state how people in a particular organization or country should behave 法典；法规
• Clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities. 诊所将要遵守新的行业规范，并受到地方当局更有力的掌控。
countable
■a set of principles that are accepted and used by society or a particular group of people 行为准则；规范；规矩
• a moral code 道德规范
• a code of behaviour/ethics 行为／道德准则
UK [kəʊd] US [koʊd] verb transitive
■to represent a message in code so that it can only be understood by the person who is meant to receive it 把…译成密码；用密码写
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
n. 代码， [遗] [通信] 密码； [计] 编码； [法] 法典
 - password, cryptogram
vt. [计] 编码；制成法典
 - encode

Word: identify
Front: identify
[aɪˈdentɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅 770/757 -K4)
Vocabulary: identify
(once / 177 pages)
1v 2v
You might identify a Ming dynasty vase, a suspect in a bank robbery, or an ivory-billed woodpecker. Whatever it is, when you recognize the identity of someone or something, you identify it.
The word identify is easy to . . . well . . . identify when you notice how much it looks like the word identity (a noun, meaning who or what something is). Only one consonant separates the two words in spelling ("f" v. "t"), and they are close relatives in meaning as well. You can easily remember the meaning of identify, a verb, when you recognize that it’s just a way to express the act of establishing identity — in other words, saying who or what something is.
WORD FAMILY
identify: identifiable, identification, identified, identifier, identifies, identifying, misidentify+/ identifiable: identifiably, unidentifiable / identification: identifications/identified: unidentified/identifier: identifiers/misidentify: misidentified, misidentifying/ unidentifiable: unidentifiably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
At a monitoring site in Kavewa Island, no turtle nests were found in 2010; almost 70 were identified four years later.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Experienced birders often initially identify a species by its sound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 识别，认出; 确定; 使参与; 把…看成一样
vi. 确定; 认同
时态：identified, identifying, identifies
分布：认同(43%)，鉴定(34%)，把…看成一样(11%)，感同身受(7%)，认明(5%)
→ident-,一样，-fy,使。引申词义确认，辨认。
认出,识别[ident=same(相同)]
v.识别,鉴别;(with)把...和...看成一样The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生辨认出了身份证上相同的成语.
US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are 认出，识别
• Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice. 就连年龄最小的婴儿也能根据声音分辨出自己的母亲。
• The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver. 周三袭击事件中的枪手已被确认为李‧吉格斯，一个失业的卡车司机。
• [R] The police officer identified him self (= gave his name or proved who he was) and asked for our help. 警官表明身份并请求我们帮助。
 ADVANCED
■to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists 确定；发现
• The research will be used to identify training needs. 该研究将用来确定培训的需求。
• You need to identify your priorities. 你需要确定自己优先要做的事情。
UK [aɪ'den.tɪ.faɪ] US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  identify with sb
■to feel that you are similar to someone in some way and that you can understand them or their situation because of this 认同（某人），与（某人）产生共鸣
• Many women of normal weight feel unable to identify with the super-thin models in glossy magazines. 许多体重正常的女性对时尚杂志中那些超瘦的模特儿无法产生认同感。
UK [aɪ'den.tɪ.faɪ] US [-tˌə-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] identify sb/sth with sth
■to believe that someone or something is closely connected or involved with something 认为…与…密切相关
• Many football fans are unfairly identified with violent behaviour. 许多足球迷被不公正地与暴力行为相提并论。
recognize, identify, make out
这组词都有“认出，识别”的意思，其区别是：
recognize: 指所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。
identify: 指辨别、确定人的身份或物品的归属等。
make out: 通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。
vt. 确定； [计] 识别；使参与；把…看成一样
 - confirm, recognize, ascertain
vi. 确定；认同；一致
 - cotton, square

Word: abandon
Front: abandon
[əˈbændən] (高研四六托宝 2182/2057 -K3)
Vocabulary: abandon
(once / 104 pages)
1v 2n
To abandon something is to give it up completely. If you’re in a cabin and a forest fire approaches, you’d better get in your car and abandon your cabin, or else be prepared to abandon your life.
If you abandon something, you let it go, so when you describe someone as "acting with abandon," it means they have let go of restrictions or inhibitions. Maybe you like to dance with abandon in the privacy of your own room. But abandon could also mean people have abandoned their senses. To "drive with abandon," for example, means to drive recklessly.
WORD FAMILY
abandon: abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons+/ abandoned: abandonedly/ abandonment: abandonments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The idea was ultimately abandoned in the 1980s.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Obama, as I wrote earlier this week, abandoned this promise in his first year in office.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 放弃，抛弃; 离弃，丢弃; 使屈从; 停止进行，终止
n. 放任，放纵; 完全屈从于压制
时态：abandoned, abandoning, abandons
分布：放弃(76%)，抛弃(21%)，放纵(3%)
→来自法语短语 a bandon. 前缀a-同ad-, 去，往。-band, 意愿。原指置于别人的意愿之下，任人处置，后喻指遗弃，词源同ban,命令，禁止, 同phone, 说，命令。
抛弃,放弃(a不+ban+don给予→不禁止给出去→放弃)[ban=prohibit,表示"禁止"]
vt.离弃,丢弃;遗弃,抛弃;放弃The wandering band abandoned her bandaged husband on Swan Island.流浪的乐队把她那位打着绷带的丈夫遗弃在天鹅岛上.
【记】a+band乐队+on，一个乐队在舞台上。想想黑豹、唐朝、零点等疯狂的摇滚乐队，不仅他们在放纵，你们听他们的歌本身也是一种放纵。
【反】salvage（vt 海上救助）
verb transitive
LEAVE 丢弃
 IMPROVER
■to leave a place, thing or person forever 离弃；放弃；抛弃；遗弃
• We had to abandon the car. 我们不得不弃车而去。
• By the time the rebel troops arrived, the village had already been abandoned. 当叛军杀到时，村民已经撤离了村庄。
• As a baby he'd been abandoned by his mother. 他在繦褓之中就被母亲遗弃了。
• We were sinking fast, and the captain gave the order to abandon ship. 我们的船沉得很快，船长下令弃船。
[ə'bæn.dən] verb transitive
STOP 停止
 IMPROVER
■to stop doing an activity before you have finished it 放弃；中止
• The match was abandoned at half-time because of the poor weather conditions. 由于天气状况太差，比赛进行了一半就停止了。
• They had to abandon their attempt to climb the mountain. 他们被迫放弃攀登这座山的打算。
• The party has now abandoned its policy of unilateral disarmament. 这个政党已经废止了其单方面裁军的政策。
[ə'bæn.dən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] abandon yourself to sth
■to allow yourself to be controlled completely by a feeling or way of living 沉湎于；放纵
• He abandoned himself to his emotions. 他任由自己的情绪发泄。
[ə'bæn.dən] noun literary
with (gay/wild) abandon
■in a completely uncontrolled way 尽情；放纵
• We danced with wild abandon. 我们纵情跳舞。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
n. 狂热；放任
 - loose, mania
vt. 遗弃；放弃
 - desert, yield, quit

Word: missile
Front: missile
[ˈmɪsaɪl] (高研四六雅宝 2367/3749 -3)
Vocabulary: missile
(once / 430 pages)
n
A missile is an object that can be projected toward a target. Examples include a spitball shot through a straw, a poison-tipped arrow sent via bow, or a self-propelled heat-seeking rocket, designed to take out targets at long range.
When you learn about the Cuban Missile Crisis in history, the missiles in question were guided rockets loaded with nuclear warheads, supplied to the Cubans by the Soviet Union. A missile defense strategy is one where you send up defensive missile to blow up your enemy's offensive ones before they can reach you.
WORD FAMILY
missile: missiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council resolutions ban the North from pursuing its missile program.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, she authorised the transfer to Estonia of high-precision long-range missiles to be deployed alongside drones, tanks and RAF jets.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 导弹; 投射物
adj. 导弹的; 可投掷的; 用以发射导弹的
分布：导弹(98%)，投射物(2%)
→来自拉丁语mittere,送出，发射，词源同emit,commit,-ss,过去分词后缀。引申词义发射物，导弹。
发射物,导弹(miss发送+ile)[-ile 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"物体"]
n.导弹,发射物The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
【记】miss送，ile东西－送出去的东西－投射物
【参】dismiss（v 开除，解散）；emissary（n 使者）；missive（n 公文）
US [-əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a flying weapon which has its own engine so that it can travel a long distance before exploding at the place that it has been aimed at 导弹
• a missile launcher 导弹发射装置
• Missile attacks on the capital resumed at dawn. 针对首都的导弹袭击在黎明时又重新开始了。
 IMPROVER formal
■any object that is thrown with the intention of causing injury or damage 投掷物
• Stones, bottles and other missiles were thrown at the police. 石块、瓶子和其他投掷物纷纷扔向员警。
n. [航] [军] 导弹；投射物
 - dejectile

Word: representative
Front: representative
[ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv] (高研四六托雅 1976/1470 -K4)
Vocabulary: representative
(once / 103 pages)
adjn
If you're representative of some group, you're typical, you’re a lot like most of the others. You might also be a representative for your group; you were elected to act on behalf of those you represent.
The US and many other democracies have representative governments, in which voters elect people to act on their behalf — to represent them. In the US, the House of Representatives is the largest legislative body. Its members — congressmen and congresswomen — are elected by the voters of their districts. These representatives are supposed to listen to the views of the people from their districts and act in their best interests.
WORD FAMILY
representative: nonrepresentative, representatively, representatives, unrepresentative+/ misrepresent: misrepresentation, misrepresented, misrepresenting, misrepresents/ misrepresentation: misrepresentations/ represent: misrepresent, representable, representation, representative, represented, representing, represents/ representation: representational, representations/representational: nonrepresentational, representationally/unrepresentative: unrepresentatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A company representative did not respond Monday night to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official said Monday night, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代表; 继任者; 议员; 类似物
adj. 典型的; 有代表性的; 代议制的; 相当[类似]（另一种属）的
分布：代表(84%)，典型(8%)，典型的(3%)，代表的(3%)，众议员(1%)，代表制的(1%)
→来自 represent,呈现，代表，描绘。
n.代表,代理人a.(of)典型的,有代表性的Presently the present is presented to the representative.现在这份礼物已呈现在代表面前.
US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people 代表；代理人
• The firm has two representatives in every European city. 这间公司在每个欧洲城市设有两名销售代表。
 IMPROVER US
■someone who has been elected to the US House of Representatives （美国）众议院议员
UK [ˌrep.rɪ'zen.tə.tɪv] US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] adjective
TYPICAL 典型的
■typical of, or the same as, others in a larger group of people or things 有代表性的；典型的；代表…的
• Are your views/opinions representative of all the workers here? 你的观点／意见可以代表这里所有工人的想法吗？
• a representative sample/cross-section/selection 典型的样品／有代表性的社会典型人物／有代表性的选择
UK [ˌrep.rɪ'zen.tə.tɪv] US [-tˌə.tˌɪv] adjective
ACTING FOR 替…行动
■A representative system of government is one in which people vote for politicians to represent them. 代议制政体
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
adj. 典型的， [数] 有代表性的；代议制的
 - typical, characteristic
n. [数] 代表；典型；众议员
 - deputy, model, behalf of, ambassador

Word: experiment
Front: experiment
[ɪkˈsperɪmənt] (中高研四六雅 1990/1651 -K3)
Vocabulary: experiment
(once / 106 pages)
nv
If you see your science-loving neighbor headed home with a power cord, a handful of test tubes, a stopwatch, and a bag of potatoes, there’s probably no need to be alarmed. There’s a good chance he’s only conducting an experiment, a scientific test conducted under controlled conditions.
To refer to a scientific test, use the noun experiment. If you want to describe the work done in conducting such a test, experiment will do the trick as well, since it can also act as a verb, as in "scientists experiment with helium." You can also use it more generally to describe trying a new method or idea. For example, you could experiment with a new hairstyle or different routes to get to school or work.
WORD FAMILY
experiment: experimental, experimentation, experimented, experimenter, experimenting, experiments+/ experimental: experimentalism, experimentally/experimentation: experimentations/experimenter: experimenters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Consider some of these thought experiments, if nothing else.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 170 House Republicans signed a recent letter of which Mr. Price was an author, urging the administration to “stop experimenting with Americans’ health.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 实验，试验; 尝试
vi. 做实验，进行试验; 尝试
时态：experimented, experimenting, experiments
分布：实验(65%)，试验(24%)，尝试(6%)，做实验(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-per, 尝试，试验，词源同peril, empiricism.
实验(ex出+per+I+ment)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
n.实验;试验v.(on)进行实验;做试验From the experiment the experienced expert gained an unexpected expertise.有经验的专家从实验中获得一项意外技能.
noun countable or uncountable /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.mənt/
 ESSENTIAL
■a test done in order to learn something or to discover whether something works or is true 实验；试验；试用
• Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned. 有些人认为应该禁止拿动物做实验。
• [+ to infinitive] Scientists are conducting/carrying out/doing experiments to test the effectiveness of the new drug. 科学家们正在做实验来检验这种新药的疗效。
• I've bought a different kind of coffee this week as an experiment (= in order to see what it is like). 这个星期我买了不同牌子的咖啡来尝试。
• We can only find the best solution by experiment. 我们只能摸石头过河，寻找最好的解决办法。
verb intransitive /ɪkˈsper.ɪ.ment/
 ADVANCED
■to try something in order to discover what it is like or find out more about it 进行实验；做试验；试用
• Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment. 如果人们不愿意去尝试，事情就永远不会有转机。
• The school is experimenting with new teaching methods. 这间学校正在尝试新的教学法。
• Experimenting on mice can give us an idea of the effect of the disease in humans. 在老鼠身上做实验可以使我们了解这种疾病对人类的影响。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
vi. 尝试；进行实验
 - have a try, try one's hand
n. [试验] 实验，试验；尝试
 - stroke, proof, try, go

Word: heavily
Front: heavily
[ˈhevɪli] (高四六 2363/2153 -K)
Vocabulary: heavily
(once / 174 pages)
1adv 2adv
Anything that happens heavily is weighty, extensive, or labored. A car falling off its jack will crash heavily to the ground, and if you are a new runner, you'll be breathing heavily after the first mile.
Sometimes the adverb heavily simply describes the action of something heavy — like kids' feet pounding heavily up the stairs, or an airplane landing heavily on the runway. There's also the "large amount" or "a lot" meaning, like when rain falls heavily or a director is heavily influenced by the cartoons of her childhood. Breathing heavily, on the other hand, means "with effort."
WORD FAMILY
heavy: heavier, heavies, heaviest, heavily, heaviness, heavyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe by the end of 2017, they will find themselves featuring heavily in a highlight reel like this one:
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 在很大程度上; 沉重地; 大量地; 缓慢又高声地
分布：猛烈地(26%)，沉重地(23%)，重重地(19%)，沉闷地(19%)，厉害地(9%)，稠密地(4%)
adverb
TO A GREAT DEGREE 到了严重的程度
 IMPROVER
■to a great degree 严重地
• The terrorists are heavily armed. 恐怖分子全副武装。
• The compound is heavily guarded. 大院子里戒备森严。
• She's heavily involved in the project. 她涉入该项工程甚深。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
WEIGHING A LOT 重
■in a way which needs a lot of effort to move or lift 重的，沈的；辛苦的；费力的
• The news she had received weighed heavily on her (= worried her). 她得到的消息使她担心不已。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
SOLID 结实
■in a strong, thick or solid way 厚实；坚实，结实
• He's a heavily built (= large and strong) man. 他是个身强体壮的大汉。
['hev.ɪ.li] adverb
be heavily into sth informal
■to be very interested in and involved with something 对…非常着迷
• When I was younger I was heavily into politics. 我年轻的时候对政治十分着迷。
adv. 沉重地；猛烈地；沉闷地
 - strong, hard

Word: faith
Front: faith
[feɪθ] (高研四六托雅 1326/1738 -K3)
Vocabulary: faith
(once / 30 pages)
1n 2n
When you have faith, you trust or believe in something very strongly. Some people have faith in a higher being, others put their faith behind the Red Sox.
This noun comes from the Old French word feid, meaning “faith, belief, trust, confidence, pledge.” It's often used when describing religion or the supernatural: people have faith in God, or actually refer to the religion they practice as their faith. Some choose to have the same amount of faith in a good friend or a well written recipe — anything that will come through for them in a time of need.
WORD FAMILY
faith: faithful, faithless, faiths, interfaith+/ faithful: faithfuler, faithfulest, faithfully, faithfulness, faithfuls, unfaithful/ faithfulness: faithfulnesses, faithfulnesss/ faithless: faithlessly, faithlessness/unfaithful: unfaithfully, unfaithfulness/unfaithfulness: unfaithfulnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was definitely a leap of faith,” Robinson said after a recent game at Michigan’s Crisler Arena.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What is more, we “12s” express our faith in our team in a variety of ways.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The leather jacket he’d worn and the jukebox from “Faith.”
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 信用，信任; 宗教信仰; 忠诚; 宗教
int. 实在，确实
分布：信仰(48%)，信念(34%)，信任(18%)
→来自bheidh, 相信，信任，信仰，词源同federal, confidence.
n.信任,信用;信仰,信条In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
noun
TRUST 信任
 IMPROVER uncountable
■great trust or confidence in something or someone 信任；信心
• She has no faith in modern medicine. 她对现代医学没有信心。
• You'll cope - I have great faith in you. 你应付得了——我对你很有信心。
• After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the judicial system. 审判之后，他的家人说，他们对司法体系已完全失去信心。
• Ministers must start keeping their promises if they want to restore faith in the government. 如果众部长想恢复人们对政府的信任，他们必须开始信守承诺。
[feɪθ] noun
RELIGION 宗教
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular religion （某一）宗教
• the Muslim/Christian/Jewish/Buddhist faith 伊斯兰教／基督教／犹太教／佛教
• They were persecuted for their faith. 他们因宗教信仰而遭受迫害。
• He was forced to practise his faith in secret. 他被迫秘密信教。
• a multi- faith society 宗教信仰多元化的社会
• They were brought up in the true faith (= the religion which the speaker believes is the only true one). 他们在正统的宗教薰陶下长大。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■strong belief in God or a particular religion 宗教信仰
• Even in the bad times she never lost her faith. 即使在困难时期，她也从未丧失信仰。
• Her faith in God was shattered when her baby died. 她的宝宝死后，她对上帝的信仰破灭了。
• It's my faith that keeps me going. 是我的信仰给我前进的动力。
[feɪθ] noun
accept/take sth on faith
■to be willing to believe something without proof 未加查核地相信；不加怀疑地相信
[feɪθ] noun
Faith can move mountains. saying
■This means if someone's beliefs and confidence are strong enough, they can achieve something that is very difficult. 精诚所至，金石为开。
[feɪθ] noun
Have faith!
■If you tell someone to have faith, you are encouraging them to stay confident 用于鼓励某人坚持信念或保持自信
• Have faith! It'll be all right in the end. 别气馁！最后一切都会好起来的。
[feɪθ] noun
keep faith with sth/sb
■to continue to support something or someone, or to do what you promised to do in a particular thing 对…信任；对…守信
• Despite the continuing recession, the government has asked people to keep faith with its reforms. 尽管经济持续衰退，政府仍然要求人们继续支持改革。
• The company has not kept faith with its promise to invest in training. 公司没有信守在训练上投入资金的承诺。
[feɪθ] noun
put/place your faith in sth/sb
■to make a decision to trust something or someone 相信，信任，对…有信心
• Some people put their faith in strong leaders rather than sound policies. 一些人相信强而有力的领导者，而不相信健全的政策。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
n. 信仰；信念；信任；忠实
 - belief, confidence, trust, credit, loyalty

Word: football
Front: football
[ˈfʊtbɔ:l] (中高 1534/1424 -K4)
Vocabulary: football
(once / 159 pages)
n
Football is a sport. American football is played with an oval ball and the football players tackle each other. In the rest of the world, football is actually soccer. A football also refers to the ball itself.
Football is a game in which players, wearing helmets and protective padding, run while holding the ball and pass by throwing it to teammates, and occasionally try to kick the ball through the goalposts. Players also smash into each other, hence the helmets and padding. Soccer, also known as football, involves players kicking the ball with their feet — only the goalkeeper can touch it with her hands. In both sports, at some point a foot hits the ball.
WORD FAMILY
football: footballer, footballs+/footballer: footballers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elliott, pound for pound, is a more electric football player than Prescott.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The word about what Alabama was doing spread quickly in college football.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 足球〔美国通常指橄榄球〕; 足球运动; 屡屡引起争论（或分歧）的问题; 被踢来踢去的难题
分布：名词(99%)，动词(1%)
→即脚踢的球。
n.足球Balloon, baseball, basketball, football and volleyball all dance ballet on the volcano.气球,棒球,篮球,足球和排球都在火山上跳芭蕾舞.
US [-bɑ:l] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable UK (UK and US soccer)
■a game played between two teams of eleven people, where each team tries to win by kicking a ball into the other team's goal 足球（运动）
• a football player/team 足球运动员／足球队
• He's playing football. 他在踢足球。
• Are you coming to the football match ? 你来看足球比赛吗？
• I'm not a big football fan. 我算不上一个狂热的足球迷。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable US (UK American football)
■a game for two teams of eleven players in which an oval ball is moved along the field by running with it or throwing it 美式橄榄球（运动）
• a football game 橄榄球比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a large ball made of leather or plastic and filled with air, used in games of football 足球；橄榄球
n. 足球，橄榄球
 - soccer, rugby ball
vi. 踢足球；打橄榄球
 - play soccer

Word: define
Front: define
[dɪˈfaɪn] (研四六 1210/1053 -K3)
Vocabulary: define
(once / 122 pages)
v
If you can't define a word, turn to the dictionary. That's always the best way to learn the definition. Likewise, anything you can describe completely is something you can define.
The early French and Latin roots of the verb mean something closer to "to limit" or "to create a boundary," but this is really what we do when we define something: we limit its meaning to something specific. So when you're thinking about the word define, remember that you're looking to create a boundary of meaning around it, whether you're specifying the meaning of a word or a larger concept. To define a word such as astronomy is to define both the word and the realm of science that it's concerned with.
WORD FAMILY
define: definable, defined, defines, defining, definition, redefine +/ definable: definably, indefinable, undefinable/defined: definedly, ill-defined, undefined / defining: definings/ definition: definitions/indefinable: indefinably/ redefine: redefined, redefines, redefining, redefinition/redefinition: redefinitions/undefinable: undefinably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Deann Shepherd of the Humane Society of Utah says current law already requires shelter, but fails to define what that means.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 规定; 使明确; 精确地解释; 画出…的线条
vi. （给词、短语等）下定义，构成释义
时态：defined, defining, defines
分布：定义(89%)，解释(5%)，规定(4%)，限定(2%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-fin, 边界，界限，词源同finish.
限定;下定义(de加强+fine→加强限制→下定义)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
v.给...下定义;阐述;阐释;限定,规定The refiner defined a definite confine with her fine finger.提炼者用她精细的手指定义了一个明确的界限.
verb transitive
EXPLAIN 解释
 IMPROVER
■to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is 给（尤指单词）下定义；说明，解释
• In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'. 在本词典中，reality 被解释为 the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be。
• Before I answer your question, could you define your terms a little more (= explain what you mean by the words you have used) ? 在回答你的问题前，你能不能再解释一下你要表达的意思？
⇒ See also well-defined
 ADVANCED
■to explain and state the meaning and exact limits of something 界定；确定；限定
• Your rights and responsibilities are defined in the citizens' charter. 你的权利和义务在公民宪章中有明确的界定。
• Your role in the project will be strictly defined (= limited to particular areas). 你在这个企划案里的任务将有明确的界定。
• I'd hate to feel that I was defined by (= that my life got its meaning and importance only from) my job. 我讨厌我的生活中除了工作别无重心。
[dɪ'faɪn] verb transitive
CLEARLY SHOW 清晰地显示
■to show clearly the edge of something 显示出…的轮廓；确定…的界线
• The outline of the castle on the hill was clearly defined against the evening sky. 山上城堡的轮廓在夜色的映衬下显得格外清晰。
vt. 定义；使明确；规定
 - regulate, state, rule

Word: destroy
Front: destroy
[dɪˈstrɔɪ] (高研四六 1418/1521 -K4)
Vocabulary: destroy
(once / 40 pages)
v
When your little brother breaks your carefully constructed Lego village into its tiny parts, he destroys it. To destroy is to completely demolish.
To destroy is the opposite of to construct or to build. When you destroy something, you cause destruction, when you build something, you are involved in its construction. In war, soldiers are sometimes sent on missions to search and destroy. This means their job is to find a target and completely take it out. Destroy doesn't have to be physical though. If you get an F in your math class, that could destroy your dream of going to an Ivy League university and too much criticism can destroy your self-esteem.
WORD FAMILY
destroy: destroyable, destroyed, destroyer, destroying, destroys, destructible, destruction, destructive, self-destroy+/destroyable: undestroyable/destroyed: destroyedest/destroyer: destroyers/destructible: destructibility, indestructible / destruction: destructions, self-destruction/ destructive: destructively, destructiveness, self-destructive/ indestructible: indestructibility, indestructibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resolving the contradictions within the government’s various positions, and preventing backbench revolts destroying its slim parliamentary majority, will be all-consuming.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He says he isn’t sure what role each played in the arsons that destroyed barns, at least two houses and other structures.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Persons responsible for the protection of those children destroyed their dignity.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 破坏，摧毁; 消灭，歼灭（敌人）; 杀死; 使失败
时态：destroyed, destroying, destroys
分布：破坏(41%)，摧毁(39%)，消灭(14%)，杀死(6%)
→de-, 夺去，损毁。-stroy, 建造，词源同structure,destruct.
毁坏,破坏(de坏+story[=struct];参考：destructildle)[struct=build,表示"建立"]
v.破坏,摧毁,消灭The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used 毁坏，摧毁，毁灭
• Most of the old part of the city was destroyed by bombs during the war. 该城的大部分老城区都在战争中被炸毁了。
• The accident seemed to have completely/totally destroyed his confidence. 这场事故似乎已彻底击垮了他的信心。
■to kill an animal because it is ill, in pain or dangerous 宰杀，灭杀，杀死（被病痛折磨或危险的动物）
destroy, extinguish, exterminate
这组词都有“消灭”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指通过杀戮或终止某人某物的机能，使之无用或毁灭。
extinguish: 原义指灭火，转义后暗示生命、希望等像火一样地消灭、熄灭。
exterminate: 指大量地、成批地杀害、消灭。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
vt. 破坏；消灭；毁坏
 - undermine, founder

Word: split
Front: split
[splɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2910/2573 -K4)
Vocabulary: split
(once / 316 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n
If you and your boyfriend split, you are no longer together. If your pants split, they come open at the seam. If both of these happen in the same day, split! (Get out of here!)
Split means to come apart or rip in two. It can be used as a verb "let's split the apple in two" or as a noun "be careful to step over the split in the earth left by the quake." It implies some violence. When firemen split open your door, they need an axe to do it.
WORD FAMILY
split: splits, splitted, splitter, splitting+/splitter: splitters/splitting: splittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newly drawn district consolidates the power of voters in Richmond, who were previously split between Forbes and Scott.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Trojans split up 15 minutes of fame among several unlikely heroes in their NCAA-record 25th Rose Bowl win.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 分裂; 分开; <俚>（迅速）离开; 分担
n. 划分; 分歧; 裂缝; 劈叉
vi. <俚>走开; 揭发; 被撞碎; <美>[证券]（股票）增加发行
adj. 裂开的，劈开的，分离的，分裂的
时态：split, splitting, splits
分布：分裂(54%)，分离(14%)，劈开(8%)，分裂的(7%)，裂开(7%)，分摊(3%)，裂口(3%)，一份(2%)，水果冰淇淋(1%)，意见分歧的(1%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*spleit,分开，来自 splei,分开，来自 spel,分开，劈开，词源同 spill,split,flint.引申诸相关词义。
v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
verb (splitting, split, split)
DIVIDE 分开
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line （使）裂开；（使）分开
• The prize was split between Susan and Kate. 这笔奖金被苏珊和凯特平分了。
• Split the aubergines in half and cover with breadcrumbs. 把茄子切成两半，裹上面包屑。
• The teacher split the children (up) into three groups. 老师把孩子们分成三组。
• informal I'll split (= share) this croissant with you. 我和你平分这个牛角面包。
• His trousers split when he tried to jump the fence. 他试图翻过围栏时裤子裂开了。
• [+ obj + adj] The woman had split her head open (= got a long deep wound in her head) when she was thrown off the horse. 那个女人从马上摔下来时，头上裂了个很深的伤口。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to form cracks 裂开；爆裂
• The wooden floor had cracked and split in the heat. 木地板受热裂开了。
intransitive or transitive
■If the people in an organization or group split, or if something splits them, they disagree and form smaller groups （使）（组织或团体）分裂；（使）产生分歧
• The childcare issue has split the employers' group. 儿童保育问题使雇主们产生了分歧。
• The union executive has split down the middle (= divided into two equal-sized groups who disagree with each other) on what to do next. 工会执行委员会在下一步的动向问题上分裂成势均力敌的两派。
• A group of extremists split (off) from the Labour Party to form a new "Workers' Communist Party". 一些极端主义者从工党中分裂出来，成立了新的“工人共产主义党”。
split the difference
■If you split the difference, you agree on a number or amount that is exactly in the middle of the difference between two other numbers or amounts. （在数字、数量等方面）折衷，妥协
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
TELL 告诉
intransitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to tell other people secret and damaging information about someone 告发，揭发
• They knew Josie wouldn't split on them to the teacher. 他们知道乔西不会向老师告发他们的。
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
LEAVE 离开
intransitive old-fashioned informal
■to leave a place 离开
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
split your sides
■to laugh a lot at something 捧腹大笑；笑破肚皮
• We nearly split our sides laughing/with laughter watching Paul trying to get the dog into the bicycle basket. 我们看着保罗试图把狗放进脚踏车篮里，几乎笑得直不起腰来。
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
split hairs disapproving
■to argue about whether small details are correct 纠缠于末枝细节；在鸡毛蒜皮的事上争论不休
[splɪt] verb (splitting, split, split)
  Phrasal Verbs  split up informal
■If two people split up, they end their relationship or marriage 分手；断绝关系；离婚
• She split up with her boyfriend last week. 她上星期和男朋友分手了。
⇒ See also split-up
[splɪt] noun countable
■a long, thin hole in something where it has broken apart 裂缝；裂口
• Rain was getting in through a split in the plastic sheeting. 雨水从塑胶薄膜的一处裂缝渗了进来。
■when a group of people divides into smaller groups because they disagree about something 分裂；分歧
• There is a widening split between senior managers and the rest of the workforce. 高层经理们和其他员工之间的分歧越来越大。
• The tax issue has caused a split in/within the government. 税收问题导致政府内部产生了分裂。
• There was a 70%, 25%, 5% split in the voting. 在投票中各赢得70%、25%和5%的选票。
the splits [plural] UK (US split)
■the action of sitting on the floor with your legs straight out and flat along the floor in opposite directions 劈叉，劈腿动作
• Can you do the splits? 你会劈腿吗？
• Carly did a split. 卡莉做出一字马的动作。
rip, tear, split
这组词都有“撕裂、扯破”的意思，其区别是：
rip: 侧重指用力把布料等物撕开，也可指用粗暴手段把某物撕裂。
tear: 最普通用词，指有意或无意地把布或纸等没接缝的材料撕开。可作引申用。
split: 非正式用词，指有力的切断、劈开或撕裂的动作。
vt. 分离；使分离；劈开；离开
 - leave, quit
vi. 离开；被劈开；断绝关系
 - leave, quit, get out
n. 劈开； [木] 裂缝
 - crack, cleavage
adj. 劈开的
 - cloven, cleft

Word: businessman
Front: businessman
[ˈbɪznəsmæn] (高 3840/3547 -K3)
Back: n. 商人; 实业家
分布：商人(100%)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a man who works in business, especially if he has a high position in a company （尤指公司高层的）商界人士；实业家
• He was a successful businessman before becoming a writer. 在成为作家之前，他是一位成功的实业家。
['bɪz.nɪs.mən] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  businessmanRemember: businessman is written as one word. Don't write 'business man', write businessman :
✗ A lot of business men suffer from stress.
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. [贸易] 商人
 - merchant, trader

Word: rank
Front: rank
[ræŋk] (高研四六托雅 2647/2464 -K3)
Vocabulary: rank
(once / 66 pages)
1nv 2adj 3adj
The word rank often deals with an order of some kind. If you are a high-ranking officer in the military, you can boss around soldiers of lower rank.
Linguists see the Old English ranc as having roots prior to the 11th Century, possibly from the Old Norse rakkr, meaning "straight." The order of ranks from lowest to highest proceeds in a straight line, as does a rank of marching soldiers. You can also use rank to describe an especially foul smell. No matter what rank you are, you must not enjoy walking into the mess hall and realizing that the rank smell in the air is today's lunch.
WORD FAMILY
rank: ranked, ranker, rankest, ranking, rankly, rankness, ranks+/ranked: unranked/ranker: rankers/ ranking: rankings/rankness: ranknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Though he averaged more than 300 yards off the tee, Walker ranked 183rd in driving accuracy, hitting 48 percent of his fairways.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 阶层，等级; 军衔; 次序，顺序; 行列
vt. & vi. 排列，使成横排; 把…分类
vt. 排列; 超过，高于; 把…分等级
vi. 位于; 使成横排; 抱怨; 吹毛求疵，揭疮疤
adj. 讨厌的; 极端的; 繁茂的; 恶臭的
时态：ranked, ranking, ranks
分布：排(48%)，列(25%)，等级(13%)，排列(6%)，列为(3%)，阶层(2%)，繁茂的(1%)，讨厌的(1%)，分等级(1%)
→来自古法语 ranc,排，行，来自 Proto-Germanic*hringaz,圈，环，来自 sker,弯，转，词源 同 ring,curve.词义由环行排列过渡至水平排列。引申词义排列，等级。
n.军衔,社会阶层;排v.分等级,把...分类The frank man put the first-rank blank blanket into the tan tank.直率的男子将一流空白毛毯放进黝黑的大容器
noun
POSITION 地位
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a position in an organization, such as the army, showing the importance of the person having it 职位；官阶；军衔
• senior/high/junior/low rank 高／低级职位
• He has just been promoted to the rank of captain. 他刚被提升为上尉。
• Ministers of Cabinet rank receive a higher salary than other ministers. 进入内阁的部长比其他部长的薪金高。
• Having a large income is one of the advantages of rank (= high position). 职位级别高的好处之一就是收入高。
countable or uncountable
■a particular position, higher or lower than others 等级；级别
• He's in the front/first rank of (= one of the best) international tennis players. 他是世界一流的网球运动员。
• Consumer preferences were placed in rank order from 1 to 5. 顾客对产品的喜好程度从一到五划分级别。
ranks [plural]
■the membership of a group or organization （团体或组织的）成员
• Party ranks have swelled by nearly 300 000. 党员人数已经增加了将近30万人。
• Marty has joined the ranks of the (= become) unemployed. 马蒂也成了失业大军中的一员。
• The party leadership seems to be losing support in the ranks. 该党的领导层好像在失去广大党员的支持。
rise from/through the ranks
■to be moved up from a low level position in an organization to a higher one （从很低的职位）擢升，步步高升
• He rose through the ranks to become a General. 他从普通士兵成长为一名将军。
• He joined the company in 1998 and has been rising through the ranks ever since. 他于1998年进入公司，从那以后步步高升。
[ræŋk] noun
ROW 排
countable
■a row, especially of people or things standing side by side （尤指并排站立的）行，列，排
• The front rank of the riot squad raised their shields. 前排的防暴队员举起了盾牌。
• literary We could see nothing for miles but serried ranks (= many close rows) of fir trees. 数英里范围内，映入眼帘的只有一排排密密丛丛的冷杉树。
countable
■a place where taxis wait for passengers 计程车候车站
• There were no taxis at the taxi/cab rank. 计程车候车站上没有计程车。
[ræŋk] adjective
EXTREME 极端的
[before noun]
■(especially of something bad) complete or extreme （尤指坏事）完全的，十足的，极端的
• It was rank stupidity to drive so fast on an icy road. 在结冰的路面上把车开得这样快简直是愚蠢透顶。
• The horse that won the race was a rank outsider. 赢得比赛的那匹马原来看上去根本没希望获胜。
[ræŋk] adjective
GROWN 长满的
■describes plants that grow too fast or too thickly, or an area covered by these （植物）疯长的，芜生蔓长的；（地方）长满（杂草）的
• The abandoned garden was rank with weeds. 荒废的花园里杂草丛生。
[ræŋk] adjective
SMELL 气味
■smelling strong and unpleasant 难闻的；恶臭的；腥臭的
• His clothes were rank with sweat. 他的衣服一股汗臭味。
[ræŋk] verb intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
 IMPROVER
■to have a position higher or lower than others, or to be considered to have such a position 具有…的地位（或等级）；把…分等级；确定…的地位（或等级）
• A captain ranks (= has a position) above a lieutenant. 上尉的军阶比中尉高。
• My entry was ranked third in the flower show. 在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。
• She ranked the bottles in order of size along the shelf. 她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在架子上。
• In my opinion, he ranks among the theatre's greatest actors. 我认为他是该剧团最优秀的演员之一。
• She said that 1989 must rank as (= be) the most remarkable year for change in Europe since 1848. 她说从1848年以来，1989年一定可以算得上是欧洲发生变化最大的一年。
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
n. 排；等级； [军] 军衔；队列
 - degree, classification, row, range, grade
adj. 讨厌的；恶臭的；繁茂的
 - evil, unpleasant, poisonous
vt. 排列；把…分等
 - arrange, form
vi. 列为；列队
 - form up

Word: employ
Front: employ
[ɪmˈplɔɪ] (高研四六托 1962/1231 -K3)
Vocabulary: employ
(once / 33 pages)
vn
To employ means to use something or hire someone to work. You can employ a saw to cut a board or employ a tutor to teach you math. You can even employ your talents in study and activities.
The Latin source of employ is the word implicāre, which literally means to enfold or be connected with. This ties in with the verb employ, which is transitive and needs a direct object. (You can't just say "I will employ — you have to employ something.) The word also suggests using something for a specific purpose: you can employ someone for a job or find something in which to employ your own interests.
WORD FAMILY
employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs+/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employee: employees/ employer: employers/ employment: employments, unemployment / unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will not be easy for the gardeners employed by cities to turn to more sustainable methods.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Big companies like Ford and International Business Machines Corp., as well as government agencies and especially the Department of Defense, all employ futurists.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Those who employ it frequently fail to formulate additional planks for their arguments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 雇用; 使用，利用
n. 受雇; 服务; 工作
时态：employed, employing, employs
分布：使用(64%)，雇佣(36%)
→em-, 进入，使。-ploy, 编织，卷入，词源同deploy, imply, implicate.即成为其中的一份子。
雇佣;运用(em进入+ploy→进入用的状态→雇佣)[ploy=use,invlve,表示"用,参与"]
n./v.雇用;用,使用The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
verb
PROVIDE JOB 提供工作
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it 雇用
• How many people does your company employ? 你们公司雇有多少员工？
• Can't we employ someone as an assistant to help with all this paperwork? 我们不可以雇一位助理来协助处理这些文书工作吗？
• [+ to infinitive] We've employed a market researcher to find out what people really want from a cable TV system. 我们已经雇用了一位市场调查研究员来调查人们到底想透过有线电视系统看到甚么样的节目。
• More people are now employed in service industries than in manufacturing. 现在服务业的就业人数多于制造业。
[ɪm'plɔɪ] verb
USE 利用
transitive formal
■to use something 使用；利用
• Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results. 利用尖端的统计分析技术得到了这些结果。
[ɪm'plɔɪ] verb
SPEND TIME 花时间
be employed in doing sth formal
■to spend time doing something 花时间做，从事于
• He was busily employed in lacing up his shoes. 他忙着系鞋带。
[ɪm'plɔɪ] noun formal
be in sb's employ
■to be working for someone 受雇于（某人）；为（某人）工作
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
engage, employ, hire
这组词都有“雇用”的意思，其区别是：
engage: 可与hire换用，特指雇用专业人员。
employ: 正式用词，侧重受雇者虽为薪金而工作，但工作固定共享有相当尊严。
hire: 普通用词，常指短期或长期雇用某人从事某一特定工作或一次性的工作，含强调为薪金而工作的意味。
vt. 使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使从事于
 - introduce, make use of, fashion, exercise
n. 使用；雇用
 - usage, utilization, use, hire

Word: handle
Front: handle
[ˈhændl] (高研四六托宝 1238/1576 -K4)
Vocabulary: handle
(once / 106 pages)
vn
To handle something is to control it, the way an elephant handler might handle an elephant, or the way you would use a handle to lift a suitcase. If you're panicking, a friend might suggest you "get a handle on yourself."
How to get a handle on the word handle? Start with the thumb. Much like the word “thimble” is derived from “thumb,” “handle” essentially refers to an object held "in hand," or placed under your control. Handle can also have a more abstract meaning, such as understanding or grasping a concept. You should be able to handle geometry before you start trig, right? A handle is also slang for a nickname. "What's your handle?" is another way of saying "What's your name?
WORD FAMILY
handle: handled, handleless, handler, handles, handling, mishandle +/handler: handlers/handling: handlings/ mishandle: mishandled, mishandles, mishandling
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are likely to be too much for the Dolphins to handle.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To handle a gun, you must be “maximally aggressive,” Gariev said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I thought he handled himself pretty well,” Del Rio said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （织物、毛皮等的）手感; 手柄; 举动; 柄状物
vi. 操作，操控; 容易搬运
vt. 用双手触摸、举起或握住; 用手操作，操纵; 处理或负责，管理; 〈美〉买卖，经营
时态：handled, handling, handles
分布：处理(46%)，柄(31%)，把手(15%)，操作(5%)，触(1%)，对待(1%)，买卖(1%)
→来自hand,手，-le,工具格后缀。引申词义操纵，比较manipulate.
n.柄,把手,拉手v.处理,对待,操纵;触,抚养The handy left-hander left a handsome handkerchief on the handle of the handbag.手巧的左撇子把一方漂亮手帕留在手提包的提手上.
【记】hand（手），le一把手
【反】cumbersome（adj 讨厌的；麻烦的；笨重的）－easy to handle（容易处理的）
noun countable
PART 部分
 ADVANCED
■a part of an object designed for holding, moving or carrying the object easily 柄，把手
• a door handle 门把手
• the handle on a suitcase 手提箱的提手
• I can't pick the kettle up - the handle's too hot. 我没法拿起茶壶，壶柄太烫了。
• She turned the handle and slowly opened the door. 她转动把手，慢慢地打开门。
['hæn.dl] noun countable
NAME 名称 informal
■a name of a person or place, especially a strange one （尤指奇怪的）名字，名称
• That's some handle to go through life with! 一辈子取那样一个名字也够奇怪的！
['hæn.dl] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to deal with, have responsibility for, or be in charge of 处理；应付；负责
• I thought he handled the situation very well. 我认为他把局面处理得非常好。
• Some people are brilliant with computers, but have no idea how to handle (= behave with) other people. 有些人在电脑方面很出色，却不会与人打交道。
• If you can't handle the job I'll get someone else to do it. 如果你做不了这项工作，我会让别人来做。
• Who handles the marketing in your company? 你们公司谁负责市场行销？
['hæn.dl] verb
TOUCH 触碰
transitive
■to pick something up and touch, hold or move it with your hands （用手）触摸，拿，搬动
• Always wash your hands before handling food. 拿食物之前一定要洗手。
• Please don't handle the vases - they're very fragile. 请不要触碰花瓶，它们极易破碎。
['hæn.dl] verb
OPERATE 操作
transitive
■to operate or control something which could be difficult or dangerous 操作，控制（困难或危险的事物）
• Have you ever handled a gun before? 你以前用过枪吗？
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a car handles well, it is easy and pleasant to drive. （汽车）驾驶起来
['hæn.dl] verb
SELL 出售
transitive
■to buy and sell goods 买卖（商品）
• We only handle cosmetics which have not been tested on animals. 我们只经营未在动物身上做过试验的化妆品。
• mainly UK He's been arrested for handling stolen goods. 他因卖赃物被捕。
deal with, cope with, dispose of, manage, handle
这些动词或短语动词都含有“处理”，“对付”之意。
deal with: 既可指处理具体事情，也可指处理或解决具有抽象意义的问题。
cope with: 指成功地处理或对付更为重大，更为严重的问题或事物。
dispose of: 与deal with同义，普通用法。
manage: 指处理日常事务与工作，也可指经营管理。
handle: 从原义“手柄”，转引申为作“处理”解时，其内涵是管理和操纵。
n. [建] 把手；柄；手感；口实
 - shank, grip
vt. 处理；操作；运用；买卖；触摸
 - operate, feel, exert, work, cope with

Word: badly
Front: badly
[ˈbædli] (高研四 3111/2078 -K3)
Back: adv. 非常，在很大程度上; 坏，拙劣地; 不利地，有害地
分布：严重地(55%)，恶劣地(27%)，差的(9%)，极度地(9%)
ad.非常,严重地;坏地,差地,拙劣地The worshiper thinks that the worst is the insufficient horsepower.崇拜者认为最坏的事是马力不足.
adverb (worse, worst)
UNPLEASANT 不愉快地
 ESSENTIAL
■in a severe and harmful way 严重地
• She was badly affected by the events in her childhood. 一些童年往事对她产生了严重的影响。
• Fortunately, none of the passengers were badly hurt/injured in the crash. 幸运的是，车祸中没有乘客受重伤。
• I thought he was treated very badly. 我认为他受到了虐待。
['bæd.li] adverb (worse, worst)
LOW QUALITY 品质低劣
 ESSENTIAL
■in a way that is not acceptable or of good quality 劣质的，很差的；不可接受的
• The event was very badly organized. 该场比赛规划得很不好。
• I thought he behaved very badly. 我觉得他表现得很差。
• Their children are extremely badly -behaved. 他们的那些孩子行为举止非常糟糕。
['bæd.li] adverb (worse, worst)
VERY MUCH 非常地
 ESSENTIAL
■very much 很，非常
• He needs the money really badly. 他真的非常需要这笔钱。
• They are badly in need of help. 他们非常需要帮助。
badly, bad
badly: 副词,不好,但与need, want, require连用为"很,非常" I need the book badly.
bad: 形容词, go bad
adv. 非常，很；严重地，厉害地；恶劣地
 - extremely, greatly, highly, quite, too, seriously

Word: setting
Front: setting
[ˈsetɪŋ] (研四六托雅 1742/2197 -2)
Vocabulary: setting
(once / 123 pages)
n
A setting is where something is set, or placed. If you want to propose to your beloved, try to choose a romantic setting.
To set means to put in place, so a setting is a placement. If you are a jeweler, you will spend a lot of time making silver and gold settings for precious stones. Setting can also mean context. If you tell me that you spent the whole weekend cooing and clucking, before I decide that you’re crazy, you might explain to me that the setting of that clucking was the birth of all the little chicks on your friend’s farm.
WORD FAMILY
setting: settings+/ reset: resets, resetted, resetting/ set: preset, reset, seting, sets, setting, subset / subset: subsets
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 2012, the Michigan Legislature passed Public Act 520 establishing wolves a game species and setting in motion plans for a statewide hunting season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams said Pickens’ comments about the fired employees “not fitting in” reinforces a long history of African-Americans not being allowed into elite, private-club settings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the setting is now Los Angeles instead of an iconic Manhattan skyscraper.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 镶嵌; 环境; 装置; （某事、戏剧、小说等的）背景
v. 放( set的现在分词); 安插; 树立; 安排
分布：环境(33%)，背景(29%)，安装(22%)，镶嵌(9%)，放置(5%)，动词set的现在分词形式.(2%)
→来自 set,放置，设置，-ing,动名词后缀。引申词义环境，背景等。
n.安置;落山;(固定东西的)柜架底座;环境At the outset this set of setting settled the offset problem of the kettle.在开始,这一套设置解决了水壶的弥补问题.
US ['setˌ-] noun
POSITION 位置
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the position of a house or other building 位置；环境
• Their cottage is in an idyllic rural setting. 他们的农舍地处恬静宜人的乡村。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the time and the place in which the action of a book, film, play, etc. happens （小说、电影、戏剧等的）情节背景
• The play has its setting in a wartime prison camp. 这部戏的背景是战争时期的战俘营。
countable * a place setting
UK ['set.ɪŋ] US ['setˌ-] noun
CONTROLS 调控
countable
■a position on the controls of a piece of equipment （机器的）调控装置
• My hairdryer has three settings - high, medium and low. 我的吹风机有三段——高温、中温和低温。
• You don't need to adjust the setting every time you take a photo. 你不必每次拍照片的时候都调整设定。
UK ['set.ɪŋ] US ['setˌ-] noun
JEWELLERY 宝石
countable
■the piece of metal in a ring, or other piece of jewellery, into which a precious stone is fixed 安置宝石的底座；镶嵌底座
• a single diamond in a plain gold setting 镶嵌在纯金底座上的单颗钻石
UK ['set.ɪŋ] US ['setˌ-] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■music written or provided for a poem or other words so that they can be sung 为…谱曲；给…配乐
• He sang Schubert's setting of a Goethe poem. 他唱了一曲，是舒伯特为歌德的诗谱写的乐曲。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
region, setting, realm
region: 地区
setting: 场所，背景，环境
realm: 王国，领域
n. 环境；安装；布置； [天] 沉落
 - context, circumstance, installation, arrangement, surrounding
v. 放置；沉没；使…处于某位置（set的ing形式）
 - putting, positioning, laying

Word: player
Front: player
[ˈpleɪə(r)] (高四六雅 513/732 -K5)
Vocabulary: player
(once / 71 pages)
1n 2n 3n
If you like to play anything at all, you’re a player. If you take part in a game or sport, you're a player. If you're a big flirt, you’re a player. Like the kazoo? You’re a kazoo player. Play on!
Some players play cards or tennis, and others play roles in theater productions. You could also call a musician a player, like a piano player or a flute player. Vital or influential people (or groups) are sometimes described this way too: "The president called a meeting of all the biggest political players." And finally, there are inanimate players, like music or radio players, or an MP3 player.
WORD FAMILY
player: players+/interplay: interplays/misplay: misplayed, misplaying, misplays/overplay: overplayed, overplaying, overplays/ play: counterplay, foreplay, interplay, misplay, overplay, playable, played, player, playful, playing, playlet, plays, replay, underplay/playable: unplayable/ playful: playfully, playfulness, unplayful/ playfulness: playfulnesses/playing: playings/playlet: playlets/ replay: replayed, replaying, replays/underplay: underplayed, underplaying, underplays/unplayful: unplayfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most players want security over a one-year fat paycheck.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday morning, the NBA announced Wall and Harden as the Eastern and Western Conference players of the week, respectively.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 演员; [体]运动员; [音]演奏者; 播放机
分布：演奏者(35%)，播放器(30%)，演员(25%)，比赛者(7%)，游戏的人(3%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
GAME 游戏
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who takes part in a game or sport 运动员；游戏者
• Each player takes three cards. 每个打牌者拿三张牌。
• The team has many talented players. 这支队伍里有许多天才运动员。
■someone who is very involved in an activity or organization 主要参与者；主力
• She was a leading/key player in the reorganization of the health service. 在医疗机构的重组中，她是一位主要参与者。
UK ['pleɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
ACTING 表演 old use
■an actor 演员
■used in the names of some theatre companies （用于剧团的名称中）剧团
• the Shakespeare Players 莎士比亚剧团
UK ['pleɪ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
SOUNDS/PICTURES 声音／图片
■a person who plays a musical instrument 演奏者
• a recorder/piano player 竖笛／钢琴演奏者
■a machine for playing music, sound or pictures 播放机
• a CD/tape/video player CD播放机／影带录放影机／录影机
player, performer, actor
这组词都有“演员”的意思，其区别是：
player: 侧重指职业或业余舞台演员。
performer: 使用广泛，不仅可指舞台或影视演员，而且可指舞蹈演员、乐器演奏等的演员，侧重在观众面前的实际表演。
actor: 指在舞台剧、电影、电视剧或广播剧中以演出为职业的男演员，侧重扮演的角色。
n. 运动员，比赛者；游戏者，做游戏的人；演奏者，表演者；演员
 - athlete, sportsman

Word: apple
Front: apple
[ˈæpl] (中高 2695/2446 -K3)
Vocabulary: apple
(once / 147 pages)
n
An apple is a round fruit with red or green skin and a whitish inside. One variety of apple might be sweet, another sour.
The apple isn't just a fruit. It's a symbol — from the apples eaten by Adam and Eve in the Biblical creation story, which symbolize the loss of innocent to the expression "American as apple pie" to mean something that is wholesome. The "apple of your eye" is the person who delights you — maybe you are the apple of your grandfather's eye. He might tell you, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away," meaning the fruit is good for your health.
WORD FAMILY
apple: apples
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apple, Facebook, Google and other tech giants try to keep users in their own “walled gardens”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And like all Apple employees, he was discouraged from talking about his job with co-workers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Apple did not immediately respond to an email seeking comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 苹果; 苹果树; 苹果公司
分布：苹果(98%)，珍宝(1%)，家伙(1%)
→来自PIE *abel, 水果，后特指苹果。
n.苹果,苹果树I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a round fruit with firm white flesh and a green, red or yellow skin 苹果
• to peel an apple 削个苹果
• apple pie/sauce 苹果派／酱
• an apple tree 苹果树
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. saying
■This means that eating an apple each day can help to keep you healthy. 一天一苹果，不用上诊所／一日一苹果，医生远离我。
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
the apple of sb's eye old-fashioned
■the person who someone loves most and is very proud of （某人的）心肝宝贝，掌上明珠
• His youngest daughter was the apple of his eye. 他的小女儿是他的心肝宝贝。
['æp.l] noun countable or uncountable
be in apple-pie order UK old-fashioned
■to be perfectly arranged and tidy 井然有序；整齐；井井有条
• Their house is always in apple-pie order. 他们家总是收拾得井井有条。
n. [园艺] 苹果；家伙
 - customer, fellow, egg, guy, bird

Word: route
Front: route
[ru:t] (研四六雅 1946/1246 -K4)
Vocabulary: route
(once / 152 pages)
nv
A route is a way for travel or movement, the path from point A to point B. A route can also be the method used for achieving a particular result, like going to school and working hard is your route to success.
Route comes from an Old French word, rute, “road,” “way,” or “path” and the Latin rupta, “broken way” or “beaten way.” A route can be a highway, like Route 66, or all the places you pass through on the way somewhere, like using a map to find the shortest route. As a verb, route means "to send people or things on a particular course," like detour signs that route you through unfamiliar streets or a package that is routed through Cleveland on its way to you.
WORD FAMILY
route: routed, routes, routing
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jonathan Mustamu is averaging 23 points for the Cavaliers, who beat High Point, 69-56, to win the Route 175 Classic.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 路; （公共汽车和列车等的）常规路线; 航线; 渠道，途径
vt. 按某路线发送; 给…规定路线[次序，程序]
时态：routed, routing, routes
分布：路线(76%)，途径(23%)，为 ... 安排路线(1%)
→来自古法语 rute,路，小径，来自拉丁语 rupta via,开拓的路，来自 rupta,分开的，词源同 rip,rob,via, 路，词源同 way,trivia.引申词义路线，线路，途径等。
n.路线,路程The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
US [ru:t/ UK [raʊt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular way or direction between places 路线；路途；航线
• The route we had planned took us right across Greece. 我们计划走的路线正好穿过希腊。
• I live on a bus route so I can easily get to work. 我的住处有一条公共汽车路线，所以上班很方便。
■a method of achieving something 途径；管道；方法
• A college education is often the best route to a good job. 大学教育常常是获得一份好工作的最佳途径。
■US (UK round)
■a set of regular visits that you make to a number of places or people, especially in order to take products as part of your job （尤指作为送货工作的）例行拜访，固定路线递送
UK [ru:t] US [ru:t/ UK [raʊt] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to send 发送；运送；寄发
• Deliveries are routed via/by way of London. 货物经由伦敦运送。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. 路线； [航] 航线；通道
 - door, vector, exit, channel, thread

Word: generally
Front: generally
[ˈdʒenrəli] (四六托 1202/861 -K4)
Vocabulary: generally
(once / 54 pages)
1adv 2adv
Generally means “in general,” or “loosely.” If something is generally true, it is usually true. If you generally dislike birthday celebrations, don’t be mad when no one throws you a party.
If something is right generally, then it's right most of the time, though perhaps not in every case. Generally, dogs are more playful than cats. Generally, young people are healthier than old people. Generally, people like music. This word is handy when you need to say something that is true for most, but not all, people or things. This word helps you to generalize.
WORD FAMILY
general: generalcy, generaled, generalise, generality, generalize, generalled, generalling, generally, generals, generalship+/generalcy: generalcies/generalisation: generalisations/generalise: generalisation, generalised, generalises, generalising, overgeneralise/ generality: generalities/ generalization: generalizations/ generalize: generalization, generalized, generalizes, generalizing, overgeneralize/generalship: generalships/overgeneralize: overgeneralized, overgeneralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Generally, it’s best to avoid plants that are typically grown outdoors for your indoor spaces.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Education experts say that while urban and suburban school districts generally spend more than rural ones, they face challenges not experienced in the country.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mood around the locker room and during postgame interviews after Sunday's loss to the Toronto Raptors was generally positive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 一般地，通常; 广泛地，普遍地; 概括地; 主要地
分布：一般地(41%)，通常(34%)，普遍地(25%)
US [-ɚ-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part of them 大体上；总体上
• Your health is generally good, but you do have a few minor problems. 大体上，你身体状况不错，但有些小毛病。
• He wants more money to be given to the arts generally. 他希望各艺术门类都能得到更多的资金。
• I shall now develop my previous point more generally (= to say more about what it includes). 现在我将就上一点展开更加全面的论述。
 ESSENTIAL
■usually, or in most situations 通常；一般地；大多数情况下
• The baby generally wakes up three times during the night. 通常这个婴儿会在夜间醒三次。
• Well, generally speaking (= in most situations) , it's quicker on public transport. 这个嘛，大多数情况下，乘坐公共交通工具要快得多。
 ESSENTIAL
■by most people, or to most people 普遍地；广泛地
• It was generally believed at the time that both men were guilty. 当时普遍认为这两名男子都有罪。
• The proposal has received a generally favourable reaction. 人们对这项提议的反应是普遍赞成。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 通常；普遍地，一般地
 - usually, mostly, commonly, currently, normally

Word: chemical
Front: chemical
[ˈkemɪkl] (高研四六 2617/2548 -K4)
Vocabulary: chemical
(once / 239 pages)
adjn
A chemical is any mix of raw elements: hydrogen + oxygen produce the chemical water. Water is created by a change in the chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen atoms — a chemical change.
Be cautious of the negative reaction people have to chemical substances. Chemicals often bring to mind deadly substances, such as asbestos or deadly chemical weapons. But many chemicals are part of our everyday life. Our lives would be drastically different without chemical compounds — think of the infection that would result if we didn't have the chemical hydrogen peroxide for cleaning out cuts.
WORD FAMILY
chemical: chemically, chemicals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four minors died from chemical gas poisoning after a resident tried to fumigate a home in Amarillo, Texas with pesticide, fire officials told local media.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The scientists told the BBC television network that they believe the gut bacteria release chemicals that over-activate immune cells in the brain.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cheese proteins contain casomorphins, chemical compounds that attach to the same opiate receptors in the brain as heroin or morphine.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 化学的; 用化学方法制造的，化学作用的
n. 化学药品，化学制品
分布：化学物(67%)，药品(18%)，化学的(15%)
a.化学的n.(pl.)化学制品,化学药品The chemist and the mistress insist that the mist consists of several chemicals.化学家和女教师坚持认为薄雾由几种化学物品构成.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any basic substance which is used in or produced by a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules 化学品；化学制品
• The government has pledged to reduce the amount of chemicals used in food production. 政府承诺减少食品生产中化学制品的用量。
• Each year, factories release millions of tonnes of toxic (= poisonous) chemicals into the atmosphere. 每年，工厂将数百万吨的有毒化学物品排放到大气中。
['kem.ɪ.kəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■relating to chemicals 化学的；化学制品的
• The chemical industry produces such things as petrochemicals, drugs, paint and rubber. 化学工业生产诸如石化产品、药品、涂料、橡胶之类的东西。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
adj. [化工] 化学的
 - chymic

Word: margin
Front: margin
[ˈmɑ:dʒɪn] (研四六托雅宝 3308/2962 -3)
Vocabulary: margin
(once / 270 pages)
n
An amount beyond the minimum necessary is called the margin. If you sell craft items, you need to build in a profit margin so that you actually make money on the sale. You'll go broke if you sell mittens for $10 that cost you $15 to make.
The blank space around the edges of a sheet of paper — as with the page of a book — that surrounds the text is called the margin. It serves a few purposes: (1) The paper can be bound into a book without covering up the words; (2) If you are a teacher, student, or editor, you can make comments or notes in the margin. (3) If you're bored in class, you can doodle there.
WORD FAMILY
margin: marginal, margins+/ marginal: marginalise, marginality, marginalize, marginally/marginalise: marginalisation, marginalised/ marginalize: marginalization, marginalized, marginalizes, marginalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Senate’s margin is 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He decided in 2004 to run for the state Senate, challenging incumbent John Hawkins, who won the race by a narrow margin.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many of her grown adopted children, now off on their own, continue to struggle with mental illness and homelessness, living on society’s margins.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 边缘，范围; 极限; 利润，盈余; （版心外）的空白
vt. 留边; 成为…的边; 加边于，围绕; 为…加旁注
分布：利润(38%)，边缘(32%)，幅度(9%)，余地(7%)，页边空白(4%)，差额(4%)，加边于(3%)，定金(2%)，为…付保证金(1%)
→来自拉丁语marginem,边缘，边界，来自merg,记号，标记，边界，词源同mark,march.引申词义湖边，河边，页边等。
n.页边空白;边缘;余地;幅度Pandas are on the margin of extinction.大熊猫已濒临绝种.
【参】marginal（adj 记在页边的；不重要的）
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
DIFFERENCE 差额
 ADVANCED
■the amount by which one thing is different from another 差数，差额
• The Senate approved the use of military force by a margin of 52 votes to 47. 参议院以52票对47票通过了使用武力的提议。
• The poll shows that the government is leading by the narrowest of margins. 民意调查显示，政府以极其微弱的优势领先。
UK ['mɑ:.dʒɪn] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
OUTER PART 远离中心的部分
 ADVANCED
■the empty space to the side of the text on a page, sometimes separated from the rest of the page by a vertical line 页边空白，白边
• If I have any comments to make, I'll write them in the margin. 如果我有评语，就会写在页边的空白处。
■the outer edge of an area 边，缘，边缘
• The plant tends to grow in the lighter margins of woodland areas. 这种植物往往生长在植被较稀疏的林地边缘。
on the margins of sth
■If someone is on the margins of a group of people, they are part of that group, but they are different in important ways, and if someone is on the margins of an activity, they are only slightly involved （某人）处于…的边缘，对…稍有涉足
• He spent the 1980s on the margins of British politics. 20世纪80年代他曾稍稍涉足英国政治。
• The government needs to reach out to those on the margins of society. 政府需要关注处于社会边缘的人。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
n. [心理] 边缘； [会计] 利润，余裕； [印刷] 页边的空白
 - profit, gain, brink, suburb

Word: consumption
Front: consumption
[kənˈsʌmpʃn] (研四六托雅 3146/2561 -2)
Vocabulary: consumption
(once / 347 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Consumption means using, buying or eating something. If we don't reduce our energy consumption, we will run out of fuel. Conspicuous consumption is buying something to show off.
Consumption is related to the verb consume, which means to eat, use, or buy. You will often read about consumption in terms of rate––how fast we are using up a particular resource. If you consume ten cookies in an hour, your rate of consumption is ten cookies an hour. Sustainable? Let's hope not.
WORD FAMILY
consumption: consumptions+/ consume: consumable, consumed, consumer, consumes, consuming, consumption, consumptive/consumed: unconsumed/ consumer: consumerism, consumers/ consuming: consumingly/consumptive: consumptively, consumptives/unconsumed: unconsumedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
My female GP changed my condition to non-morbid obesity after I complained that the previous label, obesity due to excess food consumption, was inaccurate.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
This is a common-sense effect: Increased oil supply leads to increased oil consumption.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
The financial center also remains an important transit and consumption hub for illegal ivory to China and the rest of Asia.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 消费; 肺病; 耗尽; [医学]消耗性疾病
分布：消费(72%)，消耗(26%)，肺痨(2%)
→来自consume, 消费，消耗。
n.消费(量),消耗The nation's consumption of coal decreased continuously last year.去年全国耗煤量继续下降.
noun uncountable
USE 使用
 ADVANCED
■the amount used or eaten 消费量；消耗量
• As a nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying. 我们整个国家对垃圾食品的消费量十分惊人。
• We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 我们需要透过减少路上行驶的车辆以降低燃料消耗。
■when someone uses, eats, or drinks something 食用；消费；消耗
• The meat was clearly unfit for human consumption (= not suitable for people to eat). 这肉显然不适合供人食用。
• These products are not for national consumption, but for export. 这些产品只供出口不供国内消费。
■when information, entertainment, etc. is intended for a particular group of people （资讯、娱乐等供某类人的）专用
• This memo is for internal consumption only. 这份备忘录仅供内部使用。
• The movie was not intended for public consumption. 这出电影不打算公开放映。
[kən'sʌmp.ʃən] noun uncountable
DISEASE 疾病 old-fashioned for
■ tuberculosis (= a serious disease of the lungs) 结核病
n. [经] 消费；消耗；肺痨
 - expense, depletion

Word: agenda
Front: agenda
[əˈdʒendə] (高研托雅宝 2130/3026 -3)
Vocabulary: agenda
(once / 1063 pages)
n
An agenda is a list of things to do. If you're going to attend a meeting with a long agenda, you'll want to take your coffee mug along.
The word agenda is the plural for of the Latin word agendum, which literally means "something to be done." The noun retains this meaning because an agenda is a plan — organized by time — of events or things to do. You might have a meeting, a lunch date, and a doctor's appointment on your agenda for the day. And when you run for office, you better have a political agenda — or a plan for what you want to get done if elected.
WORD FAMILY
agenda: agendas
USAGE EXAMPLES
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, there were a number of agendas, the St. Paul Democrat told us.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But questions remain about Gov. Nathan Deal’s education agenda and how a new presidential administration will affect this year’s legislative session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 议事日程; 待议诸事项一览表; 日常工作事项; 议程（ agendum的名词复数）
分布：议事日程(100%)
议事日程(ag+enda表示复数→做的事情→议程)[ag=do,act,表示"做,代理做"]
n.议事日程,记事册The mender recommends me to amend the legend agenda.修理工建议劝告我修改传奇议程.
【记】ag做，end结局，a表示名词复数－为了完美的结局而做－议程，就是为了使会议顺利进行而作的安排。
【参】agility（n 灵活；敏捷）；agitate（v 鼓动）
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting 议事日程；（会议的）议程
• There were several important items on the agenda. 会议议程中有几项重要的议题。
• The question of security is high on the agenda for this afternoon's meeting. 今天下午的议程中，安全问题是首要议题。
■a list of aims or possible future achievements （待办的）事项
• Women's rights have been put back on the agenda (= are being discussed publicly again). 妇女权益的问题再次得到广泛关注。
• The subject of safety must be placed high on/at the top of the agenda (= must be discussed because it is very important). 必须首先考虑安全问题。
• Education was placed firmly on the political agenda in the Prime Minister's weekend speech. 在首相的周末演讲中，教育问题明确地被形容为当务之急。
[ə'dʒen.də] noun countable
set the agenda
■to decide what subjects other people should discuss and deal with 制定议事日程

Word: allege
Front: allege
[əˈledʒ] (研六托雅宝 5319/3738 -4)
Vocabulary: allege
(once / 193 pages)
v
If you accuse someone of committing a crime but the proof of the wrongdoing isn't yet found, use the verb allege. You might allege that your sister broke a vase, just because no one else was home when you heard the crash.
If you ever watch news programs, you often hear the verb allege. A reporter might say that detectives allege that a certain person, who is now being held without bail, set a fire. This can be confusing: If the person is in jail, then he or she must have set that fire, right? In reality, the person is a suspect, awaiting trial. In our country, people are assumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. That's why we used allege until we know for sure.
WORD FAMILY
allege: allegation, alleged, alleges, alleging+/ allegation: allegations/ alleged: allegedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy also alleges the project's environmental impact report was inadequate.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Defense attorney Scott Wood also questioned instructions to the jury and alleged the court wrongly found Kelly guilty of contempt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 断言，宣称，辩解; 提出…作为理由
时态：alleged, alleging, alleges
分布：宣称(71%)，断言(29%)
→前缀al-同ad-，在字母l开头的词根前同化为l. 词根leg, 送，派，见legate, 教宗使节。提交证据，指控。
主张;宣称(al一再+lege→一再讲→宣称)[lect,leg=speak,read,表示"讲,读"]
v.断言,宣称;指控In the college, I alleged that I recollected the dialog in dialect about the dial collection.在学院里我宣称忆起关于收集到度盘用方言进行的对话.
【记】al不是，leg：法律－而是一种宣称读：a赖指－一种玩赖的指控－无证据的陈述、宣称all leg e：全是腿－如果你在没有证据的时候宣称你考了2400，而且没背过单词，台下的人一定会全是用腿踹你的。
formal
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to state that someone has done something illegal or wrong without giving proof （未经证实地）指责，宣称，指控
• [+ (that)] The two men allege (that) the police forced them to make false confessions. 这两名男子声称警方逼迫他们作假口供。
• [+ to infinitive] Mr Smythe is alleged to have been at the centre of an international drugs ring. 据称斯迈思先生一直是某国际贩毒集团的核心人物。
• [+ that] It was alleged that Johnson had struck Mr Rahim on the head. 据称约翰逊打了拉希姆先生的头。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 宣称，断言；提出…作为理由
 - declare, asseverate

Word: initiative
Front: initiative
[ɪˈnɪʃətɪv] (研四六雅宝 2138/1688 -K3)
Vocabulary: initiative
(once / 535 pages)
nadj
Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility.
An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue. Government and business start initiatives all the time. You can also talk about initiative as a personal quality. A person with initiative is motivated to do things. If you take the initiative, you're willing to get things done on your own. Taking initiative can be risky: If you do something on your own initiative, then there's nobody you can blame if it goes wrong.
WORD FAMILY
initiative: initiatives+/ initiate: initiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiative, initiator, initiatory, uninitiate/initiated: uninitiated/ initiation: initiations/ initiator: initiators/uninitiate: uninitiates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Despite the increase in the gasoline tax, lots of catching up is necessary for transportation initiatives.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Under the initiative, transactions are subject to federal screenings through the FBI-run National Instant Criminal Background Check System.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 主动性; 主动精神; 倡议; 主动权
adj. 自发的; 创始的; 初步的
分布：主动权(33%)，倡议(27%)，首创精神(14%)，项目(13%)，自发的(8%)，第一步(5%)
→来自initiate,开始，启动。引申词义倡议，主动性。
起步的n.原动力(initiate开始+ive)[it=go,表示"行走"]
a.创始的,起始的n.第一步,创始,主动精神I took the initiative in blood donation.我带头献血.
US [-tˌɪv] noun
NEW ACTION 新措施
 IMPROVER countable
■a new action or movement, often intended to solve a problem 倡议；新措施
• The peace initiative was welcomed by both sides. 和平倡议受到了双方的欢迎。
UK [ɪ'nɪʃ.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
JUDGMENT 判断
uncountable
■the ability to use your judgment to make decisions and do things without needing to be told what to do 主动性；自主决断行事的能力
• Although she was quite young, she showed a lot of initiative and was promoted to manager after a year. 她虽然很年轻，但工作积极主动，一年后就获提拔为经理。
• I shouldn't always have to tell you what to do, use your initiative (= use your own judgment to decide what to do) ! 不能总让我告诉你该做甚么，你应该有自己的判断！
on your own initiative
■If you do something on your own initiative, you plan it and decide to do it yourself without anyone telling you what to do. 主动地
UK [ɪ'nɪʃ.ə.tɪv] US [-tˌɪv] noun
ADVANTAGE 优势
the initiative only singular
■the power or opportunity to win an advantage 主动权
• to seize/take/lose the initiative 掌握／采取／失去主动权
n. 主动权；首创精神
 - pioneering spirit
adj. 主动的；自发的；起始的
 - autonomous, active, spontaneous

Word: engine
Front: engine
[ˈendʒɪn] (高研四六雅 1569/1374 -K4)
Vocabulary: engine
(once / 75 pages)
n
An engine is a machine that burns fuel to make something move. The engine in a car is the motor that makes it go.
Engines power vehicles including cars, trains, airplanes, and boats. While these engines tend to be powered by fuel that's burned, other engines get their power from electricity, which they convert to mechanical energy — fans, power tools, and small appliances all commonly have electric engines. Figuratively, you can also use the word engine to mean "something that's used to bring about a specific result." In your state, for example, tourism might be the main engine of job growth.
WORD FAMILY
engine: engineer, enginery, engines+/ engineer: engineered, engineering, engineers/ engineering: engineerings/enginery: engineries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, he said on Twitter that the company would wait to load the satellites onto the rocket until after the prelaunch engine test.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A splintered internet would hamper its role as a remarkable innovation engine.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 发动机，引擎; 工具; 火车头; 机车
vt. 给…安装发动机
分布：发动机(50%)，引擎(42%)，机车(4%)，火车头(3%)，给 ... 装引擎(1%)
→来自拉丁语ingenium, 来自词根gen，生育，词源同gene, generate.原指内生的天赋，技术，后用来指机械装置。
n.发动机,引擎;火车头The engineer examined the engine of the mining machine for stomach.工程师检查采矿机的发动机是否有肚子痛.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a machine that uses the energy from liquid fuel or steam to produce movement 引擎；发动机
• a jet engine 喷射式引擎
• a car engine 汽车引擎
• My car's been having engine trouble recently. 我的汽车引擎最近老出问题。
(also locomotive)
■the part of a railway train that pulls it along 机车，火车头
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
engine, locomotive
这组词都有“机车，火车头”的意思，其区别是：
engine: 其区别在于所使用的地区不同，engine是英国英语
locomotive: 其区别在于所使用的地区不同，而locomotive为美国英语。
n. 引擎， [动力] 发动机； [铁路] 机车，火车头；工具
 - facilities, instrument, vehicle, tool, gear

Word: port
Front: port
[pɔ:t] (高研四六雅 2717/2165 -K3)
Vocabulary: port
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nadjv 4nv 5v
A port is a place where boats come and go. If you think that docks and harbors are romantic, I suggest you move to a port city like Baltimore.
Just as seaports and airports link countries together by enabling trade and travel, a device that links computers together is also called a port. Port comes from the Latin word portus, meaning "haven" or "harbor." You can hear this sense of a port as a place of safe arrival in the proverb "any port in a storm." On a ship, the port side is the left side. Port is also a verb, meaning "to carry."
WORD FAMILY
port: portage, ported, porter, porting, ports+/ portage: portages/ porter: porterage, portered, portering, porters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the sixth such incident recorded of this dangerous pest in the last six weeks at Port of Savannah.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Navy denies there’s been any delays in port access.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Salemi began in three ports on the Persian Gulf, where he shot a series of pictures in black and white.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 港口; （事情的）意义; （计算机与其他设备的）接口; （船、飞机等的）左舷
vt. 举枪; 持枪; 左转舵
vi. 转向左舷
adj. 左舷的，左侧的
vt. & vi. 转舵（向左），把（舵）转向左边
adv. 向左舷，向左
时态：ported, porting, ports
分布：港口(100%)
→来自拉丁语portus,港口，来自per,向前，通过，词源同ford,forth.用于航海术语左舷，即从后面掌舵位往前看朝向港口的位置，比较starboard,右舷，掌舵位。并引申计算机端口等词义。
n.港口On the porter's passport a portion of the portrait isn't proportional.在搬运工的护照上,部分肖像不成比例.
US [pɔ:rt] noun
TOWN 城镇
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a town by the sea or by a river which has a harbour , or the harbour itself 港市；港
• a naval/fishing/container port 军港／渔港／货柜港
• We had a good view of all the ships coming into/leaving port. 所有进／出港的轮船我们都看得很清楚。
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
CONNECTION 连接
countable specialized
■a part of a computer where wires from other pieces of equipment, such as a printer, can be connected 端口
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
LEFT 左边
uncountable specialized
■the left side of a ship or aircraft （船或飞机的）左舷 Opposite starboard
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
WINE 葡萄酒
uncountable
■a strong sweet wine made in Portugal 波尔多葡萄酒（葡萄牙产）
UK [pɔ:t] US [pɔ:rt] noun
BAG 袋子
countable Australian
■a case or bag 箱子；袋子
port, harbor, dock
port: 重心在陆地，包括其所在的城市，port city
harbor: 重心在水，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口，为避风港湾
dock: 码头
port, seaport, harbour, pier, wharf
这组词都有“港，港口，码头”的意思，其区别是：
port: 多指人工港口，还可指有港口的市。
seaport: 指港埠。
harbour: 一般用词，指停泊船只、装卸货物的天然或人工港口。
pier: 专指与海岸成直角形而突出的码头，可供旅客，货物上下船或供人散步用。
wharf: 指船只停泊装卸货物的码头。
n. [水运] 港口，口岸；（计算机的） [电子] [计] 端口； [航] [船] 左舷；舱门
 - haven, bunder

Word: surely
Front: surely
[ˈʃʊəli] (四六 2410/1516 -K3)
Vocabulary: surely
(once / 74 pages)
adv
Use the adverb surely to emphasize your certainty about a point. For example, you could tell your friend that her painting is so good that she'll surely win the art contest.
The word surely can fill in for definitely or absolutely. It comes in handy especially when you're surprised that anyone would doubt what you're saying: "I can't believe the school banned that book. Surely kids should have access to classic literature." Surely comes from the same roots as sure, from the Old French seur, "secure, undoubted, or dependable," and the Latin securus, "free from care, untroubled, or safe."
WORD FAMILY
sure: surely, sureness, surer, sures, surest, unsure+/unsure: unsurely, unsurer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Surely now is the time to let them shine.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government does offer important subsidies for renewable energy, and they will surely become a target in the new Congress.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He thought that the voice of a soprano singing upstairs was surely that of an angel.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 无疑; 一定，确实; （回答）当然，好; 保管
分布：无疑(51%)，一定(21%)，稳当地(21%)，显然(7%)
US ['ʃʊr-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express that you are certain or almost certain about something 肯定地，想必，无疑地
• The fault surely lies in the design of the equipment. 问题肯定出在设备的设计上。
• US "May I sit here?" "Surely (= Yes, certainly)." “我能坐在这里吗？”“当然可以。”
• Without more food and medical supplies, these people will surely not survive. 如果没有更多食品和医疗物资，这些人肯定活不下去。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express surprise that something has happened or is going to happen 表示惊讶
• Surely you don't expect me to believe that? 你总不会认为我会相信那件事吧?
• Surely you're not going out on a night like this? 想必你不会在这样的晚上出去吧?
surely, naturally, certainly, of course
这组词都有“肯定地，当然”的意思，其区别是：
surely: 表一种必然的可能性，也可表示信心或不轻信。强调主观判断。
naturally: 指自然而然，毫无造作或天生如此。
certainly: 强调有把握，深信不疑。
of course: 指毫无疑问，自然如此。可与certainly和naturally换用。
adv. 当然；无疑；坚定地；稳当地
 - certainly, definitely, firmly

Word: gaza

Word: surplus
Front: surplus
[ˈsɜ:pləs] (高研四六托雅宝 6243/4815 -3)
Vocabulary: surplus
(once / 626 pages)
nadj
A surplus is something extra or left over. If your tree produces more apples than you can eat, you can make applesauce with the surplus of apples.
The army surplus store sells old or out-of-date clothing and equipment that the military doesn't need. If you earn more money than you spend, then you have a surplus of cash. The word surplus has familiar parts: sur- is a shortened form of super, meaning "extra" or "additional," and plus just means "more."
WORD FAMILY
surplus: surpluses
USAGE EXAMPLES
That may limit Republican hopes for massive tax cuts or plans to redirect much of the budget surplus into transportation repairs.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
China is Taiwan's largest trading partner, and Taiwan runs a huge trade surplus with China, worth $27 billion in 2015.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
He added that he expects a "further surplus" once accounts for the event are finalised.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 过剩的; 多余的
n. 剩余额; 公积金; 顺差; 盈余
分布：盈余(38%)，顺差(25%)，过剩(18%)，多余的(10%)，过剩的(9%)
→sur-,在上，超过，plus,附加，加号。
多余的(sur+plus多余;加→多出很多)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
n.过剩,剩余;余款,余额a.过剩的,剩余的Brazil has a big surplus of coffee.巴西有很多剩余的咖啡.
【记】sur超过，plus加－剩余的
【参】surrealism（n 超现实主义）；realism（n 现实主义）
【区】nonplus（v 使难堪）
US ['sɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable adjective
 ADVANCED
■(an amount which is) more than is needed 剩余（的），多余（的）；过剩（的）
• The world is now producing large food surpluses. 世界上目前生产的食品大大过剩。
• We are unlikely to produce any surplus this year. 我们今年不太可能有任何盈余。
• The government has authorized the army to sell its surplus weapons. 政府已经授权军队出售多余的武器。
• UK The store is selling off stock that is surplus to requirements (= more than they need to have). 这家商店正在抛售多余的存货。
■the amount of money you have left when you sell more than you buy, or spend less than you have 资金余额，资金盈余
• a budget/trade surplus 预算结余／贸易顺差
• Fortunately the school's bank account is currently in surplus. 幸好目前学校的银行帐户里还有结余。
balance, remainder, remains, rest, surplus
这组词都有“剩余部分”的意思，其区别是：
balance: 指支取存款的余额或减去各种开支后的尾数。
remainder: 含义较广，可指数学运算中的余数，也指从整体取走或用掉部分后的所余部分，或一群人走掉一部分剩下的人。
remains: 常指人或动物死后的遗体或遗骨，也指古代文明的遗迹或去世作家尚未发表的遗稿。
rest: 最普通用词与定冠词连用，指任何指定数量的人或物等。
surplus: 指超过需要数量之外的剩余。
gigantic, maximum, excess, excessive, multiple, surplus
gigantic: 巨大的，庞大的
maximum: 最大的，最高的
excess: （作定语） 过度的，额外的，超过了正常限度或标准
excessive: 过度的，过分的
multiple: 多样的，多重的，多倍的
surplus: 过剩的，多余的，剩余的
n. [数] 剩余； [贸易] 顺差； [会计] 盈余； [电子] [经] 过剩
 - residual, spare
adj. [数] [电子] 剩余的； [经] 过剩的
 - remaining, residual, odd

Word: square
Front: square
[skweə(r)] (中高研四六托雅宝 2747/1802 -K4)
Vocabulary: square
(once / 69 pages)
1nadjadvv 2n 3nv 4adjadv 5nadj 6adjv 7adj 8v
A square is a figure with four equal sides and four right angles. It's a popular shape for windows and record albums, among many other things.
Square has many different metaphorical uses. Old towns had square open areas for meetings, so now "town square" means meeting place, even if it's not shaped exactly like a square. If you settle your debts, you square them, and if someone calls you a square, they mean you're boring, rule-abiding, and lame. In math, a square is the product of something multiplied by itself. If you square your plans with someone, you line them up.
WORD FAMILY
square: squared, squarely, squareness, squarer, squares, squarest, squaring, squarish+/squareness: squarenesses/squarish: squarishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The work also included adding nearly 13,000 square feet of interior space and remodeling about 20,000 square feet of the existing terminal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Raiders and Texans square off Saturday in a playoff game that might be called The Quarterback Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 正方形; 广场; 平方; 方格
adj. 成直角的; 平方的; （尤指在生意上）公平的; 正方形的
adv. 四四方方地; 成直角地; 正直地; 坚定地
vt. 使成正方形; 使成直角; 检测…的角度; 调整，改正
vi. 一致; 成方形
时态：squared, squaring, squares
分布：平方(43%)，广场(36%)，正方形(11%)，正方形的(3%)，一致(2%)，结清(1%)，调整(1%)，成直角(1%)，使成平方(1%)，直角尺(1%)
n.正方形;广场a.正方形的v.使成方形I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US [skwer] noun countable
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat shape with four sides of equal length and four angles of 90° 正方形，四方形
• First draw a square. 首先画一个正方形。
• It's a square-shaped room. 这是个正方形的房间。
 ESSENTIAL
■any square-shaped object 正方形物，四方形物
• When cooled, cut the chocolate brownies into squares. 冷却之后，将巧克力蛋糕切成四方块。
 IMPROVER
■an area of approximately square-shaped land in a city or a town, often including the buildings that surround it （城镇中的）广场（常包括周围的建筑）
• Are they still living at 6 Eaton Square? 他们还住在伊顿广场六号吗？
• A band were playing in the town square. 一个乐队当时正在镇广场上演出。
■a particular space on a board used for playing games （游戏中棋盘的）格
• She moved her castle forward three squares. 她把自己的车向前走了三格。
■US
■a tool for drawing or testing a right angle 直角尺，丁字尺
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
BORING PERSON 乏味的人 old-fashioned informal
■a boring person who does not like new and exciting ideas 古板的人；老古板
• He's a bit of a square. 他有点古板。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
MULTIPLY 乘
■the result of multiplying a number by itself 使成平方；使成二次幂
• The square of 7 is 49. 7的平方是49。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] noun countable
go / be back to square one informal ADVANCED
■to be forced to think of a new course of action because your first course of action failed 被迫从头做起；回到起点
• The deal with the house fell through so I'm afraid we're back to square one. 这栋房子的交易失败了，恐怕我们得从头再来。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
SHAPE 形状
 ESSENTIAL
■having the shape of a square 正方形的，四方形的
• The recipe recommends that you use a square cake tin. 食谱建议使用方形蛋糕烤盘。
• He's got that square-jawed masculinity that a lot of women seem to find attractive. 他有个刚毅的方下巴，这在许多女人眼中似乎很有吸引力。
■(written abbreviation sq) (specialized 2)
■used with units of measurement of length to express the total size of an area （与长度单位连用）平方的
• The floor is 3 metres wide by 5 metres long so its total area is 15 sq metres. 房间的地面是3米宽5米长，总面积是15平方米。
• The city itself covers thirteen square miles. 该城市占地13平方哩。
• specialized Ensure that the exposed area is less than 2cm 2. 要确保暴露在外的面积小于二平方厘米。
■Square is used immediately after measurements of length when expressing the length of the four sides of a square-shaped area （紧接长度单位后）…见方
• So you want carpet for a room that's eight metres square (= 8 metres long and 8 metres wide). 因此你需要八米见方的室内地毯。
the Square Mile UK * the City
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
EQUAL 相等的 informal
■equal or level 正的；相等的；水准的
• Could you stand back from these shelves and tell me if they're square (= level) ? 你能不能往后站一点，告诉我这些架子摆得正不正？
(all) square informal
■If two people are all square, one of them has paid off a debt to the other and neither now owes or is owed any money. 两清的，互不欠账的
■If two teams or players are (all) square, they have an equal number of goals or points 平局的（如果两队或两运动员呈平局，他们的进球数或分数相等）
• They're all square at thirty points each. 他们打成平局，每个都是30分。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
STRAIGHT 直的
■in a straight line 直线的，笔直的
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
BORING PERSON 乏味的人 old-fashioned informal
■describes a person who is boring and does not like new and exciting things 乏味的；古板守旧的（描述某人是令人厌烦的，不喜欢新的、刺激性的事物）
• Do you think my new haircut makes me look a bit square? 你觉得我的新发型是不是让我看起来有点古板？
UK [skweər] US [skwer] adjective
square peg (in a round hole) informal
■a person whose character makes them unsuitable for the job or other position they are in 不适其所者；方枘圆凿； 不适合的人选
• He never quite fitted in when he was working here - he was always a bit of a square peg. 他在这里工作时一直都没完全适应——总有点格格不入的。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
MULTIPLY 乘
transitive
■to multiply a number by itself 使成平方；使成二次幂
• 10 squared equals a hundred. 10的平方是100。
• 4 2 means four squared, and equals 16. 4的二次方就是4的平方，等于16。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
SHAPE 形状
square your shoulders
■to pull your shoulders up and back because you feel determined to do something （表示决心已定）挺起胸膛，挺直身子
• He squared his shoulders and took a deep breath before diving into the pool. 他挺直肩膀，做了个深呼吸，然后潜入了游泳池。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
square the accounts/books
■to make certain that you have paid and received all the money that you owed or that others owed you 结清账目
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
square the circle
■If you try to square the circle, you try to do something which is very difficult or impossible. 试图做非常困难（或不可能）的事
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square off US
■to prepare to fight, compete or argue with someone 摆好架势（准备迎战）
• The two giants in the fast-food industry are squaring off this month with the most aggressive advertising campaigns yet. 本月速食业两大龙头展开了异常激烈的广告攻势，拉开阵势准备一决高下。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square up
FIGHT UK to prepare to fight, compete or argue with someone 摆好架势（准备迎战）
• The players squared up to each other and started shouting. 双方选手摆开阵势，开始大喊大叫。
PAY informal
■to pay someone the money that you owe them 结帐；付清欠款
• If you pay for both tickets now, I'll square up with you later. 你现在把两张票的钱都付了，我过会儿再跟你把钱结清。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square up to sb/sth UK (US face up to sb/sth)
■to deal with a problem or difficult person bravely and with determination 勇敢面对；毅然应对
• I thought she squared up to the situation admirably. 我认为她勇敢面对这种情况，令人钦佩。
UK [skweər] US [skwer] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  square (sth) with sth
■to match or agree with something, or to think that one thing is acceptable together with another thing （使）与…相符，（使）与…一致；符合
• Her story doesn't quite square with the evidence. 她的说法与证据不太吻合。
• I don't think I could spend that much money on a jacket - I couldn't square it with my conscience (= I would feel too guilty). 我觉得我不可能花那么多钱买一件夹克——我会感到良心不安的。
adj. 平方的； [数] 正方形的；直角的；正直的
 - straight, just, orthogonal
vt. 使成方形；与…一致
 - accord with, jibe with
vi. 一致； [数] 成方形
 - cotton, identify, coincide
n. 平方；广场； [数] 正方形
 - plaza, concourse

Word: weight
Front: weight
[weɪt] (中高雅 954/1056 -K4)
Vocabulary: weight
(once / 77 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
The weight of a cat on your lap might not bother you, but the weight of your 156 pound Rottweiler? Oh boy. Weight refers to the heaviness of a person or object.
In physics, weight is a precise measurement based on the force that gravity exerts on a mass. Got that? All meanings of the word weight are related to this sense of heaviness. Something that is important, like testimony at a trial or a serious conversation, can be described as having weight, even if you can't put it on a scale.
WORD FAMILY
weight: counterweight, underweight, weighted, weightless, weights, weighty +/counterweight: counterweighted, counterweights/weightless: weightlessly, weightlessness/ weighty: weightier, weightiest, weightily, weightiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Researchers photographed 210 kitchens to see whether countertop food reflects the weight of women in each home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the real game-changing gadget here is not on the weight room floor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 重量，体重; 重担，重任; 重要; [统]权，加重值，权重
vt. 加重于，使变重; 使负重，使负担或压迫; [统]使加权，附加加重值于
时态：weighted, weighting, weights
分布：重量(52%)，体重(42%)，重要(3%)，重任(2%)，使倾斜(1%)
→来自weigh,称量。
n.重量;负荷,重担;重要性,分量;砝码,秤砣My neighbor knows the height and weight of the highjacked freight.我邻居知道被劫持货船的高度和重量.
noun
HEAVINESS 重量
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount that something or someone weighs 重量，分量；体重
• What weight can this lorry safely carry? 这辆货车的安全载重量是多少？
• There was a slight decrease in his weight after a week of dieting. 经过一周的节食之后，他的体重略有减轻。
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of metal of known heaviness which can be used to measure the heaviness of other objects 砝码；秤砣
 ADVANCED countable
■any object which is heavy 重物
• Try not to lift heavy weights. 不要试图举起重物。
• I lift weights twice a week at the gym. 我每周去健身房两次练习举重。
[weɪt] noun
INFLUENCE 影响
uncountable
■respect, influence, trust or importance 重要性；影响；分量
• Her experience does give her opinions quite a bit of weight. 她的经验的确给她的观点增加了分量。
• After he was voted out of power, few people attached much weight to what he said. 他落选下台后，就没甚么人重视他所说的话了。
• Radical views don't carry much weight anymore. 激进的观点影响力不再那么大了。
[weɪt] noun
be / take a weight off your mind
■to allow you to stop worrying about a particular thing 消除烦恼；解除思想负担
• It's a great weight off my mind to know that the building is finally finished. 得知那座建筑终于完工，令我如释重负。
• It was a weight off my mind knowing that our finances were taken care of. 得知我们的资金问题已经解决，我心里顿时轻松了许多。
[weɪt] noun
take the weight off your feet / legs
■If you take the weight off your feet/legs, you sit down, especially after standing or walking for a long time （长时间站立或行走后）坐下歇歇脚，坐下喘口气
• You must be exhausted after all that shopping - why don't you take the weight off your feet! 你逛了那么长时间的街，一定累坏了——坐下歇歇脚吧！
[weɪt] verb transitive
■to fasten something heavy to something 加重量于，使变重
• Paper tablecloths need to be weighted down or they tend to blow away in the wind. 纸桌布需要有东西压着，否则会被风吹走。
n. [物] 重量，重力；负担； [计量] 砝码；重要性
 - significance, burden, stress, strain, consequence

Word: internal
Front: internal
[ɪnˈtɜ:nl] (研四六托雅 1728/1418 -K3)
Vocabulary: internal
(once / 214 pages)
adj
The adjective internal describes something on the inside. If you're tempted by a second piece of cake, you may have an internal battle with yourself over whether you should eat the cake or not.
Internal can also describe something that takes place within a country or a group. You pay your taxes to the Internal Revenue Service, and politicians argue about how to spend your tax dollars when they discuss the country's internal affairs. You may have to write internal reports for your boss––reports that aren't supposed to be seen outside the company.
WORD FAMILY
internal: internalise, internality, internalize, internally+/internalise: internalisation, internalised/internalization: internalizations/ internalize: internalization, internalized, internalizes, internalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her internal rants often end with that question, evidence that so much of her disdain is prompted by defensiveness.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wells opened up millions of accounts without the permission of its customers, just to goose internal numbers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Keeping New Year’s resolutions is ultimately an internal struggle for us all.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 国内的; 内部的; 体内的; 内心的
prep. （机构）内部的
n. 内脏，内部器官; 本质，本性
分布：内部的(74%)，国内的(23%)，身内的(3%)
→来自in的比较级，即更里面的，内部的。
a.内部的,内的;国内的,内政的The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [-'tɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening inside a person, object, organization, place or country 体内的；内部的；国内的
• He sustained injuries to his arms, legs and several internal organs. 他的手臂、腿部和一些内脏都受了伤。
• The bank conducted its own internal investigation into the robbery. 银行针对抢劫案进行了内部调查。
• The government warned its neighbours not to interfere in its internal affairs. 该国政府警告邻国不要干涉其内政。
⇒ See also interior
interior, inward, inner, inside, internal
这组词都有“内部的，内在的”的意思，其区别是：
interior: 指某物的内部，尤指某物的内侧；也可指内地的或国内的。
inward: 指朝着中心或内部方向的，侧重方向而不是位置；也可指内心的隐密活动。
inner: 含义广泛，指事物中心或接近中心的部位，也可指内心隐密的活动。
inside: 多指处于某物内部或靠近内部，常可与inner换用，可引申指内幕的，秘密的。
internal: 书面用词，医学上多用，指事物的内部，也可指国内的或内政的。
adj. [药] 内部的；内在的；国内的
 - inner, inherent, domestic, inside, home

Word: chip
Front: chip
[tʃɪp] (研六托雅宝 2159/2397 -K3)
Vocabulary: chip
(once / 407 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv
If a small flake of your purple nail polish breaks off, you might describe it as a chip, or a tiny piece. You might also say, "Shoot, I always seem to chip my nails."
You can use the word chip as a noun or a verb, to describe the breaking off of a small piece or the small piece itself. You might accidentally chip your aunt's favorite tea cup, or realize that slamming your door made a chip of paint fall off your bedroom wall. The word comes from the Old English forcippian, "to pare away by cutting," and the related cipp, also pronounced chip, which means "small piece of wood."
WORD FAMILY
chip: chipped, chipping, chips, microchip+/chipping: chippings/microchip: microchips
USAGE EXAMPLES
Intel focuses on central processing units, the general-purpose chips proficient in completing a wide range of tasks and quickly switching from one to the next.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Goodbye, Mr Chips is an example of how the inspirational movie is a cousin to the weepie.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
And for another, Cleveland — despite efforts to sell bobbleheads and woo conventioneers — remains a city with a chip on its shoulder.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 碎片; 缺口; （作赌注用的）筹码; （足球）高球
vt. 刻，削成; 凿; 从…上削下一小片
vi. 剥落; 碎裂
时态：chipped, chipping, chips
分布：芯片(83%)，筹码(8%)，缺口(3%)，碎屑(3%)，薄片(2%)，近穴击球(1%)
→可能来自chop,剁。
n.切屑,碎片;(土豆等的)薄片;集成电路块The cripple dipped the whip tip into the chip solution nearby his hip.跛子将鞭子末端浸入他臀部旁边的芯片溶液中.
noun
FRIED FOOD 油炸食品
 IMPROVER countable usually plural UK (US french fry)
■a long thin piece of potato that is fried and usually eaten hot 炸薯条
• fish and chips 炸鱼薯条
• beans/egg/sausage and chips 豆子／鸡蛋／香肠加薯条
• oven chips (= chips that are baked in a cooker) 烤薯条
 IMPROVER countable usually plural US for * crisp (POTATO)
• a bag of chips 一包炸薯片
countable usually plural
■a thin slice of fried maize , banana or other food which is eaten cold 炸玉米片（或香蕉片等）
• banana chips 炸香蕉片
[tʃɪp] noun
COMPUTER PART 电脑零件
 IMPROVER countable (also microchip) specialized
■a very small piece of semiconductor , especially in a computer, that contains extremely small electronic circuits and devices, and can perform particular operations （尤指电脑的）微晶片，晶片
• a silicon chip 硅芯片
[tʃɪp] noun
PIECE 碎片
countable
■a small piece that has been broken off a larger object, or the mark left on an object such as a cup, plate, etc. where a small piece has been broken off it （脱落的）碎屑，碎片；（杯、碟等的）缺口
• wood chips 木屑
• Polly fell and knocked a chip out of her front tooth. 波莉摔了一跤，磕掉了一小块门牙。
• This mug's got a chip in it/ out of it. 这个马克杯上有个缺口。
[tʃɪp] noun
PLASTIC COIN 塑胶钱币
countable
■a small plastic disc used to represent a particular amount of money in gambling （作赌注用的）筹码
• figurative The hostages are being held as a bargaining chip by terrorist organizations. 恐怖组织扣押了人质作为讨价还价的筹码。
[tʃɪp] noun
a chip off the old block informal
■someone who is very similar in character to their father or mother （性格上）酷似父亲（或母亲）的人
[tʃɪp] noun
have a chip on your shoulder informal
■to seem angry all the time because you think you have been treated unfairly or feel you are not as good as other people （因觉得受委屈或不如别人优秀而）好生气
• He's got a chip on his shoulder about not having been to university. 他因上不到大学而耿耿于怀。
[tʃɪp] noun
have had your chips UK informal
■to have lost your position, importance or power 失势，完蛋，垮台
[tʃɪp] noun
when the chips are down informal
■when you are in a very difficult or dangerous situation, especially that makes you understand the true value of people or things 在困难时刻，在危急关头（尤指使人懂得人或物真正价值的时候）
• One day when the chips are down, you will know who your true friends are. 等到危急关头你就会知道谁是真正的朋友了。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
■to break a small piece off something by accident 打破；弄缺；（使）掉碎片
• I wish my nail polish wouldn't keep chipping. 我希望我的指甲油不要老掉。
• He's chipped a bone in his wrist. 他腕关节有一块骨头裂了。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] chip (sth) in informal
■to give some money when several people are giving money to pay for something together 共同支付；凑钱，凑份子
• They all chipped in fifty pounds and bought their mother a trip to Greece. 他们每人凑了50英镑，让母亲到希腊旅游一趟。
[tʃɪp] verb intransitive or transitive (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  chip in mainly UK informal
■to interrupt a conversation in order to say something 插嘴，插话；打断别人的话
• I'll start and you can all chip in with your comments. 我现在开始，你们随时都可以插话发表意见。
vt. 削，凿；削成碎片
 - pele, whittle
vi. 剥落；碎裂
 - shell, flake off
n. [电子] 芯片；筹码；碎片
 - debris, patch

Word: proportion
Front: proportion
[prəˈpɔ:ʃn] (研四六托雅 3063/1247 -K3)
Vocabulary: proportion
(once / 108 pages)
nv
Proportion is about balance and how things fit together harmoniously. For example "That hound dog's tiny legs look out of proportion to that big fat body."
The prefix comes from the Latin pro meaning "on behalf of, for." If you're Proportion likes portions, and for them to be the right size. The cake's sweetness is in direct proportion to how much sugar you put in. It's a compliment to tell someone he or she has just the right proportions, but you might get slapped. It can also be a part of something, as in a significant proportion of our student body has dyed their hair purple.
WORD FAMILY
proportion: disproportion, proportionable, proportional, proportioned, proportioning, proportions+/ disproportion: disproportions/disproportional: disproportionally/proportionable: proportionably/ proportional: disproportional, proportionality, proportionally, proportionals/proportioned: ill-proportioned
USAGE EXAMPLES
That was in line with the proportion of technology deals in 2015.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
China's northern Shanxi province aims to increase the proportion of days per year with good air quality to 75.4 percent, the agency said.
Reuters(Dec 31, 2016)
It does not track what proportion of visas are issued to birth tourists.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 比，比率; [数学]比例（法）; 面积; 相称，平衡
vt. 使成比例; 使相称; 使均衡
时态：proportioned, proportioning, proportions
分布：比例(70%)，部分(15%)，均衡(5%)，使均衡(4%)，使成比例(4%)，分摊(2%)
→来自拉丁短语pro portione,根据比例，按照部分的关系，来自pro,向前，根据，按照，portione,部分，词源同part.引申诸相关词义。
比例,成分(pro前面+port+ion→成分其中一部分→[所占]比例)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.比例;部分;均衡,相称A large proportion of the students were sick last week.上星期大部分学生病了.
US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable + singular or plural verb
■the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole 部分；份额
• Children make up a large proportion of the world's population. 孩童占世界人口的很大一部分。
• A higher proportion of women now smoke than used to be the case. 现在女性抽烟的比例比过去要高。
• The report shows that poor families spend a larger proportion of their income on food. 报告显示，贫困家庭食物支出所占其收入比例更大了。
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the number, amount or level of one thing when compared to another 比率，比例
• The proportion of women to men at my college was about five to one. 我所在大学的男女比例大约为1：5。
• The chart shows how weight increases in proportion to height (= the increase in weight depends on the increase in height). 图表说明了体重是如何随着身高成正比上升的。
• The level of crime in an area is almost always in direct proportion to the number of unemployed. 一个地区的犯罪率几乎总是与失业人数成正比。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
SIZE 大小
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the correct or most attractive relationship between the size of different parts of the same thing or between one thing and another （某物各个组成部分或一物与另一物之间的）相称，协调，均衡，匀称
• Your legs are very much in proportion to (= the right size for) the rest of your body. 你的腿和你身体的其他部位比例非常协调。
• His feet seem very small in proportion to his body. 和他的身体相比，他的脚似乎显得太小了。
• My head was much nearer the camera than the rest of me so I'm all out of proportion. 我的脑袋比身体其他部位离相机近得多，所以照片里我显得比例失调了。
proportions [plural]
■the size, shape or level of something 尺寸；大小；形状；程度
• a building of elegant proportions 造型优美的建筑物
• I'm not very good at drawing people - I can never get the proportions right. 我画人物不太在行——我从来都拿不准比例。
• humorous She's a woman of generous proportions (= she is fat). 她是个胖女人。
• A small worry in the back of your mind can for no apparent reason assume/take on massive proportions in the middle of the night. 内心深处的一点点忧虑在深夜里便会莫名其妙地无限放大。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable
■used in a number of phrases to mean importance and seriousness 重要性，严重性
• You've got to keep a sense of proportion (= the ability to understand what is important and what is not). 你得会辨别轻重缓急。
• I think a certain amount of worry about work is very natural, but you've got to keep it in proportion (= judge correctly its seriousness). 我认为对工作有点担心是很自然的，但不要过分担心。
UK [prə'pɔ:.ʃən] US [-'pɔ:r-] noun
blow sth out of proportion
■to treat a particular event or problem far too seriously 对（事情或问题）小题大做
• It's ridiculous - we have a tiny disagreement and you blow the whole thing out of proportion! 太可笑了——我们只是意见有点小分歧，而你却把整件事闹得这么大！
• Of course, when the papers get hold of a story, it's blown out of all proportion. 当然了，一旦报纸知道了一则传闻，就会大肆渲染一番。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
n. [数] 比例；部分；面积；均衡
 - ratio, area, equilibrium, scale, part
vt. 使成比例；使均衡；分摊
 - apportion

Word: guard
Front: guard
[gɑ:d] (中高研四六 1284/2247 -K4)
Vocabulary: guard
(once / 49 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
A person who protects something is called a guard. You might see a security guard at the mall, a crossing guard on the street outside a school, or a palace guard at Buckingham Palace.
To guard something is to watch over it or keep it from danger. You should ask someone to guard your backpack when you go to the restroom at the restaurant — or take it with you. The verb guard also means to protect against unintended consequences. To guard against overeating at the party, you could have a light snack before you go, so you aren't as tempted by all the delicious snacks and desserts.
WORD FAMILY
guard: guarded, guarding, guards+/ guarded: guardedly, unguarded/unguarded: unguardedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee hillside to monitor the sign and surrounding areas, and a police officer sits in a guard house around the clock, Baumgart said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Robinson, a lithe shooting guard with a quick release, spent one year at Williams, an N.C.A.A.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 警卫; 狱吏，看守; 护卫队; 防护装置
vt. 保卫，守护; 看守; 加防护装置; 谨慎使用
vi. 警惕; 警卫
时态：guarded, guarding, guards
分布：警卫(36%)，守卫(23%)，看守(14%)，保卫(12%)，防护装置(4%)，警戒(4%)，哨兵(4%)，提防(3%)
→词源同ward.
v./n.保卫,守卫,提防n.哨兵,警卫,看守The guard guards the guarantee in the garden regardless of the hazard.卫兵不顾危险看守着花园里的抵押品.
US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
PERSON WHO PROTECTS 守卫
 IMPROVER
■a person or group of people whose job is to protect a person, place or thing from danger or attack, or to prevent a person such as a criminal from escaping 卫兵，警卫；看守，守卫
• prison guards 狱警
• security guards 保安
• There are guards posted (= standing and watching) at every entrance. 每个入口处都设了卫兵。
• Armed guards are posted around the site. 现场周围设了武装警卫。
• The frontier is patrolled by border guards. 边境警卫队沿国境巡逻。
be under guard
■to be kept in a place by a group of people who have weapons 处于武装人员的保护（或守卫）之下：
• The ex-President was under armed guard in the Palace. 前总统在宫中处于武装警卫的保护之下。
stand/keep guard (also be on guard)
■to be responsible for protecting someone or something, or for preventing someone from escaping 守卫；站岗；看守
• Two of the soldiers kept guard over the captured guns. 两名士兵看守着缴获的枪支。
• Armed police stand guard outside the house. 武装员警在房外守卫。
the changing of the guard
■a ceremony held outside Buckingham Palace in London when one set of soldiers replaces the soldiers who have finished their time on duty standing outside the palace 白金汉宫皇家卫队换岗（仪式）
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
ON A TRAIN 列车上 UK (US conductor)
■a railway official who travels on and is responsible for a train 列车长
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
■a device that protects a dangerous part of something or that protects something from getting damaged 保护装置；保护用品；保护器
• a fire guard 火灾防护装置
• a trigger guard （锁定）枪（扳机）的保险
• The helmet has a face guard attached. 这个头盔带有一个防护面罩。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
be on your guard
■to be careful to avoid being tricked or getting into a dangerous situation 警惕；提防；警戒
• You always have to be on your guard against pickpockets. 你要时时提防扒手。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
catch sb off guard
■to surprise someone by doing something which they are not expecting and are not ready for 乘（某人）不备；使（某人）措手不及；趁（某人）不警惕时（做某事）
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] noun countable
drop / lower your guard
■to stop being careful to avoid danger or difficulty 警惕；提防；警戒
• Once he knew I wasn't a journalist, he dropped his guard and even let me take a photograph of him. 当他知道我不是记者的时候，他立刻放松了警惕，甚至让我为他拍照。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
WATCH 看守
 IMPROVER
■to protect someone or something from being attacked or stolen 保卫；守卫；保护
• Soldiers guard the main doors of the embassy. 大使馆的主要门口都有士兵把守。
 IMPROVER
■to watch someone and make certain they do not escape from a place 看守；监视
• Five prison officers guarded the prisoners. 五名狱警看守着犯人。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
NOT TELL 保守
■to keep information secret 保守（秘密）；遮掩
• Journalists jealously (= carefully) guard their sources of information. 记者们非常小心，对消息来源守口如瓶。
UK [gɑ:d] US [gɑ:rd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  guard against sth
■to take careful action in order to try to prevent something from happening 防止；防范
• Regular exercise helps guard against heart disease. 经常锻炼有助于预防心脏病。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
n. 守卫；警戒；护卫队； [安全] 防护装置
 - vigilance, alertness
vi. 警惕
 - keep one's eye on the ball, keep one's eyes peeled
vt. 保卫；监视
 - watching, shield

Word: steel
Front: steel
[sti:l] (中高研四六雅 2152/2282 -K3)
Vocabulary: steel
(once / 127 pages)
nv
Steel is a kind of metal alloy that's made of iron and carbon. It's known for being incredibly strong and is often used to build the framework of skyscrapers. It's also helpful to have "nerves of steel."
Steel isn't just a kind of metal. A steel can also be the long, rough thing you sharpen knives on. Or if you're one of the Three Musketeers, you probably carry a steel, or a sword. People who are really brave have nerves of steel. And if you want to use steel as a verb, go right ahead: if there's something hard or unpleasant ahead, you'll need to steel yourself to get ready for it.
WORD FAMILY
steel: steeled, steeling, steels, steely+/steely: steelily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Men moved steel plate and I-beams with cranes that ran on tracks in the floor.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
It was the first in the city to utilize a modern iron and steel frame.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Metro’s sleek new stainless steel rail cars are noticeably different from their clanking aluminum predecessors: They’re shiny, brightly lighted, far more modern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 钢，钢铁; 钢制品; 兵器; 钢铁工业
vt. 包上或镀上钢; 使坚定
adj. 钢制的; 钢铁业的; 坚强的; [色彩]青灰色的
时态：steeled, steeling, steels
分布：钢铁(66%)，钢的(15%)，钢制品(6%)，坚强的(5%)，使坚强(4%)，使 ... 硬如钢(2%)，使下定决心(1%)，钢铁般的性质(1%)
→来自古英语 stele,钢铁，来自 Proto-Germanic*stahlija,钢制的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stah,使坚 固，来自 sta,站立，支撑，词源同 stand,stay.
n.钢It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a strong metal which is a mixture of iron and carbon, and which is used for making things which need a strong structure, especially vehicles and buildings 钢
• steel girders/rods/struts 钢梁／条／柱
• a steel helmet 钢盔
• a steel-plated army truck 军用装甲卡车
[sti:l] verb
steel yourself
[R]
■to force yourself to get ready to do something unpleasant or difficult 下决心做；横下心
• [+ to infinitive] She steeled herself to jump out of the plane. 她把心一横，跳出飞机。
n. 钢铁；钢制品；坚固
 - durability, tightness
vt. 钢化；使冷酷
 - indurate
adj. 钢制的；钢铁业的；坚强的
 - strong, tough

Word: peter
Front: peter
[ˈpi:tə(r)] (19939/814 -1)
Back: vi. 渐渐枯竭[消失]; 逐渐减少; 逐渐减弱; 慢慢消失
vt. 使…精疲力竭
n. 麻醉品; 保险箱
分布：耗尽(75%)，慢慢消失(25%)
→基督十二门徒之一，常用人名。来自拉丁语Petrus,石头，词源同petrology,petroleum.常见于习语rob Peter to pay Paul,拆东墙补西墙，字面意思即拆了圣彼得的教堂去建圣保罗的教堂。peter 逐渐减少
US [-tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  peter out
■to gradually stop or disappear 逐渐停止；慢慢消失
• The fighting which started in the night had petered out by morning. 夜间开始的战斗到早上逐渐平息了。
• The track petered out after a mile or so. 小路延绵了大约一英哩后逐渐消失。
UK ['pi:.tə] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable mainly US offensive
■a penis 阴茎
vi. 逐渐消失；耗尽
 - spend, fade away
vt. 使…精疲力竭
 - bush
n. 麻醉品；保险箱
 - gow, kif

Word: insurer
Front: insurer
[ɪnˈʃʊərə(r)] (6062/6755)
Back: n. 承保人，保险公司
分布：保险公司(61%)，保险人(37%)，承保方(2%)
US [-'ʃʊr.ɚ] noun countable
■a person or company that provides insurance 承保人；保险公司
• Please contact your insurer if you have any inquiries. 如有疑问，请与你的承保人联络。
n. [保险] 保险公司；承保人
 - insurance company, insurance carrier

Word: burn
Front: burn
[bɜ:n] (中高研四六 1422/1754 -K4)
Vocabulary: burn
(once / 52 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4v 5v
When things burn, they're on fire. People who live in the country sometimes burn leaves and brush, setting big piles alight until they're reduced to ash.
A house can burn to the ground, and you can burn a stick of incense or a candle with a tiny flame. Another way things burn is from the heat of the sun, as your pale skin burns if you lie on a beach in your bathing suit with no sunblock. Yet another thing that burns is energy, whether it's a motorcycle that burns too much gasoline or a child who burns excess energy by jumping on a trampoline.
WORD FAMILY
burn: burnable, burned, burner, burning+/burnable: burnability/burner: burners/burning: burningly, burnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The burned woman was found outside the house.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twenty bodies that were found inside the vessel were burned beyond recognition and were transferred to a police hospital for identification, said Col.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Smog worsens in the winter as coal burning spikes to provide heat for millions of people.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi.& link-v. （使）燃烧
vt. & vi. 使用某物为燃料; 烧毁; 烧坏; 烧伤
n. 烧伤，烧痕
时态：burned, burnt, burning, burns
分布：烧伤(48%)，燃烧(37%)，灼伤(6%)，烧毁(6%)，烧着(2%)，急于(1%)
→来自PIE *bher, 燃烧，发光，加热。词源同brew.
v.燃烧,烧着;烧毁;灼伤n.烧伤,灼伤They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
DAMAGE 损坏
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) be hurt, damaged or destroyed by fire or extreme heat （把…）烧坏，（使）烧伤，（使）烧毁；（使）晒伤；（使）烫伤
• He was badly burnt in the blaze. 他在大火中严重烧伤。
• She burnt his old love letters. 她烧掉了他的旧日情书。
• The brandy burned (= felt too hot on) my throat. 白兰地喝下去后我感到喉咙里火辣辣的。
• On her first day in the Caribbean Josie was badly burned (= her skin became red and painful from too much sun). 到加勒比海的第一天，乔西就晒伤了。
• Fair-skinned people burn easily in the sun. 白皮肤的人很容易晒伤。
• Unable to escape, six people were burnt alive /burnt to death (= died by burning) in the building. 由于未能逃脱，有六个人在大楼里被活活烧死。
• The vegetables were burnt to a crisp (= badly burnt). 蔬菜烧焦了。
transitive always passive
■to cause emotional pain or damage to someone 给…造成感情伤害
burn sb at the stake
■to kill someone by tying them to a post and burning them 对（某人）处以火刑
burn sth to the ground
■to completely destroy a building by fire 彻底烧毁
• The building was burned to the ground ten years ago. 这幢建筑十年前被烧毁了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
PRODUCE FLAMES 燃烧
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to be on fire, or to produce flames 着火；烧着；燃烧
• The wood was wet and would not burn. 木头湿了，烧不着。
• Helplessly we watched our house burning. 我们无助地看着房子在燃烧。
• A fire was burning brightly in the fireplace. 壁炉里火烧得正旺。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
PRODUCE LIGHT 发光
intransitive
■to produce light 发光
• I saw a light burning in her window. 我看见了她窗口的灯光。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
FEEL HOT 感到热
intransitive
■If your face burns, it feels very hot （脸）发烧
• His face burned with embarrassment/shame/anger. 他因尴尬／羞愧／愤怒而感到脸上发烫。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
WANT 渴望
[+ to infinitive]
■to want to do something very much 迫不及待地想（做某事）；渴望
• She was burning to tell us her news. 她迫不及待想把她的消息告诉我们。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
COPY 复制
transitive
■to copy information, recorded music, images, etc. onto a CD 把（资料、音乐、图片等）复制（到光碟上）；刻录；烧录
• Burn your favourite songs or your important files onto CDs. 把你最喜欢的歌曲或重要的文件烧录到光碟上。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn your boats/bridges
■If you are in a situation and you burn your boats/bridges, you destroy all possible ways of going back to that situation. 自断退路；破釜沉舟
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn a hole in sb's pocket
■If money is burning a hole in your pocket, you are very eager to spend it. （某人）钱在口袋里留不住，一有钱就想花
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn the candle at both ends
■to work or do other things from early in the morning until late at night and so get very little rest 劳累过度
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
burn the midnight oil
■to work late into the night 工作到深夜；熬夜工作
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
get/have your fingers burnt (also burn your fingers) informal
■to suffer unpleasant results of an action, especially loss of money, so you do not want to do the same thing again （因错误决定而）吃亏，蒙受损失，（尤指）遭受金钱损失
• She'd invested extensively in stocks and got her fingers burnt when the market collapsed. 她在股市上大量投资，结果股市崩溃损失惨重。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn (sth) down
■to destroy something, especially a building, by fire, or to be destroyed by fire 烧毁，焚毁（尤指建筑物）
• He tried to burn down the school by setting fire to papers on a noticeboard. 他放火点燃了贴在布告板上的报纸，妄图烧毁学校。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn sth off/up
■to use or get rid of energy or fat by doing a lot of physical exercise （透过大量体育锻炼）消耗（能量或脂肪）
• Running is an excellent way to burn off excess calories. 跑步是消耗多余热量的极好办法。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn out
FIRE
■If a fire burns out, it stops producing flames because nothing remains that can burn. （火）烧尽
BREAK
■If something such as a motor burns out, it stops working because of damage from heat （马达等因过热）烧坏，出故障
• It looks like the starter motor on the car has burnt out. 看起来像是汽车引擎的启动装置被烧坏了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] burn yourself out
■to be forced to stop working because you have become ill or very tired from working too hard 把（自己）累垮
• Stop working so hard - you'll burn yourself out. 工作别这么拼命——你会累垮的。
⇒ See also burn-out
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] burn (sth) up
■to destroy something completely with fire or heat, or to be destroyed completely by fire or heat 烧光；烧尽
• Meteorites often burn up in the atmosphere before they reach the Earth. 流星常常在到达地球之前就已经在大气层中燃尽了。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn up informal
■to have a bad fever 发高烧
• "You're burning up!" she said, touching his forehead. “你烧得很厉害！”她摸着他的额头说道。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn up with sth
■If you burn up with an emotion, you feel that emotion so strongly that you cannot act in a reasonable way 心中充满…；备受…煎熬
• He was burnt up with jealousy and suspicion. 他妒火中烧，满腹狐疑。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] verb (burnt or burned, burnt or burned)
  Phrasal Verbs  burn with sth
■If you burn with an emotion, you feel that emotion very strongly 心中充满（情感）；受…煎熬
• They were both burning with desire. 他们俩欲火焚身。
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] noun countable
DAMAGE 损坏
■a place where fire or heat has hurt or damaged something 烧伤（的痕迹）；烫伤（的痕迹）
• One rescue worker caught in the explosion sustained severe burns. 一名营救人员在爆炸中身上多处严重烧伤。
• I noticed a cigarette burn in the carpet. 我注意到地毯上有烟头烫出的痕迹。
⇒ See also heartburn;sunburn
UK [bɜ:n] US [bɝ:n] noun countable
STREAM 小溪 Scottish a small stream 小溪
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
vt. 燃烧；烧毁， [植保] [外科] 灼伤；激起…的愤怒
 - combust, overfire
vi. 燃烧；烧毁；发热
 - glow, conflagrate
n. [植保] 灼伤， [外科] 烧伤；烙印
 - brand, scaldy

Word: defend
Front: defend
[dɪˈfend] (高研四六托 1750/2130 -K4)
Vocabulary: defend
(once / 44 pages)
v
Defend has different shades of meaning, but it always has the sense of protecting something — your ideas, for instance, or your title as world heavyweight champion.
If you order the blood sausage and lamb when you're out to eat with your vegan friends, you may have to defend your eating habits, meaning speak up in support of your choices. Defend can also be something more concrete, like when you defend your property or your country. The lawyer who represents someone accused of a crime is there to defend the accused person — who is called the defendant — and to argue his case in court.
WORD FAMILY
defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive +/ defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/defendable: undefendable/ defendant: co-defendant, defendants/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives/ indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The early signs were far from positive for the defending champion, who looked very rusty as world No63 won the opening four games.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Pegula defended the Bills at a time critics are questioning the team’s direction.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However the backlash prompted him to defend the proposal in a Facebook post last week.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 辩护; 保卫; （足球、曲棍球等）防守; 进行辩护
时态：defended, defending, defends
分布：辩护(69%)，防守(24%)，防护(7%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-fend, 击，打，词源同bane, offend. 即击挡开，防御。
保卫,防御(de去掉+fend→去掉打击→打退敌人→保卫)[fend,fens=strke,表示"打击"]
v.防守,保卫;为...辩护,为...答辩The offensive offender defended himself with the fence.那个讨厌的触犯者用篱笆自卫.
verb
PROTECT 保护
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to protect someone or something against attack or criticism 保护，防卫；为…辩护
• How can we defend our homeland if we don't have an army? 如果没有军队，我们怎能保护我们的家园？
• White blood cells help defend the body against infection. 白细胞有助于保护身体免受感染。
• They are fighting to defend their beliefs/interests/rights. 他们在为为捍卫自己的信仰／利益／权利而战。
• He vigorously defended his point of view. 他极力为自己的观点辩护。
• The Bank of England intervened this morning to defend the pound (= stop it from losing value). 今晨，英格兰银行为防止英镑贬值采取了干预措施。
• The Prime Minister was asked how he could defend (= explain his support for) a policy that increased unemployment. 首相被问及为甚么他竟然会支持导致失业率上升的政策。
• He will be defending (= trying not to lose) his title at the European Championships next week. 他将在下周的欧洲冠军赛中争取卫冕。
• [R] I'm going to karate lessons to learn how to defend myself. 我要去参加空手道训练班，学习如何自我防卫。
• I can't afford a lawyer so I shall defend myself (= argue my own case in a law court). 我请不起律师，所以我将在法庭上自辩。
Compare attack
[dɪ'fend] verb
SPORT 体育
transitive
■to compete in a sports competition which you won before and try to win it again （运动比赛中）卫冕；蝉联冠军
• He will defend his 1500m title at the weekend. 他会在周末1500米比赛中争取卫冕。
• The defending champion will play her first match of the tournament tomorrow. 卫冕冠军将在明天进行她在此次锦标赛中的第一场比赛。
intransitive
■to try to prevent the opposing player or players from scoring points, goals, etc. in a sport （在体育比赛中）防守，防卫
• In the last ten minutes of the match, we needed to defend. 我们需要在比赛的最后十分钟内进行防守。
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
vt. [法] 辩护；防护
 - to claim, forefend
vi. 保卫；防守
 - hold position