Title: TheEconomist_0-2K (part 4)

Word: mission
Front: mission
[ˈmɪʃn] (研四六托雅 1095/2599 -4)
Vocabulary: mission
(once / 72 pages)
n
A mission is a special quest, one that involves more effort than, say, a trip to the corner store. If you were to drive all around the state searching garage sales for porcelain cats, you could say you were on a mission.
Mission comes from a Latin word that means “to send.” It was first used by Jesuit missionaries who sent members of their order overseas to establish schools and churches. Foreign travel is still associated with the word. When diplomats and humanitarian workers travel abroad, we often refer to those trips as missions.
WORD FAMILY
mission: missional, missionary, missioner, missions+/missional: missionally/ missionary: missionaries/missioner: missioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But Obamacare is fulfilling its mission to help many thousand Americans get health insurance.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代表团; 使命; 官方使命; 布道所
v. 给…交代任务; 派遣; 把任务交给; 向…传教
分布：任务(57%)，使命(36%)，代表团(5%)，布道(2%)
→来自拉丁语mittere,送出，词源同emit,commit,-ss,过去分词后缀。引申词义使命，使团。
派遣;使命(miss+ion,送出→派遣)"[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.使命,任务;使团,代表团The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
noun
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER countable
■an important job, especially a military one, that someone is sent somewhere to do （尤指军事）任务，使命
• Your mission is to isolate the enemy by destroying all the bridges across the river. 你的任务是破坏这条河上所有的桥梁，以孤立敌军。
• a peace/rescue/fact-finding mission 和平使命／救援任务／核查事实的工作
 IMPROVER countable
■any work that someone believes it is their duty to do 使命，天职
• My mission in life is to educate the rich about the suffering of the poor. 我一生的使命就是让富人认识穷人所受的痛苦。
• She's a woman with a mission and she's absolutely determined to finish the project. 她是个有使命感的女人，已下定决心完成这项计划。
mission accomplished
■something that you say when you have finished doing something that you were told to do 完成任务
• Mission accomplished. I've got everything you asked for on the list. 完成任务！你在清单上列出的想要的东西，我全都弄到手了。
['mɪʃ.ən] noun
PEOPLE 人
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people whose job is to increase what is known about their country, organization or religion in another country or area, or the place where such people are based 外交使团；代表团；布道团；外交使团（或代表团）驻所；布道所
• More funds are needed to establish trade missions in eastern Europe. 需要更多的资金在东欧建立贸易代表团。
• The Methodist mission is situated in one of the poorest parts of the city. 循道卫理布道团的总部设于这个城市最贫穷的地区之一。
n. 使命，任务；代表团；布道
 - role, assignment, task, delegation
vt. 派遣；向……传教
 - send along, dispatch

Word: satellite
Front: satellite
[ˈsætəlaɪt] (高研四六托雅 2632/3325 -3)
Vocabulary: satellite
(once / 484 pages)
1n 2nv 3adjn
A satellite is something small or less powerful that orbits around something bigger. It often describes a body in space, such as an artificial satellite that orbits the Earth and beams down signals that power devices like cell phones.
The word satellite was first used to describe a follower of someone in a superior position. The word's meaning later broadened to describe anything small that's dependent on something larger. The small satellite circles around the more powerful force, like a moon orbiting a planet. Satellite can describe a small country — a satellite country — controlled by a larger one, or a large organization that has a small office — a satellite office — in another location.
WORD FAMILY
satellite: antisatellite, satellites, satelliting
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX is also competing to win contracts to launch Department of Defense spy satellites.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 卫星; 人造卫星; 卫星国; 卫星区
v. 通过通讯卫星播送[传播]
分布：卫星；人造卫星(100%)
→来自法语 satellite,侍卫，卫兵，来自拉丁语 satellites,侍卫，随从，可能来自古拉丁语*satro, 满的，足够的，*leit,走，引导，词源同 lead.词义演变比较 follow.引申词义卫星，人造卫星。
n.卫星,人造卫星;附属物The diligent teller told a tedious story about the intelligent satellite.勤奋的出纳讲述了一个关于智能卫星的乏味故事.
US ['sætˌ-] noun countable
IN SPACE 在太空
 IMPROVER
■a device sent up into space to travel round the Earth, used for collecting information or communicating by radio, television, etc. 人造卫星
• The World Cup was transmitted around the world by satellite. 世界杯透过卫星向全球转播。
• a spy/weather satellite 间谍／气象卫星
• satellite television/TV 卫星电视
■a natural object moving round a larger object in space 卫星
• The moon is the satellite of the Earth. 月球是地球的卫星。
UK ['sæt.əl.aɪt] US ['sætˌ-] noun countable
COUNTRY 国 (also satellite state)
■a country controlled by or depending on a more powerful country 卫星国，附庸国
⇒ See also client state
n. [天] 卫星； [航] 人造卫星；随从；卫星国家
 - moon, suite

Word: blood
Front: blood
[blʌd] (中高研四雅 692/980 -K4)
Vocabulary: blood
(once / 33 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Blood most often describes the fluid that circulates through your body — the red stuff that seeps out of your finger if you get a paper cut.
Blood can also refer to temperament. If something gets your blood up, that means it makes you angry. You might even get so mad that it feels like your blood boils. You can also use blood to describe a common ancestry. You might have Scottish blood in you — that means some of your ancestors came from Scotland. Blood can also describe family members — you may get frustrated at your brother sometimes but he’s your own flesh and blood.
WORD FAMILY
blood: blooded, blooding, bloodless, bloods, bloody +/blooded: bloodedest, bloodedly/ bloodless: bloodlessly/ bloody: bloodied, bloodier, bloodies, bloodiest, bloodily, bloodiness, bloodying, unbloody
USAGE EXAMPLES
The red cantilevered stairways look like the ventricles of a heart coursing with glitter blood.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I never saw anything like that in my life. All those bodies, the blood,” Valois wrote on Facebook.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first Creek episode, a mother and her children mysteriously dying was lazily put-to-bed with a last-minute mention of a rare blood disease.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 血，血液; 流血，杀戮，杀人（罪），牺牲; 有…类型的血的，血统; 血气，气质
vt. 用血染（皮革等），用血弄湿; 使出血，抽…的血; 让新人初试做某事，使先取得经验
时态：blooded, blooding, bloods
分布：血(93%)，血统(4%)，流血(2%)，仇恨(1%)
→词源不确定。可能来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，涌出，形容血的喷涌。该词在历史上很长一段时间属于禁忌词。
n.血液,血;血统,血亲;血气The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
noun uncountable
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL
■the red liquid that is sent around the body by the heart, and carries oxygen and important substances to organs and tissue, and removes waste products 血，血液
• He lost a lot of blood in the accident. 他在事故中大量失血。
give/donate blood
■to allow a trained person to take some blood from your body so that it can be stored and is ready to be given to people who have lost a lot of blood during an accident or operation 捐血
[blʌd] noun uncountable
FAMILY 家族
■family relationship by birth rather than marriage 血统；家族，家世
• They are related by blood. 他们有血缘关系。
• She has Russian blood (= one or more of her relatives was Russian). 她有俄罗斯血统。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
be after sb's blood informal
■to be very angry with someone and threatening to harm them 恨不得让（某人）见血
• You'd better stay out of her way - she's after your blood. 你最好离她远点——她恨不得让你见血。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
be in the/ your blood
■If an ability or skill is in someone's blood, they have it naturally, usually because it already exists in their family 家传；生来就有
• His father and grandmother were painters too so it's obviously in the blood. 他父亲和祖母也是画家，所以绘画天赋显然是家族遗传的。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
blood and guts informal
■extreme violence 野蛮；血腥
• There was a bit too much blood and guts in the film for my liking. 这部电影暴力场面太多了点儿，我不喜欢。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
Blood is thicker than water. saying
■said to emphasize that you believe that family connections are always more important than other types of relationships 血浓于水；家人总比外人亲
[blʌd] noun uncountable
sb's blood is up literary
■If your blood is up, you feel very angry. 怒气填胸
[blʌd] noun uncountable
get blood out of/from a stone
■to make someone give or tell you something, when it is extremely difficult because of the character or mood of the person or organization you are dealing with 像从石头里榨出血来（指要从某人身上获得某物或探听某事极其困难）
• Persuading Chris to buy a round of drinks is like getting blood out of a stone. 说服克里斯出钱给每个人买杯喝的几乎不大可能。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
have (sb's) blood on your hands
■to be responsible for someone's death 对…的死负有责任
• The leaders of this war have the blood of many thousands of people on their hands. 这场战争的领导者应该对几千人的死负责。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
make your blood boil
■to make you extremely angry 使怒火中烧
• The way they have treated those people makes my blood boil. 他们对待那些人的方式令我非常气愤。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
make your blood run cold
■A sound, sight or thought that makes your blood run cold frightens you very much 使不寒而栗
• I heard a tapping on the window which made my blood run cold. 我听见有人敲窗户，顿时吓得毛骨悚然。
[blʌd] noun uncountable
new/fresh blood
■people who join an organization and who can provide new ideas and energy （机构的）新人，新血
• The company has brought in some new blood in an effort to revive its fortunes. 为了重铸辉煌，公司引进了一些新人。
[blʌd] verb transitive
■to give someone their first experience of something 使取得初次经验
• They decided to blood him in the international team at the age of only 18. 在他年仅18岁时，他们决定让他在国际大赛中初试身手。
n. [解剖] 血，血液；血统
 - birth, stem, stock

Word: impossible
Front: impossible
[ɪmˈpɒsəbl] (中高研四六雅 1606/1340 -K4)
Vocabulary: impossible
(once / 51 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Something that's impossible can't be done. If you want to stop eating donuts but you just can't, you might say it's impossible.
If it's impossible, it cannot happen, or it doesn't exist. You might wish you could bring Abraham Lincoln back to life for a day so he could come to tea, but that's impossible. People use the word impossible to mean "out of reach" or "too hard to achieve." A terrible situation can be impossible, and so can a person who refuses to compromise or seems intent on making things difficult for everyone else.
WORD FAMILY
impossible: impossibility, impossibleness, impossibles, impossiblest, impossibly +/ impossibility: impossibilities/ possibility: possibilities/ possible: impossible, possibility, possiblely, possibleness, possibles, possibly/possibly: possiblys
USAGE EXAMPLES
It may be impossible to draw a single thread through every performance to neatly cinch together a great actress’s legacy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They found that, by 2070, if worldwide emissions aren’t sufficiently reduced, the Persian Gulf would experience heat waves impossible for many humans to survive.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Or to state the matter more bluntly: If U.S. backing for Israel was absent, peace became impossible.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不可能的，做不到的; 难以忍受的; 不会有的，不能相信的
n. 不可能; 不可能的事
分布：不可能的(97%)，做不到的(3%)
→im-,不，非，possible,可能的。
不可能的(im+plssible可能的)[im-,in-①表示"不,无,非"②表示"向内,进入"]
a.不可能的;难以忍受的,很难对付的It was impossible for the family to buy a new car.这一家不可能买得起新车.
US [-'pɑ:.sə-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■If an action or event is impossible, it cannot happen or be achieved （行动或事件）不可能的，办不到的
• It was impossible to sleep because of the noise. 噪音太大，无法入睡。
• It seems impossible that I could have walked by without noticing her. 我似乎不太可能走过而没有注意到她。
• He made it impossible for me to say no. 他使我无法说不。
• She ate three plates of spaghetti and a dessert? That's impossible. I don't believe it! 她吃了三盘的义大利面条和一份甜点？那不可能。我不信！
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a situation which is extremely difficult to deal with or solve （境况）极其艰难的
• It's an impossible situation - she's got to leave him but she can't bear losing her children. 这是个极其艰难的处境—— 她必须离开他，但却舍不得孩子。
 ADVANCED
■describes a person who behaves very badly or is extremely difficult to deal with （人）坏透了的，极难对付的
• I had to leave the job because my boss was impossible. 我一定要辞职，因为我的老板实在是太差劲了。
• My niece is impossible when she's tired - you can't do anything to please her. 我侄女累的时候很难相处——你做甚么也无法使她高兴。
UK [ɪm'pɒs.ɪ.bl] US [-'pɑ:.sə-] noun only singular
the impossible
■something which cannot be expected to happen or exist 不可能的事物
• She wants a man who is bright, attractive and funny as well, which is asking the impossible in my opinion. 她想找一个聪明、有魅力又风趣的男人，这在我看来是不可能的事。
adj. 不可能的；不可能存在的；难以忍受的；不真实的
 - incorrect, unbearable
n. 不可能；不可能的事
 - a blue moon

Word: barely
Front: barely
[ˈbeəli] (研四六托雅 1973/3192 -3)
Vocabulary: barely
(once / 299 pages)
adv
Something barely there is hardly there at all. So a barely dressed person is nearly naked.
Barely is a word meaning hardly, nearly, scarcely, or marginally. If there is barely a dusting of snow, there is hardly any snow at all. If your team barely won a game, then they came really close to losing. A person who is barely dressed is scantily dressed: hardly dressed at all. If you barely missed an ice cream truck, then you missed it by seconds. This is a word for near misses and close calls.
WORD FAMILY
bare: bared, barely, bareness, barer, bares, barest, baring+/baring: barings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is barely shy of the $400 million mark globally, Disney officials report.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Melania Trump’s barely hidden misogyny revealed itself in her softball interview with Anderson Cooper in October.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The 1 percent savings, which may be pretax, is often so small that it the change is barely detectable in your monthly income.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 仅仅，勉强，好容易才; 几乎不，几乎没有; 赤裸裸地，无遮蔽地; 公然地，露骨地，公开地
分布：几乎不(48%)，勉强(31%)，刚刚(15%)，少量地(6%)
ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有He has barely enough money to live on.他的钱仅够勉强维持生计.
US ['ber-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■by the smallest amount; almost not 仅；刚好；几乎没有
• They have barely enough (= no more than what is needed) to pay the rent this month. 他们这个月差一点就付不起房租了。
• She was barely (= only just) fifteen when she won her first championship. 她初次获得冠军时刚满15岁。
barely, scarcely, hardly
这组词都有“几乎不”的意思，其区别是：
barely: 指仅仅够，一点不多，强调没有多余。
scarcely: 指不太充分，不太够，不足，不能令人满意，强调数量。
hardly: 指接近最低限度，差不多没有多余，强调困难和程度。
adv. 仅仅，勉强；几乎不；公开地；贫乏地
 - merely, simply, just, only, but

Word: score
Front: score
[skɔ:(r)] (中高研四六托雅宝 1070/1818 -K4)
Vocabulary: score
(once / 73 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4vn 5n 6nv 7n
When you're playing a game, your score is the number of points you have. If the score of a basketball game is 34 to 34, it means both teams have 34 points — the score is tied.
To score in a game is to achieve points or goals. In school, you get a score, or a grade, on your tests and papers. Another kind of score is the written part of a musical composition. And when someone asks, "What's the score?" they might also mean "What's going on?" The Gettysburg Address famously begins, "Four score and seven years ago..." In this case, a score is "twenty," from the Old English scoru, also "twenty."
WORD FAMILY
score: scored, scoreless, scorer, scores, scoring, underscore +/scoreless: scorelessly/scorer: scorers/scoring: scorings/ underscore: underscored, underscores, underscoring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Most rock memoirs are written to pay bills, settle scores or make a claim to the author’s place in history.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Most importantly, globally, we should find ways to incentivize the countries that score high rates of Humanity.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Still, San Diego State has the No. 1 scoring defense in the Mountain West, allowing opponents 20.8 points per game.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 得分; 分数; 总谱; 20个
v. 得分; 记分; 评分; 获得胜利
时态：scored, scoring, scores
分布：得分(55%)，刻痕(9%)，乐谱(8%)，二十(8%)，记分(6%)，划线(4%)，得胜(4%)，获胜(4%)，刻划(1%)，给 ... 谱曲(1%)
n.得分,分数;二十v.得(分),记(...的)分数The boring boy bored ashore for ore core at the score.讨厌的男孩在海岸上的刻线处钻探矿核.
【记】score作为“得分”大家都很熟，但要记住“乐谱”的意思。
US [skɔ:r] verb
WIN 赢
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to win or get a point, goal, etc. in a competitive activity, such as a sport or game, or in an examination （体育比赛、考试等中）得（分）
• Tennant scored (a goal)in the last minute of the match. 坦南特在比赛的最后一分钟进了一球。
• In American football, a touchdown scores (= is worth) six points. 在美式橄榄球中，攻方持球触地就得六分。
• She scored 18 out of 20 in the spelling test. 拼写考试满分20分，她得了18分。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to succeed in an activity or to achieve something 赢；成功；达到
• She has certainly scored (a success)with her latest novel. 毫无疑问，她最新出版的小说获得了成功。
• Nearly every bomb scored a hit. 几乎每一枚炸弹都命中目标。
• You have a lot of patience - that's where you score over (= are better than) your opponents. 你非常有耐心——这是你胜过对手的地方。
intransitive UK
■to record the number of points won by competitors 记分
• We need someone to score for tomorrow's match. 我们需要一个人为明天的比赛记分。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] verb
GET 得到
transitive US informal
■to get something 获得，得到
• I managed to score a couple of tickets to the World Cup final. 我设法弄到了几张世界杯决赛的入场券。
intransitive or transitive slang
■to get illegal drugs 拿到，弄到（毒品）
• She tried to score some dope in a nightclub. 她设法在夜总会弄到一些毒品。
intransitive slang
■If someone scores, they have sex with someone that they have usually just met （通常指与新认识的人）发生性关系
• Did you score last night, then? 那你们昨天晚上上床了吗？
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] verb
MARK 标记
transitive
■to make a mark or cut on the surface of something hard with a pointed tool, or to draw a line through writing 划；刻痕于；画线于
• If you score the tile first, it will be easier to break. 要是先在瓷砖上划一道痕，要破开就容易多了。
⇒ See also underscore
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] verb
MUSICAL TEXT 音乐文本
transitive
■to write or change a piece of music for particular instruments or voices 为…写总谱；为…配乐
• This piece is scored for strings and woodwind. 这是为弦乐和木管乐写的总谱。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] verb
score points off/over sb
■to make clever remarks in order to make someone look silly 驳倒（某人）
• He's always trying to score points over people and it's really irritating. 他老是想驳倒别人，太令人讨厌了。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] score sth out/through
■to draw a line through a piece of writing 划掉
• He scored out two names on the list. 他在名单上划掉了两个名字。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
WIN 赢
 ESSENTIAL countable (plural scores)
■the number of points, goals, etc. achieved in a game or competition （比赛中的）得分，比数，成绩
• a high/low score 高／低分
• Have you heard the latest cricket score? 你知道板球赛的最新比数吗？
• At half time, the score stood at (= was) two all. 半场的时候，比分是二比二。
• The final score was 3-0. 最后的比数是3比0。
• Could you keep (= record) the score at this afternoon's match? 你能不能为今天下午的比赛记分？
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
MUSICAL TEXT 音乐文本
countable (plural scores)
■a piece of written music with the parts for all the instruments and voices arranged on separate lines （音乐的）总谱
• an orchestral score 管弦乐总谱
countable (plural scores)
■the music written for a film, play, etc （电影、戏剧等的）配乐
• a film score 电影配乐
• Rodgers wrote the score for/of/to 'Oklahoma!'. 罗杰斯为《俄克拉何马！》谱的曲。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
ARGUMENT 争论
countable (plural scores)
■an argument or disagreement that has existed for a long time 宿怨
• It's time these old scores were forgotten. 现在是该忘记这些宿怨的时候了。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
TWENTY 二十
countable usually singular (plural score) formal
■20 or approximately 20 二十；二十左右
• He lived to be three score years and ten (= until he was 70 years old). 他活到70岁。
by the score formal
■in large numbers 大量地，大批地
• People are leaving the Nationalist Party by the score. 人们纷纷退出了国家党。
scores [plural]
■a lot of things or people 许多，大量
• Benjamin received cards from scores of local well-wishers. 班杰明收到了当地很多好心人送的贺卡。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
SUBJECT JUST MENTIONED 刚提到的话题
on this/that score
■about the thing or subject which has just been mentioned 在这个／那个问题上
• I'll let you have the money, so there's nothing to worry about on that score. 我会给你钱的，这样你就不用为钱的事担心了。
• "The team has great determination to win, " declared the coach. "I've no doubts on that score." “我们队有十足的决心打嬴这场比赛，”教练说，“对此我毫不怀疑。”
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
settle a score
■to punish someone for something wrong which they did to you in the past, and which you cannot forgive 算旧帐
• Police believe the killer was a gang member settling a score with a rival gang. 警方认为，杀人犯是一名帮派分子，当时正在和敌帮清算旧帐。
UK [skɔ:r] US [skɔ:r] noun
What's the score? informal
■used to ask someone about what is going to happen, especially when arrangements have been confused （尤指安排被打乱时）情况怎么样？
• What's the score, then - are they coming? 情况怎么样？——他们要来吗？
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
n. 分数；二十；配乐； [木] 刻痕
 - marks, twenty
vt. 获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下
 - acquire, earn, buy, find, value
vi. 得分；记分； [木] 刻痕
 - bull point

Word: drink
Front: drink
[drɪŋk] (中高 1232/1284 -K4)
Vocabulary: drink
(once / 43 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To drink is to sip, slurp, or gulp a liquid. On extremely hot days, it's important to drink plenty of water.
When you ingest any liquid, you drink it, although the verb drink is very often used to refer specifically to the sipping and swallowing of alcoholic beverages. If a bartender asks, "Do you drink?" she probably means "Do you drink alcohol?" A drink, likewise, can mean any beverage — tea, water, or lemonade — or it can mean an alcoholic one. The Old English root, drincan means both "to drink" and "to engulf."
WORD FAMILY
drink: drank, drinkable, drinked, drinker, drinking, drinks+/drinkable: drinkables, drinkably, undrinkable/drinker: drinkers, nondrinker/drinking: drinkings/nondrinker: nondrinkers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or you decide to cut down on alcohol but you keep drinking.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Investigators believe the Tunisian cook, 26, confronted Daniel R after he and another Pole stole two bottles of drink from the premises on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 喝（酒）; 饮; 喝酒; （尤指）酗酒
vt. 吸收，吸入
n. 酒，饮料; 酒宴; 一杯或一份酒
时态：drank, drunk, drinking, drinks
分布：喝(43%)，饮(21%)，酒(17%)，饮料(14%)，喝酒(5%)
→可能来自dhreng, 喝，吸，来自dhreg的鼻音化形式，拉，词源同drag, draw.
v.(drank,drunk)喝,饮n.饮料;喝酒While sinking into thinking, the shrinking linkman drank the pink ink sprinkled on the wrinkly paper.陷入沉思时,退缩的联络员喝掉了洒在皱纹纸上的粉红色墨水.
noun countable or uncountable
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL
■(an amount of) liquid which is taken into the body through the mouth 饮料；一杯，一份（饮料）
• Would you like a drink of water/tea/juice? 你想喝点水／茶／果汁吗？
• They'd had no food or drink for two days. 他们已经两天没吃没喝了。
[drɪŋk] noun countable or uncountable
ALCOHOL 酒精
 IMPROVER
■alcoholic liquid 酒精饮料，酒
• Have we got time for a quick drink? 我们有没有时间喝杯小酒？
• Whose turn is it to buy the drinks? 该轮到谁请喝酒了？
• UK We ran out of drink at the party. 在派对上我们把酒都喝光了。
drinks [plural]
■a party at which you have drinks, especially alcoholic drinks 酒会
• Come for drinks on Saturday. 周六来参加酒会吧。
• UK We're having a small drinks party for one of our colleagues who's leaving next week. 我们正在为下周即将离开的一个同事开小型酒会。
[drɪŋk] noun countable or uncountable
take to drink old-fashioned
■to start drinking alcohol often, sometimes because of a personal problem （通常指因个人问题而）开始酗酒
• He took to drink after his wife left him. 妻子离他而去之后他开始酗酒。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
LIQUID 液体
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take liquid into the body through the mouth 饮料；一杯，一份（饮料）
• He drank three glasses of water. 他喝了三杯水。
• The animals came down to the waterhole to drink. 动物们下到那个水坑去喝水。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
ALCOHOL 酒精
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to drink alcohol 喝酒
• "Would you like a glass of wine?" "No thanks, I don't drink." “想喝杯酒吗?”“不，谢谢，我不喝酒。”
• I didn't drink at all while I was pregnant. 怀孕期间我滴酒未沾。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
drink like a fish informal
■to drink too much alcohol 豪饮，饮酒过度
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
drink sb under the table informal
■to drink a lot more alcohol than someone else 比（某人）喝得多，喝得过（某人）
• Now I like a few beers but Lucy can drink me under the table. 现在我喜欢喝点啤酒，但是露西比我能喝得多。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drink sth in
■to listen to, look at, or experience something with great interest and enjoyment 如饥似渴地倾听；饶有兴趣地关注；兴致勃勃地参与
• They drank in the words of their leader. 他们认真听领导讲话。
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  drink to sth
■If two or more people drink to something or someone, they hold their glasses up at the same time and then drink from them as a celebration, or to show respect or good wishes 为…干杯，为…举杯庆贺，为…举杯祝愿
• "Here's to a prosperous future then." "I'll drink to that !" “那这么一杯就为了美好的未来吧。”“我愿为此干杯！”
[drɪŋk] verb (drank, drunk)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drink (sth) up
■to finish your drink completely 喝光，喝完
• Drink up! It's time to go. 该走了，都喝了吧！
vt. 喝，饮；吸收；举杯庆贺
 - eat, absorb
vi. 喝酒；饮水；干杯
 - wine, liquor
n. 酒，饮料；喝酒
 - wine, liquor, beverage

Word: stuff
Front: stuff
[stʌf] (研四六雅 996/1375 -K4)
Vocabulary: stuff
(once / 119 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v
"Good stuff!" you might say, tasting a delicious piece of cake. The word stuff could refer to all sorts of things. It's one of those words that you can use when you're too lazy to find the right word.
Stuff is one of those words you use in all kinds of contexts, or for all kinds of stuff. When you throw a bunch of stuff into a bag, you could be referring to any arrangement of things. When you talk about someone's possessions, informally, you're talking about his stuff. As a verb, to stuff something, is to fill it up — like when you stuff a turkey with breadcrumbs or stuff a pillow with... stuffing.
WORD FAMILY
stuff: overstuff, stuffed, stuffer, stuffing, stuffs, unstuff+/overstuff: overstuffed, overstuffing, overstuffs/stuffed: stuffedest/stuffer: stuffers/stuffing: stuffings/unstuff: unstuffed, unstuffing, unstuffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Redo the pantry to put healthy stuff in front.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the stuffed owls in Santa hats were already marked down — 60 percent off.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
That fake tan stuff only started showing up in the past few years.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 材料，原料，资料; 〈俚〉钱，现金; 填充物; 素材资料
vt. 塞满; 填塞; 让吃饱
vi. 吃得过多
时态：stuffed, stuffing, stuffs
分布：东西(70%)，材料(13%)，原料(5%)，素质(5%)，塞满(3%)，填满(2%)，废物(1%)，本质(1%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 stuffen, 装 备 ， 提 供 ， 来 自 古 法 语 estoffer, 提 供 ， 塞 满 ， 填 塞 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*stuppona, 塞 满 ， 装 满 ， 堵塞 ， 可 能来 自 steu, 推 ， 击， 打 ， 词源 同 stiff,stop,steep.引申诸相关词义。
n.原料,材料,东西v.填满,塞满The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL uncountable informal
■used to refer to a substance or a group of things or ideas, etc., often with a description of their general type or quality or saying who they belong to, without saying exactly what they are 物品，东西，玩意
• There's sticky stuff all over the chair. 椅子上到处都是黏乎乎的东西。
• We'll have to carry all our camping stuff. 我们得带齐所有露营装备。
• Do you want help bringing your stuff (= possessions) in from the van? 你要不要人帮你把东西从送货车上搬进来？
• All that stuff she has been saying about Lee is rubbish. 她说的有关李的那些话都是胡说八道。
the stuff of sth literary
■something that a particular type of thing is made of or based on …的原料；…的基础
• Her appetite for shopping became the stuff of legend. 她对购物的欲望远近驰名。
[stʌf] noun
QUALITY 要素
the stuff of sth literary
■the most necessary, important or typical part of something …的要素；…的重要组成部分；…的典型部分
• A thwarted love affair is the (very) stuff of fiction. 历经波折的爱情是小说的基本元素。
uncountable US
■In baseball, a pitcher 's stuff is the quality and variety of their pitches (= throws to the player hitting the ball) （棒球运动中投手的）投球能力
• Avery had great stuff, total command of all three of his pitches. 埃弗里投球技术很好，三次投球都很有把握。
[stʌf] noun
do your stuff informal
■to do what you should do or what is expected of you 尽本分，做分内的事
• If all the members of the team do their stuff, we should win easily. 如果队里每个人都能尽心竭力，我们要赢并不难。
[stʌf] noun
Good/great stuff!
■something you say to encourage or praise someone 做得好！做得漂亮！
• "The sales figures are up this week." "Great stuff!" 本周的销售数字上升了。 “做得漂亮！”
[stʌf] noun
stuff and nonsense old-fashioned
■an expression used to show that you think something is not true and/or is silly 胡说八道，一派胡言
[stʌf] noun
  Common Learner Errors  stuff or staff? Warning: choose the correct word! To talk about the group of people who work for an organization, don't say 'stuff', say staff : The staff do not have an adequate command of English.
[stʌf] verb
FILL 装满
 ADVANCED transitive
■to completely fill a container with something 装满，填满，塞满
• Stuff the cushion and then sew up the final seam. 把垫子塞满，然后把最后一道缝口缝上。
• Under her bed, they found a bag stuffed with money. 他们在她床下找到一个装满钞票的袋子。
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to push something into a small space, often quickly or in a careless way （常指匆忙或胡乱地）塞，填
• This case is absolutely full - I can't stuff another thing into it. 这只箱子塞得满满的——我再也塞不进东西了。
transitive
■to fill the body of a dead animal with special material so that it looks as if it is still alive 制作（动物）标本
transitive mainly UK offensive
■(of a man) to have sex with a woman 性交（一个男人和一个女人性交）
[stʌf] verb
FOOD 食物
transitive
■to fill food with stuffing 填料，馅
• Stuff the turkey, then put it into a pre-heated oven. 把填料塞进火鸡后，放进预热的烤箱中。
[stʌf] verb
EAT 吃
stuff yourself [R] informal
■to eat a lot 吃得很多，大吃大喝
• They'd been stuffing themselves with snacks all afternoon, so they didn't want any dinner. 他们吃了一个下午的零食，因此根本不想吃晚饭。
[stʌf] verb
Get stuffed! mainly UK very informal
■used to show anger or disagreement （用于表示厌烦、愤怒或不同意）去你的！
• "I'll give you ten quid for the car." "Get stuffed!" “我出十磅买你的车。”“滚！”
[stʌf] verb
stuff it/them/you, etc. mainly UK slang
■used to show anger, disapproval or a refusal to obey towards a situation, person or thing （用于表示生气、不赞成或不服从）去它的／去他们的／去你的等
• He's expecting us to work late, well stuff that/him! 他希望我们加班，不可能！
• "Shall we tidy up now?" "No, stuff it!" “我们现在要收拾吗?”“不用，管它呢！”
[stʌf] verb
stuff your face informal
■to eat a lot 吃得很多，大吃大喝
• I've been stuffing my face all morning. 我整个上午都在吃个不停。
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. 东西；材料；填充物；素材资料
 - thing, packing
vt. 塞满； [机] 填塞；让吃饱
 - be crammed with, be packed with
vi. 吃得过多
 - glut, overeat

Word: associate
Front: associate
[əˈsəʊʃieɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 1354/1216 -K3)
Vocabulary: associate
(once / 48 pages)
1vn 2nadj 3n
As a verb, associate can mean to make a connection between things or concepts. You might associate the smell of lemons with summer memories of selling lemonade. Or, with polishing your furniture with Lemon Pledge.
As a noun, in employment, an associate is someone who is in a junior position. You might hear about associates at law firms, hoping to make partner one day. However, some companies also use associate to mean any employee, regardless of rank or seniority. The noun associate can also mean a friend or someone you keep company with. And, as a verb, associate can also mean to keep company with — like when you were associating with activists at the protest march.
WORD FAMILY
associate: associable, associated, associates, associateship, associating, association, associative, associatory, disassociate+/associability: associabilities/associable: associability, associableness/associateship: associateships/ association: associational, associationism, associations/associational: associationally/ associative: associatively, nonassociative/disassociate: disassociated, disassociates, disassociating, disassociation/disassociation: disassociations
USAGE EXAMPLES
As candidate, Trump associated high-crime cities with their Democratic leaders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Duke is 12-2 this season and ranked No. 8 in the latest Associated Press poll.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vatican spokesman Greg Burke tells The Associated Press the quotes are “invented.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）发生联系; （使）联合; 结交; 联想
vi. 联盟; 陪伴同事
时态：associated, associating, associates
分布：交往(28%)，联想(23%)，联合(12%)，同事(10%)，伙伴(9%)，副的(6%)，共事的(4%)，有联系的(3%)，同伴(3%)，准学士学位获得者(2%)
→前缀as- 同ad-. 词根soc, 联系，同society, 社会。
联合,结合(as+soci社团+ate→结成团队→联合)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
联合;联想(as加强＋soc+iate→成为社团→联合)[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
vt.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴;a.联合的We associate China with the Greet Wall.想起中国, 我们就想到长城.
【记】as朝向，soci（同伴，社会）－成为同伴－联合
US [-ˈsoʊ-]
 IMPROVER
■to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else 将…（与…）联系起来，把…联系在一起
• Most people associate this brand with good quality. 大多数人把这个品牌和优良品质联系在一起。
verb transitive UK [əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
  Phrasal Verbs  associate sth with sth
■If problems or dangers are associated with a particular thing or action, they are caused by it …是…所引起的；…和…有关联；…和…有瓜葛
• The cancer risks associated with smoking have been well documented. 抽烟有引发癌症的危险，这两者的关联是有详尽的文献为证的。
verb transitive UK [əˈsəʊ.si.eɪt] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
  Phrasal Verbs  associate with sb
■to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of 与（尤指他人不赞同的人）交往
• I don't want my children associating with drug-addicts and alcoholics. 我不想让我的孩子们与吸毒成性以及酗酒的人交往。
noun countable UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
FRIEND 朋友
 ADVANCED
■someone who is closely connected to another person as a companion , friend or business partner 朋友；同事；（生意）伙伴
• A close associate of the author denied reports that she had cancer. 作者的一个密友否认了她患癌症的报导。
• a business associate 生意伙伴
noun countable UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-]
QUALIFICATION 证明 US someone who holds an associate's degree 副学士
• an associate of arts 文科副学士
adjective [before noun] UK [əˈsəʊ.si.ət] US [-ˈsoʊ-/
■used in the title of a person whose rank is slightly lower or less complete than the full official position described 副的；准的；非正式的
• an associate member of an organization 一个组织的准会员
• associate director/producer 副导演／制片人
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
vi. 交往；结交
 - company, travel, sort, mix
n. [管理] 同事，伙伴；关联的事物
 - brother, partner, fellow, comrade, colleague
vt. 联想；使联合；使发生联系
 - combine
adj. 副的；联合的
 - deputy, linked, vice, joint, auxiliary

Word: ambition
Front: ambition
[æmˈbɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 4283/3185 -K3)
Vocabulary: ambition
(once / 108 pages)
1n 2nv
Ambition is a strong desire to achieve. It's what Macbeth had too much of, and what slackers have too little of.
If a person has ambition, the goal is usually wealth, power, or fame. This Middle English word is derived from Latin ambitiō, from ambīre "to go around or about." In ancient Rome, candidates for office would go around to gain votes, to further their goal of being powerful or famous.
WORD FAMILY
ambition: ambitioned, ambitionless, ambitions, ambitious +/ ambitious: ambitiously, ambitiousness, overambitious, unambitious/unambitious: unambitiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
But there is more to her story than defiant ambition.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Great Ambition unchecked by principle . . . is an unruly Tyrant.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Reinecke received an 18-month suspended sentence from a federal judge, who called him a victim of his own “selfish ambition.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 抱负; 渴望得到的东西; 追求的目标; 夙愿
vt. 追求; 有…野心
分布：野心(42%)，雄心(34%)，抱负(18%)，追求(3%)，精力(2%)，有 ... 野心(1%)
→前缀ambi-, 两边，周围。词根it , 走。向周围走，向外走，目标。
雄心,志向(amb大+it+ion→走大步→雄心)[it=go,表示"行走"]
n.对(成功,权力等)的强烈欲望,野心;雄心One of his ambitions is to become a rich man.他的抱负之一是成为富人.
【记】原指：为了赢得选票而四处游说读：俺必胜！有雄心！
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a strong wish to be successful, powerful, rich, etc. 抱负；志向；雄心；野心
• She's got a lot of ambition. 她很有抱负。
• [+ to infinitive] His ambition is ultimately to run his own business. 他的抱负是最终能够经营自己的公司。
• He has already achieved his main ambition in life - to become wealthy. 他已经实现了他人生最大的志向——发财致富。
• political ambitions 政治抱负
• She doubts whether she'll ever be able to fulfil her ambition. 究竟是否能够实现自己的理想，她没有把握。
• I've always had a burning (= very great) ambition to be a film director. 我一直有一个远大的志向，那就是做电影导演。
• After his heart attack, he abandoned his ambition to become Prime Minister. 他心脏病发作以后，就放弃了要当首相的勃勃雄心。
n. 野心，雄心；抱负，志向
 - careerism, aspiration
vt. 追求；有…野心
 - pursue / pursuit, go after

Word: check
Front: check
[tʃek] (中高托雅宝 854/997 -K4)
Vocabulary: check
(once / 85 pages)
1vn 2vn 3nv 4nv 5nv 6vn 7nv 8vn 9v
Check: Small word, loads of different meanings. One of the most common is "to inspect or verify." You might check the oven to see if your cookies are done.
A few of the many meanings of check: As a noun: the act of restraining power or action; a pattern of squares resembling a checkerboard; a restaurant bill; a financial instrument payable to the named bearer (from your checkbook); a mark indicating that something's been noted or finished. As a verb: to crack on the surface; to slow or delay growth; to obstruct your hockey opponent; to hand over for inventory and safekeeping, especially baggage on a plane.
WORD FAMILY
check: checked, checker, checking, checks, countercheck, uncheckable+/checked: unchecked/checker: checkered, checkering, checkers /countercheck: counterchecked, counterchecking, counterchecks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With the New Year under way, it’s time to check off some items on my “TIDU List” — Things I Don’t Understand:
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 检查，核对; 制止，抑制; 在…上打勾
vi. 核实，查核; 中止; 打勾; [象棋]将一军
n. <美>支票; 制止，抑制; 检验，核对
时态：checked, checking, checks
分布：检查(62%)，支票(25%)，核对(9%)，账单(1%)，阻止(1%)，方格图案(1%)，阻碍(1%)
→来自古法语eschequier, （棋子游戏）将军，来自阿拉伯语shah, 王。原指一种两军对垒的棋子游戏，当逼近对王主帅时，则说：shah mat, 将杀死你的王，请注意，请检查。类似于中国象棋术语将军。其拼写演变较复杂，首先加字母e, 然后将es又当做前缀ex-脱落，参照etude, echelon. 词源同chess, cheque, exchequer.
【记】check原是检查的意思，后来有这么一帮人喜欢突然阻止你，检查你的暂住证，所以就有了突然阻止的意思。
【反】prompt（v 促使）；propagate（v 繁殖）；goad（vt 驱策；激励）hasten（v 催促；赶紧）
verb
EXAMINE 检查
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make certain that something or someone is correct, safe or suitable by examining it or them quickly 检查；核查，核对
• You should always check your oil, water and tyres before taking your car on a long trip. 你每次开车长途旅行前都应当检查一下油箱、水箱和轮胎。
• Customs stopped us and checked (= searched) our bags for alcohol and cigarettes. 海关人员要求我们停下，检查我们的随身行李里有没有烟酒。
• After I'd finished the exam, I checked my answers for mistakes. 我做完考卷后检查答案有没有错误。
• The doctor will call next week to check on your progress. 下星期医生会来检查你恢复得怎么样。
• My wife checks on (= visits) our elderly neighbour every few days to make sure that he's alright. 我妻子每过几天就去探望我们年迈的邻居，看他是否一切安好。
• [+ (that)] I always check (that) I've shut the windows before I leave the house. 离家前我总要检查一下，看窗户是否都已关好。
• [+ question word] I rang them yesterday to check wh en they were arriving. 我昨天给他们打了电话，确定他们甚么时候到达。
• He double- checked all the doors (= checked them all twice) before leaving the house. 他离开这幢房子前又把所有的门都检查了两次。
• [+ to infinitive] If you're near the garage, could you check to see (= ask) if the car's ready? 要是你离修理厂不远，能去看一下车是否修好了吗？
• If you're unsure of your legal rights, I would check with (= ask) a lawyer. 如果你不清楚自己的合法权利，我可以去请教律师。
⇒ See also crosscheck
[tʃek] verb
STOP 停止
transitive
■to stop someone from doing or saying something, or to prevent something from increasing or continuing 阻碍；制止；抑制
• They have begun to vaccinate children in an attempt to check the spread of the disease. 为了控制疾病的蔓延，他们开始给孩子注射疫苗。
[tʃek] verb
LEAVE 留下
transitive US
■to leave something with someone at a particular place, so that they can take care of it for a short time 寄存，寄放
• It was hot so we checked our coats before going round the gallery. 天气太热了，所以我们先寄存了衣服再去参观画廊。
[tʃek] verb
AGREE 同意
intransitive mainly US
■If information checks, it agrees with other information （资料）符合，吻合
• Her statement checks with most of the eye-witness reports. 她的陈述与大多数目击证人的报告相吻合。
[tʃek] verb
MARK 记号
intransitive or transitive US for
■ tick (MARK)
[tʃek] verb
CHESS 国际象棋
transitive specialized
■in the game of chess , to put the other player's king under direct attack, so that the other player is forced to defend against the attack in their next move 将（对方的）军
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  check in IMPROVER
■to show your ticket at an airport so that you can be told where you will be sitting and so that your bags can be put on the aircraft （在机场）办理登机手续
• Passengers are requested to check in two hours before the flight. 乘客应在飞机起飞前两小时办理登机手续。
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  check in/check into sth IMPROVER
■to say who you are when you arrive at a hotel so that you can be given a key for your room （在饭店）办理入住手续，登记，报到
• Please would you check in at the reception desk and sign your name in the book. 请您在接待处报到，并在登记簿上签名。
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] check sth off US
■to mark names or things on a list as correct or as having been dealt with 在…上打勾（表示正确或已处理）
• He checked off their names on the list as they got on the coach. 他们上车的时候他在他们的名字上打了勾。
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  check out IMPROVER
■to leave a hotel after paying and returning your room key （在饭店）办理退房手续，结帐离开
• We checked out (of/from our hotel) at 5 a.m. to catch a 7 a.m. flight. 我们凌晨五点办理了退房手续去赶早上七点的班机。
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] check sth out
EXAMINE informal
■to examine something or get more information about it in order to be certain that it is true, safe or suitable 查证；核实，证实
• We'll need to check out his story. 我们需要查证一下他的话。
GO TO SEE informal
■to go to a place in order to see what it is like 去（某地）查看；了解…的情况
• I'm going to check out that new club. 我打算去那家新俱乐部看看。
BORROW mainly US
■to borrow books from a library （在图书馆）登记借（书）
[tʃek] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  check up on sb
■to try to discover what someone is doing in order to be certain that they are doing what they should be doing 监督，督促，检查（某人）
• My mum checks up on me most evenings to see that I've done my homework. 我妈妈大多数晚上都要检查我是否完成了家庭作业。
[tʃek] noun
MONEY 金钱
 IMPROVER countable US for
■ cheque
[tʃek] noun
EXAMINATION 查核
 ADVANCED countable
■an examination of something in order to make certain that it is correct or the way it should be 检查；核对，查核
• The soldiers gave their equipment a final check before setting off. 出发前士兵对他们的装备做了最后一次检查。
• "I can't find my keys." "Have another check in/through your jacket pockets." “我找不到锁匙了。”“在你夹克衫口袋里再找一找。”
• Security checks have become really strict at the airport. 机场的安全检查变得十分严格。
• The police are carrying out spot checks on (= quick examinations of a limited number of) drivers over the Christmas period to test for alcohol levels. 圣诞节期间，警方对司机进行了酒精度抽检。
• It's my job to keep a check on stock levels. 随时检查库存量是我的工作。
• I'll just run a check on (= find information about) that name for you in the computer. 我现在就在电脑里帮你查询这个名字。
[tʃek] noun
PATTERN 图案
countable or uncountable
■a pattern of squares formed by lines of different colours crossing each other （彩色）方格图案
• a shirt with a pattern of blue and yellow checks 蓝黄相间的格子衬衫
• a grey check suit 灰色格子西服
[tʃek] noun
RESTAURANT 餐馆
countable US for
■ bill (REQUEST FOR PAYMENT)
• Can I have the check, please? 请给我结帐，好吗？
[tʃek] noun
LIMIT 限制
hold/keep sth in check
■to limit something 控制；限制；抑制
• We must find ways of keeping our expenditure in check. 我们必须想办法限制我们的开销。
checks and balances
■rules intended to prevent one person or group from having too much power within an organization （组织内部的）制约与平衡，制衡原则
• A system of checks and balances exists to ensure that our government is truly democratic. 制衡制度的存在是为了确保我们的政府真正民主。
[tʃek] noun
MARK 记号
countable US for
■ tick (MARK)
[tʃek] noun
CHESS 国际象棋
in check specialized
■If your king is in check in the game of chess , it is being directly attacked by the other player 被将军的局面
• Your king is in check from my knight. 你的王被我的马将死了。
⇒ See also checkmate
give check specialized
■In chess , to give check is to directly attack the other player's king 将（对方的）军
• I think I should have given check at move 23 instead of trying to find a safer square for the rook. 我觉得当时不应该把车移到安全位置，反而应该在走第23步时直接将他的军。
■specialized
■In chess , if you directly attack the other player's king, you usually say check. 将军！杀棋！
[tʃek] exclamation US
■used to say yes to someone who is making certain that all the things on a list have been dealt with or included （用于确认所列事项已完成）是的，已照办
• "Did you bring your sleeping bag?" "Check (= Yes)." "Pillow?" "Check." “你带睡袋了吗？”“带了。”“枕头呢？”“带了。”
bridle, check, refrain, curb, inhibit, restrain
这组词都有“阻止、抑制、制止”的意思，其区别是：
bridle: 指抑制住强烈的感情或欲望。
check: 多指阻止前进或继续发展。
refrain: 常指暂时对某种行动或冲动的抑制。
curb: 可指急剧或果断的制止，也可指用严格的方法加以控制。
inhibit: 主要指抑制愿望、情绪或念头，也指制止某物的蔓延。
restrain: 含义广，指用强力或权力去阻止或限制某人做某事。
vt. 检查；制止；寄存
 - examine, inspect, review, park
n. [金融] 支票；阻止；阻止物
 - prevention, cheque

Word: reward
Front: reward
[rɪˈwɔ:d] (高研四六托雅宝 3392/2819 -K3)
Vocabulary: reward
(once / 110 pages)
nv
A reward is something you get for a job well done. If you study hard for that vocabulary test, an "A" might be the reward in your future.
You can use reward as a verb, as when the mayor rewards a firefighter who saves a family from a terrible blaze, or as a noun, to talk about the actual payment or item that's given to the firefighter. People often offer a reward for the return of lost or stolen things, like bicycles or jewelry or dogs. Reward meant "a regarding" or "an observation" in the 1300's, but it soon came to mean "repayment for some service."
WORD FAMILY
reward: rewarded, rewardful, rewarding, rewards+/rewarded: unrewarded/ rewarding: rewardingly, unrewarding/unrewarding: unrewardingly/ ward: reward, warded, warder, warding, wards/warder: warders, wardership
USAGE EXAMPLES
After bouncing around in the minors for most of his career, Washington rewarded Chorney with a two-year contract extension.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 报酬; 报答; 赏金; 酬金
vt. 酬谢，奖赏; 报答，惩罚
时态：rewarded, rewarding, rewards
分布：奖赏(41%)，报酬(31%)，报答(19%)，赏金(8%)，给 ... 报酬(1%)
→re-,表强调，-ward,看，注视，词源同 award,guard,regard.字面意思即反复看，注视，留意， 关切，后来词义由抽象的给予引申为具体的奖励，报酬。比较 award.
n.(for)报酬,赏金v.(for)酬劳;酬谢The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
【反】relinquish（v 放弃）
US [-'wɔ:rd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc 报答；报偿；酬谢；奖赏
• There's a reward for whoever finishes first. 无论谁先完成都会得到一份奖赏。
• The rewards of motherhood outweigh the anguish. 做母亲得到的回报大于经受的痛苦。
 IMPROVER
■an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner 酬金；赏格；悬赏金
• The police offered a reward for any information about the robbery. 警方悬赏征求有关劫案的任何线索。
UK [rɪ'wɔ:d] US [-'wɔ:rd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give someone a reward 报答；报偿；奖赏
• The company rewarded him for his years of service with a grand farewell party and several presents. 公司为了答谢他多年为公司所作的贡献，为他举行了一个隆重的欢送会，还赠送了他几件礼物。
• slightly formal All his hard work was rewarded (= was made worth it) when he saw his book in print. 看到了自己的书付梓出版，他感到一切的艰辛都得到了回报。
• formal He rewarded their kindness with hostility and contempt. 他们好心对他，他却报以敌意和轻蔑。
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward: 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award: 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
n. [劳经] 报酬；报答；酬谢
 - compensation, payment, consideration, return, remuneration
vt. [劳经] 奖励；奖赏
 - put a premium on

Word: application
Front: application
[ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 1519/608 -K3)
Vocabulary: application
(once / 159 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
An application is a request for a job, assistance or admission to a school. Colleges might want you to submit your application by Dec. 1, but they won't let you know if you've been accepted until sometime in April.
An application is also a form you fill out for something. If you need a handicapped parking permit, you and your doctor must first fill out an application and then submit it in the town hall. An application is also a computer program designed to perform a task or solve a problem. If you didn't get enough sleep last night, the careful application of makeup can mask the dark circles under your eyes.
WORD FAMILY
application: applications+/ applicable: applicability, applicably, inapplicable / applicant: applicants/applier: appliers/ apply: applicable, applicant, application, applicative, applicatory, applied, applier, applies, applying, misapply/ inapplicable: inapplicability, inapplicably/misapplication: misapplications/misapply: misapplication, misapplied, misapplies, misapplying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic Society’s application to build the mosque was denied after more than three years and 39 public hearings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Their application requests use of the public sewer, which the organization argues is more environmentally sound than a septic tank.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 适用，应用，运用; 申请，请求，申请表格; 勤勉，用功; 敷用，敷用药
分布：应用(52%)，应用程序(31%)，申请(16%)，专心(1%)
n.申请,请求,申请书;应用,实施,实用性I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
noun
REQUEST 要求
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an official request for something, usually in writing （通常指书面的）申请，请求
• a letter of application 求职信
• Free information will be sent out on application to (= if you ask) the central office. 请来函至总部索取免费资料。
• I've sent off applications for four different jobs. 我投寄申请四份不同工作的求职信。
• Have you filled in the application form for your passport yet? 你填写护照申请表了吗？
• [+ to infinitive] South Africa has submitted an application to host the World Cup. 南非已提交申请，主办世界杯足球赛。
[ˌæp.lɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■a computer program that is designed for a particular purpose 应用软体
• spreadsheet applications 试算表应用软体
[ˌæp.lɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
USE 用
countable or uncountable
■a way in which something can be used for a particular purpose 用途，用法；应用
• The design has many applications. 这个设计有很多用途。
• the application of this research in the treatment of cancer 将该研究成果应用于癌症治疗
uncountable
■the determination to work hard over a period of time in order to succeed at something 勤奋；努力；专心致志
• Joshua clearly has ability in this subject but lacks application. 约书亚无疑是有能力学这门课程的，但他不够用功。
[ˌæp.lɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
PUT ON 放在…上面
countable or uncountable
■when you spread or rub a substance such as cream or paint on a surface, or a layer of cream or paint 涂抹；敷用
• Leave the paint to dry between applications. 每次刷过后，要待漆层干透再刷。
• Regular application of the cream should reduce swelling within 24 hours. 定时敷用药膏可在24小时内减轻红肿。
[ˌæp.lɪ'keɪ.ʃən] noun
RELATE TO 涉及
countable or uncountable
■a way in which a rule or law, etc. relates to or is important for someone or something （法律，规定等的）适用
• The new laws have (a) particular application to the self-employed. 新的法律尤其适用于自雇人士。
application, request
这组词都有“申请、请求”的意思，其区别是：
application: 指用书面形式提出申请或请求。
request: 普通用词，侧重指明有礼貌或诚意的请求，能否得到满足并无多大把握。
n. 应用；申请；应用程序； [药] 敷用
 - adhibition, Apps

Word: entire
Front: entire
[ɪnˈtaɪə(r)] (高研四六 868/1876 -K4)
Vocabulary: entire
(once / 35 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Think of the word entire as referring to all of anything. Now think of that "all" as being whole — not broken or lacking in any way. Remember that, and you will have the entire meaning of the word.
Entire is based on the Latin integrum, which came from the prefix in-, "not," and tangere, "to touch," and thus means "untouched." From there it developed into the 14th-century Old French entier, meaning "unbroken or complete," and then, through Middle English, into our modern word entire. One use of the word you don't see every day is to describe an uncastrated horse — an "entire horse" is a stallion. Gives a pretty interesting picture of the word, doesn't it?
WORD FAMILY
entire: entirely, entireness, entirer, entires, entirest, entirety +/ entirety: entireties
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ross also proved he was healthy after missing the entire 2015 season with a knee injury.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The competitive system started small but was expanded to include the entire state in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的; 整个的; 全体的; 囫囵
分布：全部的(68%)，完整的(25%)，全面的(7%)
→来自拉丁文integrum, 整体。来自in-, 不，非，-teg, 接触，词源同contagious, integrate. 即没有接触过的，完整的。
完整的,完全的(en进+tir→拉进去→不遗留在外→完整的)[tir=draw,表示"拉"]
a.完全的,全部的,完整的A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [-'taɪr] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■whole or complete, with nothing missing 全部的；整个的；完全的；完整的
• Between them they ate an entire cake. 他们两个吃了整整一个蛋糕。
• He'd spent the entire journey asleep. 他整个旅程都在睡觉。
• They got an entire set of silver cutlery as a wedding present. 他们收到了一件结婚礼物，是一整套银质餐具。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. [生物] 全部的，整个的；全体的
 - overall, all, total, corporate, universal

Word: patent
Front: patent
[ˈpætnt] (高研六托雅宝 4405/4835 -2)
Vocabulary: patent
(once / 299 pages)
1nv 2adjv
A patent is a government document that proves that an invention is yours and yours alone. In the U.S., as of 2009, over 7,000,000 patents were issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
Patent also refers to leather that has a very shiny finish. The process for making leather look like this was once patented, but since patents do not last forever, the process is now available for anyone to use. As with patent leather, the word is often used as part of a sales pitch, explaining why something is special: "We use patented technology..." or "Our patented method..."
WORD FAMILY
patent: patency, patented, patentedly, patentee, patenting, patently, patents+/patency: patencies/patented: unpatented/patentee: patentees
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1906, Mark Twain, dressed in his signature white suit, addressed the Senate patents committee as he argued for the extension of copyright protection.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
Patent and Trademark Office and parts of the Agriculture and Labor departments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Patent and Trademark Office website, citing numerous potential threats.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 专利; 专利品; 专利权; 专利证
adj. 专利的; 显然，显露; 明摆着的
vt. 获得…专利，给予…专利权; 取得专利权
时态：patented, patenting, patents
分布：专利(94%)，专利的(5%)，特许(1%)
→来自拉丁语patere,展开，摊开，来自pete,展开，词源同petal,feather.-ent,现在分词后缀。引申词义公开的，明显的。词义专利缩写自letters patent,公开信，原指政府公文。
a.专利的,特许的n.专利(权,品)v.批准专利I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents.我热衷于潜在专利权的暂时保留.
【记】pa爬，tent（n 帐篷）：在帐篷上爬来爬去－明显的pat作为词根是公开的意思－明显的
【反】not evident（不明显的）；abstruse（adj 奥妙的）；nuance（n 细微差别）－patent difference（明显差别）；occult（adj 神秘的）；recondite（adj 深奥的）
US [ˈpæt.ənt/
■the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years 专利权
• In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent on an apparatus for signalling and communicating called a Photophone. 亚历山大‧格拉汉姆‧贝尔发明了一个可用来发送和传输讯号，称为“光线电话”的装置，并于1880年获授了此装置的专利权。
• The company took out/filed a patent on a genetically engineered tomato that remains firm longer than untreated tomatoes. 该公司取得了一项基因改造番茄的专利权，这种番茄比未经处理的番茄保鲜时间更长。
adjective
SHINY 有光泽的
patent leather UK ['peɪ.tənt] US ['pæt.ənt/
■leather that has a very shiny surface 漆皮
• black patent leather shoes 黑色漆皮鞋
adjective
OBVIOUS 明显的 /'peɪ.tənt/ [before noun] formal
■very obvious 显然的，显而易见的
• a patent lie 昭然若揭的谎言
• a patent disregard of the law 对法律的公然漠视
• "No," he replied, with patent distaste. “不，”他回答道，语气明显地流露出厌恶感。
adjective
LEGAL RIGHT 合法权利 UK ['peɪ.tənt] US ['pæt.ənt/ [before noun]
■relating to the official legal right to make or sell an invention 专利权
• a patent screwdriver 获专利的螺丝起子
adj. [专利] 专利的；新奇的；显然的
 - apparent, novel, transparent, decided
n. [专利] 专利权；执照；专利品
 - license, permit

Word: concentrate
Front: concentrate
[ˈkɒnsntreɪt] (高研四六雅宝 2358/1341 -K3)
Vocabulary: concentrate
(once / 197 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Concentrate means to make something stronger, denser, or more focused. If you concentrate your energy, for example, you become more powerful! Concentrate your efforts at digging, and you'll plant that shrub a lot faster.
You may have seen the words "frozen concentrate" used to describe orange juice. That can of frozen orange goo is the juice in its purest, most condensed form — the concentrate — and it's much stronger and sweeter than the juice you'd drink. Another meaning of the verb concentrate refers to your mental focus. You might need to concentrate on what you're reading in order to understand it. When you concentrate, you strengthen your focus to shut out distractions.
WORD FAMILY
concentrate: concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration, deconcentrate+/ concentrated: concentratedly/ concentration: concentrations/deconcentrate: deconcentrated, deconcentrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started concentrating on that fix at the World Cup in Australia, where he teamed with Rickie Fowler to finish tied for second.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is exacerbated by how much power is concentrated in the presidency, relative to the legislature or to the judiciary.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 专心于; 注意; 集中; 聚集
vt. 浓缩，（使）浓缩; [采矿]汰选; 选矿，精选，富集
vi. 凝缩，浓缩，提纯
n. 浓缩物
adj. 集中起来的，经过浓缩的
时态：concentrated, concentrating, concentrates
分布：集中(63%)，浓缩(21%)，专心(11%)，浓缩物(5%)
→con-, 强调。-center, 中心。
集中;浓缩[centr=center,表示"中心"]
v.(on)集中,专心;浓缩n.浓缩物The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
【记】con共同，centra＝center中心：共同向中心－集中。
【反】deploy（v 展开，配置）；dilute solution＝rarefy（v 稀释）；distend（v 扩大）
US [ˈkɑːnt-]
GIVE ATTENTION 注意
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject or problem 专注，专心；全神贯注；集中（注意力）
• Come on, concentrate! We haven't got all day to do this. 快点，集中精神！我们可没有一整天时间来做这件事。
• I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise. 那么吵，我没法集中精力。
• I find running concentrates the mind (= helps me to think). 我发现跑步能使我集中心思。
• I'm going to concentrate on my writing for a while. 我要专心写作一会儿。
• The company is concentrating (its resources) on developing new products. 公司正在集中力量开发新产品。
verb UK [ˈkɒnt.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːnt-]
COME TOGETHER 聚集
[T usually passive or I] [usually + adv/prep]
■to bring or come together in a large number or amount in one particular area 集中；聚集；汇集；集结
• Most of the country's population is concentrated in the north. 该国的大部分人口都集中在北部。
• In the dry season, the animals tend to concentrate in the areas where there is water. 在干旱的季节，动物常常聚集在有水的地区。
verb UK [ˈkɒnt.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːnt-]
REMOVE WATER 把水除去
transitive specialized
■to make a liquid or substance stronger and reduce its size by removing water from it 使浓缩
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈkɒn.sən.treɪt] US [ˈkɑːn-/
■a liquid from which some of the water has been removed 浓缩物；浓缩液
• fruit-juice concentrate 浓缩果汁
■an ore from which rock has been removed 精矿
• a mineral concentrate 精矿
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
vi. 集中； [物] 浓缩；全神贯注；聚集
 - focus, collect, mass, crowd
vt. 集中； [物] 浓缩
 - centre, localise
n. [物] 浓缩，精选；浓缩液
 - compression, solidification

Word: burden
Front: burden
[ˈbɜ:dn] (高研四六托 2665/2696 -3)
Vocabulary: burden
(once / 129 pages)
1nv 2n
Getting hired as the assistant to a pastry chef seemed like a dream come true. But one week and 100 cupcakes later, it’s become a hard-to-bear burden accompanied by a permanent stomachache.
Burden is one of those words that doubles as a noun and a verb. Defined as something you carry or withstand with much difficulty when used as a noun, and as the act of weighing down, overloading, or oppressing when used as a verb, it’s a word with a negative charge. Now that you know what it means, you’re equipped to make sure you don’t take on unnecessary burdens (getting pressured into always carrying your neighbor’s groceries upstairs), or become one yourself!
WORD FAMILY
burden: burdened, burdening, burdenless, burdens, burdensome, disburden, overburden, unburden+/ burdensome: burdensomely, burdensomeness/disburden: disburdened, disburdening, disburdens/overburden: overburdened, overburdening, overburdens/unburden: unburdened, unburdening, unburdens
USAGE EXAMPLES
But she said allowing such communities to fall below the citywide climate targets simply shifts the burden.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
And while poverty creates burdens for all kinds of schools, when it occurs in densely concentrated neighborhoods, it’s harder to overcome, Funk said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When the burdens of modern life weigh people down, a huge life change is tempting.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 负担，包袱; 责任，义务; 载货量; （诗歌，发言等的）重点
vt. 使烦恼，劳累; 向（车，船等）上装货
时态：burdened, burdening, burdens
分布：负担(77%)，责任(15%)，烦扰(3%)，装载(2%)，使负重(1%)，主题(1%)，装载量(1%)
→来自bear, 承担，承载。
n.担子,重担,负担vt.给予负担或麻烦Banned murders in the suburb bring turbulent disturbance and burden to the urban turbine works.在郊区被禁止的谋杀给都市透平工厂带来汹涌骚乱和重负.
US ['bɝ:-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a heavy load that you carry 负荷，重负
• The little donkey struggled under its heavy burden. 小毛驴驮着重物艰难前行。
■something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about 负担，重担
• the burden of responsibility 责任的重担
• My elderly mother worries that she's a burden to me. 我年迈的母亲担心她成为我的拖累。
• Buying a house often places a large financial burden on young couples. 买房子往往会让年轻夫妇背上沉重的经济负担。
UK ['bɜ:.dən] US ['bɝ:-] noun countable
the burden of proof legal
■the responsibility for proving something 举证责任
UK ['bɜ:.dən] US ['bɝ:-] verb transitive
■to trouble someone with something difficult or unpleasant 负担，重担
• I don't want to burden you with my problems. 我不想拿我的困难烦扰你。
burden, load, cargo
这组词都有“负担，负荷”的意思，其区别是：
burden: 指沉重、令人不快的负担；指精神负担时常有不堪忍受的意味。
load: 普通用词，含义广泛，指人、畜、车、船等负载的东西，指精神负担时，可与burden换用，但无感情色彩。
cargo: 指用轮船、车辆或飞机长距离运载的货物。
n. 负担；责任；船的载货量
 - liability, duty, weight, strain, trust
vt. 使负担；烦扰；装货于
 - eat, bother

Word: nationalist
Front: nationalist
[ˈnæʃnəlɪst] (7163/5881 -4)
Vocabulary: nationalist
(once / 977 pages)
nadj
A nationalist is a person who favors independence for a country. A Scottish nationalist, for example, believes that Scotland should be independent and separate from Great Britain.
One kind of nationalist advocates political independence, feeling that her region or state would be better off as a completely separate country from the one that currently controls it. Another sort of nationalist also cares deeply for a country — believing, in fact, that her own country is better than all other countries. This type of nationalist is an extreme patriot, and the term has been around since the 1700s.
WORD FAMILY
nationalist: nationalists+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the war in Ukraine, for a time, brought the interests of the Kremlin and Russian nationalists closer.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
You may remember white nationalist leader Jared Taylor from Hillary Clinton’s infamous campaign ad linking Donald Trump to the fringe movement.
Salon(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 民族主义者，国家主义者; 国家主义者; 民族独立主义者
adj. 民族主义的; 国家主义的; 民族独立主义的
分布：民族主义者(58%)，民族主义的(20%)，国家主义者(13%)，国家主义的(9%)
→来自nationalism,国家主义，民族主义。
民族主义者(national民族的)[-ist表名词"表示信仰,专家或从事某活动的人"以-ist结尾的单词,不少同时可作形容词用]
noun countable
■a person who wants political independence for their country 国家主义者；民族主义者
['næʃ.ən.əl.ɪst] ['næʃ.nə.lɪst] adjective
■wanting political independence for your country 国家主义的；民族主义的
• a nationalist movement 民族主义运动

Word: modest
Front: modest
[ˈmɒdɪst] (高研四六托雅宝 3101/3176 -3)
Vocabulary: modest
(once / 208 pages)
adj
A person is modest if he or she is very successful but does not call attention to this.
Modest generally means "big enough but not huge" — like a modest house or a modest income. An ambitious person will not be satisfied with modest progress. Around the turn of the 17th century, modest referred to proper or decent dress and behavior especially in women. Although this is considered dated today, modest is still used for people who are shy about showing their body. If you are modest, you might wear your t-shirt when you swim.
WORD FAMILY
modest: immodest, modester, modestest, modestly, modestness, overmodest+/ immodest: immodestest, immodestly/overmodest: overmodestly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What, besides the bloviated tweets that will accompany even the most modest ratings victory?
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
The event was more modest than last year due to the city’s recession.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
All this does not mean that modest weight loss is hopeless, experts say.
New York Times(May 02, 2016)
Back: adj. 谦虚的，谦逊的; 适度的，适中的; 端庄的; 羞怯的
分布：适度的(45%)，谦虚的(30%)，端庄的(15%)，有节制的(10%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度，-est,形容词后缀。引申词义有尺度的，谦逊的，谦虚的等。比较moderate.
谦虚的(mod+est→做事有风度→礼貌的)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
a.谦虚的,有节制的The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
NOT LARGE 不大的
 IMPROVER
■not large in size or amount, or not expensive 不大（或多、贵）的；适中的
• They live in a fairly modest house, considering their wealth. 就他们拥有的财富而言，他们的住所不大。
• There has been a modest improvement/recovery in housing conditions for the poor. 穷人的居住条件有了些许改善。
• The party made modest gains in the elections, but nothing like the huge gains that were predicted. 这个党派在选举中取得了一定成绩，但和人们预计的巨大收获相差甚远。
• Just a modest portion for me, please. 只要一小份就好，谢谢。
UK ['mɒd.ɪst] US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
QUIETLY SUCCESSFUL 成功而不张扬的 approving
■not usually talking about or making obvious your own abilities and achievements 谦虚的，谦逊的
• He's very modest about his achievements. 他对自己的成就很谦虚。
UK ['mɒd.ɪst] US ['mɑ:.dɪst] adjective
CLOTHES/BEHAVIOUR 衣服／行为 old-fashioned
■describes something such as a woman's clothes or behaviour, which is intended to avoid attracting sexual interest （女子的衣着、举止等）端庄的，正派的，朴素的
• a modest walk/manner 端庄的步态／举止
humble, modest
这组词都有“谦恭的”的意思，其区别是：
humble: 指精神和行为上的谦逊。褒义指对自己或自己的成就不骄傲；贬义指过低地评价自己，对人低声下气。
modest: 含义广泛，指行为或态度等方面不自大、不虚荣、不傲慢、不武断和不自负。
adj. 谦虚的，谦逊的；适度的；端庄的；羞怯的
 - odest, inobtrusive

Word: walk
Front: walk
[wɔ:k] (中高 358/458 -K5)
Vocabulary: walk
(once / 21 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
"Put one foot in front of the other, and soon you'll be walking out the door...." That's right, putting your feet into motion is what you need to do to walk.
The words walk isn't just used to describe the action of taking one step in front of the other. In baseball, it's a term for when a batter receives four balls and is given the right to walk to first base. When a horse's gate is slow and it keeps two feel always on the ground, that's a walk. When you choose a particular path for yourself in life, you could call that a walk of life.
WORD FAMILY
walk: walked, walker, walking, walks+/walker: walkers/walking: walkings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police say the man walked into a Star Petro gas station on Monday afternoon but failed to intimidate the clerk.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Rather than vague vows to get in shape, resolve to walk half an hour every day after dinner.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
"When the players are sprinting it is hard for the referees, I am the first to say that. "But the players were walking.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 走; 步行; 散步
n. 步行; 步态; 人行道; 步行的路径
vi. 行走; 陪伴…走; 徒步旅行; 不翼而飞
vt. 牵着（动物）走，遛，赶着…走
时态：walked, walking, walks
分布：散步(72%)，步行(18%)，走过(7%)，人行道(2%)，陪...走(1%)
→来自wel,转，摇摆，词源同Volvo,voluble。引申词义步行，蛇行，-k,加强语音。
v.走,步行,散步;走遍n.走,步行,散步It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
US [wɑ:k] verb
MOVE ON FOOT 行走
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move along by putting one foot in front of the other, allowing each foot to touch the ground before lifting the next 走，步行，行走
• I walked home. 我走路回家的。
• A cat was walking along the top of the fence. 一只猫在篱笆顶上走着。
• He walks two kilometres to work every morning. 他每天早晨步行两公里去上班。
⇒ See also jaywalk;sleepwalk at sleepwalker
transitive
■To walk someone to a particular place is to walk with them until they have reached it, usually because you are being friendly or polite, wish to protect them from danger, or to show them the way 陪（某人）走；步行送（某人）
• He offered to walk her home/ to the station. 他提出陪她走回家／到车站。
transitive
■to take an animal, especially a dog, for a walk 牵着（动物）散步；遛（狗等）
• She walks the dog for an hour every afternoon. 她每天下午都遛一小时狗。
a walking disaster/encyclopedia, etc.
■someone who seems to be a human form of disaster/encyclopedia, etc 活灾难（指带来灾难的人）／活百科全书等
• You've broken another pair of glasses? - Oh, you're a walking disaster! 你又摔坏了一副眼镜？——唉，你真是个扫把星！
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
DO EASILY 轻松做到
transitive UK informal
■to pass or win something, such as an examination or game, easily 轻松通过（考试）；轻松取得（比赛）的胜利
• She'll walk the interview - the job is practically hers already. 她会轻松通过面试的——那份工作实际上已经是她的了。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk all over sb
■to treat someone very badly or defeat them very easily 虐待（某人）；轻松战胜（某人）
• If you don't want to work at the weekend, say so - don't let the boss walk all over you. 假如你周末不想工作，那就说出来——不要听任老板的摆布。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk it informal
■to win or succeed easily 轻松获胜；轻易成功
• The team should walk it on Saturday. 那支队伍周六应该会轻松获胜。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk on air
■to feel extremely excited or happy 极为兴奋；异常高兴
• After the delivery of her baby, she was walking on air. 她生下了孩子之后兴奋异常。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk on eggs/eggshells
■If you are walking on eggs/eggshells, you are being very careful not to offend someone or do anything wrong 小心翼翼地做事；小心谨慎
• When my mother is staying at our house, I feel like I'm walking on eggshells. 当我妈妈住在我们家的时候，我凡事都要小心翼翼。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
walk right into sth
■If you walk right into something, you are caught or tricked by it because you did not know what was happening 陷入，掉进（陷阱）
• We set a trap and they walked right into it. 我们设了个圈套，他们径直就踩了进去。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk away
DIFFICULT SITUATION disapproving
■to stop being involved in a situation because it is difficult to deal with or does not give you any advantages （从困境中）脱身，一走了之
• You can't just walk away from a marriage at the first sign of a problem. 你不能婚姻稍有问题就想摆脱掉了事。
ACCIDENT
■to escape an accident without being badly hurt 平安脱险
• She overturned the car, but walked away from it without a scratch. 她翻了车，可是却平安无事，一点擦伤都没有。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk away with sth
■to win a prize or competition very easily 轻松获（奖）；轻松赢得（比赛）
• He walked away with all three gold medals. 他很轻松地拿到了全部三枚金牌。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk in on sb
■to go into a room and see what someone is doing, when they did not want to be seen 走进屋里撞见（某人）
• She walked in on me when I was getting undressed. 她进屋正好撞见我在脱衣服。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk into sth
■to get a job very easily 轻松获得（工作）
• She walked straight into a well-paid job after leaving university. 她一离开大学便轻松获得了一份工资很高的工作。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk off (somewhere)
■to leave a place because you are angry or unhappy about something （因愤怒或不满而）离开（某地）
• She threatened to walk off the film set because of the conditions. 她曾因工作条件问题而威胁要离开拍摄场地。
• He refused to discuss it and just walked off in a huff. 他拒绝谈论这个问题并气冲冲地离开了。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] walk sth off
■to go for a walk in order to get rid of an illness, often a headache , or the feeling of having eaten too much 散步消除（不适）；散步缓解（头痛）；散步消（食）
• I'm going out to walk off this headache. 我要出去散散步，以缓解头痛的症状。
• Let's go to the park and walk off all that lunch. 午饭吃得太多，我们去公园散散步，消化一下肚子吧。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk off with sth
WIN
■to win something easily 轻松赢得…
• She walked off with the top prize. 她轻松地拿到了头奖。
STEAL
■to steal something or take something without asking permission 偷走，未经允许拿走
• Who's walked off with my cup? 谁把我的杯子偷走了？
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk out
LEAVE
■to leave an event such as a meeting or performance because you are angry or disapprove of something （因愤怒或反对而）退场，退席
• All the parents walked out (of the meeting) in protest. 所有的父母都退（出会）场以示抗议。
■to suddenly leave your husband, wife or partner and end your relationship with them 突然离开，抛弃（配偶等）
• He walked out on his wife and two kids. 他突然抛下他的妻子和两个孩子出走了。
STOP WORK
■to stop working or leave your job because of a disagreement with your employer 罢工
• Workers are threatening to walk out. 工人们威胁要进行罢工。
⇒ See also walkout
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  walk sb through sth
■to slowly and carefully explain something to someone or show someone how to do something 耐心地给（某人）示范…；详细地教授（某人）…
• She walked me through the six-page document. 她耐心地给我解释了一遍这份长达六页的文件。
• He'll walk you through the procedure. 他会详细地给你示范操作程式的。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey that you make by walking, often for enjoyment 步行，行走
• He went for/took a walk around the block, to get some air. 他绕着街区散了散步，呼吸些新鲜空气。
• They went on a ten-mile walk to raise money for charity. 他们徒步走了十英里，为慈善事业募捐。
• Every afternoon she takes her Grandad out for a walk. 每天下午她都带她的爷爷出去散步。
⇒ See also jaywalk;sleepwalk at sleepwalker;boardwalk;catwalk;crosswalk;sidewalk;spacewalk.
countable
■a path or route where people can walk for enjoyment （用于散步的）小路，小道
• Do you know any nice walks around here? 你知道这附近有甚么散步的好地方吗？
only singular
■a way of walking 步态
• He's got a strange waddling sort of walk. 他走起路来一摇一摆，非常奇怪。
only singular
■walking speed 步行速度
• She slowed the horses to a walk. 她让马放慢速度缓步而行。
a short/five-minute/ten-minute, etc. walk
■a journey that takes a short time/five minutes/ten minutes, etc. when you walk 步行只需很短时间／五分钟／十分钟等的一段路
• The station is only a five minute walk away. 车站离这里只有五分钟的步程。
UK [wɔ:k] US [wɑ:k] noun
walk of life
■When people talk about walk(s) of life they are referring to different types of jobs and different levels of society 各行各业；各个社会阶层
• We've got lawyers in this club, and builders and hairdressers - people from all (different) walks of life. 我们这个俱乐部里有律师，有建筑工人，有理发师——各行各业的人都有。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
n. 步行，走；散步
 - pedestrism, ambulation
vt. 散步；走过
 - step by, roam around
vi. 走，步行；散步
 - go, foot, step, track

Word: someone
Front: someone
[ˈsʌmwʌn] (中高 419/537 -4)
Back: pron. 某人，有人
n. 某个人
分布：有人(83%)，某人(17%)
pron.某人(=somebody)Someone is ringing the doorbell.有人在按门铃.
['sʌm.wʌn] (also somebody)
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a single person when you do not know who they are or when it is not important who they are 某人
• There's someone outside the house. 屋子外面有人。
• Someone must have seen what happened. 肯定有人看见了所发生的一切。
• Eventually someone in the audience spoke. 观众里终于有人开口说话了。
• You'll have to ask someone else. 你得问问别人。
• We'll need a software engineer or someone (= a person with skill of or like the stated type) on the project team. 我们的专案小组中需要有个软体工程师之类的人。

Word: direction
Front: direction
[dəˈrekʃn] (中高研四六 928/910 -K4)
Vocabulary: direction
(once / 46 pages)
n
When you put something together, it's usually best to follow each direction — that is, each step in the instructions for how to do it — so that you put it together correctly. Or, you could just start putting it together, only to discover that you have extra pieces.
The noun direction has several meanings. It can be an order given, as in, "Here are your directions: pick up your toys and make the bed!" Direction can also be something that points out a route as when you ask for directions to the lake. The course leading to a certain point is also a direction so you need to go in a southerly direction for ten miles, and then turn left at the giant chicken sign.
WORD FAMILY
direction: directional, directionless, directions, indirection, self-direction+/bidirectional: bidirectionally/directional: bidirectional, directionality, directionally/ indirection: indirections
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pegula defended the Bills at a time critics are questioning the team’s direction.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fragmentation caused by government action would be less of a concern if other factors were not also pushing in the same direction.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
At the least, she thinks, it would be a step in the right direction.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方向; 趋势; 方面; 用法说明
分布：方向(83%)，指导(6%)，目标(4%)，管理(3%)，用法说明(2%)，趋势(2%)
→来自direct, 管理，引导。引申义方向，正确指引。后词义通用化。
n.方向,方位;指令,说明The director's indirect direction led to the incorrect erection of the rectifier.指导者间接的指导导致整流器的错误安装.
noun
POSITION 方向
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the position towards which someone or something moves or faces 方向，朝向
• "No, go that way," I said, pointing in the opposite direction. “不对，往那边走，”我一边说一边指著相反的方向。
• He was going in the direction of the bedroom. 他正朝着卧室走去。
• They drove away in opposite directions. 他们朝相反的方向驶去。
directions [plural]
 IMPROVER
■instructions that you give to someone about how to find a particular place 指路，指示路径
• Can you give me directions to your house? 你能告诉我去你家怎么走吗？
• "Did you have any difficulty finding the theatre?" "No, your directions were excellent." “那个戏院好找吗?”“好找，你告诉我的路线非常清楚。”
sb's direction
 ADVANCED
■the area or position which someone is in 某人的方向
• She keeps looking in my direction. 她一直朝我这边看。
sense of direction
■the ability to find places or to know which direction to go 方向感，方位感
• a good sense of direction 很强的方向感
• Which way is it? - I have no/a lousy sense of direction! 该走哪条路？——我没有一点方向感／我的方向感极差！
[daɪ'rek.ʃən] noun
CONTROL 控制
uncountable
■control or instruction 管理；控制；指挥；指导
• The project was under the direction of a well-known academic. 这项工程是在一位著名学者的指导下进行的。
directions [plural]
■information or orders telling you what to do 指示，指令；说明
• I couldn't understand the directions on the packet. 我看不懂包装盒上的说明。
• He will be giving/issuing directions to judges on sentencing in the next few days. 过几天他要向法官发布审理说明。
[daɪ'rek.ʃən] noun
lack direction
■to not know what you really want to do 没有方向，失去了方向
• She seems to lack direction in her life. 她似乎失去了生活的方向。
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
n. 方向；指导；趋势；用法说明
 - orientation, guidance, aspect, tendency, instruction

Word: tony
Front: tony
[ˈtəʊni] (-/1843)
Back: adj. 高贵的，时髦的
分布：高贵的(37%)，漂亮的(36%)，=toney.(9%)，托尼(男子名(9%)，时尚的(9%)
→俚语，来自 tone,音调，-y,比喻用法。引申词义高音的，有格调的，后用于指豪华的，昂贵 的等。
US ['toʊn-] US informal
adjective
■stylish and expensive 昂贵的，时髦的
• He lives in a tony neighbourhood of Los Angeles. 他住在洛杉矶的贵族区。
adj. 时髦的，漂亮的；贵族化的
 - pretty, modern, fashionable, smart, stylish

Word: sharp
Front: sharp
[ʃɑ:p] (高研四六托雅 2049/2035 -K4)
Vocabulary: sharp
(once / 52 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adjadv 6adjn
Something with a thin edge or a fine point that can cut is sharp. It's painful when your dog climbs into your lap, poking you with his sharp toenails.
A knife and a pointed stick are sharp, since they can pierce or cut, and a piercing pain in your neck is also sharp. You can also use sharp to describe a smart person or clever decision — or someone who dresses well, or the clothes such a person wears. Sharp also means clear, like sharp images in a book of black and white photography, or sudden, like a sharp turn in a mountain road.
WORD FAMILY
sharp: sharpen, sharper, sharpest, sharply, sharpness, sharps+/sharpen: sharpened, sharpener, sharpening, sharpens/sharpened: unsharpened/sharpener: sharpeners/sharper: sharpers/ sharply: sharplys/sharpness: sharpnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
At her workbench, she uses a microscope while cutting and removing tiny bits of metal with a sharp blade called a graver.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“He didn’t let anything around him bother him. He was in the zone and seemed pretty sharp those games.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Twin girls born at Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women & Newborns were delivered at 11:56 p.m.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敏锐的; 锋利的; 狡猾的，聪明的; 尖锐的
adv. 猛烈地; 尖锐地; 尖利地; 偏高地
n. 升半音; 尖头; 骗子; 内行，专家
vt. [音乐]把（音调）升高（半音）
vi. [音乐]升音演奏（或演唱）
分布：锋利的(57%)，明显的(13%)，突然地(8%)，偏高地(8%)，准时地(7%)，灵敏的(3%)，辛辣的(3%)，突然的(1%)
→来自古英语 scearp,锋利的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skarpaz,切割，来自 sker,剪，切，砍， 词源同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义。
a.锋利的;轮廓分明的;急转的ad.(指时刻)正The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
ABLE TO CUT 能切断
 ESSENTIAL
■having a thin edge or point which can cut something or make a hole in something 锋利的；尖的
• a knife with a sharp edge/blade. 刀刃锋利的刀子
• sharp teeth/claws/fingernails 锋利的牙齿／尖锐的爪子／尖尖的指甲
• The point of this pencil isn't sharp enough. 这支铅笔的头还不够尖。
 ADVANCED
■producing or describing a quick strong pain that makes you feel like you have been cut （疼痛）迅速而剧烈的
• She nudged me with a sharp elbow, to tell me to be quiet. 她狠狠地用手肘捅了我一下，要我安静点。
• I have this sharp pain in my chest, doctor. 医生，我的胸口感到刺痛。
■describes a part of someone's face which is very pointed （脸部部位）尖尖的
• a thin face with a sharp nose 长着尖尖鼻子的一张瘦脸
■If someone is sharp or makes a sharp statement, they speak or act in a severe and angry way, which can hurt other people （言行）尖刻的，尖锐的，严厉的
• He was rather sharp with me when I asked him to help. 我请他帮忙时，他对我的态度相当刻薄。
• The government's proposals came in for some sharp criticism. 政府的提议遭到了尖刻的批评。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
SUDDEN 突然的
 ADVANCED
■happening suddenly, quickly and strongly 突然的；急剧的；猛烈的
• a sharp drop in temperature 气温的遽降
• a sharp decline in the standard of living 生活水准的骤降
• a sharp rise/increase in the number of cases of this illness 该病发病人数的急遽上升
• a sharp bend in the road 公路的急转弯
• to suffer a sharp blow to the head 头部遭到一记猛击
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
TASTE 味道
■ acidic (= containing acid) or sour in taste 很酸的
• Lemons have a sharp taste. 柠檬的味道很酸。
• This cheese is rather sharp. 这种起司很酸。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
■clear; easy to see or understand 清晰的；清楚的
• This TV gives a very sharp picture. 这台电视机影像非常清晰。
• The mountains stood in sharp contrast to the blue sky. 群山与蓝天形成了鲜明的对比。
• There is a sharp distinction between crimes which involve injury to people and those that don't. 造成人身伤害的犯罪和未造成人身伤害的犯罪两者之间有明显的界线。
• It was a sharp reminder of how dangerous the world can be. 这清楚地提醒人们这个世界有多么危险。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的 mainly approving
■clever or quick to notice things 聪明的；精明的；敏锐的
• Bird-watchers need to have sharp ears and eyes. 赏鸟者必须有敏锐的耳朵和眼睛。
• She has a sharp eye for a bargain. 她非常擅长发现便宜货。
• Our new director is very sharp. 我们的新主任非常精明。
• She manages to combine a sharp mind/intellect with a sympathetic manner. 她既有机敏的头脑，又能做到善解人意。
• He was a man of sharp wit /sharp -witted man who always spoke his mind. 他是一个思维敏捷、说话从不拐弯抹角的人。
• The play was full of sharp one-liners. 这出戏充满了机智风趣的俏皮话。
• US He may be old but he's still as sharp as a tack. 他也许是上了年纪，但他仍然思维敏捷。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
FASHIONABLE 时髦的 informal
■fashionable 时髦的，时尚的
• Tony is a very sharp dresser. 汤尼衣着很时尚。
• a sharp -suited business executive 衣着时髦的企业主管
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective
have a sharp tongue (also be sharp-tongued)
■to be someone who often criticizes and speaks in a severe way 说话尖刻，有一张刀子嘴
• Jane has rather a sharp tongue, I'm afraid. 恐怕简说话很刻薄。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adverb
SUDDENLY 突然地
■suddenly or immediately 突然地，立刻地
• After the church, turn sharp left/right. 过了教堂，向左／右急转弯。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adverb
EXACTLY 恰好地
■exactly at the stated time 正好，准时地
• The performance will start at 7.30 sharp. 演出将于7：30准时开始。
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] adjective adverb
■higher than the correct or stated musical note （音）偏高（的），升半音（的）
• The E string on my guitar is a bit sharp. 我吉他上 E 弦的音有些偏高。
• This concerto is in the key of C sharp the set of musical notes a semitone higher than the one based on the note C. 这支协奏曲是升C调的。
• to sing sharp 唱得偏高
Compare flat ; natural
UK [ʃɑ:p] US [ʃɑ:rp] noun countable
■(a symbol for) a note that is a semitone higher than the stated note 升半音；升半音号
sharp, keen, acute, shrewd
这组词都有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”的意思，其区别是：
sharp: 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。
keen: 多指对复杂艰深的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。
acute: 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。
shrewd: 指有头脑，善于判断分析，精明过人。
adj. 急剧的；锋利的；强烈的；敏捷的；刺耳的
 - intense, grinding, burning, cutting, quick
adv. 急剧地；锐利地；突然地
 - suddenly, abruptly
n. 尖头；骗子；内行
 - fraud, cusp
vt. 磨快；把音调升高
 - grind
vi. 打扮；升音演奏
 - dress oneself, trick up

Word: gulf
Front: gulf
[gʌlf] (研四六托 6929/3162)
Vocabulary: gulf
(once / 178 pages)
n
Deep, wide and often filled with water, a gulf is any vast and seemingly unbridgeable area.
You've probably heard of the Gulf of Mexico, that large body of water that's partly surrounded by land. But a gulf doesn't have to be all about the ocean. If two people have vastly different cultures or opinions, you could say that there's a gulf between them — a large divide that neither side is willing or able to cross.
WORD FAMILY
gulf: engulf, gulfs+/ engulf: engulfed, engulfing, engulfs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d like to see a beefed-up air and naval presence in the Persian Gulf to thwart Iran.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the second episode of heavy rain within days for some areas, especially along the Gulf Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海湾; 分歧; 波斯湾; （地面的）裂口
vt. 吞没; 卷进
分布：海湾(87%)，鸿沟(10%)，吞没(3%)
→词源同whelm, 淹没。用来指海湾。
n.海湾Regretfully, we can't regulate the irregular liner on the gulf.遗憾的是我们不能调整海湾上不定期的班船.
noun
AREA 地区
 ADVANCED countable
■a very large area of sea surrounded on three sides by a coast 海湾
• the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾
the Gulf only singular
■the Persian Gulf and the countries around it 波斯湾；波斯湾各国；海湾国家
• The Gulf states include Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. 海湾国家包括伊朗、伊拉克、沙乌地阿拉伯、科威特、巴林、阿曼、卡塔尔以及阿拉伯联合酋长国。
countable formal
■a very large deep hole in the ground （地面的）裂口，深坑，深渊
[gʌlf] noun
DIFFERENCE 不同
countable usually singular
■an important difference between the ideas, opinions, or situations of two groups of people 不可逾越的鸿沟；巨大的差距；隔阂
• There is a widening gulf between the middle classes and the poorest sections of society. 中产阶级和社会最贫困阶层之间的贫富差距在日益加大。
• It is hoped that the peace plan will bridge the gulf (= reduce the very large difference) between the government and the rebels. 人们希望和平计划能够缩小政府和叛乱分子之间的分歧。
bay, gulf
这两个名词均有“海湾”之意。
bay: 指海岸线上一大块凹入的地方，是港口的所在地。
gulf: 一般比bay大，但比sea小。指大片深入到陆地中，由海岸围绕成半圆形的海水区域。
n. [地理] 海湾；深渊；分歧；漩涡
 - bay, deep, variance
vt. 吞没
 - engulf, swallow

Word: league
Front: league
[li:g] (高托 1951/1181 -K4)
Vocabulary: league
(once / 77 pages)
1nv 2n
The two meanings of league are quite different — either it’s a group or federation joined for a common purpose (say, your bowling league or the League of Nations) or it’s a rough measurement of about three miles, usually at sea.
One would hope that two such different meanings of the same word would have some deep connection far back in word history, but it does not seem to be the case here. The word meaning "an agreement of groups" appears to be related to the French word ligue, also found in ligature ("thing that ties"), while the league of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (an excellent adventure book if you’re in the mood) is from Middle English. We call words like these homographs — since spelling is all they seem to share!
WORD FAMILY
league: leagued, leagues, leaguing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Washington Wizards — who less than a month ago looked like one of the worst teams in the league — ended 2016 on a tear.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Oakland already was without its quarterback and league MVP candidate, Derek Carr, after he suffered a broken bone in his leg.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 联盟; 社团; （运动）联合会、联赛; 里格（长度单位，约等于 3 英里）
vt. &vi. 使…结盟，使…结合
时态：leagued, leaguing, leagues
分布：联盟(83%)，同盟(8%)，社团(7%)，种类(2%)
→来自拉丁语ligare,绑定，词源同ligament,oblige.引申词义联盟，联赛。
n.同盟,联盟;联合会,社团Long Tongue League's colleagues are fatigued with cataloguing.长舌联合会的同僚们编目录编累了.
noun countable
SPORT 体育
 IMPROVER
■a group of teams playing a sport who take part in competitions between each other （体育项目）联合会，联赛，联盟
• Who do you think will win the league championship this year? 你认为谁会获得今年的联赛冠军？
• Liverpool were top of the Football League that year. 利物浦队是那一年的足球联赛冠军。
• They are currently bottom of the league. 他们目前在联赛中垫底。
[li:g] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织
■a group of people or countries who join together because they have the same interest 联盟，联合会
• the League of Nations 国际联盟
[li:g] noun countable
be in a different league
■to be much better than something or someone else 远远好于，远远胜过
• Our last hotel was quite good but this was in a different league. 我们上次住的饭店不错，但这间饭店更好。
[li:g] noun countable
be in league with sb
■to be secretly working or planning something with someone, usually to do something bad 勾结（某人），串通（某人）
[li:g] noun countable
be out of your league
■to be too good or too expensive for you 高不可攀，高不可及
• He was so good-looking and so popular that I felt he was out of my league. 他英俊潇洒讨人喜欢，我觉得自己配不上他。
[li:g] noun countable
not be in the same league
■to be not as good as someone or something else 不在一个档次，逊色
• Her latest film is quite watchable but it's not in the same league as her first two epics. 她最新拍的电影很好看，但不如她的头两部史诗片好。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
alliance, federation, union, league
这组词都有“联盟、同盟、联合会”的意思，其区别是：
alliance: 普通用词，指对双方均有利的任何联盟。
federation: 泛指用条款固定下来的一切联合，尤指联邦政府。
union: 普通用词，指由若干个体结成的一个统一的整体。强调其永久性。
league: 普通用词，指为了共同的利益而建立的地区性、全国性或国际性的联合组织，也指民间或半官方组织的联盟。
n. 联盟；社团；范畴
 - alliance, union, association, society, corporation, category
vt. 使…结盟；与…联合
 - stand in with
vi. 团结；结盟
 - rally, unite

Word: original
Front: original
[əˈrɪdʒənl] (研四六托雅宝 1135/918 -K4)
Vocabulary: original
(once / 50 pages)
adjn
When you buy a car from its original owner, you know it's only been owned by one person. Original means "the very first."
Original comes from the Latin word originem, which means "beginning or birth." Whether you're using it as an adjective to describe something that is literally the very first, or as a noun meaning something that serves as a model for making copies, original means "first." Even when you describe an original idea, meaning "something fresh or unusual," you're talking about the first idea of its kind.
WORD FAMILY
original: originalism, originality, originally, originals, unoriginal+/ originality: originalities/unoriginal: unoriginality, unoriginally
USAGE EXAMPLES
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Otherwise, the airline systems will automatically book the passenger on the next available flight on the original route.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But its roots remain in New York, where its East Harlem branch, Youth Action/YouthBuild, is still in its original storefront.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 原始的; 独创的; 最初的; 新颖的
n. 原文; 原型; 原件; 怪人
分布：最初的(40%)，原始的(24%)，原版(10%)，有独创性的(6%)，原版的(6%)，真品(5%)，怪人(3%)，起源(3%)，有独创性的人(3%)
→来自origin,起源，发源。引申词义原创的。
起源的;独创的(origin+al)[ori,orig=rise,begin,表示"升起,开始"]
a.最初的,原始的;独创的,新颖的n.原物,原作The original Organ Organization was originated with an original man.最初的风琴组织是由一个有创见的人发起的.
【记】源于：origin（n 起源）
【反】commonplace（adj 平凡的）；trite（adj 陈腐的）；pastiche（n 模仿）－original work（原创）
adjective
FIRST MADE 原先的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■existing since the beginning, or being the earliest form of something 起初的；原先的；最早的
• Is this the original fireplace? 这是原先的壁炉吗？
• The gardens have recently been restored to their original glory. 这些园林最近恢复了原先的辉煌。
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■describes a piece of work, such as a painting, etc. produced by the artist and not a copy 原作的；真迹的；非赝品的
• an original drawing/manuscript 原画／稿
• Is this an original Rembrandt (= Was it painted by him) ? 这是伦勃朗的原作吗？
[ə'rɪdʒ.ɪ.nəl] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的 mainly approving
■not the same as anything or anyone else and therefore special and interesting 独创的；有创意的；新颖的
• original ideas/suggestions/work 新颖的观点／独到的建议／独创性的工作成果
• She's a highly original young designer. 她是个很有创意的年轻设计师。
Opposite unoriginal
[ə'rɪdʒ.ɪ.nəl] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the first one made and not a copy 原版；原件；原本；原稿
• Can you let me have the original of your report? I can't read this photocopy. 能把你报告的原件给我吗？我看不清这份影印本。
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of work by a famous artist or designer and not a copy by someone else 原作；真迹；真品
• If the painting is an original, it will be very valuable. 如果这幅画是原作，会非常值钱。
in the original
■If you read something in the original, you read it in the language in which it was first written. 用原著的语言，以原文
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
creative, original, imaginative
这组词都有“有创造力的”的意思，其区别是：
creative: 侧重指具有把本来不存在的事物创造出来的能力。
original: 强调具有与众不同，有独到之处的创造能力。
imaginative: 指想象大异于现实，近乎或等于虚构。强调富有幻想能力。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
raw, original, primitive
raw: 原始的
original: 最初的，独特的
primitive: 原始的
initial, original, primitive
initial: a.开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。
 • My initial good opinion of him changed with time.   时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。
original: a.最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
 • This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.   就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。
primitive: a.原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
 • Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.   原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。
n. [摄] 原件；原作； [经] 原物；原型
 - archetype, antitype
adj. [摄] 原始的；最初的；独创的；新颖的
 - initial, premier, primitive

Word: criticism
Front: criticism
[ˈkrɪtɪsɪzəm] (研四六 2093/1587 -K4)
Vocabulary: criticism
(once / 174 pages)
1n 2n
If you dye your hair bright blue, you're likely to get some criticism from people who just don't understand your personal style. When you're on the receiving end of criticism, you are being judged in a disapproving way.
The noun criticism is most often used to describe negative commentary about something or someone, but it's just as correct to use criticism to mean "an examination or judgment." Critics who review books and movies consider their reviews to be criticism, whether they're positive or negative. So the criticism you receive doesn't have to be all about your faults; it can actually be a pleasant experience.
WORD FAMILY
criticism: criticisms, self-criticism+/ critic: critical, criticise, criticize, critics/ critical: acritical, criticality, critically, criticalness, criticism, hypercritical, noncritical, overcritical, supercritical, uncritical/criticise: criticised, criticises, criticising/ criticize: criticized, criticizes, criticizing/ hypercritical: hypercritically/overcritical: overcritically/uncritical: uncritically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The chief of one British firm at the Las Vegas event said the criticism was well-founded.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 批评，批判; 鉴定，审定，考证，校勘; 苛求，[哲]批判主义; 评论，评论文章
分布：批评(93%)，评论(7%)
→词源同criterion, 标准。即使其达到标准的，批评使其改正的。
批评[crit,cris=judge,discern,表示"判断,分辨"]
n.评论性的文章,评论;批评,指责,非难The critic's criticism is critical to the crisis.评论家的批评对这场危机至关重要.
【反】accolade（n 赞美）；encomium（n 赞美（话））
US ['krɪtˌ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you say that something or someone is bad; disapproval 批评，批判；指责，反对
• The designs for the new mosque have attracted widespread criticism. 人们普遍对新清真寺的设计不满意。
• I have a few criticisms to make of/about your speech. 对于你的讲话我有几点不能苟同。
 ADVANCED
■when you give your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone, especially books, films, etc （尤指对书、电影等的）评论，评价
• literary criticism 文学评论
• If you've got any constructive (= positive) criticism of the project, I'd be glad to hear it. 如果你对这个方案有甚么建设性的意见，我很乐意听一听。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
n. 批评；考证；苛求
 - comment, animadversion

Word: roughly
Front: roughly
[ˈrʌfli] (研四六托 2657/3181 -K)
Back: adv. 粗略地; 大体上; 大致上; 粗暴地
分布：粗略地(29%)，粗暴地(22%)，大约(18%)，粗鲁地(18%)，粗糙地(13%)
→rough,粗糙的，-ly,副词后缀。引申词义粗略，大致。
adverb
NOT EXACTLY 不精确的
 IMPROVER
■approximately 大致地，近似地，粗略地
• There has been an increase of roughly 2.25 million. 大概增长了225万。
• Roughly speaking , it's 2.25 million. 大致来说，有225万。
• We have roughly similar tastes/roughly the same tastes. 我们的口味大致相同。
['rʌf.li] adverb
NOT EVENLY 粗糙地
■without taking a lot of care to make something perfect 粗糙地；不精细地；简单地
• Roughly chop the tomatoes and add to the onions. 把番茄简单切成几大块，加到洋葱里。
['rʌf.li] adverb
VIOLENTLY 粗暴地
■in a violent or angry way 粗暴地
• He pushed the children roughly to one side. 他粗暴地将孩子们推到一边。
• "And what's going on here?" he said roughly. “这里怎么回事？”他粗鲁地问道。
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
adv. 粗糙地；概略地
 - coarsely, crudely

Word: radio
Front: radio
[ˈreɪdiəʊ] (中高雅 904/1093 -K5)
Vocabulary: radio
(once / 171 pages)
nvadj
Radio is a way of transmitting sound using electromagnetic waves called radio waves. Nowadays, people usually only listen to the radio as they drive, but — before television — radio provided prime-time entertainment.
When you turn on your car radio, you probably take for granted the many choices of music and talk stations you can choose from. The radio's electronic components do the amazing job of catching fast-moving radio waves in the air and translating them into sounds you can hear. Radios were originally called wireless because they transmit energy using waves instead of wires. The Latin root of radio is radius, "beam."
WORD FAMILY
radio: radioed, radioing, radios
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wildcats coach did not specify during his weekly radio show Monday night when the previously-taped talk with Pitino would air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Billboards, TV and radio adverts all portrayed him as the face of a state hungry for success and growth.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This year's top five will be revealed on BBC Radio 1 and online throughout the week, with the winner announced on Friday.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 无线电; 收音机; 无线电广播台; 无线电收发报机
vt. & vi. 用无线电发送讯息; 作无线电广播; 用X射线拍照
时态：radioed, radioing, radios
分布：无线电(54%)，收音机(45%)，用无线电通讯(1%)
→缩写自 radio-telephony,无线通话。
n.收音机;无线电报,无线电话v.无线电通讯My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
US [-oʊ] noun (plural radios)
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of electronic equipment used for listening to radio broadcasts 收音机
• a car radio 车载收音机
• I switched on the radio. 我打开了收音机。
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the programmes that you hear when you listen to the radio 广播节目
• I heard a good programme on the radio last night. 昨晚我听到一个很好的广播节目。
• I don't listen to radio much. 我不常听收音机。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the system or work of broadcasting sound programmes for the public to listen to （无线电）广播系统；广播工作
• a local radio station 地方广播电台
• She's got some kind of job in radio. 她在广播电台找了份工作。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a piece of electronic equipment that can send and receive spoken messages or signals, or the messages or signals that are sent or received 无线电收发设备；无线电通讯
• We sent a message over the radio/by radio. 我们用无线电发了一条资讯。
• The children had radio- controlled toy cars for Christmas. 孩子们在圣诞节得到的礼物是无线电遥控玩具车。
UK ['reɪ.di.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to send a message to someone by radio 用无线电发送（资讯）；向…发送无线电报；用无线电通讯
• We'll have to radio for more supplies. 我们将不得不通过无线电请求提供更多的补给。
• They radioed their base for help. 他们用无线电报向大本营求援。
n. [电讯] 收音机；无线电广播设备
 - receiving set

Word: display
Front: display
[dɪˈspleɪ] (研四六托雅 2092/1683 -K4)
Vocabulary: display
(once / 99 pages)
nv
When you display something, you show everyone. If you run up to someone in the street, throw your arms around her, and plant a big kiss on her face, you're displaying your affection for all the world to see.
Besides public displays of emotion, a display can also be common and lifeless. Department store windows often have elaborate displays of the latest fashions, and your computer screen can also be called a display. If you’re especially proud of your butterfly collection, you can put it on display in your office. When showing off for the ladies, peacocks fan out their colorful tail feathers, and that, too, is called a display — a word for male animal courtship behavior.
WORD FAMILY
display: displayed, displaying, displays
USAGE EXAMPLES
His was an astonishingly more cosmopolitan world-view than that displayed by today’s Chinese leaders.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
They say when officers entered the home, the man displayed a gun before police fired.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fortunately, it usually ends up on display somewhere.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 展览，陈列; 陈列品，展览品; 显示器; 炫耀
vt. 显示; 陈列; 展开，伸展; 夸示，炫耀
vi. （计算机屏幕上）显示
时态：displayed, displaying, displays
分布：显示(85%)，陈列(6%)，炫耀(4%)，表现(4%)，夸示(1%)
→来自拉丁语displicare, 展开，dis-, 不，非，使相反，-plic, 卷入，卷进，词源同complicate, deploy. 即使展开，陈列。
v./n.陈列,展览,显示(器)Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
verb transitive
ARRANGE 安排
 IMPROVER
■to arrange something or a collection of things so that they can be seen by the public 布置，排列，陈列
• Family photographs were displayed on the wall. 墙上挂着全家人的照片。
[dɪ'spleɪ] verb transitive
SHOW 表现
■to show a feeling 显露，表露，表示（某种情感）
• The British traditionally tend not to display much emotion in public. 传统上，英国人不太喜欢在公开场合表露感情。
[dɪ'spleɪ] noun
ARRANGEMENT 陈列
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a collection of objects or pictures arranged for people to look at, or a performance or show for people to watch 陈列品，展览品；陈列，展示，展览；表演
• There's an Egyptian art collection on display (= being shown) at the museum at the moment. 埃及艺术收藏展正在博物馆举行。
• a firework display 烟花表演
countable
■when something is shown electronically such as on a computer screen （电脑萤幕等的）显示
• The display problems might be due to a shortage of disk space. 显示问题可能是硬碟空间不足造成的。
[dɪ'spleɪ] noun
SHOW 表示
countable or uncountable
■when someone shows how they feel 流露情感，显露情绪
• There's never much (of a) display of affection between them. 他们之间从来都没怎么表示过爱慕之情。
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
n. [电子] 显示；炫耀
 - exhibition, manifestation
vt. [电子] 显示；表现；陈列
 - reveal, make clear, conduct oneself, prove, represent

Word: vice
Front: vice
[vaɪs] (高研四六雅 9910/7210 -3)
Vocabulary: vice
(once / 97 pages)
1n 2n
A vice is a moral failing or a bad habit. Traditional examples of vice include drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, and gambling in card games.
In the United States, municipal police departments often have a bureau dedicated to vice, manned by vice cops, whose job it is to fight crime related to alcohol, drugs, and gambling. But anything can be a vice, as long as there's someone out there who views it as bad behavior or a moral weakness. You might say, casually, "I don't drink, smoke, or gamble. Chocolate ice cream is my vice." Or driving over the speed limit. Or intentionally failing to sort your recycling.
WORD FAMILY
vice: vices, vicious +/ vicious: viciousest, viciously, viciousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Amen,” said Browns vice president of football operations Sashi Brown.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, MPF Vice President Jay Parsons said he expects little or no rent growth in urban rental markets this year.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Joan Cox, senior vice president of savings products at Navy Federal Credit Union, provided some tips for smart budgeting and saving in the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恶习; 不道德行为; （肉体的）缺陷，疾病; （文体等的）缺点，瑕疵
prep. 代替; 取代
adj. 副的; 代替的
vt. 用老虎钳夹紧; 钳制
分布：恶习(30%)，邪恶(17%)，缺点(16%)，代替(9%)，副的(8%)，老虎钳(8%)，代理的(5%)，罪行(4%)，生理缺陷(3%)
→来自拉丁语vitium,缺陷，过错，污点，字母c，t音变，词源同vicious,vitiate。引申词义罪行。
n.邪恶;恶习;(pl.)台钳,老虎钳The vice-adviser advised the reviser to devise a device for getting rid of vice.代理顾问建议校订者想出一个根除恶习的计策.
prefix
 IMPROVER (also vice-)
■used as part of the title of particular positions. The person who holds one of these positions is next below in authority to the person who holds the full position and can act for them 副职的；副的
• the vice captain of the team 队伍的副队长
• a vice admiral 海军中将
[vaɪs] noun
NOT MORAL 邪恶
countable or uncountable
■(a) moral fault or weakness in someone's character 堕落，邪恶；不良习气，恶习
• Greed, pride, envy, dishonesty and lust are considered to be vices. 贪婪、骄傲、妒忌、欺骗和淫欲都被视为罪恶。
• mainly humorous My one real vice (= bad habit) is chocolate. 我一个真正的恶习就是爱吃巧克力。
uncountable
■illegal and immoral activities, especially involving illegal sex, drugs, etc. （尤指与性或毒品有关的）罪行，道德败坏行为
• The chief of police said that he was committed to wiping out vice in the city. 警察局长说他将坚定不移地扫除该市的犯罪行为。
[vaɪs] noun
TOOL 工具 (ALSO US usually vise) countable mainly UK
■a tool with two parts which can be moved together by tightening a screw so that an object can be held firmly between them while it is being worked on 老虎钳；台钳
• Vices are often used to hold pieces of wood that are being cut or smoothed. 台钳常常用来固定需要切割或磨光的木块。
• Her hand tightened like a vice around his arm. 她的手像老虎钳子一样紧紧抓住他的手臂。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
n. 恶习；缺点； [机] 老虎钳；卖淫
 - defect, deficiency, fault, disadvantage, abuse
prep. 代替
 - in place of, in stead of
vt. 钳住
 - vise
adj. 副的；代替的
 - deputy, auxiliary

Word: undermine
Front: undermine
[ˌʌndəˈmaɪn] (研六托雅宝 3697/3409 -3)
Vocabulary: undermine
(once / 731 pages)
1v 2v
To undermine literally means to dig a hole underneath something, making it likely to collapse. But we more often use the word to describe sabotage or the act of weakening someone else's efforts.
Originally spelled with a ‘y’ instead of an ‘i’, undermine has Germanic roots and means to weaken, hinder, or impair. Accidentally undermine the foundation of a house by digging a tunnel to China beneath it and you might be forgiven. Undermine your teacher’s authority by speaking out of turn and throwing spitballs and odds are you’ll get in trouble.
WORD FAMILY
undermine: undermined, undermines, undermining
USAGE EXAMPLES
She says undoing the law also will undermine Medicaid and Medicare.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All of these things are threatened or undermined as we enter the new year.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Supreme Court in another apparent effort to undermine his Democratic successor's ability to govern.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 逐渐削弱; 使逐步减少效力; 从根基处破坏; 挖…的墙脚
时态：undermined, undermining, undermines
分布：逐渐削弱(53%)，从根基处损害(19%)，暗中损害(19%)，在...下挖(9%)
→under-, 在下面，mine, 挖矿，挖坑。比喻义削弱根基，削弱。
破坏,损坏(under+mine挖→挖墙角)[under-①表示"在…下"②表示"不足,不够"③表示"副手"]
v.暗中破坏,逐渐削弱;侵蚀...的基础The blunder made the underground instrument undergo an undermining of the thunderbolt.这个失策让地下仪器经受了一次雷电的破坏.
【记】under下，mine（v 挖矿）－在下面挖－暗中破坏
【反】reinforce（v 加强）；bolster（v 支持）；undergird（v 加强…的底部）
US [-dɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often gradually （常指逐渐地）削弱信心、权威等，损害
• The President has accused two cabinet ministers of working secretly to undermine his position/him. 总统指责有两位内阁部长在暗中算计他。
• Criticism just undermines their confidence. 批评只是削弱了他们的信心。
vt. 破坏，渐渐破坏；挖掘地基
 - destroy, founder

Word: perform
Front: perform
[pəˈfɔ:m] (高研四六托 953/1138 -K4)
Vocabulary: perform
(once / 42 pages)
1v 2v
To perform most often means to sing, dance act or put on any kind of show. Perform also means, however, to carry out almost any function or action — to do something, in other words.
Parents love to watch their kids perform. Nothing delights mommy or daddy more than watching junior sing or dance in the school play. Later in life, though, they'll be happy when their kids perform acts of kindness or when they perform the duties required of them by their jobs. "The surgeon entertained the other doctors when he performed an aria from Rigoletto while he performed an appendectomy." Now that's impressive.
WORD FAMILY
perform: performance, performed, performer, performing, performs, underperform+/ performance: nonperformance, performances/performed: unperformed/performer: performers/performing: performings/underperform: underperformed, underperformer, underperforming, underperforms/underperformer: underperformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
An autopsy will be performed, the news release said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He begged us to perform the extractions at the same time so that he would not be awake for the procedures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
China was the worst performing major Asian stock market in 2016, posting a 11.3 percent loss in its worst year in five.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 执行; 履行; 表演; 扮演
vt. 工作; 做; 进行; 完成
vi. 运行，表现; （驯兽）玩把戏
时态：performed, performing, performs
分布：执行(69%)，表演(18%)，履行(11%)，运转(1%)，举行(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语performer,履行，行使职责，来自古法语parfornir,执行，履行，来自par-,完全的，整个的，词源同per-,fornir,提供，形成，词源同frame,furnish.拼写受form影响俗化。
执行(任务);表演(per完全,彻底+form形状→从头到尾做出形状→表演[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v.履行,执行;表演,演出;完成(事业)The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [pɚ'fɔ:rm] verb
DO 做
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to do an action or piece of work 做，进行；施行
• Computers can perform a variety of tasks. 电脑能执行多项工作。
• The operation will be performed next week. 手术将于下周进行。
• Most of the students performed well in the exam. 大多数学生都考得很好。
perform well/badly
■to operate/not operate satisfactorily 表现得好／差
• The equipment performed well during the tests. 设备在检测中运作良好。
• These tyres perform badly/poorly in hot weather. 这些轮胎在天气炎热时性能很差／不好。
UK [pə'fɔ:m] US [pɚ'fɔ:rm] verb
ENTERTAIN 娱乐
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to entertain people by dancing, singing, acting or playing music 演出，表演
• She composes and performs her own music. 她自己创作音乐自己演奏。
• A major Hollywood star will be performing on stage tonight. 今晚有位好莱坞大牌明星会登台表演。
• The council plans to ban circuses with performing animals. 委员会打算禁止马戏团使用动物进行表演。
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
vt. 执行；完成；演奏
 - accomplish, implement, achieve, complete, fulfil
vi. 执行，机器运转；表演
 - put into effect, to carry out

Word: coal
Front: coal
[kəʊl] (中高研四六 3336/1761 -K3)
Vocabulary: coal
(once / 159 pages)
1nv 2nv
Coal is a mineral, a black rock that can be extracted from the earth and burned for fuel. Most of the electricity that's produced in the world is powered by the burning of coal.
Coal may seem like an old-fashioned fuel, making you think of steam locomotives that ran on coal, or coal fires heating homes in the nineteenth century. Some people still burn coal in stoves today, although most coal is burned on a much larger scale, generating electricity for entire towns and cities. You can also use the noun coal to mean a glowing ember in your fireplace or backyard grill. In Old English, it was col, from a Germanic root.
WORD FAMILY
coal: coaled, coaling, coals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Global commodities producers are hoping that China will order big lumps of iron, coal and copper in the new year to send prices higher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Carbon capture is proving itself, said David Mohler, the deputy assistant secretary for clean coal and carbon management at the federal Energy Department.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was a rare bit of good news for Wyoming’s mining industry, hit hard by a downturn in coal and a recent BLM coal-leasing moratorium.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 煤; 煤块; 煤堆; 木炭
vi. 上煤; 加煤
vt. 给…加煤; 把…烧成炭
时态：coaled, coaling, coals
分布：煤(95%)，加煤(2%)，木炭(1%)，装煤(1%)，烧成炭(1%)
→来自ghel,燃烧，词源同glow.
n.煤,煤块I'm in charge of discharging a large amount of charcoal and coal at the coal mine.我负责在煤矿卸一大堆木炭和煤.
US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a hard, black substance which is dug from the earth in pieces, and can be burnt to produce heat or power, or a single piece of this 煤
• How much coal was mined here? 这里出了多少煤？
• a burning/red hot coal 燃烧的／灼热的煤块
UK [kəʊl] US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
carry / take coals to Newcastle UK
■to supply something to a place or person that already has a lot of that particular thing 多此一举；徒劳无功
• Exporting pine to Scandinavia seems a bit like carrying coals to Newcastle. 往斯堪的纳维亚出口松木似乎有点多此一举。
UK [kəʊl] US [koʊl] noun countable or uncountable
haul/drag sb over the coals
■to speak angrily to someone because they have done something you disapprove of 责备，申斥，责骂（某人）
• He was hauled over the coals for coming in late for work. 他因为上班迟到而受到训斥。
vt. 给…加煤；把…烧成炭
 - char
n. [矿物] 煤；煤块；木炭
 - charcoal, xylanthrax

Word: rock
Front: rock
[rɒk] (中高研四六雅 869/1070 -K4)
Vocabulary: rock
(once / 58 pages)
1n 2vn 3n 4n
If you are asked to rock a baby, please do not throw a stone at it. Instead, move the baby gently from side to side. If this doesn't calm the child, play some loud rock music.
When rocking a baby you move gently, but when you're told not to “rock the boat” the rocking movement referred to is more violent, enough to tip the boat over. This kind of motion has more in common with what you do when “rocking out” listening to music. A rock is also a lump of mineral, and if we say someone is "like a rock," we mean he's totally dependable.
WORD FAMILY
rock: rocked, rocker, rockery, rocking, rocklike, rocks, rocky +/ rocker: rockers/rockery: rockeries/ rocky: rockier, rockiest, rockily, rockiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two additional unclaimed bombings also rocked the city, officials said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
"Shake with your right hand, but hold a rock with your left," says Frank Underwood, the ruthless US president in the TV series.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 岩石，石头; 摇滚乐; 棒糖; <非正式>宝石（尤指钻石）
v. 摇晃; 摇动; 震动
vi. 演奏摇滚乐; 随摇滚乐起舞
时态：rocked, rocking, rocks
分布：岩石(67%)，摇滚乐(25%)，摇动(4%)，使震惊(3%)，使动心(1%)
→1.岩石，石块，来自古英语 rocc,石头，岩石，词源同拉丁语 rocca,岩石，词源不详。 2.摇晃，摇滚，来自古英语 roccian,摇晃，摇摆，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukkon,摇晃，纺纱， 来自 rug,纺纱，词源同 rocket,ratchet.引申词义摇滚乐。
n.岩石,石块v.摇,摇动At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [rɑ:k] noun
STONE 石头
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the dry solid part of the Earth's surface, or any large piece of this which sticks up out of the ground or the sea 岩石；岩；礁石
• Mountains and cliffs are formed from rock. 山和悬崖都是由岩石构成的。
• The boat struck a rock outside the bay and sank. 船在海湾外撞上了一块礁石，沉没了。
 ADVANCED countable US
■a large piece of rock or stone 岩块；石块；大石
• The demonstrators were hurling rocks at the police. 示威者向员警投掷石块。
rocks [plural]
■a line of large stones sticking up from the sea 礁石
• The storm forced the ship onto the rocks. 暴风雨致使这艘轮船触礁。
countable slang for
■a valuable stone used in jewellery, especially a diamond 宝石；（尤指）钻石
• Have you seen the size of the rock he gave her for their anniversary? 你看见他结婚周年纪念时送给她的钻石有多大个了吗？
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a type of popular music with a strong loud beat which is usually played with electric guitars and drums 摇滚乐
• a rock group 摇滚乐队
• a rock star 摇滚歌星
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
be (caught) between a rock and a hard place
■to be in a very difficult situation and to have to make a hard decision 进退两难，左右为难
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
be (as) solid as a rock
■to be very strong 坚如磐石，非常牢固
• You'd think her own marriage was solid as a rock. 你会认为她自己的婚姻坚如磐石。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
get your rocks off offensive
■to have sex 性交
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] noun
on the rocks informal
■likely to fail soon 濒临崩溃
• I think their marriage is on the rocks. 我觉得他们的婚姻濒临解体。
■If you have an alcoholic drink on the rocks, you have it with pieces of ice （酒）加冰块的
• I'll have a whisky on the rocks, please. 请给我来杯加冰块的威士卡。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause someone or something to) move backwards and forwards or from side to side in a regular way （使）摇晃，（使）摇动
• He picked up the baby and gently rocked her to sleep. 他抱起了婴儿轻轻摇着哄她入睡。
• If you rock back on that chair, you're going to break it. 你坐在那把椅子上要是往后摇，椅子会散架的。
transitive
■If a person or place is rocked by something such as an explosion, the force of it makes the person or place shake 使剧烈震动；使猛烈摇动
• The explosion, which rocked the city, killed 300. 这次爆炸使整座城市剧烈震动，致使300人丧生。
transitive
■If an event rocks a group of people or society, it causes feelings of shock 使震惊；使震动；惊吓
• The managing director's resignation rocked the whole company. 总经理的辞职震惊了整个公司。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
sb/sth rocks slang
■used to show that you like or approve of someone or something a lot …棒极了，…很好，…绝了（表示非常喜欢或赞成）
• Dom says MP3 rocks. 多姆说MP3绝了。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
rock the boat informal
■If you rock the boat, you do or say something that will upset people or cause problems 惹麻烦；惹事；捣乱
• Don't rock the boat until the negotiations are finished. 在谈判结束之前不要惹是生非。
UK [rɒk] US [rɑ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rock up informal
■to arrive somewhere; turn up 来到，到达
• They rocked up two hours late, dressed in ball gowns. 他们迟到了两个小时，身穿舞会晚装裙。
pebble, stone, rock, gravel
这组词都有“石、石头”的意思，其区别是：
pebble: 多指海边、河边或沙中圆形的小卵石。
stone: 普通用词，泛指井然的或经加工的各类石头，可大可小。
rock: 普通用词，指构成地表最坚硬部分或突出于周围地面的巨大岩石，也可指石头或石块。
gravel: 集合名词，常指用于铺路的小石子和沙砾。
sway, rock, swing
这组词都有“摇动”的意思，其区别是：
sway: 主要指树枝等的来回摇动。
rock: 多指猛烈地摇动或摇晃。
swing: 指有规律地前后、上下摆动，也可指不停地转动。
n. [岩] 岩石；摇滚乐；暗礁
 - covers, pena
vt. 摇动；使摇晃
 - shake, swing motion
vi. 摇动；摇晃
 - wave, roll, shake

Word: difficulty
Front: difficulty
[ˈdɪfɪkəlti] (中高研四雅 1686/760 -K4)
Vocabulary: difficulty
(once / 52 pages)
n
A difficulty is anything that gives you a hard or difficult time. If you eat a lot of chips and dip before dinner, you may have some difficulty finishing your meal.
A difficulty is anything that causes problems. Forgetting an answer during a test could be a difficulty. A broken leg is a more painful difficulty. A poor economy is a difficulty, and losing your job is a more personal difficulty. A difficulty is also anything that’s not easy to do, like becoming a doctor or lifting a huge weight. Difficulties are generally serious or hard to overcome. If you’re having difficulty, you’re having troubles.
WORD FAMILY
difficulty: difficulties
USAGE EXAMPLES
This trend will continue, he says, spelling more difficulties for first-time buyers whose incomes may fall in real terms.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The pop star's live appearance in New York's Times Square was beset by problems as she complained of sound difficulties and struggled to sing.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Another difficulty is not being able to help every child.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 困难，麻烦，难事; 难度; 异议，争论，纠葛; 财政困难，（经济）拮据
分布：困难(95%)，麻烦(4%)，争议(1%)
困难(difficult困难的)[-y 1.加在名词后变成形容词2表名词,加在形容词或以r结尾的单词后3表名词"人或小东西"常带有戏谑性和爱称]
n.困难,困境,难题The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
US [-tˌi] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when something is not easy to do or understand 困难，艰辛
• We finished the job, but only with great difficulty. 我们非常艰难地完成了工作。
• The difficulty of the task excited them. 这项任务之艰钜让他们感到非常刺激。
• People with asthma have difficulty in breathing. 哮喘患者呼吸有困难。
• [+ -ing verb] She had great difficulty finding a job. 她找工作有困难。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a problem 问题，难题
• to have financial/personal difficulties 遇到财务问题／个人困难
• children with learning difficulties 学习上有问题的孩子
• People learning a new language often encounter some difficulties at first. 学习一门新语言最初常常会遇到一些难题。
• An unforeseen difficulty has arisen. 出现了一个没有预料到的难题。
be in difficulties UK (US be in difficulty)
■to have problems or be in a difficult situation 遇到问题；有难处，处于困境
• A ship is in difficulties off the coast of Ireland. 一艘船在爱尔兰海岸附近遇到了麻烦。
UK ['dɪf.ɪ.kəl.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
  Common Learner Errors  difficultyWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'find difficulty doing something', say have difficulty doing something :
✗ If you find difficulty understanding the instructions, call me. If you have difficulty understanding the instructions, call me.
hardship, difficulty
这组词都有“困难”的意思，其区别是：
hardship: 侧重指生活上令人难以承受的艰难困苦，如疾病、贫穷等磨难。
difficulty: 指需大量思考和技巧或努力才能克服的任何困难。
n. 困难，困境
 - poverty, corner, hardness, dilemma, fix

Word: method
Front: method
[ˈmeθəd] (中高研四六雅 998/561 -K4)
Vocabulary: method
(once / 62 pages)
n
There's a certain way of doing things. A systematic, logical process for accomplishing a task. And it's called a method.
There are methods of payment, production methods, and even "method acting." If someone asks if there's a "method to your madness," she wants to make sure there's some kind of plan behind all the crazy stuff you're doing. If you've thought it through and have organized the next steps, go ahead and tell them to buzz off, it's just your method of getting things done.
WORD FAMILY
method: methodical, methods+/ methodical: methodically, methodicalness, unmethodical/unmethodical: unmethodically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Bower is applying the same self-taught method that is largely how she approaches engraving.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It will not be easy for the gardeners employed by cities to turn to more sustainable methods.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 方法; 条理
分布：方法(97%)，条理(2%)，类函数(1%)
→来自拉丁语methodus,教育方法，来自meta-,在后，-hod,路，词源同anode,cathode,accede.字面意思即跟随，探询，找到，引申词义因材施教。后词义通用化，用以指方法，措施等。
n.方法,办法Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular way of doing something 方法，方式
• Travelling by train is still one of the safest methods of transport. 乘坐火车仍是最安全的交通出行方式之一。
• The new teaching methods encourage children to think for themselves. 新的教学方法鼓励孩子独立思考。
['meθ.əd] noun countable
have method in your madness (US usually have a method to your madness)
■to have a good reason for what you are doing, although you seem to be behaving strangely 疯狂中显出理性
measure, means, method, medium
measure: 结论，步骤
means: 方法
method: 方法
medium: 媒介，阶段
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 方法；条理；类函数
 - approach, way, system, medium, how

Word: root
Front: root
[ru:t] (高研四六 1734/1992 -K3)
Vocabulary: root
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v
The root is the part of the plant that's underground. Dig up a potato, and you will unearth its roots. Just pull them off before you cook the potato.
Root comes from the Latin word radix, which means "starting point," and you can think of the root of something as the place it starts from, whether that's the root of a tree, or the root of a problem. The root of your fear of swimming might have been a scary shark attack movie. If your ancestors come from Guatemala, you have Guatemalan roots. If you dig through a pile of junk, you're "rooting around."
WORD FAMILY
root: rootage, rooted, rooter, rooting, rootless, rootlet, roots+/rootage: rootages/rooted: rootedly/rooter: rooters/rooting: rootings/ rootless: rootlessly/rootlet: rootlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But its roots remain in New York, where its East Harlem branch, Youth Action/YouthBuild, is still in its original storefront.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And that, ultimately, is what business leaders in Rutland hope will happen if the refugees put down roots in Rutland.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 根，根源; 原因，本质; 祖先; [乐]和弦基音
vt. 使生根; 使固定; 根源在于; 欢呼，喝彩
vi. 生根; 根除
时态：rooted, rooting, roots
分布：根(79%)，根源(7%)，根除(4%)，根本(4%)，生根(3%)，扎根(3%)
→来自古英语 rot,根，来自 Proto-Germanic*wrot,根，草根，植物，来自 wrad,根，小枝， 词源同 wort,radish.引申词义根部，根基等。
n.根,根部;根本,根源v.(使)生根,(使)扎根After a shot the foot began to root and shoot in the boot.打了一针后,脚开始在靴子里生根发芽.
noun countable
PLANT PART 植物的一部分
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a plant which grows down into the earth to get water and food and which holds the plant firm in the ground 根，根茎，根块
[ru:t] noun countable
CAUSE/ORIGIN 原因／根源
 ESSENTIAL
■the cause or origin of something bad （坏事的）根源，根由，原因
• We must get to the root of (= discover the cause of) this problem. 我们一定要探本溯源，查出造成这个问题的原因。
• What is/lies at the root of the problem is their lack of interest. 这一问题的根本原因是他们缺乏兴趣。
• The high crime rate has its roots in unemployment and poverty. 高犯罪率的根源在于失业和贫穷。
• So what's the root cause of his anxiety? 那么使他焦虑的根本原因是甚么呢？
roots [plural]
■origins 根，根源，起源
• The city of Tours can trace its roots back to Roman times. 图尔城的历史可以追溯到古罗马时代。
⇒ See also grassroots
[ru:t] noun countable
TOOTH/HAIR/NAIL 牙、毛发或指甲
■the part of a hair, tooth, or nail that is under the skin （毛发、牙或指甲的）根部
[ru:t] noun countable
WORD 词 specialized
■The root of a word is its most basic form, to which other parts, such as affixes , can be added 词根
• The root of the word 'sitting' is 'sit'. sitting 这个词的词根是 sit。
[ru:t] noun countable
MATHEMATICS 数学 specialized
■a solution of some equations (= mathematical statements) 根；解
■specialized
■A root of a particular number is another number which, when multiplied by itself one or more times, reaches that number 根；方根
• The square root of 64 is 8, and the cube root of 64 is 4. 64的平方根是八，立方根是四。
[ru:t] noun countable
put down roots
■If you put down roots in a place where you have moved to live, you make new friends and join in new activities there so that you feel it is your home. （在新的地方）定居开始新的生活
[ru:t] noun countable
root and branch UK (US roots and all)
■completely 彻底；根本地
• Racism must be eliminated, root and branch. 必须根除种族主义。
[ru:t] noun countable
take root
■If an idea, belief or system takes root somewhere, it starts to be accepted there 深入人心；被牢固树立；生根
• Communism has never really taken root in England. 共产主义从未真正在英格兰扎根。
[ru:t] verb
LOOK 看
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to look for something by turning things over 翻找，翻寻
• She rooted through/among the papers on her desk. 她在桌上的文件中翻来翻去地找东西。
• The pigs rooted for acorns in the forest. 猪在树林里翻拱找橡子吃。
[ru:t] verb
PLANT 植物
intransitive
■to grow roots 生根；长出根来
• The trees failed to root and so died. 这些树没能生根，所以都死了。
[ru:t] verb
rooted to the spot
■to be unable to move 呆若木鸡，一动不动
• She was rooted to the spot with fear/amazement. 她吓／惊呆了。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  root about/around (somewhere) informal
■to search for something, especially by looking through other things （尤指在其他物品中）翻找，翻寻
• She was rooting around in her drawer for a pencil. 她在抽屉中翻找铅笔。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  root for sb informal
■to show support for someone who is in a competition or who is doing something difficult 给（某人）以支援，为（某人）助威，声援（某人）
• Most of the crowd were rooting for the home team. 观众中的大多数人都在为主队加油。
• Good luck! We're all rooting for you. 祝你好运！我们都支援你。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] root sth/sb out
SEARCH FOR informal
■to search and find something or someone that is difficult to find （费力地）搜寻到，（经过搜寻）终于找到
• I've rooted out an old pair of shoes that might fit you. 我终于翻出来一双旧鞋，你穿可能合脚。
GET RID OF
■to find and remove a person or thing that is causing a problem 找到并根除，发现并杜绝
• Ms Campbell has been appointed to root out inefficiency in this company. 坎贝尔女士已经受命来调查并解决这间公司效率低下的问题。
[ru:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] root sth out/up
■to remove a whole plant, including the roots, from the ground 连根挖掉，连根拔出
• I suggest you root out those weeds before they take hold. 我建议你把这些杂草连根拔除，等它们扎牢了根就难以除掉了。
source, root, origin
这组词都有“起源，起因，根源”的意思，其区别是：
source: 本义指某地系河流或瀑布的源头，引申指某事的来源出处，但更多指抽象事物的根源或来源。
root: 通常指事物产生的原因或根源。
origin: 侧重指事物的起源或由来，也指人的出身。
n. [数] [植] 根；根源；词根；祖先
 - parent, principle, father, radix
vi. 生根；根除
 - radicate
vt. 生根，固定；根源在于
 - fix on, hold in place

Word: dark
Front: dark
[dɑ:k] (中高雅 857/966 -K4)
Vocabulary: dark
(once / 21 pages)
1adjn 2adjn 3adj 4adj 5adj
When something's dark, there is no light. Far from the city lights, it gets so dark at night that you can see many stars in the sky.
Dark comes from the Proto-Germanic word derkaz, which means "to hide or conceal." This meaning is preserved in the phrase kept in the dark, meaning purposely keeping information from someone. As an adjective, in addition to being the opposite of light, dark describes things that are gloomy, difficult to interpret or heavy, like a dark movie whose main character feels alienated from society.
WORD FAMILY
dark: dark-colored, darken, darker, darkest, darkish, darkly, darkness, darks, semidark+/darken: darkened, darkening, darkens/darkening: darkeningly, darkenings/darkness: darknesses/semidark: semidarkness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Hancock says that snake plants as well as a kind often called the “ZZ plant” work well in dark corners.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
And if that’s the case, the future may not be as dark as Mr. Cohen foresees.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Eczema affects over 10 percent of American children, and is more common in those with dark brown skin.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 黑暗的; 乌黑的; 忧郁的; 神秘的
n. 黑暗; 暗色; 暗处
级别：darker, darkest
分布：黑暗(66%)，黑暗的(19%)，深色的(7%)，暗处(4%)，变黑(2%)，使变黑(1%)，深色调(1%)
→来自dher, 泥泞的，浑浊的，昏暗的，词源同dross. 词义由昏暗引申为黑暗的，黑色的。
a.黑暗的,深(色)的;隐秘的;n.无光,黑暗In the sparking park, the darling dark dog barked at the embarked larks.在闪着火花的公园里,可爱的深色狗对着装载于船云雀吠叫.
US [dɑ:rk] adjective
WITHOUT LIGHT 无光
 ESSENTIAL
■with little or no light 昏暗的，黑暗的
• It was too dark to see properly. 光线太暗，看不清楚。
• What time does it get dark in the summer? 夏季时的天色甚么时候变暗？
• Our bedroom was very dark until we put a larger window in. 我们的睡房原来很暗，后来装了一个大一点的窗户才好些。
 ESSENTIAL
■nearer to black than white in colour （颜色）暗的，深色的
• dark blue/green 深蓝／暗绿色
• dark clouds 乌云
• She has dark hair. 她长着一头黑发。
• He was tall, dark (= with black/brown hair) and handsome. 他个子高高的，留有黑头发，长相很英俊。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
SAD 伤心的
[before noun]
■sad and without hope 伤心绝望的；哀愁的
• Her husband's sudden death was the start of a dark chapter in her life. 丈夫突然去世后，她就开始生活在伤心绝望之中。
• This environmental report contains more dark predictions about the future of the Earth. 这份环境报告对地球未来的预测很不乐观。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
EVIL 邪恶的
■evil or threatening 邪恶的，阴险的；有威胁的
• There's a darker side to his character. 他的性格中有更阴暗的一面。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
SECRET 秘密的
■secret or hidden 秘密的，隐秘的
• I've just been promoted, but keep it dark - I don't want everyone to know just yet. 我刚刚升了职，别告诉任何人——我现在还不想让大家知道。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] adjective
The darkest hour is just before the dawn. saying
■said to emphasize that things often seem at their worst just before they get better 黑暗即将过去，黎明就在眼前。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] noun
the dark
 IMPROVER
■when there is no light somewhere 黑暗，暗处
• Cats can see in the dark. 猫在暗处也看得见东西。
• I've always been afraid of the dark. 我一直都怕黑。
before/after dark
 IMPROVER
■before/after the sun has gone down 天黑前／后
• It isn't safe to leave the house after dark. 在天黑后出去是不安全的。
• I want to be home before dark. 我想在天黑前赶到家里。
UK [dɑ:k] US [dɑ:rk] noun
be in the dark
■to not know about something that other people know about 蒙在鼓里，浑然不知
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 黑暗的，深色的；模糊的；无知的；忧郁的
 - fuzzy, blue, empty, gloomy
n. 黑暗；夜；黄昏；模糊
 - night, gloominess

Word: professional
Front: professional
[prəˈfeʃənl] (研四六托雅 1094/947 -K4)
Vocabulary: professional
(once / 154 pages)
adjn
When an athlete "goes pro," she goes professional–-she is paid for her service rather than doing it on an amateur basis. Other professionals, including doctors and lawyers, are also paid for their work, which, we hope, they conduct in a professional manner.
In the 15th century, the word profession referred to vows taken upon entering a religious order. A monk or priest professed his faith. Now, the word suggests competence and expertise and even dignity––"He can't ask me to go out for coffee. I'm a vice president. That just wouldn't be professional!"
WORD FAMILY
professional: nonprofessional, professionalise, professionalism, professionalize, professionally, professionals, semiprofessional, unprofessional+/ profess: professed, professes, professing, profession /professed: professedly/ profession: professional, professions/professionalise: professionalisation, professionalised/ professionalism: professionalisms/professionalize: professionalization, professionalized, professionalizes, professionalizing/semiprofessional: semiprofessionals/unprofessional: unprofessionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Young professionals ages 21-39 who join the BRAVO! club and students under 18 save 50 percent on tickets.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
And otherwise credible professionals like the lawyer David Boies remain on the company’s board.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 专业的; 专业性的; 职业的
n. 专业人士
分布：专业的(75%)，职业的(13%)，专业人员(8%)，专门的(4%)
→来自profession,职业，专业。
职业的[fess=speak,表示"说"]
a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人员The chess professor confessed his professional blessing in the confession.象棋教授在供状中承认了其职业福气.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■related to work that needs special training or education 职业的；专业的
• Chris, you're a nurse, so can I ask your professional opinion on bandaging ankles? 克丽丝，你是个护士，能否征求一下你对踝部包扎的意见？
• Both doctors have been charged with professional misconduct (= bad or unacceptable behaviour in their work). 这两位医生都被控渎职。
Compare amateur
 IMPROVER approving
■having the qualities that you connect with trained and skilled people, such as effectiveness, skill, organization and seriousness of manner 非常内行的；极为称职的
• It would look more professional if the letter was typed. 这封信如果列印出来的话看起来会更正式些。
• She always looks very professional in her smart suits. 她穿上漂亮的套装总是显得很专业。
• You've done a very professional job stripping that floor! 你地板拆得非常专业！
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who does a job that people usually do as a hobby 把（别人通常作为爱好的活动）作为职业的
• She's a professional dancer/photographer. 她是一位职业舞者／摄影师。
• He's a runner who's just turned professional. (= His running used to be a hobby, but now it is his job.) 他是一位刚刚转为职业运动员的赛跑选手。
 IMPROVER
■having the type of job that is respected because it involves a high level of education and training 专业人士的；为专业人士的
• Room for rent in shared house - would suit professional person. 出租合住房间——适合专业人士。
• a bar full of young professional types in suits 挤满了身穿套装的年轻专业人士的酒吧
[prə'feʃ.ən.əl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who has the type of job that needs a high level of education and training 专业人员
• health professionals 医疗保健方面的专业人员
Compare amateur informal
■someone who has worked hard in the same type of job for a long time and has become skilled at dealing with any problem that might happen 内行，专家
• I thought the whole meeting was going to fall apart but you rescued it like a true professional! 我原以为整个会议要开不下去了，但你就像个真正的行家那样挽救了局面！
• the consummate professional 技艺高超的专家
■a person who does a job that people usually do as a hobby 把（别人通常作为爱好的活动）作为职业的人
• He's only been playing football as a professional for two years. 他成为职业足球选手只有两年的时间。
■a sportsperson, especially a golf or tennis player, who is employed by a club to train its members in a particular sport （受雇于高尔夫或网球协会的）职业教练
adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的
 - vocational, specialized, occupational
n. [管理] 专业人员；职业运动员
 - career man

Word: otherwise
Front: otherwise
[ˈʌðəwaɪz] (高研四六雅 1527/1133 -K4)
Back: adv. 否则; 另外; 别的方式
adj. 别的，另外的; 不同的
conj. 否则，不然
分布：否则(63%)，不同地(19%)，不同的(14%)，在不同方面(4%)
→缩写自古英语on othre wisan,以其它方式，来自wisan,方式，举止，即wise的古名词义。
要不然(other另外的)[-wise表副词"方向,状态"注:有些单词,wise可以换成ways,意义不变,如:]
ad.另样,用别的方法;在其他方面conj.要不然Walk slowly on the ice,otherwise you'll fall.在冰上要走慢些,要不然你会滑倒的.
US [-ɚ-] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■used after an order or suggestion to show what the result will be if you do not follow that order or suggestion 否则，不然
• I'd better write it down, otherwise I'll forget it. 我最好把它写下来，否则我会忘掉。
• Phone home, otherwise your parents will start to worry. 给家里打个电话，不然你父母会开始担心的。
UK ['ʌð.ə.waɪz] US [-ɚ-] adverb
DIFFERENTLY 别样地
 IMPROVER
■differently, or in another way 别样地；以另外的方式
• The police believe he is the thief, but all the evidence suggests otherwise (= that he is not). 警方认为他就是小偷，但所有的证据都显示他不是。
• Under the Bill of Rights, a person is presumed innocent until proved otherwise (= guilty). 根据《人权法案》，任何人在被证明有罪之前都被视为是无罪的。
• Protestors were executed, jailed or otherwise persecuted. 抗议者被处决、监禁或受到其他方式的迫害。
• Marion Morrison, otherwise known as the film star John Wayne, was born in 1907. 玛丽昂‧莫里森，即影星约翰‧韦恩，生于1907年。
• formal I can't meet you on Tuesday - I'm otherwise engaged/occupied (= doing something else). 星期二我不能与你见面——我要忙别的事。
UK ['ʌð.ə.waɪz] US [-ɚ-] adverb
NOT INCLUDING 除此之外
 IMPROVER
■except for what has just been referred to 除此之外
• The bike needs a new saddle, but otherwise it's in good condition. 这辆脚踏车除了需要一个新座垫外，车况良好。
• The poor sound quality ruined an otherwise splendid film. 本来是一部优秀的电影，可是却被这糟糕的音质给毁了。
UK ['ʌð.ə.waɪz] US [-ɚ-] adverb
or otherwise
■used to refer to the opposite of the word which comes before it 或相反
• Hand in your exam papers, finished or otherwise (= or not finished). 把试卷交上来，不管有没有做完。
UK ['ʌð.ə.waɪz] US [-ɚ-] adjective [after verb] formal
■used to show that something is completely different from what you think it is or from what was previously stated 全然不是那样的，根本不是那回事的
• He might have told you he was a qualified electrician, but the truth is quite otherwise. 他或许告诉过你，他是个合格的电工，可实际上完全不是这回事。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adv. 否则；另外；在其他方面
 - else, extra
adj. 另外的；其他方面的
 - another, elsewise

Word: religion
Front: religion
[rɪˈlɪdʒən] (高研四六托雅宝 1383/1819 -K3)
Vocabulary: religion
(once / 31 pages)
n
Religion has two related meanings: it’s the belief that one or more divine beings are responsible for the fate of all human life, and it’s also an organization where people of a specific religion can express their beliefs.
Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam: these are examples of religions, and millions around the world follow the principles defined by their chosen faith. The Latin root religio means “to bind,” and religion binds people together not just by their practices, but also by their ideas. Most religions have their own story about the creation of the universe, and each has a different explanation for the meaning of life, which is a source of comfort for a religion’s followers.
WORD FAMILY
religion: coreligionist, irreligion, religionism, religions, religious +/coreligionist: coreligionists/irreligion: irreligionist/irreligionist: irreligionists/ irreligious: irreligiously, irreligiousness/religionism: religionist/religionist: religionists/religiosity: religiosities/ religious: irreligious, religiosity, religiouses, religiousism, religiously, religiousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are hundreds of thousands of Christians in Turkey who freely exercise their religion.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Our children should not die as a result of their parents’ philosophy, religion or misinformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 宗教; 支配自己生活的大事; 教派; 心爱的事物
分布：宗教(90%)，宗教信仰(10%)
→来自拉丁语 religare,绑定，来自 re-,表强调，-ligare,绑定，捆绑，词源同 ligature,oblige.用于 比喻义人和神之间的纽带，后用于指宗教，教派等。
n.宗教,信仰In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
【记】源于：rely（v 依赖）精神依赖－信仰
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the belief in and worship of a god or gods, or any such system of belief and worship 宗教信仰；宗教
• the Christian religion 基督教
countable informal
■an activity which someone is extremely enthusiastic about and does regularly 痴迷的活动；极爱好的活动
• Football is a religion for these people. 这些人对足球入了迷。
[rɪ'lɪdʒ.ən] noun
get religion humorous
■to become very religious 变得十分虔诚
• He suddenly got religion when he went to college. 他念大学时，突然变得很虔诚。
US to start doing something in a serious and careful way 开始认真谨慎地做事
• I get religion each time I do my income tax - I always wonder why I didn't keep better records. 每当我计算自己的所得税时都会认真起来－－我总是奇怪为甚么我的纪录会保存得那么差。
n. 宗教；宗教信仰
 - deen, religious belief

Word: failing
Front: failing
[ˈfeɪlɪŋ] (13145/13711 -1)
Back: n. （性格中的）弱点，缺陷，短处
prep. 如果（某事）不发生; 如果没有（某事物）; 如果（某人不在）; 如果没有（某人）
v. 在…中失败( fail的现在分词); 衰退; 不及格(fail的ing形式); 破产
adj. 失败的; 衰退中的; 减弱中的
分布：失败(75%)，缺点(10%)，如果没有(9%)，过失(3%)，衰弱的(2%)，动词fail的现在分词.(1%)
缺点,短处(fail+ing表动名词→错误之处→缺点)[fall,fail,fault=err,deceive,表示"犯错误,欺骗"]
noun countable
■a fault or weakness 弱点；缺点
• His one big failing is that he never says he's sorry. 他的一大缺点是从来不肯道歉。
['feɪ.lɪŋ] preposition
■if that is not possible 如果不行，若无
• Give her a book, or failing that , buy her something to wear. 送她一本书，如果没有就给她买件衣服。
• Appointments are available on the 2nd and the 6th of this month but failing either of those, we could fit you in on the 15th. 本月2号和6号可以预约，如果都不行，我们可以为您安排在本月15号。
['feɪ.lɪŋ] adjective
■becoming weaker or less successful 衰退中的；逐渐减弱的；渐趋失败的
• a failing business 日渐衰败的企业
• failing eyesight 衰退的视力
• In the failing light, it was hard to read the signposts. 天色渐暗，难以看清路标。
n. 失败；缺点，过失；弱点
 - loss, error, weakness, defect, deficiency
adj. 失败的
 - losing, abortive

Word: ratio
Front: ratio
[ˈreɪʃiəʊ] (研四六托雅 3088/2365 -2)
Vocabulary: ratio
(once / 653 pages)
n
A ratio is the relationship in quantity or degree between two things: “The ratio of men to women on the construction site was ten to one.” This means there were ten men present and one woman.
Use the word ratio when you want to make a comparison between two things. A ratio basically expresses a proportion. Often used in mathematics, the word ratio has many real world uses as well. This word is useful for everything from making salad dressing (an oil-to-vinegar ratio of three to one) to selecting a school for a child (consider the student-to-teacher ratio when making your decision).
WORD FAMILY
ratio: ratios
USAGE EXAMPLES
A wealth ratio is a measure of how effectively you’ve converted your lifetime income into wealth.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brady finished the regular season with 28 touchdown passes and two interceptions, the best touchdown/interception ratio in NFL history.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It posted those returns despite an expense ratio of 1.75 percent.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 比，比率; 比例; 系数
vt. 求出比值，除，使…成比例; 将（相片）按比例放大[缩小]
分布：比率(54%)，比例(46%)
→来自拉丁语 ratio,思考，计算，部分，词源同 rate.-io,名词后缀。引申词义比率。
n.比,比率At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
US [-oʊ] (plural ratios)
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the relationship between two groups or amounts, which expresses how much bigger one is than the other 比；比例；比率
• The ratio of men to women at the conference was ten to one/10:1. 出席会议者的男女比例为10：1。
• The school is trying to improve its pupil-teacher ratio (= the number of teachers compared with the number of students). 该校正大力优化其师生间的人数比例结构。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
n. 比率， [数] 比例
 - rate, scale

Word: sharply
Front: sharply
[ˈʃɑ:pli] (四六托 3908/3057 -K)
Vocabulary: sharply
(once / 191 pages)
adv
If something happens sharply, it occurs abruptly and intensely. You may hear newscasters gloomily reporting that the price of gas is rising sharply.
The value of your baseball cards might rise sharply, inspiring you to sell a few of them. A car you're riding in can also swerve sharply, jerking suddenly to the left. You can also describe something that's distinct, clear, or detailed using this adverb: "I love how sharply defined the moon is in your photograph." And finally, if someone speaks sharply, they use a voice so harsh and angry that it seems to have a sharp edge.
WORD FAMILY
sharply: sharplys+/ sharp: sharpen, sharper, sharpest, sharply, sharpness, sharps/sharpen: sharpened, sharpener, sharpening, sharpens/sharpened: unsharpened/sharpener: sharpeners/sharper: sharpers/sharpness: sharpnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Food and Drug Administration clearing just 22 new medicines for sale, the lowest number since 2010 and sharply down on 2015's tally of 45.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Klayum’s time to help him search is sharply limited by regulations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
November’s cut, soon followed by more cuts by non-OPEC countries like Russia, helped push oil prices sharply higher.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 严厉地; 明确地; 锋利地; 突然地
分布：严厉地(43%)，锐利地(35%)，厉害地(11%)，轮廓清晰、线条分明地(11%)
US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
SUDDENLY 突然地
 ADVANCED
■quickly and suddenly
• Inflation has risen/fallen sharply. 通货膨胀急遽上升／下降。
• His health improved/deteriorated sharply this week. 本周他的健康情况迅速好转／恶化。
• The road bends sharply to the left. 公路突然左转弯。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
ABLE TO CUT 能切断
■in a way which will cut or make a hole 锋利地；尖尖地
• a sharply pointed nail 尖尖的指甲
■severely and angrily 严厉地，尖刻地，尖锐地
• a sharply-worded letter of complaint 措词尖锐的投诉信
• He spoke sharply to his daughter. 他训斥了女儿。
• The police have been sharply criticized for their handling of the affair. 警方在这件事的处理上受到严厉批评。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
CLEARLY 清楚地
■clearly and obviously 清楚地，明显地
• a sharply focused photograph 对焦准确的照片
• We have sharply differing views. 我们的观点截然不同。
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
FASHIONABLE 时髦的
■in a fashionable way 时髦地
• to be sharply dressed 穿着时髦
UK ['ʃɑ:.pli] US ['ʃɑ:r-] adverb
CLEVER 聪明的
■quickly noticing things 敏锐地
• Her ears are sharply attuned to her baby's cry. 她的耳朵很尖，宝宝一哭她就能听到。
adv. 急剧地；锐利地
 - keenly, trenchantly

Word: cultural
Front: cultural
[ˈkʌltʃərəl] (雅 932/1472 -K3)
Vocabulary: cultural
(once / 558 pages)
1adj 2adj
The adjective cultural comes from the noun "culture" but has several, subtly different meanings, depending on context. The chief meaning is anything having to do human intellectual or creative output.
The word cultural is often used as a synonym for "ethnic," as in, "cultural diversity," which means a variety of people. But it also means having to do with the arts and creativity. When you move, you'll want to move somewhere with a vibrant cultural life—lots of museums, libraries, and concert halls. In the middle is a term like "cultural anthropology," which is the study of a population's work, arts, lifestyles, and ways of interacting.
WORD FAMILY
cultural: culturally, multicultural, transcultural +/acculturate: acculturated, acculturation, acculturative/ acculturation: acculturational/ counterculture: countercultures/ culture: acculturate, counterculture, cultural, cultured, cultures, culturing, subculture / cultured: culturedly, uncultured / multicultural: multiculturalism / subculture: subcultures/ uncultured: unculturedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Piers Handling says Marshall helped build the festival into one of “the most influential public cultural festivals today.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later still, a new cohort of scholars, influenced by postmodernism and cultural studies, looked at how human consciousness is shaped by language.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His best-known work was "Ways of Seeing", a criticism of western cultural aesthetics, but he also won the Booker Prize for his novel G.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 文化的; 教养的，修习的; 耕作的，开垦的，栽培[培养]的
分布：文化的(97%)，和养动植物有关的(3%)
US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
WAY OF LIFE 生活方式
 IMPROVER
■relating to the habits, traditions and beliefs of a society 与文化有关的，文化的
• The USA is often accused of cultural imperialism. 人们常指责美国奉行文化帝国主义。
• Australia has its own cultural identity , which is very different from that of Britain. 澳大利亚有自己的文化特征，与英国文化大不相同。
• cultural diversity/differences 文化多样性／差异
• cultural heritage (= ways of living and thinking that have existed for a long time in a society) 文化遗产
UK ['kʌl.tʃər.əl] US [-tʃɚ-] adjective
ART 文化的
 ADVANCED
■relating to music, art, theatre, literature, etc. 文化的，文艺的
• cultural activities 文艺活动
• a cultural centre (= a place with a lot of museums, theatres, etc.) 文化中心
• a cultural desert/wasteland (= a place without museums, theatres, etc.) 文化沙漠／荒原
adj. 文化的；教养的
 - nonmaterial

Word: express
Front: express
[ɪkˈspres] (中高研四六 1272/839 -K4)
Vocabulary: express
(once / 22 pages)
1vadj 2nvadjadv 3v
When something goes fast, it goes express — like a train that skips many stops. You also express your feelings and thoughts.
When you want something sent quickly, send it by express mail. When you give your opinion, you're expressing yourself. Writing music and poems are also examples of expressing yourself. Mathematical formulas express complex ideas. In genetics, a gene might be expressed by making you bald.
WORD FAMILY
express: expressage, expressed, expressedly, expresses, expressible, expressing, expression, expressive, expressly +/expressed: unexpressed/expressible: expressibly, inexpressible, unexpressible/ expression: expressionism, expressionless, expressions, self-expression/ expressionism: expressionisms, expressionist, expressionistic, neoexpressionism/expressionist: expressionists/expressionless: expressionlessly/ expressive: expressively, expressiveness, inexpressive, unexpressive/inexpressible: inexpressibly/inexpressive: inexpressively/unexpressible: unexpressibly/unexpressive: unexpressively
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is more, we “12s” express our faith in our team in a variety of ways.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rescue crews met United Express Flight 6060 on the tarmac after authorities learned during the flight that the man was trapped with passengers’ luggage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Family matriarch Carol Bundy is expressing fear that the government will ban grazing in the Gold Butte area — although the U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 表达; 表示; 显而易见; 快递邮寄
adj. 特快的; 迅速的; 用快递寄送的; 明确的
n. 特快列车; 快递服务
adv. 使用快速服务
时态：expressed, expressing, expresses
分布：表达(60%)，表示(22%)，快递(6%)，明确的(4%)，快车(4%)，专使(1%)，用快递(1%)，挤压出(1%)，直接的(1%)
→ex-, 向外。press, 压，推。即推出，表达。
表达;特快(ex把[思想]挤出来→表达)[press=press表示"挤压"]
v.表达,表示a.特快的,快速的n.快车,快运The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
verb transitive
SHOW 表露
 ESSENTIAL
■to show a feeling, opinion or fact 陈述；表达；表露
• Her eyes expressed deep sadness. 她眼神中流露出深切的悲伤。
• I would like to express my thanks for your kindness. 我想向你的善意表示衷心的感谢。
• Words can't express how happy I am. 言语无法形容我的快乐。
• These figures are expressed as a percentage of the total. 这些数字是用总数的百分比来表示的。
express yourself
■to communicate what you think or feel, by speaking or writing, or in some other way 表达自己（的想法或感受）
• I'm afraid I'm not expressing myself very clearly. 我担心没有把意思表达清楚。
• Children often express themselves in painting. 小朋友经常透过画画来表达内心的感受。
[ɪk'spres] verb transitive
SEND FAST 快速送出 mainly US to send something somewhere very quickly 快递邮寄
• Your order will be expressed to you within 24 hours. 您订的货将在24小时内快递送到。
[ɪk'spres] adjective [before noun]
FAST 快的
■moving or being sent fast 快速的；快递的；特快的
• Please send this letter by express delivery. 请用快递寄这封信。
• an express train 特快列车
• The dry cleaners offer a normal or an express service. 干洗店提供一般服务以及快洗服务。
[ɪk'spres] adjective [before noun]
CLEAR 清楚的
■clearly and intentionally stated 明确的；明白表示的；特别指出的
• It is my express wish that after my death, my books be given to my old college library. 我明确表示，死后要把我的藏书捐给母校的图书馆。
• The lawyer argued that the accused had gone to the victim's house with the express purpose of killing her. 律师辩道，被告到被害人家中时，怀有很明确的杀人动机。
[ɪk'spres] adverb
■using a service which does something faster than usual 以快递方式服务地
• Send this parcel express. 用快件寄这个包裹。
[ɪk'spres] noun
countable
■a train or bus that takes less time to do a journey than other trains or buses 快车
• The quickest way to get here is to take the uptown express. 来这里最快捷的方法就是坐从市中心开出来的特快列车。
• the Orient Express 东方快车
uncountable
■a service which does something faster than usual 快递服务
• This parcel needs to be sent by express. 请用快递寄这封信。
specific, explicit, definite, express
这组词都有“明确的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 强调内容明确，毫不抽象、笼统。
explicit: 指清楚明白，毫不含糊其辞，因而无任何理解困难。
definite: 指对所提到的事的范围及其细节毫无疑问，含有明确和确定界限的意味。
express: 语气较强，较正式，指不但清楚明确，而且含有直截了当和有力等的意思。
vt. 表达；快递
 - voice, put
adj. 明确的；迅速的；专门的
 - precise, decided, technical, rapid, specific
n. [交] 快车，快递，专使；捷运公司
 - rapido, flier

Word: wear
Front: wear
[weə(r)] (中高托雅 518/673 -K4)
Vocabulary: wear
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
To wear means to clothe, or be covered by. You wear suits to interviews and sweats to the gym.
Wear is used to talk about the things we wear on our body, like clothes or jewelry. We even say that people wear their feelings. If someone tells you you’re wearing your heart on your sleeve, it’s totally obvious what you’re feeling. We also use wear to talk about deterioration over time. If you walk a lot, you will wear out your shoes faster. If you chatter on and on, your listener’s patience will wear thin.
WORD FAMILY
wear: underwear, wearable, weared, wearer, wearing, wears, wore+/underwear: underwears/wearable: unwearable, wearables/wearer: wearers/wearing: wearingly, wearings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She recalled how wearing a hairpiece caused a rash.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Trojans also wore helmet decals with McKnight’s initials and jersey number.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stafford said after Sunday’s loss to Green Bay that he will continue to wear a glove to protect his hand in the playoffs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 穿着，戴着; 面露; 留着（胡须等）; 磨损
vi. 耐用; 保持不变; 磨损，耗损; 逐渐或枯燥地通过
n. 穿着; 穿戴物，衣物; 磨损，穿旧; 耐用性
时态：wore, worn, wearing, wears
分布：穿着(54%)，磨损(32%)，耐久性(9%)，穿戴(4%)，使疲劳(1%)
→来自wes,穿衣，词源同vest,invest,字母r,s音变。引申词义磨损，损耗。
v.穿着,戴着;磨损,用旧n.穿,戴;磨损She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠.
US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
ON BODY 在身上
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have clothing, jewellery, etc. on your body 穿（衣服）；戴（首饰等）
• Tracey is wearing a simple black dress. 特蕾西身着一袭素净的黑色长裙。
• What are you wearing to Caroline's wedding? 卡罗琳的婚礼上你准备穿甚么？
• Some musicians don't like to wear rings when they're playing. 有的音乐家不喜欢在演奏时戴戒指。
• He wears glasses for reading. 他阅读时戴眼镜。
• She wears very little makeup. 她基本上不化妆。
transitive
■to show a particular emotion on your face 流露，面带（某种表情）
• The minister wore a confident smile throughout the interview. 部长在整个采访过程中都面带自信的微笑。
transitive
■to arrange your hair in a particular way 把（头发）梳成（某种发型）
• When she's working she wears her hair in a ponytail. 工作时，她把头发梳成一个马尾辫。
• You should wear your hair up (= so that it does not hang down) more often - it suits you. 你应当更常把头发梳起来——那很适合你。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
WEAKEN 削弱
intransitive
■to become weaker, damaged or thinner because of continuous use 磨损；耗损；用旧
• I'm very fond of this shirt but it's starting to wear at the collar. 我非常喜欢这件衬衫，但是它的领子已经有些磨破了。
• The wheel bearings have worn over the years, which is what's causing the noise. 轮子的轴承多年来已经磨损，这就是产生噪声的原因。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to produce something such as a hole or loss of material by continuous use, rubbing or movement 磨破；磨出（洞等）
• I always seem to wear a hole in the left elbow of my sweaters. 我似乎老是会把毛线衫的左肘处磨出洞来。
• Over many years, flowing water wore deep grooves into the rock. 多年之后，流水在岩石上冲刷出一道道深深的凹槽。
• Wind and water slowly wore down the mountain's jagged edges. 风和水慢慢地磨平了这座山的棱角。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
ALLOW 允许
transitive UK old-fashioned informal
■to allow or accept something 允许；接受
• I'd ask my boss for some time off but I don't think she'd wear it. 我想向老板请一段时间的假，但我觉得她可能不会批准。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
wear your heart on your sleeve
■to make your feelings and emotions obvious rather than hiding them 流露（自己的）情感
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
wear the trousers UK (US wear the pants) informal
■(especially of a woman) to be the person in a relationship who is in control and who makes decisions for both people （尤指女性）掌权当家，占主导地位
• Brian may seem bossy, but I'll tell you it's Lisa that really wears the trousers in that relationship. 布莱恩可能看起来比较专横，但我告诉你，他们两个中真正说了算的是丽莎。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
wear thin informal
■If your patience wears thin, you become less and less patient 逐渐失去耐性
• I've warned you several times about being late and my patience is wearing thin. 我多次警告你不要迟到，我对你已经失去耐性了。
■If something such as a joke wears thin, it becomes boring or annoying or stops being funny or effective, because it has been seen, heard or used too much （因出现太多而）失去吸引力（或趣味），不再有效
• Tony, the joke is beginning to wear thin now and a lot of us have had enough. “托尼，那个笑话现在已经变得不那么好笑，我们很多人都听够了。”
• Her standard excuse for being late was beginning to wear thin. 她迟到时常用的那个借口已经开始不太管用了。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wear (sth) away
■to become thin and disappear after repeated use or rubbing, or to cause something to become thin and disappear in this way （使）磨损，磨掉
• In some diseases, the protective layer in a joint wears away. 患某些疾病时，关节处的保护层会受到磨损。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wear sb down
■to make someone feel tired and less able to deal successfully with a situation 使（某人）精疲力竭；磨垮（某人）
• Both sides are trying to wear the other down by being obstinate in the negotiations. 双方在谈判中都不肯让步，试图耗尽对方的耐性。
• All the stress and extra travel is beginning to wear him down. 所有那一切压力和加班出差开始使他筋疲力尽。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  wear off
■If a feeling or the effect of something wears off, it gradually disappears 逐渐消失；消逝
• Most patients find that the numbness from the injection wears off after about an hour. 大多数病人发现注射产生的麻木感在一个小时左右以后会逐渐消失。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  wear on
■If a period of time wears on, it seems to pass very slowly （时间）慢慢过去，沉闷地过去
• She felt less confident about completing the course as the week wore on. 随着这一周的时间慢慢过去，她更加觉得没有信心修完这完课程。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wear sb out
■to make someone extremely tired 使（某人）筋疲力尽
• Walking around a museum all day really wears you out. 整天在博物馆里走来走去，真令人筋疲力尽。
UK [weər] US [wer] verb (wore, worn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wear (sth) out
■to use something so much that it is damaged and cannot be used any more, or to become damaged in this way 用坏；磨坏
• Moving parts in engines wear out much more quickly than stationary parts. 引擎的运动部件比固定部件磨损得要快得多。
UK [weər] US [wer] noun uncountable
CLOTHES 衣服 (also wear)
■clothes suitable for a particular use or clothes of a particular type （有某种特定用途或某一类型的）衣服
• casual wear 便装
• leisure wear 休闲服
• knitwear 针织品
UK [weər] US [wer] noun uncountable
USE 使用
■the amount or type of use an object has had or can be expected to have, especially before showing damage 耐用性，经久性
• I've had a lot of wear out of these boots - I've had them for five years. 这双靴子我穿了很久——都有五年了。
• I've only worn the shirt a couple of times and it's already showing signs of wear (= damage). 那件衬衫我只穿了几次就开始显得有些破旧了。
put on, dress, wear
这组词都有“穿衣，穿”的意思，其区别是：
put on: 普通用语，指把衣服、鞋袜、帽子、手套等戴上去，侧重穿戴的动作。
dress: 普通用词，指给自己或他人穿衣。既表动作又可表状态。
wear: 最常用词，指穿衣、鞋袜或戴手套等，侧重穿戴的状态。
vt. 穿着，戴； [机] 磨损
 - have on, keep sth on
vi. [机] 磨损，变旧
 - grind down, frazzle
n. [服装] 服装，穿着；耐用性，耐久性；损耗
 - clothing, waste, garment, apparel, durability

Word: prompt
Front: prompt
[prɒmpt] (研四六托雅宝 3114/3217 -K3)
Vocabulary: prompt
(once / 107 pages)
1adj 2v 3vn
If you're prompt, you're on time. Go ahead and be prompt to class. Also, to prompt is to inspire or make happen. Getting in trouble for being late should prompt you to get a better alarm clock.
The adjective prompt can mean "as scheduled," or simply "quick." When you prompt someone, you motivate them in some way: you might offer a reminder, assistance, or even inspiration to do something. For example, honking your car horn prompts your friend to get moving, and speaking up in defense of your classmate might prompt a bully to change his ways. If a director prompts an actor who's forgotten his lines, she reminds him what comes next.
WORD FAMILY
prompt: prompted, prompter, promptest, prompting, promptingly, promptly, promptness, prompts+/prompted: unprompted/prompter: prompters/prompting: promptings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lengthy delays prompted Lucas to abandon that bid in June and change strategy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Because the treatment would expose his oral structures — including the jawbone, salivary glands and teeth — to radiation, a dental evaluation was prompted.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 敏捷的; 迅速的; 立刻的; 准时的
v. 促使; 导致; 鼓励; 提示
n. 激励; 提示符; 提词; 提示
adv. 准时地
时态：prompted, prompting, prompts
分布：提示(78%)，迅速的(7%)，激起(4%)，促进(3%)，立刻的(3%)，敏捷的(2%)，推动(2%)，提示的内容(1%)
→来自中古英语prompten,使方便，提词，来自拉丁语promptus,拿到前面的，便利的，来自promere,拿到前面，-pt,过去分词格，来自pro-,向前，-em,拿，带，词源同example,exempt.后用于戏剧用语给演员提词，提醒，引申词义方便的，迅速的等。
n.提示a.迅速的v.敦促,提示The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
【反】check（v 检查；制止）
US [prɑ:mpt] verb transitive
CAUSE 导致
 IMPROVER
■to make something happen 引起；导致；激起
• The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties. 主教的发言激起了两大政党的愤怒回应。
• Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future. 最近对总统健康状况的担忧引发了对其政治前途的猜测。
prompt sb to do sth
 ADVANCED
■to make someone decide to say or do something 促使某人决定说（或做）某事
• What prompted you to say that? 是甚么促使你那么说的？
• I don't know what prompted him to leave. 我不知道是甚么促使他离开的。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] verb transitive
HELP REMEMBER 提词
■to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say or do （尤指）给（演员）提词
• I forgot my line and had to be prompted. 我忘词了，只好让人提词。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] adjective
■(of an action) done quickly and without delay, or (of a person) acting quickly or arriving at the arranged time 迅速的；敏捷的；及时的
• They've written back already - that was a very prompt reply. 他们已经回信了——答覆相当迅速。
• They're usually fairly prompt in dealing with enquiries. 他们回覆咨询通常都比较快。
• Try to be prompt because we'll be very short of time. 尽量快点，因为我们时间很紧迫。
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑
■a sign on a computer screen which shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions （电脑萤幕上的）提示符（显示电脑已经准备好接受指令）
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] noun countable
ACTOR'S HELP 协助演员的
■words which are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play （给演员的）提词，提白
■(also prompter)
■a person whose job is to help actors, during a performance, to remember words that they have forgotten 提词人，提白人
UK [prɒmpt] US [prɑ:mpt] adverb
■at the time stated and no later 准时，正点
• We'll be leaving at six o'clock prompt. 我们六点准时动身。
hasty, urgent, prompt, instant
hasty: 匆忙的，草率的
urgent: 紧迫的，紧急的
prompt: 快速的，及时的
instant: 立即的，指几乎察觉不到的时间段
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
motivate, drive, prompt
这组词都有“促使，驱使”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: 强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。
drive: 侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。
prompt: 与motivate近义，强调起因。
adj. 敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的
 - rapid, fast, fly, forward, ready
vt. [计] 提示；促进；激起；（给演员）提白
 - facilitate, boost, further
n. [计] 提示；付款期限；DOS命令：改变DOS系统提示符的风格
 - cue, noting
adv. 准时地
 - punctually

Word: touch
Front: touch
[tʌtʃ] (中高研四六托 1166/1372 -K4)
Vocabulary: touch
(once / 33 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n
To touch is to come in contact with something, especially using your fingers. When your friend dares you to touch her pet spider, you'll find out what's stronger — your fear of spiders or your fear of looking like a wimp.
The verb touch also means to emotionally affect. At your grandparents' fiftieth anniversary party, it might touch you to see how much they clearly still love each other. The noun touch can mean a hint of something, or just a small amount. You might have a touch of a cold, but it isn't enough to keep you home in bed.
WORD FAMILY
touch: retouch, touchable, touched, toucher, touches, touching+/ retouch: retouched, retouches, retouching/touchable: untouchable/touched: untouched /toucher: touchers/touching: touchingly, touchings/untouchable: untouchables, untouchably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I hardly touched it, believing it to be tainted, stained.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 触摸; 使某物与…轻轻接触; 吃或喝，尝; [数]与…相切
n. 触摸，碰; 触觉，触感; 修饰，润色; 痕迹
vi. 接触; 联系
时态：touched, touching, touches
分布：触摸(30%)，联系(20%)，接触(20%)，触及(6%)，触觉(5%)，吃(5%)，修饰(3%)，少许(3%)，喝(3%)，感动(3%)，痕迹(2%)
→来自古法语 tochier,touchier,触摸，触碰，击打，敲击，来自通俗拉丁语*toccare,敲击，击打， 可能来自拟声词，模仿敲击的声音。或来自 tag,接触，词源同 tangent,contact.
摸,接触[touch=touch,表示"摸,碰"]
v.触,碰,摸;感动;涉及n.触动,碰到;少许"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
verb
PUT HAND ON 触摸
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put your hand or another part of your body lightly onto and off something or someone 碰，触摸
• That paint is wet - don't touch (it). 那块油漆未干——别碰（它）。
• He touched the girl on the arm to get her attention. 他碰了碰女孩的胳膊来引起她的注意。
• The child touched the worm with (= using, in his hand) a twig. 小孩用小树枝碰了碰虫子。
• figurative The setting sun touched the trees with red (= made them appear red for a short time). 落日的余晖染红了树林。
[tʌtʃ] verb
BE CLOSE TOGETHER 靠在一起
intransitive or transitive
■(of two or more things) to be so close together that there is no space between; to be in contact （两个或两个以上的物品）接触
• He fell asleep as soon as his head touched the pillow. 他一头倒在枕头上便睡着了。
• She pushed the two bookcases together until they touched/were touching. 她把两个书柜推到一起。
[tʌtʃ] verb
EAT/DRINK 吃／喝
transitive informal
■If you say you do not touch a food or drink, you mean that you never eat or drink it 沾，吃，喝（食物或饮料）
• No thanks, I never touch chocolate/alcohol. 不，谢谢，我向来不沾巧克力／酒。
• Honestly, I haven't touched a drop (= drunk any alcohol) all night. 老实说，我整晚滴酒未沾。
[tʌtʃ] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive
■to influence someone or something emotionally, or cause feelings of sympathy in someone 触动，感动
• Tragedy touched their lives when their son was 16. 他们儿子16岁那年，他们的生活发生了悲剧。
• The TV report about the children's work for charity touched thousands of people's hearts. 电视上报道的孩子们为慈善团体所做的事令成千上万的人深受触动。
[tʌtʃ] verb
BE AS GOOD 比得上
transitive
■(usually used in negative sentences) to have or reach the same standard (= level of quality) as someone or something （通常用于否定句）比得上
• Her novels can't touch (= are not as good as) those of her sister. 她的小说不及她姐姐的好。
• There's no one to touch him as an illustrator of children's books. 在为儿童读物创作插图方面，没人画得比他好。
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch base
■to talk to someone for a short time to find out how they are or what they think about something 聊聊；谈谈（和某人短时间谈话，了解他们怎么样或他们对于某事的想法）
• I just wanted to quickly touch base with you: did you get an email from my secretary about the meeting? 我只想和你简单聊一聊：你收到我的秘书发给你的一封关于这个会议的电邮吗？
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch wood UK (US knock on wood) informal
■said in order to avoid bad luck, either when you mention good luck that you have had in the past or when you mention hopes you have for the future 老天保佑
• The deal will be agreed on Wednesday, touch wood. 这笔交易将在星期三达成，老天保佑。
[tʌtʃ] verb
touch / strike / hit a (raw) nerve
■to upset someone 触及痛处（或要害）
• The newspaper article touched a raw nerve - people still resent the closure of the local school. 报纸上的文章触到了人们的痛处——他们仍然对关闭当地学校一事愤愤不平。
[tʌtʃ] verb
wouldn't touch sth with a barge pole UK (US also wouldn't touch sth with a ten-foot pole) informal
■used to mean that you certainly do not want to buy something or be involved with something 压根不想买；根本不想与…有瓜葛
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  touch down
■When an aircraft touches down, it lands. （太空船）着陆，降落
⇒ See also touchdown
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth in specialized
■to draw or paint a detail in a larger painting with quick light marks 增添细节以润色（用轻快的笔法在较大的画中增加细节）
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth off
■to cause a violent or difficult series of events to suddenly begin 触发；激起
• The plans for a new airport have touched off a storm of protest. 建造新机场的计划激起了抗议浪潮。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  touch on/upon sth
■to mention a subject quickly when speaking or writing about another subject （说话或写作时）简略提到，触及
• The talk was about educational opportunities for adults, and the speaker also touched upon sources of finance. 该讲座谈的是成人的教育机会，讲者也提到了经济来源问题。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sth up
■to improve something by making small changes or additions （稍加）修饰，润色
• She touched up her lipstick and brushed her hair. 她补了补唇膏，梳了梳头发。
• We thought the photo had probably been touched up, because he looked so much younger in it. 我们觉得照片很可能修饰过，因为他在照片中看起来要年轻得多。
[tʌtʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] touch sb up UK (US feel sb up) informal
■to touch someone's body in a sexual way without their permission 猥亵地触摸（某人）
• She claimed that he had tried to touch her up. 她声称他试图动手动脚非礼她。
[tʌtʃ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少许
 ADVANCED only singular
■a small amount 少许
• "Would you like milk?" "Just a touch." “你要牛奶吗？”“只要一点。”
• There was a touch of irony/humour in her voice. 她的话音中带着点讽刺／幽默的意味。
 ADVANCED only singular informal
■To show that an illness is not too serious, you can say you have had a touch of it （病的）轻度
• I've had a touch of flu/hay fever. 我染上了轻度流感／枯草热。
 ADVANCED countable
■a small addition or detail which makes something better 装点，润色
• The speech had several comic touches. 这演讲有几分滑稽色彩。
• Using a sailing ship as the company badge was a touch of genius (= a good/clever idea or action). 用大帆船作公司的标志真是个天才的想法。
• The flowers on the table provided the finishing touch. 桌上的花是最后一道点缀。
a touch
 ADVANCED
■slightly 有点，微微
• The weather has turned a touch too cold for my liking. 天气变得有点凉，我不太喜欢。
[tʌtʃ] noun
FEELING 感觉
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the ability to know what something is like by feeling it with the fingers 触觉
• the sense of touch 触觉
• I found the right coin in the dark by touch. 我在黑暗中摸索着找到了这枚硬币。
to the touch (also to your touch)
 ADVANCED
■used after an adjective to express how something feels when you put your hand on it （用于形容词后）摸起来（感到…）
• The material was soft to the touch. 这块布料摸起来很柔软。
[tʌtʃ] noun
MOVEMENT ONTO/OFF 触摸
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a quick light movement of one thing, especially a hand, onto and off another thing （尤指用手）触摸，碰
• I felt a cold touch on my arm. 我觉得有甚么冰凉的东西碰到了我的胳膊。
• At a/the touch of a button, the door opened. 一碰按钮，门就开了。
[tʌtʃ] noun
COMMUNICATION 沟通
be/get/keep, etc. in touch
 ADVANCED
■to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by using a telephone or writing to them 有／取得／保持等联系
• Are you still in touch with any of your old school friends? 你还和以前学生时代的老朋友有联系吗？
• No, Jane and I never kept in touch after college. 不，我和简大学毕业后就没有联系过。
• We're in close touch with our office in Spain. 我们与西班牙的办事处有密切联系。
lose touch
 ADVANCED
■to stop communicating with someone, usually because they do not live near you now （通常因身居异地）失去联系
• We lost touch over the years. 我们这些年失去了联系。
[tʌtʃ] noun
ABILITY 能力
[S or U]
■an ability to do things in the stated, especially positive, way 特长；才能
• He has a deft touch with tricky painting jobs. 他很善于做复杂的油漆活。
• She gave the job her own special/magic/professional/personal touch. 这项工作展现了她独特／神奇／专业／个人的才能。
• I admire her lightness/sureness of touch as a cook. 我欣赏她做厨师的精细／踏实干劲。
• He used to be a good writer but I think he's losing his touch. 他曾经是个好作家，但我觉得他的创作能力正在下降。
[tʌtʃ] noun
SPORT 体育
uncountable
■the area outside either of the long edges of the space on which football and similar games are played （足球及类似体育运动的）边线以外区域
• Playing for safety, he kicked the ball into touch. 为了安全起见，他把球踢出界外。
⇒ See also touchline
[tʌtʃ] noun
KNOWLEDGE 了解
be in/out of touch
■If you are in touch/out of touch with a subject, activity or situation, your knowledge about it is recent/not recent 了解／不了解最新情况
• He's not really in touch with what young people are interested in. 他并不真正了解年轻人现在对甚么感兴趣。
• I didn't look at a newspaper all the time I was on holiday, so I'm completely out of touch. 我在渡假期间一直都没有看报纸，所以现在对外界一无所知。
touch, inspire, move
这组词都有“感动，打动”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 主要用于表示怜悯或同情等场合，侧重感动。
inspire: 指激起勇气和信心，侧重鼓励，有时含“启发灵感”之意。
move: 与touch可换用，但语气强一些，运用范围广些。
touch, contact
这组词都有“接触”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 指具体意义“接触”时，强调动作；表抽象意义时，侧重“联系”。
contact: 强调紧密接触的两个物体之间的相互关系。也可用作比喻。
vt. 接触；触动；使轻度受害
 - come in contact with, make contact with
vi. 触摸；涉及；接近；提到
 - deal with, to relate to
n. 接触； [生理] 触觉；格调；少许
 - contact, feeling, little

Word: fit
Front: fit
[fɪt] (中高托雅 1349/1046 -K2)
Vocabulary: fit
(once / 39 pages)
1adjvn 2v 3n 4adj
"Don't have a fit about it!" someone might snap at you. Chances are you're making a fuss and acting out, characteristics that precisely fit or match what having a fit involves. Chill out.
When something fits like a glove, it fits just right. When you put a glove on, you fit each finger into its place. The word fit can mean "matching the shape of something" or "being a good match," like two people who meet online and turn out to be a good fit for one another. But its definitions are not always so rosy. If you're really angry and find yourself throwing a tantrum, you're having a fit.
WORD FAMILY
fit: fitful, fitly, fitness, fits, fitted, fitter, fittest, fitting, misfit, refit, unfit +/ fitful: fitfully, fitfulness/ fitness: fitnesses/fitter: fitters/fitting: fittingly, fittingness, fittings, ill-fitting / misfit: misfits, misfitted, misfitting/refit: refits, refitted, refitting/ unfit: unfitly, unfitness, unfits, unfitted, unfitting/unfitness: unfitnesses/unfitting: unfittingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gates said it’s hard to describe many of her emotions when she finally was fitted for her wig.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
If there is a good fit, we will set a meeting up.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The Intro: Yes, the producers managed to fit in a gratuitous shot of Nick in the shower.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）适合; 安装; 合身
adj. 合适的; 恰当的; 合身的; 健壮的
n. 合身; 适合; 匹配; 发作
时态：fitted, fitting, fits
分布：适合(63%)，合适的(10%)，安装(9%)，健康的(7%)，发作(6%)，适宜(3%)，适宜的(2%)
→来自古英语fit, 势均力敌的对手。引申词义匹配，合身。痉挛义词源不详，也可能来自同一词源，对手，竞争，扭打，痉挛。比较match,词源同make.
a.(病的)发作,痉挛v./a.n.合适,试穿,安装The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
verb (-tt-)
CORRECT SIZE 尺寸正确
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be the right size or shape for someone or something 合适，合身；可容纳
• That jacket fits you perfectly. 那件外套你穿着很合身。
• The dress fits like a glove (= very well). 这件连衣裙非常合身。
• Our new sofa doesn't fit through the door. 我们的新沙发通不过这道门。
• I don't think another desk will fit into this classroom. 我认为这间教室一张书桌也搁不下了。
• My car's too big to fit in this space. 我的车太大了，这个地方停不下。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
BE SUITABLE 合适
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be suitable for something 适合；胜任；符合
• With her qualifications, she should fit the job perfectly. 以她的资历，应该完全能胜任这份工作。
• Let the punishment fit the crime. 按罪量刑。
• I'm sure we'll have something to fit your requirements, Madam. 我肯定我们会有合您意的东西，夫人。
  Common Learner Errors  fit or suit? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about something being right for a particular person, situation or occasion, don't say 'fit', say suit :
✗ Life in a small village didn't fit him. Life in a small village didn't suit him.
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
PUT IN POSITION 安置
 ADVANCED transitive
■to provide something and put it in the correct position 安置；安装
• All the carpets we sell are fitted free. 我们出售的所有地毯都免费代为铺设。
• She's been fitted with an artificial leg. 她装了一条义肢。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
ILLNESS 疾病
intransitive UK specialized
■to have a fit (= sudden attack of uncontrolled movements) 发作（指突然发生的、不能控制的动作）
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit the bill
■to be suitable for a particular purpose 与目的相符
• This new software certainly fits the bill. 这款新软体肯定符合要求。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit to burst old-fashioned informal
■If someone is fit to burst with an emotion or a feeling, it is very strong within them 充满（某种情绪、感情）的
• The children were fit to burst with excitement. 孩子都兴奋极了。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
fit to drop mainly UK
■extremely tired 极度疲劳；极其疲倦；十分累
• After the run they were fit to drop. 跑完之后，他们快累趴下了。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
If the cap fits, (wear it). UK saying (US If the shoe fits, (wear it).)
■said to tell someone that if they are guilty of bad behaviour, they should accept criticism 帽子合适就戴上；要是批评中肯，就接受吧
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fit in ADVANCED
■to feel that you belong to a particular group and are accepted by them 合得来；适应
• It's no surprise she's leaving - she never really fitted in. 她要离开——这一点也不意外，因为她从来都没真正融入其中。
■If one thing fits in with another thing, they look pleasant together or are suitable for each other 相合；合适
• It's a very nice sofa but it doesn't fit in with the rest of the room. 这张沙发很漂亮，但是跟房间里其他的家俱不搭配。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sb/sth in ADVANCED
■to find time to do or deal with something or someone 找时间做（或处理）；安排时间见（某人）
• Dr Jones is very busy but I'm sure she'll be able to fit you in tomorrow. 琼斯医生很忙，但是我敢肯定她明天能安排时间见您。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fit in with sth
■If one activity or event fits in with another, they exist or happen together in a way that is convenient. 与…一致
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] fit sth out
■to supply someone or something with all of the things which will be needed 为…提供一切必要的东西；装备，配备
• The ship will be in dock for eight months to be fitted out for its new duties. 这艘船会在码头停泊八个月进行装配，以便执行新任务。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sth up UK
■to put furniture in a room or building 为…添置家俱，布置
• We've fitted up the spare room as a nursery. 我们已把空房间布置成儿童室。
[fɪt] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fit sb up UK slang
■to make someone appear guilty 诬陷（某人）
• Of course she didn't do it - someone fitted her up. 她当然没做那件事——有人诬陷她。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
HEALTHY 健康的
 IMPROVER
■healthy and strong, especially as a result of exercise 健壮的；健康的
• I jog to keep fit. 我透过慢跑来健身。
• You need to be very fit to hike the Inca Trail. 徒步印加古道必须具备强壮的体魄。
Opposite unfit
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
SUITABLE 合适的
■suitable for a particular purpose or activity 合适的；相称的
• She's not fit for the level of responsibility she's been given. 她挑不起肩上的那个重担。
Opposite unfit
be in no fit state to do sth
■to not be able to do something because you are upset, ill, drunk, etc 不宜做…；不在做…的状态
• He's very upset and is in no fit state to drive. 他心烦意乱，不宜驾车。
fit for human consumption
■safe for people to eat 可供人食用
(not) fit for purpose
■Something that is fit for purpose does what it is supposed to do, but does not have a lot of extra features. 十分适合用来做某事的；专门用于做某事的
see/think sth fit
■to consider an action or decision to be correct for the situation 认为（行动或决定）恰当（或合适）
• Just do whatever you think fit - I'm sure you'll make the right decision. 你觉得怎样合适就怎样做吧，我相信你会作出正确决定的。
• Spend the money as you see fit. 把钱花在你认为该花的地方。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
ATTRACTIVE 吸引的 UK slang
■sexually attractive 性感的
• I met this really fit bloke in the pub last night. 昨晚，我在酒吧遇到了这个十分性感的小子。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
be (as) fit as a fiddle (UK also be (as) fit as a flea)
■to be very healthy and strong 非常健康
• My grandmother's 89, but she's as fit as a fiddle. 我祖母已经89岁了，但身体仍很健康。
[fɪt] adjective (fitter, fittest)
fit to be tied US informal
■extremely angry 极度忿怒，怒不可遏
[fɪt] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■a sudden attack of illness when someone cannot control their movements and becomes unconscious （疾病的）突发，发作；痉挛；昏厥
• an epileptic fit 癫痫病发作
• He had a fit at work and collapsed. 他工作时突然昏厥倒地。
[fɪt] noun
SHORT PERIOD 短时期
countable
■a sudden, uncontrolled period of doing something or feeling something 突发；一阵
• a coughing/sneezing fit 一阵咳嗽／喷嚏
• She hit him in a fit of anger. 她一怒之下打了他。
[fɪt] noun
CORRECT SIZE 尺寸正确
only singular
■the way that something fits 适合；合身
• These shoes are a perfect fit. 这双鞋很合适。
• The trousers were a good fit but the jacket was too small. 裤子很合身，但外套太小了。
• Check the fit of the pieces before gluing them in place. 用胶水黏住之前，检查一下各片大小是否合适。
[fɪt] noun
have/throw a fit informal
■to become very angry or worried, often shouting a lot 勃然大怒，大发脾气；心烦意乱
• She'll throw a fit when she sees the mess you've made. 她一旦看见你弄的这一团糟会大发脾气的。
[fɪt] noun
in fits (of laughter) UK informal
■laughing a lot 一阵阵（大笑）
• His stories had them in fits of laughter. 他的故事引得他们不时地大笑。
[fɪt] noun
in/by fits and starts
■If something happens in fits and starts, it often stops and then starts again 间歇地；一阵一阵地
• Replies to the advertisement are arriving in fits and starts. 广告宣传的回应零零星星地来了。
fit, accommodate, conform, suit, adjust, adapt
这组词都有“使适合，适应”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 含义广，指人或物适合或适应某一目的或用途。
accommodate: 书面用词，指以外部条件标准改变自己或某事以求得适应，着重改变或调节的有利。
conform: 多指与某模式或规则相符，也引申指改变习惯等以适应新的环境。
suit: 指适合要求，从而使人满意愉快。
adjust: 与adapt含义很接近，但adjust所改变的幅度要小一些，侧重过程，主要用于调整角度、高度、光点等。
adapt: 指人或物在原有情况下作某些改变以适应新的环境或不同的条件，强调改变的目的和重要性。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
fit, appropriate, suitable, apt, proper, fitting
这组词都有“适当的”的意思，其区别是：
fit: 指具有适合于某个目的，某种工作或某种用途等必需的品质或条件。
appropriate: 指专门适合于某人或某事，语气较重，强调“恰如其分”。
suitable: 指具有适合于某种特定场合、地位或情况等的品质。
apt: 专指性质或构造适合达到某一目的或得到某种结果的要求。
proper: 往往侧重于符合某个标准或习惯。
fitting: 指与当时的目标、情绪状态、气氛、场合等相适应。
vt. 安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符
 - fix, configure
vi. 符合，配合；适合；合身
 - cooperate, gear, serve, accord, meet with
adj. 健康的；合适的；恰当的；准备好的
 - healthy, applicable, fixed, robust, becoming
n. 合身；发作；痉挛
 - outbreak, episodes

Word: soar
Front: soar
[sɔ:(r)] (研六雅宝 4707/5684 -2)
Vocabulary: soar
(once / 431 pages)
vn
To soar means more than just to fly; it means to rise swiftly, to feel the wind slipping below you as you ride it higher, higher, higher. Flying is just moving through the air. Soaring, though, suggests exhilaration, even joy.
Think about the anticipation you feel when you buy a lottery ticket — your hopes soar as you contemplate the possibilities. It's the same wonderful feeling you get when someone you have a crush on notices you, when you land that perfect job, when you hold your child. The word soar comes from the Latin, ex-, which means "out," and aura, meaning "breeze, air," together meaning "out of the air," which is precisely how it feels to soar.
WORD FAMILY
soar: soared, soaring, soars+/soaring: soaringly, soarings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Continually over the last few years we’ve seen capital improvement projects soar past their projected budgets and taxpayers are left footing the bill.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 高飞; 飞腾; 猛增，剧增; 高耸，屹立
n. 高飞; 高涨; 高飞范围; 上升高度
vt. 高飞越过; 飞升到
时态：soared, soaring, soars
分布：翱翔(38%)，高飞(21%)，高涨(16%)，猛增(13%)，高耸(12%)
→缩写自古法语 essorer,高飞，飞升，来自通俗拉丁语*exaurare,升空，来自 ex-,向外，aura,空 气，呼吸，词源同 air.引申诸相关词义。
vi.(指鸟等)高飞,翱翔;飞涨;高耸Prices have soared.物价暴涨.
US [sɔ:r] verb
RISE QUICKLY 快速上升
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to rise very quickly to a high level 猛增，骤升
• All night long fireworks soared into the sky. 整个晚上烟火不断地窜上高空。
• Temperatures will soar into the eighties over the weekend say the weather forecasters. 天气预报员说，周末气温会骤升至华氏80多度。
• House prices had soared a further twenty per cent. 房价又窜升了20％。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to reach a great height 升至（很高的高度），高达
• The highest peak in the range soars 15 771 feet into the sky. 这一山脉的最高峰高耸入云，海拔达15771呎。
UK [sɔ:r] US [sɔ:r] verb
FLY 飞翔
intransitive
■(of a bird or aircraft) to rise high in the air while flying without moving the wings or using power （鸟或飞行器）翱翔，飞翔
• She watched the gliders soaring effortlessly above her. 她看着滑翔机在她头顶上方轻松自如地翱翔。
vi. 高飞；高耸；往上飞舞
 - rise, tower, rear
n. 高飞；高涨
 - flying high, upsurge

Word: membership
Front: membership
[ˈmembəʃɪp] (研六雅 3085/1771 -K3)
Vocabulary: membership
(once / 634 pages)
n
Use the noun membership to describe the people who together make up a group or organization. Your secret childhood club may have had a membership consisting only of you, your brother, and your best friend.
Any official group has a membership, the people who belong to it. Your high school French club has a membership, and so does the United States Congress. You can also use the word to mean "the fact of being a member," like when you brag about your membership in Mensa, the organization for people with extremely high intelligence. The root of membership is the Latin word for body part or limb, membrum.
WORD FAMILY
membership: memberships+/ dismember: dismembered, dismembering, dismemberment, dismembers/dismemberment: dismemberments/ member: dismember, memberless, members, membership, nonmember/nonmember: nonmembers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Part of the migrant deal was an acceleration of membership talks, along with €3 billion and the prospect of visa-free travel for Turks to Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
My everyday needs are not unusual; that is, not any greater than what can be met with a $99 annual membership to Amazon Prime.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
It is meant as a move towards EU membership, not away from it.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 会员资格; 会员身份; 会员全体
分布：成员资格(73%)，从属关系(15%)，会员全体(12%)
→来自member,成员，会员，-ship,名词后缀。
成员资格(member成员)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
n.会员资格,成员资格He made up his mind to apply for membership in the Party.他决心申请入党.
US [-bɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the state of belonging to an organization 会员资格，会员身份，会籍
• You have to apply for membership UKof / USin the sports club. 你必须申请这家运动俱乐部的会员资格。
• a membership fee/card 会费／会员卡
• Annual membership (= the amount you have to pay to join a particular organization for one year) is £25. 每年会费为25英镑。
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the people who belong to an organization 全体会员
• Our membership is/are divided on the issue. 在这个问题上，我们全体会员意见不一。
• The society has a very large membership (= number of members). 这个协会会员人数很多。
n. 资格；成员资格；会员身分
 - qualification, capacity

Word: equipment
Front: equipment
[ɪˈkwɪpmənt] (高研四六托雅 1352/1117 -K4)
Vocabulary: equipment
(once / 229 pages)
n
A motherboard and a graphics processor? Duct tape? A circular saw? A solar panel? Depending on what you’re up to, all these things can be considered equipment, which is whatever you need to complete a task.
Right away you probably notice that a big chunk of the word equipment is made up of another word, the common verb equip — meaning "to provide someone with the tools they need for a specific task." Add equip to -ment (the suffix of choice when you want to turn a verb into a noun) and voilà! Like magic, the verb changes into a noun, and you end up with equipment: the materials you get when you are equipped to do a particular thing.
WORD FAMILY
equipment: equipments+/ equip: equipage, equipment, equipped, equipping, equips, re-equip/equipage: equipages/ equipped: ill-equipped, unequipped/re-equip: re-equipping
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask - which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator - features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His mask — which he painted himself, based on drawings by a local illustrator — features caricatures of the team’s other equipment men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 设备，装备; 器材，配件; （工作必需的）知识，素养
分布：设备(83%)，装备(13%)，器材(4%)
→来自equip, 配备，装备。
设备(equip配备,装备)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.设备,器材,装置;才能The biscuit compels the mosquitoes quit the equipment.这种饼干迫使蚊子离开设备.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the set of necessary tools, clothing, etc. for a particular purpose 设备；器材；用具
• office/camping/kitchen equipment 办公设备／野营用具／厨房用具
• electrical equipment 电气设备
■formal
■the act of equipping a person or place 装备；配备
[ɪ'kwɪp.mənt] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  equipmentEquipment does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of equipment , do not say 'equipments', say equipment , some equipment or a lot of equipment :
✗ We need to order more up-to-date office equipments. We need to order more up-to-date office equipment. To talk about equipment in the singular, do not say 'an equipment', say a piece of equipment :
✗ A knife is a useful equipment to have when you are camping. A knife is a useful piece of equipment to have when you are camping.
facility, equipment, instrument
facility: n.指较大的设施、设备，尤指公用的、为大众带来便利的设备。
 • The facility at that club includes tennis courts and a swimming pool.   那家俱乐部的体育设施包括网球场地和一个游泳池。
equipment: n.指生产、研究所需要的设备、装置，如各种机器和器材，是不可数名词。
 • a factory with modern equipment   具有现代化设备的工厂
instrument: n.乐器，仪器，为某个用途而使用的工具。
 • As a flexible actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.   作为一个多才多艺的演员，他既可以表演，又会唱歌跳舞，还能够演奏不同种类的乐器。
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
n. [机] 设备，装备；器材
 - furniture, facility, plant, arm, fixture

Word: plus
Front: plus
[plʌs] (高研四雅 2066/1357 -K4)
Vocabulary: plus
(once / 299 pages)
adjn
A plus is an “advantage” or an “asset.” You might look silly walking around with flippers all day, but if you lived underwater, they would definitely be a plus.
In Latin, the route plus means “more.” The word plus in English can have many senses, all relating to this idea of more, addition, or positive. This noun sense of the word means “a positive quality.” In the same way a number above zero on a number line is positive, and can use a plus sign, a plus is "a positive asset," like a superhero’s ability to fly or a spy’s ability to speak several languages.
WORD FAMILY
plus: nonplus, pluses+/ nonplus: nonplused, nonpluses, nonplussed, nonplusses, nonplussing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A judge ordered Hamell to pay $1,875 in fines plus an additional amount in surcharges for operating while intoxicated and carrying weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On the plus side, Bush did get 90 yards receiving on seven catches.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. （表示运算）加; （表示包容）外加; [口语]和; （表示数目）在零（度）以上
n. 加号; [数学]正量; 好处; 附加物
adj. 加的; 正的; 附加的; 比所示数量多的
分布：加(66%)，加上(21%)，加号(6%)，并且(3%)，正的(2%)，优势(1%)，正数(1%)
→来自拉丁语plus,更多，更大，来自pele,装满，填满，词源同fill,full.用于数学名词加号，引申词义优势，长处。
prep.加上a.正的,加的n.加号,正号The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■added to 加，加上
• What is six plus four? 6加4等于几？
• The rent will be £75 a week, plus (= added to the cost of) gas and electricity. 加上煤气和电费，每周租金为75英镑。
[plʌs] preposition conjunction
 IMPROVER
■and also 并且，而且；加上
• There will be two adults travelling, plus three children. 旅行时将有两个大人，外加三个小孩。
• informal Let's not go on holiday in August - it'll be too hot - plus it'll be more expensive. 我们不要在八月份去度假——天气太热，而且开销会更大。
[plʌs] noun countable
ADVANTAGE 优势
 ADVANCED (plural pluses or plusses) informal
■an advantage or a good feature 优势，好处，长处
• Your teaching experience will be a plus in this job. 你的教学经验对从事这项工作是个有利条件。
[plʌs] noun countable
ADDITION SIGN 增加符号 (also plus sign)
■the + sign, written between two numbers to show that they should be added together 加号；正号
[plʌs] adjective
ADDITION 增加
[before noun]
■describes a stated number or amount more than zero 正的；零上
• Plus 8 is eight more than zero. +8比0大8。
• The temperature is expected to be no more than plus two (degrees). 温度预计只有零上2度。
[after noun]
■more than the number or amount mentioned 略大的，略高的；以上的
• temperatures of 40 plus 40度以上的温度
• Those cars cost £15 000 plus. 那些车总价在1.5万英镑以上。
[after noun]
■used by teachers after a letter, such as B or C, to show that the standard of a piece of work is slightly higher than the stated mark 略高于标准的
• I got C plus/C+ for my essay. 我作文得了C+。
[plʌs] adjective
ADVANTAGE 优势
[before noun] informal
■describing an advantage 优势，好处，长处
• The house is near the sea, which is a plus factor for us. 房子离海边近，这对我们来说是个有利因素。
• UK The fact that the flight goes from our nearest airport is a real plus point. 班机从离我们最近的机场起飞，这一点对我们真的是非常有利。
n. 正号，加号；好处；附加额
 - benefit, good
adj. [数] 正的；附加的
 - additional, attached, positive, more, second

Word: previously
Front: previously
['pri:vɪəslɪ] (四六 2313/1380 -K3)
Vocabulary: previously
(once / 179 pages)
adv
The adverb previously is good for talking about something that happened in the past. If you've read a novel previously, you might just skim it before your book group meets to discuss it.
When you talk about things that happened before, whether recently or in the distant past, the word previously can be helpful. You could mention at a job interview that before your current job, you were previously employed as a flight attendant, or tell a date that though you're single now, you were previously married to a famous movie star. Previously comes from the adjective previous, with its Latin root praevius, "going before," from prae, "before," and via, "road."
WORD FAMILY
previous: previously
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s game time,” said Sampson, who previously worked as a manager at the gym.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The newly drawn district consolidates the power of voters in Richmond, who were previously split between Forbes and Scott.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And it builds on the £90,000 announced previously for the Hogmanay fireworks.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 事先; 以前; 仓促; “previous”的派生
分布：先前(72%)，在此之前(28%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■before the present time or the time referred to 以前地，先前地
• She was previously employed as a tour guide. 她以前受聘当导游。
• I had posted the card two months previously. 我两个月以前就把那张卡片寄出去了。
initially, afterward, subsequently, ultimately, lately, previously, eventually, shortly, presently
initially: 最初，开头
afterward: 以后，后来
subsequently: 随后，后来
ultimately: 最后，终于
lately: 最近，不久前
previously: 以前，先前
eventually: 终于，后来
shortly: 立刻，马上
presently: 马上，一会儿，很快
adv. 以前；预先；仓促地
 - in advance, ago, formerly, ahead, back

Word: cap
Front: cap
[kæp] (中高研四六托 2306/2955 -K3)
Vocabulary: cap
(once / 110 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A cap is a hat that fits snugly on your head. You might wear a bathing cap when you swim, to keep your hair dry.
Many caps don't have brims, while hats often do. You can even describe someone's hair using the word cap: "She has a glossy cap of dark hair." Another kind of cap is a lid: "Put the cap back on the ginger ale or it'll go flat!" And to cap is to limit, as when a school caps the number of students at 500. The root is the Latin word caput, or "head."
WORD FAMILY
cap: capful, capped, capping, caps, recap +/capful: capfuls/capped: uncapped/ recap: recapped, recapping, recaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
It capped what was the best game of Burnett’s career.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the last two minutes of NBA games, the Caps’ playoff performance is all we care about.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He might want to invest in a cap.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 盖; 帽子; 军帽; 求交运算
vi. 脱帽致意
vt. 覆盖; 给…戴帽
abbr. Common Agricultural Policy （欧共体）共同农业政策
时态：capped, capping, caps
分布：帽子(52%)，顶(20%)，上限(9%)，覆盖(5%)，脱帽致意(4%)，超过(3%)，盖子(2%)，加盖于(2%)，戴帽(1%)，设限(1%)，完成(1%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词源同chief, captain。此处指头上戴的帽子。
n.便帽,军帽;盖,罩,套v.覆盖于...顶端The incapable man in cap went into the hospitable capital hospital.戴帽的无能男子走进热情好客的首都医院.
noun countable
HAT 帽子
 IMPROVER
■a soft flat hat which has a curved part sticking out at the front, often worn as part of a uniform （有帽舌的）便帽，制服帽
■a thin hat that stops your hair getting wet when swimming or taking a shower （防水的）帽
• a shower/swimming cap 浴／泳帽
■UK
■a hat given to someone who plays for their national team in a particular sport, or a player who receives this （国家队的）队员帽；（代表国家队参赛的）运动员
• Davis has 17 Scottish caps (= has played for Scotland 17 times). 戴维斯17次代表苏格兰参赛。
• The team contains five international caps. 这支队伍里有五位国际体育比赛选手。
[kæp] noun countable
COVER 盖子
■a small usually protective lid or cover （通常起保护作用的）盖，罩，套，帽
• The camera has a lens cap to protect the lens surface. 相机有镜头盖保护镜头表面。
■an artificial protective covering on a tooth （镶在牙齿外层的）包牙；牙套
[kæp] noun countable
BIRTH CONTROL 节育 UK diaphragm 避孕隔膜，子宫帽
[kæp] noun countable
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
■a very small amount of explosive powder in a paper container, used especially in toy guns to produce a loud noise （尤指玩具枪的）火药帽，火药纸
[kæp] noun countable
LIMIT 限制
■a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity 对（收费或花费）定限额，限制
• Central government has imposed a cap on local tax increases. 中央政府对地方税务增长实行了限制。
[kæp] noun countable
go cap in hand to sb
■to ask someone in a polite and sincere way for something, especially money or to be forgiven 恭敬地恳求（某人）给予（钱物）；诚恳地请求（某人）的原谅
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
LIMIT 限制
transitive often passive
■to put a limit on the amount of money that can be charged or spent in connection with a particular activity 对（收费或花费）定限额，限制
• High spending councils have all been (rate/charge) capped. 对开销高的委员会（在经费上）都制订了限度。
• Our mortgage is capped at 8.75% for five years. 我们的按揭贷款五年期的利率上限为8.75%。
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
SPORT 运动
be capped
■to play for your national team in a particular sport 入选国家队参赛
• She's been capped for Scotland nine times. 她九次代表苏格兰队参赛。
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
COVER 盖子
transitive
■to cover the top of something 覆盖某物的顶部
• The mountain was capped with snow. 山顶覆盖著白雪。
• have your teeth capped (= protected with an artificial covering) 替你装上牙套
[kæp] verb (-pp-)
to cap it all
■used when you mention something in addition to all the other (bad) things that have happened 最糟糕的是
• It's been a terrible week and now, to cap it all, I've got a cold. 这一周真是糟透了，更倒楣的是，我现在又得了感冒。
cap, hat
这组词都有“帽子”的意思，其区别是：
cap: 指无边的便帽，呀表示职业的帽子，如运动帽、军帽等。
hat: 指有边的帽子，尤指礼帽。
n. [机] 盖；帽子
 - hat, operculum
vi. 脱帽致意
 - uncap
vt. 覆盖；胜过；给…戴帽；加盖于
 - invest, overcome, house, sheet, roof

Word: violent
Front: violent
[ˈvaɪələnt] (高研四六托雅 2158/2807 -K3)
Vocabulary: violent
(once / 58 pages)
adj
Something that's violent involves physical force or emotional intensity. If you hate violent movies, it means that you don't want to watch scenes of people being hurt or killed.
Physically violent behavior ends in someone getting hurt or something being destroyed or damaged. You can also have violent emotions, like a violent burst of anger toward the slow driver in front of you, and you can use violent to describe something that's visually intense, like a violent orange-colored minivan. The word has gained in force since developing from the Latin word violentia, which means "vehemence or impetuosity."
WORD FAMILY
violent: nonviolent, violence, violenter, violentest, violently+/nonviolent: nonviolence, nonviolently/ violence: violences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Overcrowding is a serious problem and violent riots are frequent.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But when they tried to arrest Alexander Kearney, they say a violent struggle ensued until Kearney was arrested several minutes later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police are asking anyone with information to contact the police department’s violent crimes unit or Crime Stoppers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 暴力引起的; 剧烈的，（风，爆炸等）猛烈的，狂暴的; 感情强烈的; 颜色强烈的
分布：猛烈的(41%)，暴力的(33%)，强烈的(18%)，极端的(8%)
→来自violence,暴力。
a.猛烈的,激烈的;暴力引起的,强暴的By the biography, the biologist's playing the violet violin violently violated rules.据传记记载,生物学家猛奏紫罗兰色的小提琴违犯了规矩.
adjective
CAUSING HURT 引致受伤
 ESSENTIAL
■using force to hurt or attack 使用暴力的；强暴的
• He shouts a lot but I don't think he's ever been physically violent towards her. 他常大吼大叫，但我认为他不曾对她使用暴力。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a situation or event in which people are hurt or killed 暴力的；暴力引起的
• a violent crime 暴力犯罪
• There was a violent clash/confrontation between rival supporters after the match. 那次比赛后两队的支持者发生了暴力冲突。
• The more violent scenes in the film were cut when it was shown on television. 这部电影在电视上播放时剪掉了一些更为暴力的镜头。
• Her family are still trying to come to terms with her violent death (= death caused suddenly and unexpectedly by the use of physical force, especially murder). 她的家人仍然无法接受她死于暴力侵害的事实。
['vaɪə.lənt] adjective
STRONG 强烈的
■sudden and powerful 猛烈的；强烈的
• He has a violent temper. 他的脾气很暴躁。
• violent thunderstorms 强雷暴
• The speaker launched into a violent attack (= spoke forcefully against) the government's policies. 发言者猛烈抨击政府的政策。
[before noun]
■describes a colour which is extremely or unpleasantly bright （颜色）极其鲜艳的，明艳刺眼的
• She was wearing a violent pink sweater and orange trousers. 她穿着异常鲜艳的粉色毛衣和橙色的裤子。
stormy, wild, fierce, turbulent, violent
这组词都有“剧烈的，凶猛的，狂暴的”的意思，其区别是：
stormy: 指风雨大作，也指人很激动的感情。
wild: 普通用词，既可指自然界的荒芜，未被驯化状态，又指人的无法无天，不文明的野蛮行为。
fierce: 普通用词，指人或兽的凶猛残酷。
turbulent: 正式用词，多用描写风和水，也可指心神不定或控制不住的感情波动。
violent: 普通用词，指人时侧重极为不安，异常激，暗含有达或暴力行为；也指破坏性的或不可控制的自然力量。
adj. 暴力的；猛烈的
 - fierce, hard

Word: strategic
Front: strategic
[strəˈti:dʒɪk] (四六雅 2702/2723 -3)
Vocabulary: strategic
(once / 526 pages)
adj
Desperate to trap Road Runner, Wile E. Coyote comes up with a strategic plan, meaning a plan designed to achieve a specific goal.
Strategic is a military word, relating to the careful plotting and planning necessary to win battles. But you don't need to be a general to think strategically. If you recruit your friends to talk you up to the girl you have a crush on, you're taking a strategic approach to romance.
WORD FAMILY
strategic: strategically+/ strategist: strategists/ strategy: strategic, strategical, strategies, strategist
USAGE EXAMPLES
It wasn’t luck or even a strategic adjustment that turned things around.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Preserving the flexibility to pick and choose facts carries obvious strategic benefits.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adj. 战略（上）的; 战略性的; 有战略意义的; 至关重要的
分布：战略的(63%)，重要的(34%)，基本的(3%)
→来自 strategy,战略，策略，-ic,形容词后缀。
adjective
 ADVANCED
■helping to achieve a plan, for example in business or politics 有助于计划成功的；战略（性）的
• strategic planning 战略规划
• a strategic withdrawal/advance 战略性撤退／推进
• Their bombs are always placed in strategic positions to cause as much chaos as possible. 他们总是把炸弹安放在战略要地，务求最大程度地制造混乱。
■Strategic weapons, war or places provide military forces with an advantage （武器、战争或地方）战略性的，有战略优势的：
• There are plans to modernize the US strategic forces. 美国制订了战略力量现代化的计划。
• strategic arms reduction talks 削减战略核武器会谈

Word: resign
Front: resign
[rɪˈzaɪn] (高研四六雅 3390/2549 -3)
Vocabulary: resign
(once / 138 pages)
1v 2v
To resign is to quit or retire from a position. You can also resign yourself to something inevitable, like death — meaning you just accept that it's going to happen.
When people resign, they're leaving something, like a job or political office. Congressmen resign after a scandal. Coaches resign after a really terrible season. Regular folks simply resign when they're ready to go. In those cases, resign is a nicer way of saying quit. Being resigned is another sense of this word — it's a type of acceptance. If your team is losing 80-20, you might as well resign yourself to losing. That just means you aren't in denial.
WORD FAMILY
resign: resignation, resigned, resignedly, resigning, resigns+/ resignation: resignations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Richard Nixon, so sure-footed in foreign policy, was forced to resign.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Ultimately, he resigned, which was the right decision.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He resigned on Saturday, a day before his arrest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 辞职; 放弃; 屈从; 勉强接受
时态：resigned, resigning, resigns
分布：辞职(91%)，放弃(5%)，听任(3%)，顺从(1%)
→来自拉丁语 resignare,取消，放弃，投降，解除，来自 re-,相反，signare,作记号，作标记，词 源同 sign.比喻用法，引申诸相关词义。
辞职;放弃(re再+sign→再做记号→再签字→[任职签一次],辞职签一次)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
v.辞去,辞职,使听从(于),使顺从The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
【记】re再，sign签名：再次签名－辞职
【参】designate（v 指明；任命）；consign（v 托运；委托）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving 辞职；辞去（职务）；放弃（工作）
• He resigned from the company in order to take a more challenging job. 他从这家公司辞职以便能够从事更有挑战性的工作。
• She resigned as director. 她辞去了董事职务。
• She resigned the directorship. 她辞去了董事职务。
■In the game of chess , you resign when you cannot see any way to avoid being beaten 放弃，投子认输（在国际象棋中，当看到没有任何方法避免被击败时，投子认输之举）
• Timman resigned a hopeless position. 迪曼放弃了一个无望的布局。
• After she had taken my rook, there was nothing I could really do except resign. 她吃了我的车后，我确实没有办法了，只好投子认输。
[rɪ'zaɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
be resigned to sth
■If you are resigned to something unpleasant, you calmly accept that it will happen 只好接受；对…听天由命；安于…
• She seems resigned to losing the race. 对于输掉比赛，她好像是认了。
[rɪ'zaɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] resign yourself to sth
■to make yourself accept something that you do not like because you cannot change it 听任；顺从；不得不接受
• [+ -ing verb] He resigned himself to living alone. 他只好安于孤独的生活。
vt. 辞职；放弃；委托；使听从
 - yield, desert, refer, quit
vi. 辞职
 - step down, quit

Word: edge
Front: edge
[edʒ] (中高研四六托雅 977/1081 -K4)
Vocabulary: edge
(once / 70 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
The place where something begins or ends is called the edge. If you get too close to a cliff’s edge, you might fall off it. Going to the water's edge is not so dangerous.
The part of a knife's blade that actually does the cutting is called the edge. Make sure you keep it sharp! This sense of sharpness is the image you want to have for the many figurative senses of this word. If someone speaks to you with an edge in his or her voice, be careful. They might be getting angry. And if you have an edge over someone, think of yourself as a little sharper because you have the advantage. Your years of training will give you the competitive edge over newcomers to the game. If your company is on the cutting edge of 3D technology, it is the industry leader.
WORD FAMILY
edge: edged, edgeless, edger, edges, edging, edgy +/edger: edgers/edging: edgings/ edgy: edgier, edgiest, edgily, edginess
USAGE EXAMPLES
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Blocking the funds, he said, would mean "that more people close to the edge fall over the edge."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Counselors gather in New Northside Missionary Baptist Church and three other churches on Tuesday nights, hosting drop-in hours for those on the edge of violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 边; 优势; （悬崖、峭壁的）边缘，端; 锋利，尖锐
vt. 在…上加边界; 使渐进; 给（刀刃）磨边，使锋利; 修整
vi. 慢慢向前移动，侧身移动
时态：edged, edging, edges
分布：边(61%)，边缘(29%)，优势(5%)，刀口(2%)，使锋利(2%)，徐徐前进(1%)
→来自词根ac, 尖，刺，词源同acid, acumen.
n.边,棱;刀口,刃v.侧身移动,挤进At the edge of the wedged hedge, I acknowledged the knowledgeable man.在楔形篱笆的边缘上,我向那位博识的人致谢.
noun
OUTER POINT 靠外的位置
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the outer or furthest point of something 边，边缘
• He'd piped fresh cream around the edge of the cake. 他用鲜奶油沿蛋糕边挤花。
• They built the church on the edge of the village. 他们把教堂建在村庄边缘。
• A man was standing at the water's edge with a small boy. 一名男子带着一个小男孩站在水边。
• I caught (= hit) my leg on the edge of the table as I walked past. 我经过那张桌子的时候，腿撞到在桌边了。
[edʒ] noun
BLADE 刃
 IMPROVER countable
■the side of a blade which cuts, or any sharp part of an object which could cut 刀口；刃；锋利的边缘
• Careful with that open tin - it's got a very sharp edge. 小心那罐打开的罐头——开口的地方很锋利。
[edʒ] noun
ALMOST 几乎
countable usually singular
■the point just before something very different and noticeable happens （变故的）边缘
• The company is on the edge of collapse. 公司濒临倒闭。
• The government had brought the country to the edge of a catastrophe. 这任政府将国家引向了灾难的边缘。
push/drive sb over the edge informal
■If an unpleasant event pushes someone over the edge, it makes them start to behave in a crazy way （不愉快的事情）使某人发狂
• She had been driven over the edge by the separation from her husband. 丈夫离她而去，把她逼向疯狂的边缘。
[edʒ] noun
ADVANTAGE 优势
only singular
■an advantage over other people 优势；优越之处
• In terms of experience, she definitely had the edge over the other people that we interviewed. 就工作经验而言，她显然要比我们面试过的其他人都胜出一筹。
[edʒ] noun
ANGER/NERVOUSNESS 愤怒／紧张
uncountable
■a small but noticeable amount of anger in someone's voice 尖刻的声调；厌烦的声调；愤怒的语气
• There's a definite edge to/in her voice when she talks to her husband. 她跟丈夫说话时，语气明显有些气恼。
on edge
■nervous and not relaxed 如坐针毡的；惴惴不安的；烦躁的
• Is something wrong? You seem a bit on edge this morning. 出甚么事了？你今天上午好像有些心神不宁。
[edʒ] noun
take the edge off sth
■to make something unpleasant have less of an effect on someone 减弱，削弱（不良事物的影响）
• Have an apple - it'll take the edge off your hunger. 吃个苹果吧——可以充充饥。
• His apology took the edge off her anger. 他道了歉，她的火气就消了些。
[edʒ] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to move slowly with gradual movements or in gradual stages, or to make someone or something move in this way （使）徐徐移动；（使）缓慢发展
• A long line of traffic edged its way forward. 一条长长的车龙缓缓向前移动。
• Inflation has edged up to 5% over the last two years. 在过去两年中，通货膨胀慢慢攀升至5%。
• Those who disagreed with the director's viewpoint were gradually edged out of (= forced to leave) the company. 那些和总经理观点不一致的人慢慢地一个个被迫离开了公司。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
n. [地质] 边缘；优势；刀刃；锋利
 - margin, superiority, advantage, brink, suburb

Word: borrowing
Front: borrowing
[ˈbɒrəʊɪŋ] (11304/4860)
Back: n. 借款; 贷款; 借用的言语（或思想等）
v. 借，借入（borrow的现在分词）
分布：借款(62%)，贷款(36%)，动词borrow的现在分词.(1%)，借用词(1%)
N-UNCOUNT
借款；借贷
Borrowing is the activity of borrowing money.
例：We have allowed spending and borrowing to rise in this recession.在此经济萧条时期，我们容许增加消费和借贷。
例：...the huge £50 billion public sector borrowing requirement.公共部门500亿英镑的巨额借贷需求
N-COUNT
舶来语；借用词语；借鉴的观点
A borrowing is something such as a word or an idea that someone has taken from another language or from another person's work and used in their own language or work.
例：The names are direct borrowings from the Chinese.这些名称是直接从汉语中舶来的。
n. 借款；借用
 - debt, loan

Word: museum
Front: museum
[mjuˈzi:əm] (中高研四六雅 1723/1209 -K4)
Vocabulary: museum
(once / 179 pages)
n
A museum is a place where interesting objects are displayed — like paintings, historical documents, and dinosaur skeletons.
There are all kinds of museums. Art museums are some of the most well-known, such as the Louvre in Paris. The Natural History Museum, with its dinosaur skeletons and stuffed bears and lions, is one of New York's most famous. In Washington, DC, the Smithsonian is a group of impressive museums. Around the country, there are museums dedicated to sports, African-American culture, spies, and just about everything else. At any museum, you'll find a lot of tourists.
WORD FAMILY
museum: museums
USAGE EXAMPLES
After several false starts, the filmmaker will decide in January whether to put his museum in San Francisco or Los Angeles.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 博物馆
分布：博物馆(99%)，展览馆(1%)
→来自Muse,缪斯女神，-um,表地点。字面意思即缪斯女神的圣殿，与缪斯女神对话的地方。在古希腊时期用以指学校，图书馆，艺术学校，现仅用于指图书馆。
博物馆muse＋um表示场所)[mus=muse来自希腊神话"缪斯"女神,是文艺音乐女神,所以有"娱乐"的意思]
n.博物馆,展览馆The muscular musician found the bud in the mud in the museum.肌肉发达的音乐家在博物馆里的泥巴中发现了嫩芽.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a building where objects of historical, scientific or artistic interest are kept 博物馆，博物院
• a museum of modern art 现代艺术博物馆
• the Natural History Museum 自然历史博物馆

Word: coup
Front: coup
[ku:] (宝 4514/3894 -3)
Vocabulary: coup
(once / 760 pages)
1n 2n
A coup is a pretty major achievement, whether it involves taking over a government by force, or landing a major business contract.
When the word coup is used on the nightly news, it's usually describing a military government takeover. In the business section of the daily newspaper, coup might refer to a big corporation landing an important contract or deal. However you use the word coup, don't say the "p" at the end. It's not pronounced like chicken coop. It sounds more like a dove's coo.
BLOG EXCERPTS
Upheaval in Egypt: Is It a "Coup"?
Since the overthrow of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi, U.S. government officials have been wrestling with a question of semantics: should Morsi's removal be called a coup? The answer to the question has serious foreign-policy implications, since U.S. law precludes sending non-humanitarian aid to a country that has experienced a military coup.
Our own Ben Zimmer addressed this delicate question in a video interview for Voice of America's Learning English program. The installment also featured comments from VOA listeners hailing from Egypt, Libya, and Macedonia.
For more background on the coup question, see:
- "A Coup? Or Something Else? $1.5 Billion in U.S. Aid Is on the Line" (New York Times)
- "Do Egyptians Consider Morsi's Ousting A 'Coup?'" (NPR)
- "When a Coup is Not a Coup" (Washington Post)
WORD FAMILY
coup: countercoup, coups+/countercoup: countercoups
USAGE EXAMPLES
Domestically, an attempted army coup last summer almost succeeded in toppling Erdoğan.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Were you involved in the July 15 coup?
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the coup, the government launched a crackdown on its perceived enemies, arresting thousands of people.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 机敏的策略; 政变; 棒击
分布：政变(99%)，意外而成功的行动(1%)
→来自coup d’etat.
【记】读：cool或者co共同，up跳：当你一个单词没有背，还考了2400（意外而成功）的时候，就应该大叫着cool，然后跳起来。
noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
 ADVANCED
■an unexpectedly successful achievement 意想不到的成功
• It was a tremendous coup for the local paper to get an exclusive interview with Prince Charles. 当地报纸能独家采访到查尔斯王子是破天荒的成功。
• I got him to come to a party which was something of a coup. 我说服了他来参加聚会，实属意外之得。
[ku:] noun countable
TAKE POWER 掌权 (also coup d'état] ˌku:.deɪ'tɑ:] (plural coups d'état))
■a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by (part of) an army 政变；（尤指）军事政变
• a military coup 军事政变
n. 政变；妙计；出乎意料的行动；砰然的一击
 - inspiration, good idea
vt. 使…颠倒；使…倾斜
 - invert
vi. 推倒；倾斜；溢出
 - pitch, slope, lean

Word: slightly
Front: slightly
[ˈslaɪtli] (四六托 1408/1111 -K4)
Back: adv. 轻微地，轻轻地; 细长地，苗条地; 〈罕〉轻蔑地; 粗
分布：些微地(40%)，稍微(40%)，瘦小地(20%)
adverb
SMALL IN AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL
■a little 稍微，略微
• She's slightly taller than her sister. 她比她姐姐稍高一点。
• I'm slightly upset she forgot my birthday. 她忘了我的生日，我有点不高兴。
• I'm slightly worried that she'll get lost on the way. 我有点担心她会迷路。
  Common Learner Errors  slightly or slight? Warning: do not confuse the adverb slightly with the adjective slight :
✗ There was a slightly decrease in sales in the summer. There was a slight decrease in sales in the summer.
['slaɪt.li] adverb
THIN 瘦
■Someone who is slightly built is thin and delicate. 苗条地；纤细地

Word: degree
Front: degree
[dɪˈgri:] (中高研四六雅 789/763 -K4)
Vocabulary: degree
(once / 51 pages)
1n 2n
A unit of measurement, degree describes the level, intensity or seriousness of something. So that hot coffee may not have caused 3rd degree burns, but it still took a good degree of self-control not to scream when you sipped it.
You could say there are many degrees of appropriate usage for the noun degree. In education, it's what you earn from a college or university after passing all the right courses. When it comes to temperature, you can put your degrees into Celsius or Fahrenheit. And if you're stuck in geometry class, you'll be spending lots of time talking about the 360 degrees in a circle or the 90 degrees in a right angle.
WORD FAMILY
degree: degrees
USAGE EXAMPLES
After attending public schools in Decatur, he earned undergraduate and law degrees from the University of Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [乐]音阶，度; [数]度，度数; 程度; 学位
分布：程度(54%)，学位(43%)，度数(3%)
→de-, 向下。-gree, 走，层级，词源同grade.原指阶梯，台阶，后词义抽象化指程度，层级。
n.程度;度数;学位;等级The agreement disagrees in the degree of agreeable freedom.协议在使人愉快的自由程度上存在分歧.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular uncountable
■(an) amount or level of something 数量；程度；水准
• This job demands a high degree of skill. 这项工作对技术的要求很高。
• There isn't the slightest degree of doubt that he's innocent. 毫无疑问，他是无辜的。
• I have to warn you that there's a degree of (= some) danger involved in this. 我必须警告你这里面有一定的危险。
• The number of terrorist attacks has increased to a terrifying degree. 恐怖袭击的次数已经到了骇人的程度。
• There was some degree of truth in what she said. 她的话有一定的道理。
• To what degree do you think we will be providing a better service? 你认为我们的服务还有多大的改进空间？
• "That's really bad." "Well, it's all a matter/question of degree (= there are other things better and other things worse)." “那可真是太糟糕了。”“只是程度不同而已。”
[dɪ'gri:] noun
UNIT 单位
 ESSENTIAL countable (written abbreviation deg.)
■any of various units of measurement, especially of temperature or angles, usually shown by the symbol ° written after a number 度，度数（尤指温度或角度的度量单位，通常在数字后用符号 °来表示）
• a difference of three degrees 三度之差
• Water boils at 212° Fahrenheit and 100° Celsius/Centigrade. 水在212华氏度，即100摄氏度沸腾。
• A right angle is an angle of 90°. 直角为90度。
• New York is on a latitude of 41°N and a longitude of 74°W. 纽约位于北纬41度、西经74度。
[dɪ'gri:] noun
COURSE 课程
 IMPROVER countable
■a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student who has done this course 课程；学位
• "What degree did you do at York?" "Geography." “你在约克大学修读甚么课程？”“地理学。”
• She's got a physics degree/a degree in physics from Oxford. 她获得了牛津大学物理学学位元。
• mainly US She's got a bachelor's/master's degree in history from Yale. 她获得了耶鲁大学历史学专业的学士／硕士学位。
[dɪ'gri:] noun
by degrees
■gradually 逐渐；逐步
• The economy seems to be improving by degrees. 经济似乎在逐步好转。
[dɪ'gri:] noun
to a/some degree
■partly 部分地；在某种程度上
• To some degree I think that's right, but there are other factors which affect the situation. 从某种程度上来讲我认为那是对的，但是影响这种局面的还有其他因素。
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
n. 程度，等级；度；学位；阶层
 - extent, classification, measure, grade, plane

Word: beat
Front: beat
[bi:t] (中高托雅宝 1036/1207 -K5)
Vocabulary: beat
(once / 43 pages)
1vn 2v 3vadj 4v 5n 6n 7vn
Beat can mean “hit repeatedly,” “stir vigorously,” or “defeat.” A beat can also be a rhythmic pulse, a physical blow, or a funky poet. In terms of number of definitions, it’s hard to beat this little word.
Along with its many definitions, beat is featured in a wide variety of idioms. If someone tells you to "beat it," he wants you to go away. If you "beat around the bush," you're not getting to the point. If you "beat the clock," you finish something just in time. One thing beat is not, however, is a nutritious, red root. That's a beet.
WORD FAMILY
beat: beatable, beaten, beater, beating, beats+/beatable: unbeatable/beaten: beatenest, unbeaten/beater: beaters/beating: beatings/unbeatable: unbeatably
USAGE EXAMPLES
They beat the Tar Heels by 31 last season, which was their most lopsided win in series history.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
S.A.R. wound up beating Frisch, solidifying its status as one of the league’s top teams.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If you want to be No. 1, beat No. 1.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. （心脏等）跳动; 搜索; （风、雨等）吹打; （鼓）咚咚地响
vt. & vi. 接连地击打
vt. 打败; 敲打; 控制; 避免
n. 节拍; （鼓的）一击; 管区
adj. [美国口语]大吃一惊的; [常作 B-]“反传统一代”成员的; 摇滚音乐的; [口语]（体力或情绪上）疲劳不堪的
时态：beat, beaten, beating, beats
分布：打(62%)，跳动(10%)，拍子(9%)，打败(9%)，战胜(5%)，敲打(4%)，精疲力尽的(1%)
→来自PIE *bhau, bhat, 击，打。同bat, batter, butt.
n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动v.打败;(心脏等)跳动With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
【参】beater（n 搅拌器）
verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
DEFEAT 打败
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to defeat or do better than 打败，战胜
• Simon always beats me at tennis. 西蒙在打网球时总是赢我。
• Holland beat Belgium (by)3-1. 荷兰队以3比1战胜比利时队。
• Our team was comfortably/easily/soundly beaten in the first round of the competition. 在第一轮比赛中，我们队被对手轻易地／毫不费力地／彻底打败了。
• The nationalists were narrowly beaten in the local election. 民族主义者在地方选举中以些微差距落败。
• He beat me fair and square (= without cheating). 他光明磊落地击败了我。
• They were beaten hands down (= completely) by their opponents. 他们被对手彻底打败了。
• She has beaten her own record of three minutes ten seconds. 她打破了自己创下的3分10秒纪录。
• US He beat out all the top competitors in his sport. 他击败了该项目中所有的顶尖运动员。
■informalto be more enjoyable than another activity or experience （非正式）指比另一活动或经历更加有乐趣
• [+ -ing verb] Taking the bus sure beats walking. 坐公车当然比走路好。
• slang Taking the bus beats the hell out of (= is much better than) walking all the way there. 坐公车比一路走到那里要好得多。
• You can't beat (= there is nothing more enjoyable than) a cold beer on a hot afternoon. 在炎热的下午，没有甚么比喝上一杯冰镇啤酒更舒爽的了。
transitive
■To beat something that is going to happen is to take action before the thing happens 对…采取预防措施，避免
• Let's try to beat the traffic problems by leaving early in the morning. 我们在早上尽量早点出门，以避开交通挤塞。
• I always do my shopping early to beat the rush. 我总是很早就去购物，以避开交通繁忙的时段。
beat sb to it
■to do something before someone else does it 比（某人）先下手，比（某人）抢先做
• I was just going to tidy up the kitchen, but you've beaten me to it. 我刚准备打扫厨房，你已经抢先做完了。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
HIT 打
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit repeatedly （接连地）打，击
• They saw him beating his dog with a stick. 他们看见他用棍子打他的狗。
• The child had been brutally/savagely beaten. 孩子遭到毒打。
• She was beaten to death. 她被活活打死了。
• [+ obj + adj] He was beaten senseless. 他被打昏了。
• Beat the drum. 打起鼓来。
• The rain was beating down incessantly on the tin roof. 雨点不断地打在铁皮屋顶上。
beat a path through sth
■to form a path in an area where long grass or bushes grow closely together, by hitting the plants with your hands or an object, or by stepping on them 在…中开出一条路；在…中开辟道路
• We beat a path through the undergrowth. 我们在矮树丛中开辟出一条路来。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
MIX 混和
■to mix something repeatedly using a utensil such as a spoon or whisk 搅打，不断搅拌（用如调羹或搅拌器等器具）
• To make an omelette you must first beat the eggs. 要做英式煎蛋，必须先把鸡蛋打匀。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
MOVEMENT 移动
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) make a regular movement or sound （使）跳动；使拍打；敲打
• The doctor could feel no pulse beating. 医生感觉不到脉搏的跳动。
• The hummingbird beats its wings at great speed. 蜂鸟高速振动翅膀。
beat time
■to make a regular sound or movement to music 打拍子
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb at their own game
■to use to your own advantage the methods by which someone else has tried to defeat you 以其人之道还治其人之身
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb hollow UK Australian
■to defeat someone easily and by a large amount 轻易击败某人，取得压倒性胜利
• We played my brother's school at football and beat them hollow. 在足球比赛中我们大败了我兄弟的学校。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat sb's brains out informal
■to hit someone repeatedly with great force 反复重击（某人）
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat your breast/chest
■to show how sad or guilty you feel in an obvious or public way 捶胸顿足
• There's no point in beating your breast about losing the money - you won't get it back. 丢了钱捶胸顿足也于事无补——无法把钱找回来的。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat a path to sb's door
■to be eager to buy or get something from someone 急切地想从（某人）处购买（或得到）
• I tried to sell my old bike by advertising it in the local paper, but I didn't have a lot of people beating a path to my door. 我想在当地报章上登广告，卖掉我的旧脚踏车，可是没有多少人联络我。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat a retreat (also beat your retreat)
■to run away from a dangerous or unpleasant situation 仓皇撤退，匆匆离开
• When we saw the police arriving we beat a hasty retreat. 我们看见员警来了，就急忙溜走。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat around the bush (UK also beat about the bush)
■to avoid talking about what is important （说话）转弯抹角，兜圈子
• Don't beat around the bush - get to the point! 别在兜圈子——直接说出重点吧！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
Beat it! slang
■Go away! 走开！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
beat the rap US
■to escape or avoid blame or punishment 逃脱责任；逃避惩罚
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. saying
■said when you accept that you cannot be as successful as someone else without doing what they do although you do not approve or agree with it 跟着大队走吧。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
it beats me (also what beats me) slang
■said when you do not understand a situation or someone's behaviour 我不理解，我不明白
• It beats me how she got the job. 我不明白她是怎样得到这份工作的。
• What beats me is why she stays with him. 我不理解她为甚么跟他在一起。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
take some beating
■If something will take some beating, it is so good that it is hard to improve on it 难以超越
• Green's new world record will take some beating. 格林新创下的世界纪录将很难打破。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
that beats everything (US also that beats all) slang
■expression showing great surprise （表示非常惊讶）真是从未发生过的怪事
• You mean she just left her job without telling anyone she was going? Well, that beats everything! 你是说她刚刚离职，却没有告诉任何人她要走了？哦，这可真是一件怪事！
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sth/sb back
■If you beat back someone or something dangerous, you use force to move them away from you 击退，逐回
• Riot police beat back the crowds of demonstrators. 防暴员警把示威人群逐退了。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat down
■If the sun beats down, it shines very strongly and makes the air very hot 曝晒
• The tropical sun beat down on them mercilessly. 热带阳光猛烈地照射在他们身上。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb down informal
■to persuade someone to accept a lower amount of money for something 说服（某人）减价；杀价
• He wanted £50 for the bike, but I managed to beat him down to £35. 这架脚踏车他出价50英镑，但我设法让他减价（至35英镑）。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb off
■to manage to defeat someone who is attacking you 击退，打退，击败（某人）
• She beat off her attacker by hitting him with her handbag. 她挥舞着手提包，把那个袭击者打退了。
■2. figurative The company managed to beat off the competition and secure the contract. beat 1 公司设法打败了竞争者，取得了合同。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat off US offensive
■to masturbate 手淫
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sth out
MUSIC
■to make sounds that have a particular rhythm by hitting something such as a drum 打拍子；用鼓拍打出节拍；用敲打伴奏
• The drummer beat out a steady rhythm while we marched. 我们随着鼓手打出的稳健节拍大步前进。
FIRE
■to make a fire go out by hitting it repeatedly with an object, such as a large piece of cloth （用毯子等）扑灭（火）
• She beat the flames out with her bare hands. 她赤手空拳，把大火扑灭。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb out mainly US
■to defeat someone or do better than them in a competition, sport or business 战胜，打败（某人）
• They beat out several other rivals for the contract. 他们打败几个对手后，取得了合约。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  beat sth out of sb
■to make someone say things they do not want to by hitting them 拷打（某人）逼供
• The men claimed that the police had beaten the confession out of them. 这些人声称，他们的供词是警方刑讯期间逼供出来的。
[bi:t] verb (beat, beaten or US ALSO beat)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] beat sb up informal
■to hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking them again and again 殴打，虐待（某人）
• He claims he was beaten up by the police. 他声称遭警方殴打。
[bi:t] adjective [after verb] informal
■extremely tired 疲乏的
• I'm beat - I'm going to bed. 我很累，要去睡觉了。
• UK You've been working too hard, you look dead beat. 你最近工作太辛苦了，看起来非常疲惫。
⇒ See also deadbeat
[bi:t] noun
MOVEMENT 移动
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a regular movement or sound, especially that made by your heart （尤指心脏）连续的跳动（声）
• I put my head on his chest but I could feel no heart beat. 我把头贴近他的胸口，但感觉不到他的心跳。
• My heart missed a beat (= I felt very excited) when she said, "Yes, I'll marry you". 当她说出“是的，我愿意嫁给你”时，我激动得心跳停了一下。
[bi:t] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■in music, a regular emphasis, or a place in the music where such an emphasis is expected （音乐的）节拍，拍子
• The guitar comes in on the third beat. 吉他在第三拍加入。
• Make sure you play on the beat (= on the beats). 表演时一定要跟上节拍。
• He tapped his foot to the beat (= rhythm) of the music. 他的脚随着音乐的节拍，轻轻地打着拍子。
[bi:t] noun
AREA 区域
countable usually singular
■an area for which someone, such as a police officer, has responsibility as part of their job （巡警的）巡逻区域；工作区域
• Bob has worked as an officer on this particular beat for 20 years. 鲍勃当上警官，在这个区域里已经巡逻了20年。
be on/walking the beat
■A police officer who is on/walking the beat is on duty, walking around rather than driving in a police car. （巡警）在步行巡逻
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
defeat, beat, overcome, conquer, subdue, overthrow
这组词都有“征服，战胜”的意思，其区别是：
defeat: 普通用词，多指在战争、比赛、竞选或辩论中战胜对手，侧重胜利的暂时性。
beat: 口笔语均可用，可与defeat换用。
overcome: 多指战胜或克服非物质的东西，如困难和不良习惯等。语气较弱也可指在斗争或竞争中战胜或压倒对方。
conquer: 侧重战胜和控制。书面用词。
subdue: 正式用词，与conquer同义，但强调失败后的臣服状态；也可用作借喻，表克制、压抑感情、欲望等。
overthrow: 指彻底击败对手，使其丧失力量和地位。
beat, win
beat: 后接sb. beat them
win: 后接sth.,反义词为lose, win the game,
vt. 打；打败
 - strike, tank, best
vi. 打；打败；拍打；有节奏地舒张与收缩
 - strike, hit
n. 拍子；敲击；有规律的一连串敲打
 - tempo
adj. 筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的
 - knackered, outspent

Word: gene
Front: gene
[dʒi:n] (研四雅宝 2287/2150 -3)
Vocabulary: gene
(once / 419 pages)
n
Microscopic, yet powerful, a gene is segment of DNA, the molecule that stores the code for building living bodies.
A gene is a single unit of genetic information, stored on twisting strands in every cell of every living being. In sexual reproduction, the parents' genes mix together to make the child. Although people would like to think that genes code for discrete traits, like friendliness or mathematical genius, that's not the case. Genes control the color of your eyes and the shape of your toes, not your weird personality.
WORD FAMILY
gene: genes, genetic, genetical, genic, transgene+/ genetic: genetically, geneticism, genetics /geneticist: geneticists/ genetics: geneticist/transgene: transgenes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hospitals hope to analyze genes to personalize medical care.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
For more articles, as well as features such as Date Lab, Gene Weingarten and more, visit The Washington Post Magazine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Later, a stylized dream sequence recalls Gene Kelly’s pursuit of Leslie Caron in the ballet that closes “An American in Paris.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <生>基因; 遗传因子
分布：基因(100%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 用于科学术语。
n.基因The degeneration of regenerative gene is exaggerated.更新基因的退步夸大了.
【记】外来语
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a part of the DNA in a cell which contains information in a special pattern received by each animal or plant from its parents, and which controls its physical development, behaviour, etc 基因
• The illness is believed to be caused by a defective gene. 据信，这种疾病是由基因缺陷引起的。
n. [遗] 基因，遗传因子
 - hereditary factor

Word: tackle
Front: tackle
[ˈtækl] (研六托雅宝 4096/2634 -K3)
Vocabulary: tackle
(once / 376 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To tackle a challenge means taking it on, so if you set out to tackle the classics of English literature, you should be prepared spend a lot of time in the library.
The word tackle can be a verb or a noun, depending on its use. Today, the noun usually means fishing gear, but when it came into the English language it meant the ropes on a ship. If a ship was lurching about on the high seas, you dealt with that challenge by grabbing the tackle and wrestling it under control. Nowadays, people tend to think of tackling running backs and financial fraud, rather than ropes.
WORD FAMILY
tackle: tackled, tackler, tackles, tackling+/tackler: tacklers
USAGE EXAMPLES
College scout teams consist of scholarship players who are buried on the depth chart and walk-ons who volunteer to be tackling dummies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He led the Trojans with 79 tackles in the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 用具，装备; 索具; 阻挡; 阻截队员
vt. 着手处理; [橄榄球]擒住并摔倒（一名对方球员）; 给（马）配上挽具
vi. 擒住并摔倒一名对手
时态：tackled, tackling, tackles
分布：处理(60%)，对付(14%)，铲球(9%)，用具(8%)，滑车(7%)，与…交涉(2%)
→来自中古荷兰语 takel,船帆，索具，来自 taken,抓住，拿到，词源同 take.词义和拼写受 tack 影响，-le,工具格后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.滑车;用具,器械v.处理,解决;抱住,抓住The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
【记】源于：tack（n 大头钉）是一种tackle。
verb
DEAL WITH 对付
 IMPROVER transitive
■to try to deal with something or someone 对付，处理；与…交涉
• There are many ways of tackling this problem. 处理这个问题有许多办法。
• I tackled him about his careless work. 就他工作马虎一事，我与他进行了交涉。
['tæk.l] verb
SPORT 体育
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■(especially in football or hockey) to try to take the ball from a player in the other team, or (in rugby or American football) to do this by taking hold of the player and causing them to fall （尤指足球或曲棍球中）阻截得（球）；（橄榄球中阻截时）擒抱并摔倒（对方持球队员）
['tæk.l] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■(especially in football or hockey) an act of tackling someone （尤指足球或曲棍球中）阻截得（球）
['tæk.l] noun
EQUIPMENT 装备
uncountable
■all the objects needed for a particular activity 用具，装备
• fishing tackle 钓具
['tæk.l] noun
SEXUAL ORGANS 性器官
uncountable (also wedding tackle) UK slang humorous
■the male sexual organs 男性性器官
serve, conduct, shoulder, tackle
serve: V服务；供（某人）饭菜；供职、服役 N 发球
conduct: N 行为，品德，指导，指挥，管理，经营 V 领导，指导，带领；控制，管理；传导（热、电流等）
shoulder: N 肩膀，肩部 V 扛，承担
tackle: 应付，对付，处理
n. [机] 滑车；装备；用具；扭倒
 - equipment, tool, arm, setup
vt. 处理；抓住；固定；与…交涉
 - grasp, root, cope with

Word: jewish

Word: normal
Front: normal
[ˈnɔ:ml] (中高研四六托雅 1217/811 -K4)
Vocabulary: normal
(once / 132 pages)
1adjn 2adj
If something conforms to a general pattern, standard, or average, we describe it as normal, but of course that standard can change over time. What's normal today may be "abnormal" in the future.
The word normal comes from a Latin word normalis, which described something made with a carpenter's square. Something built this way would be normed to have angles that were perfectly aligned and fit a general pattern. This meaning eventually gave us the broader sense of fitting a pattern, standard, or average. Doctors like you to be a normal weight for your height, so you may need to grow taller to make your doctor happy.
WORD FAMILY
normal: abnormal, normalcy, normalise, normality, normalize, normally, normals, subnormal, supernormal+/ abnormal: abnormalcy, abnormality, abnormally/abnormality: abnormalities/ normalcy: normalcies/normalise: normalisation, normalised, normaliser, renormalise/ normality: normalities/ normalize: normalization, normalized, normalizer, normalizes, normalizing, renormalize/subnormal: subnormality, subnormally, subnormals/subnormality: subnormalities/supernormal: supernormally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Commonly called “secondary hearts,” these muscles pump blood back to our heart, allowing us to maintain our normal rate of metabolic activity during sedentary activities.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The surface looked mushy late in the game, but that’s normal.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 正常的; 正规的，标准的; [数学]正交的; 精神健全的
n. 正常，常态; 标准; [数学]法线
分布：正常的(73%)，标准(12%)，常态(6%)，正规的(5%)，精神健全的(4%)
→来自norm,规范，正常。
正常的(norm+al→有规范的→正常的)[norm=rule,norm,表示"规则,规范"]
a.正常的,普通的;正规的,标准的He did not seem normal.他精神似乎不正常.
US ['nɔ:r-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■ordinary or usual; the same as would be expected 普通的；平常的；通常的
• a normal working day 正常工作日
• Lively behaviour is normal for a four-year-old child. 四岁的孩子好动是正常的。
• It 's normal for couples to argue now and then. 夫妻之间偶尔发生口角是很平常的。
• They were selling the goods at half the normal cost. 他们正半价销售那些商品。
• The temperature was above/below normal for the time of year. 气温高于／低于往年同期的正常值。
• Things are back to normal now that we've paid off all our debts. 我们偿还了所有债务，一切又恢复了正常。
ordinary, typical, regular, normal, natural
这组词都有“规则的，正常的，正规的”的意思，其区别是：
ordinary: 强调一般性和普通性，含不突出的意味。
typical: 指个体能体现出群体的特征。
regular: 指已有模式、有规律或定期的。
normal: 指不超过某种限度、符合某种标准或常规。
natural: 侧重某人或某物的行为符合其固有特性。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
adj. [数] 正常的；正规的，标准的
 - standard, arm's-length
n. 正常；标准；常态
 - criterion, standard, level, prototype

Word: mention
Front: mention
[ˈmenʃn] (中高托 971/902 -K4)
Vocabulary: mention
(once / 44 pages)
vn
To mention something is to bring it up. If your mother embarrasses you by constantly mentioning your stuffed animal that you've been sleeping with for the past 15 years, you might mention it to her.
In the context of awards, an "honorable mention" is an official recognition but not a prize. If you enter a writing competition, the judges might not think your piece is the best, but they might mention, or briefly say, that it came very close to winning.
WORD FAMILY
mention: mentioned, mentioner, mentioning, mentions, unmentionable+/mentioned: undermentioned/unmentionable: unmentionables, unmentionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think it should be large. He’s mentioned a trillion dollars. I told him that sounded good to me,” Schumer told ABC News.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I honestly don’t care about that place. And mentioning the racist legacy of a place is legal, right?”
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提到，说起; 提名表扬
n. 提及
时态：mentioned, mentioning, mentions
分布：提到(61%)，提及(27%)，说起(12%)
→来自拉丁文mens,思考，思想，记忆，词源同mind,mania.引申词义想起，提到，提及。
提到,论及(ment+ion→有思考→想到,提到)[ment=mind,表示"思考,神智"]
v./n.提及,说起Not for a moment has the comment on commercial phenomenon been mentioned.那个关于商业现象的评论从未被提及过.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to speak about something quickly, giving little detail or using few words 提及，说起，谈到
• I'll mention your ideas to Jacinta. 我会跟哈辛塔说一下你的想法。
• [+ (that)] He casually mentioned (that) he was leaving his job. 他不经意地提到他要离职了。
• [+ -ing verb] My wife mentioned seeing you the other day. 我妻子提到前几天见到你了。
• [+ question word] Did she happen to mention wh ether she would be coming? 她有没有碰巧提到她是否会来？
 ESSENTIAL
■to refer to something or someone 谈及，提到
• I promised never to mention the incident again. 我当时保证不再提那件事。
• Did she mention me in her letter? 她在信中提到我了吗？
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
Don't mention it.
■said to be polite after someone has thanked you 不客气，不用谢
• "Thanks for your help." "Don't mention it." “谢谢你的帮助。”“不用谢。”
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
not to mention
■used when you want to emphasize something that you are adding to a list 除…之外（还），更不必说
• He's one of the kindest and most intelligent, not to mention handsome, men I know. 他是我所认识的人当中其中一个最友善、最聪明的人，此外他还很英俊。
['men.tʃən] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  mention Remember that mention is not followed by 'about'. Don't say 'mention about something', say mention something :
✗ The advert didn't mention about the price. The advert didn't mention the price.
['men.tʃən] noun
 ADVANCED countable
■a short remark or written statement 提及；简短的陈述
• The story didn't even get a mention in the newspaper. 报纸对此事竟然只字不提。
• When I ordered the catalogue, there was no mention of any payment. 我在订阅这份目录时，根本没有提到要付款。
 ADVANCED only singular
■when something or someone is mentioned 提及，说起
• Even the mention of her name makes him blush. 别人提到她的名字竟也会使他脸红。
countable
■when a person is publicly praised for having done something, such as their job, extremely well 公开表扬，当众表扬
• At the awards ceremony, Chrissie Scott got/received a special mention for her reporting of the conflict. 在颁奖典礼上，克丽茜‧斯科特因其对这次冲突的报道而获得特别嘉许。
vt. 提到，谈到；提及，论及；说起
 - indicate to, make reference to
n. 提及，说起
 - reference, allusion

Word: corporation
Front: corporation
[ˌkɔ:pəˈreɪʃn] (高研四六雅 2602/2025 -3)
Vocabulary: corporation
(once / 277 pages)
1n 2n
Most of us think of corporations as companies––Kodak is one, Kellogg another, Disney a third. In reality, a corporation has a very particular legal meaning––it's a company that registers with a state government such that it has the same rights and responsibilities as a person.
Know the word corpse? It means a dead body, and comes from the Latin corpus "body." One way to remember corporation is that it turns a company into a body––a body that is considered a person in many respects in the eyes of the law. Corporations must pay taxes and follow laws. Because it is a separate entity, when a corporation fails, its employees and managers are not responsible for its debts.
WORD FAMILY
corporation: corporations
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the past few decades, we’ve grown accustomed to holding corporations responsible for their labor practices and environmental records.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Resettlement, said Lyle Jepson, the executive director of the Rutland Economic Development Corporation, is “supporting people when they need help.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The $30 billion total cost was the largest amount paid for a corporation at the time.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公司; 法人; 社团，团体; 〈口〉（凸出的）大肚子
分布：公司(92%)，法人(8%)
公司,团体(corpor+ation表名词)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
n.市镇自治机关;法人;公司,企业The corps' corn in the corner is scorned by the stubborn corporation.军团种在角落里的玉米遭到顽固公司的蔑视.
【记】corpor躯体，ation表名词－法人
US [ˌkɔ:r.pə'reɪ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
BUSINESS 公司
 IMPROVER (also written abbreviation Corp.)
■a large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organization 大公司；集团公司
• a multinational corporation 跨国公司
• the British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司
• She didn't want to work for a big corporation where everything was so impersonal. 她不想在大公司工作，那里一点人情味都没有。
UK [ˌkɔ:.pər'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌkɔ:r.pə'reɪ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
LOCAL ORGANIZATION 地方组织 mainly UK the organization in a particular town or city which is responsible for services such as cleaning roads 市政当局，地方当局
• a municipal corporation 市政当局
personal, inhabitants, group, people, corporation, individuals
personal: 人员，职员
inhabitants: 居民
group: 团体
people: 民族，种族
corporation: 公司
individuals: 个人，有某种特点的人
firm, company, corporation
这组词都有“公司”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company: 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation: 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
n. [贸易] 公司；法人（团体）；社团；大腹便便；市政当局
 - establishment, company, society, association, league

Word: crop
Front: crop
[krɒp] (高研四六 2461/2655 -K3)
Vocabulary: crop
(once / 152 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v
A crop is a large amount of one kind of fruit or vegetable that's grown on a farm. Your farmer uncle's corn crop might be especially large after a summer with plenty of rain.
A major crop in parts of Asia is rice, while the coffee bean crop is important to the economics of several African and South American countries. A different kind of crop is the short whip that some riders use on horses — and when you crop something, you cut it short. You might decide to crop your hair at the beginning of the summer each year. The noun came first, originally defined as "the top of a sprout or herb."
WORD FAMILY
crop: cropped, cropping, crops, overcrop+/cropped: uncropped/overcrop: overcropped, overcropping
USAGE EXAMPLES
He first became interested in growing crops indoors in the two-thousand-aughts.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
From the earliest days of agriculture, farmers discovered various ways to prevent crop yields from declining over time: by restoring nitrogen to their fields.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
“Who else would pick the crops? Who would build the homes?”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 农作物; 产量; 庄稼; 平头
vt. 种植; 收割; 修剪; 剪短
vi. 收成; 收获
时态：cropped, cropping, crops
分布：农作物(27%)，庄稼(21%)，收成(17%)，出现(16%)，收获(11%)，修剪(5%)，啃吃(3%)
→来自ger, 团，块，群，词源同grape, group。原指鸟的嗉囔，后主要指成熟的庄稼穗。
n.农作物,庄稼,产量v.收割,收获The chop shopkeeper let the blood drip to the crops.排骨店老板让血滴到庄稼上.
US [krɑ:p] noun
PLANT 植物
 IMPROVER countable
■(the total amount collected of) a plant such as a grain, fruit or vegetable grown in large amounts 庄稼，作物；收成，收获量
• The main crops grown for export are coffee and rice. 主要的出口作物是咖啡和大米。
• a bumper (= very good) potato crop 薯仔大丰收
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
GROUP 一批
countable usually singular informal
■a group of people or things with something in common, that exist at a particular time （同时涌现的）一批，一帮（人或事物）
• The judges will select the best from this year's crop of first novels. 评委们将从今年的一批处女作小说中选出最出色的一部。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
HAIR CUT 剪发
countable
■a short hair cut 平头发型
• She's had a very short crop. 她留着很短的平头。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
THROAT 喉咙
countable
■a part of the throat in many birds where food is stored before going into the stomach （鸟的）嗉囊
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] noun
STICK 棍子
countable
■a short stick used to control a horse by hitting it 短马鞭
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
CUT 剪
transitive
■to make something shorter or smaller, especially by cutting 修剪；剪短
• He had his hair cropped when he went into the army. 他进部队时把头发剪短了。
transitive
■When animals such as sheep or horses crop grass or other plants, they eat the top parts. （羊、马等）啃食（草或其他植物）的顶部
transitive
■to cut off some or all of the edges from a photograph, leaving only the most important part 剪裁（照片）
• He cropped the photo so that only the face remained. 他把照片剪到只剩下脸。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PLANT 植物
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a plant crops, it produces fruit, flowers, etc. （植物）结果，开花，收成，收获
• The carrots have cropped (= grown) well this year. 今年的胡萝卜收成很好。
transitive usually passive
■to grow crops on land 种植（庄稼）
• The land is intensively cropped. 这片地庄稼种得很密。
UK [krɒp] US [krɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  crop up informal
■to happen or appear unexpectedly 意外发生；冒出；突然出现
• Her name keeps cropping up in conversation. 谈话中不断提到她的名字。
yield, harvest, crop
这组词都有“收成”的意思，其区别是：
yield: 指生产物，农作物的总产量。
harvest: 主要指农作物或水果的收获量，有时也指收割的行为。
crop: 普通用词，侧重指农作物一次收割或一季的收成。
grain, crop, corn
这组词都有“谷物”的意思，其区别是：
grain: 指稻、麦等谷类及其粒子。
crop: 指谷物或果类等一年或一季的收成，也可指地里的农业作物或谷物。
corn: 主要指大麦、小麦、燕麦、裸麦、玉蜀黍这5种谷物及其粒子。
n. 产量；农作物； [作物] 庄稼；平头
 - output, yield, plant, harvest
vt. 种植；收割；修剪；剪短
 - plant, shear, grow, gather, harvest
vi. [农学] 收获
 - to harvest, get in

Word: boy
Front: boy
[bɔɪ] (中高 382/462 -K5)
Vocabulary: boy
(once / 14 pages)
n
A boy is a male child. When a baby is born, the doctor or midwife often says, "It's a girl!" or "It's a boy!"
A boy usually grows up to be a man, just as a girl most often becomes a woman. A delivery boy is a young man whose job involves taking pizzas to people's homes, and you might call to your dog, "Here, boy!" unless your dog is female. Boy is also an exclamation: "Oh boy! I can't wait for my vacation next week!" The Old English root is boie, "boy," but also "servant" or "commoner."
WORD FAMILY
boy: boyhood, boyish, boylike, boys+/boyhood: boyhoods/ boyish: boyishly, boyishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police chief Tom Ross of Bountiful, a city in northern Utah, said the boy’s mother and father became concerned about their son Thursday morning.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
The pudgy boy turned to me as I craned my neck.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The scandal emerged last month after at least six former professional players publicly said that they had been molested as boys in youth programs.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 男孩，少年; 儿子; 小伙子，家伙; 服务员
分布：男孩(96%)，儿子(3%)，男服务员(1%)
→词源不详。
n.男孩子,儿子;男性服务员The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a male child or, more generally, a male of any age 男孩；小伙子；男人，男子
• a teenage/adolescent boy 十几岁的男孩
• As a young boy, my father used to walk three miles to school. 我爸爸小时候常常要走三英里路去上学。
• You've been a very naughty boy! 你真是个调皮的男孩！
• Their little boy (= Their young son) is very sick. 他们的小儿子病得很重。
• All right, boys and girls , quiet down! 好了，孩子们，安静下来！
the boys [plural]
■a group of male friends 男性朋友们
• He used to like spending Friday nights with the boys. 他以前周五晚上喜欢与哥们儿在一起。
■(our boys)
■an approving way of speaking about your country's soldiers （对本国士兵的匿称）子弟兵，士兵们
• We must not forget our boys serving far from home. 我们不应该忘记那些远离家乡在外服役的子弟兵们。
one of the boys
■a typical male 典型的男人
• He plays football, drinks a lot of beer and generally acts like one of the boys. 他踢足球，喝啤酒，总的来说是典型的男人作为。
[bɔɪ] noun countable
Boys will be boys. saying
■said to emphasize that people should not be surprised when boys or men act in a rough, noisy or selfish way because this is part of the male character 男孩子就是这样；男人总归是男人
[bɔɪ] noun countable
my (dear) boy UK old-fashioned
■a friendly way of talking to a man 老兄
• Look here, my boy, this simply won't do. 你瞧，老兄，这根本不行。
[bɔɪ] noun countable
the boys in blue informal
■a humorous name for the police 员警（匿称）
[bɔɪ] exclamation (also oh boy) mainly US informal
■used to express excitement or to emphasize something （表示兴奋或强调）（呵，）好家伙！
• Boy, that was good! 好家伙，那可真棒！
n. 男孩；男人
 - he, guy, man, jack, male

Word: investigation
Front: investigation
[ɪnˌvestɪˈgeɪʃn] (四六托雅 1175/1401 -K)
Vocabulary: investigation
(once / 154 pages)
n
If something has gone missing, conduct an investigation to find it. To do this, seek out details associated with its disappearance, asking questions and gathering evidence in order to find out what happened to it.
If you watch a lot of detective shows, it won’t surprise you to learn that the noun investigation traces back to the Latin words in-, meaning “into,” and vestigium, meaning “footprint, track.” An investigation may not always involve people looking for footprints at a crime scene, but that methodical gathering of details and other evidence associated with a crime or wrongdoing is at the heart of any investigation.
WORD FAMILY
investigation: investigations+/ investigate: investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigative, investigator, investigatory/ investigative: investigatively/ investigator: investigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s why comparative findings should be viewed only as a first step to more investigation, she said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Several Israeli media outlets reported that Netanyahu is the subject of two police investigations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The cause of the outage was under investigation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （正式的）调查，研究; 侦查; 科学研究; 学术研究
分布：调查(100%)
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act or process of examining a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth （对罪案、问题、陈述等的）调查，侦查（尤指发现真相）
• An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance of a thirteen-year-old boy. 对一名13岁男孩失踪展开的调查已进行了好几天。
• a full/thorough investigation of the incident 对该事件全面的调查
• Currently, the individuals who might have caused the accident are subject to/under investigation. 目前，所有可能引发这次意外的人士都在接受调查。
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 调查；调查研究
 - research, probe

Word: restore
Front: restore
[rɪˈstɔ:(r)] (研四六托雅宝 2543/2217 -K3)
Vocabulary: restore
(once / 93 pages)
v
If you restore furniture for a living, you clean and repair it to bring it back to its original beauty.
When you restore something, you are simply bringing it back to what it once was. You are not making it better, nor are you adding something that wasn't there. You can restore a damaged reputation, your health, or an old house, though the latter may be easiest of those three to accomplish. If the electricity goes out, you will have to sit in the dark until the power is restored.
WORD FAMILY
restore: restoration, restorative, restored, restorer, restores, restoring+/ restoration: restorations/ restorative: restoratives/restorer: restorers
USAGE EXAMPLES
EST, and continued for about four hours, according to the CBP, before systems were restored at around 9 p.m.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“They would restore a more working market in pharmaceuticals,” he added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 归还; 交还; 使恢复; 修复
vt. & vi. 恢复（某种情况或感受）; 使复原; 使复位; 使复职
时态：restored, restoring, restores
分布：恢复(92%)，归还(5%)，复原(3%)
→re-,再，重新，store,储藏，存放。引申词义恢复，修复。
v.恢复,使回复;归还,交还;修复,重建After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
US [-'stɔ:r] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position 修复；使重定；使复职
• The badly neglected paintings have all been carefully restored. 那些由于严重疏忽而损毁的画作得到了精心修复。
• After a week in bed, she was fully restored to health (= she felt healthy again). 卧床一周后，她完全恢复了健康。
• The former leader was today restored to power in the first free elections for twenty years. 今天，在20年来首次举行的自由选举中，这位前领导人又重新当选上台。
 IMPROVER
■If you restore a quality or ability that someone has not had for a long time, you make it possible for them to have that quality or ability again 使恢复；使复原
• Doctors have restored his sight. 医生们使他重见光明。
• The government is trying to restore public confidence in its management of the economy. 政府正在努力恢复公众对政府经济管理能力的信心。
■to bring back into use something that has been absent for a period of time 重新采用；恢复使用
• Some people are in favour of restoring capital punishment for murderers. 有些人赞成对杀人犯恢复执行死刑。
■formal
■to give something that has been lost or stolen back to the person it belongs to 归还；交还
• The painting was restored to its rightful owner. 这幅画被归还给其合法主人。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；修复；归还
 - replace, return, repair
vi. 恢复；还原
 - recover from, unsave

Word: efficient
Front: efficient
[ɪˈfɪʃnt] (研四六托雅 2998/2196 -K3)
Vocabulary: efficient
(once / 180 pages)
adj
The adjective efficient describes function and use with the least amount of waste and most economy.
When you want to define the adjective efficient, it's a good idea to say as much as you can in as few words as possible because to be efficient is to be economical and avoid waste in actions or uses. The word comes from the Latin efficientem which means "work out" or "accomplish." Synonyms of efficient are effective, productive, and competent.
WORD FAMILY
efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient +/ efficiency: efficiencies/inefficiency: inefficiencies/ inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Since his accident, he’s done more of his bicycle training indoors, and been surprised by how efficient it is.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Now the authority is spending about that much to remove the old sign and replace it with a more efficient one that’s an exact replica.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
They're also capable of amazing intellectual feats: solving mazes, maintaining a balanced diet and even “designing” an efficient railway system.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 有效率的; （直接）生效的; 能干的; （因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的
分布：效率高的(87%)，胜任的(13%)
(做事)有效的(ef出+fic+ent→能做出事来→有效率的)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
a.有效的,效率高的;有能力的,能胜任的The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way 效率高的；有能力的；有效的；生效的
• The city's transport system is one of the most efficient in Europe. 这座城市的交通系统运行效率很高，在全欧洲名列前茅。
• We need someone really efficient who can organize the office and make it run smoothly. 我们需要的人必须要高效干练，善于组织筹划，能使这个办事处顺畅运作。
efficient, effective
这组词都有“有效的”的意思，其区别是：
efficient: “效率高的”，“有能力的”，用以指人或物，着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如：The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。)
effective: 常用以指物，强调能产生某种预期的效果。如：effective medicine, effective method等。
adj. 有效率的；有能力的；生效的
 - able, competent

Word: catholic
Vocabulary: catholic
(once / 4407 pages)
adj
When capitalized, Catholic refers to the Catholic Church. With a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." If you listen to anything from hip-hop to Baroque, you have catholic taste in music.
When it entered the English language in the sixteenth century, catholic simply meant "general" or "common." Applied to the Western Church, it essentially meant "the Church universal," or the whole body of Christian believers, as opposed to separate congregations. After the Reformation, the Western Church called itself the Catholic Church to distinguish itself from communities of faith that were no longer obedient to Rome. This usage remains the most common, although you can still use catholic to mean general.
WORD FAMILY
catholic: catholically, catholicise, catholicity, catholicize+/catholicise: catholicised, catholicising/catholicize: catholicized, catholicizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
My catholic taste in poetry allowed for all manner of astonishment this year.
The New Yorker(Dec 13, 2016)
These cultural references, which sometimes weigh these stories down, can be admirably catholic.
New York Times(Nov 29, 2016)
He found a job in the Bay Area with football powerhouse De La Salle, a private catholic school then enjoying several undefeated seasons.
Washington Times(Nov 19, 2016)

Word: wish
Front: wish
[wɪʃ] (中高 1055/586 -K4)
Back: v. 希望; 想要; 祝愿
n. 愿望; 希望; 希望的事 ; 祝福
时态：wished, wishing, wishes
分布：希望(55%)，愿望(35%)，想要(6%)，渴望(3%)，命令(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*wunsk,来自wen,努力，追求，渴望，希冀，词源同Venus,win.
v.希望;但愿;祝n.愿望,希望;[pl.]祝愿The fisherman wishes to finish the dish of reddish fish.渔夫希望做完那盘略带红色的鱼.
verb
FEEL SORRY 后悔
 ESSENTIAL [I + (that)]
■used with the past simple tense to express that you feel sorry or sad about a state or situation that exists at the moment （与过去时连用，对已经存在的情况表示遗憾）但愿，希望
• I wish (that) I was/were a bit taller. 我个子再高一点就好了。
• I wish (that) you were coming with me, Peter. 彼得，你要是和我一起去就好了。
 ESSENTIAL [I + (that)]
■used with the past perfect tense to express that you feel sorry or sad about a particular action in the past （与过去完成时连用，对过去某事表示悔恨）
• I wish (that) I hadn't eaten so much. 我真希望自己没吃那么多。
• I bet she wishes (that) she'd never got involved in the whole affair. 我敢打赌她希望自己从未卷入整个事件里去。
  Common Learner Errors  wish or hope? Warning: when wish is followed by a verb, the verb should not be in the present or future tense. When using a verb to talk about what you want to happen in the future, don't say 'wish', say hope :
✗ I wish I will pass all my exams.
[wɪʃ] verb
WANT 想要
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive formal
■to want to do something 希望；想要
• We could go to the cinema or we could go out for dinner - whatever you wish. 我们可以去看电影，也可以出去吃饭——你想怎样都行。
• "Shall we ask Diana if she'd like to come to the theatre tonight?" "If/As you wish." “我们要不要问问戴安娜，看她今晚愿不愿意来看戏？”“随你的便。”
• [+ to infinitive] I wish to make a complaint. 我想投诉。
• Passengers wishing to take the Kings Cross train should go to platform 9. 去往国王十字车站的乘客请到九号月台乘车。
• I don't wish to worry you but he did say he'd be back by midnight. 我不想令你担心，但他确实说过午夜之前会回来。
• [+ obj + adj] Sometimes I was so depressed that I wished myself dead. 有时我特别消沉，甚至希望自己死了。
I wish (that)...
 ADVANCED
■used to express anger at someone's behaviour （用来表示对某人行为的厌烦）我希望…
• I wish she'd shut up for a moment and let someone else speak. 我希望她能闭一会儿嘴，让其他人来说。
• I wish you'd look at me when I'm trying to speak to you! 我希望在我跟你说话时，你能看着我！
[wɪʃ] verb
HOPE 希望
transitive + two objects
■to hope or express hope for another person's success or happiness or pleasure on a particular occasion 祝愿
• We wish you every success in the future. 我们祝愿你将来事事成功。
• I didn't even see her to wish her a happy birthday/wish a happy birthday to her. 我甚至没能见到她，当面祝福她生日快乐。
• I wished her a safe journey and waved her off. 我祝她旅途平安，并与她挥手道别。
wish sb well
■to hope someone will succeed 祝（某人）成功
• I wished him well with his new venture. 我祝他的新企业成功。
[wɪʃ] verb
MAGIC 魔术
intransitive or transitive
■to hope that something you want will be made real because of good luck or magical powers （靠魔术实现的）愿望，心愿
• [+ that] I remember blowing out the candles on my birthday cake and wishing that John Lee would be my boyfriend. 我记得吹灭生日蛋糕上的蜡烛，并默默希望约翰．李能成为我的男朋友。
• If I could wish myself anywhere in the world (= go anywhere as a result of making a wish) right now it would be somewhere hot and sunny. 如果现在我想去甚么地方就能去甚么地方的话，我希望去一个暖风扑面阳光明媚的地方。
• He's funny, bright, handsome - everything a girl could wish for really. 他幽默、聪明而又英俊——拥有一个女孩子真正希望的一切。
• "Your job must be very glamorous." "I wish!" (= Not at all.) “你的工作一定非常有意思。”“我倒希望是那样！”
• "By the time I'm 40, I'll be so rich I won't have to work." "You wish!" (= There's no chance of that happening.) “到了40岁的时候，我就会富得不需要工作了。”“你想得美！”
[wɪʃ] verb
I/You wouldn't wish sth on anyone/my/your worst enemy.
■something you say in order to emphasize that something is extremely unpleasant （用于强调某事极其令人厌恶）我／你不希望任何人／我的／你的死敌遭那样的罪
• The effects of this disease are horrible. You wouldn't wish them on your worst enemy. 这种病的症状极其可怕。你甚至都不希望自己的死敌遭那样的罪。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
WANT 渴望
 IMPROVER
■a feeling of wanting something 希望；愿望
• [+ to infinitive] Did he express any wish to see me? 他表达了想见我的愿望吗？
• In accordance with his wishes (= what he wanted) , he was buried next to his wife. 依照他的意愿，把他葬在妻子的旁边。
• They've deliberately gone against my wishes and sold the apartment. 他们故意违背我的意愿，把公寓卖了。
• [+ that] It was grandpa's greatest wish that one of his grandchildren would become a doctor. 爷爷最大的愿望就是有个孙子或孙女成为医生。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
GREETING 问候
best wishes
■something you say or write at the end of a letter to show that you hope someone is happy and has good luck （用于信件末尾）祝好
• He ended the letter "Best wishes, Carlo". 他用“祝好，卡洛”结束了那封信。
• Do give/send Patrick my best wishes. 替我问候派特里克。
• Best wishes for a speedy recovery. 祝你早日康复。
• With best wishes, Louise Foster. 把最诚挚的祝福送给你，路易丝‧福斯特。
[wɪʃ] noun countable
MAGIC 魔术
■a hope that is made real with magical powers （靠魔术实现的）愿望，心愿
• [+ that] If I could have just one wish I suppose it would be that all the fighting in the world would stop tomorrow. 如果我只有一个愿望可以实现，那我希望世界上所有的战争明天都停止。
• Close your eyes and make a wish. 闭上眼睛许一个愿。
• It's that bit in the story where the fairy grants the little girl three wishes. 故事里的那个片断中，仙女答应实现小女孩的三个愿望。
• May all your wishes come true. 祝你所有心愿都成真。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
n. 希望；祝福；心愿
 - hope, pleasure, promise, desire, will
vt. 祝愿；渴望；向…致问候语
 - long for, die for
vi. 愿望；需要
 - have need of, want for

Word: tech
Front: tech
[tek] (4973/12141)
Back: n. 技术; <英>工学院; 技术员; 技术工作
adj. 技术的
分布：技术(94%)，技术人员(4%)，技术学校(2%)
adjective noun uncountable abbreviation for
■ technical or technology

Word: ex
Front: ex
[eks] (25830/12200)
Back: n. <口>前妻或前夫，以前的男朋友或女朋友
prep. 不包括，除…之外
分布：名词(100%)
→来自eghs, 从，从...出，向外，词源同前缀ex-, 向外。即从前，前任。
[eks] informal
noun countable
■Someone's ex is a person who was their wife, husband or lover in the past 前妻；前夫；前女友；前男友
• Is she still in touch with her ex? 她和她的前夫还有保持联络吗？
prep. 不包括，除外
 - barring

Word: retire
Front: retire
[rɪˈtaɪə(r)] (高研四六托 2301/2374 -K3)
Vocabulary: retire
(once / 70 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
If you stop working by choice and leave your position or occupation, you retire. If you are lucky, you can retire early in order to sail around the world, but most people can't retire until they are old enough to collect retirement benefits.
If you go to bed in the evening, you retire. If your younger siblings are being loud and obnoxious, you can retire to the basement to get some privacy and quiet. If something is withdrawn from circulation, it can also be retired. When a beloved player leaves a sports team, often the number assigned to him or her is retired and no one else can use that number.
WORD FAMILY
retire: retired, retiree, retirement, retires, retiring +/ retired: retiredly/ retiree: retirees/ retirement: retirements/ retiring: retiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s not exactly, “I want to be the quarterback of this team until I retire.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
My parents would like to retire and move near their granddaughter, but they fear that if they left he would commit suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But a news release said he would retire early this year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 退休; 撤退; 后退，退却
vt. 退休，退隐; 使撤退; 收回
n. 退休; 退隐; 退兵信号
时态：retired, retiring, retires
分布：退休(91%)，撤退(4%)，就寝(4%)，离去(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tir,拉，词源同 tirade,tier.即向后拉，引申词义撤退，撤离，后用于指退休。
退休;撤退(re回+tir+e→拉回去→退休)[tir=draw,表示"拉"]
v.退休,引退;退却,撤退;就寝A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [-'taɪr] verb
STOP WORKING 停止工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to leave your job or stop working because of old age or ill health 退休；退职；退役
• Since retiring from the company, she has done voluntary work for a charity. 从公司退休后，她就一直在为一间慈善机构做志愿工作。
• He is due to retire as chief executive next year. 明年他就该从总裁职位上退下来了。
intransitive
■to stop taking part in a race or competition because of illness or injury （因伤病）退出（比赛）
• She retired from the competition after pulling a leg muscle. 她因腿部肌肉拉伤退出了比赛。
transitive often passive
■If an employer retires an employee, they make that person leave their job, usually at a time when they are near to the age at which they would normally stop working, or because they are ill （通常指在雇员接近退休年龄或生病时）使退职，辞退，使退休
• Following the merger, he was retired with a generous pension. 在合并后，他拿了一笔丰厚的养老金后被辞退了。
UK [rɪ'taɪər] US [-'taɪr] verb
LEAVE A PLACE 离开一个地方
intransitive formal
■to leave a room or group of people and go somewhere quiet or private 离开；退下；退出
• After dinner our host said, "Shall we retire to the drawing room?" 晚餐过后主人说道，“我们到休息室去好不好？”
intransitive formal or old-fashioned
■to go to bed 就寝；上床睡觉
• It had been a long day, so I retired early. 那天我工作了很长时间，所以早早便上床睡觉了。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
vi. 退休；撤退；退却
 - withdraw, beat a retreat
vt. 退休；离开；收回
 - leave, split, quit
n. 退休；退隐；退兵信号
 - superannuation, sequestration

Word: feeling
Front: feeling
[ˈfi:lɪŋ] (中高研四 805/797 -K4)
Vocabulary: feeling
(once / 27 pages)
1n 2n
A physical sensation is a feeling. When you sit on your foot so long that it falls asleep, you'll first have no feeling in it, and then you'll have a terrible "pins and needles" feeling.
An intuitive sense about something can also be called a feeling. Your bad feeling about the field trip is justified when another kid throws up on you while riding the roller coaster. A vague sense or belief can also be referred to as a feeling. In your town, there is a general feeling that the library should stay open on Sundays, but you should make up your own mind.
WORD FAMILY
feeling: feelings, unfeeling+/ feel: feeler, feeling, feels/feeler: feelers/unfeeling: unfeelingly, unfeelingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“People at Purdue tonight — women, men, Jewish, Muslim, black, white — all feeling threatened by the appearance of a fascist group of people on this campus.”
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“I remember walking behind the caisson with my little kids and feeling like, `I know he’s not in there,'” Ginger recalls.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
“One More Time with Feeling” is as much about the creative process, including the making of the film itself, as it is about heartache.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 感觉，知觉，情绪; 感情; 气氛
adj. 富有感情的，有感觉的; 有同情心的，仁慈的
v. 感觉; 认为(feel的现在分词)
分布：感觉(81%)，知觉(6%)，气氛(5%)，富于同情心的(2%)，鉴赏力(2%)，含情脉脉的(2%)，反感(1%)，有感情的(1%)
感情(feel感觉)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
n.感情;心情;知觉;同情I've lost all feeling in the left arm.我左臂完全失去了知觉.
noun
PHYSICAL SENSE 感官
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you feel something physical （感官的）感觉
• I had a tingling feeling in my fingers. 我手指感到刺痛。
• I've got this strange feeling in my stomach. 我的胃里有种怪怪的感觉。
• My toes were so cold that I'd lost all feeling in them. 我的脚趾冻得完全失去知觉了。
['fi:.lɪŋ] noun
EMOTION 情绪
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■emotion 感情；感触；情绪
• The feeling of loneliness suddenly overwhelmed him. 一种孤独感突然涌上他的心头。
• There's a feeling of dissatisfaction with the government. 存在着对政府的不满情绪。
• [+ that] I got the feeling that I was not welcome. 我感觉到我不受欢迎。
• Her performance seemed to me completely lacking in feeling. 在我看来她的表演完全缺乏感情。
feelings [plural]
 ADVANCED
■emotions, especially those influenced by other people （尤指受他人影响而产生的）情感，感情
• Some people say that dogs have feelings. 有人说狗是有感情的。
• I wanted to spare his feelings (= not to upset him) , so I didn't tell him what she'd said about him. 我不想惹他难受，所以没告诉他她是怎么说他的。
['fi:.lɪŋ] noun
OPINION 意见
 IMPROVER countable
■opinion 意见
• My feeling is that we had better act quickly or it will be too late. 我的意见是我们最好快点行动，否则就太迟了。
['fi:.lɪŋ] noun
bad feeling UK (US bad feelings)
■when people are upset or angry with each other 恶感；不满；反感
• I'd like to complain to the neighbours about the noise, but I don't want to cause any bad feeling (between us). 我想去向邻居抱怨太吵了，但又不想（在我们之间）闹出任何不愉快。
['fi:.lɪŋ] noun
hurt sb's feelings
■to upset someone by criticizing them or by refusing something that they have offered you 伤害（某人）的感情
sensation, feeling, perception, sense
这组词都有“感觉”的意思，其区别是：
sensation: 系较严密的科学用词，指听觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉或触觉；还可指引起激动或轰动的事物。
feeling: 最普通用词，既可指身体上的感觉，如冷暖、饥饿、疼痛等，又可指精神上的感觉，如喜、怒、哀、乐、失望等。
perception: 侧重对外界刺激的反应和对产生感觉的物体的辨别。
sense: 主要指人或动物身体上的感觉。复数形式指人的知觉。
sentiment, sensation, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
 • When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.   当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
sensation: n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
 • When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.   她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
feeling: n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。
passion: n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
 • He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.   他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
emotion: n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
 • He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.   当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
sentiment, affection, feeling, passion, emotion
这组词都有“感情”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。
affection: 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。
feeling: 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。
passion: 指极强烈的感情、尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。
emotion: 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。
n. [生理] 感觉，触觉； [心理] 感情，情绪；同情
 - mood, consciousness, emotion, affection, spirit
adj. 有感觉的；有同情心的；富于感情的
 - caring
v. [生理] 感觉；认为（feel的现在分词）；触摸
 - sensing, handling

Word: flood
Front: flood
[flʌd] (高研四六托 3582/4100 -K3)
Vocabulary: flood
(once / 136 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A flood is an enormous amount of water. If the street is full of water, it's flooded. Too much of anything can also be called a flood.
Whenever it rains and rains and rains, there's the danger of a flood, a type of disaster where water is out of control. Because a flood is so powerful, people use the word when overwhelmed by other things. A top college graduate could be flooded with job offers — that's a good kind of flood. People can also be flooded with emotion. Words with similar meanings are deluge and overflow. Too much — or just a lot — of anything can seem like a flood.
WORD FAMILY
flood: flooded, flooding, floods+/flooding: floodings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The slowdown, he said, is being driven not by a pullback in demand but rather a flood of new apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Although flood warnings were posted for many areas, Brazzell said it appeared flooding would be “minor,” with few impacts to structures.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 洪水; 泛滥; 溢流; 探照灯
vi. 涌出; 为水淹没
vt. 淹没
时态：flooded, flooding, floods
分布：洪水(82%)，淹没(14%)，充满(4%)
→来自pleu, 流动，词源同flow, float, pluvial. 用来指洪水。
n.洪水,水灾v.淹没,发大水,泛滥I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
verb
COVER WITH WATER 淹没
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems （使）充满水；（使）淹没
• Our washing machine broke down yesterday and flooded the kitchen. 我们的洗衣机昨天坏了，把厨房里弄得尽是水。
• The whole town flooded when the river burst its banks. 河水决堤，整个镇子都淹了。
• Several families living by the river were flooded out (= forced to leave their houses because they became covered with water). 住在河边的几户人家因洪水被迫撤离。
[flʌd] verb
ARRIVE OR FILL 到达或充满
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to fill or enter a place in large numbers or amounts 大量涌入；蜂拥而至；挤满；充斥
• Donations are flooding into the appeal office. 募捐办公室收到大量捐赠。
• She drew back the curtains and the sunlight came flooding in. 她拉起窗帘，阳光倾泻进来。
• Japanese cars have flooded the market (= a lot of them are on sale). 日本汽车已经充斥了市场。
• He was flooded with (= suddenly felt a lot of) joy when his first child was born. 第一个孩子出生时，他满心欢喜。
• For Proust, the taste of a madeleine brought childhood memories flooding back (= made him suddenly remember a lot of things). 对于普鲁斯特来说，玛德琳蛋糕的味道让他回忆起许多童年往事。
[flʌd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  flood sth with sth
■If you are flooded with letters, telephone calls, messages, etc., you receive so many that you cannot deal with them 用（信件、电话、消息等）使（某人）应接不暇
• We were flooded with calls from worried parents. 我们接到无数焦虑的家长打来的电话。
[flʌd] noun
WATER 水
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry 洪水
• After the flood it took weeks for the water level to go down. 洪水过去几个星期后，水位才回落。
• The river is in flood (= water has flowed over its banks) again. 河水又泛滥了。
in floods of tears UK
■crying a lot 泪雨滂沱
• I found her in floods of tears in the toilets. 我发现她在洗手间里哭得像个泪人似的。
the Flood
■(in the Bible) a flood sent by God that covered the whole Earth as a punishment （《圣经》中的）灭世洪水
[flʌd] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
countable
■a large amount or number of something 大批；大量
• A flood of cheap imports has come into the country. 大量廉价进口商品进入了这个国家。
[flʌd] noun
before the Flood UK humorous
■a very long time ago 很久很久以前
vt. 淹没；充满；溢出
 - drown out, inundate
vi. 涌出；涌进；为水淹没
 - stream, spill into
n. [水文] 洪水；泛滥；一大批
 - fresh, flow, inundation

Word: diplomat
Front: diplomat
[ˈdɪpləmæt] (研雅 4918/6153 -3)
Vocabulary: diplomat
(once / 150 pages)
n
A diplomat is a person who helps people who have differing points of view find common ground. In government, a diplomat is an official who represents his or her country in other nations.
The noun diplomat is related to the word diploma, from the Greek diploun, meaning “to fold double.” A diploma is an official paper — something diplomats carry on behalf of their governments. They know about all sides of an issue, which is helpful in times of conflict. You are a diplomat, if caught between Yankees and Red Sox fans, you get them to talk about hockey instead.
WORD FAMILY
diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats+/ diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist/ diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
“For the Russians, it’s just putting their foot down,” a foreign diplomat said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats are expelled by the US president.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Russian diplomats who were expelled by Obama left Washington on Sunday, Russian news agencies reported, citing Russia's embassy.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 外交官; 有外交手腕的人; 善于交际的人; 处事圆滑机敏的人
分布：外交官(99%)，通权达变之人(1%)
【参】diplomatic（adj 外交的；老练的）
noun countable
 IMPROVER (old-fashioned diplomatist)
■an official whose job is to represent one country in another, and who usually works in an embassy （通常指使馆的）外交官
• a Spanish/British diplomat 西班牙／英国外交官
approving
■a person who is skilled at dealing with difficult situations in a way which does not offend people 善于社交的人，会与人打交道的人

Word: improvement
Front: improvement
[ɪmˈpru:vmənt] (研四六雅 1936/1440 -K3)
Vocabulary: improvement
(once / 171 pages)
n
When there's improvement, something is getting better. Going from a C to an A in math is an improvement.
If you want to improve something, you've got to make improvements. Lots of people strive for personal improvement: maybe it's losing a few pounds for an improvement in their appearance, or reading more for an improvement in intelligence. Businesses look for improvement in customer service or profitability. Any change for the better or step in the right direction is an improvement.
WORD FAMILY
improvement: improvements, self-improvement+/improvable: improvably/ improve: improvable, improved, improvement, improver, improves, improving / improved: unimproved/improver: improvers/ improving: improvingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
But he downplayed his contribution to Shiffrin’s improvement in the discipline, which was underlined by her back-to-back GS wins last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And unless there’s some seismic improvement, Miami’s NBA draft lottery odds might look pretty good as well.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 改进，改善，改良，增进，进步; （美）装修，改良措施; 利用，活用; 更优秀的人，更进步的人
分布：改进(59%)，改善(41%)
→来自improve,改进，改善。
n.改进,进步,增进;改进措施There is a distinct improvement in your English.你的英文有显著进步.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when something gets better or when you make it better 改进，改善
• a slight improvement in the economy 经济上稍有起色
• home improvements 家居修缮
• These white walls are a big improvement on that disgusting old wallpaper. 这些白墙比起那些令人生厌的旧墙纸来说好看多了。
• He's been having treatment for two months now without any improvement. 他接受治疗已有两个月了，但毫无起色。
[ɪm'pru:v.mənt] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  improvementWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do improvements', say make improvements :
✗ We need to do some improvements to the college canteen. We need to make some improvements to the college canteen.
n. 改进，改善
 - reforming, amendment, enrichment, amelioration

Word: entirely
Front: entirely
[ɪnˈtaɪəli] (1858/1367 -K3)
Back: adv. 完全地; 完整地; 全部地; 彻底地
分布：完全地(78%)，全部地(22%)
US [-'taɪr-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■completely 完全；彻底；完整地
• I admit it was entirely my fault. 我承认全都是我的错。
• The company is run almost entirely by middle-aged men. 管理这个公司的几乎都是中年男性。
entirely, utterly
entirely: 用于说法持肯定态度的场合，we should work entirely in the interests of the people.
utterly: 用于说法持否定态度的场合，I am utterly dissatisfied.
adv. 完全地，彻底地
 - completely, totally, thoroughly, fully, absolutely, strictly, perfectly

Word: bust
Front: bust
[bʌst] (托雅宝 6688/9832 -2)
Vocabulary: bust
(once / 469 pages)
1n 2vn 3v 4adj 5n
If you bust something, you have broken it. A bust can also be a statue of someone from the shoulders up. Be careful to not bust a bust on your next field trip!
Several meanings of bust are pretty discouraging. You might describe your business as bust if it's totally out of money, for example. Or you might threaten your younger sister, "If you bust my ceramic unicorn, you're in big trouble!" There's also the kind of bust that might sit on your piano, like a bust of Mozart or Bach — a statue of a person's head and upper shoulders. This is the oldest meaning of the word, from the Italian busto, "upper body."
WORD FAMILY
bust: busted, bustedly, buster, busting, bustly, busts, busty+/buster: busters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The site is one of many languishing after the real estate bust.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Weirdly enough, it never occurred to me that smashing busts of Thatcher might be considered a little dig.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打破，打碎
n. 半身雕塑像; 妇女的胸部; 胸围; 突击搜捕
vt. 突击搜查（或搜捕）; （使）降级，降低军阶
adj. 破碎，毁坏; 破产
时态：busted, busting, busts
分布：半身像(38%)，胸部(17%)，破产的(12%)，搜查(10%)，失败(10%)，打碎(5%)，降级(3%)，搜捕(2%)，终止(2%)，打碎的(1%)
→1.胸部，词源不详。
【记】从bus外看里边的人：半身像
noun countable
BREASTS 胸部
■a woman's breasts, or the measurement around a woman's breasts and back （女子的）胸部，胸围
• I couldn't find anything in the shop in my bust size. 这家店里找不到适合我胸围的衣服。
[bʌst] noun countable
HEAD 头部
■a statue of the head and shoulders of a person 半身像
• There was a bust of Mahler on his desk. 他书桌上有一尊马勒的半身像。
[bʌst] noun countable
ARREST 逮捕 slang
■an occasion when police arrest people who are thought to have broken the law 逮捕，搜捕
• In their latest drugs bust police entered a warehouse where cocaine dealers were meeting. 在最近的毒品搜捕行动中，警方突袭了一个海洛因毒贩正在进行交易的仓库。
[bʌst] verb transitive (bust or US busted, bust or US busted)
BREAK 打破 US informal
■to break something 击碎；打破；弄坏
• Oh no! I've bust his CD player. 噢，不好！我弄坏了他的CD唱机。
[bʌst] verb transitive (bust or US busted, bust or US busted)
ARREST 逮捕 US slang
■When the police bust a person, they arrest him or her, or when they bust a building or a place, they arrest people in it who they believe are breaking the law 逮捕；突击搜查（建筑物等）并逮捕，对…进行搜捕
• The police busted him because they think he's involved with a terrorist group. 警方认为他与恐怖团伙有牵连而逮捕了他。
[bʌst] verb transitive (bust or US busted, bust or US busted)
bust a gut informal
■to work very hard or make a big effort to achieve something 努力做某事以达到某目标
• I really bust a gut to get that report finished on time. 我的确下了一番苦功去按时完成那份报告。
[bʌst] verb transitive (bust or US busted, bust or US busted)
  Phrasal Verbs  bust up mainly US informal
■to end a relationship after an angry argument （激烈争吵后）断绝关系
• She's bust up with Carlo. 她与卡洛已经闹翻了。
⇒ See also bust-up
[bʌst] adjective [after verb] (US also busted) informal
BROKEN 破坏
■broken 破坏
• I think my watch is bust. 我想我的表坏了。
[bʌst] adjective [after verb] (US also busted) informal
BUSINESS 生意
go bust
■If a company goes bust, it is forced to close because it is financially unsuccessful. 破产
• More than twenty companies in the district went bust during the last three months. 过去的三个月里这一地区有超过20家公司破产。
vi. 破产；爆裂；降低级别
 - fail, crack
vt. 使破产；使爆裂；逮捕
 - seize, put out of business
n. 破产；半身像；萧条；胸部
 - failure, bankruptcy, chest, breast

Word: reverse
Front: reverse
[rɪˈvɜ:s] (研四六托雅宝 3497/3175 -K3)
Vocabulary: reverse
(once / 226 pages)
1vadjn 2vadjn
To go in reverse, you back up. If you reverse your position, you suddenly take the opposite side of the argument. If you reverse your fortunes, your bad luck turns good, or your good luck turns bad. Oops.
The Latin word revertere means “turn back.” To reverse means to turn back, take the opposite direction, go the other way. Many things can be reversed: you can reverse a decision, you can reverse a car — by putting it in the gear called "reverse." You can reverse a political argument, a promotion, even some surgical procedures, but you can never reverse the steady progress of time, no matter how many Botox injections you get.
WORD FAMILY
reverse: reversal, reversed, reversely, reversible, reversing+/ irreversible: irreversibility, irreversibly/ reversal: reversals/ reversible: irreversible, nonreversible, reversibility, reversibles, reversibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However, it later reversed its decision and issued an apology, saying the company recognized “the history and global importance of this image”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
With their game against the Miami Dolphins in overtime on Christmas Eve, the Buffalo Bills tried a reverse to Reggie Bush.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）反转; （使）颠倒; 掉换，交换; [法]撤消，推翻
vi. 倒退; [桥牌]逆叫
adj. 反面的; 颠倒的; 倒开的; [生]倒卷的
n. 倒转，反向; [机]回动; 倒退; 失败
时态：reversed, reversing, reverses
分布：逆转(32%)，相反(25%)，相反的(11%)，改变(9%)，倒退(7%)，背面(6%)，反面的(3%)，颠倒的(3%)，失败(2%)，倒档(1%)，互换(1%)
→来自 revert,回转，-s,过去分词格。引申诸相关词义，词性也由形容词兼做名词和动词使用。
反转的,颠倒的(re+verse转→反转的)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
颠倒,逆转a.相反的(re反+verse→反着转→颠倒)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.相反;背面a.相反的v.颠倒,倒转The cosmic verse on the reverse of the paper is very welcome in Universe University.纸张背面的宇宙韵文在宇宙大学很受欢迎.
US [-'vɝ:s] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to (cause something to) go backwards, or to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite （使）反向；（使）倒转；彻底改变；推翻
• She reversed the car into the parking space. 她把车倒进停车位。
• The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company's fortunes. 新经理希望能够扭转公司江河日下的状况。
• Now that you have a job and I don't, our situations are reversed. 你找到了工作，我倒没有工作了，我们的情况正好相反。
• The Court of Appeal reversed the earlier judgment. 上诉法院推翻了先前的判决。
reverse the charges (US also call collect)
■to make a telephone call that is paid for by the person receiving it 打对方付费电话；使受话方付款
UK [rɪ'vɜ:s] US [-'vɝ:s] noun
the reverse
 IMPROVER
■the opposite of what has been suggested 相反的情况（或事物）；对立面
• The teachers say my son is slow, but I believe the reverse (is true). 老师们说我儿子反应迟钝，但我觉得恰恰相反。
■the back of a coin, medal , etc （硬币、奖章等的）反面，背面
• The English £1 coin has a royal coat of arms on the reverse. 一英镑硬币的背面有王室盾徽的图案。
in reverse (order)
■in the opposite order or way 向相反方向；倒；逆
• To stop the engine, you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse (order). 要想关掉引擎，你得按相反顺序重复同样的步骤。
uncountable (also reverse gear)
■the method of controlling a vehicle that makes it go backwards 倒车档
• To go backwards, you must put the car in/into reverse (gear). 要想倒车，你得挂倒车档。
countable formal
■a defeat or failure 失败；挫折
• They suffered a serious military/political reverse. 他们遭受了一次重大的军事／政治失败。
UK [rɪ'vɜ:s] US [-'vɝ:s] noun
go into reverse
■If a situation goes into reverse, it becomes the opposite of what it was before 出现逆转；向相反方向发展
• The trend towards home ownership has gone into reverse. 个人拥有房屋的趋势已经发生了逆转。
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
n. 相反；背面；倒退；失败
 - failure, loss, contrary, losing, defeat
vt. 颠倒；倒转
 - bottom up, head over heels
adj. 反面的；颠倒的
 - upside-down, perversive
vi. 倒退；逆叫
 - retrogress, step backward

Word: hot
Front: hot
[hɒt] (中高 721/1055 -K4)
Vocabulary: hot
(once / 54 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj 6adj 7adj
Hot is the opposite of cold. This could mean a hot day in July, a baseball team on a hot streak, or a hot bikini model.
Most meanings of hot have to do with heat: what makes us sweat. A stove can be red hot. Spicy food is hot, and newspapers used to be "hot off the presses" because the printing process actually warmed the paper. New things are often referred to as hot — like a hot new band. Stolen property is also called hot because you can't hold onto it too long or it will burn you — though perhaps not in the usual way.
WORD FAMILY
hot: hotly, hotness, hotter, hottest, hottish
USAGE EXAMPLES
Drones are among this year’s hottest holiday gifts.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Now, he beamed, “It’s the hottest, it’s like, trending all over the world…So we like that expression.”
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Like other EU countries, France blows hot and cold on Russia.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: adj. 热的; 辣的; 激动的; 热门的
vt. 使兴奋，使激动
adv. 热的; 紧迫的
vi. 变热
级别：hotter, hottest
分布：热的(76%)，辣的(17%)，激动地(3%)，强烈的(3%)，趁热地(1%)
→来自古英语hat,热的，来自kai,热，进一步来自skai,发光，照耀，词源同shine,candle.由热引申多种词义。
a.(炎)热的;辣的;急躁的;激动的;热衷的Put the spotless potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco atoms into the hot pot.把无斑点的土豆,番茄和烟草微粒放进热锅里.
US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
VERY WARM 非常温暖
 ESSENTIAL
■having a high temperature 热的；温度高的
• a hot sunny day 炎热的晴天
• hot weather 炎热的天气
• a hot drink/meal 热饮／热饭
• It's too hot in here, can we turn down the heating? 这里面太热了，我们能把暖气关小点吗？
• Bake the cake in a hot oven, about 220°C, for 30 minutes. 把蛋糕放进烤炉里，用大约摄氏220度的温度烤30分钟。
• The food was piping hot (= very hot). 食物是滚烫的。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
SPICY 辛辣的
 ADVANCED
■describes food which causes a burning feeling in the mouth （食品）辛辣的，辣的
• a hot curry 辣咖喱饭
• hot spicy food 辣味食品
Opposite mild
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
CAUSING DISAGREEMENT 引起争论的
■describes a subject which causes a lot of disagreement or discussion （话题）热门的，有争议的
• Global warming has become a very hot issue. 全球气候暖化已成为一个热门话题。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
NEW/EXCITING 新的／令人兴奋的
■new and exciting 新的；激动人心的
• Hollywood's hottest new actress 好莱坞新近最红的女演员
• hot gossip 热门话题
• This 21-year old actor has become Hollywood's hottest property. 这位21岁的演员已经成了好莱坞最炙手可热的明星。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
SKILFUL 有技巧的
[after verb] informal
■knowing a lot or skilful 所知甚多的；技艺精湛的；有技巧的
• I'm not too hot on Russian history. 我对俄罗斯的历史所知不多。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
MOST LIKELY 很有可能的
hot tip informal
■an accurate piece of advice about who will win a race 对比赛结果的准确猜测
• Have you got any hot tips for this afternoon's race? 今天下午的比赛你猜得到谁会获胜吗？
hot favourite
■the person or animal that is most likely to win a race, competetion, election, etc 夺冠的大热门，最可能获胜者
• He's the hot favourite to win the election. 他是最有希望赢得竞选的热门人选。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
DEMANDING 要求多的
be hot on sth informal
■to think that a particular thing is very important and to demand that it is done well or correctly 非常注重（…）
• They're very hot on dress at work so she always looks very smart for the office. 他们非常注重工作穿着，所以她总是穿得非常整洁。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
STOLEN 偷来的 slang
■describes goods that have been recently stolen and are therefore difficult to sell or dangerous to deal with because the police are still looking for them （东西）刚偷来的，难以销赃的
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
SEXY 性感的 informal
■sexually attractive, or feeling sexually excited 性感的；欲火中烧的
• She's hot alright. 她很性感。
• I'm hot for you, baby. 我为你着迷，宝贝。
• I've got a hot date tonight. 今晚的约会让我欲火中烧。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
ANGRY 愤怒的
hot temper
■If someone has a hot temper, they are easily made angry. 脾气暴躁的，易怒的
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
be hot on sb's track/trail
■to be very close to catching or finding someone 快要抓住（某人）；快要找到（某人）
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
be hot stuff informal
■to be very skilful 技艺精湛，是个高手
• She's really hot stuff at baseball. 她是个真正的棒球高手。
■to be very sexually attractive 非常性感
• Man, she's hot stuff! 天呢，她可真够性感的！
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
be in hot water (also get into hot water)
■to be in or get into a difficult situation in which you are in danger of being criticized or punished 陷入困境；惹上麻烦
• He found himself in hot water over his comments about immigration. 他发现自己针对移民事务发表的那些言论给自己惹上了麻烦。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
be too hot to handle informal
■to be too difficult to deal with or talk about 太棘手；难以应付
• For many politicians, abortion is an issue that's too hot to handle. 对于很多政治家来说，堕胎是个太过棘手的问题。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
go / sell like hot cakes informal
■to be bought quickly and in large numbers 热销
• His new video game is apparently selling like hot cakes. 显然，他新设计的电玩游戏很畅销。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
hot air informal
■If something that someone says is hot air, it is not sincere and will have no practical results 空话，大话
• His promises turned out to be so much hot air. 他的承诺到头来只是空口说白话。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
(all) hot and bothered informal
■worried or angry, and sometimes physically hot 心急如焚的，焦躁不安的，怒气冲冲的
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
hot and heavy US informal
■If something or someone is hot and heavy, they are full of strong emotions or sexual feelings 感情激烈的；性欲旺盛的
• Guess who I saw getting hot and heavy on the dance floor? 猜猜我在舞池中看到谁大跳热舞？
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
Hot dog! US informal
■something that you say when you are very pleased about something 太棒了！
• You won your race? Hot dog! 你赛跑赢了？太棒了！
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
hot off the press
■News that is hot off the press has just been printed and often contains the most recent information about something. （新闻）最新的
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
hot to trot US informal
■sexually excited and wanting to find someone to have sex with 欲火中烧的
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
hot under the collar informal
■embarrassed or angry about something 困窘的；发怒的
• When I suggested he was mistaken he got rather hot under the collar. 当我暗示是他弄错了的时候，他发火了。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
in hot pursuit
■following someone closely, trying hard to catch them 紧紧追赶
• The gang drove off, with the police in hot pursuit. 那帮匪徒驱车逃走，员警在后面紧紧追赶。
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] adjective (hotter, hottest)
in the hot seat
■in a position where you are responsible for important or difficult things 处境尴尬，处于困境
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
UK [hɒt] US [hɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
  Phrasal Verbs  hot up UK informal
■If an event or situation hots up, it becomes more exciting and more things start to happen （事件或情况）加剧，变得更加激烈
• A few days before the elections, the pace began to hot up. 选举前几天，节奏开始加快。
• The competition is really hotting up now. 现在比赛已进入白热化状态。
warm, hot, burning
这组词都有“热的”的意思，其区别是：
warm: 通常指温度不太高，介于hot与cold之间，不太热也不太凉，给人以舒适感。
hot: 最普通用词，指温度很高，往往有灼热、滚烫含义。
burning: 暗示热源是火，多用于夸张，指像火烧一样热。
adj. [通信] 热的；辣的；热情的；激动的；紧迫的
 - thermal, intense, excited, warm, tropical
vt. 增加；给…加温
 - enhance, boost, jack, mount, gain

Word: recover
Front: recover
[rɪˈkʌvə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2131/1804 -K3)
Vocabulary: recover
(once / 66 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To recover something is to get it back. After you lose your watch, you might recover it from the wastebasket.
The re- in recover is a clue that this word has "again" as part of its meaning. We can only recover things that we had before. Often, this word applies to health. Someone who is sick needs to recover — when they're totally recovered, they're all better. If the stock market crashes, it needs to recover — this happens when the market is healthier and money is flowing again. It's good to recover, but it means something bad happened in the first place.
WORD FAMILY
recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery +/ cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover/ coverage: coverages/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/ recovery: recoveries/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A second man was found wounded and is recovering at a hospital.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
With Wilson Ramos in free agency, and recovering from knee surgery, a catcher is a need.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
When the Americans recovered a bloody blanket outside one house, the woman who lived there pleaded ignorance.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 恢复; 重新获得; 找回; <正>恢复（适当的状态或位置）
vi. 恢复健康（体力、能力等）
n. 恢复开始时姿势
时态：recovered, recovering, recovers
分布：恢复(89%)，复原(10%)，重获(1%)
→来自古法语 recovrer,回来，恢复，来自拉丁语 recuperare,恢复，重新获取，来自 re-,再，重 新，-cup,抓住，得到，词源同 capable,have,recuperate.该词与 re-cover 为不同词源。
v.收回;(from)恢复,痊愈;重新获得In the discussion I discovered that the lost cover was recovered.在讨论中我发现盖子失而复得.
US [-ɚ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to get back something lost, especially health, ability, possessions, etc （尤指健康、能力、所有物等）失而复得，重新得到，追回，收复，寻回
• It took her a long while to recover (= become completely well again) from/after her heart operation. 她心脏动手术后很长时间身体才复原。
• He never really recovered from the shock of his wife dying (= He was never happy after his wife died). 他再也没有从丧妻之痛中真正恢复过来。
• She went into a coma and died without recovering consciousness. 她陷入昏迷后再也没有醒过来。
• [R] She was astonished to see me, but she soon recovered her composure/her self (= soon gave the appearance of being calm). 她见到我很震惊，但很快就镇定了下来。
• It took a long time for the economy to recover (= improve) after the slump. 经济萧条期过后，这间公司花了很长时间才恢复元气。
• Police only recover (= get back) a very small percentage of stolen goods. 警方只追回了被盗货物的一小部分。
• The initial outlay of setting up a company is considerable and it takes a while to recover those costs (= get back what you have spent). 创建新公司的初始费用非常巨大，要过很长时间才能收回那些成本。
regain, restore, reclaim, recover
这组词都有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”的意思，其区别是：
regain: 着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。
restore: 指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。
reclaim: 主要指回收或利用废物。
recover: 普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。
vt. 恢复；弥补；重新获得
 - restore, repair, offset, resume
vi. 恢复；胜诉；重新得球
 - restore, unsave

Word: intellectual
Front: intellectual
[ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl] (研四六托雅宝 2857/3040 -3)
Vocabulary: intellectual
(once / 139 pages)
adjn
The adjective intellectual describes something related to or using the mind or intellect. Your creative pursuit of singing in a rock band is different from your intellectual interest in 16th-century drama.
Intellectual is often used to describe intensive reasoning and deep thinking, particularly in relation to subjects that tend to spark deep discussion, such as literature or philosophy. An intellectual is also a noun for a cerebral or brainy person who engages in deep thinking, like Plato, Albert Einstein, or your classmate who can speak at length about the relationship between French existentialism and ice hockey.
WORD FAMILY
intellectual: anti-intellectual, intellectualisation, intellectualization, intellectually, intellectuals, nonintellectual+/ intellect: intellects, intellectual /intellectualization: intellectualizations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ten years later, Capucci led a delegation of clerics and intellectuals to Iraq in a show of solidarity against UN sanctions.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They’d be well advised to fire their Growth Hackers and start prioritizing intellectual integrity over content farming.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
In somewhat of a statistical and intellectual improbability, Couch Slouch agrees with both sides.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 智力的; 有才智的; 需用智力的; 智力发达的
n. 知识分子; 脑力劳动者; 有极高智力的人; 凭理智（而非感情）办事的人
分布：知识分子(64%)，智力的(24%)，聪明的(8%)，凭理智做事者(4%)
→来自intellect,智力。
聪明的n.知识分子(intellect+ual)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.知识分子a.智力的,理智的,有理解力的We need some highly qualified intellectuals.我们需要高级知识分子.
US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas 智力的，脑力的
• Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation. 整天在家照顾婴儿虽然不错，但让人不怎么动脑筋。
• I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual. 我喜欢侦探小说和爱情故事——不怎么费脑筋。
UK [ˌɪn.təl'ek.tju.əl] US [-tˌəl'ek.tʃu-] noun countable
■a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that involve careful thinking and mental effort 知识分子，脑力劳动者
• She was too much of an intellectual to find popular films interesting. 她太书卷气了，认为流行电影没甚么意思。
adj. [心理] 智力的；聪明的；理智的
 - wise, bright, clever, smart, understanding
n. [劳经] 知识分子；凭理智做事者
 - clerisy

Word: finally
Front: finally
[ˈfaɪnəli] (研四 470/771 -K4)
Vocabulary: finally
(once / 52 pages)
adv
Finally means "at the end of a long wait." Although it seemed like it would never end, and in the middle you were cursing the day you signed up for the marathon, when you finally finished, you were overjoyed.
Final means "last," so use the adjective finally to describe an end result or long-awaited satisfaction. Once the tedious dinner party was over, you finally got to go home and watch TV. If you're giving a speech and you have 14 different points that you're going to make, when you get to the last one, say, "finally..." and then make the point. You can also say, "in conclusion..." if that last point really sums it all up.
WORD FAMILY
final: finalise, finalist, finality, finalize, finally, finals, semifinal+/finalise: finalisation, finalised/ finalist: finalists/ finality: finalities/ finalize: finalization, finalized, finalizes, finalizing/semifinal: semifinalist, semifinals/semifinalist: semifinalists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Finally, as the turtle slowed down, he positioned the boat near the fatigued animal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How many other writers will continue to see it the way Wittenmyer does will determine whether Bonds and Clemens finally get in.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Andy Carroll entered finally to test that rejigged back line and immediately drew a little barging panic from Jones.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 最后，终于; 总算; 末后; 结果
分布：最后(58%)，最终(21%)，决定性地(21%)
ad.最后,最终;决定性地I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
adverb
AFTER TIME 一段时间过后
 ESSENTIAL
■after a long time or some difficulty 最后；终于
• We finally got home at midnight. 我们终于在午夜时分到了家。
• After months of looking he finally found a job. 找了好几个月后他终于找到了一份工作。
['faɪ.nə.li] adverb
LAST 最后
 IMPROVER
■used especially at the beginning of a sentence to introduce the last point or idea （尤用于句首）最后
• Finally, I'd like to thank everyone for coming this evening. 最后，我要感谢各位今晚光临。
['faɪ.nə.li] adverb
CERTAINLY 必定
■in a way that will not be changed 最终地，决定性地
• The plan hasn't been finally approved. 计划还没有获得最终批准。
['faɪ.nə.li] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  finallyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'l', add '-ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'finaly', write finally.
in the end, at last, finally, at length, lastly, eventually
这组词都有“最后，终于”的意思，其区别是：
in the end: 与at last同义，但in the end不仅可指“过去”还可表示对“未来”的预计。
at last: 多指经主观努力，克服各种困难后才终于达到目的。
finally: 常与at last换用，都可用于对往事的描述，但finally不带感情色彩，指一系列事情的最后结局。
at length: 强调经历一段长时间后终于完成，侧重在时间部分。
lastly: 指连续顺序的最后，通常用在列举事情的场合。
eventually: 侧重于动作或行为的结果。
adv. 最后；终于；决定性地
 - eventually, ultimately, lastly

Word: deputy
Front: deputy
[ˈdepjuti] (研四六托雅宝 2568/1827 -4)
Vocabulary: deputy
(once / 215 pages)
1n 2n
A deputy is a sheriff's assistant, the person who fills in when the sheriff isn't available. When a deputy is in charge, she has the same powers and authority as the sheriff.
You can use the noun deputy for anyone who is singled out to step in for another person. A deputy leader of a government fills in when the president or prime minister is ill, and a magazine's deputy editor is qualified to edit an issue when the editor isn't available. The Middle French root is députer, "appoint or assign," from the Late Latin deputare.
WORD FAMILY
deputy: deputies, deputise, deputize +/deputise: deputised, deputising/ deputize: deputized, deputizes, deputizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His deputy was also jailed for bribery two years ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is in the national interest of the U.S. to maintain an open investment policy,” said Aimen Mir, Treasury’s deputy assistant secretary for investment security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Deputies told State Police investigators that they gunned down Senegal after he pointed a pistol at them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 副手; 代理人; 代表
adj. 副的; 代理的
分布：副手(58%)，代表(37%)，议员(5%)
→来自depute, 授权，使担任副职，代表。
n.代理人,代表a.副的,代理的The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】de下，put放－下放权力－代理
【参】depute（v 委托）；repute（n 名声）；dispute（v /n 反驳）；deputize（v 代表）
US [-tˌi] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who is given the power to do something instead of another person, or the person whose rank is immediately below that of the leader of an organization 代理人；副职，副手
• I'd like you to meet Ann Gregory, my deputy. 我想请你见见我的副手安•葛列格里。
• I'm acting as deputy while the boss is away. 老板不在的时候，我就代理他的工作。
• She's deputy (head) of a large North London school. 她在伦敦北部一间很大的中学里当副校长。
• the deputy chairperson/manager/ USsheriff, etc. 副主席／经理／治安官等
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
n. [法] [贸易] 代理人，代表
 - agent, representation, factor, secondary, proxy
adj. 副的； [法] [贸易] 代理的
 - acting, vice, agent, auxiliary

Word: fortune
Front: fortune
[ˈfɔ:tʃu:n] (高研四六托 2703/2626 -K3)
Vocabulary: fortune
(once / 26 pages)
n
A fortune can be a large amount of money, and fortune is a form of fate. So you want to have the good fortune to make a fortune during your career.
Fortuna was the Roman goddess of fate and luck. She was sometimes depicted with a wheel, and the random spinning of her "wheel of fortune" became a symbol for the unpredictability of fate (and, much later, the title of a popular game show). A fortune teller can look into her crystal ball or tarot cards and predict your future. But her predictions are probably about as accurate as the "prophecy" that comes inside your fortune cookie.
WORD FAMILY
fortune: fortunate, fortunes, misfortune +/ fortunate: fortunately, fortunatest, misfortunate, unfortunate /misfortunate: misfortunately/ misfortune: misfortunes/ unfortunate: unfortunately, unfortunates
USAGE EXAMPLES
My point isn’t that we spend hours or a fortune in the kitchen, just that we adopt an old-fashioned approach where we avoid processed food.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the pillars of Mr. Trump’s campaign was his intention to revive the fortunes of the coal industry through support of so-called clean coal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Worst spark: Would Foster’s timely deflection be the play that turned Washington’s fortunes around?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （某人的）命运; 富有; 幸运; [常作复数]（人生事件中的）时运
vt. 给予财富
vi. 偶然发生
分布：财产(48%)，命运(26%)，运气(26%)
→来自拉丁语fortuna, 运气，机会，来自bher, 带来，词源同bring, infer. 引申词义财富。
运气,财富(fort+une)[furt=luck,表示"运气"]
n.运气;命运;财产;财富He received a large fortune when his uncle died.他在叔父去世时得到了一大笔财产.
US ['fɔ:r-] noun
WEALTH 财富
 IMPROVER countable
■a large amount of money, goods, property, etc 一大笔钱；大量财产
• She inherited a fortune from her grandmother. 她从祖母那里继承了一大笔财产。
• He lost a fortune gambling. 他赌博输了一大笔钱。
• You can make a fortune out of junk if you call it 'antiques'. 把破烂叫做“古董”，就可以从中发一笔财。
• This dress cost a (small) fortune. 这条连衣裙花了很多钱。
• Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune. 梵高的任何一幅作品都值一大笔钱。
UK ['fɔ:.tʃu:n] US ['fɔ:r-] noun
CHANCE 机会
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■chance and the way it affects your life （影响人生的）机会，际遇，运气
• He had the (good) fortune to train with some of the world's top athletes. 他有幸与一些世界顶级的运动员一起训练。
• The family's fortunes changed overnight. 那个家庭的命运一夜之间改变了。
tell sb's fortune
■to discover what will happen to someone in the future, for example by looking at the lines on their hands or using a special set of cards 为（某人）算命
UK ['fɔ:.tʃu:n] US ['fɔ:r-] noun
fortune smiles on sb
■If fortune smiles on you, you are lucky and good things happen to you. 命运向（某人）微笑，（某人）交好运
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 财富；命运；运气
 - wealth, treasure, money, fate, luck
vi. 偶然发生
 - chance to, happen to

Word: branch
Front: branch
[brɑ:ntʃ] (高研四雅 1807/1178 -K3)
Vocabulary: branch
(once / 67 pages)
1nv 2n
A branch can mean the "arm" of a tree, or any other kind of arm––a branch of a bank is a division of the bank.
Branch also works as a verb. If you play soccer every day after school and you want to "branch out" athletically, you might consider playing tennis. You might turn onto a little road that branches off a main one. A branch of a river is called a tributary.
WORD FAMILY
branch: branched, branches, branching, branchless, branchlet, branchy+/branched: unbranched/branching: branchings, unbranching/branchlet: branchlets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But its roots remain in New York, where its East Harlem branch, Youth Action/YouthBuild, is still in its original storefront.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She is currently weighing whether to run again and meanwhile is running Emerge Colorado, a branch of Emerge America.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Reversing them would appear as an olive branch from the new president to his Russian counterpart.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 树枝; 分支; 部门，分科; 支流
vi. 分支形成; 分支扩张; 扩大某人的兴趣，业务或活动范围; [计]下分支的指令
vt. 使分支; 使分叉; 用枝形叶脉刺绣花纹装饰
时态：branched, branching, branches
分布：分支(46%)，树枝(38%)，部门(6%)，分部(5%)，分店(3%)，分岔(2%)
→词源不详。可能来自break, 分开的。
n.(树)条,分支;分店;(学科)分科,部门;支流I bundled a bunch of branches and anchored it on the punching bench.我捆起一簇树枝,将它栓在冲压工作台上.
US [bræntʃ] noun countable
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of something larger 一部分；支族，旁系
• Immunology is a branch of biological science. 免疫学是生物科学的一个分支。
• One branch of their family (= One group of relatives) emigrated to Brazil. 他们家族的一支移居到了巴西。
• In the US, the president is part of the executive branch of the government. 在美国，总统是政府行政分支的一部分。
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the offices or groups that form part of a large business organization 分支机构；分部；分行；分店
• I used to work in the local branch of a large bank. 我曾在一家大型银行设在当地的分行工作。
• She's a branch manager. 她是个分部经理。
• Take the forms into your local branch office. 带着这些表格到你们的当地分部。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] noun countable
TREE PART 树的一部分
■one of the parts of a tree that grows out from the main trunk and has leaves, flowers or fruit on it 树枝
• bare/leafy/flowering branches 光秃秃／叶子茂密／开满花的树枝
• The fruit on the lower branches was protected from the sun. 下边树枝上的果子见不到阳光。
• Watch out for overhanging branches. 小心下垂的树枝。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] noun countable
RIVER 河
■a part of a river or road that leaves the main part 支流；岔路
• This branch of the river eventually empties into the Atlantic. 大河的这条支流最终注入大西洋。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] verb intransitive
TREE 树
■to produce branches 出枝；发出新枝
• The top of the tree had been cut off to encourage it to branch (out) lower down. 树冠已被砍去，目的是为了促使它从下面抽出新枝。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] verb intransitive
SPLIT 分裂
■to divide into two 分岔，岔开
• The road branches at the bottom of the hill. 公路在山脚下分岔。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  branch off
■If a road or path branches off, it goes in another direction （道路）岔开，分岔
• We drove down a narrow track that branched off from the main road. 我们行驶在一条从大路上分岔出来的窄路上。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  branch off sth
■to leave a main road by turning into a smaller road 离开（主路）
• We branched off the main route and went through the countryside. 我们驶离主路并从乡间穿过。
UK [brɑ:ntʃ] US [bræntʃ] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  branch out
■to start to do something different from what you usually do, especially in your job 涉足（尤指新工作）；扩展（业务）
• This designer has recently branched out into children's wear. 这位设计师最近开始设计童装。
• After a couple of years working for other people, she branched out on her own (= started her own business). 为别人打了几年工后，她开始自己创业。
shoot, bough, branch, limb
这组词都有“枝”的意思，其区别是：
shoot: 指植物或灌木刚长出的新枝、嫩枝或嫩芽。
bough: 指主枝或粗大强壮的枝。
branch: 普通用词，泛指树木比bough小一些的大枝或小枝，也可用于引申意义。
limb: 多指主枝或大枝。
n. [林] 树枝， [植] 分枝；分部； [地理] [水文] 支流
 - sticks, feeder

Word: box
Front: box
[bɒks] (中高 795/874 -K4)
Vocabulary: box
(once / 62 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv
A box is a container with a flat bottom. You might get a box in the mail, open it up, and find several boxes of cookies inside.
A box of crayons or a box of cereal open at the top and are rectangular. A flat, two-dimensional box is one you draw or fill in on a form or test: "Check the box that best describes the word's meaning." When box is used as a verb, it means "put in a box," but also "hit or spar with fists."
WORD FAMILY
box: boxed, boxer, boxes, boxful, boxing, boxlike, boxy, unbox+/boxer: boxers/boxful: boxfuls/boxing: boxings/unbox: unboxed, unboxing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His chapters are organized with the pleasing precision of a bento box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The school calls the gym the Lions’ Den, but many visitors call it the Dungeon and liken playing there to playing hockey inside a box.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those runaway hits are contributing to what industry sources are projecting to be a record year at the box office.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 盒; 箱状物; 包厢; 哨房
vt. 把…装入盒[箱，匣]中
vt. & vi. 拳击
时态：boxed, boxing, boxes
分布：盒子(47%)，箱子(33%)，拳击(5%)，耳光(4%)，包厢(4%)，黄杨木(2%)，把…装箱(1%)，一拳(1%)，专席(1%)，巴掌(1%)，打耳光(1%)
→1.箱子，来自拉丁词buxis, 黄杨木，后指黄杨木做的箱子。可能同bush.
n.盒,箱;包厢v.把...装箱;拳击,打耳光Her boyfriend fed a box of oxygen and hydrogen to the ox and fox.她男朋友给牛和狐狸喂了一盒子氧和氢.
US [bɑ:ks] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a square or rectangular container with stiff sides and sometimes a lid 箱；盒；匣
• a cardboard box 纸板箱
• a cigar box 雪茄烟盒
• a matchbox 火柴盒
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a box and its contents, or just the contents of a box 一箱（或一盒、一匣）的容量
• a box of matches 一盒火柴
• He ate a whole box of chocolates. 他吃了整整一盒巧克力。
countable UK (US cup)
■a piece of hard plastic worn by men to protect their sex organs when playing sport （男运动员的）下体护身，护阴
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] noun
SQUARE SPACE 方格
 ESSENTIAL countable
■any square or rectangular space on a form, sports field, road etc., which is separated from the main area by lines （表格上的）方框，方格；（体育场、道路等上）以线标出的特定区域
• If you would like more information, mark this box. 如果你需要更多的资料，请在这个方框内打钩。
countable US for
■ box junction （前方通畅时方可驶入的）路口方形黄线区
countable
■a small space with walls 专席；小亭
• a jury/telephone box 陪审团席／公众电话亭
• Their new house is just a box (= very small). 他们的新房子非常小。
countable
■a small area with seats which is separate from the other seats in a theatre or at the side of a sports field （戏院中或运动场边的）包厢
• Can you see Prince Charles in the royal box? 你能看见皇室专用包厢里的查理斯王子吗？
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] noun
TELEVISION 电视
the box UK informal
only singular
■television 电视
• There's nothing worth watching on the box tonight. 今晚的电视没有甚么值得一看的。
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] noun
ADDRESS 地址
countable (also box _number)
■a number that you can give instead of your address, especially in newspaper advertisements 信箱号码
• Please reply to Box 307, The Times, London. 回信请寄伦敦泰晤士报307信箱。
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] noun
TREE 树
uncountable
■a small evergreen (= never losing its leaves) tree with small shiny leaves 黄杨，黄杨属植物
⇒ See also boxwood
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] verb
SPORT 体育
intransitive or transitive
■to fight someone in the sport of boxing （与…）斗拳；参加（拳击比赛）
• He used to box every weekend. 他以前每个周末都打拳击。
• I've boxed (against) some of the best. 我曾和一些最好的拳击手较量过。
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] verb
PUT IN CONTAINER 置于容器内
transitive (also box up)
■to put something in a box 把…装箱，把…置于箱（或盒子）内
• Should I box these shoes up for you, or would you like to wear them now? 我帮你把这双鞋子装进盒子还是你现在就穿？
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] verb
box sb's ears (UK also give sb a box on the ears) old-fashioned
■to hit someone on the ears, usually as a punishment 打（某人）的耳光
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] box sb/sth in
■to move so close to someone or something that they cannot move away 把…困住
• When I got back to my car, I found it had been boxed in by a lorry. 回来时发现我的车被一辆货车堵在里面了。
UK [bɒks] US [bɑ:ks] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] box sb in
■to prevent someone from doing what they want to do 限制（某人），约束（某人）
• She did not want to send her son to a school where he would be boxed in by so many rules and regulations. 她不想把儿子送到一所被规章制度束手束脚的学校。
boxed in
adjective [after verb]
■prevented from doing what you want to do 受限制的，受束缚的
• He feels boxed in at work and wants greater freedom to develop his ideas. 他工作上感到束手束脚，希望有更多的自由来展开自己的想法。
n. [包装] 箱，盒子；包厢；一拳
 - case, balcony
vi. 拳击
 - spar

Word: earnings
Front: earnings
[ˈɜ:nɪŋz] (六 2918/2619 -3)
Vocabulary: earnings
(once / 392 pages)
n
Earnings are the amount of money you make from doing a job. You'll be a lot more excited about babysitting when you learn your earnings will be more than generous.
Most earnings come from work that you've done, although money you earn from an investment can also be called earnings. Any financial profit or gain you make go into the earnings category, since you earn that money, whether through work, luck, or intelligence. The Proto-Germanic root, *aznon, means "do harvest work."
WORD FAMILY
earning: earnings +/ earn: earned, earner, earning, earns/earned: unearned/earner: earners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dalrymple’s budget proposed transferring earnings to the general fund but leaving the principal untouched.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some investors consider the big-stock S&P 500 to be pricey, with the average stock selling for 17 times analysts' 2017 earnings per share estimates.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
“Volatility in earnings is a really big problem.”
Salon(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 收入，所得; 工资，报酬; 收益，利润
分布：收入(81%)，利润(19%)
→来自earn, 挣得，赚取。
US ['ɝ:-] plural noun
 IMPROVER
■the amount of money that someone is paid for the work they do 薪水，工资
• Average earnings for skilled workers are rising. 熟练工人的平均工资正在上涨。
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. [会计] 收入
 - income, proceeds, receipt

Word: moderate
Front: moderate
[ˈmɒdərət] (研四六托雅 3264/4567 -3)
Vocabulary: moderate
(once / 149 pages)
1adjnv 2v
A moderate voter is someone who is politically speaking, in the center. In other words, they are not quite left or right, but somewhere in the middle.
Moderate comes from the Latin for "medium sized," and as a noun and an adjective it means "middle, medium." If you get moderate rainfall, it's not too much and not too little. Goldilocks was known for her moderate tastes. As a verb, it means "to temper," or "to reduce from the extreme." If you moderate your speed while driving, you slow down a bit. If you moderate a discussion, you help two or more people have a reasonable conversation.
WORD FAMILY
moderate: immoderate, moderated, moderately, moderateness, moderates, moderating, moderation, moderatism, moderator+/ immoderate: immoderately, immoderateness, immoderation/moderated: unmoderated/ moderation: moderationism, moderationist, moderations/moderator: moderators, moderatorship
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hopefully they'll be able to listen - and then start to moderate.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Austin says three other people in his car and the SUV driver were hospitalized with moderate to severe injuries.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有节制的; 稳健的，温和的; 适度的，中等的; <美俚>慢吞吞的
vt. 使和缓; 主持; 节制
vi. 变缓和; 作主持人
时态：moderated, moderating, moderates
分布：温和的(43%)，适度的(27%)，节制(13%)，中等的(10%)，稳健的(6%)，稳健的人(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度。引申词义适度的，适中的。
适度的,适中的(moder[=mod]+ate→做事有风度→适度的)[mod=mode,manner,表示"方式,模式,风度"]
有节制的(moder模,规矩)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
a.有节制的,中等的,适度的,温和的,稳健的The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
【参】moderator（n 缓和剂；调解人）；modest（adj 谦虚的；适度的）；moiety（n 二分之一；一部分）
US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
MEDIUM-SIZED 中等的
 ADVANCED
■neither small nor large but between the two; clearly within the limits of a range of possibilities 中等的；不过分的，适度的
• moderate growth/inflation 适度的增长／通货膨胀
• He's a moderate drinker. 他是个饮酒有节制的人。
• The cabin is of moderate size - just right for a small family. 这间小屋中等大小——正适合一个小家庭。
• Imposing sanctions is a moderate action when you consider that the alternative is military intervention. 如果考虑到另一选择是军事干预的话，你就会发现实施制裁并不是过分的举措。
adjective UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
SLIGHT 轻微的
■slight or limited; not as great as hoped for 有限的；不大的
• There has been a moderate improvement in her health since she began the treatment. 开始治疗后，她的健康状况稍有好转。
• We have had moderate success in changing people's attitudes. 我们在改变人们的态度方面有一点成果。
adjective UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-]
OPINIONS 意见
■describes opinions, especially political ones, that are not extreme and are therefore acceptable to a large number of people （尤指政见）温和的，不激烈的，不偏激的
• The party leader is an extreme left-winger, but her deputy is more moderate in her views. 那个党的领导人是极左分子，但她的副手观点较温和。
noun countable UK [ˈmɒd.ər.ət] US [ˈmɑː.də˞-/
■a person whose opinions, especially their political ones, are not extreme and are therefore acceptable to a large number of people （尤指政见）温和派，稳健派
• He is well-known as a moderate in the party. 他是这个党派中出名的温和派。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [ˈmɒd.ər.eɪt] US [ˈmɑː.də.reɪt/
■to (cause to) become less in size, strength, or force; to reduce something （使）缓和；（使）适中；减轻，减弱；节制
• There have been repeated calls for the president to moderate his stance on contraception. 人们反覆要求总统在避孕问题上采取较为温和的立场。
• Weather conditions have moderated, making a rescue attempt possible. 天气条件转好，令当局有可能尝试展开营救。
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 稳健的，温和的；适度的，中等的；有节制的
 - pacific, medium, secondary, soft, middle
vi. 变缓和，变弱
 - weaken
vt. 节制；减轻
 - deny oneself, allay

Word: assembly
Front: assembly
[əˈsembli] (研四托 3965/1596 -3)
Vocabulary: assembly
(once / 119 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun assembly to refer group of people meeting up for a mutual purpose, such as a church service.
Often used to describing a gathering of people, the word assembly can also refer to putting something together, such as a machine or a piece of furniture. No matter if the individual components are people or objects, assembly implies a bringing together. You may be familiar with the term "freedom of assembly," which is considered a basic human right. It means that people are free to peacefully gather together to protest the government, to worship, to hold a public meeting . . . or even to play poker. This allows people to exchange information and pursue mutual goals.
WORD FAMILY
assembly: assemblies, reassembly, sub-assembly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The first regular session of the new assembly of state lawmakers - the 30th Alaska Legislature - begins Jan. 17.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Wednesday marks the opening day of the General Assembly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Assembly Republican leaders say other ideas, including tax and fee increases, should be in the mix.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法机构; 议会; 集会; 装配
分布：装配(65%)，集会(11%)，集合(10%)，议会(9%)，与会者(4%)，聚集在一起的人(1%)
n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院The trembles of the umbrella assembly lines have resemblances.这些雨伞装配线的抖动有相似之处.
noun
MEETING 集会
 ADVANCED countable
■a group of people, especially one that meets regularly for a particular purpose, such as government, or more generally, the process of coming together, or the state of being together （尤指为特定目的而经常）聚集在一起的人，（所有）与会者；集合，聚集
• the United Nations General Assembly 联合国大会
• She has been tipped as a future member of the Welsh Assembly. 大家预测她将会成为威尔士议会议员。
Assembly
 ADVANCED US
■one of the two parts of the government that makes laws in many US States （美国某些州的）州众议院
• the New York Assembly 纽约州众议院
• The Senate and the Assembly put aside political differences to pass the aid package. 州参众两院搁置了政治分歧，以通过有关援助的一连串计划。
countable or uncountable
■a meeting in a school of several classes for a group activity such as singing, a theatrical performance or a film （多个班级参加的）集体活动，集会
• All pupils are expected to attend school assembly. 所有学生都要参加学校集会。
• There's a religious assembly every morning. 学校每天早上都举行宗教早会。
[ə'sem.bli] noun
JOINING 连接
uncountable
■the process of putting together the parts of a machine or structure 组装；装配
countable specialized
■the structure produced by this process 组合体；组成
• The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine assembly. 座身要非常坚固，足以承受引擎所有组件的重量。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. [机] 装配；集会，集合
 - concentration, convergence, fishing, set, gathering

Word: controversial
Front: controversial
[ˌkɒntrəˈvɜ:ʃl] (高研六托雅宝 3090/3444 -3)
Vocabulary: controversial
(once / 823 pages)
adj
If a politician ran for office on the platform that children should be put to work from age six, his platform is likely to be controversial, meaning it will cause controversy, or a long discussion among people with opposing opinions.
Controversies are usually public disagreements about important matters. The adjective controversial is from the Latin from controversus "disputed," formed from the prefix contra- "against" plus versus, from vertere "to turn." The Latin suffix –ialis, corresponding to the English suffixes –ial and –al, means "relating to or characterized by."
WORD FAMILY
controversial: controversially, noncontroversial, uncontroversial +/controversialist: controversialists/ controversy: controversial, controversialist, controversies/ uncontroversial: uncontroversially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The obvious solution for corporations is to say nothing controversial.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
She is declared the winner of the Iowa caucuses via a controversial and confusing process that, in some precincts, involves dodgeball.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有争议的，引起争议的，被争论的; 好争论的
分布：有争议的(91%)，引起争论的(9%)
a.引起争论的,有争议的it is a controversial film.这是一场有争议的电影.
【记】contro反，vers转－跟别人反着转－引起争论的
【参】controversy（adj 争论，辩论＝quarrel＝dispute＝argument）
【反】axiomatic（adj 不言自明的）
US [ˌkɑ:n.trə'vɝ:-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■causing disagreement or discussion 有争议的；引起争议的
• a controversial issue/decision/speech/figure 有争议的问题／决议／讲话／数位
• The book was very controversial. 这本书很有争议。
adj. 有争议的；有争论的
 - disputed, questioned

Word: sum
Front: sum
[sʌm] (研四六托 3843/1671 -K3)
Vocabulary: sum
(once / 94 pages)
nv
When you determine the sum, you add up all the numbers. When you sum something up, you focus on all of its important points.
The word sum can also refer to a certain amount of money. A new car might cost you a huge sum of money. But if you sum or add up all its benefits, you might be able to justify spending so much. You calculate the total on a restaurant bill when you sum up the prices of everything you ordered. Sum doesn't have to refer strictly to numbers. When you sum something up, you're giving an overview or general statement about it.
WORD FAMILY
sum: summate, summation, summed, summing, sums+/summate: summated, summating/ summation: summational, summations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“We worked so hard throughout the season, it just sums it all up,” Schmidt said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some poor families spend large sums on expensive creams to fight the disease.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总数; 算术; 金额; 概略，要点
vt. & vi. 总计; 总结，概括; 归纳
时态：summed, summing, sums
分布：总结(48%)，概括(15%)，总数(11%)，金额(9%)，归纳(8%)，总计(5%)，要点(4%)
→来自拉丁语 summa,阴性形式于 summus,最高的，最上面的，缩写自 sup-mos-,最上面的， 构成 super 的最高级形式，-m,最高级后缀，词源同 maximum,minimum.后形容词作名词使用， 引申词义最高点及相关词义。
总计,和[sum,summ=addup,表示"总,加"]
n.总数,和;金额;算术题;要旨v.合计,总计The sum of the hammers is made in the summer summary.锤子总额在夏季总结里作了统计.
noun
AMOUNT OF MONEY 钱数
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an amount of money 金额
• Huge sums of money are spent on national defence. 巨额的钱财都投入到国防上。
• He'll get £50 000 from the company when he retires, which is a tidy (= large) sum. 他退休的时候会从公司拿到五万英镑，这可不是一个小数目。
• humorous I worked for three whole weeks for which I received the princely (= very low) sum of $100. 我整整工作了三周，却只得到可怜兮兮的100美元。
[sʌm] noun
CALCULATION 计算
countable
■a calculation, especially a simple one, using such processes as adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing （尤指运用加减乘除的简单）计算，算术
• I remember how much I hated doing sums when I was at school. 我记得我上学的时候非常讨厌算术。
[sʌm] noun
TOTAL 总数
only singular
■the whole number or amount when two or more numbers or amounts have been added together 总数，总和
• The sum of thirteen and eight is twenty-one. 13加8等于21。
in sum formal
■considered as a whole 总的来说，总而言之，总之
• The meeting was, in sum, a disaster. 总而言之，这次会议糟糕透了。
the sum of sth
■all of something 全部…，所有…
• I'm afraid that's the pitiful sum of my knowledge on the subject! 恐怕我对这个学科的了解总共就那么一点点！
[sʌm] noun
get / have your sums right / wrong mainly UK
■to calculate the cost of something correctly/wrongly 正确／错误地计算费用
• I must confess that I got my sums wrong - the house extension is costing a lot more than I expected. 我必须承认我算错了帐——房子的扩建费用大大超出我的预期。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum (sth/sb) up
 ADVANCED
■to describe or express the important facts or characteristics about something or someone 总结，概述，概括
• The best way of summing up the situation in our office is to say that it is 'absolute chaos'. 一言以蔽之，我们办公室的情况“完全是一团糟”。
• I'd just like to sum up by saying that it's been a tremendous pleasure to work with you. 总之，跟您合作真是一大乐事。
• He's a small man with a big ego - that about sums him up, doesn't it? 他是个自高自大的小个子男人——这样概括他差不多吧?
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sum sth/sb up
■An action or object which sums something or someone up represents the most typical qualities of that person or thing 代表，体现
• For me, her paintings sum up the restless spirit of America. 在我看来，她的画集中表现了自强不息的美国精神。
■to quickly form an opinion about someone or something 对…迅速作出判断
• She summed up the situation quickly and took charge. 她很快对形势作出判断并开始主持工作。
[sʌm] verb (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  sum up
■When a judge sums up towards the end of a trial, he or she makes a speech to the jury telling them again of the main matters they should consider in the case. （审理结束前法官向陪审团）作案件总结，作结案陈词 summing-up /ˌsʌm.ɪŋˈʌp] noun countable
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
n. 金额； [数] 总数
 - total, gross
vi. 概括
 - recapitulate, gather up
vt. 总结；合计
 - summarize, tally up

Word: connection
Front: connection
[kəˈnekʃn] (高研四六托 1421/1669 -K3)
Vocabulary: connection
(once / 105 pages)
1n 2n
The word connection is good for talking about the way things relate to each other. Your special connection to your cousin might have something to do with your mutual love for science fiction and barbecue.
A connection can be physical, like the leash that provides the connection between you and your German shepherd, or emotional, like the connection you feel with your best friend. Any kind of direct relation is a connection as well, such as the connection a detective makes between a footprint at a crime scene and a suspect's favorite pair of shoes. The root is the Latin connexionem, "a binding or joining together."
WORD FAMILY
connection: connections+/ connect: connected, connecter, connecting, connection, connective, connector, connects, connexion, disconnect, interconnect/connected: connectedly, connectedness, unconnected / connective: connectively, connectives, connectivity/connector: connectors/connexion: connexions/ disconnect: disconnected, disconnecting, disconnection, disconnects/disconnected: disconnectedly, disconnectedness/disconnectedness: disconnectednesses/ disconnection: disconnections/interconnect: interconnected, interconnecting, interconnection, interconnects/interconnected: interconnectedness/interconnection: interconnections/ unconnected: unconnectedly, unconnectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He consistently challenged traditional interpretations of art and society and connections between the two.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police are questioning him in connection with negligence.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Personal connections really help, and there was an especially personal connection for “Son of Zorn” as Gillette is one of the show’s writers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 连接; 联系，关系; 连接点; 亲戚
分布：连接(74%)，联系(14%)，关系(10%)，亲戚(2%)
连结(con+nect+ion)[Nect,nex=bind,表示"连结"]
n.(connexion)联系,连接;亲戚,社会关系The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
noun
RELATION 联系
 IMPROVER countable
■when someone or something is related to someone or something else （与某人或某事的）联系
• The connection between smoking and heart disease is well known. 吸烟和心脏病之间的联系已为人们所熟知。
• They're sisters, are they? I knew their surname was the same, but I never made (= thought of) the connection. 她们是姐妹，是不是？我知道她们同姓，可从没想过她们是一家。
in connection with sth
■on the subject of something 关于，与…有关
• They want to talk to you in connection with an unpaid tax bill. 他们想和你谈谈一张未付税单的事。
[kə'nek.ʃən] noun
JOIN 连接
countable or uncountable
■when something joins or is joined to something else, or the part or process that makes this possible （事物间的）连接，联结；连接物
• The electricity company guarantees connection within 24 hours. 电力公司保证24小时内通电。
• It's no wonder your shaver isn't working. There's a loose connection (= a connecting wire has become loose) in the plug. 难怪你的剃须刀不转了，插头接线松了。
countable
■when people or things are joined or connected in some way （人或事物之间的）联系，关联，关系
connections [plural]
■the people you know and who can help you 社会关系；人际关系；可资利用的熟人
• He only got the job because of his connections! 他是因为人事关系才得到了这份工作！
• He has important connections in Washington. 他在华盛顿认识一些很有权势的人。
[kə'nek.ʃən] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
countable
■when it is possible for two people to speak to each other by telephone 为…接通（与某人的电话）
• Sorry, could you repeat that? This is a very bad connection. 对不起，请重复一遍，好吗？通话效果太差了。
[kə'nek.ʃən] noun
TRANSPORT 公共运输
countable
■a bus, train, plane, etc. that arrives at a suitable time for passengers to get on after getting off another one to continue their journey （供中转旅客换乘的）接驳交通工具（如公车、火车、飞机等）
• If the flight is late, we'll miss our connection. 如果航班晚点，我们会错过转机。
n. 连接；关系；连接件
 - relationship, bearing, link, concern, junction

Word: contest
Front: contest
[ˈkɒntest] (研四六雅宝 3062/3919 -K3)
Vocabulary: contest
(once / 177 pages)
nv
A contest is a struggle to determine who's tops –- you might wrestle an alligator in a contest of brute strength versus strategy. You can also enter a contest — a yodeling contest or a cake-decorating contest, depending on your talents.
If you're being sued and you respond to the court order saying "no contest," you're saying you're not going to put up a fight. When you put the accent on the second syllable, contest becomes a verb, and it means to dispute something. You lost the election for class president, but you think there was something fishy going on at the ballot box, so you contest the results and ask for a recount.
WORD FAMILY
contest: contestable, contestation, contested, contestee, contester, contesting, contests+/contestable: contestably, incontestable /contestation: contestations/ contested: uncontested/contestee: contestees/contester: contesters/ incontestable: incontestably/uncontested: uncontestedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also was sentenced to 18 years in prison on state child-sex charges related to the same abuse after pleading no contest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Outside of the inaugural mayoral contests, there will be elections to 34 councils in England.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 竞争，为…而奋争; 辩驳
vi. 争斗; 竞争; 争夺
时态：contested, contesting, contests
分布：比赛(74%)，竞赛(23%)，争取(1%)，奋斗(1%)，驳斥(1%)
→con-, 强调。-test, 见证，词源同attest, detest。字面意思即找人来作证的。
比赛,竞赛(con共同+test→共同测试→比赛)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
n.竞争,竞赛,比赛v.竞争,比赛,争论The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
【记】con共同，test（v /n 测试；检验）－共同测试－比赛竞争
【参】detest（vt 厌恶；憎恨）
US [ˈkɑːn-]
COMPETITION 竞赛
 IMPROVER
■a competition to do better than other people, usually in which prizes are given 比赛；竞赛
• a dance/sports contest 舞蹈／体育比赛
• She's won a lot of beauty contests. 她多次在选美大赛中获胜。
noun countable UK [ˈkɒn.test] US [ˈkɑːn-]
ATTEMPT 努力
 ADVANCED
■an attempt, usually against difficulties, to win an election or to get power or control （为赢得选举或权力而进行的）争取，争夺
• The contest for deputy leadership of the party is gathering speed. 该党副领袖职务的竞选争夺正在加剧。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
ARGUE 争论
■If you contest a formal statement, a claim , a judge's decision, or a legal case, you say formally that it is wrong or unfair and try to have it changed 质疑；辩驳；驳斥
• We will certainly contest any claims made against the safety of our products. 我们肯定会驳斥任何批评我们产品安全性的说法。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
COMPETE 竞争
■to compete for something 竞争；争夺；角逐
• The medal is being keenly contested by eight gymnasts. 八名体操运动员在激烈争夺这枚金牌。
verb transitive /kənˈtest/
ATTEMPT 努力
■to attempt to win an election or to get power or control 争取，争夺（选举胜利或权力）
• She stands a good chance, since only two people are contesting the seat and the other candidate is very unpopular. 她大有希望获胜，因为只有两个人争夺这个位置，而另一个候选人很不得人心。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
content, contrast, context, contest
content: 内容；
contrast: 对比，差异；
context: 上下文
contest: 比赛，竞赛；
contest, match, competition
这组词都有“比赛，竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contest: 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。
match: 通常指体育运动项目的比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。
competition: 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技巧等方面的竞赛。
vt. 争辩；提出质疑
 - argue against, chop logic
vi. 竞争；争辩
 - cope, rival
n. 竞赛；争夺；争论
 - competition, match, combat

Word: elite
Front: elite
[eɪˈli:t] (研六托雅宝 2735/4216 -2)
Vocabulary: elite
(once / 1044 pages)
nadj
The elite are the group thought to be the best and having the highest status. In the middle ages, only elite men were taught to read and write.
There are elite schools, elite teams, and elite players, some really the best and some just calling themselves the best. Who can join the basketball elite besides LeBron James and Michael Jordan? That's a matter of opinion. Elite is used with a singular or plural verb, depending on whether these special people are considered together as a group or as individual members of a group.
WORD FAMILY
elite: elitely, elites, elitism +/ elitism: elitist / elitist: elitists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To them, undomesticated crassness meant that he wasn’t one of the intelligentsia or the political elite.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams said Pickens’ comments about the fired employees “not fitting in” reinforces a long history of African-Americans not being allowed into elite, private-club settings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. <法>精华; 精锐，精英; 上层集团; （统称）掌权人物
分布：精英(89%)，精英的(8%)，优秀的(3%)
→来自法语。e-, 向外。-lit, 选出，字母c脱落，词源同eligible, elect.
精英人物(e出+lite[=lig选]→选出的[人物]→精英人物)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
社会精英(el[=elect选择]+ite...选出的人物)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
n.[集合名词]精华;精锐;中坚分子The lateral elite is literally illiterate.边上的杰出人物简直是文盲.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■the richest, most powerful, best educated or best trained group in a society （社会）上层集团；掌权人物；出类拔萃的人，精英
• the country's educated elite 这个国家受过良好教育的精英
• a member of the elite 上层集团的一员
• disapproving A powerful and corrupt elite has bled this country dry. 该国专权腐败的权贵阶层榨干了人民的血汗。
[ɪ'li:t] adjective [before noun]
• Elite (= A group of excellent) troops were airlifted to the trouble zone. 精锐部队被空运到骚乱地区。
n. 精英；精华；中坚分子
 - essence, flower, regular, prime, distillation

Word: apparently
Front: apparently
[əˈpærəntli] (1407/1243 -K4)
Vocabulary: apparently
(once / 85 pages)
adv
Apparently is an adverb meaning "evidently" or "obviously." After his sixth hot dog, you might say to your friend, "Well! Apparently somebody was hungry!"
While apparently can mean "plainly" — like, duh — it can also mean "seemingly," which is almost "evidently" or "obviously," but not quite. There's a certain amount of guessing involved, based on appearances. The park ranger who shows up in the morning to examine the path of destruction through your campsite might say that it was "apparently the work of a hungry bear," not because he's totally sure, but because it definitely looks like something the bears around here would do.
WORD FAMILY
apparent: apparency, apparently, apparentness, unapparent
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is that Mr. Trump apparently does not sit still for the intelligence briefings that try to describe the world as it is.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Apparently you used to read the dictionary as a child?
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 据说; 似乎; 看来; 显然
分布：似乎(43%)，表面上(41%)，显然(16%)
US [-'per-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■used to say you have read or been told something although you are not certain it is true 据…所知；看来；据说；听说
• Apparently it's going to rain today. 看来今天会下雨。
• Apparently he's had enough of England and is going back to Australia. 据说他在英格兰呆够了，要回澳大利亚。
 IMPROVER
■used when the real situation is different from what you thought it was 实际上
• You know I told you Alice's party was on the 13th, well I saw her last night and apparently it's on the 14th. 你还记得我告诉过你爱丽丝的聚会在13号举行，可是我昨晚见到她后得知实际上是14号。
• She looks about 10 but apparently she's 14. 她看上去差不多10岁，可实际上都14岁了。
• I thought they were married but apparently not (= they are not married). 我以为他们结婚了，但实际上并不是这样。
 IMPROVER
■used to say that something seems to be true, although it is not certain 好像；似乎；看起来
• An eighty-year-old woman was badly hurt in what the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack (= an attack with no obvious purpose). 一位80岁的老太太遇袭受重伤，警方称这似乎是一次无动机袭击。
adv. 显然地；似乎，表面上
 - transparently, manifestly

Word: novel
Front: novel
[ˈnɒvl] (高研四六托雅 1647/2109 -K4)
Vocabulary: novel
(once / 96 pages)
1n 2adj
If something is so new and original that it's never been seen, used or even thought of before, call it novel. The noun novel describes a book-length work of fiction.
New and novel come from the same Indo-European root but by different paths. Whereas new is a Germanic word coming from Old English, novel is based on Latin novellus "new, young, fresh." If something is novel, it is new but also original, fresh and unique. Companies are always looking for that novel idea that will earn them millions and skydiving is a novel experience, especially if you're not adventurous.
WORD FAMILY
novel: novelette, novelise, novelist, novelly, novels+/novelette: novelettes/novelise: novelisation, novelised/novelist: novelists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Emily Blunt stars as Rachel, a divorced alcoholic who becomes an unreliable and unlikely detective in this adaptation of Paula Hawkins’s best-selling novel.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He published his first novel, A Painter of our Time, in 1958.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （长篇）小说; [法]新法，附律
adj. 新奇的; 异常的
分布：小说(96%)，新奇的(4%)
→来自拉丁语novus,新的，词源同new,-el,小词后缀。引申词义新事物，新故事，后特别用于指一种文学体裁，即小故事，小说（长篇小说）。
新奇的n.小说(nov+el)[nov=new,表示"新的"]
小说(nov新奇+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.(长篇)小说a.新奇的,新颖的The novel has been translated into many languages.这部小说已译成多种语言.
US ['nɑ:.vəl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a long printed story about imaginary characters and events （长篇）小说
• a paperback novel 平装小说
• historical/romantic novels 历史／爱情小说
• Have you read any of Jane Austen's novels? 你读过简．奥斯汀的小说吗？
• His latest novel is selling really well. 他的最新小说非常畅销。
UK ['nɒv.əl] US ['nɑ:.vəl] adjective
■new and original, not like anything seen before 新颖的，新奇的
• a novel idea/suggestion 新颖的观点／建议
• Keeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass short! 在花园里养只羊来阻止草长高，这办法可真新奇！
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
new, fresh, original, innovative, novel
这组词都有“新的”的意思，其区别是：
new: 普通用词，与old相对，指最近的或创新的。
fresh: 指新鲜的、新做的，侧重创新。
original: 强调独创性。
innovative: 强调富有创新和革新精神。
novel: 侧重新事物的新奇和独特。
adj. 新奇的；异常的
 - patent, exquisite
n. 小说
 - story, fiction

Word: god
Vocabulary: god
(once / 134 pages)
n
A god is a supreme being or deity, and it's spelled with a lowercase g when you're not referring to the God of Christian, Jewish, or Muslim tradition. The ancient Greeks had many gods — including Zeus, Apollo, and Poseidon.
A physical representation of a deity is also called a god. If you go to Hawaii, you can even buy a god in a gift shop — a statue or idol that represents one of the Hawaiian gods, like a figure of the god Pele. The word god also refers to a man of superior quality or exceptional beauty. Elvis Presley was considered a god by many teenage girls in the late 1950s.
WORD FAMILY
god: godless, godlike, gods+/ godless: godlessly, godlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
People perceived the utterances of the right hemisphere as being external to them and attributed them to gods.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
“He’s doing all this stuff as his legacy,” said Newt Gingrich, the former House speaker, comparing Obama to a petulant god in a Wagner opera.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Off to the left are the flattened remains of the temple of Nabu, a god of writing.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)

Word: fighter
Front: fighter
[ˈfaɪtə(r)] (高六 3028/4002 -3)
Vocabulary: fighter
(once / 474 pages)
1n 2n
Someone who battles or brawls with other people is a fighter. Some fighters, like boxers, do it professionally, while others just have a tendency to fight.
If you have a habit of getting into scuffles or fistfights, you're a fighter, and when you watch a boxing match, you might pick one of the two fighters to root for. An animal might also be described as a fighter: lions are natural fighters, and a fish struggling hard on the end of a hook is a fighter. Other fighters work heroically for a belief or ideal: "She was a fighter in the struggle for civil rights."
WORD FAMILY
fighter: fighters+/ fight: fighter, fighting, fights, fought/fighting: fightings
USAGE EXAMPLES
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Attacks by Isis on military positions also on Monday in the north of Baghdad killed 16 pro-government fighters.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Then the class breaks into groups: Newcomers in a small cluster, returning fighters in a larger circle, brandishing their weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 战士（尤指士兵或拳击者）; [航]战斗机，歼击机; 斗争者，奋斗者; 好斗的人
分布：战斗机(66%)，战士(32%)，好战者(2%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
■someone who fights 战士；战斗者；斗士
• She's a fighter (= she tries hard and will not easily give up). 她是一个坚强不屈的斗士。
UK ['faɪ.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
AIRCRAFT 飞机
■a small fast military aircraft used for chasing and destroying enemy aircraft 战斗机；歼击机
• a fighter plane/aircraft 战斗机
• a fighter pilot 战斗机驾驶员
n. 战士，斗争者；斗士；奋斗者；好战者
 - champion, warrior

Word: outcome
Front: outcome
[ˈaʊtkʌm] (高研四六托雅 1747/1957 -3)
Vocabulary: outcome
(once / 490 pages)
n
The result of something, or the consequence of it, is the outcome. If your oldest child announces that your youngest child has climbed onto the roof with a handmade set of wings, you should probably not expect a good outcome. Better run!
The noun outcome refers to the result of a process, but recently, when joined with the word "based", it has become jargon within a variety of industries and you'll see uses like outcome-based medicine and outcome-based budgeting. Outcome-based education, for example, rewards schools and teachers whose students meet certain goals on standardized tests, although critics argue this robs teachers and students of creativity.
WORD FAMILY
outcome: outcomes
USAGE EXAMPLES
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
"They should be starting with the outcome that they want and working backwards. Right now they are literally just kind of flying blind."
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
The likely outcome of such complications is that the effective date for Obamacare repeal and replacement will be deferred for several years.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 结果; 成果; 出路
分布：结果(96%)，后果(4%)
→out-,向外，come,来，出来。引申词义结果。
n.结果,成果With shortcomings overcome, the outcome become welcome.随着缺点被克服,结果变得受欢迎.
noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■a result or effect of an action, situation, etc 结果，后果；效果
• It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting. 现在预言会议的结果还言之尚早。
result, effect, outcome, consequence
这组词都有“结果”的意思，其区别是：
result: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不是眼前的结果。
effect: 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，着重持续稳定与其影响。
outcome: 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结局，而不是某种原因的直接结果。常可与result通用。
consequence: 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。
n. 结果，结局；成果
 - product, result, conclusion, event, feedback

Word: collect
Front: collect
[kəˈlekt] (中高研四六 1318/1222 -K4)
Vocabulary: collect
(once / 35 pages)
1v 2v 3adjadv 4n
The verb collect describes gathering or bringing something together. Charity organizations often collect warm coats for people in need.
Other people who want to help those in need seek monetary donations. If you volunteer for a charity, you may collect on behalf of the charity — meaning you get donations. Collect can also refer to getting payment for money that is owed. If you owe money to someone, eventually he'll find you and say, "I'm here to collect."
WORD FAMILY
collect: collectable, collected, collectible, collecting, collection, collective, collector, collects, recollect +/ collected: collectedly, self-collected, uncollected/collectible: collectibles, uncollectible/collecting: collectings/ collection: collections/ collective: collectively, collectives, collectivise, collectivism, collectivize/collectivise: collectivisation, collectivised/ collectivism: collectivisms, collectivist, collectivistic/collectivist: collectivists/collectivistic: collectivistically/collectivization: collectivizations/collectivize: collectivization, collectivized, collectivizing/collector: collectors/ recollect: recollected, recollecting, recollection, recollective, recollects/ recollection: recollections
USAGE EXAMPLES
A product with more than 50 percent foreign milk must say where it was collected and turned into the product being sold.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the fourth time in Magarity’s career she’s collected 17 boards.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 收集; 收藏; 接走; 聚积
vi. 募捐; 募集
adj. 由受话人付费的
时态：collected, collecting, collects
分布：收集(89%)，聚集(7%)，募捐(3%)，运走(1%)
→col-, 强调。-lect, 收集，选出，词源同elect, college.
收集(col+lect选择→放在一起选择→收集)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
收集,集中(col一起+lect→收到一起)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
v.收集,搜集;领取,接走;收(税等);聚集,堆积In the college, I alleged that I recollected the dialog in dialect about the dial collection.在学院里我宣称忆起关于收集到度盘用方言进行的对话.
verb
TOGETHER 聚集
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to bring or come together from different places or over a period of time （使）聚集，（使）集合，（使）集中
• A large crowd of reporters collected outside the Prime Minister's house. 一大群记者聚集在首相府前。
• After the party I collected (up) twenty bottles from various parts of the house. 聚会后我从房屋各处一共收拾了20个瓶子。
• We're collecting (money) for the homeless. 我们在为无家可归者筹款。
• These china ornaments just collect dust. 这些瓷器摆在那里只会招灰尘。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get and keep things of one type such as stamps or coins as a hobby （作为爱好）收藏，收集
• She collects dolls. 她收藏玩具娃娃。
• So when did you start collecting antique glass? 那你是从甚么时候开始收集古董玻璃制品的？
[kə'lekt] verb
GET 得到
 IMPROVER transitive UK
■to go to a place and bring someone or something away from it 取，领取；接走
• Your shoes will be repaired and ready for you to collect on Thursday. 你的鞋子星期四会修好，到时可以来取。
• I'll collect you from the station. 我会去车站接你。
[kə'lekt] verb
collect yourself / your thoughts formal
■to get control of your feelings and thoughts, especially after shock, surprise or laughter （尤指在震惊、惊讶或大笑后）镇定下来，定神，集中思想
• I was so stunned by what he'd said I had to collect myself before I could reply. 他的话吓得我目瞪口呆，我定了定神才答上话。
[kə'lekt] noun countable
■a short prayer which is said during some Christian religious ceremonies （某些基督教仪式上的）短祷文
[kə'lekt] adjective adverb US
■When you telephone collect or make a collect telephone call, the person you telephone pays for the call 对方付通话费（的）
• I'd like to make a collect call. 我想打一个对方付费的电话。
• She called me collect. 她给我打了电话，由我付费。
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
assemble, gather, collect
这组词都有“集中，归拢”的意思，其区别是：
assemble: 与collect相比更为突出聚集或收集的目的。
gather: 换用，但多强调按照一定目的或计划进行有选择的收集。
vt. 收集；募捐
 - gather in, assemble
vi. 收集；聚集；募捐
 - concentrate, mass, crowd

Word: repeat
Front: repeat
[rɪˈpi:t] (中高研四六托 1602/1398 -K4)
Vocabulary: repeat
(once / 43 pages)
vn
You can use the word repeat for things that happen again. You can use the word repeat for things that happen again. When you repeat, you do or say the same thing more than once.
Sometimes you need to repeat what you said because someone didn’t hear it or understand it the first time, and other times you might repeat a statement for emphasis — you say it twice to really get your point across; in some cases you'll get "I heard you the first time" in return. Doing something over is another way to repeat, as when you repeat a test or draw a smiley face all over your notebooks in a repeat pattern.
WORD FAMILY
repeat: repeatable, repeated, repeater, repeating, repeats, repetition, repetitive +/repeatable: unrepeatable/ repeated: repeatedly /repeater: repeaters/repeating: repeatings/ repetition: repetitions, repetitious / repetitious: repetitiously, repetitiousness/ repetitive: nonrepetitive, repetitively, repetitiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This needs to be repeated since one of the human ways of talking oneself into inhuman acts is to cite the supposed cruelty of nature.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 复述，背诵; 重复
vi. 重做; 重复投票
n. （节目）重演; 重复; 重复的事物
时态：repeated, repeating, repeats
分布：重复(89%)，反复(5%)，重复的(3%)，复述(2%)，反复的(1%)
→来 自 拉 丁 语 repetere, 重 复 做 ， 来 自 re-, 再 ， 重 新 ， petere, 追 寻 ， 努 力 ， 要 求， 词 源 同 compete,petition.
v.重复,重说,重做n.重复He repeatedly repeats, "Eat meat."他再三重复说:"吃肉."
verb
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to say or tell people something more than once 重复；重说
• Would you mind repeating what you just said? 您能重复一遍刚才您讲的话吗？
• Please don't repeat what I've just told you to anyone else. 请不要把我刚才对你所说的话告诉任何人。
• [+ that] She repeated that she had no intention of standing for President. 她重申没有竞选总统的打算。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to happen, or to do something, more than once 重做；重复
• The test must be repeated several times. 这个试验一定要重复做数次。
• This is an offer never to be repeated. 如不接受这个报价，以后就再也没有这样的机会了。
• Johnny had to repeat a year/class at school. 庄尼不得不留级一年／留级。
• [R] Some historians think that history repeats it self. 有些历史学家认为历史会重演。
repeat yourself
■to say the same thing again, or the same things again and again 重复说；翻来覆去地说同样的事情
• His speech was dreadful - he just kept repeating himself. 他的演讲令人生厌——他只是翻来覆去地重复那一点内容。
[rɪ'pi:t] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  repeat on sb
■When food repeats on you, the taste of it comes up again into your mouth 在（某人）口中留下余味
• Cucumber always repeats on me. 我一吃黄瓜，嘴里就老有一股黄瓜味。
[rɪ'pi:t] noun countable
■when something happens or is done more than once 重现；重复；重做
• All this is a repeat/a repeat performance of what happened last year. 这完全是去年发生的事件的重演。
■a television or radio programme that is broadcast again 重播节目
• There's nothing but repeats on television these days. 这些天电视净重播以前的节目。
cite, quote, repeat
这组词都有“引用，复述”的意思，其区别是：
cite: 指引经据典以示证明或凭据。
quote: 指不加剪裁的直接引用原文或原话。
repeat: 仅强调口头或笔头重复别人的话或字句，并不必指明出处。
vt. 重复；复制；背诵
 - read back, echo
n. 重复；副本
 - counterpart, iterance
vi. 重做；重复发生
 - do over, begin again

Word: retailer
Front: retailer
[ˈri:teɪlə(r)] (托 4511/4649 -2)
Back: n. 零售商，零售店; 传播的人，处散布闲话的人
分布：名词(100%)
→来自 retail,零售。
US [-lɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person, shop or business that sells goods to the public 零售商；零售店
• a big electronics retailer 大型电子产品零售店
n. [贸易] 零售商；传播的人
 - bania, tradesman

Word: please
Front: please
[pli:z] (中高 1167/758 -K4)
Vocabulary: please
(once / 12 pages)
vadv
To please someone is to give them pleasure or to make them happy. This is also a word for polite requests like, "Could you please pass the milk?"
Have you ever been asked "What's the magic word"? It's please, a small word that makes any request more polite. Saying please is sure to please just about everyone, although different things please different people. Turning in your homework on time will please your teachers, while a good belly rub and some extra treats will please your dog.
WORD FAMILY
please: displease, pleasant, pleased, pleaseed, pleaser, pleases, pleasing, pleasure +/ displease: displeased, displeases, displeasing, displeasure/displeased: displeasedly/displeasing: displeasingly/displeasure: displeasures/pleasance: pleasances/ pleasant: pleasance, pleasanter, pleasantest, pleasantly, pleasantness, unpleasant /pleasantness: pleasantnesses/pleased: pleaseder, pleasedly/pleaser: pleasers/pleasing: pleasinger, pleasingly, pleasingness, pleasings, unpleasing/ pleasurable: pleasurablest, pleasurably/ pleasure: pleasurable, pleasures/ unpleasant: unpleasanter, unpleasantest, unpleasantly, unpleasantness/unpleasantness: unpleasantnesses/unpleasing: unpleasingly, unpleasingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Once more, I am the child who wanted to please.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: int. 请
vt. & vi. 使高兴; 使满意; 讨人喜欢; 讨好
时态：pleased, pleasing, pleases
分布：取悦(62%)，使高兴(16%)，愿意(11%)，使满意(11%)
→来自placere,抚慰，安抚，来自plak,平的，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申词义使满意，使愉悦，并用于词义请。
v.请;使愉快,使满意;喜欢,愿意Please tell me how to spell the word.请告诉我怎样拼这个字.
exclamation
 ESSENTIAL
■used to make a request more polite 好吗，请（用于客气地请求）
• Could I have two cups of coffee and a tea, please? 给我来两杯咖啡、一杯茶好吗？
• Please remember to close the windows before you leave. 您离开前请记住关上窗户。
 IMPROVER
■used to add force to a request or demand 请，求求你（用于加强请求或要求的语气）
• Please, David, put the knife down. 求求你，大卫，把刀放下。
• Oh, please. Do shut up! 好了，别说了！
■UK
■used especially by children to a teacher or other adult in order to get their attention 让我说（尤指儿童为引起老师或其他成年人的注意时的用语）
• Please, Miss, I know the answer! 我来说，老师，我知道答案！
■used when accepting something politely or enthusiastically 行，谢谢用于礼貌或热情地接受某物时
• "More potatoes?" "Please." “要不要再来点马铃薯？”“好的。”
• "May I bring my husband?" "Please do." “我可以带我丈夫来吗？”“当然可以。”
• mainly UK "Oh, yes please, " shouted the children. “哦，太好了，”孩子们叫道。
[pli:z] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make someone feel happy or satisfied, or to give someone pleasure （使）开心；（使）满意；取悦
• I only got married to please my parents. 我结婚只是为了让我父母高兴。
• He was always a good boy, very friendly and eager to please. 他一直是个好孩子，对人非常友善热情。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] It always pleases me to see a well-designed book! 看到一本设计精美的书，我总是很开心。
intransitive slightly formal
■to want, like or choose, when used with words such as 'whatever', 'whoever' and 'anywhere' 愿意，乐意（与 whatever， whoever 和 anywhere 等词连用）
• She thinks she can just do whatever/as she pleases. 她觉得自己可以为所欲为。
• I shall go out with whoever I please. 我想和谁出去就和谁出去。
if you please formal
■used to express surprise and anger （表示惊奇和愤怒）真怪，竟然
• They want £200, if you please, just to replace a couple of broken windows! 光换几扇打破的窗户他们竟然要200英镑！
■old-fashioned or formal
■used to make a request more polite 请（用于客气地请求）
• Take your seats, ladies and gentlemen, if you please. 女士们先生们，请坐。
[pli:z] verb
please God
■used to express a strong hope 但愿老天帮忙，上帝保佑
• It'll be finished by Christmas, please God. 上帝保佑，这会在耶诞节前完成。
[pli:z] verb
please yourself informal
■to do whatever you choose to do, often used in a slightly rude way by someone who does not agree with or care about what you to do （语气常有些粗鲁）愿意怎样就怎样，随你的便
• "I can't stand this place - I'm going home." "Please yourself." “我没法在这个地方待下去了——我要回家。”“随你的便。”
amuse, please, interest, entertain
这组词都有“使人娱乐，消遣”的意思，其区别是：
amuse: 指使人通过注意某些有趣或悦人的事物而消遣，着重使人愉快的效果。
please: 多指愿望、兴趣得到满足后产生的强烈满意情绪。
interest: 普通用词，指出于任何原因使人兴奋或对某事物保持好奇心或注意力，侧重引起兴趣或注意。
entertain: 指通过给他人快乐感的消遣活动，使自己或他人从单调中解脱出来。
vt. 使喜欢；使高兴，使满意
 - glad, satisfy
vi. 讨人喜欢；令人高兴
 - ace in
int. 请（礼貌用语）
 - prithee

Word: reading
Front: reading
[ˈri:dɪŋ] (高研四六雅 1581/1701 -K3)
Vocabulary: reading
(once / 94 pages)
1n 2n
You can use the noun reading for something you read and also the act of interpreting or understanding it. Your favorite reading might be science fiction — if you're a true fan, you spend hours reading it daily.
There are many closely-related definitions of reading, from a live performance like a poetry reading or a minister's Bible reading, to an individual interpretation of written material, like your feminist reading of classic fairy tales. Meter readers also take readings, or measurements: "The readingshowed that we used much more electricity last month." There are, in addition, several towns in the UK and the US called Reading, but those are usually pronounced redding.
WORD FAMILY
reading: readings+/ misread: misreading, misreads/misreading: misreadings/nonreader: nonreaders/ read: misread, readable, reader, reading, reads, reread, unread/ readable: readability, readably/ reader: nonreader, readers, readership / readership: readerships/ reread: rereading, rereads/unread: unreadable/unreadable: unreadably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While enjoying reading cards and opening gifts, we were shocked to find 35 of our 140 guests did not leave a gift.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
If you’re not fluent in financial matters, try to spend 15 minutes a day reading articles on personal savings.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 阅读; 宣读; 读物; 读数
v. 读( read的现在分词); 看懂; 理解; 显示，标明
分布：阅读(74%)，读数(12%)，读物(8%)，理解(4%)，异文(1%)，动词read的现在分词.(1%)
n.读书,读物,(仪表等的)读数,阅读Today, I intend to finish reading this book.今天我打算读完这本书.
noun
WRITTEN TEXT 文字
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the skill or activity of getting information from books 读，阅读；读书
• Reading and tennis are my favourite pastimes. 我最喜欢的业余爱好就是读书和打网球。
• The diaries make good (bedtime) reading (= are good to read (in bed at night)). （睡前在床上）读一读这些日记是很好的消遣。
• These books are compulsory/required reading for students of architecture. 这些是主修建筑学的学生的必读书目。
countable
■an occasion when something written, especially a literary work, is spoken to an audience （尤指文学著作的）读书会，朗诵会
• The society often arranges poetry readings and musical evenings. 该社团经常筹划诗歌朗诵会和音乐晚会。
['ri:.dɪŋ] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
countable
■the way in which you understand something 理解方法；解读方法；解释
• My reading of the situation is that John wanted any excuse to resign. 我对形势的看法是，约翰没有任何理由辞职。
['ri:.dɪŋ] noun
PARLIAMENT 议会
countable
■In a parliament, a reading of a new law is one of the stages of discussion before it is approved （议会批准新法律前的）宣读；（新法律在议会三读阶段中的任何）一读
• The Housing Bill was given its second reading in Parliament today. 住宅法案今天在议会进行二读。
['ri:.dɪŋ] noun
MEASUREMENT 测量
countable
■the number or amount that a piece of measuring equipment shows 读数（一件测量设备所显示的数字或量值）
• a thermometer reading 温度计读数
n. 阅读，朗读；读物； [计] 读数
 - lire

Word: pace
Front: pace
[peɪs] (高研四六托雅 2533/2461 -K3)
Vocabulary: pace
(once / 111 pages)
1nv 2nv
Pace is how fast something travels a particular distance, like a runner who tries to achieve a consistent pace, running each mile in more or less the same amount of time.
Pace comes from the Latin word passus, meaning “a step.” Pace is a noun, meaning "the speed at which something happens." Some say city life has a faster pace because everyone hurries and there are so many exciting things to do. Pace is also a verb — if you pace yourself, you’ll have enough energy to experience all of that city's sights, from the rush of rush hour to the late-night party scene.
WORD FAMILY
pace: paced, pacer, paces, pacing+/pacer: pacers/pacing: pacings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unsecured debt, including spending on credit cards, is rising at its fastest pace in 11 years, the Bank of England said.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一步; 长度单位; 步幅，步调; 快步
vt. 踱步，走来走去; 步测; 调整步调; 训练马溜蹄
vi. 踱; 溜蹄
prep. 蒙…恩准，怀着对…的敬意
时态：paced, pacing, paces
分布：速度(51%)，步伐(43%)，踱步(6%)
→来自拉丁语passus,步伐，来自pete,展开，词源同feather,compete.pace 请原谅
n.步,步伐,步调,速度v.踱步,用步测The runner's pace quickened.跑者的脚步加快.
noun
SPEED 速度
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes （移动的）步调；（发生的）速度；节奏
• a slow/fast pace 慢／快步
• When she thought she heard someone following her, she quickened her pace. 她觉得听见有人在尾随她，便加快了脚步。
• Could you slow down a bit - I can't keep pace with (= walk or run as fast as) you. 您能走慢一点吗——我跟不上您。
• For many years this company has set the pace (= has been the most successful company) in the communications industry. 多年来该公司在电讯业一直处于领导地位。
• These changes seem to me to be happening at too fast a pace. 这些变化在我看来发生得也太快了。
• I don't like the pace of modern life. 我不喜欢现代生活的节奏。
⇒ See also pacemaker
force the pace
■to make other people in a race go faster by going faster yourself （在速度比赛中）透过加速迫使对手加速
[peɪs] noun
STEP 脚步
countable
■a single step, or the distance you move when you take a single step 一步；一步之距
• Take two paces forwards/backwards. 向前／向后迈两步。
• The runner collapsed just a few paces from the finish. 那名赛跑选手在距终点线只有几步之遥的地方倒下了。
[peɪs] noun
put sb/sth through their paces
■to make someone show their skills or knowledge, or to make something show its good qualities 使展示本领，使展现良好性能
• All the candidates were put through their paces during the television debate. 在电视辩论会上所有候选人都使出了他们的看家本领。
[peɪs] verb
SPEED 速度
transitive
■to establish a speed for someone who is training for a race or running in a race, for example by running with them 为…定速度
pace yourself
■to be careful not to do something too quickly so that you do not get too tired to finish it 控制自己的速度；调整自己的工作（或活动）节奏
• No more soup, thank you. I'm pacing myself so that I have room for a dessert. 不要加汤了，谢谢！我在调整我的进食量，这样我就能吃甜点。
[peɪs] verb
STEP 脚步
intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to walk with regular steps in one direction and then back again, usually because you are worried or nervous （通常因焦虑或担忧而）来回踱步；走来走去
• He paced the room nervously. 他紧张地在房间里来回踱步。
• He paced up and down , waiting for the doctor to call. 他踱来踱去，等着医生叫他的名字。
[peɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pace sth off/out
■to measure a distance by taking steps of equal size across it and counting them 步测…的距离或大小
• You can get a rough idea of the size of the room by pacing it out. 透过步测可以大概知道这个房间的大小。
pace, stroll, strut, stride, walk
这组词都有“行走，徒步”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指踱步，走步。
stroll: 多指走走停停，步子缓慢，悠闲自得，漫无目的。
strut: 指大摇大摆地走，含过分自信或自高自大意味。
stride: 着重步子大而且节奏有力，流露出匆忙、烦恼、得意等情绪。
walk: 最常用词，中性词，指除跑、跳之外所有移步的动作。
pace, step
这组词都有“步，步态”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指身体向前移动的速度和情况。表一步距离时，可与step换用。
step: 普通用词，指脚抬起落下的动作和一步的距离。抽象概念指步骤。
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
n. 一步；步速；步法
 - footwork

Word: approval
Front: approval
[əˈpru:vl] (研四六托雅 2549/2223 -K3)
Vocabulary: approval
(once / 267 pages)
n
Approval is a formal agreement. It's probably not a good idea to mail the invitations for your beach party until you've gotten official approval for the enormous bonfire you're planning to light.
Building designs, budgets, grant applications — these all require official approval before they can be put into effect. You can also use the word approval to talk about less formal permission, like a teacher's approval of your plan to buy pizza for the whole class. Approval also means the belief that something is good, like your approval of your neighbor's purple house. Until 1800, it was much more common for people to use the word approvance to mean the same thing.
WORD FAMILY
approval: approvals+/approbative: approbatively/ approve: approbative, approbatory, approval, approved, approver, approves, approving, disapprove /approver: approvers/approving: approvingly/ disapproval: disapprovals/ disapprove: disapproval, disapproved, disapproves, disapproving / disapproving: disapprovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After a temprorary fix, the company plans its next launch Jan. 8, pending FAA approval.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company is now targeting Jan. 8 for its return to flight, pending FAA approval.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The issue is exemplified by the last drug to win FDA approval in 2016.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同意; 批准; 赞成
分布：批准(55%)，同意(21%)，认可(13%)，赞同(11%)
赞成(approve+al)[prob,prov=test表示"测试,证明"]
n.批准,通过;赞成,同意He showed his approval by shaking my hands.他和我握手,表示赞成.
noun uncountable
GOOD OPINION 好的看法
 IMPROVER
■when you have a positive opinion of someone or something 赞成；同意；称许
• He showed his approval by smiling broadly. 他持赞成的态度，这从他开心的微笑就看得出来。
• Alan is someone who always needs the approval of other people. 艾伦这个人做甚么事都希望得到别人的赞许。
• Sam always tried hard to win his father's approval. 萨姆总是尽一切努力去赢得父亲的赞赏。
• formal Does the wine meet with your approval (= Do you like the wine) ? 这酒合您的口味吗？
on approval
■If you buy something on approval, you can return it without payment if it is not satisfactory. （商品）试用，不满意可退货
[ə'pru:.vəl] noun uncountable
PERMISSION 许可
 IMPROVER
■official permission 批准，核准；认可
• The project has now received approval from the government. 这个企划案现在得到了政府的批准。
• The teacher gave the student a nod of approval. 老师向学生点点头表示许可。
approval, permission
approval: 赞同，许可
permission: 批准
n. 批准；认可；赞成
 - confirmation, authorization, validation, ratification

Word: crash
Front: crash
[kræʃ] (高研四六托雅 2837/3197 -K4)
Vocabulary: crash
(once / 192 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v
Boom! Bam! Pow! A crash is when two things collide, or smash, into each other. Crash and smash have similar meanings and sounds.
You can start to worry when you hear the word crash. Many people die in car and airplane crashes every year. Other crashes are less physical yet just as bad. In a stock-market crash, a lot of people lose a lot of money. You can also use crash as a verb. You'd better not crash your bike into the coffee shop window! If your computer crashes, you will probably lose all the data in it.
WORD FAMILY
crash: crashed, crasher, crashes, crashing+/crasher: crashers/crashing: crashingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The report says the seventh vehicle in line - a tractor-trailer - did not stop and crashed into White’s vehicle, which created the massive pileup.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dearborn police say the crash that started in Detroit remains under investigation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say he crashed after trying to ram a sheriff’s vehicle early Jan. 1.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 碰撞; 使发出巨响; 暴跌; 睡觉
n. 碰撞; 碰撞声; 暴跌; 崩溃
adj. 应急的; 速成的
时态：crashed, crashing, crashes
分布：崩溃(48%)，坠毁(23%)，撞击(10%)，破产(7%)，暴跌(3%)，垮台(3%)，轰隆声(2%)，猛撞(1%)，粗布(1%)，速成的(1%)，发出巨响(1%)
→拟声词，模仿碰撞的声音，比较crack,clash.
v./n.碰撞,坠落,摔坏n.失败,瓦解;爆裂声The ashtray, splashed with ash, crashed with a clash in a flash while being washed.那个溅有灰尘的烟灰盘在清洗时咣当一声一下子摔碎了.
verb
ACCIDENT 事故
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to have an accident, especially one which damages a vehicle 撞（车）；撞毁，撞坏；坠毁
• We skidded on the ice and crashed (into another car). 我们在冰上打滑撞了（另一辆）车。
• The plane crashed into a mountainside. 飞机撞到了山坡上。
• Her brother borrowed her motorbike and crashed it. 她弟弟借用她的摩托车，结果给撞坏了。
[kræʃ] verb
MAKE A NOISE 发出声响
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something, often making a loud noise or causing damage （使）猛撞（常发出巨大声响或造成破坏）
• We could hear waves crashing on/against the shore. 我们能听到海浪哗哗地拍打着海岸。
• Suddenly, cymbals crashed and the orchestra began playing. 突然，铙钹声砰然响起，乐队开始了演奏。
• A dog came crashing through the bushes. 狗嗖的一声蹿过灌木丛。
• Without warning, the tree crashed through the roof. 在毫无前兆的情况下，那棵树轰隆一下子压塌了屋顶。
[kræʃ] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive
■If something such as a business crashes, it suddenly fails or becomes unsuccessful （公司等）垮枱，破产，崩溃，崩盘
• Investors were seriously worried when the stock market began to crash. 股市开始狂跌，投资者们人心惶惶。
intransitive
■If a computer or system crashes, it suddenly stops operating （电脑或系统）瘫痪，死机
• My laptop's crashed again. 我的笔记型电脑又死机了。
[kræʃ] verb
SLEEP 睡觉
intransitive informal
■to sleep at someone else's house for the night, especially when you have not planned it （尤指事先无计划而留在别人家里）过夜，睡觉
• They crashed on my floor after the party. 派对后他们在我家打了地铺。
[kræʃ] verb
ENTER WITHOUT PERMISSION 未经允许进入
transitive informal
■to go to a party or other event without an invitation （未经邀请）擅自闯入（派对等）
• We tried to crash the party, but the bouncers wouldn't let us in. 我们想闯进去参加派对，可是保安拦住了我们。
⇒ See also gatecrash
[kræʃ] verb
crash and burn informal
■to fail very suddenly, obviously and completely 彻底失败；一下子倒闭；遭遇惨败
• In this business, new products often crash and burn. 在这一行，新产品常常会一败涂地。
[kræʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crash out informal
SLEEP
■to go to sleep very quickly because you are very tired （因非常劳累而）很快入睡
• I just want to go home and crash out. 我只想回家倒头就睡。
LOSE UK
■to lose in a sports competition when you were expected to win （在比赛中）被淘汰出局
• He crashed out of the French Open in the second round. 他在法国公开赛第二轮比赛中被淘汰出局。
[kræʃ] noun countable
ACCIDENT 事故
 IMPROVER
■an accident, especially one which damages a vehicle 撞车事故；失事
• a car crash 撞车事故
• She had a crash on the way to work. 她在上班路上撞车了。
• They were only slightly injured in the crash. 他们在撞车事故中只受了点轻伤。
[kræʃ] noun countable
NOISE 声响
■a sudden loud noise made when something breaks or falls （物体破裂或掉落时发出的）哢嚓声，哗啦声
• I heard a loud crash in the kitchen. 我听见厨房里哗啦一声巨响。
• The vase landed on the floor with a crash. 花瓶砰的一声掉在了地板上。
[kræʃ] noun countable
FAILURE 失败
■when the value of a country's businesses suddenly falls by a large amount 狂跌；倒闭，破产
• They lost a lot of money in the Stock Market crash. 股市暴跌让他们损失了很多钱。
■when a computer or system suddenly stops operating （电脑或系统的）突然瘫痪，死机
• a computer crash 电脑瘫痪
[kræʃ] adjective [before noun] informal
■quick and complete, or short and difficult 迅速全面的；速成的；应急的
• The company undertook a crash program of machine replacement. 公司采取了更换机器的应急方案。
⇒ See also crash course
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
n. 碰撞；崩溃；坠落
 - collision, precipitation, impact
vt. 坠落；破碎；撞碎
 - fall of, fall to pieces
vi. 碰撞； [航] 坠毁；闯；突然倒台
 - hit, impact on
adj. 速成的
 - quickie

Word: enterprise
Front: enterprise
[ˈentəpraɪz] (高研六托雅宝 2499/1566 -3)
Vocabulary: enterprise
(once / 149 pages)
n
Enterprise describes a readiness to act boldly to get something started, like the enterprise it takes to start a charity with only a dream and a few dollars.
Another meaning of enterprise is "a business venture," like a frozen yogurt enterprise. It requires a lot of determination, hard work and the steady belief that people will love your yogurt. People will say you show extraordinary enterprise for your willingness to take on such a challenging project, meaning you have initiative and drive.
WORD FAMILY
enterprise: enterpriser, enterprises, enterprising +/enterpriser: enterprisers/ enterprising: enterprisingly, enterprisingness, nonenterprising, unenterprising
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That’s why the majority of the poor are still in favour of this move,” says Bhardwai, from the small enterprise lobby.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The challenge is turning the popular app into a commercial enterprise.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But it also employs other people so the enterprises are fully integrated into the community, Hill said.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 企（事）业单位; 事业，计划; 事业心，进取心
分布：企业(87%)，事业(9%)，进取心(3%)，谋划(1%)
→enter-, 更里面，中间。-prise, 拿，承担，缩写自prehend, 词源同apprise, comprehend. 后用来指企业，特别是具有冒险精神的，能承担风险和具有挑战精神的企业。
事业;进取心(enter进入+prise进入抓住[目标]→事业)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
n.事业,企(事)业单位;事业心,进取心"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻
US [-tˌɚ-] noun
BUSINESS 企业
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money 组织；（尤指）公司，企业；（尤指营利性的、艰巨而重大的）计划，事业
• Don't forget this is a commercial enterprise - we're here to make money. 不要忘记这是一个商业组织——我们到这儿来是为了赚钱的。
• Those were the years of private enterprise (= businesses being run privately, rather than by the government) , when lots of small businesses were started. 那是一个私人企业的时代，许多小公司就是那时创建的。
• Her latest enterprise (= plan) is to climb Mount Everest. 她最新的雄心壮志是攀登圣母峰。
UK ['en.tə.praɪz] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
PERSONAL QUALITY 个人素质
 ADVANCED uncountable
■eagerness to do something new and clever, despite any risks 事业心；进取心；创业精神；冒险精神
• They've showed a lot of enterprise in setting up this project. 开始这个案子显示出他们豪迈的进取精神。
• We need someone with enterprise and imagination to design a marketing strategy. 我们需要一位元有进取心和创新精神的人来为我们制定市场战略。
n. [经] 企业；事业；进取心；事业心
 - career, cause, undertaking, project, push

Word: squeeze
Front: squeeze
[skwi:z] (高研四六托雅宝 2891/3390 -K3)
Vocabulary: squeeze
(once / 408 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
When you squeeze something, you put pressure on it. If you squeeze your toothpaste from the bottom up, you'll get the most out of your tube.
The word squeeze has to do with force or pressure. When you squeeze something, like an orange, you are crushing it to extract juice. When you squeeze into a pair of jeans, you're forcing yourself into them. When you give someone a squeeze, you're giving them a tight hug. And when you're in a squeeze, you're in a tight spot, or a bind.
WORD FAMILY
squeeze: squeezable, squeezed, squeezer, squeezes, squeezing+/squeezable: squeezability/squeezer: squeezers/squeezing: squeezings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The salon, near an Albertsons and squeezed between Bauhaus Hair Studio and Dollar $mart on North Tustin Street, is under new ownership again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And across the Bronx, investigative resources are squeezed.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
For the Turks, this probably means Russian acquiescence in squeezing Syria’s Kurds in a post-civil war agreement.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 挤，榨，捏; 压迫，压榨
vt. 榨取，汲取; 轻轻地捏; 向…勒索（或榨取）
vi. 在强压下屈服; 施加压力; 挤过去
n. 挤压，压榨; 抱紧，拥挤; 拥挤的人群; <口>压力
时态：squeezed, squeezing, squeezes
分布：挤压(69%)，压榨(14%)，拥挤(8%)，少量(4%)，塞进(3%)，财政困难(1%)，严控(1%)
→来自拟声词根 squ-,挤，压，模仿挤压湿物体时发出的吧唧声。引申诸相关词义。
v.压榨,挤n.榨取,勒索In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb
PRESS TOGETHER 压紧
 IMPROVER transitive
■to press something firmly, especially from all sides in order to change its shape, reduce its size or remove liquid from it （尤指从各方面）挤压，捏，挤，榨
• Cut the lemon in half and squeeze the juice into the bowl. 把柠檬对切，将汁挤到碗里。
• As she waited to go into the exam, he squeezed her hand (= pressed it affectionately with his hand) and wished her good luck. 在她等待应考时，他捏了捏她的手，祝她好运。
• Once he had finished cleaning the floor, he squeezed the cloth out. 他擦完地板之后，把抹布拧干。
• He reloaded the gun, took aim and then squeezed (= pulled back) the trigger. 他重新上好子弹，瞄准目标，然后扣下扳机。
• figurative The studio is using all sorts of marketing tricks to squeeze as much profit from the movie as they can. 该制片厂使出种种行销手法，尽可能从电影中榨取最多利润。
transitive
■If you are squeezed by financial demands, they cause you financial problems 给…带来财务困难，使陷入财务困境
• Small businesses are being squeezed by heavy taxation. 重税使小企业在财务上捉襟见肘。
[skwi:z] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to get in, through, under, etc. with difficulty （困难地）挤进，挤过
• She squeezed through the crowd and found a seat at the front. 她从人群中挤过去，在前面找了个座位。
• They managed to squeeze under the fence and get into the festival without paying. 他们没付钱，而是从围栏下硬挤过去，进入了庆祝会场。
[skwi:z] verb
squeeze sb dry
■If you squeeze someone dry, you get as much from them as possible 把（某人的钱财）榨干
• When they got divorced, his wife squeezed him dry and took everything. 他们离婚后，他妻子拿走了所有的东西，把他榨得一滴不剩。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] squeeze (sb/sth) in/squeeze (sb/sth) into sth
 ADVANCED
■to succeed in getting someone or something into a small space or object, often by pushing or forcing （使）挤进；（把…）塞入
• The car's quite full, but we could manage to squeeze another couple of people in. 车已经很满了，不过我们还能再挤进一两个人。
• I must have put on a lot of weight over Christmas because I can only just squeeze into my jeans. 圣诞期间我一定变胖很多，因为我只能勉强穿上牛仔裤。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] squeeze sb/sth in
 ADVANCED
■to manage to do something or see someone in a short period of time or when you are very busy 挤出时间做；抽出时间见（某人）
• While we're in Australia, we're hoping to squeeze in a trip to the Barrier Reef. 我们在澳大利亚期间，希望能挤出点时间去大堡礁。
• I'm very busy this week but I could squeeze you in at 2.30 on Tuesday. 我这个星期非常忙，但我能抽出点时间在周二两点半和你见面。
[skwi:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  squeeze sth out of sb (also squeeze sth from sb) informal
■to persuade or force someone to give you money or information 勒索，敲诈（某人）；逼迫（某人）吐露（资讯）
• During the negotiations, the union managed to squeeze several concessions from the management. 谈判期间，工会设法迫使管理阶层作出了几项让步。
[skwi:z] noun
PRESS 挤压
countable
■when you press something firmly 挤压，捏；榨
• She gave the present a quick squeeze and tried to guess what was inside. 她捏了捏礼物，想猜猜里面是甚么。
• Garnish the fish with some fresh parsley and a squeeze of lemon. 用新鲜西洋芹作鱼的装饰，再挤上几滴柠檬汁。
[skwi:z] noun
LIMIT 限制
countable usually singular
■a reduction or limit 减少；削减；限制
• The squeeze on profits in the oil industry has led to thousands of redundancies. 石油产业利润的减少导致数千人失业。
• The squeeze on local spending means that many services will have to be cut. 地方支出的缩减意味着将不得不砍掉很多公共服务。
countable usually singular
■a period in which the supply of money is limited by the government because of economic difficulties 通货紧缩，货币紧缩
• The government has imposed a sharp credit squeeze in an attempt to hold down inflation. 为抑制通货膨胀，政府施行了严格的信贷紧缩政策。
[skwi:z] noun
SPACE 空间
only singular
■when people or things are pushed or forced into a small space 拥挤；挤入（人或物被推入或被强迫进入一个小的空间内）
• I can give you a lift, but it'll be a tight squeeze as I'm taking four other people as well. 我可以开车载你一程，不过我还要载四个人，所以会很挤。
compress, press, squeeze, squash, jam
这组词都有“压、挤”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间。
press: 普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。
squeeze: 多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。
squash: 指某物受力被压偏或压碎。也指塞挤。
jam: 专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。
vt. 挤；紧握；勒索
 - force one's way, thread one's way
n. 压榨；紧握；拥挤；佣金
 - compression, commission, purchase

Word: agent
Front: agent
[ˈeɪdʒənt] (高研四托 1020/1214 -K4)
Vocabulary: agent
(once / 57 pages)
n
When you're buying a house or negotiating your break-out movie contract, it's a good idea to hire an agent to represent you — someone who can keep a cool head and get the best deal for you.
The suave 007 may be your dream secret agent, but you could find real ones in the CIA, the FBI, and other government organizations populated with agents. Beware the double agent, the spy you think is working for you when he's really working for your enemy. An inanimate object can also be an agent. A chemical agent, like vinegar mixed with salt, can make copper pennies shine. Chemical weapons contain more sinister agents that wreak havoc on their victims.
WORD FAMILY
agent: agency, agents+/ agency: agencies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many were in the same situation as Baker, who will become an unrestricted free agent March 7 at noon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The president of the FBI Agents Association asked for its removal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代理人; 代理商; 药剂; 特工
vt. 由…作中介; 由…代理
adj. 代理的
分布：代理人(56%)，代理商(32%)，药剂(10%)，特工人员(2%)
→来自词根ag, 做, 同act.
作用因素;代理人(ag+ent表人或物→做的人→代理人)[ag=do,act,表示"做,代理做"]
n.代理人;代理商;产生作用的人或事物At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
noun countable
REPRESENTING 代理
 IMPROVER
■a person who acts for or represents another 代理人，代理商
• Please contact our agent in Spain for further information. 如需更多资讯，请联络本公司在西班牙的代理。
■a person who represents an actor, artist or writer （演员、艺术家、作家等的）经纪人，代理人
['eɪ.dʒənt] noun countable
GOVERNMENT 国家
■someone who works secretly for the government or other organization 特务；间谍
• a secret/foreign agent 秘密特工／外国间谍
['eɪ.dʒənt] noun countable
CAUSE 起因
■a person or thing that produces a particular effect or change 原动力，动因；作用剂
• a powerful cleaning agent 高效清洁剂
• a raising agent for cakes 蛋糕发酵剂
• a clotting agent 凝结剂
• literary He was the agent of their destruction. 是他导致了他们的毁灭。
representative, deputy, substitute, agent, delegate
这组词都有“代表、代理人”的意思，其区别是：
representative: 一般指被选举或委派代表某人或一些人或某个较大团体的人，其职务有时是较长期的。
deputy: 指上级授权代理行事的代表，特指被选择为执行全部或部分公务的人。
substitute: 主要强调某人或某物可以用来代替别的人或物的作用。
agent: 普通用词，通常指经授权代理另一个人或团体，或指在双方之间代表一方起中间作用的人。
delegate: 指一般被派参加某一会议的代表。
n. [法] [贸易] 代理人，代理商；药剂；特工
 - deputy, factor, secondary, proxy
adj. [法] [贸易] 代理的
 - acting, deputy

Word: prosecutor
Front: prosecutor
[ˈprɒsɪkju:tə(r)] (研 2124/8257 -2)
Vocabulary: prosecutor
(once / 494 pages)
n
On a TV crime drama or in real life courts, the prosecutor is the person who brings criminal charges against a suspect.
A prosecutor is a lawyer who works for a state or government organization and is responsible for starting legal proceedings and then proving in court that the suspect committed the crime he’s accused of. The opposite of a prosecutor is a defense attorney. So on that TV crime drama, the prosecutor is the one trying to put the bad guy in jail, and the defense attorney is the one trying to prove that the guy really isn’t a bad guy.
WORD FAMILY
prosecutor: prosecutors+/ prosecute: prosecuted, prosecutes, prosecuting, prosecution, prosecutor / prosecution: prosecutions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 起诉人; 实行者; 检举人
分布：公诉人(45%)，原告(22%)，起诉人(18%)，检举人(12%)，告发人(3%)
→来自prosecute,检举，起诉，控告。
US ['prɑ:.sɪ.kju:.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a legal representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a court of law 检察官；公诉人
n. 检察官； [法] 公诉人；起诉人；实行者
 - law officer, procurator

Word: exactly
Front: exactly
[ɪgˈzæktli] (高四 748/924 -K3)
Vocabulary: exactly
(once / 73 pages)
adv
Something exactly right is precisely, totally, completely right. This is a word with no fuzziness or wiggle room.
Isn't it nice when you know exactly the right word for something? Well, exactly is a word for when you're talking about things that fit perfectly or are unquestionably correct. Ten plus ten is exactly twenty. There are exactly fifty states. An astronomer could tell you exactly how far away the moon is. Exactly is the opposite of approximately or roughly. If you don't know for sure what you're talking about, don't use the word exactly.
WORD FAMILY
exactly: exactlys+/ exact: exacted, exacter, exactest, exacting, exactingly, exaction, exactly, exactness, exacts, inexact / exacting: unexacting/exaction: exactions/exactness: exactnesses/ inexact: inexactest, inexactly, inexactness/inexactness: inexactnesses/unexacting: unexactingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of its proximity to Hollywood, it is not exactly star-studded.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“And that's exactly what we've been doing from -- that day on.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Serena Williams wins Wimbledon title, loses count of exactly how many that is.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 精确地; 确切地; 完全地，全然; 恰恰
分布：精确地(35%)，确切地(28%)，正是(19%)，完全地(14%)，严密地(4%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used when you are giving or asking for information that is completely correct 精确地；确切地；完全准确地
• The journey took exactly three hours. 刚好是三个小时的路程。
• That'll be £15 exactly, please. 刚好15英镑，请付钱。
• It tastes exactly the same as the real thing, but has half the fat. 它和真品的味道完全一样，但脂肪含量却只有一半。
• The town centre looks exactly as it did when it was built in 1877. 市中心看起来和1877年建成时完全一样。
• He's not exactly (= not what I would describe as) good-looking, but he has a certain attraction. 他不算英俊，但有一种魅力。
• "So you gave her your Walkman?" "Not exactly (= That is not completely true) , I lent it to her." “那你把随身听给她了？”“也不是，我只是借给她。”
• "What you seem to be saying is that more should be invested in the road system and less in the railways." "Exactly" (= That is completely correct). “你的意思好像是说应该在公路系统上多投资，而在铁路系统上少投资。”
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调）正好，恰好，究竟
• Do exactly what I tell you and no-one will get hurt! 确实照我讲的去做，就不会有人受伤！
• Exactly how do you propose to achieve this? 你究竟打算怎样做到这件事？
• What exactly do you mean? 你究竟是甚么意思？
adv. 恰好地；正是；精确地；正确地
 - accurately, correctly, properly, precisely, right

Word: compromise
Front: compromise
[ˈkɒmprəmaɪz] (高研四六托雅宝 3751/3685 -3)
Vocabulary: compromise
(once / 235 pages)
1nv 2v
A compromise is a way of settling differences by everybody making concessions. If you want to stay out until 10 and your friend wants to stay out until midnight, 11 is a good compromise.
Compromise comes from the Latin compromissum, which means "mutual promise." It can be a noun or a verb. If you compromise with your lab partner over how to analyze the experimental data, you find the middle ground between your two ideas. Compromise can also mean to erode or diminish. If you never repair your brakes, you will compromise the safety of the car. If you cheat, you compromise your integrity.
WORD FAMILY
compromise: compromised, compromiser, compromises, compromising +/compromiser: compromisers/ compromising: compromisingly, uncompromising/uncompromising: uncompromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump may become our president, but this doesn’t mean we need to compromise our health, especially that of our children.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The results are seen in partisan votes and an unwillingness to compromise.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Or maybe there’s a way to find compromise.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 妥协; （名誉等的）损害; 妥协（或折中）方案; 折中物
vi. 折中解决; 妥协，退让
vt. 违背（原则）; 连累; （尤指因行为不很明智）使陷入危险
时态：compromised, compromising, compromises
分布：妥协(69%)，折衷(12%)，让步(8%)，和解(8%)，危害(1%)，妥协处理(1%)，折衷案(1%)
→com-, 强调。-promise, 承诺。即相互承诺的，互退一步相互有所妥协的。
n.妥协,折衷vi.妥协vt.危及,放弃(原则等)"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监
【记】com共同，promise发誓：停战妥协就是两个国家共同发誓不打仗的产物。
【反】intransigent（adj 不妥协的）－open to compromise（可以和解的）；polemical（adj 辩论法的；好辩的）－compromising（adj 妥协的）
US ['kɑ:m-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agree 妥协；折衷；让步；和解
• It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks. 希望今天的会谈能达成妥协。
• In a compromise between management and unions, a 4% pay rise was agreed in return for an increase in productivity. 资方与工会达成和解，同意以加薪4%来作为提高生产力的回报。
• The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. 政府声称不会对恐怖分子让步。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
AGREEMENT 协定
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to accept that you will reduce your demands or change your opinion in order to reach an agreement with someone 妥协；折衷；让步
• Party unity is threatened when members will not compromise. 成员不愿妥协，党内团结受到了威胁。
• Well, you want $400 and I say $300, so let's compromise at/on $350. 好吧，你要价400美元，我说300美元，那我们就来个折衷价350美元。
UK ['kɒm.prə.maɪz] US ['kɑ:m-] verb
LOWER STANDARDS 降低标准
transitive disapproving
■to allow your principles to be less strong or your standards or morals to be lower 放弃；背离，违背；降低
• Don't compromise your beliefs/principles for the sake of being accepted. 不要为了得到别人的认同而放弃了你自己的信仰／原则。
• If we back down on this issue, our reputation will be compromised. 如果我们在这个问题上打退堂鼓的话，会有损我们的声誉。
• [R] His political career ended when he compromised himself by accepting bribes. 他的政治生涯因他收受贿赂而宣告结束。
vt. 妥协；危害
 - harm, meet someone halfway
vi. 妥协；让步
 - meet someone halfway, come to terms with
n. 妥协，和解；折衷
 - accommodation, reconciliation

Word: rally
Front: rally
[ˈræli] (研六托雅宝 4619/4229 -3)
Vocabulary: rally
(once / 279 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n
Use the verb rally to describe that last push to finish a difficult something. When you hit that last mile in the race and are so tired you want to quit, that's when you rally, finding the strength to pick up the pace.
The verb rally is often used to describe a physical effort that has been renewed, but it can describe anything that involves bouncing back from a setback. For example, if something makes you feel disappointed, you rally to get your positive attitude back. Rally can also describe bringing people together, often to support a cause. The event itself is also called a rally, like pep rally in which students boost the confidence of their team as it heads into the championship game.
WORD FAMILY
rally: rallied, rallies, rallying+/rallying: rallyingly, rallyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As USC’s high-powered offense rallied in the fourth quarter, Penn State tried to run down the clock.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 召集，集合; 重整; 重振，恢复
vi. 聚集; 集合; 反弹，反败为胜; 恢复（元气等）
n. 集合; 重新集合; 重整的信号; 反败为胜
时态：rallied, rallying, rallies
分布：集会(82%)，激励(5%)，回合(4%)，重整旗鼓(4%)，重新召集(2%)，嘲弄(2%)，恢复精神(1%)
→来自 re-,再次，ally,集合，联盟。
v.重整,恢复,振作n.聚集,集会,拉力赛He rallied from his coma.他从昏迷中醒过来.
【记】源于：ally（v 结盟）
noun countable
MEETING 集会
 ADVANCED
■a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion （尤指为表明支援某种主张的）集会，群众大会
• 5000 people held an anti-nuclear rally. 有5000人举行了反核集会。
• an election/campaign rally 选举／运动集会
['ræl.i] noun countable
RACE 速度比赛
■a car or motorcycle race, especially over long distances on public roads （尤指长距离的）公路汽车赛；（汽车或摩托车）拉力赛
• The French driver has taken the lead in the Paris-Dakar rally. 在巴黎─达喀尔汽车拉力赛中，法国车手一路领先。
['ræl.i] noun countable
SPORT 体育
■a continuous exchange of hits between players in tennis, squash or badminton （网球等比赛中）持续对打，相持，拉锯戏
['ræl.i] noun countable
IMPROVEMENT 改善
■an improvement 恢复；复原；好转
• Share prices fell again today after yesterday's rally. 股票价格在昨天回升后再次下跌。
['ræl.i] verb
SUPPORT 支援
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) come together in order to provide support or make a shared effort 集合；召集；（使）团结
• Supporters/Opponents of the new shopping development are trying to rally local people in favour of/against it. 新购物中心开发项目的支持者／反对者们试图召集当地居民支援／反对该项目。
• The prime minister has called on the public to rally to/behind the government. 首相已发出号召，呼吁公众和政府团结在一起。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The general rallied his forces to defend the town. 将军召集他的部队守卫这座城市。
• 'Workers of the world unite' was their rallying cry/call (= a phrase said to encourage support). “全世界工人团结起来”是他们号召人们团结战斗的口号。
['ræl.i] verb
IMPROVE 改善
intransitive
■to return to a better condition 恢复；复原；重新振作
• The nurse said my mother had rallied after a poor night. 护士说我母亲有一天晚上病情严重，但接着就好转了。
• The team played badly in the first half of the match but rallied in the second. 球队在上半场比赛中表现很糟糕，但在下半场重整旗鼓，表现很好。
• The pound rallied against the dollar in trading today. 今天的交易中英镑对美元的比价回升。
['ræl.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rally round (sb) UK (US rally around (sb))
■to help or support someone 帮助，扶持；支援
• When I'm ill, my friends always rally round. 我生病时，朋友们总在我身边帮忙。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
vi. 团结；重整；恢复；（网球等）连续对打
 - league, restore
vt. 团结；集合；恢复健康、力量等
 - assemble, fall in
n. 集会；回复；公路赛车会
 - assembly, feedback, meet, gathering, congregation

Word: legislation
Front: legislation
[ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2017/1365 -3)
Vocabulary: legislation
(once / 242 pages)
n
Legislation is the act or process of making or enacting laws. Some people think there should be more legislation in the area of education and some people think there should be less — governments debates the matter periodically.
The noun legislation refers to the actual law enacted by a legislative body at the national, state, or local level. There has been some very odd legislation over the years. In one state it was illegal to kiss on a train; in another, it was illegal to take a bath on Sunday. The sweeping legislation made radical changes to tax law, health care, and immigration law.
WORD FAMILY
legislation: legislations+/ legislate: legislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislature / legislative: legislatively/ legislator: legislators, legislatorship/ legislature: legislatures
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Mr. Pratt also vouched for the concealed carry legislation from Rep. Richard Hudson, the North Carolina Republican who introduced the bill in the House.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 立法，制定法律; 法律，法规
分布：立法(68%)，法律(18%)，法规(14%)
立法(legislate+ion)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
n.法律(规);立法,法律的制定(或通过)This is a significant piece of legislation.这是一项重要立法.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament 法律；立法
• [+ to infinitive] The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars. 政府承诺将透过立法来限制汽车废气排放。
n. 立法；法律
 - lawmaking, lex

Word: memory
Front: memory
[ˈmeməri] (中高研四六托 891/979 -K4)
Vocabulary: memory
(once / 52 pages)
n
Memory is the power to retain and recall information and past experiences. Your brain's memory helps you recall lots of memories — like multiplication tables and bad dates.
The word memory applies to both the individual facts and experiences you remember as well as the brain's ability to contain it all. A good memory for names means you retain someone's name. But a good memory of your summer job means that you had fun while working at the Jiffy Lube. Memory has also come to refer to a computer's capacity to store information. As far as we know, however, computers do not have fond memories of their past programs.
WORD FAMILY
memory: memorable, memories, memorise, memorize +/memorability: memorabilities/ memorable: memorability, memorabler, memorablest, memorably, unmemorable/memorise: memorisation, memorised, memoriser, memorises, memorising/ memorize: memorization, memorized, memorizer, memorizes, memorizing/memorizer: memorizers/unmemorable: unmemorably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inside, she claims that she thinks it’s awesome that he doesn’t remember her and can’t wait to refresh his memory.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Miss Cartwright shared her many memories of working with Danny Thomas, “The Sound of Music” and “Lost in Space.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 记忆，记忆力; 回忆，往事; [计]存储器，内存
分布：记忆(74%)，回忆(13%)，记忆力(13%)
→来自拉丁语memor,记忆的，提醒的，思考的，来自mer,记忆，词源同memorize.拼写me-为mor的韵律重复。引申词义内存，存储器等。
记忆,记忆力(memor+y)[memor=memory,表示"记忆"]
n.记忆,记忆力;回忆;存储(器)The member of good memory remembers to commemorate his friend with memorials.那位记性好的成员记得用纪念品纪念他的朋友.
US [-ɚ-] noun
ABILITY TO REMEMBER 记忆的能力
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the ability to remember information, experiences and people 记忆力，记性
• a good/bad memory 好／差的记性
• After the accident he suffered from loss of memory/memory loss. 意外发生之后，他丧失了记忆力。
• She has an excellent memory for names (= She can remember names easily). 她特别善于记名字。
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
EVENT REMEMBERED 记住的事情
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that you remember from the past 记忆，回忆
• I have vivid memories of that evening. 我对那晚仍记忆犹新。
• That tune really brings back memories (= makes me remember past events). 那首乐曲真的使我想起往事。
• School is just a dim/distant memory for me now (= something I cannot remember very well). 学校生活现在对我来说只是一种模糊的记忆／遥远的往事了。
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable usually singular uncountable
■the part of a computer in which information or programs are stored either permanently or temporarily, or the amount of space available on it for storing information （电脑的）记忆体，储存量
• My computer has a gigabyte of memory. 我的电脑有1千兆的记忆体。
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
from memory ADVANCED
■If you say something, such as a poem, or sing a song from memory, you speak or sing without looking at any words or music. 凭记忆
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
have a memory like an elephant
■to be able to remember things easily and for a long period of time 有惊人的记忆力
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
in memory of sb ADVANCED
■as a way of remembering someone who has died 为纪念（某人）
• A service was held in memory of those who had died in the fighting. 举行了一个追悼仪式以纪念在战斗中阵亡的人。
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
take a stroll / trip / walk down memory lane
■to remember happy times in the past 追忆往昔
UK ['mem.ər.i] US [-ɚ-] noun
within your memory
■at a time that you are able to remember 在（某人）的记忆中
• Women had gained the vote within my grandmother's memory. 从我祖母记事时起，女性就已获得了投票权。
n. [心理] 记忆，记忆力；内存， [计] 存储器；回忆
 - mind, retention

Word: equivalent
Front: equivalent
[ɪˈkwɪvələnt] (研四六托雅宝 4330/3051 -K3)
Vocabulary: equivalent
(once / 332 pages)
1adjn 2n
If two things are basically the same, you can say that they're the equivalent of each other. Like, studying advanced physics is the equivalent of banging your head against the wall.
Equivalent's Latin roots are "equal" and "value," which suggests that the word originally was used to describe things that had the same value. Now it can be used to describe things that have the same effect, or importance, or role — for example, "England's Parliament is the equivalent of America's Congress." It can also be used as an adjective: "Eating a bowl of Sugar Pops for breakfast is equivalent to starting your day with two scoops of ice-cream."
WORD FAMILY
equivalent: equivalence, equivalently, equivalents, nonequivalent+/ equivalence: equivalences, nonequivalence
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last year, Boots reduced the price of "feminine" razors to bring them in line with male equivalents.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It was Don who transformed the establishment into the laundry equivalent of a trendy nightclub’s velvet-roped VIP area.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 相等的，相当的，等效的; 等价的，等积的; [化学]当量的
n. 对等物; [化学]当量
分布：相等物(72%)，等价的 相等的(28%)
→来自equal, 平等的。-val, 价值，见value.
相等的,等价的(equi+val力量+ent→力量平等→相等的)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
相等的[vail,val=strong,表示"强壮"]
a.(to)相等的,等价的n.相等物,等价物equal, equator, equation, equivalent, quiver相等的赤道方程式均等颤动.
【记】equ平等，val力量－力量平等的
【参】valor（n 勇猛）；convalesce（vi 渐渐康复）；equivalence（n 相等；等值）；ambivalent（adj 矛盾心理的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc 等值的；相等的；等同的
• She's doing the equivalent job in the new company but for more money. 她在新公司做同样的工作，但薪水比以前高。
• Is $50 equivalent to about £30? 50美元是不是大约相当于30英镑？
[ɪ'kwɪv.əl.ənt] noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■something which has the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc as something else 等值的；相等的；等同的
• There is no English equivalent for 'bon appetit' so we have adopted the French expression. 英语中没有和 bon appetit 相对应的词，所以我们就借用了法语的这个表达方式。
• Ten thousand people a year die of the disease - that's the equivalent of the population of this town. 每年有一万人死于这种疾病——相当于这个城镇的总人口。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
adj. [物价] [化学] [数] 等价的，相等的；同意义的
 - equal, even
n. [物价] [化学] 等价物，相等物
 - countertype, quid pro quo

Word: notably
Front: notably
[ˈnəʊtəbli] (托 5265/3156 -2)
Vocabulary: notably
(once / 716 pages)
adv
The word notably singles people and things out as special. A notably brilliant scientist is especially brilliant, so you might want to take notes when she speaks!
Things that are described as notably are remarkable or striking in some way. A notably excellent painter is a great painter. A notably mean professor is one students will want to avoid, because that professor is really mean. A notably fast car is especially fast. This word is a type of intensifier, a notably strong intensifier.
WORD FAMILY
notable: notability, notables, notably +/notability: notabilities/ note: notable, noted, notes, noting/ noted: notedest, notedly, unnoted
USAGE EXAMPLES
More notably, 2017 is the smallest whole number whose cube root begins with ten distinct digits:
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He views the term as pejorative, and he is notably skeptical about the value of psychiatric diagnosis in voice-hearing cases:
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Notably, Dortmund and Klimt were handed off Sunday to Art Sherman, trainer of California Chrome, Arrogate’s chief adversary for top horse honors.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. “notable“的派生; 显著地; 尤其
分布：显著地(50%)，特别地(40%)，值得注意地(10%)
US ['noʊ.tˌə-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■especially or most importantly 格外地，特别地
• They have begun attracting investors, most notably big Japanese financial houses. 他们开始吸引投资者，特别是日本大型金融会社。
■to an important degree, or in a way which can or should be noticed 明显地；显然；值得注意地
• The newspapers are notably biased. 报纸显然有所偏袒。
adv. 显著地；尤其
 - especially, remarkably, prominently

Word: driver
Front: driver
[ˈdraɪvə(r)] (中高雅 1226/1225 -K)
Back: n. 驾驶员，司机; 驱动器，驱动程序; 驱逐者，驱赶者; （高尔夫球）球棒
分布：司机(84%)，驾驶员(13%)，驱动器(3%)
n.驾驶员From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
US [-vɚ] noun countable
VEHICLE 汽车
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who drives a vehicle 司机
• a bus/lorry/truck/taxi driver 公车／卡车／计程车司机
• The driver of the van was killed in the accident. 货车司机在事故中丧生。
UK ['draɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑 specialized
■a computer program that makes it possible for a computer to use other pieces of equipment such as a printer （电脑的）驱动程式
UK ['draɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun countable
GOLF 高尔夫球
■a type of club (= long thin stick) with a wooden head, used in golf 高尔夫球棒（有头宽把长的木制杆）
n. [车辆] 驾驶员；驱动程序；起子； [机] 传动器
 - navigator

Word: electric
Front: electric
[ɪˈlektrɪk] (中高研四六 2696/2469 -K3)
Vocabulary: electric
(once / 103 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Things that are electric are either powered by electricity — like a battery-operated flashlight — or produce or transmit electricity — like an electric generator.
The word electric, indicating something charged with electricity, was used long before electricity was fully understood or harnessed as a form of power in the nineteenth century. In the seventeenth century, for example, materials like wool that produced sparks of static electricity when rubbed were termed electric by scientists, and the figurative meaning of the word was also used. Figuratively, electric can describe something exciting or brightly colored, as in "electric atmosphere" or "electric green."
WORD FAMILY
electric: electrical, electrically, electrician, electricity, electrics+/ electrician: electricians/ electricity: electricities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Elliott, pound for pound, is a more electric football player than Prescott.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The turntable, the Technics SL-1200, may not enjoy the name recognition of, say, Fender electric guitars or Steinway pianos.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 电的，带电的; 发电的，导电的; 令人激动的; 电动的
n. 电动车辆; 带电体
分布：电的(51%)，电动的(27%)，带电的(10%)，电动产品(8%)，刺激的(4%)
→来自拉丁文electrum, 琥珀。因古人发现琥珀经摩擦后可以吸附其它物体，因此就借用该拉丁词表示电。
a.电的,导电的,电动的If you touch an electric wire, you ll get a shock.如果你去碰一根带电的电线,你就会受电击.
adjective
POWER 电力
 ESSENTIAL
■using electricity for power 用电的；电动的
• an electric blanket/car/kettle/light 电热毡／电动汽车／电水壶／电灯
[ɪ'lek.trɪk] adjective
EXCITING 激动
■very exciting and producing strong feelings 令人激动的，令人兴奋的；高度刺激的
• an electric performance 扣人心弦的演出
electrical, electric, electronic
这三词都与电有关
electrical: 多指本身不产生电，但是与电有关的。如：electrical engineering(电机工程)；an electrical transcription(广播唱片)
electric: 着重于发电的，电动的或导电的。如：electric generator(发电机)；electric light(电灯)
electronic: 电子的，电子操作的。如：electronic engineering(电子工程学)
adj. [电] 电的；电动的；发电的；导电的；令人震惊的
 - dynamoelectric, motor-driven
n. 电；电气车辆；带电体
 - electrified body

Word: priority
Front: priority
[praɪˈɒrəti] (研四六托雅宝 2112/1729 -K3)
Vocabulary: priority
(once / 737 pages)
n
When a group or a person cares about one thing over all others, that’s the top priority. “After the flood, finding a place to live became their first priority.”
Priority comes from the word prior, which means to come before something else. A priority is the concern, interest or desire that comes before all others. “His first priority was to establish his career and get married later.” “When seeking the perfect wave, Jeff and Wayne made it their priority to be the first surfers on the beach.” "The new CEO's top priority was firing her predecessor's hires."
WORD FAMILY
priority: priorities, prioritise, prioritize +/ prior: priority, priorly, priors, priorship/prioritise: prioritising/ prioritize: prioritized, prioritizing/priorship: priorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The measure, which passed the Republican House three times since 2011, is a GOP priority.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 优先，优先权; （时间，序上的）先，前; 优先考虑的事; [数]优先次序
分布：优先(86%)，优先权(13%)，优先顺序(1%)
→来自prior,先前的，优先的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义优先权。
n.先,前;优先,重点,优先权The superstitious man put the priority on the superficial supersonic superiority.迷信的人把优先权放在表面的超音速的优良上.
US [-'ɔ:r.ə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■something that is very important and must be dealt with before other things 优先考虑的事
• The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority. 管理部门似乎并不认为应该优先考虑办公室安全问题。
• My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live. 我首先要考虑的是找个地方住。
• You have to learn to get your priorities right/straight (= decide which are the most important jobs or problems and deal with them first). 你必须学会先处理最重要的事。
• Mending the lights is a priority task (= more important than other jobs). 修灯这个任务更重要。
• Banks normally give priority to large businesses when deciding on loans (= They deal with them first because they consider them most important). 银行在发放贷款时通常优先考虑大企业。
• Official business requirements obviously take/have priority over personal requests (= Official business matters will be dealt with first). 公事显然应该置于私事之前。
n. [通信] [计] 优先；优先权； [数] 优先次序；优先考虑的事
 - precedence, preference to sth

Word: pursue
Front: pursue
[pəˈsju:] (研四六托宝 1785/1976 -K3)
Vocabulary: pursue
(once / 56 pages)
1v 2v
Use the verb pursue when you're chasing after someone or something. A hungry lion might pursue a zebra, the paparazzi might pursue a celebrity, and a young dancer might pursue her dream of becoming a prima ballerina.
Pursue originally meant "to follow with hostile intent," from a Latin root word, prosequi, "follow, accompany, follow after, or follow up." Today, when you pursue someone, it's not necessarily with bad intentions. A police officer, for example, might pursue a criminal, and your dog might pursue your cat around the house just for fun. If you pursue a career in journalism, you are working to achieve it. Likewise, you pursue a strategy or a hobby if you do it consistently.
WORD FAMILY
pursue: pursuance, pursuant, pursued, pursuer, pursues, pursuing, pursuit +/ pursuant: pursuantly/ pursuer: pursuers/ pursuit: pursuits
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council resolutions ban the North from pursuing its missile program.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Though the police recommended an indictment, the attorney general at the time decided not to pursue the case for lack of evidence.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say police pursued a vehicle Thursday that matched the description of one involved in an earlier armed robbery.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 继续; 追求; 进行; 追捕
vi. 追，追赶; 继续进行
时态：pursued, pursuing, pursues
分布：追求(81%)，从事(11%)，追捕(7%)，继续执行(1%)
→来自古法语poursuir,来自porsivre拼写变体，来自俗拉丁语*prosequare,来自prosequi,追求，追随，跟随，追逐，来自pur-,向前，-seq,跟随，词源同sequence,prosecute,execute.
追赶;追击[secut,sequ=follow表示"跟随"]
v.追赶,追踪;继续,从事In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
【记】有了purpose才会有pursue
US [pɚ'su:] verb transitive
FOLLOW 跟随
 IMPROVER
■to follow someone or something, usually to try to catch or kill them 追赶；追捕；追击
• The car was pursued by helicopters. 这辆车遭到多架直升机追捕。
• The hunters spent hours pursuing their prey. 猎人们花费数小时追捕猎物。
• He was killed by the driver of a stolen car who was being hotly pursued by the police. 他被车撞死了，撞他的人开的是一辆赃车，警方正在加紧追捕。
UK [pə'sju:] US [pɚ'su:] verb transitive
TRY TO GET 追求
 IMPROVER
■to try very hard to persuade someone to accept a job 力劝（某人）接受聘用
• The company has been pursuing Holton for some time, but so far he has rejected all their offers. 该公司一直想聘用霍尔登，但至今为止他拒绝了他们提供的所有条件。
 IMPROVER
■to try to discover information about a subject 追问，追查，追究
• We will not be pursuing this matter any further. 这件事我们将不再追究。
• The police are currently pursuing several lines of inquiry into the case. 目前警方采用不同的方式来调查该案件。
• I don't think this idea is worth pursuing any further. 我认为这个主意不值得再考虑下去了。
• The press has pursued this story relentlessly. 新闻界持续追踪报道这个故事。
■to try very hard to persuade someone to have a relationship with you 追求（某人）
• He's been pursuing her for months and yet she's so clearly not interested. 他已经追求她好几个月了，不过很显然她不感兴趣。
UK [pə'sju:] US [pɚ'su:] verb transitive
TRY TO DO 试图
 ADVANCED
■If you pursue a plan, activity or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually over a long period of time 追求，从事，实行
• He decided to pursue a career in television. 他决心从事电视广播业。
• We need to decide soon what marketing strategy we should pursue for these new products. 我们必须尽快决定对这些新产品采取何种行销策略。
• Michael Evans is leaving the company to pursue his own business interests. 麦克•埃文斯准备离开这家公司，去自己创业。
• She is ruthless in pursuing her goals. 她抱定决心要达到自己的目标。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 继续；从事；追赶；纠缠
 - maintain, undertake, address, have, course
vi. 追赶；继续进行
 - give chase, proceed with

Word: narrow
Front: narrow
[ˈnærəʊ] (高研四六托 2007/1725 -K4)
Vocabulary: narrow
(once / 67 pages)
1adjvn 2adj 3adj
Narrow means less wide or to make less wide. When you narrow down your choices, you decrease the number of choices. A road might be too narrow for a car.
When used to describe something physical such as a street or hips, narrow simply means not wide. Similarly, with quantities it means not much like when you win your basketball game by a narrow margin. But if you use it to describe an attitude, it has the negative meaning of not wide or open enough. If you're narrow-minded, you don't see the big picture –– sometimes it means you think in narrow stereotypes.
WORD FAMILY
narrow: narrowed, narrower, narrowest, narrowing, narrowly, narrowness, narrows+/narrowing: narrowings/narrowness: narrownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
At that point, Mr. Trump, otherwise expansive and genial, sat with narrowed eyes and pursed lips, like a schoolboy who’d just been lectured.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In what too quickly became the consensus view, all of the above were put in their place by Donald Trump’s narrow electoral victory.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 狭隘的; 狭窄的; （种类或数目）有限的; 仔细的，精确的
vt. 限制，限定; （使）变窄; 变得更窄; 收缩
n. 海峡; 狭路，隘路; 狭窄的水道
vi. 变窄
时态：narrowed, narrowing, narrows
分布：狭窄的(71%)，变窄(13%)，海峡(5%)，有限的(5%)，隘路(3%)，精密的(1%)，度量小的(1%)，狭窄部份(1%)
→来自古英语nearu,狭窄的，压抑的，来自sner,弯，转，扭曲。引申词义狭窄的。
a.狭窄的,狭的,狭隘的I threw a row of arrows, which narrowly passed the narrow-minded man's eyebrows.我掷了一排箭,箭紧擦心胸狭窄的人的眉毛而过.
US [-oʊ] adjective
SMALL WIDTH 狭窄的
 ESSENTIAL
■having a small distance from one side to the other, especially in comparison with the length （尤指与长度相比）狭窄的
• a narrow bridge/passage/gap 狭窄的桥梁／通道／缝隙
• a narrow face 瘦长的脸
• narrow feet 瘦脚
• The little village has very narrow streets. 小村子里的街道很窄。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
LIMITED 狭隘的 mainly disapproving
■limited to a small area of interest, activity or thought （兴趣、活动或思想）狭隘的，有局限性的
• They are unable to see beyond the narrow world of the theatre. 他们看不到狭小的戏剧界以外的天地。
• It was regarded as a very narrow interpretation of the law. 这被认为是对法律非常狭隘的诠释。
⇒ See also narrow-minded
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
ONLY JUST 勉强／刚好
■If you achieve a narrow result, the result could easily have been different because the amount by which you failed or succeeded was very small 勉强的；差距微小的
• The election was won by the very narrow margin of only 185 votes. 仅以185票的微弱优势赢取选举。
• The opposition had a narrow defeat. 反对派险些胜出。
• We won a narrow victory. 我们险胜。
a narrow escape
■a situation in which you only just avoid danger 死里逃生
• We got out in time but it was a narrow escape. 我们险些未能及时逃脱。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective
a narrow squeak UK informal
■a success that was almost a failure 险胜，侥幸成功
• We caught the ferry but it was a narrow squeak. 我们险些没赶上度船。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
■to become less wide or to make something less wide （使）变窄，（使）缩窄
• The road narrows after the bridge. 过桥之后道路变窄了。
• He narrowed his eyes in suspicion. 他猜疑地眯起眼睛。
• They have narrowed the focus of the investigation, to concentrate on younger adults. 他们把调查的重点范围缩小，集中在年轻人身上。
• figurative We must strive to narrow the gap between rich and poor. 我们必须努力缩小贫富差距。
UK ['nær.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] narrow sth down
■to make a number or list of things smaller and clearer, by removing the things that are least important, necessary or suitable 把…缩减，压缩
• We narrowed the list of candidates down from ten to three. 我们把候选人从十位筛选至三位。
adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的
 - nice, limited, finite, exact, precision
n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路
 - neck, channel, sound
vi. 变窄
 - straiten

Word: escape
Front: escape
[ɪˈskeɪp] (高研四六托 2034/1697 -K4)
Vocabulary: escape
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5v
To escape is to break free, to get out of a situation you don’t want to be in. It’s also a noun, as in an escape from a dull party that might involve a ladder and an upstairs window.
It’s hard to pin down the word escape. An escape can be the act of escaping, like an escape from prison, but an escape can also be a calming retreat, like a vacation that gets you away from the stress of everyday life. As a verb, escape also means, "to fail to experience or know.” If the humor escapes you, you don't find the joke funny.
WORD FAMILY
escape: escaped, escapee, escapes, escaping, escapism, inescapable +/escapee: escapees/ escapism: escapist / escapist: escapists/ inescapable: inescapably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police said the women escaped shortly before 6 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Celtics use Nets’ No. 1 pick to draft Lonzo Ball, who is compared to Jason Kidd, who also escaped Brooklyn.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State public security secretary Sergio Fontes said that in addition to the deaths, some inmates escaped, but he did not say how many.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 逃脱; 逃离; 躲过; 泄露
n. 逃走; 逃跑工具或方法; 野生种; 泄漏
adj. 使逃避困难的; 使规避问题的
时态：escaped, escaping, escapes
分布：逃跑(34%)，逃避(32%)，逃脱(31%)，被忘掉(1%)，泄露(1%)，度假(1%)
→来自拉丁语*excappare, 逃跑，ex-, 向外，-cap, 帽子，斗篷。即被抓住的时候，从斗篷里钻出来逃跑。
n.逃跑,逃脱v.逃跑;避开,避免After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
【参】escapism（n 逃避现实；空想）
verb
GET FREE 避开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get free from something, or to avoid something 逃走，逃脱，逃离；逃避，避开
• Two prisoners have escaped. 两个犯人逃走了。
• A lion has escaped from its cage. 一头狮子逃出了兽笼。
• She was lucky to escape serious injury. 她真是万幸，逃过一劫，没有受重伤。
• He narrowly (= only just) escaped a fine. 他差一点被罚款。
• His name escapes me (= I have forgotten his name). 我记不起他的名字了。
• Nothing important escapes her notice/attention. 任何重要的事情都不会逃过她的眼睛／注意。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
intransitive specialized
■to press the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process 退出，结束（运行程式）
• Escape from this window and return to the main menu. 从这个视窗退出，返回主功能表。
[ɪ'skeɪp] verb
There's no escaping the fact
■used to mean that something is certain 不可否认的是；毫无疑问
• There's no escaping the fact (that) we won't be able to complete these orders without extra staff. 不可否认的是，如果不增添人手，我们将无法完成这些订单。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
GET FREE 逃离
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone succeeds in getting out of a place or a dangerous or bad situation 逃脱，逃离
• He made his escape on the back of a motorbike. 他骑上摩托车逃之夭夭。
• an escape route 逃匿路线
• They had a narrow escape (= only just avoided injury or death) when their car crashed. 撞车事故中，他们九死一生，逃过一劫。
countable
■a loss that happens by accident 漏出；泄漏；溢出
• an escape of radioactivity 放射线外泄
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
FORGET 忘记
only singular
■something that helps you to forget about your usual life or problems （对现实的）逃避，回避；解脱之物：
• Romantic novels provide an escape from reality. 浪漫小说提供了一种逃避现实的方式。
[ɪ'skeɪp] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable (also escape key) (written abbreviation Esc) specialized
■the key on a computer keyboard which allows you to leave a particular screen and return to the previous one or to interrupt a process （电脑键盘上的）退出键
• Press Esc to return to the main menu. 按逸出键返回主功能表。
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vt. 逃避，避免；被忘掉
 - get out of, shun
vi. 逃脱；避开；溜走
 - get away, keep clear of
n. 逃跑；逃亡
 - hijra, desertion

Word: purpose
Front: purpose
[ˈpɜ:pəs] (中高研四六雅 1014/655 -K4)
Vocabulary: purpose
(once / 32 pages)
nv
When you do something with purpose, you do it with determination. When your activities have a purpose, you have an aim or intention in mind.
This noun also has a third meaning: "function, role, or use." The purpose of a fork, for instance, is to spear and scoop food from your plate, not to poke your little brother at the dinner table. Purpose can also be used as a verb meaning "to reach a decision" or "to intend," though these uses of the word are quite a bit less frequent nowadays.
WORD FAMILY
purpose: multipurpose, purposed, purposeful, purposeless, purposes, purposing+/ purposeful: purposefully, purposefulness/purposeless: purposelessly, purposelessness/purposelessness: purposelessnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Private funders customarily pick and choose where they’d like to allocate their funds, and those decisions are often directed by narrowly targeted purpose.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And area residents already use the woodland for educational and recreational purposes, he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意志; 目的; 作用; （进行中的）行动
vt. 有意; 打算; 企图（做）; 决意（做）
时态：purposed, purposing, purposes
分布：目的(82%)，意图(7%)，决心(5%)，打算(3%)，决意(2%)，议题(1%)
→pur-,向前，-pos，放置，词源同pose,position.引申词义意图，目的等。
目的,意图(pur始终+pose→始终放的东西→目的)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.目的,意图;用途,效果The depositor positively positioned the preposition in that position on purpose.储户有意确信地介词放置在那个位置.
US ['pɝ:-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■why you do something or why something exists 意图，目的，原因
• The purpose of the research is to try and find out more about the causes of the disease. 研究的目的是试图进一步探寻引起这种疾病的原因。
• His only purpose in life seems to be to enjoy himself. 他生活的唯一目的似乎就是享受。
• Her main/primary purpose in suing the newspaper for libel was to clear her name. 她控告这家报纸诽谤的主要目的是为了澄清她的清白。
• I came to Brighton for/with the express purpose of seeing you. 我到布里奇顿是特地来看你的。
• Letters whose sole purpose is to make a political point will not be published. 以宣扬政治观点为唯一目的的来信是不会被发表的。
• She had the operation entirely for cosmetic purposes. 她做这次手术纯粹是为了美容。
• a multi-purpose kitchen knife 多用途菜刀
• I can see no useful purpose in continuing this conversation. 我看不到延续这席谈话有任何益处。
• All my efforts were to no purpose (= failed). 我所有的努力都付诸东流了。
• He gave her a sum of money which she used to good purpose (= well). 他给她的那笔钱她都用在该用的地方。
on purpose
 IMPROVER
■If you do something on purpose, you do it intentionally, not by accident 故意地
• I didn't do it on purpose - it was an accident. 我不是故意这样做的，是个意外。
uncountable
■determination or a feeling of having a reason for what you do 决心，意志
• I've always admired her for her strength of purpose. 我一直佩服她意志坚定。
• Parenthood would give him a sense of purpose. 身为人父会让他变得有意志。
countable
■a need 需要
• We haven't yet managed to find new premises that are suitable for our purposes. 我们还未找到符合我们需要的新营业场所。
• The fabric I bought isn't exactly what I wanted, but it will serve my purposes (= fulfil my needs). 我买的织品严格说不是我想要的那种，但它能满足我的需要。
serve a purpose
■to have a use 起作用
• These small village shops serve a very useful purpose. 村里的这些小商店非常有用。
idea, intention, purpose
idea: 指“意见”，“见解”。
intention: 主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法，常见的搭配是have the intention of doing something.
purpose: 意为“目的”，着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如：For what purpose do you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么？)
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
n. 目的；用途；意志
 - goals, intention, sake, objective, use
vt. 决心；企图；打算
 - propose, think

Word: empire
Front: empire
[ˈempaɪə(r)] (高研四六 4218/2251 -K3)
Vocabulary: empire
(once / 361 pages)
n
An empire is a group of countries or territories that are under the control of a single entity but it can be used figuratively too. She rules her cosmetics empire well, with a solid knowledge of lipsticks, eye shadows, and more.
Have you ever heard the phrase, “The sun never sets on the British Empire?” This came about because during the 1800s countries in every time zone around the globe were ruled by England, and it was always daytime in one of them. Although other empires have existed back through time to the original Roman Empire, perhaps the most well-known empire today comes from the popular Star Wars films in which the rebels fight Darth Vader and his evil Empire.
WORD FAMILY
empire: empires
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality.”
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In October, prosecutors indicted Lotte’s chairman, Shin Dong-bin, but did not arrest him, allowing him to continue running the business empire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nimrud was a capital of the Assyrians, one the ancient world’s earliest and most ferocious empires.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 帝国，帝国领土; 帝权，君权，最高统治权; 大企业组织
adj. 新古典风格的
分布：帝国(97%)，大企业(2%)，帝权(1%)
→词源同emperor, 皇帝。
帝国(empir=emper)[emper,imper=command,表示"命令,统治"]
n.帝国The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
US [-paɪr] noun countable
COUNTRIES 国家
 ADVANCED
■a group of countries ruled by a single person, government or country 帝国
• the Holy Roman Empire 神圣罗马帝国
⇒ See also imperial
UK ['em.paɪər] US [-paɪr] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织
 ADVANCED
■a very large and important business or organization 大企业；大集团
• In the space of just ten years, her company has grown from one small shop to a multi-million-pound empire. 仅仅十年的时间，她的公司就由一个小商店发展成为一家拥有数百万英镑资产的企业集团。
n. 帝国；帝王统治，君权
 - seignorage, empery

Word: hurt
Front: hurt
[hɜ:t] (中高研四六 1140/1931 -K4)
Vocabulary: hurt
(once / 81 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj
If you have a party and no one shows up, you will probably feel hurt: emotionally injured by what's happened.
Hurt comes from the Old French hurte, meaning "collision," or "blow." We still have that violent sense in our word hurtle but we use hurt for a whole range of pains. If you stub your toe, it hurts, and if someone is beating you up you might say, "Stop hurting me!" Someone injured in battle or in sports is described as hurt. If you say something you shouldn't on live radio, you'll hurt your chances of winning an election.
WORD FAMILY
hurt: hurted, hurter, hurtful, hurting, hurtingly, hurts, unhurt+/hurtful: hurtfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 损害; 使受伤; 使伤心; 使受皮肉之苦
vi. 疼痛; 感到疼痛; 受痛苦; 有坏处，有害
n. 伤害; 痛苦
adj. 受伤的; 痛苦的; （受）损坏的
时态：hurt, hurting, hurts
分布：伤害(65%)，损害(14%)，疼痛(6%)，使疼痛(5%)，创伤(4%)，造成损失(3%)，打击(3%)
→来自中古英语hurten,伤害，弄伤，来自古法语hurter,冲，撞，猛击，最终可能来自kers,跑，冲，词源同current,charge.词义由冲击引申为损害，伤害。
n.伤痛,伤害v.刺痛,伤害;伤...的感情I hurt my tongue when I hurried to eat cherry and strawberry merrily.我匆忙快活地吃樱桃和草莓时伤了舌头.
US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
 ESSENTIAL
■to feel pain in a part of your body, or to injure someone or cause them pain （使）感到疼痛；弄伤
• Tell me where it hurts. 告诉我哪里痛。
• My head hurts. 我的头很痛。
• She says that her ear hurts her. 她说她的耳朵很痛。
• Emma hurt her back when she fell off her horse. 艾玛从马上摔下来，背部受了伤。
• Several people were seriously/badly hurt in the explosion. 有好几个人在这次爆炸中受了重伤。
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause emotional pain to someone （在精神上）伤害
• She criticized my writing quite severely and that hurt. 她很严厉地批评我所写的东西，让我很伤心。
• He was badly hurt by the end of his marriage. 婚姻的结束深深地伤害了他。
■to cause harm or difficulty 损害；给…带来困难
• A lot of businesses are being hurt by the current high interest rates. 目前的高利率给很多企业造成不利的影响。
• These allegations have seriously hurt her reputation. 这些指控严重损害了她的名声。
• Hard work never hurt anyone (= does no one any harm). 努力工作绝不会对任何人有害。
• informal One more drink won't hurt (= won't cause any harm). 多喝一杯不会有甚么害处的。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
it never hurts to do sth
■it is wise 做…不会有甚么坏处；做…是明智的
• It never hurts to check the flight departure time before you leave for the airport. 在出发到机场前查看一下航班时间有好无坏。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] verb intransitive or transitive (hurt, hurt)
it wouldn't hurt you to do sth informal
■something that you say which means you think someone should do something because they don't often do it 做…不会有甚么坏处；不妨做…
• It wouldn't hurt you to do the ironing for once. 试熨一次衣服不会对你有甚么害处。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■injured or in pain 受伤的；疼痛的
• Let me help you up. Are you hurt? 我扶你起来。你伤到哪里？
• Put that knife away before someone gets hurt. 把那把刀收起来以免伤到人。
 IMPROVER
■upset or unhappy （感情上）受伤的，伤心的
• I feel very hurt by what you said. 你说的话令我很伤心。
• "That was very unkind, " he said in a hurt voice. “那太无情了。”他带着受到伤害的语气说。
UK [hɜ:t] US [hɝ:t] noun [S or U]
■emotional pain （感情上的）伤害，痛苦
• The hurt after a relationship breaks up can be awful. 失恋可能会带来极大的痛苦。
• Her brave smile concealed a deep hurt. 她勇敢的微笑背后隐藏着深深的痛苦。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vt. 使受伤；损害；使疼痛；使痛心
 - wound, blast
vi. 感到疼痛；有坏处；带来痛苦
 - pain
n. 痛苦；危害；痛苦的原因
 - smart, painfulness
adj. 受伤的；痛苦的；受损的
 - injured, painful, wounded, bitter

Word: reuters
Front: reuters
['rɔitəz] (-/17081)
Back: n. （英国）路透社
分布：名词(100%)

Word: withdraw
Front: withdraw
[wɪðˈdrɔ:] (高研四六托雅宝 2786/1920 -K4)
Vocabulary: withdraw
(once / 130 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To withdraw is to take something back or remove yourself from a situation. You might withdraw money from the bank or withdraw yourself from an argument if it gets out of hand.
The word withdraw comes from Middle English and still means to draw or take back, like if you withdraw your hand when you’re done holding hands with someone. A newer definition of withdraw is to stay away from others or stop participating in something. You might withdraw from society by holing up in your house, or withdraw from school by dropping out. Another way to withdraw is to promise to do something but then change your mind.
WORD FAMILY
withdraw: withdrawal, withdrawer, withdrawing, withdraws, withdrew+/ withdrawal: withdrawals/withdrawer: withdrawers
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he withdrew from Iraq in 2011, the same year he scheduled for the Afghan escalation to end.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Open last September, withdrawing from all tennis to deal with a persistent shoulder injury.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The wrist injury last year forced Nadal to withdraw from the French Open before the third round and skip Wimbledon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 撤走; 拿走; 撤退; （从银行） 取 （钱）
vi. 撤退; （从活动或组织中） 退出
时态：withdrew, withdrawn, withdrawing, withdraws
分布：撤回(40%)，撤退(29%)，提款(12%)，取回(8%)，退缩(8%)，走开(3%)
→with-,相反，draw,拉。引申词义撤退，取款。
撤消,撤退(with[with-表示"向后,相反"]+draw拉→向相反拉→撤退)
撤回,缩回(with向后+draw→向后拉→撤回)[draw=pull,表示"拉"]
v.收回,撤消;缩回,退出;提取(钱)The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
【记】with回，draw拉－拉回－撤销
US [-'drɑ:] (withdrew, withdrawn)
verb
REMOVE 撤回
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to take or move out or back, or to remove 抽回；取回；提取；撤回；撤离；退出；移回
• This credit card allows you to withdraw up to £200 a day from cash dispensers. 这张信用卡允许你每天从自动提款机中提取200英镑。
• The UN has withdrawn its troops from the country. 联合国已从该国撤军。
• Eleven million bottles of water had to be withdrawn from sale due to a health scare. 因为害怕危害健康，有1100万瓶水不得不停止销售。
• Once in court, he withdrew the statement he'd made to the police (= he claimed it was false). 一上法庭，他便推翻了自己对警方的供词。
• All charges against them were withdrawn after the prosecution's case collapsed. 原告诉讼被驳回，所以对他们的指控都撤销了。
• formal After lunch, we withdrew into her office to finish our discussion in private. 午饭后，我们回到她的办公室私下完成讨论。
• mainly UK The team captain was forced to withdraw from the match due to injury. 队长因伤只好退出了比赛。
• Following his nervous breakdown, he withdrew from public life and refused to give any interviews. 神经失常后，他退出公众生活并拒绝接受任何采访。
UK [wɪð'drɔ:] US [-'drɑ:] (withdrew, withdrawn)
verb
STOP CONTACT 不与人交流
   intransitive
■to stop talking to other people and start thinking thoughts that are not related to what is happening around you 不再说话；沉默；不与人交流
• As a child, she frequently withdrew into her own fantasy world. 童年时候，她经常沉浸在自己的幻想世界。
• After the accident, he withdrew into himself and refused to talk to family or friends. 那场事故后，他变得沉默寡言，并拒绝和家人或朋友说话。
retreat, withdraw, retire
这组词都有“退下、退却”的意思，其区别是：
retreat: 含消极意味，多指被迫采取退下或退却的行动。
withdraw: 侧重因某种原因而有意离开，常含礼貌、谦恭等理由。也指军队的撤退。
retire: 指从公开或公共场合退下到私下场所，也指被免除职务或自动辞职、退役等。
vt. 撤退；收回；撤消；拉开
 - beat a retreat, bug out
vi. 撤退；离开
 - leave, split

Word: competitive
Front: competitive
[kəmˈpetətɪv] (研四六雅 2307/2363 -K3)
Vocabulary: competitive
(once / 591 pages)
adj
If you're competitive, you want to be the best. No one likes to lose, but if you are a competitive person, it will be especially disappointing to see someone else win.
People who are competitive like to compete — to find out who knows the most, runs the fastest, can eat the most hot dogs, and so on. Some people are competitive about everything. You'll know them by their constant comparing themselves to others and trying to find out what others have and do — in order to be sure they are still "ahead." Competitive can describe any contest, like a competitive sandcastle-building event.
WORD FAMILY
competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive+/ compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor / competition: competitions/ competitor: competitors/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But inside, it’s a whole world unto itself, and super competitive.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The competitive system started small but was expanded to include the entire state in 2016.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What Walton also created was a competitive situation that served the Lakers very well early in the game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 竞争的，比赛的; （价格等）有竞争力的; （指人）好竞争的; [生化] 抑制酶作用的
分布：竞争的(51%)，有竞争力的(47%)，胜过或超过他人的(2%)
有竞争力的(compete+itive)[pet=seek,表示"追寻,寻求"]
比赛的(com共同+pet追求)[-itive表形容词"…的"]
a.竞争的;好竞争的;(价格等的)有竞争力的He doesn't like competitive sports.他不喜欢竞技性体育项目.
US [-'petˌ.ə.tˌɪv] adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving competition 竞争的；竞赛的
• competitive sports 竞技体育
• a highly competitive industry 竞争激烈的行业
• Acting is very competitive - you've got to really push yourself if you want to succeed. 演艺界竞争非常激烈——想成功就必须拚命努力。
 ADVANCED
■wanting very much to win or be more successful than other people 好竞争的；好胜的
• You're very competitive - it's meant to be a friendly match! 你太争强好胜了——这本来是场友谊赛！
• I could never play team sports - I lack the competitive spirit (= a strong wish to beat others). 我可能永远都不适合参加团体运动项目——我缺乏竞争意识。
■Competitive prices, services, etc. are as good as or better than other prices, services, etc. （价格、服务等）具有竞争力的
adj. 竞争的；比赛的；求胜心切的
 - played, rival

Word: acquire
Front: acquire
[əˈkwaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2063/1407 -K3)
Vocabulary: acquire
(once / 86 pages)
1v 2v
To acquire means to get or come to own something. You acquire an education by your own effort. You acquire a painting by paying for it, or when someone gives it you. You acquire a sense of calm in crisis through experience.
The list of things you can acquire includes: an object, a trait, a skill, or an ability. An acquired taste is something that people usually don't like when they first experience it, but later they come to enjoy it, such as raw clams or marmite. The verb acquire was borrowed from Latin acquīrere "to add to," from the prefix ad- "at, toward" plus quaerere "to seek, get."
WORD FAMILY
acquire: acquirable, acquired, acquirer, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitive +/ acquired: acquiredly/acquirer: acquirers/ acquisition: acquisitions/ acquisitive: acquisitively, acquisitiveness, unacquisitive
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The state Department of Natural Resources says it will seek money from lawmakers to help acquire land.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 获得，取得; 学到
时态：acquired, acquiring, acquires
分布：获得(77%)，取得(14%)，学到(9%)
→前缀ac-同ad-, 去，往。词根quir, 追求，同question, 追问，问题。
获取(ac加强动作+quire寻求得到→获取)[quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v.获得;学到(知识等);养成(习惯)Squirrel inquired an acquaintance and acquired the requirements.松鼠询问了一位熟人,得知了那些要求.
US [-'kwaɪɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to get something 取得，获得；购得；学到
• He acquired the firm in 1978. 他于1978年收购了这家公司。
• I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket. 我穿的夹克衫是新买的。
• I seem to have acquired (= have got although I don't know how) two copies of this book. 这本书我好像重复买了。
• During this period he acquired a reputation for being a womanizer. 这期间他得了个玩弄女性的名声。
UK [ə'kwaɪər] US [-'kwaɪɚ] verb transitive
an acquired taste
■something that you dislike at first, but that you start to like after you have tried it a few times 养成的嗜好
• Olives are an acquired taste. 橄榄这种东西吃得多就爱吃了。
inquire, acquire, achieve, require
inquire: 打听，询问。如：inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
acquire: 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)
achieve: (成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)
require: 需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
acquire, procure, obtain
acquire: 努力获得，更强调在原来基础上的自然增加
procure: 为获得某物而“小心、仔细，想出计策或施展手腕”的意思
obtain: 获得，得到
vt. 获得；取得；学到；捕获
 - earn, buy, score, find, make

Word: download
Front: download
[ˌdaʊnˈləʊd] (高 6382/27269)
Vocabulary: download
(once / 550 pages)
v
When you've got files on one computer that you need to transfer onto another, you'll need to download or copy the data onto a portable drive to move it.
Back before the internet brought the world to our fingers, the word download was used mainly to describe the process of copying files or data from one computer to another. But these days, you can download or copy, just about anything from the internet — from music to movies to books. Another thing you can download, if you aren't careful, is a virus, so be wary before you go transferring all kinds of files to your computer.
WORD FAMILY
download: downloaded, downloading, downloads
USAGE EXAMPLES
Four years ago, when the download market was at its peak, that figure was 32.6 million.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a little over 3% of the estimated 90 million downloads of the game.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
More significantly, $1bn of that was from streaming, more than double its download revenue and more than $100m more than its physical revenue.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: v. 将（程序，资料等）从大计算机系统输入小计算机系统，下载
时态：downloaded, downloading, downloads
分布：下载(100%)
→比喻用法，用于计算机术语。
US [-ˈloʊd]
 IMPROVER
■to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially from the Internet or a larger computer （尤指从网际网路或较大型电脑上）下载
noun countable UK [ˈdaʊn.ləʊd] US [-loʊd/
■a computer program or information that has been or can be downloaded 下载程式；下载资讯

Word: writing
Front: writing
[ˈraɪtɪŋ] (高研四六雅 1528/1484 -K4)
Vocabulary: writing
(once / 61 pages)
n
Writing is the act of putting pen to paper...or fingers to keyboard...or even thumbs to phone pad. Any time you record language in script, whether that's a tweet or the next great American novel, you're writing.
If you promise your first-born son to the strange lady next door, she might say, "put it in writing," which means she's probably not a witch and relies on the law to get things done, because things written down are more binding than mere speech. You can also use writing to refer to the collected work of a single author or group. You might adore the writing of Mark Twain. Or do you prefer writing about vampires?
WORD FAMILY
writing: writings+/overwrite: overwrites, overwriting, overwritten, overwrote/ rewrite: rewriter, rewrites, rewriting, rewritten, rewrote/rewriter: rewriters/rewriting: rewritings/ underwrite: underwriter, underwrites, underwriting, underwritten, underwrote/underwriter: underwriters/ write: overwrite, rewrite, underwrite, writer, writes, writing, written, wrote/writer: writers/written: unwritten
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Pope, writing on Twitter, pegged the air quality index, a measure of the pollution, above 400 around the time of the video.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He began his career as a painter before turning to writing, becoming an art critic for the New Statesman.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Writing down your meals, snacks and daily stressors helps clarify your true habits, and set healthy, reachable goals.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 文字; 写作; 文章; 笔迹
v. 写（ write的现在分词）; 写信
分布：写作(77%)，作品(14%)，笔迹(8%)，著述(1%)
n.写,写作;著作,作品Deviation in aviation is dangerous. Writing is alleviated via bias on abbreviation.在航空过程中的不符合是危险的.写被关于缩写通过偏见减轻.
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a person's style of writing with a pen on paper which can be recognized as their own 笔迹；书法
• Do you recognise the writing on the envelope? 你能认出信封上是谁的笔迹吗？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■something which has been written or printed （书写或印刷的）文字
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the written work, such as stories or poems, of one person or a group of people 文学作品；著作
• She is studying women's writing at the turn of the century. 她正在研究世纪之交的女作家的作品。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the activity of creating pieces of written work, such as stories, poems or articles 写作；创作
• I did a course in creative writing. 我修了一个创意写作课程。
in writing
■in written form 以书面形式
• All bookings must be confirmed in writing. 所有预约都要以书面形式确定。
writings [plural]
■the written works of a person, especially when they have been published as books （尤指已出版成书的）著作，作品
• the writings of Karl Marx 卡尔．马克思的著作
UK ['raɪ.tɪŋ] US [-tˌɪŋ] noun
the writing is on the wall (US also the handwriting is on the wall)
■said to mean that there are clear signs that something will fail or no longer exist 已出现不祥之兆（指某事即将失败或消失）
n. 书写；作品； [图情] 著作； [法] 笔迹
 - works, production, literature, calligraphy

Word: commitment
Front: commitment
[kəˈmɪtmənt] (高四六托雅 1616/1355 -K2)
Vocabulary: commitment
(once / 602 pages)
1n 2n
Making a commitment involves dedicating yourself to something, like a person or a cause. Before you make a commitment, think carefully. A commitment obligates you to do something.
Some commitments are large, like marriage. When you take a job, you're making a commitment to show up and do the job well, and your employer makes a commitment to pay you. There are smaller commitments too. If you said you'd meet a friend at six, that's a commitment — show up or your friend will be mad. You also can speak of commitment as a quality. Staying after school for a study group shows your commitment to good grades.
WORD FAMILY
commitment: commitments+/ commit: commited, commiting, commitment, commits, committal, committed, committee, committing, recommit /committal: committals, noncommittal / committed: committedest, committedness, uncommitted/ committee: committees, subcommittee/ noncommittal: noncommittally/ recommit: recommitted, recommitting/subcommittee: subcommittees
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The ivory trade is a great opportunity for China to show its commitment to its global responsibilities,” he wrote in an email.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Qarau’s commitment to replenishing the turtle stock involves monitoring them twice a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Stage Five is the “Maintenance Stage,” where we are in the middle of a strong commitment to maintaining change.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 承诺，许诺; 委任，委托; 致力，献身; 承担义务
分布：承诺(86%)，献身(4%)，保证(4%)，委任(3%)，信奉(2%)，交押(1%)
→来自commit, 承诺。
【记】com共同，mit送－共同送东西到指定处－对方接受后便要承诺责任com共同，mit＝MIT（麻省理工）：我们约好不考上MIT就不活了，这就是一种承诺，而且我们还要为之努力－致力献身Com共同，mit＝meet相遇：我们约好在小花园相遇，这也是承诺。Com共同，mit读：觅他：我们一起去找他，一定要把他找回来－这不但是一种承诺，我们还要致力于这项工作。
【参】commit（v 托付＝consign，承诺＝bind＝obligate，犯罪＝perpetrate）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you are willing to give your time and energy to something that you believe in, or a promise or firm decision to do something 忠诚；投入；奉献；承诺，保证，诺言
• her commitment to left-wing politics/the cause of feminism/the company 她对左翼政治／女权主义事业／公司的奉献
• She is known chiefly for her commitment to nuclear disarmament. 她主要以全力支持核裁军运动而闻名。
• I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such commitment. 我要对全体员工作出的巨大奉献表示感谢。
• Try the product out in the comfort of your own home with absolutely no commitment to buy! 可在家随意试用本产品且根本无须购买！
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that you must do or deal with that takes your time 必须做（或处理）的事情
• family/work commitments 家庭义务／工作任务
• I've got too many commitments at the moment to do an evening class. 我眼下要做的事情太多，没时间晚上上课。
• Children are such a commitment. 照顾孩子真费精力。
n. 承诺，保证；委托；承担义务；献身
 - assurance, certification, guarantee, security, compliance

Word: inspire
Front: inspire
[ɪnˈspaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2299/3204 -4)
Vocabulary: inspire
(once / 89 pages)
1v 2v
The Olympics often inspire people to take up a sport, but they can also inspire patriotism. Inspire means to excite, encourage, or breathe life into.
Inspire comes from the Latin word that means to inflame or to blow in to. When you inspire something, it is as if you are blowing air over a low flame to make it grow. A film can be inspired by a true story. Studying for your test will inspire confidence in you. Successful people often have a role model who inspired them to greatness. Who inspires you?
WORD FAMILY
inspire: inspiration, inspiratory, inspired, inspirer, inspires, inspiring +/ inspiration: inspirational, inspirations/ inspirational: inspirationally/ inspired: inspiredly, uninspired/inspirer: inspirers/ inspiring: inspiringly, uninspiring/uninspiring: uninspiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Circumventing democracy by ignoring the obvious will of the people does little to inspire confidence in our statewide leaders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 鼓舞; 激励; 赋予灵感; 启迪
vi. 吸，吸入
时态：inspired, inspiring, inspires
分布：激发(60%)，鼓舞(27%)，产生(9%)，吸入(3%)，赋予...灵感(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-spir,呼吸，词源同respire,spirit.即吸入活力，吸收灵感，引申词义启发，鼓舞。
吸气;鼓励(in进+spire→吸气进去,引申为鼓励)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
vt.鼓舞,激起;使产生灵感The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [-'spaɪr] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it 激励，鼓舞
• His confident leadership inspired his followers. 他那自信的领导风采激励着他的追随者。
• [+ to infinitive] After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish. 委内瑞拉之行促使她下定决心学习西班牙语。
■to make someone have a particular strong feeling or reaction 唤起，激起
• She inspires great loyalty among her followers. 她激起了追随者强烈的忠诚感。
• The captain's heroic effort inspired them with determination. 船长的英勇行为激发了他们的决心。
■to give someone an idea for a book, film, product, etc 赋予灵感；激发（想法）
• a piece of music inspired by dolphin sounds 受海豚声音的启发而谱写的一首乐曲
• The design of the car has inspired many imitations. 受这款车设计的启发出现了很多模仿品。
touch, inspire, move
这组词都有“感动，打动”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 主要用于表示怜悯或同情等场合，侧重感动。
inspire: 指激起勇气和信心，侧重鼓励，有时含“启发灵感”之意。
move: 与touch可换用，但语气强一些，运用范围广些。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 激发；鼓舞；启示；产生；使生灵感
 - stimulate, lift, wake, spirit, effect

Word: cycle
Front: cycle
[ˈsaɪkl] (高研四六雅 2220/2200 -K3)
Vocabulary: cycle
(once / 275 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A cycle is a series of events that happen repeatedly in the same order. Or, it is a slang term for a bicycle. If you ride a cycle to work, we suggest putting your clothes through the wash cycle twice — or wear strong cologne.
We get cycle from Latin cyclus and Greek kuklos, both meaning "circle." So you can see where bi- (two) and tri- (three) + cycle got their names. Nowadays, cycle can be a verb or a noun: You can ride a cycle or you can cycle to the park. The same holds true when you’re talking about a sequence of repeating events: The seasons cycle through spring, summer, fall, and winter. The plant life cycle goes from seed to flower to seed dispersal.
WORD FAMILY
cycle: bicycle, cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling, cyclist, unicycle +/ bicycle: bicycled, bicycler, bicycles, bicycling, bicyclist/bicycler: bicyclers/bicyclist: bicyclists/ cyclic: cyclically, cyclicity, noncyclic/ cyclical: encyclical, noncyclical/cyclist: cyclists/encyclical: encyclicals/ unicycle: unicycles, unicycling, unicyclist/unicyclist: unicyclists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gas is drawn off and compressed for further use, and the amine solution is then cycled back through the system to absorb more CO2.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the cycle of children running about Alico Arena’s hallways continues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a clichéd saying, but the cycle of poverty is true. It really is a cycle,” Phifer said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 循环，周期; 自行车; 时代，一段时间; 整套
vi. 周而复始，循环; 骑自行车; 轮转
vt. 运转，循环; 使轮转
时态：cycled, cycling, cycles
分布：周期(54%)，循环(35%)，自行车(6%)，骑自行车(4%)，摩托车(1%)
→来自kwel, 弯，转。词源同colony, culture, pole.
周期[circ,cycl=ring,circle,表示"圆,环"]
n.自行车;周期,循环v.骑自行车;循环He cycles to school every day.他每天骑车上学.
noun
BICYCLE 单车／脚踏车／自行车
 IMPROVER countable
■a bicycle 单车，脚踏车，自行车
['saɪ.kl] noun
SERIES 连续
countable
■a group of events which happen in a particular order, one following the other, and which are often repeated 循环；周期
• the life cycle of a moth 蛾的生命周期
countable
■one in a series of movements that a machine performs （机器的）工作周期，工作程式
• the spin cycle 脱水程序
['saɪ.kl] noun
PLAYS/POEMS 戏剧／诗歌
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of plays, poems, etc. written by one person and connected with each other by dealing with the same characters or ideas （表现相同人物或思想的）全套剧目，组诗
• It's one in a cycle of plays that are being performed on successive evenings. 这几部连台戏连续几晚都在上演，这只是其中一部。
['saɪ.kl] verb intransitive
■to ride a bicycle 骑单车／脚踏车
n. 循环；周期； [车辆] 自行车；整套；一段时间
 - circle, revolution, rotation, round, bike
vt. 使循环；使轮转
 - circulate
vi. 循环； [车辆] 骑自行车；轮转
 - circumrotate, ride a bike

Word: famous
Front: famous
[ˈfeɪməs] (中高雅 1486/1461 -K4)
Vocabulary: famous
(once / 88 pages)
adj
Something famous is well known, usually because it's special or particularly good. Celebrities, historic paintings, and the best burger in town could all be described as famous.
If something is famous, then a lot of people know about it. If you turn on the television or look at a magazine rack, you'll see plenty of famous people: movie stars, TV stars, musicians, athletes, and politicians are all famous. Lots of people want to be famous, but there are good and bad parts to it. It must be nice to be rich, but being constantly surrounded by fans and photographers can't be fun.
WORD FAMILY
famous: famouser, famousest, famously+/ defamation: defamations/ defame: defamation, defamatory, defamed, defamer, defames, defaming/defamer: defamers/ fame: defame, fames, famous
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is famous for its buzzing, swirling, incomprehensible traffic.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The United Farm Workers, in the mid-sixties, organized the famous grape boycott in order to get farmers to stop relying on underpaid, non-union workers.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 著名的，出名的; 〈古〉一流的，极好的
分布：著名的(77%)，有名的(23%)
→来自fame, 名声。
a.著名的In the famine I got familiar with this famous family name/surname.在饥荒中,我熟悉了这个有名的姓.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■known and recognized by many people 著名的；出名的；有名的
• a famous actress/building 著名的女演员／建筑
• Marie Curie is famous for her contribution to science. 玛丽‧居里以其对科学的贡献而享有盛名。
• a city famous for its nightlife 以夜生活闻名的城市
['feɪ.məs] adjective
famous last words informal
■said when someone makes a definite statement which is shown very soon, and in an embarrassing way, to be wrong 说得煞有介事
• I told him categorically that we could never be anything more than friends. Famous last words! Within a few months we were engaged. 我明确告诉他我们只可能做朋友。说得跟真的似的，可才过了几个月我们就订婚了！
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
adj. 著名的；极好的，非常令人满意的
 - noted, wonderful, excellent, super, great

Word: passenger
Front: passenger
[ˈpæsɪndʒə(r)] (中高研四六 2080/2001 -K3)
Vocabulary: passenger
(once / 155 pages)
n
A passenger is a person who rides in a vehicle. If you grab a ride home from school with your best friend, you are a passenger in her car.
Everyone riding in a train, plane, bus, or any other vehicle is a passenger — except the driver, pilot, or crew. A passenger's only job is to ride along. In the fourteenth century, a passenger was simply a "passer-by," from the Old French passagier, "passing, fleeting, or traveling." The first instance of the modern use was recorded in the early 1500s.
WORD FAMILY
passenger: passengers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect delays in passenger processing until the system is restored.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
At Miami International Airport, thousands of passengers from more than 30 international flights were delayed from entering the country, a spokesman said.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Most of the passengers were Indonesians celebrating the New Year’s holiday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 乘客，旅客; 行人，过路人; 碍手碍脚的人
分布：乘客(66%)，旅客(34%)
→来自法语passer,走过，经过，-enger,人，词源同messenger.引申词义旅客，乘客。
乘客,旅客(pass+enger人→通过的人→乘客)[pass=passthrough表示"通过"]
n.乘客,旅客In the passage the passenger passed a cassette of message to messenger.在过道里,乘客给信差传递了一盒带信息.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it or working on it 乘客，旅客
• airline/rail/train/car passengers 飞机／火车／汽车乘客
passenger train
■a train carrying people rather than goods 客运火车
• The two passenger trains involved in the accident had both come from south-west London. 这次意外中的两列客运火车都是从伦敦西南部开出的。
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
n. 旅客； [交] 乘客；过路人；碍手碍脚的人
 - traveler, viator

Word: confirm
Front: confirm
[kənˈfɜ:m] (高研四六托雅宝 1851/1156 -K4)
Vocabulary: confirm
(once / 116 pages)
1v 2v 3v
When you need to make sure before you leave that you have a reservation, you often call ahead to confirm, that is, to make sure that your tickets or space are set aside for you.
The firm in confirm should give you a clue as to the word's meaning: to shore up or verify something. When you make sure something is set, or firm, you confirm it. The word comes from the Latin con- "together, altogether," and firmāre "make firm," so confirm originally meant roughly "to make (something) altogether firm."
WORD FAMILY
confirm: confirmable, confirmation, confirmative, confirmatory, confirmed, confirming, confirms, reconfirm +/ confirmation: confirmations/confirmative: confirmatively/confirmed: confirmedly, unconfirmed/confirming: confirmingest, confirmingly, disconfirming/ reconfirm: reconfirmed, reconfirming, reconfirms
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Haldeman’s notes appear to confirm longstanding suspicions that Nixon himself was directly involved, despite his later denials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Singapore's TeleRadio Engineering uses RF signals in its SkyDroner device to track and control drones and a video feed to confirm targets visually.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. [法]确认，批准; 证实; 使有效; 使巩固
时态：confirmed, confirming, confirms
分布：证实(51%)，确定(42%)，批准(7%)
→con-, 强调。-firm, 固定。
坚定;证实(con+firm坚定)[com-,con-表示"共同"]
确定,证实(con全部+firm→全部坚定→确实)[firm=firm,表示"坚定"]
v.使更坚固,使更坚定;(进一步)证实;确认I affirmatively confirmed the conformity of the theory with practice.我断然确认了理论与实践相符.
【记】con共同，firm（v 使牢固；使坚定）－共同坚定－证实
【参】confirmation（n 证实，批准）；confirmed（adj 根深蒂固的；证实过的）
US [-'fɝ:m] verb
MAKE CERTAIN 确定
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make an arrangement or meeting certain, often by telephone or writing 确认，确定（安排或会议）
• [+ that] Six people have confirmed that they will be attending and ten haven't replied yet. 有六人已确认将参加，还有十人尚未答覆。
• Flights should be confirmed 48 hours before departure. 应该在起飞前48小时确认航班。
• I've accepted the job over the phone, but I haven't confirmed in writing yet. 我已在电话中接受了这份工作，但还没有书面确认。
UK [kən'fɜ:m] US [-'fɝ:m] verb
PROVE TRUE 证实
 IMPROVER transitive
■to prove that a belief or an opinion which was previously not completely certain is true 确定；证实；肯定
• [+ question word] The smell of cigarette smoke confirmed wh at he had suspected: there had been a party in his absence. 烟味证实了他的猜疑：他不在时这里举行过派对。
• [+ (that)] Her announcement confirmed (that) she would be resigning as Prime Minister. 她的声明证实了她将会辞去总理职位。
• The leader's speech was impressive and confirmed her faith in the party. 这位领导人的讲话令人难忘，坚定了她对该党的信心。
UK [kən'fɜ:m] US [-'fɝ:m] verb
RELIGION 宗教
transitive
■to accept someone formally as a full member of the Christian Church at a special ceremony （基督教中）给（某人）施坚信礼
verify, confirm
这组词都有“证实”的意思，其区别是：
verify: 强调以具体的事实和细节为证据。
confirm: 侧重以事实或以不容置疑的陈述来证实某事的正确与真实。
approve, sanction, confirm
这组词都有“批准”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 普通用词，常指正式的或官方的批准。
sanction: 语气最强，多指官方的同意或批准，是书面用词。
confirm: 强调按法律程序提请确认或批准。
vt. 确认；确定；证实；批准；使巩固
 - identify, favor, sustain, validate

Word: tighten
Front: tighten
[ˈtaɪtn] (六雅 4536/4294 -2)
Back: vt. & vi. 收紧; （使）变紧; （使）绷紧; 加紧
时态：tightened, tightening, tightens
分布：勒紧(64%)，变紧(23%)，固定(10%)，使紧(3%)
→tight,拉紧的，-en,使。
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to become tighter or to make something become tighter, firmer or less easy to move （使）变紧，（使）紧固
• Tighten the straps so they don't rub. 把带子拉紧，这样它们就不会互相磨擦了。
• As he struggled, the ropes tightened even more. 他越挣扎，绳子就勒得越紧。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
tighten your belt
■to spend less money than you did before because you have less money 勒紧裤带，省吃俭用
• I've had to tighten my belt since I stopped working full-time. 自从我停止全职工作以来，就不得不勒紧裤带过日子。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
tighten the net
■(especially of the police) to become closer to catching someone, especially a criminal （尤指警方）收拢（抓捕罪犯的）网
• The police are tightening the net around the smugglers. 警方逐渐缩小包围圈，逼近走私犯人。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tighten sth up
■to make something become tighter, firmer or less easy to move 使变紧，使紧固
• Now tighten up the screws. 现在旋紧螺丝。
['taɪ.tən] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tighten (sth) up
■to make a rule, system, or law stronger and more difficult to avoid or ignore 使（规则、制度、法律）更严格
• Are there any plans to tighten up on advertising controls? 有计划加强对广告的监管吗？
tighten, focus, intensify, fasten
tighten: 加紧，收紧
focus: 集中
intensify: 加强，强化
fasten: 系紧，扣紧
vi. 绷紧；变紧
 - straiten

Word: expansion
Front: expansion
[ɪkˈspænʃn] (研四六托雅 2734/2360)
Vocabulary: expansion
(once / 434 pages)
1n 2n
Expansion is what happens when something becomes bigger or more extensive. If you enjoy good pastry, you will be excited by the expansion of the bakery, but be careful or you will also see the expansion of your waistline.
The noun expansion is from the Latin word expansionem, which means a spreading out. Another definition for expansion is an elaboration or expanding upon something. If you're a teacher, you might be asked to give an expansion of the short talk you give students, "Homework Stinks: But Why We Need It Anyway" to parents at the school open house.
WORD FAMILY
expansion: expansionism, expansions+/ expand: expandable, expanded, expanding, expands, expansible, expansion, expansive / expansionism: expansionist/ expansive: expansively, expansiveness, expansivity, unexpansive
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The main threat to a two-state solution, they say, is the expansion of settlements.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say “major” program expansions are unlikely due to lower-than-projected state revenues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 扩大; 扩张; 扩张物; 膨胀物
分布：膨胀(56%)，扩展(35%)，扩充(9%)
扩张(expanse扩大,ex出+panse扩展)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.扩张,膨胀;张开,伸展There are plans for the expansion of our school building.有扩大我们学校建筑的计划.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something increases in size, number or importance （尺寸、数量或重要性的）扩大，增加，扩展
• the rapid expansion of the software industry 软体业的迅速发展
• Expansion into new areas of research is possible. 拓展新的研究领域是可能的。
• an expansion of industry 工业的发展
n. 膨胀；阐述；扩张物
 - inflation, exposition

Word: expose
Front: expose
[ɪk'spəʊz] (高研四六托雅 2005/2577 -K3)
Vocabulary: expose
(once / 98 pages)
1v 2v 3vn 4v
To expose means to uncover or allow to be in the open air. If you take off your coat and expose your bare arms to the terrible cold, your tattoos might freeze off. (Note: We don’t actually know if this is physically possible.)
When you pronounce expose as it’s spelled, it can mean to leave out in the air, to put in peril (when you expose someone to danger), or to uncover. All of those examples are actions. However, when you pronounce it as though there is a French accent on the final "e," ex-poh-ZAY, it means the unmasking or exposure of something hidden (and usually bad or fraudulent), as when you watch an expose on 60 Minutes about the evils of frozen orange juice or some other toxic substance.
WORD FAMILY
expose: exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, overexpose, underexpose+/ exposure: exposures/ overexpose: overexposed, overexposes, overexposing, overexposure/overexposure: overexposures/underexpose: underexposed, underexposing, underexposure
USAGE EXAMPLES
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
There are animal onesies, glittery blazers and suspenders, exposed bras and flip-flops.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “Point in Time” numbers also exposed a generational calamity.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 揭露，揭发; 使暴露; 使遭受; 使曝光
时态：exposed, exposing, exposes
分布：揭露(83%)，使曝光(7%)，使暴露(5%)，使面临(5%)
→ex-, 向外。-pos, 放置，词源同pose, component.即展开，引申义暴露。比较同源词exponent.
暴露(ex+plse放→放出去→暴露)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
暴露;揭露(ex出+pose→放出来→暴露)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
v.(to)使暴露,受到;使曝光Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
UNCOVER 暴露
 IMPROVER
■to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen 暴露；露出；使曝光
• The plaster on the walls has been removed to expose the original bricks underneath. 墙上的灰泥已经抹去，露出了里面的墙砖。
• He damaged his leg so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed. 他的脚在车祸中受了重伤，骨头都露了出来。
• This photograph was under-/over- exposed (= too little/too much light was allowed to reach the film). 这张照片曝光不足／过度。
expose yourself
■If a man exposes himself, he shows his sexual organs in a public place to people he does not know. （男性由于病态心理在公共场合）裸露性器官，露阴
UK [ɪk'spəʊz] US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
MAKE PUBLIC 使公开
 IMPROVER
■to make public something bad or dishonest 揭露，揭发，揭穿坏事或不诚实之事：
• The review exposed widespread corruption in the police force. 这篇评论文章揭露了警界盛行的腐败现象。
• The newspaper story exposed him as (= showed that he was) a liar. 报纸上的这篇报道揭发他是个骗子。
UK [ɪk'spəʊz] US [-'spoʊz] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] expose sb to sth
■to make it likely that someone will experience something harmful or unpleasant 使某人遭受（有害或不快的遭遇）；使（某人）暴露于（险境）
• About 800,000 children are exposed to poisons each year. 每年有大约80万儿童中毒。
• It is feared that people living near the power station may have been exposed to radiation. 人们担心居住在发电站附近的居民可能已经受到辐射。
reveal, expose, disclose, uncover
这组词都有“揭露、暴露”的意思，其区别是：
reveal: 多指揭露一直隐藏或隐秘的东西，或启示超乎常人领导能力的真理。
expose: 多指揭露丑闻、坏人坏事或各种阴谋。也可指某物暴露在外。
disclose: 侧重指揭露或泄露鲜为人知或保密的事。
uncover: 主要指移去遮盖物，让东西显露出来。也可指揭露阴谋、秘密等。
vt. 揭露，揭发；使曝光；显示
 - reveal, prove, make clear, disclose

Word: sun

Word: medicine
Front: medicine
[ˈmedsn] (中高托雅 1473/2476 -K3)
Vocabulary: medicine
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2n
Medicine is the field (and body of knowledge) that teaches doctors how to help people. Doctors also give medicine to patients.
Cough syrup, antibiotics, and pills are all forms of medicine. When someone gives you medicine, they are medicating you. People who study medicine become doctors and nurses. Without the field of medicine — which expands all the time — there would be so much more sickness and death. Medicine is devoted to finding out everything about health, illness, and the human body.
WORD FAMILY
medicine: medicinal, medicined, medicines, medicining+/ medicinal: medicinally, nonmedicinal, unmedicinal
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The skin of rosacea patients is very sensitive,” says John Wolf, chair of dermatology at Houston’s Baylor College of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This story was originally published by Pulse — Voices From the Heart of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“This is a really powerful compound,” says Mikhail Kogan, the medical director of the George Washington University Center for Integrative Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 医学; 药物; 有功效的东西，良药
分布：药(87%)，医学(13%)
→来自medical,医疗的，-ine,名词后缀。引申词义药，药物。
n.内服药,医药;医术;医学,内科学In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
noun
TREATMENT 治疗
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this 医术；医学
• paediatric/preventative medicine 儿科／预防医学
• orthodox/Western medicine 正统／西方医学
• a career in medicine 行医生涯
• She is a doctor, but is unable to practise medicine (= work as a doctor) in her own country. 她是位医生，却不能在自己的国家行医。
['med.ɪ.sən] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a substance, especially in the form of a liquid or a pill, which is a treatment for illness or injury 药，药物，药剂
• cough medicine 止咳药
• Take two spoonfuls of medicine at mealtimes. 进餐时服药两调羹。
• She knows quite a lot about herbal medicines. 她的草药知识丰富。
['med.ɪ.sən] noun
give sb a dose / taste of their own medicine
■to treat someone as badly as they have treated you 对（某人）以牙还牙
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
n. [医学] [药物] [药] 药；医学； [内科] 内科；巫术
 - drug, pharmacon

Word: railway
Front: railway
[ˈreɪlweɪ] (中高雅 8369/1099 -K3)
Back: n. 铁路; 铁道; 铁路系统; 铁道部门
vi. 乘火车旅行; 在…铺设铁路
分布：名词(100%)
→rail,铁轨，way,道路。
UK (US railroad)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the metal tracks on which trains run 铁路，铁道
• We live close to the railway line. 我们家离铁道线很近。
• She travelled across Siberia on the Trans-Siberian railway. 她乘火车沿西伯利亚铁路横穿西伯利亚。
 ESSENTIAL
■the system of tracks, stations, trains, etc 铁路系统
• a railway station/timetable/siding, etc. 火车站／列车时刻表／铁路专用线等
• Thomas Grant worked on the railway(s) for fifty years. 汤马斯．格兰特在铁路系统工作了50年。
n. （英） [铁路] 铁路；轨道；铁道部门
 - path, track, trajectory, orbit

Word: pattern
Front: pattern
[ˈpætn] (高研四六雅 1017/676 -K4)
Vocabulary: pattern
(once / 222 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Something that repeats in a predictable way is a pattern. You might find a pattern in a series of numbers, in the material covering your couch, or in the habits of your upstairs neighbor.
The noun pattern could refer to a design or to customary behavior. Your patterns of behavior might include your morning cup of coffee and exercise. The word pattern can also be used as a verb form meaning "to model." For example, your art might be patterned after the artwork of a famous artist.
WORD FAMILY
pattern: patterned, patterning, patterns+/patterned: unpatterned
USAGE EXAMPLES
Floral patterns abound, on stunning floor-length gowns and crisp suit jackets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The patterns you establish right now will impact your health, productivity, financial security and happiness for decades.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 模式; 花样，样品; 图案; 榜样，典范
vt. 模仿; 以图案装饰
vi. 形成图案
时态：patterned, patterning, patterns
分布：模式(70%)，图案(24%)，典范(2%)，式样(2%)，以图案装饰(1%)，仿造；模仿(1%)
→来自中古英语patron,模式，模型，来自古法语patron,赞助，主顾，来自拉丁语patronus,守护圣人，保护者，来自pater,父亲，词源同father.引申词义范例，模式，样式，图案等。
n.模式,式样;图案,图样v.仿制,模仿The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['pætˌ.ɚn] noun
WAY 方式
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular way in which something is done, organized or happens 方式，形式；模式
• The pattern of family life has been changing over recent years. 近年来家庭生活的模式一直在变化。
• A pattern is beginning to emerge from our analysis of the accident data. 我们对意外数据进行分析后发现有种模式开始显现出来。
• In this type of mental illness, the usual pattern is bouts of depression alternating with elation. 这种精神病通常的发病症状是时而萎靡不振，时而兴高采烈。
• Many behaviour(al) patterns have been identified in the chimp colony. 黑猩猩群体中的许多行为模式已被识别。
UK ['pæt.ən] US ['pætˌ.ɚn] noun
ARRANGEMENT 排列形式
 IMPROVER countable
■any regularly repeated arrangement, especially a design made from repeated lines, shapes or colours on a surface 图案，花样
• Look, the frost has made a beautiful pattern on the window. 看啊，霜在窗户上形成了美丽的图案。
• I've never really cared for floral patterns. 我从未真正喜欢过花卉图案。
UK ['pæt.ən] US ['pætˌ.ɚn] noun
EXAMPLE
countable usually singular
■something which is used as an example, especially to copy 范本，典范；榜样
• The design is so good it's sure to set the pattern for many others. 这个设计太好了，一定会成为许多其他设计的样板。
UK ['pæt.ən] US ['pætˌ.ɚn] noun
DRAWING 图画
countable
■a drawing or shape used to show how to make something 图样，底样
• a knitting pattern 编织图样
• a dress pattern 服装纸样
• Cut out all of the pieces from the paper pattern and pin them on the cloth. 剪下服装纸样上的每一片，把它们别在布上。
UK ['pæt.ən] US ['pætˌ.ɚn] noun
PIECE 小片
countable
■a small piece of cloth or paper taken from a usual-sized piece and used to show what it looks like; a sample 样品，样本
• a pattern book 样书
UK ['pæt.ən] US ['pætˌ.ɚn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] pattern yourself on sb/sth
■to copy something or someone 模仿，仿效
• She patterns herself on her big sister. 她学她姐姐的样。
figure, pattern, design
这组词都有“装饰图案”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指呈现于整个表面的简单的几何图形或小型图案。
pattern: 一般指简单的重复图案，或整个装饰的格调或事物的布局，也指由一些相连图形拼成的较大图案。
design: 专指线条、轮廓、图案。强调设计的完美或有秩序。
n. 模式；图案；样品
 - mode, device, design, schema, specimen
vt. 模仿；以图案装饰
 - simulate, imitate

Word: briefing
Front: briefing
[ˈbri:fɪŋ] (6475/7082 -2)
Vocabulary: briefing
(once / 2043 pages)
n
If you plan on going to the briefing at the White House, you'd better bring your audio recorder. These informational sessions can get very detailed, and you'll need to review the audio record.
When a lawyer appears before a court, they bring with them a "brief," a detailed explanation of their case that's anything but brief. This brief is a sort of briefing for the judge on the details of the case. Whenever you give someone a detailed explanation or set of instructions about something, it's a briefing. Briefing is the noun form of the word brief. The White House press corps meets in the "briefing room" to get briefed on the news of the president's day.
WORD FAMILY
briefing: briefings+/ brief: briefed, briefer, briefest, briefing, briefless, briefly, briefness, briefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Correction: An early version of Friday’s briefing misstated what the runner John Gilmour wore during a race.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The problem is that Mr. Trump apparently does not sit still for the intelligence briefings that try to describe the world as it is.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Some of them will be on camera, some of them will be off. But absolutely, we understand the importance” of press briefings, he said.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 简报，简要情况; 简要指示
v. 向…介绍基本情况(brief的现在分词)
分布：简介(69%)，简要情况(21%)，动词brief的现在分词形式.(10%)
noun countable or uncountable
■information that is given to someone just before they do something, or a meeting where this happens 简报，简要介绍；简明指示；情况介绍会
• They received (a) thorough briefing before they left the country. 在离开该国之前，他们得到了详细的指示。
• We had to attend a briefing once a month. 我们每月必须参加一次简报会。
n. 简报；作战指示
 - instantane

Word: tree
Front: tree
[tri:] (中高雅 596/680 -K4)
Back: n. 树; 木料; 树状图; 宗谱
vt. 把…赶上树; 使处于困境; 把鞋型插入（鞋内）
时态：treed, treeing, trees
分布：树(99%)，树状物(1%)
→来自古英语 treow,树，来自 Proto-Germanic*treuwaz,树，来自 deru,橡树，树，其原义为 固定的，坚固的，词源同 endure,true.
n.树,树状物vi.爬上树The tree produces big fruit.这棵树结大果实.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a tall plant which has a wooden trunk and branches that grow from its upper part 树，树木；乔木
• a plum/apple/chestnut tree 李子／苹果／栗子树
• We sat under a tree for shade. 我们坐在树下乘凉。
 ESSENTIAL
■another type of tall plant, without a wooden trunk （没有木质树干的）树
• palm trees 棕榈树
n. [数] [植] 树；木料；树状物
 - timber

Word: showing
Front: showing
[ˈʃəʊɪŋ] (9949/9884)
Back: n. （电影、电视节目等的）展映; 放映; （在某事件中或某一期间的）表现; 表演
v. 给…看( show的现在分词 ); 表现出; 显露出; 上演
分布：成绩(50%)，动词show的现在分词.(50%)
US ['ʃoʊ-] noun
PERFORMANCE 表现
countable usually singular
■the quality of someone's performance in a competitive activity （某人在竞争活动中的）表现
• She managed a good/strong showing in the world championship, but was knocked out in the semi-final. 她在世界锦标赛上表现非常出色，但在准决赛中被淘汰了。
• She had a dismal showing in the opinion polls. 她在民意调查中表现不佳。
UK ['ʃəʊ.ɪŋ] US ['ʃoʊ-] noun
PUBLIC EVENT 公共活动
countable
■an opportunity for the public to see something 放映；播放；展览
• This is the film's first showing on British television. 这是该电影首次在英国电视上播放。
n. 放映；表演；陈列
 - performance, layout, exposure, screening

Word: email
Front: email
['i:meɪl] (中雅 -K)
Vocabulary: email
(once / 167 pages)
nv
Email is an electronic message that's sent from one computer to another. When you receive good news in an email, you can forward the message to your friends and family.
Most email these days uses the Internet for connecting the sender and recipient. Unlike some other kinds of messaging, when you send an email to a friend, she doesn't have to be online at the same time to get your message. The next time she checks her email account, your email will be waiting for her. Email, sometimes spelled e-mail, is short for electronic mail, and was coined in the early 1980s.
WORD FAMILY
email: emailed, emailing, emails
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not an email person myself,” Trump echoed during that infamous July news conference in which he invited Russia to hack Hillary Clinton’s email.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The ivory trade is a great opportunity for China to show its commitment to its global responsibilities,” he wrote in an email.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 电子邮件
vt. 给…发电子邮件
分布：动词(70%)，名词(30%)
→全称electronic mail.
(also e-mail) ['i:.meɪl] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the system for using computers to send messages over the Internet 电子邮件系统
• You can contact us by email or fax. 你可以透过电子邮件或者传真联系我们。
• What's your email address ? 你的电子邮件地址是甚么？
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a message or document sent using this system 电子邮件
• I got an email from Danielle last week. 我上周收到丹妮尔的一封电子邮件。
(also e-mail) ['i:.meɪl] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to send an email to someone 给…发电子邮件
• Email me when you've got time. 有空发电子邮件给我。
• [+ two objects] Has he emailed you that list of addresses yet? 他把通讯录用电子邮件发给你了吗？

Word: connect
Front: connect
[kəˈnekt] (中高研四六托 1636/2042 -K2)
Vocabulary: connect
(once / 44 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Connect means to join together. When a puzzle piece fits into another, they connect. You might fly to Chicago and then connect to a flight to LA. When you meet someone and feel comfortable with them right away, you connect.
The uses of connect continue. A receptionist connects you to the person you want to speak to on the phone. When you are assembling something, you are often told to connect tab A to slot B. When you punch someone, your fist connects with their face. You might not connect a movie with a historical event until your teacher points it out.
WORD FAMILY
connect: connected, connecter, connecting, connection, connective, connector, connects, connexion, disconnect, interconnect+/connected: connectedly, connectedness, unconnected / connection: connections/ connective: connectively, connectives, connectivity/connector: connectors/connexion: connexions/ disconnect: disconnected, disconnecting, disconnection, disconnects/disconnected: disconnectedly, disconnectedness/disconnectedness: disconnectednesses/ disconnection: disconnections/interconnect: interconnected, interconnecting, interconnection, interconnects/interconnected: interconnectedness/interconnection: interconnections/ unconnected: unconnectedly, unconnectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
"The likelihood is that, because of its location, most of the early landlords were connected with horses, carriages and stabling," writes Dailey.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But if one thing connects Ms. Bening’s many onscreen women, it is the mischievous confidence she brings to that simple, irreverent question, “Why not?”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“He was always looking for the next and best way to connect with students.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 连接，联结; 使…有联系; 为…接通电话; 插入插座
vi. 连接; 建立关系; [体]成功击中
时态：connected, connecting, connects
分布：连接(79%)，联系(19%)，接通(2%)
→con-, 强调。-nect, 连接，词源同net, annex.
连结(con共同+nect)[Nect,nex=bind,表示"连结"]
vt.连接;与...联系,接通(电话)vi.连接The electrical connection in the photoelectric elevator involves electronics.光电升降机内的电气连接涉及到电子学.
verb
JOIN 连接
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to join or be joined with something else （使/被）连接；（使/被）相连
• Can I connect my printer to your computer? 我能把我的印表机连接到你的电脑上吗？
• Where does the cooker connect (up) to the electricity? 这电锅在哪里连接电源？
• Has the telephone/electricity/gas been connected (= switched on or joined to the main supply) in your new place yet? 你们的新居接通了电话／电／煤气了吗？
[kə'nekt] verb
RELATE 关联
 ADVANCED transitive
■to consider or show a person or thing to be related to someone or something else 把…联系起来；由…联想到
• She's an actress I connect with the theatre rather than films. 这个女演员让我联想到的是戏剧而不是电影。
• Police are connecting the break-in with other recent thefts in the area. 警方正把这宗入室行窃案和近期该地区其他失窃案联系起来。
[kə'nekt] verb
TELEPHONE 电话
transitive
■to make it possible for you to speak to someone else by telephone 为…接通（与某人的电话）
• Could you connect me with/to a number in Paris, please? I can't seem to get through. 能帮我接通巴黎的一个号码吗？我好像打不通。
[kə'nekt] verb
TRANSPORT 交通
intransitive
■If two public transport vehicles connect, they arrive at suitable times to allow passengers to get off one and onto another （运输工具）联运，衔接
• Your flight arrives in Malaga at ten o'clock where it connects with a coach service to your hotel. 您的航班十点到达马拉加，那里有联运长途客车到您入住的饭店。
• There's a connecting train service between the airport and the city. 机场和该市之间有火车联运。
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
vt. 连接；联合；关连
 - couple, hand in hand
vi. 连接，连结；联合
 - band, combine

Word: bankruptcy
Front: bankruptcy
[ˈbæŋkrʌptsi] (六托 4171/5401 -2)
Vocabulary: bankruptcy
(once / 695 pages)
n
Bankruptcy is a state of being bankrupt, or having no money to pay back debts that you owe.
Bankruptcy is a state of being bankrupt, or having no money to pay back debts that you owe. When you file for bankruptcy, you are giving up all your possessions and declaring, essentially, that you don't have any money left. During the recession, lots of businesses had to file for bankruptcy or declare by law that they were unable to pay off their debts. The ending of the word bankruptcy is a tricky one. Remember that it ends in tcy.
WORD FAMILY
bankruptcy: bankruptcies+/ bankrupt: bankruptcy, bankrupted, bankrupting, bankrupts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The country’s largest shipping line, Hanjin, recently filed for bankruptcy.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other statistics reflected a strengthening economy, with bankruptcy filings dropping to their lowest level since 2007.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
It was less than a year ago that it emerged from bankruptcy under new management after a bitter court fight and began staging operas again.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 破产，倒闭; 彻底失败; （勇气）完全丧失
分布：破产(97%)，倒闭(3%)
破产(bank+rupt+cy)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
破产(bankrupt破产,tupt断)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
【反】solvency（n 有尝债能力）
['bæŋ.krəpt.si] legal
noun
countable or uncountable
■a situation in which a business or a person becomes bankrupt 企业或个人破产（的状况）
• The company was forced into bankruptcy. 公司被迫宣布破产。
• The toll of bankruptcies was rising daily. 倒闭的公司与日俱增。
uncountable
■when an important quality or influence is completely absent （某重要素质或影响）彻底消失
• moral bankruptcy 道德沦丧
n. [经] 破产
 - failure, insolvency, improverishment

Word: fully
Front: fully
[ˈfʊli] (1495/1114 -K4)
Back: adv. 充分地; 完全地; 足足; 彻底地
分布：完全地(45%)，足足(31%)，十分地(12%)，全部(12%)
adverb
COMPLETELY 完全地
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 完全地；全部地
• Have you fully recovered from your illness? 你完全康复了吗？
• I'd fully intended to call you last night. 昨天晚上我非常想给你打电话。
• I'm sorry, madam, the restaurant is fully booked. 对不起，女士，餐馆的座位已经预订满了。
• a fully qualified teacher 完全称职的教师
['fʊl.i] adverb
GREATEST POSSIBLE 可能最大的
■as much as possible 尽可能地；完全地；充分地
• Kate has always participated fully in the life of the school. 凯特一直是彻底地融入到了学校生活中。
• Students are advised to answer all questions as fully as possible. 建议学生们尽可能完整地回答问题。
adv. 充分地；完全地；彻底地
 - entirely, completely, totally, thoroughly, absolutely, strictly

Word: valley
Front: valley
[ˈvæli] (高研四六雅 2793/1795 -K3)
Vocabulary: valley
(once / 67 pages)
n
If you live in a valley, you probably get more fog than they do up in the hills around you. Fog tends to be more common down in the valley, the low area that often forms near a river.
If you're into fishing, swimming, and tubing, then a valley is the place for you, because valleys usually have rivers or other streams running through them. The Napa Valley is an area in northern California that is famous for its good wine and food, though technically it's not all a valley; parts of it are quite hilly. Another famous valley, the San Fernando, lies at the foot of the hills of Los Angeles. You might have heard of the infamous "Valley Girl." In movies, Valley girls are usually blonde and say "like" and "totally" a lot. "Like, oh, my God! That low, flat stretch of terrain, is like, totally a valley!"
WORD FAMILY
valley: valleys
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Frenchman won Olympic gold in the downhill at the 1960 winter games in Squaw Valley, California.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In central Mexico’s Mezquital Valley, new pick-up trucks bounce along unpaved roads and U.S.-style houses are springing up alongside cornfields.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration and industry experts — found “buckles,” or valleys, in the vessels’ inner liners.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 山谷，溪谷，峡谷，谷地，深谷; 流域; [建筑]屋顶排水沟，屋面斜沟
分布：山谷(90%)，流域(6%)，溪谷(4%)
→来自拉丁语vallis,山谷，词源同vale.
n.(山)谷;流域A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it 谷；山谷，溪谷
• the Nile Valley 尼罗河谷
• the Thames valley 泰晤士河流域
• There was snow on the hill tops but not in the valley. 山顶上有雪，但山谷里没有。
n. [地理] 山谷；流域；溪谷
 - hollow, hill and dale

Word: manufacturer
Front: manufacturer
[ˌmænjuˈfæktʃərə(r)] (四六 2251/2016 -K3)
Vocabulary: manufacturer
(once / 339 pages)
n
A manufacturer is a person or business that makes goods to sell. If you buy a shirt that has a "made in the USA" label, it means that the manufacturer of the shirt is in the United States.
You can use the noun manufacturer for any company (or individual) that makes products, but it's most often used for things made on a very large scale, like cars, appliances, and computers. The word comes from manufacture, which as a noun originally meant "something made by hand," from the Latin roots manus, "hand," and factura, "a working."
WORD FAMILY
manufacturer: manufacturers+/ manufacture: manufactured, manufacturer, manufactures, manufacturing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Manufacturers pay states a 23.1 percent rebate on brand-name drugs compared to 13 percent for generics.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Following his win, he agreed a deal with the manufacturer of the glasses permitting them to use his name.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In one study, researchers found that more than three-fourths of colonoscopes and gastroscopes were still contaminated after cleaning and disinfection in accordance with manufacturer guidelines.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 制造商，制造厂; 厂主; [经]厂商
分布：制造商(100%)
US [-tʃɚ.ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a company that produces goods in large numbers 制造商，生产商（生产大批商品的企业）
• Germany is a major manufacturer of motor cars. 德国是汽车生产大国。
manufacturers [plural]
■companies that produce manufactured goods 制造商，生产厂家
• Our kettle was leaking, so we had to send it back to the manufacturers. 我们的水壶漏了，要把它退回制造商。
n. [工业] 制造商； [经] 厂商
 - business firm

Word: possibility
Front: possibility
[ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti] (高研四六 1195/1030 -K4)
Vocabulary: possibility
(once / 127 pages)
n
If something could realistically happen, it's a possibility. So winning the lottery is a slight possibility, but becoming king of the world is not even a remote possibility.
In one sense, a possibility is an option: "One possibility is that the UFO is just a shooting star." It can also mean more of a potential: "This house might look like an abandoned shack, but it's got so much possibility!" All meanings of possibility share the sense that something is able to happen, or is possible. The Latin root is possibilis, "that can be done."
WORD FAMILY
possibility: possibilities+/ impossibility: impossibilities/ impossible: impossibility, impossibleness, impossibles, impossiblest, impossibly / possible: impossible, possibility, possiblely, possibleness, possibles, possibly/possibly: possiblys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Workers in Charlotte realized there was a possibility someone was locked in the plane’s belly and contacted the Federal Aviation Administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“At one time we saw a possibility of changing history,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Wrangle said they’re frequently crestfallen when the possibility of a cure fails.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 可能，可能性; 希望，可能发生的事物
分布：可能(64%)，可能性(35%)，可能的事情(1%)
→来自possible,可能的。
n.可能,可能性;可能的事,希望Have you taken into account the possibility of rain?你考虑过下雨的可能性吗?
US [ˌpɑ:.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a chance that something may happen or be true 可能（性）
• It's not likely to happen but I wouldn't rule out the possibility. 这件事不太可能发生，但我不会排除有这种可能性。
• The forecast said that there's a possibility of snow tonight. 天气预报说今晚可能会下雪。
• [+ (that)] There's a distinct possibility (that) I'll be asked to give a speech. 我很有可能被邀请去作演讲。
• Is there any possibility (that) you could pick me up from the station? 你有可能去车站接我吗？
Opposite impossibility
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that you can choose to do in a particular situation 可选择的方法；可能的情况
• We could take on extra staff - that's one possibility. 我们可以再招一些人——这是一种选择。
• "Have you decided what to do?" "No, I'm still considering the various possibilities." “你决定怎么做了吗？”“没有，我还在考虑各种可能的情况。”
UK [ˌpɒs.ə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [ˌpɑ:.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
  Common Learner Errors  possibility or opportunity? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about an occasion or situation which makes it possible to do something, don't say 'possibility', say opportunity :
✗ Thank you for giving me the possibility to attend this course.
UK [ˌpɒs.ə'bɪl.ɪ.ti] US [ˌpɑ:.sə'bɪl.ə.tˌi] noun
  Common Learner Errors  possibility When possibility is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'possibility to do something', say possibility of doing something :
✗ There is no possibility to find a job in this town. There is no possibility of finding a job in this town.
n. 可能性；可能发生的事物
 - probability, feasibility, potential, maybe, chance

Word: attitude
Front: attitude
[ˈætɪtju:d] (高研四 1155/920 -K4)
Vocabulary: attitude
(once / 118 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An attitude is somewhere between a belief, a stance, a mood, and a pose. If you've got an attitude about something, it can be hard to change it because you think you're right.
You'll often hear Happy Hour referred to as "Attitude Adjustment Hour," because cheap drinks are one of the best ways to change your attitude. If you're in a bad mood, cocktails can make it better (or worse). An attitude is a way of thinking that you can express just by standing a certain way. For example, putting your hands on your hips and rolling your eyes expresses one kind of attitude, while kneeling with your palms together expresses a very different one.
WORD FAMILY
attitude: attitudes, attitudinise, attitudinize+/attitudinise: attitudinised, attitudinises, attitudinising/attitudinize: attitudinized, attitudinizes, attitudinizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
McDonald, a pending free agent, said “the attitude around here” needs to be more about winning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
From the outset, therefore, self-interest rather than affection governed Israel’s attitude toward the United States.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Emotionally, you need a positive attitude and determination.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 态度; 看法; 姿势; 个人风格
分布：态度(91%)，看法(5%)，姿势(4%)
→aptitude的变体。原指绘画或雕像时模特的姿势，通常都看起来比较优雅，后指傲慢的态度。
态度(att=apr能力,倾向)[-itude表名词"性质,状态等"]
n.态度,看法(to,toward,about);姿势The conclusion includes my attitude toward his rudeness.结论包含了我对他的粗鲁所持的态度.
US ['ætˌ.ɪ.tu:d] noun
OPINION 意见
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this 心态，看法；态度
• It's often very difficult to change people's attitudes. 人们对事情的看法通常是很难改变的。
• [+ that] She takes the attitude that children should be allowed to learn at their own pace. 在儿童学习步调快慢的问题上，她的态度是应顺其自然。
• He has a very bad attitude to/towards work. 他的工作态度极差。
• He seems to have undergone a change in/of attitude recently, and has become much more co-operative. 他的态度近来好像转变了，变得合作多了。
• I don't like your attitude (= the way you are behaving). 我不喜欢你这种态度。
• That boy has a real attitude problem (= behaves in a way that makes it difficult for other people to have a relationship with him or work with him). 那个孩子的态度很有问题。
UK ['æt.ɪ.tju:d] US ['ætˌ.ɪ.tu:d] noun
CONFIDENCE 自信
uncountable
■If you say that someone has attitude, you mean that they are very confident and want people to notice them. 自信
UK ['æt.ɪ.tju:d] US ['ætˌ.ɪ.tu:d] noun
POSITION 姿势
countable literary
■a position of the body 姿态，姿势
• She lay sprawled across the sofa, in an attitude of complete abandon. 她四肢摊开躺在沙发上，一副完全无拘无束的样子。
UK ['æt.ɪ.tju:d] US ['ætˌ.ɪ.tu:d] noun
strike an attitude formal
■to hold your body in a way which suggests a particular quality or feeling 摆出某种姿态
• He struck an attitude of offended dignity and marched out of the room. 他摆出一副受了冒犯的高傲姿态，昂首阔步走出房间。
attitude, manner, air
这组词都有“态度、风度”的意思，其区别是：
attitude: 普通用词，指对人或事情的看法和采取的行为，多有某种不很明确或不便明说的感情色彩。
manner: 多指某人在某一场合的言谈举止等。
air: 含义广泛。单数形式指某人脸上表现出的心理活动，或言谈举止；复数形式指某人故意做作而摆出的架子。
position, attitude, stand
这组词都有“态度、立场”的意思，其区别是：
position: 指对看法有分歧的问题所表示较冷静和节制的态度，常常是经认真考虑后决定的。
attitude: 普通用词，指对于事情的看法和采取的行动，多带不很显确或不便说明的感情色彩。
stand: 常指某人对某一问题的看法或立场，有时含个人感情色彩。
n. 态度；看法；意见；姿势
 - opinion, viewpoint, behavior, comment, mind

Word: successor
Front: successor
[səkˈsesə(r)] (研六 5433/3569 -2)
Vocabulary: successor
(once / 272 pages)
n
If you are successor to the throne, that means you're next in line when the current royal has to step down. The successor takes over when someone gives up a position or title or when something becomes outdated.
The noun successor was first used in the 13th century to mean "one who comes after." It's often used in reference to a royal court, where the successor is usually the king's eldest son. If something happens to the U.S. president, the vice president is the designated successor and will assume the position of head of government. It seems like every day there's a new and improved computer, a successor that replaces an earlier model.
WORD FAMILY
successor: successors+/ succeed: succeeded, succeeder, succeeding, succeeds, succession, successive, successor /succeeder: succeeders/succeeding: succeedingly/ succession: successions/ successive: successively, successiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shumlin wants to appoint a successor before he leaves office Thursday, but Republicans sued.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In return for their support, Park and many of his successors as president expected the chaebol to contribute to government projects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His successor is his son, Matt, who was elected in November.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 接替的人或事物; 继承人，继任者
分布：接班人(84%)，继任人(16%)
→来自 succeed,接替，继任，-ss,过去分词格，-or,人。
n.接替的人或事物,继任者The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成功了.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone or something that comes after another person or thing 继任者，接替者；继承人；接替的事物
• Oxford Brookes University is seeking a successor to its vice-chancellor who retires this Easter. 牛津布鲁克斯大学在寻找一位继任者，接替将于今年复活节退休的副校长。
• This range of computers is very fast, but their successors will be even faster. 这个系列的电脑速度很快，但它的换代产品速度会更快。
n. [口腔] [法] 继承者；后续的事物
 - heres

Word: species
Front: species
[ˈspi:ʃi:z] (研四六托雅 1141/1044 -3)
Vocabulary: species
(once / 86 pages)
n
A species is a distinct group of animals or plants that have common characteristics and can breed with each other. Your pet Fido is a member of the dog species.
All members of the same species have similar genes and can interbreed and produce offspring. A subspecies is a division of a species, and a genus includes several different species. Biologists use these categories to classify organisms, usually with Latin names like Canis familiaris, or "domestic dog." In Middle English, species meant "a classification in logic," borrowed from the Latin word meaning "kind or appearance," from the root of specere, "to see."
WORD FAMILY
species: interspecies, intraspecies, specieses, subspecies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The family consists of more than 26,000 species, slightly more than half from the Eastern Hemisphere.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Of almost 10,000 bird species worldwide, about 130 species were seen here during counts in each of the past three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The next question is whether this finding will hold true for other species of dinosaur.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 物种; 种类; 类型; [逻辑] 个体
分布：种类(100%)
种类,物种[speci=look,kind,表示"外观,种类"]
n.(物)种,种类The speculator specifically specified the specification of this species specimen.投机者特地指定了这种物种标本的规范.
['spi:.ʃi:z] (plural species)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other （动植物的）种，物种
• Mountain gorillas are an endangered species. 山地大猩猩属于濒危物种。
• Over a hundred species of insect are found in this area. 这一地区有上百种昆虫。
• figurative humorous Women film directors in Hollywood are a rare species. 女性电影导演在好莱坞属于稀有物种。
⇒ See also subspecies
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. [生物] 物种；种类
 - category, variety, manner, nature, kind

Word: flag
Front: flag
[flæg] (中高研四六托雅宝 2444/3502 -K3)
Vocabulary: flag
(once / 120 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6v
A flag is a piece of cloth that represents a country, group, or institution. If you're particularly proud of your Irish heritage, you might fly an Irish flag in your front yard.
A real flag enthusiast might fly the American flag, their state flag, their city's flag, and the flag of their parents' birth countries. There are also flags used for signaling on ships at sea and during races and sporting events, and flags that represent armies or advertise products. When flag is used as a verb, it means "to lose energy or enthusiasm." When students start to flag in the afternoon, they tend to take a quick nap — sitting up at their desks.
WORD FAMILY
flag: flagged, flagging, flags+/ flagging: flaggingly, flaggings, unflagging/unflagging: unflaggingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A flag was thrown immediately, and the call was upheld on review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its scoreboard is flanked by American and Israeli flags.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are warning flags on Iowa’s fiscal horizon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 旗; 旗帜; 信号旗; 菖蒲
vt. 标示
vi. 疲乏，变弱，热情衰减
时态：flagged, flagging, flags
分布：旗(84%)，旗帜(13%)，信号旗(1%)，枯萎(1%)，减退(1%)
→来自辅音丛fl, 扑腾，拍打，拟声词。即模仿旗帜或菖蒲在风中晃动的声音。引申义热情衰减，主要用于形容词unflagging, 不懈的。
n.旗The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
【记】在没风的时候flag就flag
【参】flaggy（adj 不振作的；萎靡的）
【反】wax（vi 变大；增大；月亮渐满）；flagging（衰弱的）－thriving（adj 欣欣向荣的）/ vibrant（adj 充满活力的）
noun countable
SYMBOL 象征
 IMPROVER
■a piece of cloth, usually rectangular and fixed to a pole at one edge, that has a pattern which shows it represents a country or a group, or has a particular meaning 旗
• Flags of all the participating countries are flying outside the stadium. 所有参赛国家的国旗都挂在体育场外。
• Flags were flapping/fluttering in the breeze. 旗子在和风中飘扬。
• The guard waved his flag and the train pulled away from the station. 护卫挥旗示意，火车从车站驶离。
[flæg] noun countable
STONE 石头
■a flagstone
[flæg] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a type of large iris (FLOWER) 菖蒲（一种大的鸢尾花）
[flæg] noun countable
keep the flag flying mainly UK
■to act or speak for the country or group which a flag represents 代表国家（或组织）行动（或发言）
[flæg] noun countable
Put the flags out! UK humorous
■something that you say when you are pleased and surprised that something has happened 悬旗致敬！（表示对发生的事感到惊讶和高兴）
• Josh has cleaned the bathroom - put the flags out! 乔希清理了浴室——向他悬旗致敬！
[flæg] noun countable
wave/show/fly the flag UK
■to show support for the country, group or organization that you belong to （对自己的国家、团体或组织）表示拥护，摇旗呐喊
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
MARK 记号
transitive
■to put a mark on something so it can be found easily among other similar things 给…做标记
• Flag any files which might be useful later. 给日后可能有用的档做上标记。
transitive specialized
■to mark computer information with one of two possible values so that you can process it later 标记（将电脑里可能有用的资讯标注出来，以便日后处理）
• We'll flag the records of interest in the database and then we can give you a print-out. 我们会在资料库中把感兴趣的纪录标记出来，之后列印一份给你。
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
BECOME TIRED 变得疲倦
intransitive
■to become tired or less interested 变得疲倦；兴趣衰减
• I was starting to flag after the ninth mile. 走了九英里后，我开始感到疲倦了。
• The conversation was flagging. 谈话越来越乏味了。
[flæg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] flag sth/sb down
■to cause a vehicle to stop by waving at its driver 挥手示意（某人）停车
• I managed to flag down a passing police car. 我挥手示意，设法拦下了一辆路过的警车。
flag, banner
这组词都有“旗”的意思，其区别是：
flag: 普通用词，含义最广，多指有彩色图案，悬挂于旗杆或绳索上的长方形旗帜，或国旗，也可指单位或组织的旗。
banner: 比较庄重文雅的用词，指表示象征性的旗帜，如常用于指党旗或代表某种主义的旗。
vi. 标记；衰退；枯萎
 - fail, decay
vt. 标记；插旗
 - emblemize
n. 标志；旗子
 - symbol, seal

Word: healthy
Front: healthy
[ˈhelθi] (中高 1468/2199 -K3)
Vocabulary: healthy
(once / 179 pages)
adj
Healthy means having good health. It's the opposite of sick, but also can mean "doing well" in a general sense. You can have a healthy attitude, or be served a healthy portion of food.
Health is one of the most fundamental human concerns. The ubiquitous "How are you?" is often asking after a person's health. To remember healthy think of the proverb: "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy and wealthy and wise."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
healthful / healthy
Healthful describes something that will create good health, like apples, yoga, and fresh air. Healthy describes someone fit, trim, and utterly not sick.
Healthful food and exercise fills you full of health! Healthful has meant something that will create good health since 1398, and that remains the main definition of the word:
Choosing the most healthful foods for your family is no easy task. (Time)
Tilapia crusted in pulverized plantain chips, with sweet maduros on the side, was a relatively healthful departure. (New York Times)
Healthy is used to describe someone or something that enjoys all that good health. If you're healthy, whether you're a tree, a bank account, or a human, you're well, thank you very much. Here are some healthy tidbits from the news:
Any team interested in Sizemore will need to be convinced he is, finally, healthy again. (Washington Post)
Healthy forests are built to withstand severe natural disturbances. (New York Times)
This word pair, healthful and healthy, has been causing debate for over a century. The question is whether these adjectives can both be used to mean conducive to good health. This is what gets some word mavens' blood boiling. Healthy, they say, cannot be used to mean conducive to good health. But according to the Oxford English Dictionary, healthy has been a synonym for healthful since its earliest appearance in print... in 1552.
So it's OK to use healthy and healthful as synonyms for conducive to good health: have a healthy snack or a healthful one. But if you're referring to someone who enjoys good health, however, use healthy because it'd be weird to call a person healthful. Save healthful for the granola and healthy for your personal trainer.
WORD FAMILY
healthy: healthier, healthiest, healthily, healthiness, unhealthy+/ health: healthful, healths, healthy / healthful: healthfulest, healthfully, healthfulness, unhealthful/unhealthful: unhealthfully, unhealthfulness/unhealthy: unhealthier, unhealthiest, unhealthily, unhealthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
By the time he walked over, Quinlan’s lips were once again a healthy pink.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
These drugs are trained to target fast-growing cells in the body because cancer cells typically divide much more quickly than healthy tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Last year instead brought a healthy skepticism — while the apocalypse hasn’t arrived, leaner times are ahead.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 健康的; 健全的; 大量的; 有益于健康的
级别：healthier, healthiest
分布：健康的(100%)
a.健康的,健壮的;有益健康的,卫生的He looks very healthy.他看来很健康.
adjective
HEALTH 健康
 ESSENTIAL
■strong and well 强壮的；健康的
• She's a normal healthy child. 她是个正常健康的孩子。
• He looks healthy enough. 他看起来相当健康。
 ESSENTIAL
■showing that you are strong and well 显示健康的
• The walk had given her a healthy glow. 散步使她面色健康红润。
• a healthy appetite 旺盛的食欲，好胃口
 ESSENTIAL
■good for your health 有益健康的
• a healthy diet 健康饮食
• a good healthy walk 有益于健康的散步
  Common Learner Errors  healthy or health? Warning: do not confuse the adjective healthy with the noun health :
✗ I enjoy cycling and it is good for my healthy. I enjoy cycling and it is good for my health.
['hel.θi] adjective
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
■successful and strong 兴旺发达的
• a healthy economy 繁荣的经济
['hel.θi] adjective
NORMAL 正常的
■normal and showing good judgment （态度）正常的，合理的
• a healthy disrespect for authority 对权威合理的漠视
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
wholesome, healthful, healthy
这组词都有“有益于健康的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 常可与healthful互换并且更常用，更强调有益于、增进、促使、维持身体或精神的健康。
healthful: 比healthy更常用。
healthy: 只在非正式文体中可与healthful换用
adj. 健康的，健全的；有益于健康的
 - robust, fit, sound, fine, well

Word: fellow
Front: fellow
[ˈfeləʊ] (高研四六 2421/2954 -K4)
Vocabulary: fellow
(once / 31 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Fellow is an old fashioned word for “guy.” If you’re wearing a top hat, you may address someone as “my good fellow.” It’s also a non-stuffy word to describe people in the same situation, such as you and your fellow Vocabulary.com fans.
Other words for fellow include "chap" and "dude." A fellow can also be someone’s boyfriend, as in “Is he your fellow?” an interested suitor might ask. Another kind of fellow is an academic who's either reached a high position or won a prestigious scholarship. A MacArthur Fellow, for example, is a person who won a MacArthur fellowship (a well-deserved hunk of money). Fellow comes from an Old English word, feolaga, "one who shares with another."
WORD FAMILY
fellow: fellows, fellowship +/ fellowship: fellowships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The other contestants will include fellow Olympians Louis Smith and Jade Jones, and model Caprice Bourret.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
To care for your fellow creatures is to want them to be happy and prosper, to want to change what is causing them to suffer.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And, fellow Lion Dennis Boles marvels, customers from “practically every African country.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 同伴; 男子; （大学的）研究员; （某些学院或大学的）董事
adj. 同伴的; 同事的; 同类的; 同情况的
vt. 使…与另一个对等; 使…与另一个匹敌
分布：家伙(60%)，同事(14%)，同伴(6%)，研究员(5%)，同事的(5%)，同伴的(5%)，同类的(4%)，校董(1%)
→来自古英语feolaga, 同伴，合作者。feo-,同fee, 古义金钱，laga-, 同lay, 放置。即合伙做事情的人，同伴。
n.人,家伙;伙伴,同事a.同样的,同事的The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US [-oʊ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■describes someone who has the same job or interests as you, or is in the same situation as you 同事的；同伴的；同情况的
• She introduced me to some of her fellow students. 她把我介绍给她的几位同班同学。
• Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists. 和我们同行的旅伴大多是讲西班牙语的游客。
UK ['fel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable
MAN 人 informal
■a man, used especially in the past by people in a higher social class 人，男人，家伙（尤为旧时社会阶层较高的人使用）
• He seemed like a decent sort of a fellow. 他似乎是个正派的人。
UK ['fel.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun countable
MEMBER 成员
■a member of a group of high-ranking teachers at a particular college or university or of particular academic societies （学院或大学的）研究员；（学术协会的）会员
• Georgia's a fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. 乔治亚是剑桥大学卡莱尔学院的研究员。
■a member of an official organization for a particular subject or job （官方机构的）成员
• He's a fellow of the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors. 他是皇家特许测量师协会的会员。
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
n. 家伙；朋友；同事；会员
 - apple, customer, friend, member, guy
adj. 同伴的，同事的；同道的
 - companionate

Word: contribution
Front: contribution
[ˌkɒntrɪˈbju:ʃn] (高研四雅 1776/1201 -K)
Vocabulary: contribution
(once / 280 pages)
1n 2n
When you make a contribution, it means you're giving something away — whether it's your money, your possessions, or your time.
A contribution can take many forms. Some contributions are measurable, like a $10 donation to the Salvation Army. Others are less tangible. When a student raises his hand in class to ask a question, he's making a contribution, because the answer to his question enriches the other students' learning experience.
WORD FAMILY
contribution: contributions+/ contribute: contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributive, contributor, contributory/contributive: contributively/ contributor: contributors
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he downplayed his contribution to Shiffrin’s improvement in the discipline, which was underlined by her back-to-back GS wins last week.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is the first step toward establishing a $100,000 endowment fund with additional contributions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2016, Morales was named an honorary citizen of Houston, Texas, for his contribution to music.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 贡献，捐赠，捐助; 捐赠，捐助物; 投稿，来稿; [军]（向占领地人民征收的）军税
分布：贡献(95%)，投稿(5%)
n.贡献;捐款,捐献物;投稿The contribution distributor thinks the microcomputer pollution is absolutely beyond dispute.捐款分配者认为微机污染是绝对不容置疑的.
US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you do or give to help produce or achieve something together with other people, or to help make something successful 贡献；奉献；捐款；捐助（物），损献（物）
• All contributions (= presents of money) , no matter how small, will be much appreciated. 所有捐款，无论多少，我们都深表感谢。
• All contributions (= articles to be printed) for the school magazine must be received by August 1st. 投给校刊的所有稿件截止到8月1日。
• This invention made a major contribution to road safety. 这项发明对道路安全作出了卓越贡献。
• She didn't make much of a contribution (= She did not say much) at today's meeting, did she? 她今天在会上没怎么发言，是不是？
UK [ˌkɒn.trɪ'bju:.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:n-] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  contributionWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'give/have/do a contribution', say make a contribution :
✗ She gave a useful contribution to the discussion. She made a useful contribution to the discussion.
n. 贡献；捐献；投稿
 - subscription, contributing to

Word: suicide
Front: suicide
[ˈsu:ɪsaɪd] (研六雅 2274/3655 -3)
Vocabulary: suicide
(once / 333 pages)
n
Suicide is killing yourself on purpose, dying at your own hand. Some people kill themselves by accident, but that’s not suicide, it’s just clumsy and unfortunate.
The word suicide breaks down into the Latin words sui and caedere, which together translate to “kill oneself.” However, not all suicides are about the final end of life. For example, a righteous politician can commit political suicide by speaking publicly about an unpopular topic. We call a person who has killed himself a suicide, and a police report might tell how many suicides happen in a city each year.
WORD FAMILY
suicide: suicidal, suicides+/suicidal: suicidally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Six inmates died in the prison last year - four as a result of suicide.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
My parents would like to retire and move near their granddaughter, but they fear that if they left he would commit suicide.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自杀; 自杀者; 自杀行为
adj. 自杀的
分布：自杀(96%)，自杀者(3%)，自杀性的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 suicidium,自杀，来自 sui,自己的，词源同 self,-cid,杀，词源同 herbicide,homicide.
自杀(sui自己＋cide)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
n.自杀;给自己带来恶劣后果的行为The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
noun
DEATH 死亡
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the act of killing yourself intentionally, or a person who has done this 自杀；自杀者
• to attempt/commit suicide 企图自杀／自杀
• The suicide rate among men between the ages of 16 and 25 has risen alarmingly. 16至25岁之间男性的自杀率攀升速度惊人。
• Many suicides occur in prisons. 监狱中的自杀事件很多。
Compare manslaughter ; murder
['su:.ɪ.saɪd] noun
DEFEAT 失败
uncountable
■any act which has the effect of causing your own defeat 自杀性的行为；自取灭亡的行为
• [+ to infinitive] As a leader he knows that it is political suicide to appear indecisive. 他知道作为一位领袖，表现得犹疑不定无疑是在政治上自取灭亡。
n. 自杀；自杀行为；自杀者
 - Dutch act, self-destruction
adj. 自杀的
 - self-destruct
vt. 自杀
 - kill oneself, take one's own life
vi. 自杀
 - kill oneself, take one's own life

Word: vulnerable
Front: vulnerable
[ˈvʌlnərəbl] (研六托雅宝 2955/2998 -3)
Vocabulary: vulnerable
(once / 685 pages)
adj
Use the adjective vulnerable to describe something or someone open to being physically or emotionally wounded, like a newborn chick or an overly sensitive teenager.
Vulnerable is from Latin and is based on vulnus "wound." From its literal meaning, it has come to be more often used for someone who is easily hurt or likely to succumb to temptation. It's best used for a person whose feelings are so delicate that they can't withstand any criticism or pressure: "Don't speak harshly to her, she's very vulnerable today."
WORD FAMILY
vulnerable: invulnerable, vulnerability, vulnerably+/ invulnerable: invulnerability, invulnerably/ vulnerability: vulnerabilities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Experts say that this results in the system being more vulnerable to hacking attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The comments, included in a letter about the plight of vulnerable children in general, were some of his most comprehensive on abuse.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （地方）易受攻击的; 易受伤的; 易受批评的; [桥牌]已成局的
分布：脆弱的(75%)，易受伤害的(19%)，有弱点的(6%)
→来自拉丁语vulnus,伤口，来自wele,拔，击打，词源同wool,vulture。引申义有伤口的，脆弱的。
a.易受伤害的,脆弱的,易受攻击的He is vulnerable to temptation.他是容易受到诱惑的.
【记】vulner＝wound（n 创伤），able－易受伤的
【反】safe（adj 安全的）
UK ['vʌn.rə-] US ['vʌl.nɚ.ə-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced or attacked 易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的
• I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on. 一丝不挂地站在那里，我感觉自己非常脆弱，不堪一击。
• It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable. 政府最易受人诟病的是经济政策。
• Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid. 游客更容易受到攻击，因为他们不知道城里哪些地方不该去。
adj. 易受攻击的，易受…的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的
 - sensitive, assailable

Word: tight
Front: tight
[taɪt] (高研四六托 2741/2805 -K3)
Back: adj. 紧的，牢固的; 绷紧的; 不漏的; 密集的，紧凑的
adv. 紧紧地; 牢固地
级别：tighter, tightest
分布：紧的(47%)，紧紧地(23%)，紧身的(12%)，牢固地(9%)，密集的(5%)，迅速地(3%)，拮据的(1%)
→来自中古英语 thight,拉紧的，来自 Proto-Germanic*thinhtaz,拉紧的，来自 tenkt,紧的，厚 的，来自 ten,伸长，拉紧，词源同 tenure,tense.-ght,过去分词格，词源同 bright,caught. 引申诸相关词义。
a.紧的;紧身的,装紧的;密封的ad.紧紧地Money will be tight overnight after tonight's midnight.银根将在今晚午夜之后一下紧缩.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(held or kept together) firmly or closely 紧的；密封的（地）；牢固的（地）
• I can't untie the knot - it's too tight. 我解不开这个结——太紧了。
• This lid is on very tight. 这盖子盖得很紧。
• The people stood talking in tight groups. 大家一群群地紧挨着站在那里说话。
• Hold on tight when we go round this corner. 我们转弯时大家都要抓牢扶好。
• Check that windows and doors are shut tight (= completely closed) before you leave. 走之前检查一下窗户和门是否关严了。
• The plastic cover was stretched tight (= stretched as much as it could be) across the tank. 水箱上的塑胶罩子绷得很紧。
⇒ See also airtight;watertight
[taɪt] adjective
UNCOMFORTABLE 不舒适的
■Clothes or shoes that are tight fit the body too closely and are uncomfortable （衣服或鞋子）紧的，小的
• That jacket's too tight - you want a bigger size. 那件夹克太紧身——你需要大号一点的。
■If you have a tight feeling in your chest you have an uncomfortable feeling of pressure, caused by illness, fear, etc. （由于疾病、恐惧等）憋闷的，不适的
[taɪt] adjective
LIMITING 限制
■Controls or rules that are tight are ones which severely limit what can happen （管制措施或规则）严格的
• tight security 严密的安全措施
[taɪt] adjective
NOT MUCH 不多
■If time or money is tight, there is only just enough of it （时间、金钱）紧的，拮据的
• I'm sorry I can't stop, time's really tight. 对不起我不能停，时间真的很紧。
• They're raising three kids on one small salary so money is very tight. 他们靠一份微薄薪水抚养三个孩子，所以手头很紧。
[taɪt] adjective
NOT GENEROUS 吝啬的
■informal disapprovingtight-fisted （不表赞同的不正式用法）吝啬的；小气的
[taɪt] adjective
DRUNK 醉的 old-fashioned informal
■having had too much alcohol; drunk 饮酒过多的；醉的
• Jim, you're tight! 吉姆，你醉了！
[taɪt] adjective
RELATIONSHIP 关系 informal
■If you are tight with someone, you know them very well and like them a lot 亲密的；个人关系密切的（如果你和某人个人关系密切，则你非常了解他且很喜欢他）
• We're tight - we've been best friends since we were at school. 我们的关系很密切－－自同窗时就是最要好的朋友。
[taɪt] adjective
be in a tight corner/spot
■to be in a difficult situation 被逼到角落里；身处困境
adj. [服装] [贸易] 紧的； [机] 密封的；绷紧的；麻烦的；严厉的；没空的；吝啬的
 - severe, hard, fast, sealed, rigorous
adv. 紧紧地；彻底地
 - thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully, fast

Word: cite
Front: cite
[saɪt] (研六托雅宝 1932/2993 -3)
Vocabulary: cite
(once / 253 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To cite something means to do right by whoever said it and give them credit — for instance, if you add a brilliant statement to a paper but you’re not the one who originally wrote it, you should cite, or point to, the original author.
Using cite with the meaning "to reference" or "to note" is just one of several similar uses. A military or other official report can cite someone for an outstanding act of service, and a legal representative can cite individuals, or summon them, to show up in court. To cite a source when writing or verbally repeating something first spoken by someone else is to give a "citation" or "notation" that gives credit where credit is due.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
cite / site / sight
All are good for research papers: cite is short for citation, site is a place, and sight is what your eyeballs are for. The Web has a lot to answer for, good and bad. One item in the minus column is the increased popularity of site and people throwing these sound-alikes all over the place!
Cite is a verb to mean to quote, to summon officially, to mention formally, or even to compliment. It's also the noun form of the same things: a formal summons, or an official mention. You have to cite your sources when you write a paper, but it's also a nod to wherever you got your idea. Check out what cite can do:
The band, formed in Ohio 10 years ago, cite numerous influences in different genres from hip-hop to rock and blues. (Reuters)
He was taken to his residence in Bellevue, cited and released. (Seattle Times)
A site is a specified place, such as a building site, but it's also short for Website, which is a collection of Web pages that are found within the same URL. Either way it's somewhere you can go:
It's taken nearly nine years, but large-scale commercial redevelopment of the World Trade Center site is tantalizingly close to taking off. (New York Post)
The death also was reported on the singer's web site. (Seattle Times)
Sight, of course, is vision or something that can be seen. If something is outta sight then it's fabulous whether you can see it or not. Here's an example of sight:
Visually impaired servers who have some sight wear blindfolds. (New York Times)
Though cite, site, and sight were confused before the Internet, we are more likely to use site for all of them because we use it so often for Website. If you can remember cite is short for citation and site is a location, whether it's online or off, you'll have the sight to use the words correctly.
WORD FAMILY
cite: citation, cited, cites, citing+/ citation: citations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited health reasons for his sudden retirement in 2004.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 引用，引证; [法]传讯; 表扬; [军事]传（或通）令嘉奖
n. <口>例证，引文
时态：cited, citing, cites
分布：引用(76%)，传讯(15%)，表扬(9%)
→来自keie,运动，移动，词源同cinema,conation.此处引申词义召唤，援引。
引用;引证[cit=quote,call,表示"引用,唤起"]
v.引用,引证,举(例)On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
【记】citen传唤，引。
【参】incite（v 刺激，激励）；citation（n 引用；传票）
verb transitive
GIVE EXAMPLE 举例 formal
■to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened 举例，引证；援引；引用，引述
• She cited three reasons why people get into debt. 她举出了人们负债的三个原因。
• The company cited a 12% decline in new orders as evidence that overall demand for its products was falling. 公司举出新订单减少12%这一事实，以此来证明其产品的总需求在下降。
■formal
■to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work 举例，引证；援引；引用，引述
• She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article. 她在文章中引用了托马斯‧斯特恩斯‧艾略特和维吉尼亚‧伍尔芙的作品。
[saɪt] verb transitive
NAME 名字 legal
■to officially name or mention someone or something in a court of law, or to officially request someone to appear in a court of law 援引；传唤，传讯
• The lawyer cited two similar cases. 律师援引了两个类似的案例。
• He has been cited as the co-respondent in the divorce case. 他作为这桩离婚案的共同被告被传讯。
[saɪt] verb transitive
PRAISE 表扬 formal
■to praise someone in the armed forces publicly because of their bravery （军队中公开）嘉奖，表彰，表扬
• He was cited for bravery. 他因为勇敢而受到嘉奖。
cite, quote, repeat
这组词都有“引用，复述”的意思，其区别是：
cite: 指引经据典以示证明或凭据。
quote: 指不加剪裁的直接引用原文或原话。
repeat: 仅强调口头或笔头重复别人的话或字句，并不必指明出处。
vt. 引用；传讯；想起；表彰
 - reference, think of

Word: afford
Front: afford
[əˈfɔ:d] (中高研四六托雅 1846/1722 -K3)
Vocabulary: afford
(once / 84 pages)
v
To afford means you have enough money or time for something. If you only have ten dollars on you, you can't afford to buy a twenty-dollar hat.
Afford is a verb that has to do with means. You either have a surplus and therefore can afford something, or else you have a deficit and can’t. It can be in the monetary sense: "$100 for cashmere socks? I can’t afford that!” It can also refer to time: “Since my train wasn't scheduled to leave for another hour, I could afford to wait for my sister ten more minutes.” Or even access: “The castle walls afforded a wonderful view of the moat.”
WORD FAMILY
afford: affordable, afforded, affording, affords+/ affordable: affordably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Simply put, the state can’t afford such inaction for another year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Unable to afford its Bronx apartment, the family was evicted, and Ms. Farquharson and her children moved into a shelter in early 2013.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The sensors cost only about $200 each, so the hospital should be able to afford more, he added.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 买得起; 担负得起; 提供; 给予
时态：afforded, affording, affords
分布：提供(59%)，给予(27%)，花费得起(8%)，能够做(6%)
→前缀af-同ad-, 去，往。词根ford,向前，同forth. 指资助，推动前进。
买得起(af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
vt.担负得起(损失,费用,后果等),买得起According to the record, the cord was the oldest recorder the people could afford.据记载,绳子是人们用得起的最古老的记录器.
US [-'fɔ:rd] verb
MONEY 金钱
can afford
 ESSENTIAL
■to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time 买得起；（有时间）做，能做
• I don't know how he can afford a new car on his salary. 我不知道他靠薪水怎么能买得起新车。
• Few people are able to afford cars like that. 很少人买得起那样的车。
• She couldn't afford the time off work to see him. 她工作太忙，抽不出时间去看他。
• [+ to infinitive] I can't afford to buy a house. 我买不起房子。
  Common Learner Errors  afford When afford is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the -ing form. Do not say 'afford doing something', say afford to do something.
✗ I cannot afford buying a new computer. I cannot afford to buy a new computer.
UK [ə'fɔ:d] US [-'fɔ:rd] verb
GIVE 给
transitive formal
■to allow someone to have something pleasant or necessary 提供；给予
• The hut afforded little protection from the elements. 这间棚屋几乎不能遮风挡雨。
• [+ two objects] Her seat afforded her an uninterrupted view of the stage. 她的座位很好，可以一览无遗地看到整个舞台。
UK [ə'fɔ:d] US [-'fɔ:rd] verb
cannot afford (formal can ill afford)
■If you cannot afford to do something, you must not do it because it would cause serious problems for you 承担不起（损失、后果等）
• We can't afford to make any mistakes at this stage in the project. 工程进行到这个阶段，犯任何错误我们都担当不起。
• He can ill afford to fail any of his exams. 任何一门考试不通过，他都担负不起。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
furnish, accommodate, afford
这组词都有“提供”的意思，其区别是：
furnish: v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
 • Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.   阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。
accommodate: v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。
 • This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.   这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
 • The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the delivery overnight.   公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。
afford: v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。
 • We can't afford that expensive sports car.   我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
 • The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.   从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
vt. 给予，提供；买得起
 - allow, deal, extend, deliver, tender

Word: berlin
Front: berlin
[bə:ˈlin] (雅 -/2908)
Back: n. 一种有覆盖的四轮马车
分布：名词(99%)，形容词(1%)

Word: embrace
Front: embrace
[ɪmˈbreɪs] (研四六托雅宝 2473/3968 -2)
Vocabulary: embrace
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To embrace something is to welcome it with open arms, hold, hug, accept completely. You might embrace your sweetheart, or even changes in technology.
Embrace is from the French verb embrasser, which started out meaning "to clasp in the arms" (but now includes kissing). You embrace someone by giving her a giant hug, and when you embrace a new idea, it's like your brain gives it a hug. The noun and verb form are similar: If you embrace someone who isn't your sweetheart, you might get caught in an embrace. In Henry IV, Shakespeare writes about a really, really tight embrace: "I will embrace him with a soldier's arm/That he shall shrink under my courtesy."
WORD FAMILY
embrace: embraced, embracement, embraces, embracing+/embracement: embracements/embracing: embracings
USAGE EXAMPLES
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We will continue to learn from this. We will embrace our past to create our future, and it just wasn't enough tonight.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Which is why Trump’s embrace of the carbon bubble is particularly foolish.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 拥抱
vt. 包括; 包含; 接受; 信奉
n. 拥抱，怀抱
时态：embraced, embracing, embraces
分布：拥抱(64%)，接受(25%)，信奉(5%)，包含(4%)，包围(2%)
→em-, 进入，使。brace, 胳膊，箍子。
拥抱(em+brace胳膊→进入怀抱)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
拥抱;包括(em进入+brace→进入两臂→拥抱)[brace=two arms表示"两臂"]
v.拥抱;包含;包围;环绕;采用;接受I feel a trace of disgrace for the gracious man's embracing her bracelet.我对仁慈男子拥抱她的手镯感到一丝耻辱.
【记】em进入，brace胳膊－拥抱
【反】eschew（v 避开）；ostracize（v 放逐）；spurn（v 弃绝）；abrogate（vt 废除；取消）；abjure（vt 发誓放弃）；renounce（v 断绝关系）；condemn（vt 判刑；谴责）
verb
ACCEPT 接受
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to accept something enthusiastically 欣然接受；乐意采纳
• This was an opportunity that he would embrace. 这样的机会他是求之不得的。
[ɪm'breɪs] verb
HOLD 抱
intransitive or transitive literary
■to hold someone tightly with both arms to express love, liking or sympathy, or when greeting or leaving someone 抱，拥抱
• She saw them embrace on the station platform. 她看到他们在月台上拥抱。
• He leant over to embrace the child. 他弯腰去拥抱那个孩子。
[ɪm'breɪs] verb
INCLUDE 包括
transitive formal
■to include something, often as one of a number of things 包括，包含
• Linguistics embraces a diverse range of subjects such as phonetics and stylistics. 语言学包括一系列不同的科目，如语音学和文体学。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含
 - involve, contain
vi. 拥抱
 - hug, cuddle
n. 拥抱
 - hug

Word: object
Front: object
[ˈɒbdʒɪkt] (中高研四六雅 1153/1028 -K4)
Vocabulary: object
(once / 28 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4n 5n 6n
When your younger brother runs around the house with scissors, you should definitely object. Perhaps a less sharp object such as a roll of paper towels would suffice.
An object (OB-ject) is something that is a visible entity, something that can be perceived by the senses. If you are unsure whether something is an object, test it by seeing whether it can cast a shadow; if it can, it's an object, if it can't, it's not. In court, lawyers will often say, "I object!" Here, the verb object (ob-JECT) means to express disagreement.
WORD FAMILY
object: objected, objectify, objecting, objection, objector, objects+/ objectification: objectifications/ objectify: objectification, objectified, objectifies, objectifying/ objection: objectionable, objections/ objectionable: objectionableness, objectionably, unobjectionable/objector: objectors/unobjectionable: unobjectionably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It reduced everything to the equality of objects. Everything became exchangeable because everything became a commodity.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 物体; 目标; 宾语; 客体，对象
时态：objected, objecting, objects
分布：对象(64%)，反对(19%)，物体(10%)，目标(4%)，宾语(2%)，提出 ... 作为反对的理由(1%)
→ob-,向前，朝向，相对，对着的，-ject,扔，投掷，放置，词源同project.即放置在前面的目标或物体。也用于指对着扔的，引申词义反对。
物体;目标v.反对(ob反+ject→反着扔→反对,引申为扔向目标)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.物体;客体,对象;目标;宾语v.(to)反对The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
US [ˈɑːb-]
THING 东西
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a thing that you can see or touch but that is not usually a living animal, plant or person （可看见或可触摸到的）实物，物体
• a solid/material/physical object 固体的／有形的实物
• a collection of precious objects 收藏的珍品
• Look, there's a strange object in the sky! 看，天上有个奇怪的东西！
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED countable (written abbreviation obj) specialized
■a person or thing that is affected by the action of a verb or involved in the result of an action, or a noun, pronoun or noun phrase that represents that person or thing 宾语，受词
• In the sentence 'I like ice cream', 'ice cream' is the object of the verb 'like'. 在句子 I like ice cream 中，ice cream 是动词 like 的受词。
 ADVANCED countable (written abbreviation obj) specialized
■a word that follows a preposition 介词受词
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
PURPOSE 目的
countable usually singular
■a reason for doing something, or the result you wish to achieve by doing it 目的，目标
• The object of their expedition was to discover the source of the River Nile. 他们探险的目的是找到尼罗河的源头。
the object of the exercise
■the result that is wanted from an activity 活动的目的
• In today's session, the object of the exercise is to improve your interpersonal skills. 今天课上这部分练习的目的是提高你们的人际交往技巧。
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
CAUSE 原因
countable usually singular slightly formal
■someone or something that causes particular feelings in or actions by others （引发某种情感或行为的）对象
• He became an object of ridicule among the other workers. 他成为其他工人嘲笑的对象。
noun UK [ˈɒb.dʒɪkt] US [ˈɑːb-]
be no object
■If something valuable, such as money, is no object, it does not need to be considered as a problem, because you have a lot of it 不成问题；不在话下
• For a millionaire like him, money is no object. 对他这样的百万富翁来说，钱不是问题。
verb intransitive /əbˈdʒekt/
 ADVANCED
■to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone 反对，不赞成；有异议
• Would anyone object if we started the meeting now? 如果我们现在开始开会，有人反对吗？
• He objects to the label 'magician' which he is often given. 他反对人们常称他为“魔术师”。
• No-one objected when the boss said it was time to go home. 老板说该是回家的时候了，这时没有人反对。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
differ, disagree, object
这组词都有“不同意，反对”的意思，其区别是：
differ: 可替换disagree，但语气较温和，是disagree的委婉说法。
disagree: 指彼此间意见或看法不同，任何言行上的不合。
object: 语气强烈，侧重对某一具体计划、行为或作法等表示反对。常跟前置词to连用。
n. 目标；物体；客体； [语] 宾语
 - target, goal, end, cause, aim
vi. 反对；拒绝
 - refuse, sit down on

Word: cancer
Vocabulary: cancer
(once / 508 pages)
n
Cancer is a disease in which cells grow uncontrollably and form tumors. The best chance of surviving cancer usually involves finding and treating it early.
The word cancer actually means "crab," like the zodiac sign. Around 400 B.C., Greek physician Hippocrates is said to have named the disease karkinos, which is Greek for "crab," when he noticed that tumors formed a crab-like shape. The word cancer describes not just a disease, but any sort of evilness that can spread. Hatred and bigotry are cancers that can destroy communities.
WORD FAMILY
cancer: anticancer, cancerous, cancers+/cancerous: cancerously, precancerous
USAGE EXAMPLES
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The coach died from lung cancer 2 1/2 months later.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The actor, who was diagnosed with cancer 18 months ago, died at home in Pasadena, California, on Saturday.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: flat
Front: flat
[flæt] (中高研四六托雅 2569/1448 -K4)
Vocabulary: flat
(once / 98 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjn 3adjadv 4adjn
A flat is an apartment. If a girl invites you up to her flat, she's not trying to squash you, she's inviting you over. And she's probably from England, because flat is much more common in British than American English.
Geometrically, something flat is an even, level plane, like Kansas relative to the Rocky Mountains, or the cargo area of a flatbed truck. As an adjective, flat means "less than lively." A flat soda has no bubbles. If your speech falls flat, no one was excited. If you get mugged you might choose to lie flat on the ground. A flat note is just below the right pitch. And if you're cooking is flat, it's boring.
WORD FAMILY
flat: flatlet, flatly, flatness, flats, flatted, flatten, flattest, flatting+/flatlet: flatlets/flatness: flatnesses/flatten: flattened, flattening, flattens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The 25-year-old victim fell through the corrugated plastic ceiling of a kitchen annexe in a basement flat on Charles Road on New Year's Day.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平的; 单调的; 不景气的; 干脆的
adv. （尤指贴着另一表面）平直地; 断然地; 水平地; 直接地，完全地
n. 平地; 公寓; 平面
vt. 使变平; [音乐]使（音调）下降，尤指降半音
vi. 逐渐变平; [音乐]以降调唱（或奏）
级别：flatter, flattest
分布：平坦的(34%)，扁平的(27%)，单调的(11%)，平直地(9%)，气不足的(4%)，变平(4%)，断然的(3%)，直截了当(3%)，住公寓(2%)，降调(2%)，平面部分(1%)
→来自pele, 平的。词源同plan, plane. 引申词义套间，公寓。
a.平坦的,扁平的,平淡的n.一套房间;平面On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
adjective (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL 水准的
 ESSENTIAL
■level and smooth, with no curved, high, or hollow parts 水准的；平坦的
• An ice rink needs to be completely flat. 溜冰场地必须十分平坦。
• Roll out the pastry on a flat surface. 在平的面板上把油酥面团擀薄。
• Much of the countryside in East Anglia is very flat. 英吉利亚东部的许多乡村都地势平坦。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
NOT HIGH 不高的
■level but having little or no height 扁平的
• flat shoes (= shoes which do not have a raised heel) 平底鞋
■describes bread which is made without yeast, and therefore does not rise （面包）未发酵的
• Pitta and naan are two types of flat bread. 嵌面包和印度薄饼是两种未发酵的面包。
flat cap/hat UK
■a hat which is not rounded on top and has little height 低顶帽
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
NOT ACTIVE 不积极的
■not active; not interesting or without emotion 不积极的；不感兴趣的；缺乏热情的
• After the excitement of the party, life seems rather flat now. 派对的兴奋感过去之后，生活现在似乎相当乏味。
• I thought her performance a little flat. 我觉得她的表演有点平淡。
• I think the colours in this painting are rather flat (= not varied or bright). 我认为这幅油画的色彩相当平淡。
• UK I left my car lights on all night and now the battery is flat (US dead)(= has no electrical power left in it). 我的车灯整晚没关，现在电池没电了。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
DRINK 饮品
■describes a drink which has stopped being fizzy (= with bubbles) （饮品）走了气的
• If you don't put the top back on that bottle of beer, it will go flat. 你要是不把那瓶啤酒的瓶盖盖上，它会走气的。
Compare still
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun] (US also flat-out)
■complete or certain, and not likely to change 彻底的；肯定的；断然的
• His request for time off work was met with a flat refusal. 他的歇班要求遭到了断然拒绝。
• The minister has issued a flat denial of the accusations against her. 那位部长矢口否认对她的那些指控。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
WITHOUT AIR 无气体
■If something such as a tyre or ball is flat, it does not contain enough air （轮胎或球）泄了气的，撒了气的
• I got a flat UK tyre / US tire (= The air went out of it) after driving over a nail. 我的车胎扎了钉子后泄了气了。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
FIXED 固定的
[before noun]
■(especially of an amount of money) fixed; not likely to change （尤指钱数）固定的，不变的
• We charge a flat fee/rate of $25 per hour. 我们每小时统一收费25美元。
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
And that's flat! UK informal
■used to tell someone that the decision you have just announced will not change even if they try to persuade you to change it 没有商量的余地，就这么定了
• I'm not coming, and that's flat! 我不去，不用再说了！
[flæt] adjective (flatter, flattest)
be (as) flat as a pancake informal
■to be very flat 非常平坦，平坦如镜
• The countryside around Cambridge is as flat as a pancake. 剑桥周围的乡村地势平坦如砥。
[flæt] noun
HOME 家
 ESSENTIAL countable UK (US apartment)
■a set of rooms for living in which are part of a larger building and are usually all on one floor 公寓；单元房
• a furnished/unfurnished flat 配家俱／未配家俱的公寓
• a block of flats 一栋公寓楼
• They have a house in the country and a flat in London. 他们在乡下有一栋房子，在伦敦有一间公寓。
⇒ See also flatmate
[flæt] noun
LEVEL GROUND 平地
countable often plural
■an area of low level ground, often near water （常指水边的）平地；低洼地
• The salt flats are used for motor racing. 盐滩被用作摩托车比赛场地。
• The mud flats attract large numbers of birds. 潮泥滩吸引了大批鸟类。
the flat of your hand
■the palm and fingers when they are held straight and level 手掌
• He hit me with the flat of his hand. 他打了我一巴掌。
be on the flat
■to be on a level surface, not on a slope or hill 在平地上
• Most of the path is on the flat. 这条小径大部分都在平地上。
[flæt] noun
TYRE WITHOUT AIR 无气体的轮胎
countable usually singular mainly US informal
■a flat tyre
• We were late because we had to stop and fix a flat. 我们迟到了，因为中途不得不停下来修理泄气的轮胎。
[flæt] noun
SHOES 平底鞋
flats [plural]
■women's shoes without high heels （女式）平跟鞋，平底鞋
• I feel more comfortable in flats. 我穿平底鞋感觉更舒适。
[flæt] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■(a symbol for) a note that is a semitone lower than a stated note 降半音；降音符号
[flæt] adjective adverb (flatter, flattest)
MUSIC 音乐
■(in music) lower than a particular note or the correct note （音乐）低于标准音高的，偏低的
• The top string on your violin is flat. 你的小提琴 E 弦音偏低。
• She sang flat throughout the song (= all the notes she sang were too low). 她把整首歌的音调都唱低了。
Compare natural ; sharp
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
LEVEL 水准
 IMPROVER
■in a level position, often against another surface （常贴着另一表面）水准地，平直地
• Lay the cloth flat across the table. 把布平铺在桌子上。
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
NOT HIGH 不高
■into a flat shape without height 扁平地
• These garden chairs will fold flat for storage. 这些花园坐椅可以折叠起来存放。
[flæt] adverb (flatter, flattest)
COMPLETELY 彻底地 informal
■completely or to the greatest degree possible 彻底；断然
• She told him flat] US also flat out that she would not go to the show. 她直截了当地告诉他她是不会去看表演的。
• Could you lend me some money, I'm flat broke (= I have no money). 你能借我些钱吗？我连一块钱也没有。
⇒ See also stony broke
three minutes/half an hour, etc. flat informal
■exactly three minutes/half an hour, etc 刚好三分钟／半小时等
• We managed to get to the station in five minutes flat. 我们设法正好用了五分钟时间赶到了车站。
flat out informal
■as fast or as hard as possible 全速；全力以赴
• My car only does about 60 mph, even when it's going flat out. 我的车即使全速行驶，也只能跑到每小时60英里左右。
• We've been working flat out to get this done. 为了完成这项工作，我们一直在全力以赴。
quarters, accommodation, flat, apartment, suite, lodging
这组词都有“住处”的意思，其区别是：
quarters: 指某一部分人集中的居住区。
accommodation: 泛指各种居住住所，一般指暂时下榻之地。
flat: 多用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰。指同一层建筑物上组成一个居住单元的几个房间。
apartment: 通常指占用或居住时间较长的成套房间，在美国比较常用。
suite: 可泛指任何设备完善的一套房间，但多指包括起居室、卧室和浴室的陈设较豪华的套间。
lodging: 常用lodgins,指临时租借的房间或宿舍。
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
adj. 平坦的；扁平的；浅的；单调的
 - even, low, level, shallow, blank
adv. 平直地；断然地
 - positively, emphatically
n. 平地；平面；公寓
 - apartment, plane
vi. 变平
 - even

Word: ad
Vocabulary: ad
(once / 340 pages)
n
An ad is a commercial or a print promotion for some product or service. In other words, an ad is an advertisement.
When a company uses print or broadcasting — newspapers, magazines, the Internet, or television, for example — to attempt to sell more of something, it's an ad. Though the word ad is an informal shortened form of advertisement, it's become more commonly used than the original. Those in the business of advertising have objected to this slang form ever since it was first used, around 1840.
WORD FAMILY
ad
USAGE EXAMPLES
The following year, a major political party changed a campaign ad that mentioned Hitler.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After his father’s death, he quit ad work.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There’s an ad on the side of the bus where it says, “Get a divorce on your smartphone — for 99 cents.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)

Word: emergency
Front: emergency
[iˈmɜ:dʒənsi] (高研四六雅宝 1725/2083 -K4)
Vocabulary: emergency
(once / 276 pages)
1n 2n 3n
When there's an emergency, the stakes are high and you may need to act quickly. There's a tornado! Someone's collapsed! The cat's stuck in a tree! It's an emergency! Call 911!
You can see the word emerge in emergency, and an emergency suddenly emerges — it happens all of a sudden and can take you by surprise. Governments declare a "state of emergency" if there is a disaster that they can't handle, and they need support. If you hear sirens and see flashing lights, there's probably an emergency . . . unless you're in a dance club.
WORD FAMILY
emergency: emergencies+/ emerge: emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging, emersion, re-emerge/ emergence: emergences/ emergent: emergency / emersion: emersions/re-emerge: re-emerged, re-emerging
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Anchorage Office of Emergency Management says the advisory will be in effect until 6 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday afternoon, emergency workers found the remains of a third person.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Oregon State Police in a statement Monday say emergency crews responded at about 8:30 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 紧急情况; 突发事件; 非常时刻
adj. 紧急的，应急的
分布：紧急状态(30%)，突发事件(25%)，紧急的(23%)，应急的(11%)，备用的(11%)
→来自emerge, 出现，始料不及的情况。
突然事件(emerge+ency→[突然]出现的事情)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
紧急事件(emergent紧急的)[-cy表名词,也作-acy,"性质,状态"]
紧急情况(emerge出现...出现的紧急情况)[-ency,-iency表名词,ence的变体]
n.紧急情况,突然事件,非常时刻The energetic enemy submerged in the water on the verge of the emergency.在紧急情况快要发生时精力充沛的敌军沉入水中.
US [-'mɝ:-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something dangerous or serious, such as an accident, which happens suddenly or unexpectedly and needs fast action in order to avoid harmful results 紧急情况；不测事件；突发事件
• How would disabled people escape in an emergency? 如果发生紧急情况，伤残人士如何逃离？
• Is the emergency exit suitable for wheelchairs? 安全出口适合轮椅通行吗？
• The pilot of the aircraft was forced to make an emergency landing on Lake Geneva. 这架飞机的驾驶员不得不在日内瓦湖面上紧急迫降。
emergency, emergence
emergency: 意为“紧急情况”，“突然事件”。
emergence: 是emerge的名词形式。
emergency, crisis, urgency
emergency: “紧急情况”，强调突如其来的事故或情况
crisis: “危机，危急”，着重某一事故或情况关系到生死存亡
urgency: “紧急，急迫（的状态）”，an emergency=a matter of urgency
n. 紧急情况；突发事件；非常时刻
 - critical situation, bombshell
adj. 紧急的；备用的
 - urgent, instant

Word: contribute
Front: contribute
[kənˈtrɪbju:t] (高研四六托雅 1312/1483 -K3)
Vocabulary: contribute
(once / 93 pages)
v
To contribute something is to provide a part of the whole. When your company has their annual softball game and potluck picnic, you will probably be asked to contribute a dish, like your famous macaroni salad.
Contribute comes from a Latin word that means “to bring together, add, or unite.” When you contribute to a cause, you are adding to what other people have kicked in, which makes the effort complete. You can contribute your singing talent to a traveling a cappella group; you can contribute money or time to save rhinoceroses; you can contribute cupcakes to the gymnastics team bake sale; or you can even contribute ideas on healthcare reform to a Washington think tank.
WORD FAMILY
contribute: contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributive, contributor, contributory+/ contribution: contributions/contributive: contributively/ contributor: contributors
USAGE EXAMPLES
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Those runaway hits are contributing to what industry sources are projecting to be a record year at the box office.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In return for their support, Park and many of his successors as president expected the chaebol to contribute to government projects.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 贡献出; 捐赠（款项）; 投稿（给杂志等）; 出力
时态：contributed, contributing, contributes
分布：贡献(82%)，投稿(11%)，捐助(6%)，是原因之一(1%)
→con-, 强调。-trib, 贡献，词源同tribe, attribute.
捐赠;贡献(con+全部+tribute→全部给出→捐献)[tribut=give,表示"给予"]
v.(to)贡献,捐助,捐献;投稿Everybody should contribute to the discussion.每个人都要参加谈论.
【记】con全部，tribute给予－全部给予－捐献
【参】tribute（n 贡品；颂词）；contribution（n 捐献；贡献；投稿）
US ['kɑ:n-] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people 贡献，奉献，捐献（尤指钱）
• Aren't you going to contribute towards Jack's leaving present? 你不打算凑一份钱给杰克买送别礼物吗？
• Come to the meeting if you feel you have something to contribute. 要是你觉得有甚么要讲的就来开会吧。
• Her family have contributed £50,000 to the fund. 她家给这项基金捐了五万英镑。
■to write articles for a newspaper, magazine or book （给报纸、杂志或书）投稿，撰稿
• She contributes to several magazines. 她为好几家杂志撰稿。
UK [kən'trɪb.ju:t/ UK ['kɒn.trɪ.bju:t] US ['kɑ:n-] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  contribute to sth
■to help to cause an event or situation 促成；导致
• Smoking contributed to his early death. 吸烟导致他早逝。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
vt. 贡献，出力； [图情] 投稿； [经] 捐献
 - make contribution, offer up
vt. 贡献，出力； [图情] 投稿； [经] 捐献
 - make contribution, offer up

Word: coast
Front: coast
[kəʊst] (中高研四六 2436/1854 -K4)
Vocabulary: coast
(once / 62 pages)
1n 2vn 3n
The noun coast describes the area where the land meets the sea — the seashore. When your mom says, "We're going to the coast," pack your bathing suit, because you'll be near the ocean.
Coast also has a verb form that describes an effortless movement, like when you're riding your bike down a hill and you don't have to pedal at all. It can also be used figuratively to describe something that's gained without much difficulty. You might coast to victory in the playoffs when your team wins 8-0 and is never threatened.
WORD FAMILY
coast: coastal, coasted, coaster, coasting, coasts+/coaster: coasters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the second episode of heavy rain within days for some areas, especially along the Gulf Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The search began Friday evening when the Coast Guard received a call that the Cessna disappeared from radar while en route to Molokai from Honolulu.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Okaloosa County Sheriff’s Office, fire department first responders, the Walton Sheriff’s Office, the Coast Guard and others assisted in searching for the man.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 海岸; 滑坡
vi. （汽车或自行车）（尤指不用动力向山坡下）滑行; （做事）不出力; 不费力地取得成功; （不用多少动力）快速平稳地移动
vt. 沿海岸航行
时态：coasted, coasting, coasts
分布：海岸(91%)，海滨(9%)
→来自拉丁语costa,肋骨，边，词源同costal,accost.词义由岸边引申为海岸。
n.海岸,海滨The boastful toaster roasts himself on the coast in the sunshine.好说大话的祝酒者在海岸上晒太阳.
US [koʊst] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the land next to or close to the sea 海岸；沿海地区
• Rimini is a thriving holiday resort on the east coast of Italy. 里米尼是义大利东岸一个繁华的渡假胜地。
• The accident happened three miles off the coast (= in the sea three miles from land). 意外发生在距离海岸三英里的海域。
• We spent a week by/on the coast (= by the sea). 我们在海滨渡过了一个星期。
coast to coast
■from one side of the country to the other 从（一国的）此岸到彼岸
• We travelled across America coast to coast. 我们的旅程横跨美国东西海岸。
■mainly US
■in every part of a country 全国各地
• The visiting politician received coast-to-coast media attention. 来访的政客受到全国媒体的关注。
UK [kəʊst] US [koʊst] noun countable
the coast is clear
■it is safe to do something or go somewhere because no one is watching or listening who would prevent you or catch you 已无危险；没有被发现（或抓住）的危险
• You can come out now, the coast is clear. 现在你可以出来了，危险已经过去。
UK [kəʊst] US [koʊst] verb intransitive
■to move forward in a vehicle without using the engine, usually down a hill （通常指下山时凭借惯性）滑行，下滑
• At the top of the hill I switched off the engine and we just coasted down the other side. 在山顶，我关上引擎，我们就沿着另一侧的山坡顺势滑行。
■to progress or succeed without any effort or difficulty 毫不费力取得进展；轻而易举取得胜利
• While I struggled, my sister coasted through school with top grades. 上学时我总觉得很吃力，而我妹妹却一路学得轻轻松松，成绩一直很优异。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
vi. 滑行；沿岸航行
 - taxi
n. [海洋] 海岸；滑坡
 - rivage, seacoast

Word: expectation
Front: expectation
[ˌekspekˈteɪʃn] (高研四六 1890/1970 -K3)
Vocabulary: expectation
(once / 194 pages)
1n 2n
An expectation is a belief about what might happen in the future, like your expectation to stay close with your best friends your whole life.
The word expectation comes from the Latin word expectationem, meaning "an awaiting." If you have great expectations, you think something good will come your way, but if keep your expectations low, you won't risk being disappointed. Expectation can also describe something that is supposed to happen, like a teacher whose expectation is that everyone comes to class prepared.
WORD FAMILY
expectation: expectations+/ expect: expectable, expectant, expectation, expected, expecting, expects/expectable: expectably/expectancy: expectancies/ expectant: expectancy, expectantly/ expected: expectedly, expectedness, unexpected / unexpected: unexpecteder, unexpectedly, unexpectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a great place to work,” Elway said, “but the expectations are high.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But investors are also right to curb their expectations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
As a child, I thought all this was possible, and when I started studying it, I reined in my expectations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 期待; 预期; 前程; [数]期望值
分布：期望(89%)，预料(11%)
→来自expect,预期。
期待,希望(expect+ation)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
n.预期,期望,指望It's our expectation that you will be the best.我们期望你成为最好的.
noun
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■when you expect good things to happen in the future 期盼；盼望；希望
• The holiday lived up to all our expectations (= was as good as we were expecting). 假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。
• I have high expectations for this job (= I believe it will be good). 我对这份工作有很高期望。
• We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations. 我们做得非常好——远远超出我们的预期。
• I think she had unrealistic expectations of motherhood. 我觉得她对当妈妈的憧憬有些不切实际。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you expect something to happen 预料，预期；期待
• Considering the injuries he's had there can be little expectation of him winning the race. 考虑到他的伤势，他赢这场比赛的希望不大。
• Our expectations are that the UK will cut its interest rate. 我们预计英国会调降利率。
against/contrary to all expectations
■different from what is expected 出乎所有人的预料；意想不到的是
• Contrary to all expectations, she was accepted by the academy. 意想不到的是，她竟然被学院取录了。
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
n. 期待；预期；指望
 - Prospects, looking forward to, be

Word: stress
Front: stress
[stres] (高研四六托雅 1731/2093 -K4)
Vocabulary: stress
(once / 307 pages)
nv
The word stress is about pressure, whether it's pressure on a syllable of a word (TRAIN-er versus train-EE), an object (the bridge is designed to handle the stress of the cars), or a person (I am under a lot of stress).
It says something about our culture, how much we love to use the word stress and keep redefining it to mean new things. The word first appeared in about 1300, when it meant hardship or a force to which someone is subjected. In the 1890s, we stretched the meaning to include "emphasizing something" and, in the middle of the 20th century, started to associate it with psychological pressure.
WORD FAMILY
stress: overstress, stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, stressor+/overstress: overstressed, overstresses, overstressing/ stressed: unstressed / stressful: stressfully/stressor: stressors
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Stewart, the principal, says she struggles to keep new teachers who often leave for better pay and less stress in other districts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I don’t think that it would be worth the larger income for all the stress,” Carnal said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 强调; 重音; 压力; 重力
vt. 重读; [机械学]使承受压力; 给…加压力（或应力）
时态：stressed, stressing, stresses
分布：压力(76%)，强调(14%)，重音(6%)，重读(4%)
→来自拉丁语 stringere,拉紧，绑紧，词源同 strain,strict.-ss,过去分词格。引申诸相关词义。
n.压力;重要性;应力;重音vt.强调,重读The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
noun
WORRY 焦虑
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■great worry caused by a difficult situation, or something which causes this condition 紧张，压力；造成紧张的因素
• People under a lot of stress may experience headaches, minor pains and sleeping difficulties. 压力大的人可能会出现头痛、轻微疼痛和睡眠障碍。
• Yoga is a very effective technique for combating stress. 练瑜伽是舒缓压力非常有效的方法。
• the stresses and strains of the job 工作的紧张和压力
• stress -related illness 压力引起的疾病
[stres] noun
PRONUNCIATION 读音
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when a word or syllable is pronounced with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word, or a musical note is played with greater force than others in a group 重读，用重音读
• The meaning of a sentence often depends on stress and intonation. 句子的意思常常取决于重音和语调。
• When 'insert' is a verb, the stress is on the second syllable, but when it is a noun, the stress is on the first syllable. “插入”用作动词时重音在第二个音节上，但用作名词时重音在第一个音节上。
[stres] noun
FORCE 力量
countable or uncountable specialized
■a force that acts in a way which often changes the shape of an object 压力；应力
• Computers work out the stresses that such a craft will encounter in flight. 电脑计算出诸如此类的飞行器在飞行中承受的压力。
• Jogging puts a lot of stress on your knee joints. 慢跑使膝关节承受很大压力。
• He needs to have an operation for a stress fracture in his foot. 他的足部应力性骨折，需要做手术。
[stres] noun
EMPHASIS 强调
uncountable
■emphasis 强调
• During his speech, he laid particular stress on the freedom of the press. 他在讲话中特别强调了新闻自由。
[stres] verb
EMPHASIZE 强调
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give emphasis or special importance to something 强调，着重
• [+ (that)] He is careful to stress (that) the laboratory's safety standards are the best in the country. 他谨慎地强调实验室的安全标准是全国最高。
• I'd just like to stress the importance of neatness and politeness in this job. 我只想强调一下整洁和礼貌在这份工作中的重要性。
[stres] verb
PRONOUNCE 发音
 IMPROVER transitive
■to pronounce a word or syllable with greater force than other words in the same sentence or other syllables in the same word, or to play a musical note with greater force than others in a group 重读，用重音读
• In the word 'engine', you should stress the first syllable. 在 engine 这个词中，应该重读第一个音节。
[stres] verb
WORRY 焦虑
intransitive
■to feel worried and nervous 紧张，焦虑，担心
• Don't stress over it - we'll soon sort it out. 不用担心——我们很快会解决。
[stres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stress sb out
■to make someone feel very nervous and worried 令（某人）紧张；使（某人）焦虑不安
• Interviews always stress me out. 面试总是令我非常紧张。
stress, emphasis
这组词都有“强调”的意思，其区别是：
stress: 常可与emphasis换用，但侧重指迫不及待地强调或坚持。
emphasis: 指尽力突出的重要性或重点。
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 压力；强调；紧张；重要性；重读
 - pressure, significance, intensity, heat, tension
vt. 强调；使紧张；加压力于；用重音读
 - emphasize, tension, highlight

Word: mere
Front: mere
[mɪə(r)] (研四六托 2925/2440 -K3)
Vocabulary: mere
(once / 30 pages)
1adj 2n
Mere means pure and simple, nothing more and nothing less. If the mere mention of someone's name makes you happy, then just hearing his name — and that alone — is enough to make you smile.
Mere can have a little irony attached. If you introduce yourself as "a mere student," when you’re announcing your astounding invention, you're contrasting your lowly status with the enormity of your invention. This kind of mere comes from the Latin for "undiluted." Mere has a homograph — a completely different word that's spelled the same — and this mere means a lake or a pond. It’s related to the Dutch word meer — there’s lots of water in Holland.
WORD FAMILY
mere: merely, meres, merest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Often mere notification of a review by the panel discourages deals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The second drive was also a mere three plays before a punt.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In a rebuilding year with a mere six returning starters, the Buckeyes reached the playoff.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 仅仅，只不过; 小的，轻微的; 纯粹的
n. 小湖，池塘; 〈英〉边境（线）
级别：merer, merest
分布：纯粹的(69%)，仅仅的(31%)
→来自拉丁语merus,明亮的，纯的，不掺假的，来自mer,发光，照耀，词源同morning.引申词义纯粹的，后用于副词仅仅，只不过。比较very,just.mere 湖，池塘
a.纯粹的;仅仅,只不过Therefore, the atmosphere is merely a sphere.因此大气层只不过是一个球体.
US [mɪr] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■used to emphasize that something is not large or important 只不过的，仅仅的
• The plane crashed mere minutes after take-off. 飞机起飞后仅仅几分钟就坠毁了。
• It cost a mere twenty dollars. 那只需花费20美元。
• The mere thought of it makes me ill. 一想起它就让我不舒服。
n. 小湖；池塘
 - tank, lakelet

Word: calibre
Front: calibre
[ˈkælɪbə(r)] (托宝 38624/9480 -1)
Back: n. 口径; 能力; 水准; 枪弹的直径
分布：才能(100%)
US [-bɚ] noun
QUALITY 品质
uncountable
■the quality of someone or something, especially someone's ability 品质；水准；才能，能力
• If teaching paid more it might attract people of (a) higher calibre. 如果提高教师的工资，也许会吸引更高水准的人才。
• The competition entries were of such (a) high calibre that judging them was very difficult. 参赛作品水准都很高，很难对它们作出评判。
UK (ALSO US caliber) UK ['kæl.ɪ.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
MEASUREMENT 尺寸
countable or uncountable
■the width of the inside of a pipe, especially of the long cylindrical part of a gun, or the width of a bullet （尤指枪炮的）内径，口径；（子弹的）直径，弹径
n. [军] 口径；才干；水准
 - standard, savoir-faire

Word: strengthen
Front: strengthen
[ˈstreŋθn] (高研四六托雅 3074/2706 -3)
Vocabulary: strengthen
(once / 210 pages)
v
To strengthen is to make something stronger! Rarr. You can strengthen your muscles by working out, or strengthen your brain by learning new words.
Anytime you strengthen something, you're making it more resistant, vigorous, or tough. Taking vitamins can strengthen your immune system so you don't get sick. Lifting weights will strengthen your muscles. A powerful lock will strengthen a door. On computers, a reliable firewall will strengthen your virus protection. If something is weak, it needs to be strengthened. Congrats! You just strengthened your vocabulary by checking out this definition!
WORD FAMILY
strengthen: restrengthen, strengthened, strengthener, strengthening, strengthens+/restrengthen: restrengthened, restrengthening/ strength: strengthen, strengths/strengthened: strengthenedest/strengthener: strengtheners/strengthening: strengthenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The amendment seeks to strengthen each of these needs while maintaining the basic core of OCE’s functions.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Just before Christmas, Mr. Trump tweeted that the United States “must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Strengthening Iowa’s ignition interlock laws, which are among the weakest in the nation, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 加强，巩固; 勉励，激励; 增加…的艺术效果; （价格）上涨
vi. 变强; 变坚挺
时态：strengthened, strengthening, strengthens
分布：加强(99%)，变坚固(1%)
→strength,力量，-en,使。
v.加强,巩固The fence was strengthened with wire.这堵围栏用金属丝加固了.
【记】stre力量，ngthen－加强力量
【参】strenuous（adj 费力的；精力充沛的）；stressful（adj 产生压力的）
【反】enervate（v 削弱）；attenuate（v 削弱）
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make something stronger or more effective, or to become stronger or more effective 增强，加强；巩固
• They have been strengthening their border defences in preparation for war. 他们一直在为备战而强化边防。
• His battle against cancer has strengthened his belief in God. 他跟癌症的斗争坚定了他对上帝的信仰。
• The accident strengthens the case for better safety measures at fairgrounds. 这宗事故充分显示露天游乐场的安全防护需要加强。
• The bank loan has greatly strengthened our financial position. 银行的贷款大大加强了我们的财力。
• The organization's aim is to strengthen the cultural ties between Britain and Germany. 这个机构的宗旨是加强英德两国的文化联系。
• The rise in US interest rates caused the dollar to strengthen (= increase in value) against all the Asian currencies. 美国加息导致美元对所有亚洲货币升值。
['streŋ.θən] verb intransitive or transitive
strengthen sb's hand
■to give someone more power 加强（某人）的权力
• The police want tougher laws to strengthen their hand against drug traffickers. 警方希望有更为严厉的法律，加强打击毒贩。
enhance, cement, strengthen
enhance: 使…看起来更好；提高；美化
cement: （比喻）将…结合在一起；加强；巩固。如cement a friendship表示“加强友谊”
strengthen: 使…更强
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
magnify, strengthen
magnify: 放大，扩大
strengthen: 加强，强化
vt. 加强；巩固
 - enhance, cement, muscle, build up
vi. 变强；变坚挺
 - breeze up

Word: fraud
Front: fraud
[frɔ:d] (研六托雅宝 3551/3659 -3)
Vocabulary: fraud
(once / 332 pages)
n
A fraud is a something that deceives or tricks another person, usually to get their money. Frauds are dishonest.
A fraud is something that sounds too good to be true — because it isn't. If you're promised millions of dollars by anyone on the Internet, that's got to be a fraud. Anyone trying to sell you a bridge is committing fraud. Identity theft is a type of fraud. Democrats and Republicans frequently accuse the other party of fraud when it comes to counting votes. You can also tell a person who is fake or an impostor is a fraud.
WORD FAMILY
fraud: defraud, frauds+/ defraud: defrauded, defrauder, defrauding, defrauds/defrauder: defrauders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Netanyahu was investigated during his first term as Israeli prime minister in the late 1990s on allegations of fraud and breach of public trust.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In other words, perhaps the incoming president of the United States is a great big liar, a conscienceless opportunist and an unprincipled, amoral, convictionless fraud.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
A second election win in 2011 was marred by allegations of major fraud.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 欺诈; 骗子; 伪劣品; 冒牌货
分布：欺骗(51%)，骗子(32%)，诈欺(17%)
→来自拉丁语fraus, 欺骗，伤害，来自dhreugh, 欺骗，伤害，来自der的扩大格，撕开，剥皮，词源同tear, dermis.
n.欺诈,诈骗;欺骗(行为);骗子;假货People who tell your future are frauds.为你占卜未来的人都是骗子.
【记】读：腐肉的－买腐肉的人－骗子frau（n [德]夫人；已婚的女性）如果妻子欺骗丈夫就是fraud
US [frɑ:d] noun
CRIME 罪行
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the crime of getting money by deceiving people 诈骗（罪）
• credit card fraud 信用卡诈骗
• He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges. 他正在力争免于被引渡到香港就诈骗指控接受审判。
UK [frɔ:d] US [frɑ:d] noun
FALSE 虚假的
countable
■someone or something that deceives people by saying that they are someone or something that they are not 骗子；骗人的事物
• She was a psychic who was later revealed to be a fraud. 她是一个通灵巫师，后来被发现是个骗子。
deception, fraud, deceit
这组词都有“欺骗”的意思，其区别是：
deception: 语气较弱，一般用词，侧重于具体的骗人行为。但有时并无欺骗行为，只是玩弄把戏，故弄玄虚而已。
fraud: 一般用于犯罪行为的欺骗，通常指政治或经济活动中的舞弊行为。
deceit: 指歪曲实情，惯于说谎或蓄意欺骗。
n. 欺骗；骗子；诡计
 - scheme, sharp, deception

Word: taxpayer
Front: taxpayer
[ˈtækspeɪə(r)] (3122/4636 -2)
Back: n. 纳税人，纳税的机构; 所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
分布：纳税人(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED only singular
■a person who pays tax 纳税人
the taxpayer
 ADVANCED
■all the people who pay tax to the government （一国中向政府纳税的所有）纳税人
n. 纳税人；所收租金只够支付地产税的建筑物
 - taxer

Word: borrow
Front: borrow
[ˈbɒrəʊ] (中高 3214/2639 -K3)
Vocabulary: borrow
(once / 151 pages)
v
The word borrow means to take something and use it temporarily. You can borrow a book from the library, or borrow twenty bucks from your mom, or even borrow an idea from your friend.
Usually , borrow implies taking something temporarily and returning it later. However, you can borrow non-physical things and adopt them as your own. For example, the English language has borrowed many words from other languages — such as Latin and Greek — but those words were never "given back." If you're subtracting numbers, you might have to borrow from the tens column to complete the problem.
WORD FAMILY
borrow: borrowed, borrower, borrowing, borrows+/borrower: borrowers/borrowing: borrowings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The fund helps pay off principal and interest on certificates of participation, a type of public borrowing with shorter terms than most bond issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 借入; 借钱，借用; [数]由上位借; 抄袭
n. 借，借用; 担保物，抵押; [英史]什一税
时态：borrowed, borrowing, borrows
分布：借(98%)，借鉴(1%)，抄袭(1%)
→来自PIE *bhergh(1), 保护。词源同harbor, 港口。来自旧时借东西需提供抵押品作为担保。
vt.借,借入;(思想,文字等)采用,抄袭"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
RECEIVE 接受
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a period of time 借，借入
• Could I borrow your bike from (not standard off)you until next week? 我能借你的脚踏车用到下周吗？
• She used to borrow money and not bother to pay it back. 她过去常借钱不还。
• He borrowed a novel from the library. 他从图书馆里借了一本小说。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take money from a bank or financial organization and pay it back over a period of time （向…）借贷
• Like so many companies at that time, we had to borrow heavily to survive. 像那时众多公司一样，我们不得不靠大量借贷维持生存。
• We could always borrow some money from the bank. 我们可以随时向银行借点钱。
transitive
■to take and use a word or idea from another language or piece of work 引入，借用（词汇或想法）
• English has borrowed many words from French. 英语从法语中借用了大量的词汇。
UK ['bɒr.əʊ] US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
MATHEMATICS 数学
transitive
■to put a number into a different column when doing subtraction （演算减法时）借（位）
UK ['bɒr.əʊ] US ['bɑ:r.oʊ] verb
live on borrowed time
■to continue living after a point at which you might easily have died 活过寿限
• Since his cancer was diagnosed, he feels as if he's living on borrowed time. 自从他的癌症确诊后，他感觉自己活的日子仿佛都是赚来的。
■to continue to exist longer than expected 在预期期限之后继续存在
• It is unlikely that serious decisions will be taken by a minority government living on borrowed time. 一个苟延残喘的代表少数人的政府不大可能作出重大决定。
loan, lend, borrow
这组词都有“借”的意思，其区别是：
loan: 指通过正式的手续，借数目较大的贷款。在美国也可指借出东西。
lend: 指将自己的东西借出给别人，也可用于借喻意义。
borrow: 指从某人或某处借来某物，也可用作比喻。
vt. 借；借用
 - loan, scunge

Word: girl
Front: girl
[gɜ:l] (中高 363/362 -K5)
Vocabulary: girl
(once / 15 pages)
n
A girl is a young woman, or a female child. If you have a 3-year-old daughter you have a little girl.
Girl comes from the Middle English garl, but no one knows where that word came from. It used to mean a child of either sex, but now it's only used for female children, paired with the word boy. A girl can be very young, or a young woman who's not quite out on her own in the world yet. Adults in relationships who aren't married call their female loves their girlfriend, even when the girl in question is really a woman.
WORD FAMILY
girl: girlhood, girlish, girls+/girlhood: girlhoods/girlish: girlishly, girlishness
USAGE EXAMPLES
One little girl broke the school “ethnicity” form because her mother was Asian Indian and her father Wisconsin white.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a Girl Scouts leader, Sunday school teacher and volunteer at Rock Spring Congregational Church in Arlington.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A 17-year-old girl fatally stabbed in a squabble over a cellphone.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 女孩; 姑娘，未婚女子; 女职员，女演员; （男人的）女朋友
分布：女孩(67%)，姑娘(21%)，女朋友(5%)，女儿(2%)，女孩的(2%)，女职员(1%)，少女(1%)，老妇人(1%)
→词源不详。
n.少女,姑娘,女孩;女职员I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
US [gɝ:l] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a female child or young woman, especially one still at school （尤指学龄阶段的）女孩，姑娘
• Two girls showed us round the classrooms. 两个女孩领着我们参观了课室。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a daughter 女儿
• We have two girls. 我们有两个女儿。
• My little girl is five. 我小女儿五岁了。
countable usually plural
■a woman worker, especially when seen as one of a group （尤指被视作团队一员的）女职员，女工
• shop/office girls 女店员／女职员
the girls [plural]
■a group of female friends 女伴们，女友们
• I'm going out with the girls tonight. 今晚我要和女友们到外面去玩。
• The girls at work gave it to me. 这是女同事们给我的。
UK [gɜ:l] US [gɝ:l] noun
a big / great girl's blouse UK informal humorous
■a weak and cowardly (= not brave) man 软弱、怯懦的男子
• He's just a big girl's blouse. 他就是一个懦夫（或娘娘腔的）。
girl, daughter, maid, maiden
这组词都有“姑娘，女孩子”的意思，其区别是：
girl: 指7岁到12岁左右的女孩，与boy相对，广义指未婚的女孩。
daughter: 指女子对父母而言的概称，不涉及年龄的大小。
maid: 指闺女，女佣人。
maiden: 指少女，处女或未婚女子。
n. 女孩，姑娘；女儿；女朋友
 - daughter, bride

Word: female
Front: female
[ˈfi:meɪl] (高研四六雅 1396/1563 -K4)
Vocabulary: female
(once / 77 pages)
adjn
The female animals are the ones who can have babies. They’re not males. Girls and women are female humans, but there are male and female animals of all kinds. Just ask Noah.
Female animals are those that produce ova, which are fertilized by the spermatozoa of males. The main difference between females and males is that females bear the offspring — and that goes for dogs, chickens, catfish, and anything in between. There are even male and female squash flowers. The word female is used equally as a noun and an adjective. For example, the female lead in a play is inevitably a female.
WORD FAMILY
female: femaleness, females
USAGE EXAMPLES
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She will be the third artistic director in the history of PS122, which was founded in 1980, and is its first female leader.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 女性的; 雌性的; 能结果实的; 电气设备阴的
n. 女人; 雌性动物; 雌性植物，雌株
分布：女性(83%)，女性的(9%)，雌性的(5%)，雌性动物(3%)
→来自拉丁词根fe, 吮吸，吸奶，乳汁，词源同felicity, fecund. -m, 鼻音字母。即喂奶的人，女人。
[fem女,妇女]女性的,妇女的;女子[女(1)gyn(o);gynec(o)(2)fem;femin]
n.女性;女人;雌兽a.女性的;雌的;柔弱的The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
adjective
SEX 性别
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging or relating to women, or the sex that can give birth to young or produce eggs 女性的；妇女的；雌的；母的
• She was voted the best female vocalist. 她当选最佳女歌手。
• Female lions do not have manes. 母狮没有鬃毛。
⇒ See also feminine
■describes plants which produce flowers that will later develop into fruit （植物）能结果实的
['fi:.meɪl] adjective
CONNECTING PART 连接部分 specialized
■describes a piece of equipment that has a hole or space into which another part can be fitted （设备）阴的，内孔的
• a female plug/connector 母插头／内孔式连接器
Compare male
['fi:.meɪl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a female animal or person 雌性动物；女子
• The kitten was actually a female, not a male. 这只小猫的确是母的，不是公的。
• Females (= women) represent 40% of the country's workforce. 女性占全国劳动力的40%。
■used to refer to a woman in a way that shows no respect 女人（不尊重的说法）
• I suspect the doctor thought I was just another hysterical female. 我猜那个医生认为我只不过是另一个歇斯底里的女人罢了。
female, woman, lady
这组词都有“女性”的意思，其区别是：
female: 与male“男(性)的，公的，雄的”相对，强调性别，可指人或动物，但除用于科学和统计上外，大多含贬义。
woman: 与man相对，侧重成年妇女的特点，系成年妇女的通称。
lady: 与gentleman相对，强调所谓高贵的气质、品德和教养等。也指对女性的礼貌称呼。
female, feminine
这组词都有“女性的”的意思，其区别是：
female: 仅指性别的分类，指人、动物或植物，甚至无生命的东西均可。
feminine: 强调女性所特有的或同女性有关的特质、特征。
adj. 女性的； [生物] 雌性的；柔弱的，柔和的
 - delicate, feminine
n. 女人； [植] [动] 雌性动物
 - she, jenny

Word: ambitious
Front: ambitious
[æmˈbɪʃəs] (研六托雅 4287/4298 -2)
Vocabulary: ambitious
(once / 332 pages)
1adj 2adj
Ambitious means wanting to succeed. If you want to climb Mount Everest, start your own business, and write a great philosophical treatise all before you are 30, then wow, you are really ambitious.
Having an ambition is a good thing, like wanting to get good grades, or to become a doctor. But if we say someone is ambitious, often we mean they have too much ambition. An ambitious politician might want power so badly that he’ll abandon his ideals in order to win a race. If you hatch a business plan and someone tells you it’s too ambitious, that means you’re probably not being reasonable about how much you can get done.
WORD FAMILY
ambitious: ambitiously, ambitiousness, overambitious, unambitious+/ ambition: ambitioned, ambitionless, ambitions, ambitious /unambitious: unambitiously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those numbers fall well short of the goals in the city’s ambitious climate action plan, which was approved a year ago.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Reviewing the premiere in Philadelphia last fall, Zachary Woolfe of The New York Times called it an “ambitious, accomplished, dramatically direct opera.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The current iteration of the Second Avenue subway is both wildly more expensive and less ambitious than anticipated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 有雄心的; 有野心的; 费力的; 耗资的
分布：野心勃勃的(46%)，有雄心的(31%)，有抱负的(23%)
→ambition,目标，-ous,形容词后缀。
有雄心的(amb+it+ious)[it=go,表示"行走"]
a.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的;有野心的I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■having a strong wish to be successful, powerful or rich 有抱负的；志向远大的；雄心勃勃的
• an ambitious young lawyer 雄心勃勃的年轻律师
• He's very ambitious for his children (= He wants them to be successful). 他望子成龙。
 IMPROVER
■If a plan or idea is ambitious, it needs a great amount of skill and effort to be successful or be achieved （计划、想法）要求过高的；需要极大努力及才干的；费劲的
• She has some ambitious expansion plans for her business. 她雄心勃勃，打算扩大经营规模。
• The government has announced an ambitious programme to modernize the railway network. 政府已经宣布了实现铁路网现代化的宏伟规划。
• The original completion date was over- ambitious, so we have had to delay the opening by six months. 当初在确定完工日期的时候太急于求成，以致后来我们不得不把落成典礼延后六个月。
adj. 野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的；炫耀的
 - thirsty, eager-beaver

Word: oecd
Front: oecd
[ˌəʊ i: si: ˈdi:] (-/9350)
Back: abbr. 经合; 经济合作与发展组织

Word: lay
Front: lay
[leɪ] (中高研四六托雅 803/958 -K4)
Vocabulary: lay
(once / 22 pages)
1v 2v 3adj 4n
To lay is to set something down or put it in a horizontal position. It can also mean to position or prepare something for action, or, simply, to lay eggs.
The word lay can mean a lot of different things, but one of its most common uses is as the adjective component of layperson, which refers to someone who's not a member of the clergy, or who's not a member of a particular profession and so cannot always understand that profession's technical jargon. This is why we sometimes request things to be communicated in "lay language," meaning simple, everyday terms that a layperson can understand.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lay / lie
The verbs lay and lie are total jerks. People often say lay when they mean lie, but it's wrong to lay around. You have to lay something, anything — lay an egg if you want. But you can lie around until the cows come home!
Lay is a transitive verb, meaning it needs to transport something (i.e. a direct object). When you lay the blanket down, "blanket" is the direct object. Chickens and bees often have eggs as direct objects. Here are two examples of lay in the present tense:
"The queen bee only has to mate once and will lay eggs for life." (Washington Times)
"Men, after all, relied mainly on pop culture for inspiration before; now, there lay an entire world of opportunity." (Time)
Lay is also the past tense of lie (to recline). That's not confusing at all! Today you lie on the bed. Yesterday, you lay on the itchy couch. Here's another lay in the past tense:
"For years the letter lay in a box in the attic." (New York Times)
Please lie down if that helps you understand. You lie down when you're tired, or you might tell a lie and say you're wide awake right before you lie down and fall asleep. The noun lie doesn't cause trouble, so here are examples of the other lie used correctly:
"During the day I come up here and lie in the shade." (BBC)
"A liquid ocean and a rocky core may lie beneath the icy shell." (New York Times)
The main thing to remember about lay and lie is that lay needs a direct object and lie doesn't. You have to lay something somewhere. After that, feel free to lie down. Lay is for chickens, and lie is for sleepy people.
WORD FAMILY
lay: laily, laity, layer, laying, lays, mislay, overlay, underlay +/interlayer: interlayers/ layer: interlayer, layered, layering, layers/laying: layings/ mislay: mislayed, mislaying, mislays/ overlay: overlaid, overlayed, overlayer, overlaying, overlays/overlayer: overlayers/ underlay: underlaid, underlayed, underlaying, underlayment, underlays
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not something to lay your hat on in the offseason, the way we played the first half.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
And yet many Muslim women resist the negative responses of others to lay claim to their beach space.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
It was an omen of the kind of night that lay ahead for the Buckeyes.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 放置; 铺放; 涂，敷; 产卵
adj. 世俗的; 外行的; 没有经验的
n. 叙事诗; 性伙伴
时态：laid, laying, lays
分布：躺下(30%)，产卵(16%)，外行的(12%)，位置(8%)，打赌(8%)，放置(7%)，世俗的(6%)，地形(4%)，交媾(4%)，设计(3%)，使平静(2%)
→来自legh,躺，放置，词源同lie,lair,beleaguer.语法上为lie的宾格动词形式。lay 非神职的，世俗的，外行的
v.放,搁;下(蛋);铺设,敷设;设置,布置Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
verb (laid, laid)
PUT DOWN 放下
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something in especially a flat or horizontal position, usually carefully or for a particular purpose 放置，安放，平放
• She laid the baby on the bed. 她把婴儿放在了床上。
• He laid the tray down on the table. 他把托盘放在桌子上。
• She laid aside her book and went to answer the phone. 她把书放在一边去接电话。
• We're having a new carpet laid in the hall next week. 我们准备下周给大厅铺新地毯。
• The plan is to lay (= build) the foundations for the new apartments in October. 按照计划新公寓将于十月打地基。
transitive
■to prepare a plan or a method of doing something 计划，研究（方法）
• Even the best laid plans go wrong sometimes. 即使最周密的计划有时也会出错。
  Common Learner Errors  lay or lie? Warning: do not confuse these two verbs! To talk about being in or moving into a horizontal position or being in a particular place, position, or direction, don't use the verb 'to lay', use the verb to lie. In the present tense, don't say 'lay' or 'lays', say lie or lies : When I'm on holiday I lie on the beach all day and read. In the -ing form, don't say 'laying', say lying : He always leaves his clothes lying on the floor where he took them off. Remember that the past simple of 'lie' is lay , not 'laid': I lay down and went to sleep.
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
LIE 躺 past simple of
■ lie (POSITION)
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
PRODUCE EGGS 产卵
intransitive or transitive
■(of an animal or bird) to produce eggs from out of the body 产（卵）；产（蛋）
• Thousands of turtles drag themselves onto the beach and lay their eggs in the sand. 成千上万只海龟爬上海滩在沙里产卵。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
HAVE SEX 性交
transitive slang
■to have sex with someone 与（某人）发生性关系，与（某人）性交
• So did you get laid (= find someone to have sex with) ? 你和人发生性关系了吗？
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
RISK MONEY 赌钱
transitive
■to risk something, usually money, on the result of an event 押（赌注），为…打赌，对…下注
• She won't get the job - I'd lay money on it! 她得不到那份工作——我敢打赌！
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express a claim , legal statement, etc. in a serious or official way 声称，声明
• She can't accept she made a mistake and now she's trying to lay the blame on (= accuse) her assistant. 她无法接受自己犯错误的事实，于是想把责任推到助手的头上。
• specialized Do you understand the seriousness of the charge (= legal accusation) which has been laid against you? 你知道对你的这项指控有多严重吗？
lay claim to sth
■to say that you own something 声称…归其所有
• Two companies have laid claim to the design. 两家公司都声称自己拥有此项设计的所有权。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sth at sb's door mainly UK
■to blame someone for something 将…归咎于（某人）
• Blame for the accident has been laid at the government's door. 人们认为发生此次事故的责任在政府。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sb low
■to cause someone to be unable to do what they usually do 使（某人）病倒，使（某人）卧床不起
• A kidney infection laid her low for a couple of months. 肾部受感染，让她病了好几个月。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sth on the line
■to risk harm to something 使…受到危害，使…处于危险中
• I'd be laying my career/life on the line by giving you that information. 向你透露那个消息会毁了我的前途／要了我的命。
informal
■to say very clearly that something is the case 把…说清楚，明白无误地说出，明确说明
• You're just going to have to lay it on the line and tell her that her work's not good enough. 你就要把这件事摆到枱面上，明白无误地跟她讲她的工作没做好。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay yourself open to attack/criticism/ridicule, etc.
■to make it easy for people to attack/criticise/ridicule you 给人留下攻击／批评／取笑等的把柄
• She lays herself open to criticism with such unashamedly extreme views. 她大言不惭地提出如此极端的观点，给人留下了批评的把柄。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sb to rest
■to bury a dead person 安葬（某人），埋葬（某人）
• She was laid to rest next to her husband. 她被安葬在丈夫旁边。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sth to rest
■to end a worry or fear 打消，消除（顾虑或恐惧）
• I hope what he said has laid your fears to rest. 我希望他说的这些能消除你的恐惧。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay sth to waste (also lay waste)
■to completely destroy something 完全摧毁，彻底捣毁
• The bomb laid the city centre to waste. 原子弹将市中心夷为平地。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay a finger on sb
■to harm someone even slightly 动（某人）一个手指头，动（某人）一根毫毛
• Don't you dare lay a finger on me. 看你敢动我一根手指头。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay a hand on sb
■to harm someone 对（某人）动手，伤害（某人）
• I never laid a hand on her! 我从未伤害过她！
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay bare sth
■to make something known 公开，公布
• It's been promoted as the biography that lays bare the truth behind the legend. 它被宣传成是一部揭开传奇背后真相的自传。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay down your life for sth
■to die for something you believe in strongly 为…而献身，为…贡献出自己的生命
• Today we remember those who laid down their lives for their country. 今天我们在此纪念那些为国捐躯的人。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay it on a bit thick (also lay it on with a trowel) informal
■to praise someone too much 过分夸奖，过分赞誉
• She went on and on about how she admired his work - laid it on a bit thick, if you ask me. 她一直不停地在说对他的工作有多么钦佩——要我说有点过分了。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay the basis/foundations for sth
■to prepare for or start an activity or task 为…打基础；开创
• The initial negotiations are seen as laying the basis for more detailed talks. 初期磋商被视作为进一步会谈做准备。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay the ghost of sth (to rest)
■to finally stop being worried or upset about something that has worried or upset you for a long time 终于摆脱…的困扰，终于走出…的阴影
• With one stunning performance, Chelsea have laid to rest the ghost of their humiliating defeat at Old Trafford last season. 切尔西队以其出色的表现终于走出了上赛季在老特拉福德惨败的阴影。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
lay up trouble for yourself
■to do something that will cause you trouble in the future 埋下祸根，留下隐患
• You're laying up trouble for yourself if you ignore health problems now. 如果现在不重视健康，就会为将来留下隐患。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sth aside
STOP
■to stop doing or thinking about something, usually for a short period of time （通常指暂时）放下，停下
• He's temporarily laid aside some quite interesting projects to write the script. 他已经暂时放下一些非常有意思的企划案去写剧本了。
MONEY
■to keep something, usually money, for use in the future 存（钱），积蓄
• She's trying to lay something aside (= save some money) for her retirement. 她想为退休后的生活存些钱。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sth down
WINE specialized
■to store wine for drinking in the future 储存，储藏（酒）
WEAPONS
■If someone lays down their weapons, they stop fighting 放下武器，停止战斗
• They laid down their weapons and surrendered. 他们放下武器投降了。
• Mediators have persuaded both sides to lay down their arms. 调停者已经说服双方停止战斗。
RULES
■to officially establish a rule, or to officially state the way in which something should be done 规定，制定（条例）
• This is in line with the policy laid down by the management. 这一点符合管理层制定的政策。
lay down the law informal
■to forcefully make known what you think should happen 立规矩；发号施令
• She can't just come into this office and start laying down the law. 她不能一进办公室的门就开始发号施令。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sth in
■to get a supply of something because you will probably need it in the future 预备，准备，储备
• We'd better lay in plenty of food in case we're cut off when it snows. 我们最好储备充足的食物以防下大雪时供应中断。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid) lay 1 Phrasal Verbs  lay into sb informal
* to attack someone physically or to criticise them in an angry way 痛打（某人）；斥责（某人）
• In the middle of the meeting she suddenly laid into him for no apparent reason. 在会上，她突然无缘无故地把他训斥了一顿。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] lay sb off ADVANCED
■to stop employing someone, usually because there is no work for them to do 解雇（某人），解聘（某人）
• Because of falling orders, the company has been forced to lay off several hundred workers. 由于订单减少，公司被迫解雇了数百名工人。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  lay off (sth/sb) informal
■to stop using or doing something 停止；停用
• You'd better lay off alcohol for a while. 你最好戒酒一段时间。
• Why can't you lay off (= stop criticising or hurting) the kid for once! 你为甚么不能少训斥孩子一次？
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sth on
PROVIDE
■to provide something for a group of people 提供，供应，供给
• They lay on free entertainment at the club every day. 他们每天在俱乐部安排免费娱乐活动。
• They laid on a wonderful buffet after the wedding. 婚礼后他们安排了一顿丰盛的自助餐。
TELL mainly US slang
■to tell someone something they did not know 告知，通知
• I hate to be the one to lay this on you, but your girlfriend has just left with another guy. 我真不愿告诉你，你的女朋友刚才跟另一个家伙走了。
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sth out
ARRANGE
■to arrange something on a flat surface 排列，摆放，铺开
• Most of Manhattan is laid out in/on a grid pattern with avenues going north-south and streets east-west. 在曼哈顿的大部分地区呈网格状排列，东西向和南北向的大街交织在一起。
• We laid the pieces of the dress pattern out on the floor. 我们把衣服样品一件一件都摊开在地板上。
SPEND MONEY informal
■to spend money, especially a large amount （大把）花（钱）
• It's not every day you lay out £2000 on a holiday. 花2000英镑去渡假可不是常有的事。
⇒ See also outlay
[leɪ] verb (laid, laid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] lay sb out
DEAD BODY
■to prepare a dead person's body to be buried 装殓（尸体）
HIT informal
■to hit someone so hard that they fall down and become unconscious 打晕（某人），打昏（某人）
• Tyson was laid out for several minutes by a blow to the head. 泰森头上挨了一拳，昏迷了好几分钟。
[leɪ] adjective [before noun]
NOT TRAINED 未经训练的
■not trained in or not having a detailed knowledge of a particular subject 未经训练的；外行的；非专业的
• From a lay viewpoint the questionnaire is virtually incomprehensible. 从外行的角度看，这份问卷调查简直让人无法理解。
⇒ See also layman
[leɪ] adjective [before noun]
CHURCH 教会
■having a position in an organization, especially a religious one, that is not a full-time job and is not paid （尤指在教会等组织中）兼职的，客串的
• a lay preacher 兼职牧师
⇒ See also layman
[leɪ] noun countable slang
■used to describe how good someone is at sex, or how often they have sex 形容某人性能力的好坏和发生性行为的频率
• She's a good lay (= Sex with her is enjoyable). 她是个不错的性伴侣。
• She got a reputation as an easy lay (= She slept with a lot of people). 她和很多人都睡过，得了个放荡的名声。
lied, lay, lie
lied: lied lying 撒谎
lay: vt laid laid laying 放
lie: vi lay lain lying 躺
put, set, lay, place
这组词都有“放”的意思，其区别是：
put: 普通用词，含义较广泛。指把人或物置于某处，并将其留在该处。
set: 普通用词，指为了某种目的而将人或物放在一定位置上。指物是多指立着放。
lay: 指小心地把人或物平放或横放，侧重动作安稳。
place: 较正式用词，指把某物放在一个正确的位置上，侧重动作的正确。
vt. 躺下；产卵；搁放
 - to lie down
adj. 世俗的；外行的
 - strange, mundane
n. 位置；短诗；花纹方向
 - location, situation, site, slot
vi. 下蛋；打赌
 - stake, make a bet

Word: outsider
Front: outsider
[ˌaʊtˈsaɪdə(r)] (4445/4705 -2)
Vocabulary: outsider
(once / 1019 pages)
1n 2n
An outsider is a stranger — someone who doesn't fit in, or someone who observes a group from afar. An outsider stands outside the group, looking in.
If you go through high school without belonging to any particular group — you're not a jock, a nerd, or an artist, for example — you might feel like an outsider. Having a brand new job can also put you in the position of being an outsider, especially if you have no experience in the profession. To an outsider, the way a busy restaurant works might seem chaotic and random, for example. To an insider, on the other hand, it might all make perfect sense.
WORD FAMILY
outsider: outsiders+/ outside: outsider, outsides
USAGE EXAMPLES
Civil wars – most fuelled by outsiders – are consuming the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Kerry’s speech showed that outsiders look past the screen and see the occupation clearly.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Waterfront dining may one day be as common as steakhouses, those hidebound concepts that outsiders consider the mascots of D.C. dining.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 局外人，圈外人; 无取胜希望者; （比赛中的）冷门选手
分布：局外人(77%)，外行(12%)，旁观者(11%)
→来自outside,外边。引申词义局外人。
US [-dɚ] noun countable
NOT MEMBER 外部的人
■a person who is not involved with a particular group of people or organization or who does not live in a particular place 局外人；外来者；外部的人
• Outsiders have a glamorized idea of what it is like to work for the BBC. 外人把在英国广播公司工作想像得无比美好。
■a person who is not liked or accepted as a member of a particular group, organization or society and who feels different from those people who are accepted as members （不被某一团体、组织或社会接受的）局外人， 不合群的人，外人
• As a child he was very much an outsider, never participating in the games other children played. 小时候他非常不合群，从来不和其他孩子一起玩游戏。
UK [ˌaʊt'saɪ.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
UNLIKELY WINNER 非胜者
■a person or animal with only a slight chance of winning 取胜希望渺茫的人或动物
• The race was won by a rank outsider. 在这场比赛中夺冠的是一匹不被看好的马。
n. [劳经] 外人；无取胜希望者
 - gaijin

Word: dog
Front: dog
[dɒg] (中高 753/819 -K4)
Vocabulary: dog
(once / 43 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A dog is a member of the Canine genus, sometimes found wild but often found curled up on the couch when you're not at home.
A dog is an animal of the genus Canis, probably descended from wolves, but in some cases more like teddy bears. Animal names are really old words, and dog is old enough that no one knows where it's from. We also call ugly ladies and rotten gentlemen "dogs," so be careful not to call someone "a dog" when you mean, "what up, dog." It's also a verb: to dog (or to hound) someone is to follow them around relentlessly.
WORD FAMILY
dog: dogged, dogging, doglike, dogs+/ dogged: doggeder, doggedly, doggedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among them were cool kids who looked like cool kids the world over, tuned in to that teenage frequency, a dog whistle with global reach.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The project to expand production from the Mad Dog oil field off the coast of Louisiana has faced years of delays.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
A search dog found the carpet used to carry the pilot away, but not him.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 狗; 蹩脚货; 丑女人; 卑鄙小人
v. 困扰; 跟踪
时态：dogged, dogging, dogs
分布：狗(93%)，跟踪(2%)，家伙(2%)，卑鄙的人(2%)，没用的东西(1%)
→词源不详，神秘词。
n.狗,雄兽vt.尾随,跟踪It's a female dog.这是个雌狗.
US [dɑ:g] noun countable
ANIMAL 动物
 ESSENTIAL
■a common animal with four legs, especially kept by people as a pet or to hunt or guard things （尤指当作宠物或用来打猎、看护东西的）狗，犬
• my pet dog 我的宠物狗
• wild dogs 野狗
• dog food 狗粮
• We could hear dogs barking in the distance. 我们可以听到远处的狗叫声。
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
PERSON 人 slang
■a man who is unpleasant or not to be trusted 讨厌的家伙，惹人烦的家伙；失信者
• He tried to steal my money, the dirty dog. 这个无赖，他想偷我的钱。
■offensive
■a woman who is not attractive 丑女
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
a dog in the manger
■someone who keeps something that they do not want in order to prevent someone else from getting it 占着茅坑不拉屎的人
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
dog-eat-dog disapproving
■describes a situation in which people will do anything to be successful, even if what they do harms other people 不择手段；冷酷无情的竞争
• It's a dog-eat-dog world out there. 那是一个竞争残酷的世界。
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
a dog's breakfast UK informal
■something or someone that looks extremely untidy, or something that is very badly done 乱七八糟的东西；一团糟的人
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
a dog's life
■a very unhappy and unpleasant life 悲惨的生活
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
done up/ dressed up like a dog's dinner UK informal
■wearing very formal or decorative clothes in a way that attracts attention 衣冠楚楚；打扮得花枝招展
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
Every dog has its day. saying
■said to emphasize that everyone is successful or happy at some time in their life 人人都有走运时。
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
Give a dog a bad name. UK saying
■said when someone has been accused of behaving badly in the past, with the result that people expect them to behave like that in the future 坏名声洗刷不掉。
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
go to the dogs
■If a country or organization is going to the dogs, it is becoming very much less successful than it was in the past. （国家、机构）大不如前，衰落，衰败
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
Let sleeping dogs lie. saying
■said to warn someone that they should not talk about a bad situation that most people have forgotten about 过去的事就让它过去吧；不要再去揭伤疤
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
put on the dog US informal
■to act as if you are more important than you are 拿出派头，装腔作势
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
Why keep a dog and bark yourself ? UK saying
■said when you want to know why someone would do something themselves when they already pay someone else to do that thing 既然花钱找人代劳了，为何还亲自动手？
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] noun countable
You can't teach an old dog new tricks. saying
■said to mean that it is very difficult to teach someone new skills or to change their habits or character 年老难学艺；本性难移
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] verb transitive (-gg-)
FOLLOW 跟随
■to follow someone closely and continuously 跟随；跟踪
• Reporters dogged him for answers. 记者们跟着他让他回答问题。
⇒ See also dogged
UK [dɒg] US [dɑ:g] verb transitive (-gg-)
PROBLEM 问题
■to cause difficulties 困扰，阻碍
• Technical problems dogged our trip from the outset. 技术问题从旅行一开始就一直困扰着我们。
n. 狗；丑女人；卑鄙的人；雄兽；坏蛋
 - insect, chien
vt. 跟踪；尾随
 - shadow, tail after
adj. 狗的；雄的；劣等的
 - jack, dogly
adv. 非常；彻底地
 - extremely, badly, thoroughly, highly, entirely, greatly, completely

Word: capitalism
Front: capitalism
[ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm] (研 5107/3758 -2)
Vocabulary: capitalism
(once / 480 pages)
n
Capitalism is an economic system featuring the private ownership of business wealth and the free and unfettered operation of trade markets.
Capital is usually understood to be money that is put into a business, accumulated by a business, or used in some way to produce more money. In a capitalist economy, the capital is owned by private individuals, as opposed to the government or state (as in socialism or communism). Another important aspect of capitalism is the "free market," where in theory natural competition always leads to innovation and price controls.
WORD FAMILY
capitalism: capitalist, capitalistic+/ capital: capitalise, capitalism, capitalize, capitally, capitals/capitalisation: capitalisations, overcapitalisation/capitalise: capitalisation, capitalised, capitalising, overcapitalise/ capitalist: capitalists/capitalistic: capitalistically/ capitalization: capitalizations/ capitalize: capitalization, capitalized, capitalizes, capitalizing, overcapitalize/overcapitalise: overcapitalising/overcapitalize: overcapitalization, overcapitalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger was a lifelong Marxist, a vehement critic of capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“I decided, I’m helping capitalism look benign,” he said, “so I bailed from the Directors Bureau.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
All over the world, pollsters report deep unhappiness with the institutions of liberal capitalism.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 资本主义（制度）; 资本（或财富）的拥有; 资本（私人占有和生产盈利）的支配地位
分布：资本主义(100%)
→来自capital, 资本。-ism, 抽象名词后缀，见Marxism.
n.资本主义
US [-tˌəl-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an economic, political and social system based on private ownership of property, business and industry, and directed towards making the greatest possible profits for successful organizations and people 资本主义 Compare communism ; socialism

Word: remember
Front: remember
[rɪˈmembə(r)] (中高 379/346 -K5)
Vocabulary: remember
(once / 24 pages)
1v 2v
To remember is to recollect, or to call upon your memory. Remember that time you fell out of your tree house and bonked your head? No? Go figure.
There are many shades of meaning of remember, but at its core it refers to the act of recalling or thinking back. You can remember something fondly, like your first kiss, or you might remember something suddenly, like when the smell of tar brings back the time your bicycle wheel got caught in a pot hole and you fell off. To remember someone means you show appreciation, like when the Oscar winners try to remember all those names.
WORD FAMILY
remember: misremember, remembered, remembering, remembers, remembrance +/ misremember: misremembered/remembering: rememberings/ remembrance: remembrances
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Remember that Hillary Clinton won the popular vote.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 记得; 牢记
vt. 记着; 纪念; 回想起; 送钱[礼物]给…
时态：remembered, remembering, remembers
分布：记得(93%)，回忆(3%)，想起(3%)，提及(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rememorori,记忆，想起，来自 re-,再，重新，memorari,记忆，词源同 memory. 拼写受 member 影响俗化。
回忆;记住(re再+member[=memor]→再记得→回忆;记住)[memor=memory,表示"记忆"]
v.记住;(to)转达问候,代...致意,代...问好The member of good memory remembers to commemorate his friend with memorials.那位记性好的成员记得用纪念品纪念他的朋友.
US [-bɚ] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be able to bring back a piece of information into your mind, or to keep a piece of information in your memory 记得，记起，回想起；记住，牢记
• "Where did you park the car?" "I can't remember." “你把车停在哪里了？”“我不记得了。”
• I can remember people's faces, but not their names. 我可以记住人的长相，但记不住人的名字。
• [+ (that)] She suddenly remembered (that) her keys were in her other bag. 她忽然想起她的锁匙放在另一个包里了。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't remember signing a contract. 我不记得曾签过一份合同。
• [+ question word] Can you remember wh at her telephone number is? 你记得她的电话号码是多少吗？
• I remember him as (= I thought he was) a rather annoying man. 在我记忆中，他是个很令人讨厌的人。
remember to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to not forget to do something 记住做；牢记着做；不忘记做
• Did you remember to do the shopping? 你没忘去商店买东西吧？
be remembered for sth
■to be kept in people's memories because of a particular action or quality 因…而被记住；因…而名垂青史
• She will be remembered for her courage. 她将因其勇敢而被人们铭记。
you remember informal
■said when you are talking to someone about something that they used to know but may have forgotten 你记得吗；你没有忘吧
• We went and had tea in the little café on Primrose Hill - you remember, the one next to the bookshop. 我们去了普里姆罗斯山上的一家小咖啡厅喝茶——你没有忘吧，书店旁边的那间咖啡厅。
transitive
■to hold a special ceremony to honour a past event or someone who has died 纪念；怀念；缅怀
• On November 11th, the British remember those who died in the two World Wars. 英国人在每年的11月11日纪念两次世界大战中的那些死难者。
transitive
■to give a present or a sum of money to someone you love or who has provided good service to you 给…送礼品（或钱）；给…谢礼
• My Granny always remembers me (= sends me a present) on my birthday. 我过生日时我奶奶总是送我礼物。
• My cousin remembered me in her will. 我表姐在遗嘱中给我留下一笔钱。
UK [rɪ'mem.bər] US [-bɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  remember sb to sb slightly formal
■to ask someone to say hello to another person for you 代（某人）问候（某人）
• Please remember me to your parents. 请代我向你的父母问好。
remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect
这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是：
remember: 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。
memorize: 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。
recall: 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。
remind: 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。
recolect: 指在记忆中搜索，设法想起一时想不起的事情或人，强调过程。
vt. 记得；牢记；纪念；代…问好
 - to learn by heart, honour the memory of
vi. 记得，记起
 - think of, come back

Word: communication
Front: communication
[kəˌmju:nɪˈkeɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 1250/1039 -K3)
Vocabulary: communication
(once / 125 pages)
n
Good communication is at the heart of good relationships. Communication is the process of giving information or ideas to someone, as by using words, actions, or sounds.
In the plural form, communications has a few specialized meanings: a field of study, a profession, or a system involving the sending of information to people by the use of technology such as radio or satellite. In these senses, communications can be used with a singular or plural verb. The noun communication is from Latin communicare "to share, participate" (from communis "common") plus the suffix –ion "an act or process."
WORD FAMILY
communication: communicational, communications +/ communicable: communicably, noncommunicable/ communicate: communicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communicative, communicator, communicatory, intercommunicate/ communicative: communicatively, communicativeness, incommunicative, uncommunicative /communicator: communicators/intercommunicate: intercommunicating, intercommunication/intercommunication: intercommunications/ uncommunicative: uncommunicatively, uncommunicativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
But the communication and collaboration wasn’t there, leading to the poor record.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 通讯，通信; 交流; 书信; 传达
分布：沟通(32%)，通信(25%)，交流(24%)，通讯(18%)，传达(1%)
n.通讯,传达;(pl.)通讯系统;交通(工具)The communication was seriously disrupted by the storm.暴风雨使交通严重中断.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the act of communicating with people 交流；沟通；交际；传达；传播；通讯
• Television is an increasingly important means of communication. 电视是一种日益重要的传播工具。
• We are in direct communication with Moscow. 我们与莫斯科有直接的联系。
• With an hour's walk to the nearest telephone, communication is difficult. 到最近的电话亭要走一个小时，通讯极为不便。
• There's very little communication between mother and daughter (= they do not have a good relationship). 母亲和女儿之间沟通很少。
• a course on communication skills 沟通技巧课程
countable formal
■a message or a letter 讯息，消息；信件
• We received your communication of 11th March and are sorry to inform you that we won't be attending the conference. 我们收到了贵方3月11日的来函，但很遗憾地通知你们，我们不能出席会议。
communications [plural]
■the various methods of sending information between people and places, especially official systems such as post systems, radio, telephone, etc. （尤指邮政、广播、电话等官方的）通讯，通讯系统
• the communications industry 通讯产业
■ways of moving between one place and another 交通联系，交通网路
• Its commercial success as a city is partly due to its excellent rail and road communications. 这座城市在商业上的成功部分要归功于其高效便捷的铁路和公路交通。
traffic, communication, transportation
这组词都有“交通”的意思，其区别是：
traffic: 指来往的东西的情况，表示一种抽象概念的交通流动量。
communication: 指邮电、无线电、铁路、公路等各种交通方式或媒介。
transportation: 指将乘客或货物从一处运到另一处，也可指交通运输工具。
n. 通讯， [通信] 通信；交流
 - telecommunications, exchange

Word: exercise
Front: exercise
[ˈeksəsaɪz] (中高雅 1487/1233 -K4)
Vocabulary: exercise
(once / 72 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Exercise is physical activity, like an exercise class, or the act of practicing anything — like people who exercise caution while crossing the street.
If your dad tells you to exercise restraint in dealing with your brother who just broke your computer, he hasn't suggested that you tie your brother up — here exercise means "use" or "practice." This might remind you of the writing exercises your teacher gave you: practice in forming letters. In many kinds of exercise, the results come from doing something over and over — just ask anyone who exercises, or works out.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
exercise / exorcise
While both words can refer to ways to get rid of something — belly fat, Satan — that's where the similarities end. Exercise is physical activity but to exorcise is to cast out evil.
Exercise usually refers to working out:
Mrs. Obama has said she wants to help today's youngsters become adults at a healthy weight by eating better and getting more exercise.
Many studies have linked exercise with improved brain health later in life.
It also means to use something, like restraint, or you might even have warm-up exercises in music class.
On the other hand, if you went to see The Exorcist and expected a sports flick, you were in for a big surprise. You'll have to trade in your sneakers for some holy water if you are going to exorcise, orcast out the devil, like in these examples:
Any lingering Hampden Park ghosts were exorcised by within 34 ruthless minutes.
Mr. and Mrs. Metzler, who are devout Catholics, had Father Brown come to the house to exorcise the spirits that were tormenting them.
Although exorcise usually refers to a religious ritual to get rid of actual demons, people often use it to refer to emotions they'd like to purge:
In his view, acting has lent Ms. Schnabel "a vehicle to both exercise, and exorcise, these kinds of complicated demons."
In a way, she figured, she'd get two things done at once — advocate for kids and exorcise her own demons.
The "o" in exorcise is like the "o" in the oath when you vow to rid someone of evil. Don't get the two words mixed up, most demons don't respond to jazzercise.
WORD FAMILY
exercise: exercised, exerciser, exercises, exercising+/exerciser: exercisers/exercising: exercisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a great challenge, a great exercise in putting it together.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe that’s why the New Year standbys — lose weight, exercise more — remain such well-polished chestnuts.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Apple’s longtime chief executive, Steven P. Jobs, exercised control over the smallest details about products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 练习; 运动，训练; 运用; 典礼
vi. 锻炼，训练，练习
vt. 锻炼（身体某部位）; 使焦虑，使忧虑; 实行，发挥（作用）; 运用
时态：exercised, exercising, exercises
分布：锻炼(43%)，运动(33%)，练习(16%)，运用(6%)，作业(2%)
→ex-, 向外。-erc, 保护，限制，隐藏，词源同ark, arcane. 即去除限制，进行练习。
n.练习,习题;训练,锻练v.训练,锻练;行使I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
HEALTHY ACTIVITY 健身活动
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■physical activity that you do to make your body strong and healthy 体育活动；锻炼；运动
• Swimming is my favourite form of exercise. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
• You really should take more exercise. 你真的应该多做运动。
• I do stomach exercises most days. 我经常做锻炼腹肌的运动。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
PRACTICE 练习
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action or actions intended to improve something or make something happen 练习；训练；演习
• Ships from eight navies will be taking part in an exercise in the Pacific to improve their efficiency in combat. 来自8个国家的海军军舰将参加在太平洋举行的军事演习，以提高其作战效率。
• It would be a useful exercise for you to say the speech aloud several times. 大声朗读几次讲稿，将会有助你的发挥。
• an exercise in public relations 公共关系课的情景模拟练习
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a short piece of written work which you do to practise something you are learning 习题；练习
• The book has exercises at the end of every chapter. 这本书每一章的后面都有练习题。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
USE 使用
uncountable formal
■the use of something 行使；运用；使用
• The exercise of restraint may well be difficult. 克制情绪可能是件很难的事。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
noun
CEREMONY 典礼
exercises [plural] US formal
■a ceremony which includes speeches and usually traditional music or activities 典礼；仪式
• graduation exercises 毕业典礼
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
DO HEALTHY ACTIVITY 做健康的运动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to do physical activities to make your body strong and healthy 锻炼；运动
• She exercises most evenings usually by running. 她几乎每晚都做运动，通常是跑步。
• A work-out in the gym will exercise all the major muscle groups. 健身房里做的运动能使所有主要肌肉都得到锻炼。
transitive
■If you exercise an animal, you make it walk or run so that it stays strong and healthy 遛（动物）
• Now he's retired he spends most afternoons exercising his dogs. 他已经退休了，下午的时间大都用来遛狗。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
USE 使用
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to use something 行使；运用；使用
• I exercised my democratic right by not voting in the election. 在选举中，我透过不投票的方式来行使我的民主权利。
• Always exercise caution when handling radioactive substances. 处理放射性物质时要随时小心谨慎。
• We've decided to exercise the option (= use the part of a legal agreement) to buy the house we now lease. 我们已经决定行使合约所赋予的买卖选择权，买下我们现在租住的房屋。
UK ['ek.sə.saɪz] US [-sɚ-] note_panel
verb
exercise your mind formal
■to worry you 使担忧；使烦恼；使不安
• The whole situation is exercising our minds greatly. 整个局势使我们大伤脑筋。
training, practice, exercise, drill, discipline
这组词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”的意思，其区别是：
training: 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。
practice: 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
exercise: 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
drill: 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
discipline: 既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
practice, exercises, exercise
practice: (反复做的)练习 Practice makes perfect.
exercises: 练习(可数),
exercise: 运动,锻炼(不可数),
n. 运动；练习；运用；操练；礼拜；典礼
 - movement, sport, ceremony, campaign, practice
vt. 锻炼；练习；使用；使忙碌；使惊恐
 - make use of, fashion, occupy, alarm, employ
vi. 运动；练习
 - motion, do sport

Word: weaken
Front: weaken
[ˈwi:kən] (四六 4486/4459 -3)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）削弱; （使）变弱; 衰减; 变得优柔寡断
时态：weakened, weakening, weakens
分布：变弱(93%)，弄淡(7%)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to (cause to) become less strong, powerful or determined （使）虚弱；削弱；（使）衰弱
• You could see the poor dog weakening daily as the disease spread through its body. 随着这种疾病在这只可怜的狗身上扩散，你能看到它一天一天衰弱下去。
• Another defeat in parliament would seriously weaken the president's ability to govern. 在议会里的再次失败将会严重削弱总统的执政能力。
• We know that prolonged exposure to vibration can weaken aircraft components. 我们知道长时间处在震动状态，会降低飞机零件的强度。
• She's weakening - ask her some more questions and see if she confesses. 她快挺不住了——再问她些问题看她会不会坦白。
vt. 减少；使变弱；使变淡
 - shorten, to cut down
vi. 变弱；畏缩；变软弱
 - moderate, recoil from

Word: plot
Front: plot
[plɒt] (高研四六托雅宝 2967/3096 -K3)
Vocabulary: plot
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv
A plot is a scheme, a story, a map charting progress, or a piece of land (as for a garden). To plot is to devise the secret plan, order the events of the story, or track your movement on the map.
You could make a whole movie based the word plot. This could be the plot (story): An evil so-and-so hatches a secret plot (scheme) to follow the explorer to a legendary plot (patch) of land with buried treasure. The explorer plots (draws) the best route to the treasure, but the evil so-and-so steals the plot (map) and gets to the treasure first. What a great story. All that's left is to plot (arrange) the sequence of events for maximum suspense.
WORD FAMILY
plot: counterplot, plots, plotted, plotter, plotting+/counterplot: counterplots, counterplotted, counterplotting/plotter: plotters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The plot is only a little bit of what matters in a Manual Cinema show; the performers are entrancing merely doing what they do.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 地基，基址图; （戏剧、小说等的）情节; 一块地; 测算表
vt. 以图表画出，制图; 密谋; 把…分成小块; 为（文学作品）设计情节
vi. 设计作品情节; 标示于图表上; 密谋，暗中策划
时态：plotted, plotting, plots
分布：情节(32%)，图(25%)，阴谋(24%)，密谋(10%)，计划(5%)，绘图(3%)，标示位置(1%)
→来自古英语plot,小块土地，词源不详。可能来自pele,放平，展开，词源同plan,plate 引 申词义规划，布局，后词义贬义化，用于指密度，阴谋。
n.秘密计划;情节v.标绘,绘制;密谋,策划Lots of pilots plot to dot the rotten robot.大批领航员策划给腐烂的机器人打点.
【参】ploy（n 策略）
US [plɑ:t] noun countable
STORY 故事
 IMPROVER
■the story of a book, film, play, etc 情节
• The film has a very simple plot. 这部电影情节很简单。
• The plots of his books are basically all the same. 他的书情节基本上都一样。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
 ADVANCED
■a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government 秘密计划；阴谋
• The plot was discovered before it was carried out. 这项阴谋还未得逞就暴露了。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have foiled a plot to assassinate the president. 警方阻止了一个刺杀总统的阴谋。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
GROUND 土地
■a small piece of land that has been marked or measured for a particular purpose 小块土地，小块地皮
• a vegetable plot 菜地
• There are several plots of land for sale. 有好几块地要出售。
US for * ground plan (BUILDING)
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] noun countable
The plot thickens. humorous
■said when a situation suddenly becomes more complicated or mysterious 情况越来越复杂了
• "Now there are two men phoning her up all the time." "The plot thickens!" “现在有两个男人一直打电话给她。”“情况越来越复杂了！”
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
MARK 作记号
transitive
■to mark or draw something on a piece of paper or a map 在纸或地图上标出，画出
transitive
■to make marks to show the position, movement or development of something, usually in the form of lines or curves between a series of points on a map or piece of paper 在图上标绘…的位置；绘制…的图；标出…的航线
• Radar operators plotted the course of the incoming missile. 雷达操作员标绘出了来袭飞弹的轨迹。
• We've plotted our projected costs for the coming year, and they show a big increase. 我们绘制出了来年的预计成本曲线，从中可以看出成本将大幅增加。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
SECRET PLAN 秘密计划
intransitive or transitive
■to make a secret plan to do something wrong, harmful or illegal 秘密计划；阴谋
• The army is plotting the overthrow of the government. 军队正密谋推翻政府。
• I can't believe that he's plotting against his own father. 我难以相信他正暗中和自己的父亲作对。
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting (together) to take over the company. 他们正在（一起）谋划接管该公司。
transitive humorous
■to make a secret plan to do something funny or fun to or for someone 密谋，策划（开某人的玩笑）
• [+ to infinitive] They're plotting to play a trick on their brother. 他们正密谋捉弄他们的哥哥。
• He's plotting a surprise party for his wife's birthday. 他在偷偷为妻子的生日策划一个惊喜派对。
UK [plɒt] US [plɑ:t] verb (-tt-)
STORY 故事
transitive
■to write the plot for something 为…设计情节
• So far I've only plotted (out) the story in a rough form. 到目前为止，我仅仅构思出了故事的基本框架。
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 情节；图；阴谋
 - action, designing, scenario
vt. 密谋； [测] 绘图；划分；标绘
 - lot, to divide
vi. 密谋；策划；绘制
 - be up to something, to plan

Word: stem
Front: stem
[stem] (研四六托雅宝 3414/4527 -3)
Vocabulary: stem
(once / 241 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n 5v 6v
Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something at its source. You stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river’s flow stems from a spring.
To remember stem’s meaning think of the stem of a plant––it’s where a plant begins but also where you pluck it from the ground. Once teachers realized that the students’ anger stemmed from the overload of homework, they stemmed the rebellion’s tide.
WORD FAMILY
stem: stemless, stemmed, stemmer, stemming, stems+/stemmed: multi-stemmed/stemmer: stemmers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In time Roosevelt was able to stem the economic bloodbath, but only to be confronted by the Nazi menace overrunning Europe.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A news release from his office says the projects stem from the Continuum of Care program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ten involved some kind of robbery and at least two stemmed from road-rage incidents.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （花草的）茎; 词干; （高脚酒杯的）脚; 烟斗柄
vt. 遏制[阻止]（液体的流动等）; 阻止; 封堵; 遏止
时态：stemmed, stemming, stems
分布：干(62%)，茎(29%)，柄(5%)，起源于(2%)，船首(1%)，逆 ... 而行(1%)
→来自古英语 stemn,植物茎，树干，来自 Proto-Germanic*stamniz,站立，来自 sta,站立，词 源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
n.茎,干,船首vt.堵(挡)住vi.起源于,由...造成The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
noun countable
CENTRAL PART 中心部分
■a central part of something from which other parts can develop or grow, or which forms a support 主干
■the stick-like central part of a plant which grows above the ground and from which leaves and flowers grow, or a smaller thin part which grows from the central part and which supports the leaves and flowers （植物的）干，茎，梗，柄
• flower stems 花茎
■the vertical part of a glass or similar container which supports the part into which you put liquid （高脚杯的）杯脚
• Champagne glasses usually have long stems. 香槟酒杯通常有长长的杯脚。
[stem] noun countable
WORD 词
■the part of a word that is left after you take off the part which changes when forming a plural, past tense, etc. 词干
• From the stem 'sav-' you get 'saves', 'saved', 'saving' and 'saver'. 由词干 sav- 可以衍生出 saves，saved，saving 和 saver。
[stem] noun countable
WATCH 手表 US the small part on the side of the watch which you turn to change the position of the pointers on the watch, or to make the watch operate （手表的）发条转柄，拨针柄
[stem] noun countable
SHIP 船
■the main supporting structure at the front of a ship （船）艏，艏柱
[stem] noun countable
from stem to stern US
■from one end of something to the other 从头至尾
• We overhauled the car from stem to stern. 我们把车从头到尾彻底检修了一遍。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
■to stop something unwanted from spreading or increasing 阻挡；阻止；遏制
• These measures are designed to stem the rise of violent crime. 这些措施旨在遏制暴力犯罪增加。
• We must take action to stem the tide of resignations. 我们必须采取行动制止愈演愈烈的辞职潮。
■to stop the flow of a liquid such as blood 堵住，止住（出血等）
• She tied a handkerchief around the wound to stem the flow of blood. 她用手帕绑住伤口来止血。
[stem] verb transitive (-mm-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stem from sth
■to start or develop as the result of something 源自；由…造成
• Her problems stem from her difficult childhood. 她的问题主要是由艰苦的童年生活造成。
• Their disagreement stemmed from a misunderstanding. 他们的分歧源自误会。
n. 干； [植] 茎；船首；血统
 - birth, blood, stock
vt. 阻止；除去…的茎；给…装柄
 - block, dispute, prohibit, discourage
vi. 阻止；起源于某事物；逆行
 - prevent from, head off

Word: retirement
Front: retirement
[rɪˈtaɪəmənt] (六托雅 2442/2435 -K3)
Vocabulary: retirement
(once / 408 pages)
n
Retirement is when someone stops working, usually after many years, to take a break or start a new occupation.
In order to consider retirement, a worker must usually have saved enough money to stop working. This most commonly happens after years at a job, and retirement is often a cause of celebration. Sometimes, as in "early retirement," a much younger person is able to stop working for pay — in some cases, because she's become wealthy from a business venture. The Middle French root word is retirer, "to withdraw."
WORD FAMILY
retirement: retirements+/ retire: retired, retiree, retirement, retires, retiring / retired: retiredly/ retiree: retirees/ retiring: retiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cited health reasons for his sudden retirement in 2004.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama, who will remain in the nation’s capital for the next year or so, does not appear ready to slip quietly into retirement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At a recent celebration, friends used one cake to congratulate Bill Word on his retirement and compliment Matt Word on his new job.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 退休，退职; 引退，隐居; 退隐处
分布：退休(99%)，隐匿处(1%)
→来自 retire,撤离，退休。
US [-'taɪr-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you leave your job and stop working, usually because you are old 退休；退职；退役
• Many teachers over the age of 50 are taking early retirement. 很多50岁以上的老师都提前退休。
• What is the normal retirement age in this country? 这个国家人们通常多大年纪退休？
 ESSENTIAL
■the period in someone's life after they have stopped working because they reached a particular age 退休生活；退休后的岁月
• We wish you a long and happy retirement. 我们祝愿您退休后幸福长寿。
n. [劳经] 退休， [军] 退役
 - superannuation

Word: rapid
Front: rapid
[ˈræpɪd] (中高研四六雅 3029/2402 -K4)
Vocabulary: rapid
(once / 54 pages)
adjn
Rapid means happening with great speed or in a brief period of time. Think of Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep), when your eyes are darting back and forth quickly — trying to follow your fast-paced dreams.
Rapid comes from the Latin word rapere, which means "to hurry away" or "to seize." If you are first to raise your hand in class with the correct answer, your teacher will be pleased with your rapid response. Your pulse may be rapid after you run a quick sprint, and after a rapid run-up in the stock market you may decide to sell some shares and lock in the profit.
WORD FAMILY
rapid: rapidity, rapidly, rapidness, rapids+/rapidity: rapidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
I start to shake, and my breathing grows rapid.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That it appears ready to do so is a sign of China’s fear of the rapid emergence of groups like Youngspiration.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Behr, 62, doubted the new line would lead to a rapid transformation.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 快速的; [摄]感光快的; 险峻的
n. 急流; 高速交通工具，高速交通网
分布：快的(39%)，迅速的(31%)，急流(10%)，险峻的(10%)，湍滩(5%)，急速的(3%)，短时间发生的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rapere,抓住，抓取，词源同 rob,rip,rapid.引申词义快速的。
a.快,急速的n.(pl.)急流,湍滩The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢的学生在画室里快速研究了事故.
【记】记住“急流”的意思。
adjective
 IMPROVER
■fast or sudden 快的；迅猛的
• The 1990s were a period of rapid change/growth. 20世纪90年代是一个迅猛突变／发展的时期。
• I was startled by a rapid movement to my left. 我左边甚么东西猛地动了一下，吓了我一跳。
• His response to the accusation was rapid. 他对这种指责马上作出了回应。
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. 迅速的，急促的；飞快的；险峻的
 - fast, forward, ready, express, quick
n. 急流；高速交通工具，高速交通网
 - rush, whitewater

Word: sheet
Front: sheet
[ʃi:t] (高研四六托雅 1753/1430 -K3)
Vocabulary: sheet
(once / 153 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
A sheet is a large, wide amount of something flat, like a sheet of metal or a sheet of paper. When it goes on your bed, a sheet is a similar expanse of fabric.
The sheets on your bed cover your mattress and lie beneath your blanket or comforter, and the huge windows in your imaginary dream house would require enormous sheets of glass. Sheet music consists of musical notation written on sheets of paper, and a sheet of rain comes down so hard it looks like a solid surface. If it rained overnight and the water froze on the ground, you might say, "Careful, it's a sheet of ice outside!"
WORD FAMILY
sheet: sheeted, sheeting, sheetlike, sheets+/sheeting: sheetings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Drivers slowed just as a fast-moving thunderstorm unleashed sheets of rain that drenched the road and reduced visibility to a few dozen yards.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
We did the whole thing naked under white sheets.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
However, against a stubborn West Ham they managed a rare clean sheet which was the basis upon which last season's title success.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 纸; 被单; 一张（通常指标准尺寸的纸）; 一大片（覆盖物）; 表格
vt. 用（床单等）包裹; 用（床单等）掩盖; 用缭绳调节（或固定）; 给…铺床单
vi. 成片展开，成片流动
adj. （金属材料）制成薄板（或薄片）的，扎制成片的，片状的
时态：sheeted, sheeting, sheets
分布：纸(77%)，被单(11%)，一片(5%)，片状的(5%)，使成片(1%)，铺盖(1%)
→来自古英语 scete,布，覆盖物，来自 Proto-Germanic*skauta,投掷，投射，来自 skeud,射 出，发射，词源同 shoot,shot,shut.引申诸相关词义。词义演变比较 pork,猪肉，原义猪，字面 意思为喜欢拱的动物，词源同 furrow,沟，垄。
n.被单;(一)张,(一)片,薄片;大片My mother changes the sheets every other week.我妈妈每两周换床单.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large thin flat especially rectangular piece of something, especially a piece of cloth used for sleeping on （尤指长方形的）大薄片；（尤指）床单
• I've put clean sheets on the bed. 我已经给床铺上了干净的床单。
• a sheet of glass 一片玻璃
• They fixed a polythene/plastic sheet over the broken window. 他们在破损的窗户上补上了一块聚乙烯／塑胶纸。
 IMPROVER
■a piece of paper 一张纸
• some sheets of wrapping paper 几张包装纸
• The application form was a single sheet of paper. 申请表是单张纸的。
■a piece of paper with something printed on it 一张印有字的纸
• The tourist office provides a weekly information sheet about things that are happening in the town. 旅游局每周提供一份有关本市新闻的印刷品。
sheet of sth
■a large wide mass of something such as fire or ice 一大片；一大团
• A sheet of flame shot up into the air immediately after the explosion. 爆炸之后，紧接着腾起一片烈焰。
• A thick sheet of ice had formed over the water. 水面上结了厚厚的一层冰。
sheets [plural]
■a large quantity of rain 大量（雨或冰雹）
• The rain was coming down in sheets. 大雨如注。
[ʃi:t] verb informal
be sheeting
■to be raining very hard 大雨滂沱
• We can't go out yet, it's sheeting down outside. 我们还不能出去，外面正下着倾盆大雨。
• The rain was sheeting against the windows. 雨水泼打着窗户。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. 薄片，纸张； [材] 薄板；床单
 - slice, laminae
vt. 覆盖；盖上被单；使成大片
 - invest, house, roof, cap
adj. 片状的
 - lamellate

Word: baby
Front: baby
[ˈbeɪbi] (中高 588/869 -K4)
Vocabulary: baby
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2v 3n
A baby is the one wearing diapers and a pacifier in her mouth. That baby is so darn lovable, however, that the word is perhaps overused to describe anyone or anything you feel passionately about.
Everybody loves the baby, so much so that you might call your girlfriend 'baby' even though she's 23. If you work in construction, you might call any woman with nice legs baby as she walks past. You also might snidely call your little brother baby when he cries about getting a ball thrown in his face. When your mother has to take him to the ER for stitches after said wounding, you might defensively say "She's just babying him, he's fine."
WORD FAMILY
baby: babied, babies, baby-like, babyhood, babying, babyish+/babyish: babyishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Lauren Conrad is celebrating the new year by announcing she’s expecting a baby.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deaths of babies also dropped by about one-third.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 婴儿; 婴孩; 幼崽; 宝贝儿
vt. 把…当作婴孩看待，娇养; 纵容
adj. 小孩似的; 孩子的; 小型的
时态：babied, babying, babies
分布：婴儿(84%)，婴儿的(7%)，宝贝儿(3%)，孩子气的人(3%)，小型的(2%)，溺爱(1%)
→拟声词，模仿婴儿啼哭。
n.婴儿;年龄最小的人;小动物a.婴儿似的Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a very young child, especially one that has not yet begun to walk or talk （尤指尚未学会走路或说话的）婴儿，婴孩
• a newborn baby 新生儿
• a six-week-old baby 六周大的婴儿
• a baby boy 男婴
• baby clothes 婴儿服装
• baby food 婴儿食品
• Sandra had a baby (= gave birth to it) on May 29th. 桑德拉在5月29日生了孩子。
• Owen is the baby (= the youngest person) of the family. 奥云是家中年龄最小的。
 ADVANCED
■a very young animal 幼畜，幼兽，幼鸟
• a baby elephant/monkey 幼象／小猴子
■disapproving
■an adult or especially an older child who is crying or behaving like a child 孩子气的人；幼稚的人
• It didn't hurt that much - don't be such a baby! 不至于那么痛——别像个孩子似的！
■mainly US
■a word you can use when you are talking to your wife, husband or lover 宝贝（对妻子、丈夫、情人等的称呼）
• Oh baby, I love you. 噢，宝贝，我爱你。
baby carrot/sweetcorn, etc.
■a type of vegetable that is specially grown to stay small 迷你型胡萝卜／玉米等
■informal
■Someone's baby is something that they have a special interest in and responsibility for 任务，差事；责任
• I don't know much about the project - it's Philip's baby. 我不是很清楚这个专案——那是菲力浦负责的。
['beɪ.bi] verb transitive informal
■to treat an older child as if he or she is a much younger child 把…当婴儿般对待；对…娇生惯养
• The boys were now ten and twelve and didn't want their mother to baby them. 男孩们现在一个10岁，一个12岁，不希望妈妈把他们当作婴儿看待。
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 婴儿，婴孩；孩子气的人
 - infant, babe
vt. 纵容，娇纵；把……当婴儿般对待
 - pamper, indulge
adj. 婴儿的；幼小的
 - small, chicken, infant

Word: character
Front: character
[ˈkærəktə(r)] (高研四六托 786/805 -K4)
Vocabulary: character
(once / 21 pages)
1n 2n 3nv 4n
When Martin Luther King said he looked forward to the day when all Americans would be judged solely "by the content of their character," he was talking about a person's essential qualities.
"Just because you are a character doesn't mean you have character," a guy called The Wolf advises a young woman named Raquel in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction. The line illustrates three different senses of the word, which can mean "moral strength or reputation" (what Raquel lacks), "a person in a work of fiction" (what The Wolf and Raquel literally are), or, by extension, "a colorful personality" (what Raquel has). A fourth usage is "the distinctive nature of a person or thing," a meaning reflected in the word's origins. In Greek, a kharaktēr was a stamping tool, used to give something a distinctive mark.
WORD FAMILY
character: charactered, charactering, characterise, characteristic, characterize, characterless, characters+/characterisation: characterisations/characterise: characterisation, characterised, characterises, characterising/ characteristic: characteristically, characteristicly, characteristics, uncharacteristic/ characterization: characterizations/ characterize: characterization, characterized, characterizes, characterizing/uncharacteristic: uncharacteristically
USAGE EXAMPLES
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We might wonder at our ability to look past some questionable expressions of character.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the protagonists of those shows, the main character shares his name and the show mirrors, somewhat, his own life.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 性格; 特点; 字母; 角色
vt. 刻，印; 使具有特征
时态：charactered, charactering, characters
分布：字符(50%)，人物(21%)，品质(16%)，个性(9%)，名誉(3%)，地位(1%)
→来自gher, 刻，写，刮, 进一步来自sker, 切，砍，词源同carve, graph, scribe. 即刻进骨子里的特征。
n.性格,品质,特性;人物,角色;字符,(汉)字In this chapter, the capture characterized the characteristics of the characters.俘虏在本章描述了字符的特性.
US ['ker.ɪk.tɚ] noun
QUALITY 品质
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the particular combination of qualities in a person or place that makes them different from others 性格，个性；特征
• Politeness is traditionally part of the British character. 待人礼貌客气向来是英国人性格的一部分。
• It would be very out of character (= not typical) of her to lie. 撒谎可不符合她的个性。
• One of the joys of being a parent is watching the child's character develop. 为人父母的一大乐趣就是观察孩子的性格发展。
• The idea was to modernize various aspects of the house without changing its essential character. 这个意念就是使房子各方面现代化而不改变它的基本特征。
• It's not in his character to be (= he is not usually) jealous. 他不是个爱嫉妒的人。
uncountable
■qualities which are interesting and unusual 风格，特色，特点
• a hotel of character 独具特色的饭店
• I'd prefer an old place with a bit of character. 我偏爱有特色的老地方。
• Old books are said to give a room character. 据说旧书能使房间别具一格。
• As people grow older, their faces acquire more character. 随着年龄的增长，人的脸上越来越具有个性。
uncountable
■the quality of being determined and able to deal with difficult situations 勇气；坚强性格
• She has such strength of character. 她个性很强。
UK ['kær.ɪk.tər] US ['ker.ɪk.tɚ] noun
IN A STORY 故事中
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a person represented in a film, play or story （电影、戏剧或故事中的）人物，角色
• The film revolves around three main characters. 电影围绕三位主角展开。
• She had Mickey Mouse or some other cartoon/Disney character on her sweater. 她的毛衣上有米老鼠或另外其他的卡通／迪士尼人物的图案。
• He made his name as a character actor (= an actor who plays unusual and often humorous people). 他以性格演员著称。
UK ['kær.ɪk.tər] US ['ker.ɪk.tɚ] noun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED countable
■a person, especially when you are describing a particular quality that they have （尤指具有某一特点的）人
• She's a curious character - I don't really know what to think of her. 她真是个怪人——我真不知道该怎样评价她。
• There were one or two strange-looking characters hanging around the bar. 有一两个样子奇怪的人在酒吧里转来转去。
countable informal
■someone whose behaviour is different from most people's, especially in a way that is interesting or funny 与众不同的人；（尤指）有趣的人，好玩的人
• He's quite a character] a real character, is Ted - he's seventy now and still riding that motorbike. 特德真是个有趣的人——现在都70岁了，还骑着那辆摩托车。
UK ['kær.ɪk.tər] US ['ker.ɪk.tɚ] noun
MARK 标记
countable
■a letter, number or other mark or sign used in writing or printing, or the space one of these takes （书写或印刷的）字母，字（或数字、标记、符号）；字符
• a string of characters (= a line of marks) 一串符号
• The address was written in Chinese/Japanese characters (= systems of writing). 地址是用汉字／日文写的。
• The computer screen on this laptop is 66 characters (= spaces) wide. 这台笔记型电脑的萤幕有66个字符宽。
peculiarity, properity, quality, attribute, feature, characteristic, character, trait
这组词都有“特性、特点、品质”的意思，其区别是：
peculiarity: 指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。
properity: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人。
quality: 最普通用词，既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征。
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物。
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征。
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征。
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征。
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。
nature, complexion, personality, disposition, character, temper
这组词都有“性格、气质、性情、习性”的意思，其区别是：
nature: 指天生的、不可改变性格。
complexion: 指由思维方式、态度和情绪所决定的本质特征。
personality: 主要指一个人稳定的心理特征。
disposition: 书面用词，指人的主要爱好或思想、精神方面的重要习性、气质。也可指短暂的情绪。
character: 指对个性或人格所作出的客观评价，常常与道德有关。
temper: 指从感情方面体现出来，决定处理问题或应付形势的方式的性格或性情，这种性情可以是暂时的也可以长久的。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
letter, alphabet, script, character
这组词都有“字母”的意思，其区别是：
letter: 指单个的字母。
alphabet: 指整个字母系统或一种语言的字母表，不表单个字母。
script: 指书写或印刷的字母。
character: 通常指汉语的方块字，也指字符。
n. 性格，品质；特性；角色； [计] 字符
 - quality, role, workers, identity, tang
vt. 印，刻；使具有特征
 - print...

Word: significant
Front: significant
[sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt] (研四六托雅宝 719/841 -K4)
Vocabulary: significant
(once / 90 pages)
adj
Use the adjective significant to describe something that is important. Your "significant other" means the person who's most important in your life. A significant result in a scientific study is a result large enough to matter.
A less common meaning of significant is to describe something that has a special or hidden meaning. A significant smile can convey feelings or information without words. This adjective is from Latin significans, from significare "to signify," from signum "a sign, mark" plus facere "to make."
WORD FAMILY
significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly +/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign/ signatory: signatories/ signature: signatures/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significance: significances/signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Coal-burning factories are a significant cause of China’s long-standing smog.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But politics, not Senate rules, might be the more significant obstacle to a comprehensive Obamacare repeal.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 重要的; 显著的; 有重大意义的; 意味深长的
分布：重要的(59%)，有意义的(20%)，显著的(13%)，意味深长的(8%)
→sign,标记，记号，-fic,做，使，词源同 fact,efficient.引申比喻词义重要的，有意义的等。
有意义的[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
a.有意义的;重大的,重要的The signalman's signature sign is significant to the vacant vacation.信号员的签字符号对空假期具有重要意义.
adjective
IMPORTANT 重要
 ESSENTIAL
■important or noticeable 重要的；显著的
• There has been a significant increase in the number of women students in recent years. 近年来，女学生的人数有了显著增加。
• The talks between the USA and the USSR were very significant for the relationship between the two countries. 美国和苏联的谈判对两国间的关系非常重要。
[sɪg'nɪf.ɪ.kənt] adjective
SPECIAL MEANING 特殊意义
■having a special meaning 有特殊意义的
• She looked at him across the table and gave him a significant smile. 她隔着桌子望着他，给了他一个意味深长的微笑。
• Do you think it 's significant that he hasn't replied to my letter yet? 你觉得他还没给我回信有甚么特别的用意吗？
momentous, significant, important
这组词都有“重要的，重大的”的意思，其区别是：
momentous: 指极其重要的。
significant: 指某事物由于特别优秀或特别有意义而显得重要与突出。
important: 最普通用词，指有权威、有影响的人或值得注意的、有价值的事物。
adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的
 - valid, important, available, effective, virtual, remarkable
n. 象征；有意义的事物
 - symbol, indication

Word: politically
Front: politically
[pəˈlɪtɪkli] (2838/4008 -K)
Back: adv. 政治地，政党地
分布：政治上地(100%)
ADJ
政治的；政治上的
Political means relating to the way power is achieved and used in a country or society.
例：All other political parties there have been completely banned...那里其他所有政党已被彻底取缔。
例：The Canadian government is facing another political crisis.加拿大政府面临着又一场政治危机。
ADJ-GRADED
对政治感兴趣的；从事政治的
Someone who is political is interested or involved in politics and holds strong beliefs about it.
例：Oh I'm not political, I take no interest in politics...噢，我不关心政治，对政治一点也不感兴趣。
例：This play is very political.这部戏政治味太浓。

Word: facing
Front: facing
[ˈfeɪsɪŋ] (20872/19423)
Back: n. 饰面，覆盖（如墙壁的）表面的覆饰; （衣服的）贴边
v. 面对( face的现在分词 ); 面向…; 正视; 承认
分布：袖口.(34%)，衬里(33%)，动词face的现在分词.(33%)
→来自face,脸。
noun
countable
■an outer layer covering a wall, etc 墙面；面层
• The wall was built of rubble with a facing of stone. 墙壁以粗石砌成，石头覆面。
countable or uncountable
■an extra layer of material sewn to the inside edge of a piece of clothing to strengthen it, or to the outside, especially of collars and the ends of sleeves, for decoration （尤指衣领和袖口的）衬里，贴边，镶边
• A blue jacket with white facing 有白色镶边的蓝色短上衣
n. [建] 饰面；衣服等的贴边
 - decorative finish, overcoating

Word: jump
Front: jump
[dʒʌmp] (中高 1346/1784 -K4)
Vocabulary: jump
(once / 77 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v 6v
To jump is to hop or leap, straight up or over something. Frogs, amazingly, are able to jump up to twenty times the length of their body.
You can jump over a puddle or over the jump rope your friends are turning. You might jump in surprise or fear, like when a scary noise in the night makes you jump, or startle. You can jump off of something, like a diving board, or figuratively jump into an activity. If a bully jumps you, he attacks you suddenly, and if your brother says, "Go jump in a lake," he means "Go away, you're bothering me."
WORD FAMILY
jump: jumped, jumper, jumping, jumps, jumpy +/jumper: jumpers/jumping: jumpings/ jumpy: jumpier, jumpiest, jumpily, jumpiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But there are still a lot of hoops to jump through, a lot of hurdles to get over.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Shootings jumped 46% to 3,550, with most occurring in poor and minority neighborhoods on the South and West sides.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 跳; 跳过; 快速移动; （因吃惊、害怕或激动而）猛地一动
vi. 暴涨; 跳跃; 猛增
n. 猛长，暴涨; （需要跳越的）障碍; 跳伞
时态：jumped, jumping, jumps
分布：跳跃(63%)，暴涨(18%)，跳动(10%)，上涨(6%)，跳越(3%)
→可能来自拟声词，模仿物体从高地落地的声音。引申词义跳，激增。
v./n.跳跃,跳动,跳过;暴涨,猛增The horse jumped over the ditch.马跳过了那条沟.
verb
IN THE AIR 在空中
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs 跳，跃；跳跃
• The children were jumping up and down with excitement. 孩子都兴奋地跳来跳去。
• She ran across the grass and jumped into the water. 她跑过草地，跳入水中。
• He had to jump out of an upstairs window to escape. 为了逃命，他不得不从楼上的窗户跳出去。
• Our cat is always jumping up on/onto the furniture. 我们的猫总是跳到家俱上。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to push yourself suddenly off the ground in order to go over something 跳跃；跃过
• Can you jump over/across this stream? 你能跃过这条小溪吗？
• All the horses are finding it difficult to jump the last fence. 跃过最后一道围栏对所有马匹来说都很困难。
[dʒʌmp] verb
MOVE/ACT SUDDENLY 突然移动／行动
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or act suddenly or quickly 突然（或快速）行动（或移动）
• He suddenly jumped to his feet /jumped up and left. 他猛然起身然后离开了。
• She jumped in/into a taxi and rushed to the station. 她跳上一辆计程车急忙赶往车站。
intransitive
■If a noise or action causes you to jump, your body makes a sudden sharp movement because of surprise or fear （受惊等后）猛地一跳，突然一跳
• The loud explosion made everyone jump. 爆炸的巨响把大家都吓了一跳。
• I almost jumped out of my skin when I heard a loud crash downstairs. 听到楼下哐的一声巨响，我几乎吓得灵魂出窍。
[dʒʌmp] verb
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to increase suddenly by a large amount 暴涨；激增
• House prices have jumped dramatically. 房价大幅上涨。
• The cost of building the road has jumped by 70%. 修筑这条公路的费用暴增了70%。
[dʒʌmp] verb
SEQUENCE 顺序
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a story, film, play, etc. jumps, it moves suddenly between different parts of it （故事、电影、戏剧等在不同部分间）突然转换，跳跃
• The film is about his adult life, but it keeps jumping (back) to when he was a child. 这部电影讲述的是他成年后的生活，却不断跳返他的孩提时代。
• His talk was hard to follow because he kept jumping from one subject to another. 要跟上他讲话的思路很难，因为他不断从一个话题跳到另一个话题。
[dʒʌmp] verb
AVOID 避免
transitive
■to avoid or leave out a point or stage from the correct order in a series 略去，省掉
• You have to follow the instructions exactly, you can't just jump a few steps ahead. 你必须按照说明确实操作，不能省略前面的步骤。
[dʒʌmp] verb
ATTACK 攻击
transitive informal
■to attack someone suddenly 突然袭击
• They were just walking home when a bunch of guys jumped (on) them. 他们走回家的时候，遇到一帮人突袭。
[dʒʌmp] verb
MOVE ILLEGALLY 非法移动
transitive
■to go past or away from something illegally or wrongly 逃离；逃避
• The police video showed that she had jumped the (traffic) lights. 警方的录影显示她闯了红灯。
• Several sailors jumped ship (= left their ship without permission) in New York. 几名水手在纽约擅自离船。
jump bail
■to fail to appear for a court trial after being released until the trial in exchange for payment 保释后逃之夭夭
• I'd never have thought Hugh would jump bail. 我真没想到修会在保释期间潜逃。
[dʒʌmp] verb
BUSY 忙
be jumping old-fashioned informal
■If a place is jumping, it is crowded and full of life 拥挤热闹的
• This joint (= place of entertainment) is really jumping tonight. 这个娱乐场所今晚可真热闹。
[dʒʌmp] verb
be jumping up and down UK informal
■to be angry or annoyed 生气，恼怒
• Bill's jumping up and down because Mark didn't get his report finished in time. 比尔颇为光火，因为马克没有及时完成报告。
[dʒʌmp] verb
go (and) jump in the lake informal
■a rude way of telling someone to go away and stop annoying you 快滚，滚开
• He just wouldn't leave me alone, so finally I told him to go jump in the lake. 他就是不肯离开，最后我叫他快滚。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump down sb's throat informal
■to react angrily to something that someone says or does 愤怒回击（某人）；猛烈回击（某人）
• I made the mildest of criticisms and he jumped down my throat. 我只是再温和不过地批评了一下，他却对此猛烈回击。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump for joy
■to be extremely happy 非常高兴
• "So how did Robert take the news?" "He didn't exactly jump for joy." “罗伯特知道了消息后有甚么反应？”“他并不是特别高兴。”
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump in with both feet informal
■to become involved in a situation too quickly without thinking about it first 不加考虑就仓促参与
• That's just like Julie - always jumping in with both feet before she knows the facts. 茱莉就是这样——总是情况都没搞清楚就先瞎搅和。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump the gun
■to do something too soon, especially without thinking carefully about it （尤指不经仔细考虑）过早地行动
• They've only just met - isn't it jumping the gun to be talking about marriage already? 他们才刚认识——现在就论及婚嫁是不是言之过早？
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to conclusions
■to guess the facts about a situation without having enough information 贸然断定；过早下结论
• Don't jump to conclusions! Perhaps it was his daughter he was dancing with. 别妄下结论！也许和他跳舞的是他女儿。
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to it informal
■used to tell someone to do something quickly 赶快做，积极行动
• I told you to tidy this room - now jump to it! 我告诉过你要收拾这个房间的——快点做！
[dʒʌmp] verb
jump to sb's defence
■to quickly defend someone 立刻为（某人）辩护
• Whenever anyone criticizes her husband, she immediately jumps to his defence. 一有人批评她丈夫，她就立刻为他辩护。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump at sth
■to accept something eagerly 欣然接受
• She jumped at the chance of a trip to Paris. 她欣然接受了去巴黎旅行的机会。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump in
■to interrupt when someone else is speaking 打断，插嘴
• I wish you'd stop jumping in and finishing my sentences for me all the time. 希望你别老打断我，在我话说到一半时就帮我接下去。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump on sb
■to criticise someone as soon as they have done something wrong or said something that you disagree with 责备，责骂，批评（某人）
• She jumps on her children instantly if they're disobedient. 孩子一不听话，她就加以责备。
[dʒʌmp] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  jump out at sb
■If something jumps out at you, you notice it immediately 使（某人）一下子注意到
• That's a very effective advertisement - it really jumps out at you. 那是非常有效的广告——一下子就吸引到你的注意。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
MOVEMENT 动作
 ESSENTIAL
■a sudden movement off the ground and into the air 一跃而起
• He won with a jump of 8.5 metres. 他以8.5米远的一跳赢得了比赛。
• a parachute jump 跳伞
• Several horses fell at the last jump (= fence or other thing to be jumped over). 好几匹马在最后一道障碍处跌倒了。
■a sudden sharp movement because of surprise or fear （受惊等后）猛地一跳，突然一跳
• The door slammed and Rita woke up with a jump. 砰的关门声使丽塔猛然惊醒了。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■a sudden increase 暴涨；激增
• Interest rates are now at 6.75 - that's a jump of almost 2 per cent. 现在的利率为6.75厘，上升了差不多2厘。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
be/stay/keep one jump ahead
■to do something before other people do it 占先；抢先
• The way to be successful in business is always to stay one jump ahead of your competitors. 要想生意成功就必须永远比对手抢先一步。
[dʒʌmp] noun countable
get a jump on sb/sth mainly US informal
■to start doing something before other people start, or before something happens, in order to win an advantage for yourself 抢在…之前，比…占先
• I like to leave work early on Fridays so I can get a jump on the traffic. 我喜欢星期五早下班，以便赶在尖峰时段之前回去。
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
n. [电子] 跳跃；暴涨；惊跳
 - spring, leaps and bounds
vt. [电子] 跳跃；使跳跃；跳过；突升
 - bound, clear, dance
vi. [电子] 跳跃；暴涨；猛增
 - dance, to leap

Word: entrepreneur
Front: entrepreneur
[ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜ:(r)] (研六托雅宝 4279/6601 -2)
Vocabulary: entrepreneur
(once / 1051 pages)
n
An entrepreneur is someone who starts a new business. Little stores and huge companies both have entrepreneurs behind them.
Do you have good ideas for products? Are you OK with the idea of risk? Then maybe you should be an entrepreneur. This is someone who founds a business, whether a tiny one or a huge one. Besides starting the business, the entrepreneur takes on the most of the risk by investing their own money and/or bringing in other investors. For an entrepreneur, their business is their baby.
WORD FAMILY
entrepreneur: entrepreneurial, entrepreneurs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the basic income experiment may be expanded later to other low-income groups such as freelancers, small-scale entrepreneurs and part-time workers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Advice for women on success, by the entrepreneur and daughter of the president-elect.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Some Silicon Valley entrepreneurs anticipate a time when robots and artificial intelligence will render many of today’s jobs obsolete.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <法>企业家; 主办人; 承包人
分布：企业家(98%)，主办者(1%)，承包商(1%)
→词源同enterprise.
n.[法]企业家,主办人He is an entrepreneur.他是个企业家.
【记】enterprise（n 企业；事业；进取心）
US [ˌɑ:n.trə.prə'nɝ:] noun countable
■someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity （尤指涉及风险的）企业家，创业者
• He was one of the entrepreneurs of the eighties who made their money in property. 他是80年代靠房地产生意赚钱起家的企业家之一。
n. 企业家；承包人；主办者
 - contractor, enterpriser

Word: warn
Front: warn
[wɔ:n] (中研四六托 1773/1512 -K4)
Vocabulary: warn
(once / 63 pages)
v
When you warn someone, you advise them to be careful or tell them about a problem or danger. If you perform a dangerous stunt, you should probably warn your audience, "Don't try this at home."
Many traffic signs are meant to warn drivers about hazards, like bridges that get slippery in the rain or bumps in the road. And the purpose of a dog's growl is to warn another dog (or human) that it's stressed or fearful. A warning is a helpful message, no matter what form it comes in, and to warn is to send this message. The Old English root is warnian, "give notice of impending danger."
WORD FAMILY
warn: forewarn, warned, warner, warning, warns+/ forewarn: forewarned, forewarning, forewarns/ forewarning: forewarnings/warner: warners/ warning: warningly, warnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Warning about the use of chemical weapons, President Obama tells Syria’s Assad regime that there is a “red line” that must not be crossed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
It warns that sugary cereals, juices and spreads are all damaging to health.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Just before Christmas, the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, warned about the high level of debt among UK households.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 警告，告诫; 通知; 预告
vi. 发出警告
时态：warned, warning, warns
分布：警告(85%)，发出警告(7%)，告诫(6%)，预先通知(2%)
→来自wer,覆盖，保护，看管，看护，词源同ward,ware。引申词义提醒，警告。词义演变比较monster,admonish.
vt.警告vi.发出警告The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US [wɔ:rn] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone realise a possible danger or problem, especially one in the future 警告；告诫；提醒
• [+ obj + to infinitive] We were warned not to eat the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset. 我们被告诫不要吃那种鱼，因为它可能会导致胃部轻微不适。
• [+ obj + (that)] Have you warned them (that) there will be an extra person for dinner? 你有没有提醒他们会多一个人吃饭？
• I was warned against/off going to the east coast because it was so full of tourists. 有人告诫我不要去东海岸，因为那里游客爆满。
• There were signs warning of fog as soon as we got onto the motorway. 我们一上高速公路，就看到有“大雾”的警示牌。
• This particular curry is extremely hot - be warned! 这种特别的咖哩食品极辣——小心食用！
• Put that ball down and come over here, Laura - I'm warning you (= I will punish you if you do not) ! 放下那个球到这里来，萝拉——我是在警告你！
warn, caution, advise, admonish, counsel
这组词都有“劝告、忠告、警告”的意思，其区别是：
warn: 含义与caution相同，但语气较重，尤指重后果。
caution: 主要指针对有潜在危险而提出的警告，含小心从事的意味。
advise: 普通用词，泛指劝告，不涉及对方是否听从劝告。
admonish: 一般指年长者或领导对已犯错误的或有过失的人提出的忠告或警告以避免类似错误。
counsel: 正式用词，语气比advise强一些，侧重指对重要问题提出的劝告、建议或咨询。
vt. 警告，提醒；通知
 - alarm, jack, message, alert

Word: quick
Front: quick
[kwɪk] (中高 1303/1431 -K5)
Vocabulary: quick
(once / 27 pages)
1adjadv 2n
If you are quick, you move with speed. You may be a quick runner or "a quick study" — if you tend to learn things quickly.
The adjective quick can also mean brief and fleeting — as in a quick visit or a quick trip to the store. Quick also means without delay: "You'll need to jot a quick reply to the party invitation." The noun quick is a whole other story; it's a highly sensitive bit of skin, especially the skin under the fingernails or toe nails. Be careful not to chew your nails down to the quick — especially your toe nails.
WORD FAMILY
quick: quicken, quicker, quickest, quickly, quickness, quicks+/ quicken: quickened, quickener, quickening, quickens/quickener: quickeners/quickening: quickenings/quicker: quickers/ quickly: quicklys/quickness: quicknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Robinson, a lithe shooting guard with a quick release, spent one year at Williams, an N.C.A.A.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such a minor delay may be caused by any minimal distraction: a sudden noise, a quick glance at the phone or a random thought.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A quick look at the travel aggregator Trivago shows hundreds of hotel rooms available for under £100 a night for a weekend in mid-April.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 快的，急速的; 聪明的，凌厉的; 灵活的; 短时间做成的
adv. 迅速地，快速地
n. （指甲下的）活肉; 感情的中枢，感觉最敏锐的地方; 要害，核心
级别：quicker, quickest
分布：快(85%)，迅速的(6%)，快的(5%)，迅速地(3%)，机敏的(1%)
→来自古英语cwic,活的，有生命的，来自gweie,存活，生命，词源同zoo,vival.引申词义 快速的，敏捷的。
a.快的;灵敏的,伶俐的;敏锐的ad.快,迅速地The thin sick chicken picks the thick sticky stick quickly.瘦病鸡快速地啄粘乎乎的粗棍.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done with great speed, or lasting only a short time 快的，迅速的；短暂的
• It's a quick journey. 这次行程很短。
• I had a quick coffee and left the house. 我匆忙喝完咖啡，就离开了家。
• I only had time for a quick glance at the paper this morning. 今天早上我的时间很赶只能稍为看一下报纸。
• He scored three goals in quick succession (= happening one after the other in a short time). 他在短时间内连进三球。
• Could I have a quick word (= speak to you for a short time) ? 我可以简短地跟您说几句话吗？
• Quick as lightning (= very quickly) , he snatched the book and ran out of the room. 他闪电般夺走了书，飞快地跑出房间。
be quick to do sth
■to do something immediately 立即做…，马上做…
• She was quick to point out that it wasn't her fault. 她立刻指出那不是她的错。
■describes someone who is clever and understands or notices things quickly 反应快的；敏捷的
• She was quick at understanding what we wanted her to do. 她马上领会到我们要她做甚么。
• He has a quick mind. 他的思维敏捷。
• Glyn's quick thinking (= ability to solve problems with speed) averted what could have been a disaster. 格林的反应灵敏，避免了原本可能出现的灾难。
⇒ See also quick-witted
a quick study US informal
■someone who is able to learn things quickly 学得快的人
• He's a quick study and easily grasps all the details of a discussion. 他学东西很快，讨论的每一个细节都能轻松掌握。
[kwɪk] exclamation
■used for telling someone to do something quickly 快点！（用于督促某人做某事）
• Quick! Close the door before the cat comes in! 快，把门关上，别让猫进来！
[kwɪk] noun uncountable
■the area of flesh under your nails 指甲下的肉
• He's bitten his nails to the quick. 他咬指甲都咬到肉了。
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
n. 核心；伤口的嫩肉
 - core, kernel, nucleus
adj. 快的；迅速的，敏捷的；灵敏的
 - sensitive, rapid, fast, forward, ready
adv. 迅速地，快
 - rapidly, soon, fast, promptly, ready

Word: volume
Front: volume
[ˈvɒlju:m] (研四六托雅 1917/1358 -K4)
Vocabulary: volume
(once / 75 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Volume can mean how much space something takes up. You could measure a bean's volume by placing it in water and measuring the water's rise.
You can also use volume as you measure sound or the number of books in a series. Your mom might demand that you turn down the volume on your stereo as she reaches for the next volume of Dante's Divine Comedy. She would rather read about Hell in silence.
WORD FAMILY
volume: volumes, voluminous +/ voluminous: voluminosity, voluminously, voluminousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s a tough task, but the fact they looked poised to challenge at one point speaks volumes about their progress.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s just the vagaries of the system, the complexity of the cases and the sheer volume that is present in the criminal justice system.”
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Contributors to this volume discuss their stories, about the residual effects of combat in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 量，大量; 体积; 音量; 卷
adj. 大量的
vi. 成团卷起
vt. 把…收集成卷
分布：卷(40%)，体积(28%)，音量(22%)，容量(5%)，册(5%)
→来自拉丁语volvere,旋转，来自wel,转，来自wei的扩大格，词源同wind,voluble。引申词义体积，容积，卷，册等。
卷,册(vol+ume→卷→一卷书)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
n.容积,体积;卷,册;音量The perfume consumer presumably assumes that the volume is resumed.香水消费者假定地设想音量已恢复.
US ['vɑ:l-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the amount of space that is contained within an object or solid shape 容积；体积；容量
• Which of these bottles do you think has the greater volume? 你认为这些瓶子中哪个容积最大？
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the number or amount of something in general 总数；总量；总额
• It's the sheer volume of traffic in the city that is causing the problems. 造成这些问题的就是城里的交通流量。
UK ['vɒl.ju:m] US ['vɑ:l-] noun
SOUND LEVEL 声音高低
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the level of sound produced by a television, radio, etc., or the switch or other device controlling this 音量；音量调节钮
• Could you turn the volume down, please, I'm trying to sleep. 你能把音量调低些吗？我要睡觉。
• I'll turn it up if you tell me which is the volume (= switch). 如果你告诉我哪个是音量钮的话我会把声音开大些。
UK ['vɒl.ju:m] US ['vɑ:l-] noun
BOOK 书籍
 ADVANCED countable
■one in a set of related books 卷；册
• Now 'Realms Of Strife', his second volume of memoirs, is available too. 现在他的回忆录第二卷《斗争的范围》也面世了。
countable formal
■a book 书
• While still an undergraduate, his first slim volume 'Fighting Terms' enjoyed a considerable success. 他还未毕业时的第一本小诗集《好战的条件》获得了一定的成功。
n. 量； [物] 体积； [计] 卷；音量；大量； [图情] 册
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, bulk
adj. 大量的
 - massive, extensive, substantial, macro, much

Word: pain
Front: pain
[peɪn] (高研四六 937/1184 -K4)
Vocabulary: pain
(once / 39 pages)
nv
If you feel pain, you feel acute physical or emotional discomfort. A sprained ankle will pain you. So will news of a loved one's death. If you "take pain" over something, it means you're being careful.
An annoying person can be described as a pain––it's understood that they don't cause you actual physical pain, but cause you emotional discomfort and distress. You can also describe this person as a "pain in the neck," "a pain in the butt," or "a royal pain."
WORD FAMILY
pain: pained, painful, paining, painless, pains+/ pained: painedly/ painful: painfuler, painfulest, painfully, painfulness, unpainful/ painless: painlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Doc, the pain is killing me,” he moaned.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He played in two games, then the pain in his Achilles’ tendons flared back up and forced him to the sidelines again.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 痛苦; 刻苦; 令人厌烦的人[事物]; 身体某部分的疼痛[不适]
vt. & vi. （使）疼痛，（使）痛苦，伤害
vt. 使…痛苦; 使…烦恼
vi. 感到疼痛; 引起疼痛
时态：pained, paining, pains
分布：疼(39%)，疼痛(33%)，痛苦(26%)，辛苦(1%)，烦人之人或事(1%)
→来自拉丁语poena,折磨，惩罚，来自kwei,支付，代价，弥补，词源同penal,punish.后引申词义疼痛，痛苦。
n.痛,痛苦;(pl.)努力,劳苦vt.使痛苦The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
【参】painkiller（n 止痛药）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a feeling of physical suffering caused by injury or illness （肉体上的）痛，疼痛
• Her symptoms included abdominal pain and vomiting. 她的症状包括腹痛和呕吐。
• Are you in (= suffering from) pain? 你痛吗？
• She was in constant pain. 她一直痛个不停。
• These tablets should help to ease the pain. 这些药片会有助于缓解疼痛。
• I felt a sharp pain in my foot. 我感到脚上一阵剧痛。
• He's been suffering various aches and pains for years. 他多年来一直受着各种病痛的折磨。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■emotional or mental suffering （感情或心理上的）痛苦
• It's a film about the pains and pleasures of parenthood. 这是一部描写为人父母者的酸甜苦辣的影片。
• The parents are still in great pain over the death of their child. 这对父母还在为孩子的死而悲痛万分。
[peɪn] noun
on/under pain of death formal
■If you are told to do something on/under pain of death, you will be killed if you do not do it. 违令则处死，在死亡的威胁下
[peɪn] noun
a pain (in the neck) informal
■someone or something that is very annoying 极其讨厌的人（或事物）
• That child is a real pain in the neck. 那个孩子真讨厌。
[peɪn] noun
a pain in the arse/backside UK and Australian English (US pain in the ass/butt) offensive
■someone or something that is very annoying 极其讨厌的人（或事物）
• The kids were a real pain in the arse. 这些孩子真讨厌。
[peɪn] verb transitive formal
■If something pains you, it causes you to feel sad and upset 使痛苦
• [+ to infinitive] It pains me to see animals being mistreated. 看到动物受虐待我很痛心。
sore, ache, pain
这组词都有“疼、疼痛”的意思，其区别是：
sore: 指身体某部位的痛处，有是也指精神上的痛苦。
ache: 指人体某一器官较持久的疼痛，常常是隐痛。
pain: 可与ache换用，但pain既可指一般疼痛，也可指剧痛，疼痛范围可以是局部或全身，时间可长可短。也可引申指精神上的痛苦。
n. [临床] 疼痛；努力
 - effort, trial, struggle, try
vt. 使…痛苦；使…烦恼
 - cark
vi. 感到疼痛；引起疼痛
 - hurt

Word: forest
Front: forest
[ˈfɒrɪst] (中高研四六雅 1108/1108 -K3)
Vocabulary: forest
(once / 59 pages)
nv
A forest is a densely wooded area, or land covered with trees and shrubs. As a verb it means to establish a forest where none existed before.
Famous forests include the Sherwood Forest of Nottinghamshire, England, associated with legend of Robin Hood; the Black Forest of southwestern Germany, so named because it's so dense that very little light enters it; the Amazon Rainforest in Brazil (and 8 other countries of South America); and the forests that make up the Redwood National and State Parks of California, where you can find the tallest trees on earth.
WORD FAMILY
forest: deforest, disforest, forested, forester, foresting, forestry, forests, reforest+/deforest: deforestation, deforested, deforesting/disforest: disforestation, disforested, disforesting/forested: unforested/forester: foresters/reforest: reforestation, reforested, reforesting
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hundreds of people were evacuated from the port-city of Valparaiso, Chile, after forest fires set homes alight.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims — arranged in a star formation — in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
French police discovered the charred remains of 14 victims - arranged in a star formation - in a forest clearing near the Alpine city of Grenoble.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 森林; 丛林; （森林似的）一丛; 一片
vt. 在…造林，使长满树林，使成为森林
时态：forested, foresting, forests
分布：森林(97%)，林火(3%)
→词源有争议。一种观点认为来自拉丁短语forestem silvam, 城外树林，皇家游猎场，forestem, 外面的，词源同foreign, silvam, 林地，词源同sylvan. 另一种观点认为来自perkwu, 橡树，橡树林，词源同fir.
n.森林I'm interested in why he is arrested while resting in aural restaurant in the forest.我对他为何在森林里的香味餐馆歇息的时候被捕感兴趣.
US ['fɔ:r-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees and plants themselves 森林；林区
• the Black Forest 黑林山
• The children got lost in the forest. 孩子们在森林里迷了路。
bushes, jungle, forest, plantation, woods, grove
这组词都有“林，树林”的意思，其区别是：
bushes: 指灌木丛，矮树林。
jungle: 特指热带的丛林。
forest: 多指树木高大，面积大、人迹罕至的原始森林。
plantation: 指人造林。
woods: 指面积不大的树林或小块的树林。
grove: 通常指面积较小，树木整齐，地面干净的小树林，尤指果林。
n. 森林
 - woodland

Word: prisoner
Front: prisoner
[ˈprɪznə(r)] (中高研四六 2419/1932 -K4)
Vocabulary: prisoner
(once / 67 pages)
n
A prisoner is a person being held in prison as a punishment. During wartime a prisoner is someone held captive by the enemy. Alternately, if you’re so attractive you can’t leave the house, you’re a prisoner of your own good looks.
Someone who's caught robbing a bank or stealing a car will probably become a prisoner, locked inside a prison for as long as the sentence specifies. If you feel stuck or confined in some way, you may consider yourself a metaphorical prisoner, like an actor who whines that he’s a prisoner of his own success, since he’s not able to go anywhere without cameras flashing and fans screaming.
WORD FAMILY
prisoner: prisoners+/ prison: prisoner, prisonlike, prisons
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, there were several other instances of prisoner abuse involving the division.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We are simply beneficiaries of their good graces, and prisoners of their rages.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 囚犯; 犯人; 俘虏; 刑事被告
分布：囚犯(100%)
n.囚犯The newly imprisoned prisoners poisoned poisonous moisture are hoisted out from the prison.中了有毒湿气毒的新近关押的囚犯被从监狱吊出.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is kept in prison as a punishment 犯人，囚犯
• Prisoners climbed onto the prison roof to protest at the conditions inside the prison. 犯人们爬上监狱屋顶对监狱里的条件环境表示抗议。
⇒ See also political prisoner
hold/keep/take sb prisoner
■to catch someone and guard them so that they cannot escape 监禁，拘押（某人）
• Of 10 000 troops, 7000 were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. 1万人的军队中，有7000人阵亡、受伤或被俘。
• The pilot and several passengers were held prisoner by the gunmen for 57 hours. 飞行员和几名乘客被持枪歹徒扣押了57个小时。
UK ['prɪz.ən.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
take no prisoners
■If someone takes no prisoners, when they try to achieve something they are very determined and do not care about other people's feelings 格杀勿论（take no prisoners 是“格杀勿论”，意思是不要俘虏、统统杀掉。如果某人“格杀勿论”，那么他们企图获得某物时就会非常坚定，不在乎其他人的感受）
• When Eric's anger is aroused, he takes no prisoners. 当埃里克被激怒时，他就会对别人的感受毫不理会。
convict, captive, prisoner
这组词都有“囚犯、俘虏”的意思，其区别是：
convict: 指经判决而在狱中服刑的人。
captive: 指战争中抓到的俘虏，也可作引申用。
prisoner: 指关入监狱的囚犯，包括战俘，也可作引申用。
n. 囚犯，犯人；俘虏；刑事被告
 - capture, galley slave

Word: terror
Front: terror
[ˈterə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2732/4120 -2)
Vocabulary: terror
(once / 65 pages)
n
Terror is the feeling of extreme fear. If you unexpectedly find someone dressed up as a vampire in your closet in the middle of a dark night, you might well experience feelings of terror.
If you feel terror, you are frozen to the spot in fear. This is the goal of terrorists who use terror as a weapon — they create a climate of fear and mistrust so that people are afraid to go about their normal lives. You will recognize this use in the phrase “the war on terror.” You can also call a difficult or scary person, often a child who causes havoc, a terror or a holy terror.
WORD FAMILY
terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors+/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorist: terrorists/ terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Police raids to disrupt suspected holiday terror plots led to several shootouts in which five militants were killed and 20 arrested.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
“We do not want to live with the acceptance of terror and the state should teach a lesson to the terrorist organisations.”
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖; 恐怖的缘由; 恐怖行为; 令人讨厌的人
分布：恐怖(95%)，惊骇(5%)
→来自拉丁语 terrere,使恐惧，充满恐惧，来自 tres,颤抖，来自 ter,旋转，摇晃，词源 同 turn,tremble.
n.恐怖;可怕的人(事)It's a treason terror of the seasonal oversea seafood is reasonable.认为季节性的海外海鲜的价格是合理的就是背叛.
【记】读：太弱，你太弱了，恐怖片都不敢看。
US [-ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(violent action which causes) extreme fear （暴行引起的）恐惧，惊骇
• They fled from the city in terror. 他们惊恐万分地逃离该市。
• There was sheer/abject terror in her eyes when he came back into the room. 当他回到屋里时，她双眼充满了恐惧。
• Lots of people have a terror of spiders. 许多人害怕蜘蛛。
• What he said struck terror in my heart (= made me very frightened). 他的话使我胆战心惊。
• The separatists started a campaign of terror (= violent action causing fear) to get independence. 为获得独立，分离主义者发动了一系列的恐怖活动。
• Heights have/hold no terrors for me (= do not frighten me). 我不畏高。
countable informal
■someone, especially a child, who behaves badly and is difficult to control 讨厌鬼（尤指小孩）
• My brother is a little terror. 我弟弟是个小讨厌鬼。
UK ['ter.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
in terror of your life
■frightened that you will be killed 为自己的性命提心吊胆
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 恐怖；恐怖行动；恐怖时期；可怕的人
 - phobia, ghastfulness

Word: audience
Front: audience
[ˈɔ:diəns] (高研四六托雅宝 1074/1463 -K4)
Vocabulary: audience
(once / 109 pages)
1n 2n
An audience can be people watching a performance, or an opportunity to speak with someone important, like an audience with your favorite actor at a "meet and greet" event.
The noun audience can describe all the people watching a performance, or the part of the general public interested in a specific type of information or entertainment. For example, the audience for a show about raising children might be parents or other care-givers. Finally, an audience can be a meeting or interview, like an audience with your school's principal.
WORD FAMILY
audience: audiences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Harry B. Harris told an audience in Australia recently that “reports of America’s abandonment of the Indo-Asia-Pacific are greatly exaggerated.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Facebook says it restricts nudity because “some audiences within our global community may be sensitive to this type of content”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Video games are well-known for their levels of violence, and for appealing to an audience of mostly young men.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 观众; 读者; 接见; 听众
分布：观众(57%)，听众(36%)，读者(4%)，倾听(1%)，拥护者(1%)，正式会见(1%)
→来自audible,听得见的，-ence,名词后缀。
听众;观众(audi+ence表名词→听的人→听众)[audi,audit=hear,表示"听"]
n.听众,观众,读者;见面,会见The one-eyed man obeyed the obedient audience's order.独眼人服从了顺从的听众的命令.
US ['ɑ:-] noun countable
GROUP OF PEOPLE 人群
 ESSENTIAL [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people together in one place to watch or listen to a play, film, someone speaking, etc. 观众；听众；读者
• She lectures to audiences all over the world. 她向世界各地的听众发表演讲。
• The secret to public speaking is to get the audience on your side. 当众演讲的秘诀是，一定要让听众支持你的观点。
• The audience was/were clearly delighted with the performance. 无疑，观众非常喜欢这场演出。
• The magic show had a lot of audience participation , with people shouting things to the performers and going up on stage. 这场魔术表演有很多观众参与的内容，有的观众在台下大声应答表演者，有的则上台助阵。
[+ sing/pl verb]
■the (number of) people watching or listening to a particular television or radio programme, or reading a particular book 观众；听众；读者
• The television company has lost a large part of its audience since it changed its programming. 该电视台调整节目后失去了大批观众。
• Her latest book should appeal to a large audience (= many people will want to read it). 她的新书应会吸引大批的读者。
UK ['ɔ:.di.ənts] US ['ɑ:-] noun countable
FORMAL MEETING 正式会见
■a formal meeting that you have with an important person 谒见；觐见；正式拜会
• She had a private audience with the king. 她受到国王私下召见。
attendant, audience, spectator
attendant: 护理人员，服务员；
audience: 参加play或concert的人；
spectator: 参加game的人
n. 观众；听众；读者；接见
 - reader, interview

Word: fan
Front: fan
[fæn] (中高研四六 1208/1905 -K4)
Vocabulary: fan
(once / 126 pages)
1nv 2n 3v 4v
A fan cools you by moving the air around you. During the warmest weeks of the summer, it's easier to sleep if you have a fan in your bedroom.
Some fans are electric: you plug them in and a large blade turns fast and blows air around the room. Hand fans are small enough to hold, and as you wave them back and forth, they send puffs of air over your hot face. To do this is to fan yourself. A completely different fan is the one who follows a sports team or a rock band devotedly: "The fans jumped to their feet and cheered."
WORD FAMILY
fan: fandom, fanlike, fanned, fanning, fans+/ fandom: fandoms
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
These days Miss Cartwright spends some of her time doing sci-fi autograph conventions, where she meets fans from around the world.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 扇子，风扇; 迷，粉丝; 扇形物; 扬谷机
vt. 扇动; 吹拂，扬去
vi. 成扇形
时态：fanned, fanning, fans
分布：扇(45%)，风扇(24%)，迷(17%)，扇子(8%)，煽动(2%)，扇形物(1%)，狂热爱好者(1%)，成扇形(1%)，展开扇形(1%)
→来自we, 吹，拟声词，词源同wind.fan 狂热者，粉丝
n.扇子,风扇;(影,球等)迷v.扇,扇动,激起The astronaut, an astronomy fan, is astonished at the gymnastics show in the gymnasium.宇航员(一位天文学迷)对体育馆里的体操表演感到惊骇.
noun countable
PERSON 人
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who admires and supports a person, sport, sports team, etc 迷；狂热爱好者；热烈崇拜者
• More than 15, 000 Liverpool fans attended Saturday's game. 超过15 000名利物浦队球迷周六到现场观看了比赛。
• He's a big fan of country music. 他是个超级乡村音乐迷。
• I'm pleased to meet you - I'm a great fan of your work. 很高兴见到您——我非常喜欢您的作品。
[fæn] noun countable
OBJECT/PIECE OF EQUIPMENT 物品／器材
■a device that is used to move the air around, either an object made of folded paper or other material that you wave with your hand, or an electric device with wide blades that spin round 扇子；电风扇
• There was no air conditioning, just a ceiling fan turning slowly. 没有空调，只有一个屋顶吊扇在缓慢转动。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
AIR 空气
■to wave a fan, or something that acts as a fan, in front of your face 扇（风）
• [R] It was so hot in the car that I tried to fan myself with the road map. 车里太热，我试着用地图给自己扇凉。
• She sat down and began fanning her face. 她坐下来，开始向着脸部扇凉。
■to blow air at a fire to make it burn more strongly 扇，吹（使火更旺）
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
MAKE WORSE 使恶化 literary
■to encourage bad emotions or behaviour to get worse 煽动；激起
• to fan the violence/hatred 煽动暴力／激起仇恨
• The newspapers deliberately fanned the public's fears of losing their jobs. 报纸故意煽动公众对失业的恐惧心理。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
fan the flames
■to make a dangerous or unpleasant mood or situation worse 煽风点火，蛊惑人心
• His speeches fanned the flames of racial tension. 他的演说激化了种族间的紧张关系。
[fæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  fan out
■If a group of people fan out, they move in different directions from a single point. 成扇形散开
vt. 煽动；刺激；吹拂
 - stimulate, egg
vi. 成扇形散开；飘动
 - float, flutter
n. 迷； [电] 风扇；爱好者
 - lover, aficionado

Word: smart
Front: smart
[smɑ:t] (中高研四六托雅宝 1856/4098 -K3)
Vocabulary: smart
(once / 200 pages)
1adj 2adjvn 3adj
Although smart is most often used to describe someone who is intelligent, you can also call someone a smart, chic dresser or a smart, sassy wisecracker.
Smart often implies something good, but not always. If someone cautions you, "Don't be smart with me!" — they are demanding that you stop acting so bold and rude. As a verb, if something smarts, then it hurts. If your knee smarts, then you probably whacked it. However, if someone says that you are a smart dresser or a smart thinker, you can take those comments as compliments.
WORD FAMILY
smart: smarted, smarter, smartest, smarting, smartingly, smartness, smarts+/smarting: smartings/smartness: smartnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Last week, he tweeted that Mr. Putin was “very smart!” for not responding in kind to Mr. Obama’s expulsion of 35 Russian embassy officials.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Joan Cox, senior vice president of savings products at Navy Federal Credit Union, provided some tips for smart budgeting and saving in the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 聪明的; 敏捷的; 漂亮的; 整齐的
vi. 疼痛; 感到刺痛; 难过
n. 创伤; 刺痛; 疼痛; 痛苦
vt. 引起…的疼痛（或痛苦、苦恼等）
adv. 聪明伶俐地，轻快地，漂亮地
时态：smarted, smarting, smarts
分布：聪明的(51%)，漂亮的(11%)，时髦的(8%)，刺痛(8%)，敏捷的(7%)，难过(4%)，厉害的(4%)，整洁的(3%)，苦恼(2%)，烦恼(2%)
→来自古英语 smeart,疼痛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*smartaz,疼痛的，被咬的，来自 smerd, 咬，叮，词源同 mordant,morsel.后原词义几乎不再使用，词义褒义化为咬中的，一针见血的， 以及聪明的，机敏的，智慧的等诸相关词义。
a.漂亮的;聪明的;巧妙的v.剧痛,刺疼The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
【反】tatty（adj 衣衫褴褛的）；soothe（v 使平静；安慰）
US [smɑ:rt] adjective
STYLISH 时髦的
 IMPROVER UK or US old-fashioned
■having a clean, tidy and stylish appearance 整洁漂亮的，时髦的
• Guy looks very smart in his new suit, doesn't he? 盖伊穿上新西装显得精神十足，不是吗？
• I need a smart jacket for my interview. 我需要穿一件像样的上衣去面试。
• She works in a very smart new office overlooking the River Cam. 她在一间非常漂亮的新办公室里工作，从那里可以俯瞰康河。
■UK or US old-fashioned
■A place or event that is smart attracts fashionable, stylish or rich people （地方或活动）时髦奢华的
• a smart restaurant 高档餐听
• We went to a very smart party on New Year's Eve. 除夕我们去参加了一个非常时尚的派对。
UK [smɑ:t] US [smɑ:rt] adjective
CLEVER 聪明的
 IMPROVER
■intelligent, or able to think quickly or cleverly in difficult situations 聪明的，机灵的
• Gemma's teacher says she's one of the smartest kids in the class. 杰玛的老师说，她是班上最聪明的孩子之一。
• Why don't you fix it if you're so smart? 你既然那么聪明，为甚么不把它修好？
• I'm not smart enough to understand computers. 我不够聪明，不懂电脑。
• He's smart enough to know he can't run the business without her. 他够聪明，知道没有她自己根本管不好这个公司。
• Quitting that job was the smartest move I ever made. 辞掉那份工作是我所作过最聪明的举动。
UK [smɑ:t] US [smɑ:rt] adjective
QUICK 快的
[before noun]
■done quickly with a lot of force or effort 迅速有力的，迅猛的
• She gave him a smart smack on the bottom. 她狠狠地在他屁股上打了一巴掌。
• We'll have to work at a smart pace if we're going to finish on time. 如果我们要按时完成，就必须加快工作节奏。
UK [smɑ:t] US [smɑ:rt] verb intransitive
■to cause someone to feel a stinging pain 感到刺痛
• My eyes were smarting from the onions. 洋葱刺得我眼睛火辣辣地痛。
■to feel upset and angry because of failure or criticism （因失败或遭批评而）感到不快，愤怒
• The police are still smarting from their failure to prevent the robbery. 员警还在因未能阻止抢劫而懊恼。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
n. 痛苦；刺痛
 - hurt, painfulness
adj. 聪明的；漂亮的；厉害的；巧妙的；敏捷的；潇洒的；剧烈的
 - intelligent, happy, severe, clever, pretty
vi. 刺痛；懊恼
 - bite, sweat

Word: investigate
Front: investigate
[ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt] (研四六托雅宝 1802/1708 -K4)
Vocabulary: investigate
(once / 84 pages)
v
To investigate is to look into something systematically. If you don't understand how tornadoes work, for example, investigate the forces of wind and find out.
Investigate still acts a lot like the word it comes from, investigationem meaning "a searching into," which came from the Latin for "to track a footprint." It's exactly what you do when you investigate. You can investigate in the name of science, which is to look into something systematically, like when you research how tornadoes work. If you investigate a person, you find out everything you can — and you might need to hire a private eye for help.
WORD FAMILY
investigate: investigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigative, investigator, investigatory+/ investigation: investigations/ investigative: investigatively/ investigator: investigators
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
U.S. officials are continuing to investigate the laptop.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A post-mortem examination is to be held to investigate the unexplained death of a British woman in Australia, police say.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 调查; 审查; 研究
vi. 作调查
时态：investigated, investigating, investigates
分布：调查(62%)，研究(38%)
→in-,进入，使，vestige,脚印，踪迹，残余。即跟踪脚印，引申词义调查，侦查。
调查,侦察(in进入+vestig+ate→根据踪迹调查→调查)[vestig=footprint'track,表示"脚印,踪迹"]
v.调查,调查研究During the festival the investor investigated his ancestor.节日期间投资者调查了他的祖宗.
【记】in进入，vestig追踪，踪迹，ate－进入追踪状态－调查invest（v 投资）I，gate防盗门：需要对市场进行调查
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth （尤指为揭开真相）调查，审查
• Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives. 警方正在调查对高级管理人员涉嫌贪污的指控。
• [+ question word] We are of course investigating how an error like this could have occurred. 我们当然正在调查发生此类错误的原因。
examine, scan, inspect, investigate
这组词都有“调查、检查”的意思，其区别是：
examine: 最普通用词，可指粗略地查看，也可指仔细观察或调查以确定事物的性质、功能、特点等。
scan: 原义是仔细地检查分析，现用于指细看或浏览。
inspect: 侧重按一定质量标准检查某物，找出不足或不同之处。
investigate: 指为发现事实真相或了解掌握情况而进行深入细致的现场考察。
v. 调查；研究
 - check into, inquire into

Word: writer
Front: writer
[ˈraɪtə(r)] (四六雅 980/1314 -K)
Back: n. 作家; 作者; 撰写人; 写字…的人
分布：作家(75%)，作者(25%)
作家(write写)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
n.作者,作家,文学家The writer writes the white book quite quietly in quilt.作家在被子里十分平静地写白皮书.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who writes books or articles to be published 作家；作者
• a travel/sports/fiction/crime writer 游记／体育专栏／小说／犯罪小说作家
• She is a well-known writer of children's books. 她是一位知名的儿童文学作家。
author, writer
这组词都有“作者，作家”的意思，其区别是：
author: 泛指用自己名字或笔名发表过作品的人，不强调是否以写作为主职业。
writer: 含义广泛，一般指以写作为职业的人。
n. 作家； [图情] 作者
 - author, pen

Word: harvard
Front: harvard
[ˈhɑ:vəd] (-/8193)
Back: 美国哈佛大学
分布：名词(100%)

Word: desire
Front: desire
[dɪˈzaɪə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1551/1629 -K4)
Vocabulary: desire
(once / 25 pages)
nv
If you're talking about the longings of the heart, use the word desire. When you are studying for a difficult history exam, the desire to be somewhere far away doing something fun might be very strong!
Desire can be used as both a noun and a verb. Is your boyfriend your heart's desire? Your parents probably desire your punctual appearance at the dinner table every evening. Desire is usually used not just when you long for any old thing, but for something that is associated with giving great pleasure. Thus, you might want to get an A on a test, but you desire a piece of chocolate cake.
WORD FAMILY
desire: desirable, desired, desires, desiring, desirous +/desirability: desirabilities/ desirable: desirability, desirableness, desirably, undesirable/ desired: desiredest, undesired/desiring: undesiring/ desirous: desirously, undesirous/undesirable: undesirability, undesirables, undesirably/undesiring: undesiringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he’s not certain that will be the case and isn’t sure about Cousins’ desire to be back.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some characters want to pose as more than who they are, but an equally human desire is to appear less than one is.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally, progressives defined themselves, at least in part, by a desire for change.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 希望; 渴望; 要求; 请求
n. 愿望; 欲望; 希望; 请求
vi. 有希望; 期望; 愿望; 想望
时态：desired, desiring, desires
分布：渴望(39%)，愿望(28%)，欲望(24%)，要求(8%)，向往(1%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语de sidere, 星星，星辰，词源同consider, sidereal. 来自古代的占星术，通过星辰移位来推测人世变迁，期望星辰按理想的状态运行，引申词义渴望。参照disaster.
v./n.愿望,欲望,要求The hired admirer inspired his desire for the wire.雇佣钦佩者激发了他对铁丝的渴望.
US [-'zaɪr] noun
WANT 渴望
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a strong feeling that you want something 欲望，渴望，愿望
• I certainly have no desire to have children. 我当然没有想要孩子的愿望。
• There is a strong desire for peace among the people. 人民极盼和平。
• He needed to satisfy his desire for revenge. 他需要满足自己复仇的愿望。
• [+ to infinitive] She had a burning/strong desire to go back to her home country before she died. 她极其渴望在临死之前回到祖国。
• Several people have expressed a desire to see the report. 有几个人表示想要看看这份报告。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] noun
SEXUAL NEED 性需求
uncountable formal
■the strong feeling that you want to have sex with someone 情欲，欲火
• sexual desire 性欲
• Beatrice was the object of Dante's desire. 贝雅特丽齐是勾动但丁情欲的女人。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
WANT 想要
■to want something, especially strongly （尤指强烈地）渴望，希望，想要
• I desire only to be left in peace. 我只想清清静静地不受打扰。
• The hotel had everything you could possibly desire. 那间饭店有你可能想要的任何东西。
• What does her Ladyship desire me to do/desire of me? 夫人她想要我做些甚么？
• [+ to infinitive] The President desires to meet the new Prime Minister. 总统希望与新首相会面。
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
SEXUAL NEED 性需求
■to have a strong feeling that you want to have sex with someone 情欲，欲火
UK [dɪ'zaɪər] US [-'zaɪr] verb transitive not continuous formal
sb's heart's desire
■something that you want very much （某人）渴望获得之物
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
n. 欲望；要求，心愿；性欲
 - requirement, wants, do, need, wish
vt. 想要；要求；希望得到…
 - feel like, wanna, require, mean, exact
vi. 渴望
 - rare, aspire, long for, yearn for, die for

Word: solve
Front: solve
[sɒlv] (研四六托雅 1825/2279 -K3)
Vocabulary: solve
(once / 224 pages)
v
To solve something is to find a solution, like figuring out the answer to a complex riddle.
The verb solve is often used in mathematics, and it means to answer a math problem. You can solve other, non-mathematical problems too — like the question of what to wear when you've run out of clean clothes (your sibling's clothes!). The word solve originally came from the Latin solvere, which meant "to loosen or untie." If you think of any kind of complex problem as a knot, then the original definition of solve still makes sense!
WORD FAMILY
solve: solvable, solved, solvent, solver, solves, solving+/ insolvency: insolvencies/ insolvent: insolvency, insolvents/solvability: unsolvability/solvable: insolvable, solvability, unsolvable/solved: unsolved/solvency: solvencies/ solvent: insolvent, solvency, solvently, solvents/solver: solvers
USAGE EXAMPLES
They also bring back Deshaun Watson, the quarterback who will try to solve Alabama’s great defense, one year after solving Alabama’s great defense.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The Raptors presented the Lakers with another defensive puzzle, and left them unable to solve it.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
As it happened, the president solved the problem for them.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 解决; 解答; 解释; 清偿（债务）
时态：solved, solving, solves
分布：解决(94%)，解答(6%)
→来自拉丁语 solvere,松开，解开，分开，溶解，来自 se-,分开，各自，luo,松开，失去，词源 同 lose,loose,analyze.引申词义解决，解答。
解释;解决[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
v.解决,解答It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
US [sɑ:lv] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to find an answer to a problem 思索，思考
• to solve a problem 解决问题
• to solve a mystery/puzzle 揭开秘密／谜底
• Just calm down - shouting won't solve anything! 冷静下来——大喊大叫并不能解决任何问题！
• This strategy could cause more problems than it solves. 这一策略引发的问题可能会比解决的还多。
• Police are still no nearer to solving the crime. 警方在侦破此案上依然没有取得任何进展。
solve, resolve, answer
solve: 解决，解答。如：He solved all the problems in the exam.(他解出了所有试题。)solve的名词为solution，一般同to搭配。如：a solution to the problem
resolve: 表“解决”，“解答”是个正式用词。如：Have you resolved the problem yet?(你把问题解决了吗？)resolve还有“决定”，“下决心”等意思。
answer: 表“回答”，后面的宾语应是questions。
vt. 解决；解答；溶解
 - decide, settle, resolve, do, work out

Word: motor
Front: motor
[ˈməʊtə(r)] (高研四六 3138/1895 -K4)
Vocabulary: motor
(once / 191 pages)
nadjv
A motor runs your car, whizzes the blender and gets your golf cart going: it's simply a machine that converts energy into motion.
Coming to us from a Latin word that means "to move," motor is certainly connected to the world of motion. Without the innovation of Ford motors, most of America wouldn't be able to get anywhere today. These days the motor is undergoing some serious revisions, as engineers look for a way to power things with less gasoline and more sunshine.
WORD FAMILY
motor: motored, motoring, motorise, motorist, motorize, motorized, motorless, motors+/motored: bimotored/motorise: motorisation, motorised/motorised: unmotorised/motorist: motorists/ motorize: motorization, motorizing/motorized: unmotorized
USAGE EXAMPLES
He cut the use of personal state vehicles in half by creating the state motor pool to share cars among state agencies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the Highway Patrol said security footage caught two people splattering motor oil on the sidewalk and Capitol building on Halloween night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 马达，发动机，[火箭]助推器; 原动者，原动力; 汽车; [解]运动肌，运动神经
vi. 开[乘]汽车
vt. 用汽车运送
adj. 有引擎的; 由发动机推动的; 机动车的; 肌肉运动的
时态：motored, motoring, motors
分布：马达(52%)，发动机(24%)，机动车(12%)，汽车的(7%)，机动的(3%)，运动神经的(2%)
→来自拉丁语motor,移动者，运动者，词源同move.引申词义发动机，马达，汽车等。
n.发动机,电动机The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] noun countable
DEVICE 装置
 IMPROVER
■a device that changes electricity or fuel into movement and makes a machine work 发动机，引擎；电动机，马达
• The pump is powered by a small electric motor. 这个泵是由一个小马达提供动力的。
• Our washing machine needs a new motor. 我们的洗衣机需要换个新马达。
• mainly US I've had a new motor (= engine) put in my car. 我请人在我的车里安装了一个新引擎。
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] noun countable
CAR 汽车 mainly UK old-fashioned
■a car 汽车
• Do you know anyone who's looking for a second-hand motor? 你知道有谁想买二手车吗？
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
CAR 汽车 mainly UK connected with cars or other vehicles which have engines and use roads 汽车的
• This has been a difficult year for the motor industry/trade. 今年是汽车工业／贸易不景气的一年。
• motor insurance 汽车保险
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] adjective [before noun]
MUSCLES 肌肉的 specialized
■relating to muscles that produce movement, or the nerves and parts of the brain that control these muscles 肌肉运动的；运动神经的
• He has poor motor control/functions. 他的运动神经的控制力／功能较差。
UK ['məʊ.tər] US ['moʊ.tˌɚ] verb intransitive UK old-fashioned
■to drive 驾驶汽车
• I was just motoring along , minding my own business, when suddenly I was stopped by the police. 我正开着车，想着自己的事，突然被员警拦住了。
■informal
■to move or increase very quickly 快速移动；迅速增加
• Shares have motored ahead as profits have risen. 随着利润上升，股价也迅速攀升。
machinery, engine, motor, apparatus, mechanism, machine
这组词都有“机器，装置”的意思，其区别是：
machinery: 指机器的总称。
engine: 既可泛指或大或小、简单或复杂的机械、机器，又可指产生动力的发动机或引擎。
motor: 通常指小型或轻型马达、发动机。
apparatus: 指具有特殊用途的装置。
mechanism: 指运行系统，简单的机械装置。
machine: 普通用词，泛指一切机器。
n. [动力] [电] 发动机，马达；汽车
 - engine, automobile, car
adj. 汽车的；机动的
 - automotive, mobile
vi. 乘汽车
 - auto

Word: usual
Front: usual
[ˈju:ʒuəl] (中高研四六雅 2360/1473 -K4)
Back: adj. 通常的，常有的，常见的; 平常的，普通的; 平时的，平日的; 一向的，老是那一套的
分布：通常的(81%)，惯常的(14%)，惯例的(5%)
→来自use,使用，引申义平常的。
通常的,常用的[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
a.通常的,平常的They are going fishing at the usual time.他们在老时间去钓鱼.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■normal; happening, done or used most often 通常的；惯常的
• I went to bed at my usual time. 我和平常一样准时上床睡觉。
• There was more rainfall than usual this summer in the mountain areas. 山区今年夏天的降雨量比往年多。
• You'll find the cutlery in its usual place. 你可以在平常放食具的地方找到刀叉食具。
• Terry was, as usual, slow to respond. 泰瑞一向反应迟钝。
• This shop is open for business as usual despite the shortages. 尽管商品短缺，这家店还是照常营业了。
['ju:.ʒu.əl] noun only singular informal
■Someone's usual is the drink, especially an alcoholic one, which they most often have, for example when they are in a bar 常喝的饮料（尤指酒）
• A gin and tonic for my dad, and I'll have the/my usual. 给我爸来杯加琴通宁鸡尾酒，我还是照旧。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 通常的，惯例的；平常的
 - traditional, conventional, common, ordinary, regulation

Word: regulate
Front: regulate
[ˈregjuleɪt] (研四六托雅宝 3384/3890 -2)
Vocabulary: regulate
(once / 103 pages)
v
The on-off spigot regulates the flow of water into your bathtub. When a government regulates an industry, they set standards the industry must follow. To regulate means to impose control.
Regulate shares a root with the word, regular. When the transit authority regulates a train schedule, it makes sure trains arrive on a more regular schedule. The pharmaceutical industry is heavily regulated –– before a drug can be marketed, it must be tested. On a more personal level, if you want to regulate your digestive system, try eating more fiber... or prunes!
WORD FAMILY
regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory +/ deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/ regulation: regulations/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Australia, for example, different agencies regulate drones and counter-drone technologies.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Boyd is replacing commissioner Bob Stump, who was forced by term limits to leave the commission that regulates utilities.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What they seem to be saying is, “regulate us, and American workers will pay.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 调节，调整; 校准; 控制，管理
时态：regulated, regulating, regulates
分布：控制(43%)，管理(28%)，调整(24%)，校准(5%)
→来自 regular,规则的，惯常的，-ate,使。引申词义管理，控制等。
v.管理,控制,管制;调节,校准,调整Regretfully, we can't regulate the irregular liner on the gulf.遗憾的是我们不能调整海湾上不定期的班船.
【记】reg统治，ulate－管制
【区】regularity（n 规律性）因为受了管制
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to control something, especially by making it work in a particular way （尤指使按照某种方式运作而）控制，管理，调节，调整
• You can regulate the temperature in the house by adjusting the thermostat. 你可以透过调节恒温器来控制室温。
• [+ question word] Her mother strictly regulates how much TV she can watch. 她妈妈严格控制她看电视的时间。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
vt. 调节，规定；控制；校准；有系统的管理
 - possess, define, contain, manage, state

Word: knowledge
Front: knowledge
[ˈnɒlɪdʒ] (中高研四六雅 839/689 -K4)
Vocabulary: knowledge
(once / 40 pages)
n
Why do you go to school? For knowledge, of course. To have knowledge means to know or be aware of things.
Knowledge is understanding gained through learning or experience. You read a recipe to gain knowledge about baking rhubarb pie. When it burns in the oven, experience gives you the knowledge that you need to stop doing three things at once. Fields like biology, math, art, medicine, and others have huge bodies of knowledge. Knowledge can mean information and also deeper understanding. You can use this word as a disclaimer too, as in "To my knowledge, my sister walked the dog."
WORD FAMILY
knowledge: foreknowledge, knowledgeable, knowledges, self-knowledge+/ knowledgeable: knowledgeability, knowledgeableness, knowledgeably, unknowledgeable
USAGE EXAMPLES
Taiwan’s Education Ministry says high schools teach World War II history, with specific knowledge depending on which publisher’s textbooks a school picks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They are 9-year-olds who connect through their knowledge of life’s fragility.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The channel will likely not be back until after the baseball season starts in the spring, people with knowledge of the pact said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 了解，理解; 知识（表示多方面的知识时有复数knowledges这一用法）; 学科; 见闻
分布：知识(81%)，了解(8%)，知道(6%)，学问(3%)，认识(2%)
→来自know,知道，理解，-ledge,可能来自古英语名词后缀-lac,-lock,词源同wedlock.引申词义知识。
n.知识,学识;知道,了解A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解是很危险的事.
US ['nɑ:.lɪdʒ] noun
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■understanding of or information about a subject which a person gets by experience or study, and which is either in a person's mind or known by people generally 知识；学问；学识；了解；理解
• Her knowledge of English grammar is very extensive. 她的英语文法知识很广博。
• He has a limited knowledge of French. 他对法语所知有限。
• The details of the scandal are now common knowledge (= familiar to most people). 丑闻的详情现在众所周知。
• She started to photograph the documents, safe in the knowledge that (= knowing that) she wouldn't be disturbed for at least an hour. 她开始对文件拍照，确信至少一小时内不会有人打扰。
• In this town there are only a couple of restaurants that to my knowledge (= judging from my personal experience and information) serve good food. 据我所知，这个镇上只有几家餐馆菜肴不错。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of knowing about or being familiar with something 知道；熟悉（某事）
• The Government deny all knowledge of the affair. 政府完全否认知道此事。
• It has come/been brought to our knowledge (= We have discovered) that several computers have gone missing. 我们发现有几台电脑不见了。
UK ['nɒl.ɪdʒ] US ['nɑ:.lɪdʒ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  knowledge The correct preposition to use after knowledge is of. Don't say 'knowledge in/about/on something', say knowledge of something :
✗ This job requires knowledge about at least two foreign languages. This job requires knowledge of at least two foreign languages.
UK ['nɒl.ɪdʒ] US ['nɑ:.lɪdʒ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  knowledge Knowledge does not have a plural form. To talk about an amount of knowledge , do not say 'knowledges', say knowledge , some knowledge or a lot of knowledge :
✗ I would like to improve my knowledges of English grammar. I would like to improve my knowledge of English grammar.
knowledge, scholarship, learning
这组词都有“知识、学问”的意思，其区别是：
knowledge: 强调对全部已知或可知的知识的理解。
scholarship: 侧重指经过深入学习、研究而获得的渊博的、价值较高的知识。
learning: 指通过研究、经验或他人传授而得到的知识；也指熟练掌握知识的过程，有时可指全部学识和智慧的总和。
n. 知识，学问；知道，认识；学科
 - information, awareness, science, learning, discipline

Word: crucial
Front: crucial
[ˈkru:ʃl] (研四六托雅宝 2397/2013 -K3)
Vocabulary: crucial
(once / 713 pages)
adj
The word crucial describes something that is important or essential to success, like the crucial dress rehearsals that ensure everything will run smoothly on your play's opening night.
Usage experts insist that the word crucial should be used only to describe something that is truly critical for solving a problem or for resolving a situation, such as a crucial vote that determines a final outcome. In this case the crucial vote is decisive: it determines the outcome. But the word has gained popularity as a way to say that something is important. You might hear someone say, for example, that it is crucial to allow employees to vote on the new schedule to make them feel like they’re part of the process. In this case the sense is “important”: nothing decisive is taking place.
WORD FAMILY
crucial: cruciality, crucially, noncrucial
USAGE EXAMPLES
Attention to detail is crucial because the cuts aren’t erasable.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Even so, both parties concurred on one point: American support for Israel was crucial for advancing the cause of peace.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
These complex processes may pass unnoticed by the driver, but their uninterrupted functioning is crucial.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 关键性的，极其显要的; 决定性的; 十字形的
分布：关键的(65%)，决定性的(35%)
→来自cross，十字，分叉口，引申义关键的。
关键的;十字行的(cruc+ial→十字路口→关键的)[cruc,crus,crux=cross,表示"十字形,交叉"]
a.至关重要的,决定性的This measure may preclude the exclusive agency from selling crucial crude oil.这个措施可以使专有的代理不能出售决定性的原油.
【记】cruc＝cross（十字）－十字路口－关键的
【反】inconsequential（adj 无关紧要的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely important or necessary 至关重要的；关键的；决定性的
• a crucial decision/question 至关重要的决定／问题
• Her work has been crucial to the project's success. 她的工作对于这个专案的成功至关重要。
• [+ that] It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately. 关键是要马上着手处理这一问题。
critical, crucial, urgent, acute
这组词都有“严重的，重要的”的意思，其区别是：
critical: a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
 • 与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
 • It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.   为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。
crucial: a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
 • Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.   消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent: a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
 • We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.   我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
acute: a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的(病)。
 • An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.   食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
adj. 重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的
 - important, considerable, material, critical, big

Word: mood
Front: mood
[mu:d] (研四六托雅 2344/2324 -K3)
Vocabulary: mood
(once / 140 pages)
1n 2n
Are you feeling good or bad, cheerful or irritable right now? This is your mood.
Mood refers to how you feel at the present time. If you want to ask your boss for a raise, wait until he or she is in a good mood. Don't ask, though, if he or she is "in a mood" - that means the person is grumpy. If you are in the mood for something like ice cream or spicy food, you would like to have it now. Mood can also describe the attitude of a group of people or the feeling of a film, novel or piece of music.
WORD FAMILY
mood: moods, moody +/ moodiness: moodinesses/ moody: moodier, moodiest, moodily, moodiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Austin Rivers was in no mood for introspection Monday night.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s not so much frustration,” Heat forward Justise Winslow said, talking about the team’s collective mood.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The mood around the locker room and during postgame interviews after Sunday's loss to the Toronto Raptors was generally positive.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 心情; 语气; 气氛; 坏心境
分布：心情(48%)，情绪(43%)，气氛(9%)
→来自古英语mod,心情，心境，勇气，骄傲，暴力，来自Proto-Germanic*moda,勇气，愤怒，热情，感觉，来自mo,努力，意愿，脾气，辛劳，词源同mole,moral.由其基本词义辛劳，努力引申关于心情变化的多种词义，反映了做一件事情时的心境变化。
n.心情,情绪;语气The goodness of the wooden goods gives me good mood.木制商品的精华给我一个好心情.
【参】moody（adj 喜怒无常的；情绪化的）
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the way you feel at a particular time 心境，心情，情绪；精神状态
• She's in a good/bad mood. 她心情好／不好。
• Her mood seemed to change during the course of the conversation. 谈话期间她的心情好像发生了变化。
• The drink had put him in an amiable mood. 喝了杯酒，他的心情变得很愉快。
• The public mood changed dramatically after the bombing. 爆炸发生后，公众的情绪发生了明显的变化。
• The mood of the crowd suddenly turned (= The crowd suddenly became) aggressive. 人群的情绪突然开始激动起来。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in no mood for sth /to do sth
■to not want to do something with someone else, often because you are angry with them 全然不想…／不想做…
• I was in no mood for chatting. 我没有心情聊天。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in one of your moods informal
■If a person is in one of their moods, they are being unfriendly and angry in a way that is typical of them 又心情不好；又生气
• Tim's in one of his moods so I'm keeping out of his way. 蒂姆又闹情绪了，所以我就离他远一点。
[mu:d] noun countable
be in the mood
■to feel like doing or having something 有意（做…）；想要
• I'm not really in the mood for shopping. 我不太想去购物。
n. 情绪，语气；心境；气氛
 - emotion, atmosphere, tone, spirit, feeling

Word: sponsor
Front: sponsor
[ˈspɒnsə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3453/4150 -3)
Vocabulary: sponsor
(once / 279 pages)
nv
A sponsor provides support for someone or something, typically by supplying cash. Because your company is a sponsor for a homeless organization, they provide funding for the annual 5K run to raise money for the shelter.
The word sponsor stems from the Latin word spondre, meaning "give assurance, promise solemnly." A sponsor might support an important issue such as cancer research or education, or a sponsor might take responsibility for someone. You might be your brother's sponsor so he can join your exclusive chess group. Sponsor has a verb form to describe the action of supporting or leading something. You can sponsor a nonprofit arts organization by donating and participating on the board.
WORD FAMILY
sponsor: sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors, sponsorship+/sponsorship: sponsorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Jewish Student Union’s website says it is the largest cultural and social organization recognized and sponsored by the university.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Internet Governance Forum, a series of events sponsored by the UN, offers a place for all “stakeholders” to pitch in.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
He told the man he was the bill’s sponsor.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 发起者，主办者; 担保者; 倡议者，提案人; 后援组织
vt. 赞助
时态：sponsored, sponsoring, sponsors
分布：赞助(65%)，发起(16%)，赞助者(6%)，主办者(4%)，发起者(4%)，保证人(4%)，倡议(1%)
→来自拉丁语 sponsor,洗礼人，来自 sponsus,担保的，承诺的，过去分词格于 spondere,担保， 承诺，来自 spend,献祭，履行仪式，承诺，词源同 spouse,correspond.引申诸相关词义。
n.发起人,主力者,保证人v.发起,主办In the pond the sponsor responded to the correspondent's corresponding responsibility.在池塘里主办者对通讯员的相应责任作出了回应.
US ['spɑ:n.sɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to support a person, organization or activity by giving money, encouragement or other help 资助，赞助；支持
• The team is sponsored by JVC, so the players wear the letters JVC on their shirts. 该队是由JVC公司赞助的，所以队员们的衬衫上都有JVC几个字母。
• Eva said she was doing a ten-mile walk for charity and asked if I'd sponsor her for £1 a mile. 伊娃说她打算步行十哩募集慈善捐款，问我愿不愿意一哩赞助她一英镑。
n. 赞助者；主办者；保证人
 - friend, guarantee, entrepreneur
vt. 赞助；发起
 - launch, support of

Word: educate
Front: educate
[ˈedʒukeɪt] (高研四 3033/3663 -K2)
Vocabulary: educate
(once / 65 pages)
v
To educate is to teach, train, or inform someone. Teachers educate students.
If the word educate makes you think of children, you're not far off. It comes from the Latin word educare meaning to "bring up, rear.” In the 1500s, Shakespeare borrowed it to mean "schooling." These days, any time you're in a classroom listening to a lecture, reading a book, or speaking with a teacher, you're being educated. Teachers educate students all the way from preschool to graduate school. Almost any experience can educate if you learn from it.
WORD FAMILY
educate: co-educate, coeducate, educated, educates, educating, education, educative, educator+/coeducate: coeducated/ coeducational: coeducationally/ educated: self-educated, undereducated, uneducated/ education: coeducation, educational, educationalist, educationist, educations, self-education/ educational: coeducational, educationally/educationalist: educationalists/educationist: educationists/educative: educatively/educator: educators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It all adds up to higher costs to educate the students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Obama administration appears intent on educating Americans about the Russian threat before it leaves office.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He is educated, a leader, a world-class ultramarathoner and a traditional believer.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 教育，教导; 训练，培养
vt. 使理解或接受
时态：educated, educating, educates
分布：教育(81%)，培养(14%)，训练(5%)
教育;养育(e出+duc+ate→引出知识→教育)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.教育,培养,训练She was educated in England in the 1990s.她二十世纪90年代在英国受教育.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to teach someone, especially using the formal system of school, college or university （尤指透过正规学校体系）教育，培养
• The form says he was educated in Africa. 表格上显示他在非洲接受教育。
• How much does it cost to educate a child privately? 让一个孩子接受私立教育要花费多少钱？
• The government say they are trying to do more to educate the public about the consequences of drug abuse. 政府称他们正在加紧努力向大众进行宣传教育，帮助大家了解滥用毒品的恶果。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
vt. 教育；培养；训练
 - cultivate, school, rear, discipline, coach
vi. 教育；训练
 - drill, bring up

Word: lender
Front: lender
[ˈlendə(r)] (雅 6278/5899)
Back: n. 出借人，贷方
分布：贷方(77%)，出借人(23%)
→来自lend,借。
US [-dɚ] noun countable
■someone or something that lends money, especially a large financial organization such as a bank 放款人，放贷者
• The smaller local lenders charge high interest rates. 当地小型贷款机构收取的利率很高。
n. 贷方； [金融] 出借人
 - creditor

Word: organise
Front: organise
['ɔ:gənaɪz] (高 -/1672)
Back: vt. & vi. 组织; 筹备 ; 安排
时态：organised, organising, organises
分布：组织(83%)，安排(14%)，有机化(3%)
vt. 组织（等于organize）；有机化；给予生机
 - structure, form

Word: pretty
Front: pretty
[ˈprɪti] (中高研四六 797/1782 -K4)
Vocabulary: pretty
(once / 35 pages)
1adjadv 2adj
Use the word pretty to describe something with a delicate and pleasant appearance. Something that’s pretty is less powerful and intimidating than something that’s beautiful, the way a pretty floral raincoat is less intimidating than a beautiful film star.
The adjective pretty describes things that look nice, but it can also be used jokingly to say that something’s bad. If you say, “That’s a pretty mess you got me into!” that means it’s a bad mess. Pretty has an adverb form that means something is present to a moderate degree, another way to say fairly. You might be pretty sure you’ll be done studying by 9:00. That means you’re fairly certain but not positive.
WORD FAMILY
pretty: prettied, prettier, prettiest, prettily, prettiness, prettyly+/prettiness: prettinesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I thought it was just a bruise - a pretty good bruise,” White said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“Meetings with no answers. That pretty much says it all.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a pretty consistent group, so there’s a community here, which is a bit different than some of the big gyms,” said Heather, 30.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 漂亮的; 机灵的，聪明的
adv. 相当，颇
n. 漂亮的人（或东西）
级别：prettier, prettiest
分布：漂亮的(84%)，好看的(5%)，相当地(3%)，使漂亮(2%)，秀丽的(2%)，漂亮的东西(2%)，美人(2%)
→来自古英语praettig,狡猾的，精明的，有技巧的，来自Proto-Germanic*prattuz,夸夸其谈，吹牛，拟声词，词源同prate,prattle.后词义褒义化，引申词义相当好的，美丽的，漂亮的，后用于副词颇，相当。词义演变比较prestige.
ad.相当,很a.漂亮的,俊俏的,标致的The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
US ['prɪtˌ-] adverb informal
 ESSENTIAL
■quite, but not extremely 相当，颇，很，非常
• The house has four bedrooms, so it's pretty big. 这栋房子有四间卧房，因此非常大。
• I'm pretty sure it was her. 我相当肯定是她。
• I've got a pretty good idea of how to get there. 我很清楚那里该怎么去。
pretty much/well
 ADVANCED
■almost 差不多；几乎全部地，几乎完全地
• I've pretty much finished here. 我这里基本上完成了。
• She knows pretty well everything there is to know on the subject. 对这个问题她几乎了若指掌。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■pleasant to look at, or (especially of girls or women or things connected with them) attractive or pleasant in a delicate way （尤指女孩、女子或与其相关事物）漂亮的，美丽的，标致的
• That's a pretty hat you're wearing. 你戴的帽子很漂亮。
• The sofa was covered in very pretty flowery material. 沙发表面是一种很漂亮的花朵图案布料。
• She's got such a pretty daughter. 她有一个如此美貌的女儿。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
cost sb a pretty penny
■to be very expensive 花费（某人）很多钱
• That coat must have cost you a pretty penny! 那件外套一定花了你很多钱！
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
not be a pretty sight humorous
■to be ugly or unpleasant to look at 不顺眼；有碍观瞻
• I can tell you, first thing in the morning he's not a pretty sight. 我可以肯定地跟你说，早上一起来他就让人看了不顺眼。
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
not be just a pretty face humorous
■If someone is not just a pretty face, they are not only attractive but also intelligent 不只是一张漂亮脸蛋；不只是虚有其表（意即既漂亮（英俊）又聪明）
• 'How did you know that?' 'Well, I'm not just a pretty face, you know.' “你是怎么知道的？”“嘿！我又不只是虚有其表，你知道的。”
UK ['prɪt.i] US ['prɪtˌ-] adjective
a pretty pass old-fashioned
■a bad situation 糟糕的局面
• Things have come to a pretty pass when a referee can no longer be trusted. 当裁判不再可信时，情况就很糟糕了。
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
beautiful, lovely, handsome, fine, pretty, fair
这组词都有“美丽的，漂亮的”的意思，其区别是：
beautiful: 普通用词，含义广泛，语气最强，指优美和谐，是一种几乎接近完美的美。指人时通常形容女人或小孩，很少用于描写男子。
lovely: 普通用词，描写人时，主要指女人和小孩的相貌，语气不如beautiful强。
handsome: 多用于描写男性的英俊潇洒。有时也形容女人，指其五官端正，体态秀丽。
fine: 指在容貌、身材或风度等方面令人感到可爱。用于事物时，强调形式或内容的优美。
pretty: 普通用词，语气比beautiful弱，多用于描写妇女、儿童以及小巧玲珑，精美可爱之物。
fair: 正式用词，多用于文学中，形容女子和儿童，侧重外表的美。
beautiful, handsome, pretty, good-looking
beautiful: 貌美动人，气质高雅；
handsome: 体态健美端庄；
pretty: 活泼可爱；
good-looking: 一般性“好看”
adj. 漂亮的；可爱的；优美的
 - lovely, taking, smart, cute, tony
adv. 相当地；颇
 - relatively, fairly, comparatively, reasonably, considerably

Word: screen
Front: screen
[skri:n] (中高研四六托 1252/1648 -K4)
Back: n. 屏幕; 银幕; 屏风
vt. 掩藏; 庇护; 检查; 放映
时态：screened, screening, screens
分布：屏幕(57%)，筛(24%)，屏风(4%)，检查(4%)，放映(3%)，银幕(3%)，纱门(1%)，纱窗(1%)，隔板(1%)，掩蔽(1%)，包庇(1%)
→来自中古英语 scren,挡风屏，炉挡，火炉栏，来自 Proto-Germanic*skirmiz,挡开，屏障，保护， 来自 sker,砍，切，分开，词源同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义及比喻义银屏，电影等。
n.屏幕,屏风;帘v.掩蔽,包庇;筛选The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
noun countable
PICTURE 影像
 ESSENTIAL
■a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shown 银幕；萤幕
• Our television has a 19-inch screen. 我们的电视萤幕是19吋的。
• Coming to your screens (= cinemas) shortly, the amazing adventures of 'Robin Hood'. 请马上来电影院欣赏“罗宾汉”的神奇冒险吧。
• Her ambition is to write for the screen (= for television and films). 她的理想是给电影、电视写剧本。
• Write the letter on the computer, then you can make changes easily on screen. 用电脑写信，你可以很轻易地在萤幕上作修改。
the small screen
■television 电视
• He's made several films for the small screen. 他已经制作了好几部电视电影。
the big screen
■cinema 电影
• So this is your first appearance on the big screen? 这是你第一次拍电影，是吗？
[skri:n] noun countable
SEPARATING 分隔
■a vertical structure which is used to separate one area from another, especially to hide something or to protect you from something unpleasant or dangerous 屏风；挡板；遮蔽物
• The nurse pulled a screen around the bed so that the doctor could examine the patient in private. 护士在病人床边拉上了屏风，使医生可以单独为病人检查。
• A screen of trees at the bottom of the garden hid the ugly factory walls. 花园尽头的一排树木把工厂难看的外墙遮住了。
■mainly US
■an activity which is not dangerous or illegal but which is used to hide something which is （危险或不法活动的）庇护（所），掩蔽（物）
• That café's just a screen for their criminal activities. 那家咖啡馆不过是作为他们犯罪活动的掩护。
[skri:n] verb transitive
EXAMINE 检查
■to test or examine someone or something to discover if there is anything wrong with them 测试；检查
• All women over 50 will be screened for breast cancer. 所有50岁以上的妇女都要作乳癌筛检。
• Completely unsuitable candidates were screened out (= tested and refused) at the first interview. 完全不合格的求职者在第一轮面试时就被筛选掉了。
screen your calls
■to delay your decision to speak to someone who is ringing you on the telephone until you can discover who they are, either by listening to them leaving a message on your answering machine or by seeing their telephone number shown on your telephone 过滤来电（以决定是否接听）
• I always screen my calls while I'm eating dinner. 吃晚饭的时候有电话我总是先看来电显示再决定是否接听。
[skri:n] verb transitive
PICTURE 影像
■to show or broadcast a film or television programme 放映；播出
• The programme was not screened on British television. 这个节目没有在英国电视上播出过。
[skri:n] verb transitive
PROTECT 保护
■to protect or hide 保护；遮掩；遮蔽
• She raised her hand to screen her eyes from the bright light. 她抬手遮住耀眼的亮光。
■mainly US
■to protect someone by taking the blame yourself 为…打掩护；代…受过
• The husband says he's the murderer but we think it was his wife - he's just screening her. 丈夫说自己是凶手，但我们认为他妻子才是凶手——他只是在替她掩饰。
[skri:n] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] screen sth off
■to separate one area from another using a wall or other vertical structure （用墙等）隔开
• We can screen off part of the room and use it as a temporary office. 我们可以把这个房间分隔出一部分，作为临时办公室。
screen, hide, conceal
这组词都有“隐藏，隐蔽”的意思，其区别是：
screen: 指把处于被发现的人或物掩盖起来，使其不被发现。
hide: 普通用词，既可指有意地隐藏，又可指无意或偶然地藏匿。
conceal: 正式用词，多强调有目的、有意识，巧妙地进行隐藏或隐瞒。
n. 屏，幕； [家具] 屏风
 - curtain, creen
vt. 筛；拍摄；放映；掩蔽
 - project, ree
vi. 拍电影
 - shoot, make a film

Word: copy
Front: copy
[ˈkɒpi] (中高托雅 1927/1175 -K4)
Vocabulary: copy
(once / 69 pages)
1nv 2n
A copy is a reproduction of something — it looks identical to the original. You might ask your sister to make a copy of your nephew's adorable painting so you can hang it on your fridge.
You can use the word copy in several different ways. Your doctor's office may keep a copy of your insurance card on file, and they may copy it again every year. This verb form of copy means "to replicate or reproduce." You can also copy down what your teacher says in class — in this case, you're not making an identical copy, but writing the basic ideas. The Medieval Latin root, copia, "reproduction or transcript," comes from the Latin word copia, "plenty."
WORD FAMILY
copy: copied, copier, copies, copying, copyist, recopy+/copier: copiers/copying: copyings/copyist: copyists/recopy: recopied, recopying
USAGE EXAMPLES
He keeps copies of both checks in his books, seen by the AP, in case he is ever audited.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Whenever possible, records must be delivered in electronic form, rather than by hard copy.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Perhaps you simply want to use copies of the designs in a portfolio.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 复制品; 一份; （报刊等的）稿件; 准备排印的书面材料
vt. & vi. 复制; 抄写; 容许复制的
vt. 模仿; 仿造…的样式或图案; 抄写; 复制
时态：copied, copying, copies
分布：复制(54%)，副本(20%)，一份(16%)，抄袭(3%)，抄写(3%)，复制品(2%)，一册(1%)，抄本(1%)
→co-, 强调。-op, 做，劳作，词源同operate, opus.原指大量做出来的，后指复印出来的，副本。
n.抄本,摹本;(一)本vt.抄写;考试中抄袭I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to produce something so that it is the same as an original piece of work, or to behave, dress, speak, etc. in a way that is intended to be like someone else, for example, because you admire them 复制；临摹；模仿，效仿
• They've copied the basic design from the Japanese model and added a few of their own refinements. 他们仿照日本模型的基本设计，又加上了一些自己的改良。
• Patricia's going to copy her novel onto disk and send it to me. 帕特里夏打算把她的小说复制到磁片上寄给我。
• He tends to copy his brother in the way he dresses. 他常常仿效哥哥的穿着。
• disapproving He was always copying from/off other children (= cheating by copying) , but never got caught. 他总是抄袭别的孩子，可从未被抓到过。
copy and paste
■If you copy and paste something on a computer screen, you move it from one area to another （在电脑上）复制和贴上
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sth down
■to write something that someone has said or written so that you can remember it 把…记录下来；把…抄写下来
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sb in
■to send someone a copy of an email that you are sending to someone else 把电子邮件抄送给某人，向某人加入电子邮件副本名单
• I'll copy you in on all emails relating to the project. 我会把与这个专案计划有关的所有邮件都寄一份副件给你。
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] copy sth out UK
■If you copy out a piece of writing, you write it out again on a piece of paper 抄写，誊写
• Copy out the poem on page six. 把第六页的诗抄写下来。
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] noun
MADE THE SAME 副本
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that has been made to be exactly like something else 复制品，仿制品；副本
• This painting is only a copy - the original hangs in the Louvre. 这幅画只是摹本——原画挂在罗浮宫里。
• I always keep a copy of any official or important letters that I send off. 我寄发的任何公函或要函都会留一份复印件。
• Could you make a copy of (= use a special machine to copy) this for tomorrow's meeting, please? 这个明天开会用，你能复印一份吗？
countable
■a single book, newspaper, record or other printed or recorded text of which many have been produced （书报等印刷品或录制品的）一本，一册，一份
• Have you got a copy of last Saturday's 'Guardian', by any chance? 你或许有上星期六的《卫报》吧？
UK ['kɒp.i] US ['kɑ:.pi] noun
TEXT 文本
uncountable
■written text which is to be printed, or text which is intended to help with the sale of a product 稿件；文字说明，宣传说明
• We need someone who can write good copy for our publicity department. 我们需要有人能为我们的宣传部写些好的宣传报道。
model, facsimile, duplicate, reproduction, copy
这组词都有“复制品”的意思，其区别是：
model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
duplicate, xerox, copy
这组词都有“复印、复制”的意思，其区别是：
duplicate: 指对原件进行复制或复印，侧重结果与原件一模一样。
xerox: 指用静电复印或用静电印刷术复制。
copy: 着重模仿者的有意识行为或模仿得尽可能接近原件。
edition, issue/number, version, copy
edition: 版数；
issue/number: 期数；
version: 译本，版本
copy: 册数；
vi. [印刷] [计] 复制；复印；抄袭
 - to duplicate, print off
vt. [印刷] [计] 复制；复印；抄袭
 - repeat, lift
n. [印刷] 副本；一册；摹仿
 - repeat, counterpart

Word: flee
Front: flee
[fli:] (高研四六托雅 2942/3410 -3)
Vocabulary: flee
(once / 110 pages)
v
If you bolt, scram, skedaddle, or get the heck of out Dodge, you flee. You run away fast. Don’t confuse flee with "flea." They sound alike, but the second kind is an insect whose bites make you itch.
We get the word flee from Old English fleon. When you flee, you get away as quickly as you can. You might even take flight to escape — usually from a dangerous place or situation. In a moment of panic after stealing a cookie from the cookie jar, you might decide to flee the scene of the crime.
WORD FAMILY
flee: fled, fleed, fleeing, fleer, flees+/fleer: fleered, fleering, fleers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Police believe Morales fled to Attleboro, Massachusetts, and stole a car that was found Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The driver abandoned the car and fled on foot; his female passenger was detained and questioned by authorities, and later released, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police say they believe Morales fled to Attleboro, Massachusetts, and stole a car that was found Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 逃走，逃掉; 消失
vt. 逃离，逃避
时态：fled, fleeing, flees
分布：逃离(69%)，逃避(17%)，逃走(13%)，消失(1%)
→来自pleu, 飞，词源同fly. 引申词义飞走。
v.逃走;逃避The robbers fled when they saw the police.强盗看见警察便逃跑了.
[fli:] (fleeing, fled, fled)
verb intransitive or transitive [never passive]
 ADVANCED
■to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear （尤指因危险或恐惧而）逃跑
• She fled (from) the room in tears. 她哭着跑出房间。
• In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains. 为了免遭俘虏，他逃到了山里。
flee the country
■to quickly go to another country in order to escape from something or someone 逃出国
• It is likely that the suspects have fled the country by now. 很有可能几名嫌疑犯现在已经逃到了国外。
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
flee, fly, get away, run away, escape
这组词都有“逃跑、逃脱”的意思，其区别是：
flee: 书面用词，侧重指逃跑时动作匆忙，多含惧怕之意。
fly: 含义与flee相同，但系非正式用词。
get away: 口语用语。侧重指犯罪分子从现场逃跑或被捕时逃走。
run away: 口语用语，强调动作迅速。
escape: 侧重逃跑的结果，不强调逃跑时的匆忙或危险情况。
vi. 逃走；消失，消散
 - lift, disappear, blank
vt. 逃跑，逃走；逃避
 - escape, desert

Word: clothe
Front: clothe
[kləʊð] (研四 10775/9871)
Vocabulary: clothe
(once / 52 pages)
v
To clothe someone is to give them something to wear, or to dress them in clothing. If you clothe your dog in cute outfits, you may traumatize him for life.
You can clothe yourself, or someone else — for example, you might clothe yourself in black for a relative's funeral or clothe yourself in sequins and feathers for the school dance. You can also figuratively clothe someone or something, lending them a sense of power or respectability. Clothe shares a root with clothing and cloth, the Old English claþ, "cloth or sail," and also "woven material to wrap around oneself."
WORD FAMILY
clothe: clothed, clothes, clothing, overclothe, unclothe, underclothed, underclothes+/ clothes: clothesless/ clothing: clothings, underclothing/overclothe: overclothed, overclothes, overclothing/unclothe: unclothed, unclothes, unclothing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sort clothes by type, grouping pants together, then shirts or blouses, jackets or dresses.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
Electronic toys and games played outside school plus the availability of knockoff German army clothes may stoke curiosity about the Nazis, Liang said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A newspaper investigation last year claimed women and girls were charged, on average, 37% more for clothes, beauty products and toys.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 给…提供衣服，把衣服穿（在身上）; <文>覆盖; 赋予
v. （用语言）表达; 使蒙受（耻辱）; 赋与…以（权力，特性等）; 穿衣服
时态：clothed, cloathing, clothes
分布：穿上(57%)，赋予(43%)
→来自cloth,衣物。-e,动词后缀，比较bath,bathe.
v.(给...)穿衣,供给...衣服She likes nothing but things of clothing and cloth.除了衣物和布料之类的东西外,她什么也不喜欢.
US [kloʊð] verb transitive
■to provide someone with clothes 给（某人）提供衣服；给（某人）衣服穿
• It costs a lot to feed and clothe five children. 解决五个孩子的吃穿问题花费很大。
vt. 给…穿衣；覆盖；赋予
 - dress, invest, put, house, sheet

Word: yuan
Front: yuan
[juˈɑ:n] (-/11014)
Back: n. 元
分布：名词(100%)
→来自汉语元。
[jʊ'ɑ:n] (also renminbi yuan)
noun countable
■the standard unit of money used in the People's Republic of China 元（中国标准货币单位）
n. 元（中国货币单位）
 - Renminbi Yuan, buck

Word: obituary
Front: obituary
[əˈbɪtʃuəri] (宝 12093/10362 -2)
Vocabulary: obituary
(once / 3202 pages)
n
An obituary is the notice of someone's death. It is placed in the newspaper to alert others to the death. It gives a background about the deceased's life, usually listing survivors and giving funeral information.
The noun obituary, which appears in English in the early 18th century, comes from the Latin obīre, where ob- means "toward," and īre, "to go," suggesting a "going toward" one's death. The first obituary as we know it probably appeared shortly after the invention of the printing press and included just the bare facts of the death. In 19th-century England, the announcements became more elaborate, and photos were added in the 20th century, making the modern obituary more like an elaborate eulogy.
WORD FAMILY
obituary: obituaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fidel Castro's obituary cost the New York Times more man and woman hours over the years than any other article in the newspaper's history.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
The obituary for Bill Usery commemorated a life committed to finding mutually beneficial solutions to the thorniest of labor, management and governmental problems.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
A roundup of notable obituaries from the week ending Dec. 30.
Seattle Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 讣告; 讣闻
adj. 讣告的; 死亡的; 有关死者的
分布：讣告(87%)，死亡的(13%)
→ob-,向前，-it,走，词源同exit,itinerary.委婉语，即向前走了。引申词义讣告，讣闻。
讣告[obit=death(死)]
【记】ob离开，it他，uary：他离开我们后写的东西－讣告
US [oʊ'bɪtʃ.u.er.i] (informal obit)
noun countable
■a report, especially in a newspaper, which gives the news of someone's death and details about their life （尤指报纸上的）讣告，讣闻
adj. 讣告的；死亡的
 - deceased.
n. 讣告
 - necrology

Word: friendly
Front: friendly
[ˈfrendli] (中高 2760/2241 -K3)
Vocabulary: friendly
(once / 104 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
Friendly, describes people who are kind, caring, and make you feel comfortable. You might be new to town, but the people are so friendly that you'll soon feel right at home.
The noun friend is at the root of the adjective friendly. When you're friendly, you treat everyone like a friend — with warmth and respect. A friendly game of badminton is by definition not too serious or competitive, and a vegetarian-friendly menu makes non meat-eaters feel welcome, just as user-friendly instructions make it easy for non-professionals to follow the directions.
WORD FAMILY
friendly: friendlier, friendlies, friendliest, friendlily, friendliness, unfriendly+/ friend: friendless, friendly, friends, friendship /friendless: friendlessly, friendlessness/friendliness: friendlinesses/ friendship: friendships/unfriendly: unfriendlier, unfriendliest, unfriendliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former Colombia goalkeeper wowed the crowd at the old Wembley with his clearance in a friendly against England in 1995.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
We hope the new board will simplify this and conduct its discussions on key issues in a more public friendly manner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Why be such a grouch when people are just trying to be friendly?
Washington Post(Dec 23, 2016)
Back: adj. 友好的，亲密的; 有帮助的; 互助的
n. 友谊赛
级别：friendlier, friendliest
分布：友好的(74%)，友善的(16%)，友好地(10%)
友好的(friend朋友)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.友好的,友谊的The talk was conducted in a friendly atmosphere.会谈是在热情友好的气氛中进行的.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■behaving in a pleasant, kind way towards someone 友好的，友善的
• a friendly face/smile 友好的面容／微笑
• Our neighbours have always been very friendly to/towards us. 我们的邻居们一直对我们很友好。
• I'm on quite friendly terms with my daughter's teacher. 我和我女儿的老师关系处得很不错。
• Are you friendly with (= a friend of) Graham? 你跟格雷厄姆是朋友吗？
Opposite unfriendly describes a place that is pleasant and that makes you feel happy and comfortable （某处）舒适的，令人愉快的
• It's a friendly little restaurant. 那是一家让人感觉很舒适的小餐馆。
■A friendly game or argument is one which you play or have for pleasure and in order to practise your skills, rather than playing or arguing seriously with the aim of winning （比赛或辩论）友谊的，非对抗的
• We were having a friendly argument about Green politics. 我们就关注环保的政治主张进行了一番友好的辩论。
• The teams are playing a friendly match on Sunday. 两队将在周日进行一场友谊赛。
■Friendly countries and friendly soldiers are ones who are not your enemies and who are working or fighting with you. （国家）友好的；（士兵）友军的
['frend.li] noun countable
■a game which is played for enjoyment and in order to practise, not with the aim of winning points as part of a serious competition 友谊赛
• The rugby club has a friendly next week against the Giants. 该橄榄球俱乐部下星期要和巨人队打一场友谊赛。
friendly, cordial, kind
这组词都有“友好的，亲切的”的意思，其区别是：
friendly: 指举止像朋友一样，往往怀着满腔热情，乐意助人。
cordial: 较正式用词，指亲切热诚，情意真挚。
kind: 指考虑周到，体谅他人，乐于助人。
adj. 友好的；亲切的；支持的；融洽的，和睦的
 - harmonious, united, sweet, supporting, benign
adv. 友善地；温和地
 - gently, soft

Word: path
Front: path
[pɑ:θ] (中高研四六托 1336/1266 -K3)
Vocabulary: path
(once / 74 pages)
n
A path is a route that's meant for walking. You might follow a path up a mountain as you hike, or follow a winding path throughout your life.
Paths are often created by people's feet wearing a trail into the ground or through the snow, for example. You can also create a path by laying flat stones in line through a yard or around a garden. Another kind of path is the route something takes as it moves, like a speedboat's path in the water or, figuratively, the path your life takes as you grow older.
WORD FAMILY
path: pathless, paths+/pathless: pathlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the path to Houston would not be easy for them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
We kick a path through piles of confetti from room to room.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小路，路; 路线，路程; 〈比喻〉（人生的）道路; （思想，行为，生活的）途径
分布：小路(50%)，小径(25%)，路线(13%)，轨道(8%)，路程(4%)
→来自古英语path,小路，小径，来自Proto-Germanic*pathaz,来自pent,走，经过，踩踏，词源同find,pons.可能进一步来自pete,展开，来自ped,脚，词源同foot,pedestal.
n.小路,小径;路线,轨道There is a small rugged path through the fields.田野里有条崎岖小路.
US [pæθ] noun countable
TRACK 小径
 IMPROVER
■a route or track between one place and another, or the direction in which something is moving 路，小道，小径
• a garden path 花园小路
• a concrete path 水泥路
• a well-trodden path 经常有人走的小路
• This is the path to the cliffs. 这条路通向悬崖。
• It will be several days before snowploughs clear a path (through) to the village. 要过几天铲雪机才能清出一条通向该村的小路。
• They followed the path until they came to a gate. 他们沿着这条路走到了一个大门口。
• A fierce fire is still raging through the forest, burning everything in its path (= as it moves forward). 烈火仍在森林中肆虐，将沿途的一切都化为灰烬。
• The Weather Service issues warnings to people in the path of a hurricane (= in the area in which it is moving). 国家气象局向身处飓风路径地区的人们发出警告。
• The charged particles move in spiral paths. 带电粒子呈螺旋状运动。
• figurative His path through life was never easy. 他的人生之路一直不平坦。
UK [pɑ:θ] US [pæθ] noun countable
ACTIONS 一系列行动
 ADVANCED
■a set of actions, especially ones which lead to a goal or result （尤指达到某一目的或结果的）行动步骤，途径
• The path to success is fraught with difficulties. 成功之路充满艰辛。
UK [pɑ:θ] US [pæθ] noun countable
paths cross
■If two people's paths cross, they meet 遇见，相遇
• It was a pleasure meeting you - I hope our paths cross again. 很高兴见到你——我希望我们能再次见面。
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. 道路；小路； [数] 轨道
 - way, railway, track, road, course

Word: ride
Front: ride
[raɪd] (中高 1283/1796 -K4)
Vocabulary: ride
(once / 32 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v
To ride is to be carried in a car, on a bike, or on an animal. When you ride a horse for the first time, it's often surprising how far off the ground you are.
You can ride in the back of a taxi or on a Ferris wheel at the fair. You can also ride — and control — a pony or a bicycle. As a noun, ride means "a trip in a vehicle," or a roller coaster or other amusement park entertainment. In the U.S., ride has also been an informal name for a car since about 1930: "Check out my new ride!"
WORD FAMILY
ride: override, ridden, rider, rides, riding, rode+/ override: overridden, overrides, overriding, overrode/overriding: overridingly/ rider: riders/riding: ridings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later that evening, I watched as a tiny boy riding a grown man’s bicycle was bumped by a car.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But just like the cavalry used to ride to the rescue, Air Force Major Troy Gilbert miraculously appeared from over the horizon.
Time(Dec 01, 2016)
The 7-year-old girl was riding in the van and died at a hospital.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 乘，骑，驾
n. （乘坐汽车等的）旅行; 乘骑; （乘车或骑车的）短途旅程; 供乘骑的游乐设施
vt. （骑马、自行车等）穿越; 搭乘; 飘浮
时态：rode, ridden, riding, rides
分布：骑(70%)，乘(23%)，乘车(4%)，搭便车(2%)，交通工具(1%)
→来自古英语 ridan,骑马，乘坐，来自 Proto-Germanic*ridan,骑行，来自 reidh,骑行，词源 同 road,raid.
v./n.骑,乘Do you mean to say you don't know how to ride a bicyle?难道说你自行车都不会骑吗?
verb (rode, ridden)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to sit on a horse or a bicycle and travel along on it controlling its movements 骑（马或脚踏车）
• I learned to ride a bike when I was six. 我六岁学会了骑脚踏车。
• I ride my bicycle to work. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• I ride to work on my bicycle. 我骑脚踏车去上班。
• The hunters came riding by/past on their horses. 猎人们骑马飞驰而过。
• He rides well/badly (= He can ride horses well/badly). 他骑术很好／差。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to travel in a vehicle, such as a car, bus or train 乘（车），坐（车）；乘搭
• mainly US We rode the train from Sydney to Perth. 我们坐火车从雪梨到柏斯。
• He hasn't got a car so he rides to work on the bus. 他没有私家车，所以就坐公车去上班。
transitive US
■to try to control someone and force them to work 驾驭，试图控制某人并强迫其工作
• Your boss is riding you much too hard at the moment. 你的老板此时把你管得太严了。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
be riding for a fall
■to be behaving in a way that is likely to lead you into trouble 自讨苦吃；自找麻烦
• She spends far more than she earns and she's riding for a fall. 她入不敷出，早晚会有麻烦。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
be riding high
■to be very successful 大获成功；一帆风顺
• riding high in the polls/charts 在选举中大获成功／在流行音乐排行榜上名列前茅
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
let sth ride informal
■to not take any action to stop something wrong or unpleasant, thinking that action may not be necessary or is not yet necessary 听之任之；放任自流
• Don't panic about the low sales - let it ride for a while till we see if business picks up. 销售额低迷也不必惊慌——先观望一阵子，看看生意能不能有起色。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride (on) a wave of sth
■If you ride (on) a wave of a feeling, you get an advantage from it 乘…之势；借…的东风
• The Prime Minister is riding (on) a wave of popularity. 首相深得人心，大获其益。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride herd on sb/sth US
■to be responsible for controlling a group of people and their actions 看管，监督
• The new editor will ride herd on the staff, checking on the overall policy and tone of the paper. 新编辑将要管理全体职员，检查该报的整体政策和风格。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride (out) the storm
■to manage not to be destroyed, harmed or permanently affected by the difficult situation you experience 渡过难关；走出困境
• The government seem confident that they'll ride out the storm. 政府好像很有信心渡过难关。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
ride roughshod over sb/sth
■to do what you want without giving any attention to other people or their wishes 不管…而一意孤行
• They accused the government of riding roughshod over parliamentary procedure. 他们指责政府藐视议会程式一意孤行。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  ride on sth/sb
■When something important, such as your reputation or money, rides on a particular person or thing, it will be won or achieved if that person or thing is successful 依赖，依靠，指望
• The future of the company now rides on the new managing director. 公司的未来现在就指望新任经理了。
• I have a lot of money riding on that horse (= I will win or lose a lot of money if that horse wins or loses the race). 我在那匹赛马上押了很多钱。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ride sth out
■to continue to exist during a difficult situation and until it ends, without serious harm 安然渡过（难关）
• Many companies did not manage to ride out the recession. 经济衰退时期，许多公司没能渡过难关。
■If a ship rides out a period of bad weather, it continues to float during it, without serious damage （船）平安渡过（暴风雨）
• The ship managed to ride out the storm. 这艘轮船平安渡过了风暴。
[raɪd] verb (rode, ridden)
  Phrasal Verbs  ride up
■If a piece of clothing rides up, it moves up out of position （衣服）向上收，缩上去
• Your skirt has ridden up at the back. 你的裙子后面缩上去了。
[raɪd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a journey on a horse or bicycle, or in a vehicle （骑马、骑车或乘坐车辆的）旅行，行程
• It's a short bus ride to the airport. 坐公共汽车去机场很近。
• I went for a (horse) ride last Saturday. 上周六我（骑马）去兜了一圈。
• Do you want to come for a ride on my motorbike? 你想坐我的摩托车去兜兜风吗？
 IMPROVER
■a free journey in a car to a place where you want to go 乘便车；搭乘免费车
• He asked me for a ride into town. 他请求搭我的便车进城。
■a machine in an amusement park which people travel in or are moved around by for entertainment （游乐园里）供人乘坐的游乐装置
• My favourite ride is the Ferris wheel. 我最爱坐摩天轮。
[raɪd] noun countable
a rough ride
■a difficult time 一段艰苦时期
• Government plans to cut sick pay had a rough ride in the House of Commons. 政府削减病假工资的计划受到了下议院的阻挠。
• The construction industry is in for a rough ride this year. 建筑业今年将面临一段艰苦时期。
[raɪd] noun countable
take sb for a ride informal
■to deceive or cheat someone 欺骗（某人）；愚弄（某人）
• Be careful or he'll take you for a ride. 小心点，不然他会骗你的。
ride, drive
这组词都有“乘、骑”的意思，其区别是：
ride: 通常指骑在车、马上行驶。
drive: 指乘坐在有轮子的交通工具之内，控制其行驶。
vi. 骑马；乘车；依靠；漂浮
 - horse, trust, swim
vt. 骑；乘；控制
 - possess, regulate, contain, manage, bottle
n. 骑；乘坐；交通工具；可供骑行的路
 - vehicle, embarkation

Word: technique
Front: technique
[tekˈni:k] (高研四六雅 1335/949 -K4)
Vocabulary: technique
(once / 420 pages)
n
A technique is a method of doing some task or performing something. Your technique for opening drinks might be to twist the top off with your teeth. If so, your dentist better have a good tooth-repair technique.
The noun technique can also refer to someone's skillfulness with the fundamentals of a particular task. A violinist could have excellent technique, but lack passion, for example. Writers usually have very individual writing techniques: One might need to write late at night and another early in the morning; some have to write by hand on paper, while others always use the computer.
WORD FAMILY
technique: technician, techniques+/ technician: technicians
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their technique uses a form of salt to bond with CO2 molecules in the boiler chimney.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But these techniques struggle to fully satisfy a plant's appetite for nitrogen.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 技巧; 技能; 技术; 技艺
分布：技术(80%)，技巧(18%)，技能(2%)
→techn-,技术，科技，-ique,形容词后缀，词源同 unique.后词性由形容词作名词使用，引申诸 相关词义。
n.技巧,手艺,技能;技术,工艺The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a way of doing an activity which needs skill 技术，技能
• We have developed a new technique for detecting errors in the manufacturing process. 我们开发了一项新技术，用于检测生产流程中的错误。
• She's a wonderfully creative dancer but she doesn't have the technique of a truly great performer. 她是个很有创造力的舞蹈演员，但她缺乏一个真正伟大的舞蹈家的技巧。
technique, technology
这组词都有“技术”的意思，其区别是：
technique: 多指具体的某种技术和技巧。
technology: 含义比technique广泛，泛指生产工艺、科学技术。
n. 技巧，技术；手法
 - skill, science, mechanics, tips

Word: enable
Front: enable
[ɪˈneɪbl] (研四六托 2192/991 -K3)
Vocabulary: enable
(once / 102 pages)
v
When you make something possible, you enable it. Your good grades might enable you to get into your first-choice college. And a great teacher enabled you to get such good grades.
Enable has taken on the meaning of allowing or even helping someone continue to do something they really shouldn't. If your mother writes note after note to get you out of school for no good reason, she is enabling your habit of playing hooky. While you might think she's being cool, a therapist might call her an enabler and give her part of the blame.
WORD FAMILY
enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling +/ ability: abilities, inability / able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable/ disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say affordable, quality child care helps with youth development and enables more parents to hold jobs and attend school.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Security Council vote that demanded Israel end all settlement activity — enabling the resolution’s passage.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使能够，提供做…的权利[措施]; 使可能; 授予权利或方法
时态：enabled, enabling, enables
分布：使能够(60%)，使可能(40%)
→en-, 进入，使。able, 能够。
v.使能够,使成为可能;授予权利或方法It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible 使能够；使可能
• [+ to infinitive] Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half. 实现电脑化可以使我们的生产成本减半。
vt. 使能够，使成为可能；授予权利或方法
 - capacitate, empower

Word: vision
Front: vision
[ˈvɪʒn] (研四六托 1216/1921 -K3)
Vocabulary: vision
(once / 93 pages)
n
If you are getting your eyes checked, a doctor is checking on your vision — or your ability to see. But if you have visions of unicorns romping over rainbows, that's a whole other issue that the eye doctor can't address.
The noun vision describes how well you can see, but it can also refer to things you may see, but that aren't physically there. Sometimes people claim to have religious visions of God, angels, the Virgin Mary, and so on. The word can also be used to describe something that is lovely: "The bride was a vision in white."
WORD FAMILY
vision: envision, visionary, visions+/ envision: envisioned, envisioning, envisions/ visionary: visionaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the gym in mid-August, her vision became blurry.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nightly visions appear to us in the form of bold, 72-point type headlines.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 视力，视觉; 美景，绝妙的东西; 幻影; 想像力
vt. 在幻觉中看到; 幻想，想象; 梦见
分布：视力(42%)，视觉(34%)，幻想(7%)，眼光(5%)，设想(4%)，想象力(3%)，幻觉(3%)，洞察力(2%)
→来自visible,可见的，引申词义视野。
视力,眼界[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
n.视力,视觉;远见;洞察力;幻想,幻影;想象力She has good vision.她的视力很好.
noun
MENTAL IMAGE 头脑中的影像
 IMPROVER countable
■an idea or mental image of something 幻景；幻像
• We see in his novels his sinister, almost apocalyptic, vision of the future. 在他的小说中，我们看到他预见的未来是凶险的，一幅近乎世界末日般的景象。
• Johnny was late home and, as usual, I had visions of him lying dead in some alley. 强尼回家晚了，而我又像往常一样幻想他死在某条小巷里。
countable
■an experience in which you see things which do not exist physically, when your mind is affected powerfully by something such as deep religious thought or drugs or mental illness 幻觉
• She had visions in which the angel Gabriel appeared to her. 她产生了幻觉，看到天使加百列出现在她面前。
['vɪʒ.ən] noun
VIEW OF THE FUTURE 对未来的看法
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the ability to imagine how a country, society, industry, etc. could develop in the future and to plan in a suitable way 眼光；远见；眼力
• He didn't have the mental agility or vision required for a senior politician. 他缺乏一位资深政治家所应具备的敏锐头脑和眼光。
• a person of great artistic vision 很有艺术眼光的人
['vɪʒ.ən] noun
ABILITY 能力
uncountable
■the ability to see 视力；视觉
• She has very little vision in her left eye. 她的左眼几乎失明了。
['vɪʒ.ən] noun
BEAUTIFUL SIGHT 美丽的景象
only singular literary or humorous
■(used when referring to a person) a beautiful and splendid sight 俊男；佳人；有…气质的人
• And that vision of loveliness over there is my wife, Sandra. 那边的那位绝世美女就是我的妻子，桑德拉。
• She emerged from the bedroom, a vision in cream silk. 她从睡房里出来，身穿乳白色丝裙，简直美极了。
sight, vision, image, scene
sight: 视力，眼界，情景，奇观
vision: 远见，想念力，洞察力，眼界
image: 形象，肖像，影像
scene: 景色，景象，舞台指像图画一样映入眼睛view或landscape，但不那么广泛，是整个风景中可以入画的一部分
sight, vision, perception, eyesight
这组词都有“视力、视觉”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 普通用词，与eyesight同义，可换用，指由实实在在的事物引起的视觉。
vision: 书面用词，含义广泛，指人的视力或视野，也可指远见卓识。
perception: 指视觉，也可泛指其它器官的功能，或引申指敏锐的理解力。
eyesight: 普通用词，指眼睛的正常功能。
n. [生理] [眼科] 视力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力
 - sight, imagination, eye, seeing, eyesight
vt. 想象；显现；梦见
 - image, envision

Word: curb
Front: curb
[kɜ:b] (研六托雅宝 6733/7037 -K2)
Vocabulary: curb
(once / 769 pages)
1nv 2nv
The hard thing about learning how to parallel park is trying to get the car close enough to the curb without hitting it. A curb is the edge of the sidewalk beside the road.
When you're using the word curb as a noun, it's the raised edging beside a street. When curb is a verb, it means to restrain or hold back, like when you curb your impulse to laugh while watching a badly acted play. Curb comes from the Latin word for "curve," curvus, which describes the shape of a restraining strap on a horse's head — in the fifteenth century, this band was called a curb.
WORD FAMILY
curb: curbed, curbing, curbs+/curbed: uncurbed/curbing: curbings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But investors are also right to curb their expectations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
China sees self-ruled Taiwan as part of its territory and curbs the Taipei government’s foreign diplomacy.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some sat on the curbs as if they were waiting for a parade.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 限制，抑制; 勒马绳，马衔索; （人行道的）镶边; （证券的）场外市场
vt. 制止，束缚; 给（马）扣上马衔; 给…加路缘; 在…处设井栏
时态：curbed, curbing, curbs
分布：抑制(58%)，路边(25%)，克制(8%)，勒马绳(6%)，勒住(3%)
→来自sker,转，弯，围，词源同ring,curve.
n.路边,场外证券市场,vt.制止,抑制Ted parked his car at the curb.特德把车停在路边.
The public demanded a curb on military spending.公众要求限制军事开支.
【记】读：可悲！被象马勒一样的东西抑制住，难道不可悲吗？读：磕吧！走路不看脚地下，磕到马路牙子上，活该！Cur＝curr跑，b不：不能跑了－被马勒一样的东西抑制住了
【区】curd（n 凝乳）；中的d读：豆（腐）；curt（adj 简洁的；唐突的）
【反】goad（v /n 刺激（物））
US [kɝ:b] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to control or limit something that is not wanted 控制；限制，约束；抑制
• The Government should act to curb tax evasion. 政府应该采取行动抑制逃税。
UK [kɜ:b] US [kɝ:b] noun countable
CONTROL 控制
■a limit on something that is not wanted 控制；限制，约束；抑制
• You must try to put a curb on your bad temper/spending habits. 你必须尽量控制你的坏脾气／挥霍无度的习惯。
UK [kɜ:b] US [kɝ:b] noun countable
EDGE 边缘 US spelling of kerb kerb 的美式拼法
bridle, check, refrain, curb, inhibit, restrain
这组词都有“阻止、抑制、制止”的意思，其区别是：
bridle: 指抑制住强烈的感情或欲望。
check: 多指阻止前进或继续发展。
refrain: 常指暂时对某种行动或冲动的抑制。
curb: 可指急剧或果断的制止，也可指用严格的方法加以控制。
inhibit: 主要指抑制愿望、情绪或念头，也指制止某物的蔓延。
restrain: 含义广，指用强力或权力去阻止或限制某人做某事。
n. 抑制；路边；勒马绳
 - checking, control, restraint, suppression, inhibition
vt. 控制；勒住
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle

Word: interview
Front: interview
[ˈɪntəvju:] (中高研四六雅 944/1421 -K4)
Vocabulary: interview
(once / 103 pages)
nv
Interview can be a verb or a noun, but whatever form it takes, it involves a formal meeting and asking or answering questions. When you go to a job interview, be prepared to answer questions about your strengths and weaknesses.
The noun form of interview refers to a question-and-answer session. You’ve probably seen a TV interview with a famous person, or you may have gone to an interview with a college admissions director. The verb form of the word describes the act of asking the questions. You might interview a local politician for your school paper. Often an interview involves some kind of evaluation, so speak carefully if someone is interviewing you, especially if it's going to be published!
WORD FAMILY
interview: interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interviewing, interviews+/interviewee: interviewees/interviewer: interviewers/ overview: overviews/ preview: previewed, previewing, previews/ review: reviewed, reviewer, reviewing, reviews/reviewer: reviewers/ view: interview, overview, preview, review, viewable, viewed, viewer, viewing, viewless, views/viewer: viewers/viewing: viewings/viewless: viewlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The film also includes a never-before-aired interview with the filmmaker.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In a 2006 interview, Brewer said there was no way to counter the attacks.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接见; 采访; 面试; 会谈
vt. & vi. 面试
vt. 采访; 访问; 会见; （私下）提问
时态：interviewed, interviewing, interviews
分布：面试(61%)，采访(19%)，面谈(8%)，会见(6%)，接见(5%)，对 ... 进行面试(1%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，view,看。即相互看，引申词义面试，面谈等。
v./n.接见,会见;采访;面试The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which someone asks you questions to see if you are suitable for a job or course 面试；面谈
• a job interview 求职面试
• I had an interview for a job with a publishing firm. 我参加了一家出版公司的求职面试。
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which someone is asked questions about themselves for a newspaper article, television show, etc 采访
• an exclusive interview with Paul Simon 对保罗‧赛门的独家采访
• In a television interview last night she denied she had any intention of resigning. 在昨晚的电视采访中，她否认有辞职的打算。
 ESSENTIAL
■a meeting in which the police ask someone questions to see if they have committed a crime 讯问
UK ['ɪn.tə.vju:] US [-tˌɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to ask someone questions in an interview 采访；对…进行面试；讯问
• We've had 200 applicants for the job, but we only plan to interview about 20 of them. 有200人申请这份工作，但我们只打算对其中约20名进行面试。
• Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV? 你在电视上采访过的人中谁最有名？
• Police are interviewing a 43-year-old man in connection with the murder. 警方正在对一名与该谋杀案有关的43岁男子进行讯问。
n. 接见，采访；面试，面谈
 - audience
vt. 采访；接见；对…进行面谈；对某人进行面试
 - cover, to receive

Word: mount
Front: mount
[maʊnt] (研四六雅 2987/2596 -K3)
Vocabulary: mount
(once / 61 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5n
To mount is to climb up something, like a ladder, or get on the back of something, like a horse. You can also mount something on another object, like a camera on a tripod or a sticker on a notebook.
The word mountain can help you remember that one way to mount is to climb. You can mount a mountain or a flight of stairs. You can also mount a pony by getting on its back or a bicycle by climbing onto it. The oldest meaning of mount is, in fact, "mountain," from the Old French word mont, which has its root in the Latin montem for “mountain."
WORD FAMILY
mount: dismount, mounted, mounter, mounting, mounts, remount+/ dismount: dismounted, dismounting, dismounts/mounter: mounters/mounting: mountings/remount: remounted, remounting, remounts
USAGE EXAMPLES
EDF is pushing on regardless, but the financial strain is mounting.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Among the reasons are a mounting burden of regulation and the difficulty of matching the purchasing clout and pricing power of giants such as Walmart.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
The ritual involved in filling them from taps mounted on the white-tiled wall behind the zinc bar is mesmerizing to watch.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 登上; 骑上
vi. 增加; 上升
vt. 安装，架置; 镶嵌，嵌入; 准备上演; 成立（军队等）
n. 山峰; 攀，登; 运载工具; 底座
时态：mounted, mounting, mounts
分布：山(61%)，峰(17%)，登上(7%)，上升(7%)，爬上(3%)，支架(2%)，底板(1%)，乘用马(1%)，装上(1%)
→来自拉丁语mons,山峰，高山，山，来自men,升出，突起，词源同eminent,amount.引申动词词义攀登，骑上，安装等。
山丘v.登上[mount=ascend,表示"登上"]
v.登上;安装n.支架,底板;(用于山名前)山峰I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
verb
INCREASE 增加
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to gradually increase, rise, or get bigger 增加；增长；上升
• The children's excitement is mounting as Christmas gets nearer. 随着圣诞临近，孩子都越来越兴奋。
[maʊnt] verb
GET ON 乘上
intransitive or transitive
■to get on a horse, bicycle, etc. in order to ride 骑上（马、脚踏车等）
• She mounted her horse and rode off. 她骑上马走了。
[maʊnt] verb
GO UP 登上
transitive
■to go up or onto 登上
• He mounted the platform and began to speak to the assembled crowd. 他登上讲台，开始对集会的群众发表演讲。
• formal Queen Elizabeth II mounted the throne (= became queen) in 1952. 女王伊丽莎白二世1952年即位。
[maʊnt] verb
ORGANIZE 组织
transitive
■to organize and begin an activity or event 组织；发动；开展；举行
• to mount an attack/campaign/challenge/protest 发动进攻／开展运动／提出挑战／发起抗议
• to mount an exhibition/display 举办展览
[maʊnt] verb
FIX 固定
transitive
■to fix something on a wall, in a frame etc., so that it can be viewed or used 安放，安装；镶嵌；裱贴
• The children's work has been mounted on cards and put up on the walls of the classroom. 孩子的作品都装裱在卡片上，张贴在教室的墙上。
• The CCTV camera is mounted above the main door. 闭路电视的摄像机安装在大门的上方。
[maʊnt] verb
GUARD 警卫
transitive
■to place someone on guard 设置（岗哨）；担任（警卫）
• Sentries are mounted outside the palace at all times. 宫殿外一直有哨兵站岗。
mount guard (on/over sb)
■to guard someone 守护，保卫（某人）
• Armed security officers are employed to mount guard over the president. 雇用了武装保安人员来保护总统。
[maʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mount up
■to gradually become a large amount （逐渐）增加，增长
• It isn't a good idea to let bills mount up. 让帐单越积越多可不是个好办法。
[maʊnt] noun countable
HORSE 马 formal
■a horse 马
• an excellent mount for a child 供孩子骑的好马
[maʊnt] noun countable
FOR A PICTURE ETC. 用以展示图画等物的
■something, such as a piece of card, that you put something on to show it 裱褙
• I'm looking for a piece of card I can use as a mount for this picture. 我在找一张可以用来装裱这幅画的卡纸。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
climb, mount, ascend
这组词都有“攀登，上升”的意思，其区别是：
climb: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重运用手足费力地攀登或上升，也可指抽象事物。
mount: 书面用词，词义与ascend相近，强调连续不断地向上移动、攀登或上涨。指骑马时用mount。
ascend: 正式用词，指不用手攀，一直上升直到相当高的地方。
vt. 增加；爬上；使骑上马
 - enhance, boost, jack, hot, gain
vi. 爬；上升
 - climb, arise, raise, go up
n. 山峰；底座；乘骑用马
 - peak, foundation plate

Word: rush
Front: rush
[rʌʃ] (中高研四六托 1956/2531 -K3)
Vocabulary: rush
(once / 61 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3vn 4n 5adj
To rush is to hurry or move very quickly, like when you rush to get to class on time or rush to catch the subway instead of waiting for the next one.
Rush implies urgency — you need to get somewhere, or do something, fast. You can also rush someone else: "Don't rush me, I like to stay after the movie and watch the credits!" It's a noun, too: "She's obviously in a rush to get somewhere." A "rush job" has an immediate deadline, and "rush hour" is the busiest time of day for drivers in a rush to get to work, or to go home afterward.
WORD FAMILY
rush: rushed, rusher, rushes, rushing, rushingly, rushlike, rushy+/rusher: rushers/rushing: rushings
USAGE EXAMPLES
This did not stop him from rushing back to Washington on the eve of the invasion and speaking to the American people.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He added two more touchdowns via rushing and special teams.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the final three games of the regular season, Seattle averaged 79 yards per game rushing and just 2.9 yards per carry.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. （使）急速行进，仓促完成; 猛攻; 急速流动，奔腾
vt. 突袭; （使）仓促行事; 催促; （为物色、招募目的）特别关注
n. 冲; 匆忙; 繁忙的活动; 涌动
时态：rushed, rushing, rushes
分布：冲(50%)，匆忙(17%)，奔(14%)，冲进(4%)，蜂拥(3%)，抢购(3%)，仓促行事(2%)，急速行进(2%)，突袭(2%)，繁忙的(2%)，紧急的(1%)
→可能来自中古英语 ruschen,冲，匆忙，来自古英语 hryscan,惊吓，摇晃，最终来自 kors, 跑，急促，词源同 course,horse.
v.(使)冲;奔n.冲,急速行进a.(交通)繁忙的I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
GO/DO QUICKLY 奔跑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) go or do something very quickly （使）急速行进；（使）赶紧；（使）仓促行事；（使）急速做
• Whenever I see him, he seems to be rushing (about/around). 我甚么时候见到他，他都是匆匆忙忙的。
• I rushed up the stairs/to the office/to find a phone. 我飞奔上楼梯／匆匆赶到办公室／赶忙去找电话。
• When she turned it upside down the water rushed out. 她把它底朝上翻转过来时，水一下倾泻出来。
• [+ to infinitive] We shouldn't rush to blame them. 我们不应该不问青红皂白就责备他们。
• You can't rush a job like this. 你不应该这样粗粗地赶活。
• The emergency legislation was rushed through Parliament in a morning. 应急法案在一个上午就被议会快速通过了。
• Don't rush me! 别催我！
• The United Nations has rushed medical aid and food to the famine zone. 联合国向发生饥荒的地区紧急提供了医疗援助和食品。
• He rushed the children off to school so they wouldn't be late. 他催赶着孩子们快点出门去学校，以免他们迟到。
[rʌʃ] verb
ATTACK 猛攻
transitive
■If a group of people rush an enemy or the place where an enemy is, they attack suddenly and all together 一起向…发起突袭；猛攻；向…猛冲
• We rushed the palace gates and killed the guards. 我们一起冲向宫殿大门，杀死了守卫。
[rʌʃ] verb
AMERICAN FOOTBALL 美式橄榄球
intransitive
■In American football, to rush is to carry the football forward across the place on the field where play begins. Also, a member of the opposite team rushes when they force their way to the back of the field quickly to catch the player carrying the football. （美式橄榄球中）跑动带球
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rush into sth
■If you rush into something such as a job, you start doing it without having really decided if it is the right thing to do or having considered the best way to do it. 仓促做；匆忙做；草率地做
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rush sb into (doing) sth
■If someone rushes you into doing something, they forcefully persuade you to do it without giving you time to really decide. 使（某人）仓促做…；使（某人）草率做…
[rʌʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rush sth out
■to very quickly produce something and make it available to sell 匆匆生产；赶制
• When the war started, several publishers rushed out books on the conflict. 战争一爆发，几家出版社就迅速出版了一批有关这场冲突的书。
[rʌʃ] noun
HURRY 匆忙
 IMPROVER only singular
■when you have to hurry or move somewhere quickly 匆忙，赶紧；冲，奔
• Slow down! What's the rush? 慢点！跑那么快做甚么？
• Why is it always such a rush to get ready in the mornings? 为甚么早晨老是得这么手忙脚乱一通才能准备好？
• Everyone seemed to be in a rush. 每个人似乎都是急急忙忙的。
• He was in a rush to get home. 他急忙赶回家。
• They were in no rush to sell the house. 他们并不急于卖出那个房子。
 ADVANCED only singular
■when a lot of things are happening or a lot of people are trying to do or get something 忙乱，忙碌；争做；争抢
• There's always a rush to get the best seats. 人们总是抢着去占最好的位子。
• I try to do my shopping before the Christmas rush. 我尽量在圣诞节购物潮来临之前把东西买好。
• There's been a rush for (= sudden popular demand for) tickets. 人们蜂拥而至抢购门票。
only singular
■when something or someone suddenly moves somewhere quickly 急速流动（或行进）；猛冲
• There was a rush of air as she opened the door. 她一打开门，一阵风忽地吹了进来。
• They made a rush at him to get his gun. 他们猛地扑向他去抢他的枪。
only singular
■a sudden movement of people to a certain area, usually because of some economic advantage （通常因经济利益驱动而发生的）蜂拥前往，蜂拥的人潮
• the California gold rush 加利福尼亚淘金潮
countable
■in American football, an attempt to run forwards carrying the ball, or an attempt to quickly reach and stop a player from the opposing team who is carrying the ball （美式橄榄球中的）跑动带球
[rʌʃ] noun
SUDDEN FEELING 突然的感情
only singular
■a sudden strong emotion or physical feeling （突然的）一阵强烈感情；（身体的）一阵感觉
• The memory of who he was came back to him with a rush. 他忽地一下子想起了自己是谁。
• I had my first cigarette for a year and felt a sudden rush (of dizziness). 这是我一年以来第一次抽烟，直感到一阵（晕乎乎的）腾云驾雾的感觉向我袭来。
[rʌʃ] noun
PLANT 植物
countable usually plural
■a plant like grass that grows in or near water and whose long thin hollow stems can be dried and made into floor coverings, containers, etc 灯心草
• a rush mat 灯心草垫子
accelerate, hasten, rush, hurry, speed, quicken
这组词都有“加快，使加快”的意思，其区别是：
accelerate: 着重指频率或速率运转加快。
hasten: 指由于事的紧迫性或突然性而加速。
rush: 含义与hurry相近，但显得更仓促更慌乱。
hurry: 指赶紧或匆忙地做某事或催促别人做某事，隐含草率或混乱意味。
speed: 侧重实际的快速行动。
quicken: 普通用词，指增加速度、速率。
rush, dash
这组词都有“冲，奔”的意思，其区别是：
rush: 指因急躁或事务紧急而采取快速行动。
dash: 指以最快的速度向前奔驰。
n. 冲进；匆促；急流； [植] 灯心草
 - rapid, whitewater
vt. 使冲；突袭；匆忙地做；飞跃
 - sweep down, surprise attack
vi. 冲；奔；闯；赶紧；涌现
 - thread one's way, crash

Word: major
Front: major
[ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] (高研四六托雅 444/392 -K5)
Vocabulary: major
(once / 54 pages)
1adjn 2nvadj 3adj 4adj
Something major is big, big, big! It's major, baby! It's large! Important! Intense! Powerful! Michael Jackson's album "Thriller" was major, eventually becoming the biggest-selling album of all time.
A victory of 98 to 3 might well be called major. If you're a musician, you're probably also familiar with the difference between a minor scale and a major scale. A major scale sounds happy, while a minor one sounds sad. The discovery of life on another planet? Major. Getting into the college of your choice? Major. For everything else, there's "ordinary."
WORD FAMILY
major: majored, majoring, majority, majorly, majors+/ majority: majorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 主要的; 重要的; 大调的; 主修的（课程）
n. 主修科目; 大调; 陆军少校; 成年的
vi. <美>主修，专攻; [美国英语][教育学]主修(in); 专攻
时态：majored, majoring, majors
分布：主要的(58%)，主修(26%)，较多的(4%)，陆军少校(4%)，严重的(4%)，成年人(3%)，举足轻重者(1%)
→来自拉丁语maior,来自*magjos变体，来自来自meg,伟大的，巨大的，词源同magnate,*yos,比较级后缀。引申词义主要的，主修课程等。
较大的;主要的[maj=great,表示"大,伟大"]
a.主要的n.成年人,专业学生,主修课程v.主修The minority of us are confronted with difficulty in the frontier of the major.我们少数人在该专业尖端领域面临困难.
US [-dʒɚ] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■more important, bigger or more serious than others of the same type 较重要的；主要的；重大的
• All of her major plays have been translated into English. 她的主要剧本都被译成了英文。
• Sugar is a major cause of tooth decay. 糖是造成蛀牙的主要原因。
• There are two problems with this situation, one major, one minor. 这个情况牵涉到两个问题，一个主要的，一个次要的。
• Citrus fruits are a major source of vitamin C. 柑橘类水果是维生素C的重要来源。
• There has been a major change in attitudes recently. 人们的态度近来有重大改变。
• The United States is a major influence in the United Nations. 美国是联合国中具重大影响力的国家。
Compare minor
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] adjective
MUSIC 音乐
[after noun] specialized
■(of music) based on a scale in which there is a whole tone between the second and third notes and a half tone between the third and fourth notes 大调的，大音阶的
• the key of C major C大调
• a concerto in A major A 大调协奏曲
Compare minor
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
OFFICER 军官
■an officer of middle rank in the British, US and many other armed forces such as the US Air Force （英军、美军及其他军队中的）少校
• Her father was a major in the Scots Guards. 她父亲是苏格兰近卫团的少校。
• I met Major Jones last year. 我去年见过钟斯少校。
• [as form of address] Thank you, Major Jones. 谢谢你，钟斯少校。
■the rank above captain in the armed forces 少校（军队中高于上尉的军衔）
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
SPECIAL SUBJECT 专门的学科 US the most important subject that a college or university student is studying, or the student himself or herself （大学生的）专业，主修课程；（大学专业的）主修学生
• What is your major, English or French? 你主修英语还是法语？
• She was a philosophy major at an Ivy League college. 她曾在一所长春藤大学主修哲学
UK ['meɪ.dʒər] US [-dʒɚ] verb
major in sth US
■to study something as your main subject at university 主修，以…为专业
• She majored in philosophy at Harvard. 她曾在哈佛大学主修哲学。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
adj. 主要的；重要的；主修的；较多的
 - crucial, important, primary, considerable, central
n. [人类] 成年人；主修科目；陆军少校
 - adult

Word: command
Front: command
[kəˈmɑ:nd] (高研四六 2378/2166 -K3)
Vocabulary: command
(once / 25 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A command is an order that you have to follow, as long as the person who gives it has authority over you. You don't have to comply with your friend's command that you give him all your money.
Command, which can be a noun or a verb, combines the Latin prefix com-, meaning "with," and mandāre, "to charge, enjoin," so to give someone a command is to say something with the authority that charges him to follow it. Your mother might command you to clean your room. Command can also mean a position of power, like having command of a battleship, or possession of a skill, like having a great command of video games.
WORD FAMILY
command: commandant, commanded, commander, commanding, commandment, commands, self-command+/ commandant: commandants/ commander: commanders, commandership, commandery/commandership: commanderships/commandery: commanderies/ commanding: commandingly/commandment: commandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigative reporting is as strong as the film-making, fearless and commanding.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A few hundred yards away, a similar building marks the place where the border region military command was housed.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 命令，指挥; 司令部，指挥部; [计算机]指令; 控制力
vt. 指挥，控制，命令; 命令; 应得，值得
vi. 给出命令; 命令，指令
adj. 指挥的，根据命令（或要求）而作的
时态：commanded, commanding, commands
分布：命令(74%)，指挥(21%)，掌握(4%)，博得(1%)
→com-, 强调。-mand, 命令，词源同mandate.
命令,指挥(com一起+mand→命令大案一起做→指挥)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
n./v.命令,指挥,控制n.掌握,运用能力The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
【记】com一起，mand命令
【参】demand（v /n 要求, 需求）；countermand（v 撤消命令）；mandatory（adj 命令的）
US [-'mænd] noun
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED countable
■an order, especially one given by a soldier （尤指军人发出的）命令，指示
• You will run forward at (= when you hear) my command. 听到我的命令你们就向前冲。
• When I give the command, fire! 我一下命令就开火！
• He hated being in the army because he had to obey commands. 他讨厌当兵，因为当兵必须服从命令。
uncountable
■control over someone or something and responsibility for them 指挥；控制；管辖
• Colonel Sailing has command over /is in command of the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
• General Haig took command of the British Expeditionary Force in 1915. 黑格将军在1915年统领英国远征军。
• The soldiers were under the command of a tough sergeant-major. 士兵由一位严厉的军士长指挥。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■an instruction to a computer to perform a particular action 指令
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
KNOWLEDGE 知识
[S or U]
■a great knowledge of a subject and an ability to use that knowledge （对知识的）掌握，运用能力
• She has an impressive command of the English language. 她精通英语。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
VIEW 景色
only singular formal
■a view 景色，风景
• a fine castle with its command of the surrounding countryside 可饱览四周乡间景致的漂亮城堡
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
at your command
■If you have particular qualities at your command, you are able to use them effectively 娴熟，得心应手，运用自如
• As a writer, she has both style and humour at her command. 作为一名作家，她对文风和幽默都能运用自如。
humorous
■If someone says that they are at your command, they mean they are willing to do what you ask 听从（某人）吩咐，任由（某人）安排
• "I can't reach my zip - could you unfasten it, please?" "I'm at your command!" “我触不到我的拉链——请你帮我拉开好吗？”“遵命！”
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
be in command (of yourself)
■to be calm and completely in control of your behaviour and emotions 镇定自若
• Suntanned and relaxed, looking calmly about the room, he appeared completely in command. 他皮肤晒得黑黑的，神态悠闲，镇定地环视房间，显得胸有成竹。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
ORDER 命令
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to give someone an order 命令，指示
• [+ to infinitive] The officer commanded his men to shoot. 军官命令他的手下射击。
• [+ that] He commanded that the troops (should) cross the water. 他命令部队度河。
intransitive or transitive
■to control someone or something and tell them what to do 指挥；统率；管辖
• Colonel Sailing commands the Guards Regiment. 赛林上校统率着近卫团。
transitive
■to deserve and get something good, such as attention, respect, or a lot of money 应得，值得
• She was one of those teachers who just commanded respect. 她是那些值得尊敬的老师中的一位。
• She commands one of the highest fees per film in Hollywood. 她是好莱坞片酬最高的演员之一。
UK [kə'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb
VIEW 景色
transitive formal
■to give a view 呈现，可看到
• The master bedroom commands a view of rolling green hills. 从主卧室望去，绵延起伏的青山一览无遗。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
command, commend, demand
command: 命令
commend: 称赞，推荐；
demand: 要求；
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
vi. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制
 - order, control over
vt. [计] 命令，指挥； [自] 控制；远望
 - require, possess, regulate, order, contain
n. 指挥， [自] 控制； [计] 命令；司令部
 - instruction, control, headquarters, bidding, order

Word: calculate
Front: calculate
[ˈkælkjuleɪt] (高研四托 3039/2168 -K2)
Vocabulary: calculate
(once / 127 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Calculate derives from the Latin word for count––it means either to figure out an equation, i.e., to count it up, or to count on something happening.
You might calculate on having your friends taking your side in a fight with a bully, or you might calculate on reaching home before nightfall, when you're on a road trip. You might calculate the answer to a simple equation in your head but need a calculator to figure out something more complex.
WORD FAMILY
calculate: calculable, calculated, calculates, calculating, calculation, calculative, calculator, miscalculate, recalculate +/calculable: calculably, incalculable / calculated: calculatedly/calculating: calculatingly/ calculation: calculations/calculative: calculatively/calculator: calculators/ incalculable: incalculably/ miscalculate: miscalculated, miscalculates, miscalculating, miscalculation/miscalculation: miscalculations/ recalculate: recalculated, recalculates, recalculating, recalculation/recalculation: recalculations
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The comment rubbed some people the wrong way, but Helton’s attitude was calculated.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
During the space race, NASA’s Langley Research Center employed black female mathematicians to calculate, among other things, launch and landing for the country’s first astronauts.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 计算; 估计; 打算，计划; 旨在
vt. 预测，推测
时态：calculated, calculating, calculates
分布：计算(89%)，估计(4%)，计划(2%)，指望(2%)，推测(2%)，考虑(1%)
→来自词根calc, 小石子。因古时用小石子计数。
计算(calc+ulate)[calc=stone,表示"石头"]
v.计算,推算;计划,打算The chocolates on the plate stimulated my son to calculate.盘子里的巧克力鼓励了儿子进行计算.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already have, and adding, multiplying, subtracting or dividing numbers 算，计算
• The cost of the damage caused by the recent storms has been calculated as/at over £5 million. 据计算，近期风暴造成的损失超过了500万英镑。
• The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual. 新税制将按照个人财产价值计算税额。
• [+ question word] At some stage we need to calculate wh en the project will be finished. 在一定阶段，我们需要计算一下工程何时会完成。
• [+ that] He's calculated that it would take him two years to save up enough for a car. 他算了一下要赚两年的钱才够买辆车。
['kæl.kjʊ.leɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  calculate on sth
■to expect or depend on a particular amount or time 预期；指望，依赖
• We're calculating on about 30 guests. 我们预期约有30名客人。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate: 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute: 常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate: 估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
vi. 计算；以为；作打算
 - figure, cast
vt. 计算；预测；认为；打算
 - expect, propose, forecast, cast, find

Word: award
Front: award
[əˈwɔ:d] (高研四六雅 2573/590 -K4)
Vocabulary: award
(once / 234 pages)
vn
The noun award refers to a prize of some kind that indicates you’ve done well and achieved an honor. The verb form of award describes giving out one of these honors. So your teacher may award you the Math Genius award.
Award can be something given out by a court of law. For example, a judge might give you a monetary award when you win a lawsuit. Award can also be something you get when you're the big winner. The state lottery commission might award you $35 when you hit the lottery. Award comes from the Old English word weardian, meaning “guard” — which is exactly what you should do with that $35.
WORD FAMILY
award: awarded, awarding, awards
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Is there an award for last minute lame-duck presidential courage?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Black Hawk County Gaming Association this past year awarded a $41,800 building improvement grant for the center.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 授予，奖给，判给; 判归，判定
n. 奖品; （仲裁人、公断人的）裁定; （法院、法官的）判决; 裁定书
时态：awarded, awarding, awards
分布：奖(81%)，授予(13%)，奖品(3%)，给予(2%)，判给(1%)
→a同前缀ex-, 出，向外，此处表强调。词根ward, 看，同单词ward, 看护，守护。指仔细看过后做出的决定，授奖。
vt.授予,给予;判定n.奖,奖金;仲裁The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US [-'wɔ:rd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give money or a prize following an official decision 给予，授予；判给，裁定
• Carlos was awarded first prize in the essay competition. 卡洛斯获颁短文写作比赛第一名。
• The jury awarded libel damages of £100 000. 陪审团作出裁定，判给受害人名誉损害赔偿金十万英镑。
• [+ two objects] The university has awarded her a $500 travel grant. 该大学发给她500美元的旅行资助。
UK [ə'wɔ:d] US [-'wɔ:rd] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a prize or a sum of money that is given to someone following an official decision 奖；奖项；奖金；奖品
• They have authorized awards of £900 to each of the victims. 他们判给每一位受害者900英镑赔偿金。
• the Academy Award for Best Director 奥斯卡最佳导演奖
reward, award
这组词都有“难予奖励”的意思，其区别是：
reward: 指对品德高尚和勤劳的人所给予的奖励。也可指为某事付酬金。
award: 侧重指官方或经正式研究裁决后对有功者或竞赛优胜者所给予的奖励。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 授予；判定
 - grant, give
n. 奖品；判决
 - prize, sentence

Word: minimum
Front: minimum
[ˈmɪnɪməm] (高研四六托雅 3633/2715 -K3)
Vocabulary: minimum
(once / 429 pages)
nadj
The minimum is the lowest or smallest amount possible or acceptable. If you do the minimum amount of work at your job, you might not get fired — but you definitely won't get promoted.
Minimum is Latin for smallest, so clearly English speakers have done less than the minimum amount of messing with the meaning of this word. Obviously, the opposite is maximum. At minimum, you should know that the word means the smallest limit of something. At most, you should be able to talk about its Latin roots.
WORD FAMILY
minimum: minima, minimise, minimize, minimums+/minimise: minimisation, minimised, minimises, minimising/ minimize: minimization, minimized, minimizes, minimizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In California alone, 12 cities raised their starting pay requirement, some to as high as $13 an hour, compared with $7.25 for the federal minimum.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 最低限度; 最小量; 最低消费; [数]极小值
adj. 最低的; 最小的; 最少的
分布：最低限度(47%)，最少的(31%)，最小量(18%)，最低程度的(4%)
→来自拉丁语minimus,最小的，-um,中性格。引申词义最小值，最低限度。minimum 最小值，最低限度
最小量(minim+um)[mini-表示"小"]
n.最小值,最低限度a.最小的,最低的The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
noun countable usually singular (plural minimums or specialized minima)
 ESSENTIAL
■the smallest amount or number allowed or possible 最小值；最少量；最低限度
• Wage increases are being kept to a minimum because of the recession. 由于经济衰退，工资增长的幅度被保持在最低水准。
• She hoped that her fiftieth birthday would pass with the minimum of fuss. 她希望她的50岁生日能尽量安安静静地度过。
• We need a minimum of ten people to play this game. 玩这个游戏我们至少需要十个人。
Opposite maximum
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that is the smallest or least allowed or possible 最低的，最小的，最低限度的
• This certificate is the minimum qualification required to teach English in most language schools. 大多数语言学校都把这张证书定为入职英语教师必需具备的最低学历资格。
• Eighteen is the minimum age for entering most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会只招待18岁或以上的人士。
['mɪn.ɪ.məm] (written abbreviation min.)
adverb
 ADVANCED
■at the least 至少
• She reckons that you should do three exercise classes a week minimum to get any of the benefits. 她认为你应该每周参加至少三次健身课程才能有点锻炼效果。
adj. [数] 最小的；最低的
 - lowest, least, smallest

Word: creation
Front: creation
[kriˈeɪʃn] (雅 2114/1844 -2)
Vocabulary: creation
(once / 319 pages)
1n 2n
Use the noun creation to describe bringing something into existence, such as the creation of a new organization or the creation of a cutting-edge computer program.
Creation often describes the act of producing something for the first time, but it can also refer to the thing that's produced. In this sense, it often describes something involving artistic talent. If you write a short story, you'd probably ask your friends to read your artistic creation. Creation also can be used to refer the universe in general. If your sister does something remarkable, you might say that in all of creation there's never been a sister like that.
WORD FAMILY
creation: creationism, creations, re-creation+/ create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate /created: re-created/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
We are now in the longest economic expansion and monthly job creation in history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is clear that the people do not think that the creation of artificial islands should be a priority,” he said.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 制造，创造; 创造物，产物; （尤指<圣经>所述由上帝）创造天地，宇宙; （爵位等的）封授
分布：创造(68%)，创作(32%)
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act of creating something, or the thing that is created 创造；创立；产生；创造物，作品
• the creation of a new political party 新政党的建立
• Their policies are all towards the creation of wealth. 他们的政策全都是为了创造财富。
• This 25-foot-high sculpture is her latest creation. 这尊25英尺高的雕塑是她的最新作品。
• The fashion magazines were full of the latest Paris creations (= fashionable new clothes). 时尚杂志里到处都是巴黎最新时装的相片。
n. 创造，创作；创作物，产物
 - child, fruit

Word: statement
Front: statement
[ˈsteɪtmənt] (高研四六雅 921/717 -K4)
Vocabulary: statement
(once / 71 pages)
n
A statement is a sentence that says something is true, like "Pizza is delicious." There are other kinds of statements in the worlds of the law, banking, and government.
All statements claim something or make a point. If you witness an accident, you make a statement to police, describing what you saw. You get a statement from your bank, a monthly record of what you spent and what you have left. Sometimes a statement isn't so official — it's just some kind of point being made. People say someone's car makes a statement — or their clothes do. Running away on your wedding day would make a huge statement.
WORD FAMILY
statement: statements+/ interstate: interstates/misstate: misstated, misstatement, misstates, misstating/misstatement: misstatements/ overstate: overstated, overstatement, overstates, overstating/overstatement: overstatements/ restate: restated, restatement, restates, restating/restatement: restatements/ state: interstate, intrastate, misstate, overstate, restate, stated, stateless, statement, stater, states, stating, understate /stated: statedly, unstated/stater: staters/ understate: understated, understatement, understates, understating/understated: understatedly/ understatement: understatements
USAGE EXAMPLES
County police are investigating but do not suspect foul play, according to a statement on the county’s Facebook page.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The company said in its statement that the laptop was not connected to its grid systems.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 声明; （思想、观点、文章主题等的）表现; （文字）陈述; 结算单
vi. （英国）对儿童进行特殊教育评估认定
vt. 申请（小孩）有特殊教育需要
分布：声明(68%)，陈述(32%)
→state,陈述，说明，-ment,名词后缀。
声明;陈述(state+ment→站着说话→声明立场)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.声明,陈述Clearness of statement is very important for you.叙述清楚对你来说很重要.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion （正式的）说明；声明；表态
• The government is expected to issue a statement about the investigation to the press. 预计政府会就该调查向媒体作出说明。
• He produced a signed statement from the prisoner. 他出示了一份犯人签字画押的口供。
• He threw paint over the fur coats because he wanted to make a statement about cruelty to animals. 他把颜料洒在毛皮大衣上，想藉此表现人类对动物的残忍。
• [+ that] We were not surprised by their statement that the train services would be reduced. 他们宣布将减少列车班次，我们对此丝毫不感到吃惊。
(also bank statement)
■a piece of paper which shows the amounts of money paid into and taken out of your bank account during a particular period of time （银行）对帐单
n. [法] 声明；陈述，叙述；报表，清单
 - presentation, profession, relation, representation, bill

Word: moral
Front: moral
[ˈmɒrəl] (高研四六托 1459/1787 -K3)
Vocabulary: moral
(once / 48 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The moral of a story is the lesson that story teaches about how to behave in the world.
Moral comes from the Latin word mores, for habits. The moral of a story is supposed to teach you how to be a better person. If moral is used as an adjective, it means good, or ethical. If you have a strong moral character, you are a good member of society. If someone is a cheat and a liar, you might say, "She is not a moral person."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
moral / morale
Choose your words:
Moral/Morale of the story: If you became a middle school football coach so you could trick little kids, shame on you.
Posh needed a moral-/morale-boosting win after a couple of insipid home displays and credit to the players for providing it.
In our first sentence, we want a word that means the lesson of the story, especially a lesson of right and wrong. That word is moral. In the plural, it refers to the rules by which one conducts one's life. Some more examples that use moral:
However, here are 10 moral character failings destroying our nation that I feel, like the mayor, we ought to be up in arms about addressing.
Saudi Arabia Blocks Facebook on Moral Grounds, Promptly Unblocks It
The second sentence describes a win that will make the team feel more confident and enthusiastic. Here the choice is morale. If your department or team has a strong sense of common purpose or dedication, your morale is high; if there's a lot of bickering going on and people are quitting the company or just not doing their jobs, morale is low.Some more examples:
Perks keep morale high at Michigan's top workplaces
To improve officer morale, Sheppard said he will repair union relations, address concerns that officer discipline is handled unfairly and solicit more officer input while improving training..
WORD FAMILY
moral: amoral, immoral, moralise, moralism, morality, moralize, morally, morals +/amoral: amoralism, amorality, amorally /amoralism: amoralist/amoralist: amoralists/ immoral: immorality, immorally/ immorality: immoralities/moralisation: moralisations/moralise: moralisation, moralised, moralises, moralising/moralism: moralisms, moralist / moralist: moralists/moralistic: moralistically/ morality: moralistic, moralities/moralization: moralizations/ moralize: moralization, moralized, moralizes, moralizing/moralizing: moralizings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is a genuine person who lives by a strict moral code, and he expects to be treated fairly.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It explores how environments whittle away at the soul and morals of the underserved.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“Modi presented the entire idea of demonetisation as a highly moral act,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 道德的，道义上的; 精神上的; 无疑的，当然的; 教导道德的
n. 寓意，教训; （尤指男女间的）品行; 格言; 〈古〉相对者
分布：道德(81%)，道德的(7%)，伦理(4%)，寓意(4%)，精神上的(3%)，品行(1%)
→来自拉丁语moralis,举止，行为，得体的举止，来自mos,品行，性格，风俗，习惯，来自mo,努力，辛劳，做事方式，词源同mood,mores,mole.引申词义道德的，道义的。
道德的[mor=moral,表示"道德：]
a.道德(上)的,精神上的n.寓意,教育意义He refused the request on moral grounds.基于道德上的考虑,他拒绝了这个请求.
US ['mɔ:r-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to the standards of good or bad behaviour, fairness, honesty, etc. which each person believes in, rather than to laws 道德的
• It's her moral obligation to tell the police what she knows. 她把所知道的事告诉警方是道义上的责任。
• It is not part of a novelist's job to make a moral judgment. 小说家并不需要作道德上的批判。
• She was the only politician to condemn the proposed law on moral grounds (= for moral reasons). 她是唯一一个从道德角度，对提议施行的法律作出谴责的政治家。
• The Democrats are attempting to capture the moral high ground (= are trying to appear more honest and good than the other political parties). 民主党试图显出在道义上占优势。
Compare amoral ; immoral
 IMPROVER
■behaving in ways considered by most people to be correct and honest 有道德的，品行端正的
• She's a very moral woman. 她是个品行极为端正的女人。
• Oh, stop being so moral! 哦，别这么一本正经！
• Is TV responsible for weakening people's moral fibre (= ability to behave well and honestly and work hard) ? 电视是否要对人们的道德品质下降负责呢？
UK ['mɒr.əl] US ['mɔ:r-] noun
STANDARDS 规范
morals
 IMPROVER [plural]
■standards for good or bad character and behaviour 道德；品行；道德规范
• public/private morals 公共／个人道德
• old-fashioned disapproving a person of loose morals (= whose character or sexual behaviour are considered unacceptable) 放荡的人
UK ['mɒr.əl] US ['mɔ:r-] noun
MESSAGE 讯息
countable
■The moral of a story, event or experience is the message which you understand from it about how you should or should not behave 道德教训；寓意
• And the moral of/to the story is that honesty is always the best policy. 这个故事的寓意是：诚实总是上策。
adj. 道德的；精神上的；品性端正的
 - psychological, ethical
n. 道德；寓意
 - overtone

Word: peer
Front: peer
[pɪə(r)] (研六托雅宝 2424/3899 -3)
Vocabulary: peer
(once / 174 pages)
1v 2n 3n
A peer is someone at your own level. If you are a 10th grader, other high school students are your peers.
Peer comes from the Latin par which means equal. When you are on par with someone, you are their peer. If kids your age are pressuring you to do something you don't want to do, that's peer pressure. In the sport of basketball, Michael Jordan was without peer, no one could equal his talent. When he switched to baseball, he found himself to be among peers again.
WORD FAMILY
peer: peered, peering, peerless, peers+/ peerless: peerlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They will play 17 games this month — 12 of them against conference peers — and with their best players battling ailments.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Post-Dispatch analysis showed that students at small schools in Missouri fare about as well on state exams as their peers at larger schools.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Medically vulnerable children such as Arianna and AJ are often forced to live lives of social isolation and separation from their peers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 凝视; 盯着看; 隐退，若隐若现; 同等，比得上
n. 同辈，同等的人; 贵族; 同伴，伙伴
adj. 贵族的; （年龄、地位等）同等的; 相匹敌的
时态：peered, peering, peers
分布：贵族(32%)，同辈(27%)，凝视(22%)，窥视(11%)，同等的人(8%)
→来自拉丁语par,对等，等同，词源同pair.引申词义同辈。词义贵族来自小说家模仿英国Arthur王传说中的圆桌骑士改编的八世纪法国君主Charlemagne大帝的十二骑士（Twelve Peers）的传奇故事。peer 仔细看，端详
n.同辈,同等地位的人;贵族v.凝视,隐约出现The peer's queer peering is a sheer sneer.贵族的奇怪盯着看是完全讽笑.
【记】ee与眼睛有关
US [pɪr] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to look carefully or with difficulty 仔细看，端详；费力地看
• When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. 没有人开门，她就费力地透过窗户往里望去，看是否有人在。
• The driver was peering into the distance trying to read the road sign. 司机费力地看着远方，想要看清路标。
UK [pɪər] US [pɪr] noun countable
EQUAL 平等的
 ADVANCED
■a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group 同龄人；同辈；同侪；同等社会地位（或能力）的人
• Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers? 你是否认为十几岁的女孩子不如同年龄的男孩子自信？
• He wasn't a great scholar, but as a teacher he had few peers (= not as many people had the same ability as him). 他算不上伟大的学者，但作为教师没有几个人能与他相提并论。
UK [pɪər] US [pɪr] noun countable
HIGH RANK 很高的地位
■in Britain, a person who has a high social position and any of a range of titles, including baron , earl and duke , or a life peer 贵族
• a hereditary peer 世袭贵族
• a Conservative peer 保守党贵族
peer, peep, gape, glance, stare, gaze, glare, glimpse
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
peer: v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下；费力地看，凝视。
 • Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.   因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep: v.窥视，偷看。
 • The mother peeped into the bedroom to see if her child was asleep.   母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否睡着了。
gape: v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
 • The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.   在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance: v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
 • He glanced over the letter he had just received.   他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
stare: v.凝视，盯着，指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
 • I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.   我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
gaze: v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
 • She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.   她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
glare: v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看；眩目地照射。
 • The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.   那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse: v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
vi. 凝视，盯着看；窥视
 - pore, stare at
n. 贵族；同等的人
 - prince, noble, nobility

Word: rapidly
Front: rapidly
['ræpɪdlɪ] (四六 2527/1967 -K)
Vocabulary: rapidly
(once / 104 pages)
adv
When you do something rapidly, you do it very quickly. A rapidly moving train is going at full speed.
You may notice that the grass in your yard grows rapidly during the rainy summer days and more slowly when there's a heat wave. You might also get a speeding ticket for driving too rapidly in a school zone. In either case, something's happening fast. The adverb rapidly comes from the adjective rapid, "moving quickly," with the Latin root rapidus, "hasty, swift, fierce, or impetuous."
WORD FAMILY
rapid: rapidity, rapidly, rapidness, rapids+/rapidity: rapidities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a rapidly changing climate, they may get it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 很快地，迅速地; 立即
分布：迅速地(58%)，很快地(42%)
ADJ-GRADED
快速的；迅速的
A rapid change is one that happens very quickly.
例：...the country's rapid economic growth in the 1980's...20世纪80年代该国经济的迅速增长
例：This signals a rapid change of mind by the government.这标志着政府思想的急剧转变。
ADJ-GRADED
（动作）很快的，迅速进行的
A rapid movement is one that is very fast.
例：He walked at a rapid pace along Charles Street.他快步走过查尔斯大街。
例：...whether the Tunnel will provide more rapid car transport than ferries...隧道是否能够提供比渡船更加快捷的车辆运输
adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即
 - quickly, fast, directly, promptly, ready

Word: backing
Front: backing
[ˈbækɪŋ] (8295/5020 -3)
Back: n. 支持; 支持者; 背衬; <口>（独唱或独奏的）伴奏
v. （使）后退，（使）倒退( back的现在分词); 支持; 作…的衬里; （用证据或理论来）证实（一种理论或主张）
分布：支持(91%)，背衬(5%)，伴奏(3%)，动词back的现在分词.(1%)
noun
SUPPORT 支持
 ADVANCED uncountable
■support, especially money, that someone gives a person or plan 支持，援助；（尤指）资助
• If I go ahead with the plan, can I count on your backing? 如果我着手实施这个计划，你会资助我吗？
['bæk.ɪŋ] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ADVANCED uncountable
■music or singing which is played or performed to support a song or tune, especially a popular one （尤指流行音乐的）伴奏，伴唱
• a backing track 伴奏曲
• She sang as part of an all-women backing (US usuallybackup) group. 她是女子伴唱组的一员。
['bæk.ɪŋ] noun
MATERIAL 物料
countable or uncountable
■something put on the back of something else in order to make it stronger or protect it 背衬
• It's strong cloth - it might be useful as (a) backing. 这种布很结实——可以用作里衬。
n. 支持；后退；支持者；衬背
 - recession, holding, support, adhesion, advocate
v. 支持（back的ing形式）
 - supporting, encouraging

Word: seize
Front: seize
[si:z] (高研四六托 3230/2974 -3)
Vocabulary: seize
(once / 64 pages)
v
Infomercial salesmen constantly tell you to seize the opportunity to buy their product while you still can. Supplies are limited! After all, everyone will want that solar-powered puppy petter, so you'd better grab the opportunity and buy two!
You can seize all kinds of things. Seize the day if you are taking advantage of the present circumstances and enjoying life to the fullest. Seize the castle, if you are a feudal lord fighting with your neighbor. Seize the inspiration if you want to tell a moving story. Seize authority if you are overthrowing a small country. Avoid, at all costs, being seized if you are under zombie attack.
WORD FAMILY
seize: seized, seizer, seizes, seizing, seizure +/seizer: seizers/seizing: seizings/ seizure: seizures
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Russian leader seized Crimea from Ukraine and now holds portions of Ukraine itself.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
City held off Burnley with 10 men and seized the lead in the second half through Gael Clichy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They also seized 12 employees of Umanizzare, a private contractor that operates prisons in the Amazon.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 抓住; 逮捕; 捉拿; 俘获
vt. 夺取; 占领; 起获; 没收
时态：seized, seizing, seizes
分布：抓住(75%)，夺取(12%)，利用(8%)，没收(5%)
→来自中古英语 seisen,占据，夺取，来自古法语 seisir,占据，夺取，来自拉丁语 sacire,声称， 要求，借自 Proto-Germanic*sakana,要求，寻求，诉求，来自 sag,要求，寻求，词源同 seek,sake.
v.抓住,逮住;夺取,占领;没收,查封I recognized the large-sized prize and seized it.我认出了大号奖品并将它占有.
verb
 IMPROVER transitive
■to take something quickly and keep or hold it 抓住；夺过
• I seized his arm and made him turn to look at me. 我抓住他的手臂，使他转身看着我。
• He seized the chance/opportunity of a free flight with both hands (= with eagerness or enthusiasm). 他急切地紧抓住搭乘免费航班的机会。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to take using sudden force 夺取；攫取；抓获
• The rebels have seized ten soldiers to use as hostages. 叛乱者俘获了十名士兵作为人质。
• Political instability helped the army to seize power. 政治动荡使军队攫取了权力。
• Troops yesterday seized control of the broadcasting station. 昨天部队夺取了广播电台的控制权。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If the police or other officials seize something, they take possession of it with legal authority 没收；查获
• Customs officers at Heathrow have seized 60 kilos of heroin. 希思洛机场的海关官员查获了60公斤海洛因。
[usually passive]
■If a strong emotion or pain seizes you, you feel it suddenly （强烈情感或剧痛）突然侵袭
• I was suddenly seized by/with a feeling of great insecurity and loneliness. 我突然感到很没有安全感，很孤独。
[si:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  seize on/upon sth
■to use, accept or take advantage of something quickly or enthusiastically 抓住；揪住；大加利用
• The story was seized on by the tabloid press, who printed it under huge headlines. 那件事被小报紧抓着不放，并用巨大标题刊载。
[si:z] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  seize up informal
■to stop being able to move or work in the normal way 动弹不得；故障；失灵
• The washing machine totally seized up on Thursday. 星期四的时候洗衣机彻底坏掉了。
• The traffic had seized up for miles because of the roadworks. 由于道路施工，车辆堵了好几哩。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
arrest, seize, catch, capture, trap
这组词都有“抓住，捕捉”的意思，其区别是：
arrest: 指根据法律或命令进行逮捕并予以监禁或拘留。
seize: 侧重指以突然、有力地动作迅速抓住或捉住。
catch: 普通用词，指捉住跑动或隐藏中的人或动物，一般指活捉。
capture: 指通过武力或计谋等，战胜抵抗而捉住敌人或动物。
trap: 多指诱捕。
vt. 抓住；夺取；理解；逮捕
 - grasp, absorb, see, read, noble
vi. 抓住；利用；（机器）卡住
 - lock, do with

Word: recall
Front: recall
[rɪˈkɔ:l] (研四六托雅宝 1129/1637 -K4)
Vocabulary: recall
(once / 91 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
When you recall something, you remember it, like telling your friend, "As I recall, you said you'd buy my lunch the next time we got together."
The verb recall means "remember," like an older person who recalls her school days, or "call to mind," like a painter's use of colors and shapes that recall early Pablo Picasso. Recall can also be a noun — you may know someone who has great recall, or memory, of events that everyone else has forgotten. If an automaker issues a recall on your car, this is a request to temporarily "take it back" to fix something. Don't forget about this kind of recall!
WORD FAMILY
recall: recalled, recalling, recalls+/ call: callable, called, caller, calling, calls, miscall, overcall, recall /caller: callers/calling: callings/miscall: miscalled, miscalling, miscalls/overcall: overcalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
She recalled how wearing a hairpiece caused a rash.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
After the remodeling and expansion, the shop became “swamped” with customers, they recalled.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“My heart hurt,” Helton recalled on Saturday, “but I was smiling,”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 叫回，召回; 使想起，回想; 取消; 调回工厂
n. 召回，唤回; 记忆力，回想; 罢免; 收回通告
时态：recalled, recalling, recalls
分布：回忆(49%)，召回(26%)，回想起(14%)，取消(6%)，恢复(3%)，唤起(1%)，与 ... 相似(1%)
→re-,再，重新，call,叫，叫喊。比喻用法。
v.回忆,回想;撤消,收回Palm calmly recalled the so-called caller."手掌"平静地回忆了那个所谓的拜访者.
【记】re反，call一反叫－回想
US ['ri:.kɑ:l] verb
REMEMBER 回忆起
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to bring the memory of a past event into your mind, and often to give a description of what you remember 回忆起；回想起；记得
• The old man recalled the city as it had been before the war. 这位老人回忆起战前这座城市的样子。
• "As I recall," he said with some irritation, "you still owe me £150." “我记得，”他有些恼火地说，“你还欠我150英镑呢。”
• [+ (that)] He recalled (that) he had sent the letter over a month ago. 他记得一个多月前就已经把信寄出了。
• [+ question word] Can you recall wh at happened last night? 你能记起昨晚发生甚么了吗？
• [+ -ing verb] She recalled seeing him outside the shop on the night of the robbery. 她记得在发生抢劫案的那天晚上在商店外面见过他。
transitive
■to cause you to think of a particular event, situation or style 使联想起；使想到；勾起联想
• His paintings recall the style of Picasso. 他的画作使人联想起毕卡索的风格。
UK [rɪ'kɔ:l] US ['ri:.kɑ:l] verb
CALL BACK 召回
transitive
■to order the return of a person who belongs to an organization or of products made by a company 召回；叫回；收回
• The ambassador was recalled when war broke out. 战争爆发后大使就被召回了。
• The company recalled thousands of tins of baby food after a salmonella scare. 由于沙门氏菌污染引起恐慌，该公司收回了几千罐婴儿食品。
UK [rɪ'kɔ:l] US ['ri:.kɑ:l] noun
REMEMBERING 记性
uncountable
■the ability to remember things 记忆力；记性
• Old people often have astonishing powers of recall. 老年人经常会表现出惊人的记忆力。
• My brother has total recall (= He can remember every detail of past events). 我弟弟对过去发生的事情记得清清楚楚。
UK [rɪ'kɔ:l] US ['ri:.kɑ:l] noun
CALLING BACK 召回
countable usually singular
■an occasion when someone orders the return of a person who belongs to an organization, or orders the return of products made by a company 召回；叫回；收回
• an emergency recall of Parliament 紧急召回休会的议会议员开会
• The company issued a recall of all their latest antibiotics. 公司将他们最近生产的抗生素全部召回。
remember, memorize, recall, remind, recolect
这组词都有“记忆，记住，回忆”的意思，其区别是：
remember: 含义较广，多指无意识地回忆起往事，也可指通过主观努力去记忆。
memorize: 指有意识的下功夫把某事的整个细节都记在脑子里。
recall: 比remember文雅，指想方设法回忆已经遗忘之事。
remind: 指经某人或某事的提醒而回忆起某件已遗忘之事。
recolect: 指在记忆中搜索，设法想起一时想不起的事情或人，强调过程。
vt. 召回；回想起，记起；取消
 - think of, come back
n. 召回；回忆；撤消
 - memory, recollection

Word: tradition
Front: tradition
[trəˈdɪʃn] (高研四六 1243/1417 -K3)
Vocabulary: tradition
(once / 90 pages)
n
Traditions are longstanding customs and practices. It might be a family tradition to open Christmas presents on Christmas Eve, started because your parents were too impatient to wait.
The noun tradition has Latin roots in the word tradere, which means hand over or hand down. So think of a tradition as something that is handed down from one generation to another. Fireworks on the Fourth of July are a national tradition, and playing your school's fight song at the start of the football game is probably a longstanding tradition designed to get the fans excited for the game.
WORD FAMILY
tradition: traditional, traditions+/ nontraditional: nontraditionally/ traditional: nontraditional, traditionalism, traditionality, traditionally, untraditional/traditionalism: traditionalist, traditionalistic/ traditionalist: traditionalists/untraditional: untraditionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
In May Mr. Trump responded by releasing a list of jurists broadly in the Scalia tradition.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a business decision that ignores the culinary tradition of Roman cuisine,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said they’ll keep all the traditions created throughout the years alive in Beckley.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 传统; 惯例; [宗]经外传说; [法]移交，引渡
分布：传统(96%)，惯例(4%)
→来自古法语 tradicion,转移，移交，交付，来自拉丁语 tradere,转移，交付，来自 tra-,转移， dare,给予，来自 do,给，给予，词源同 donate,edit.引申词义传统，习俗等。
传统;传说(tra横+dit+ion→横着给,代代相传→传统)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
n.传统;惯例;传说It is a tradition that the young look after the old in their family.在他们家,年轻的照顾年长的是一个传统.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a belief, principle or way of acting which people in a particular society or group have continued to follow for a long time, or all of these beliefs, etc. in a particular society or group 传统
• Fireworks have long been an American tradition on the Fourth of July. 七月四日国庆日放烟火是美国人长期以来的传统。
• Switzerland has a long tradition of neutrality. 保持中立是瑞士长期以来的传统。
• [+ that] There's a tradition in our office that when it's somebody's birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share. 我们办公室有个传统：当有人过生日时，就会带蛋糕来跟我们大家一起分享。
• We decided to break with tradition (= not behave as usual) this year and go away for Christmas. 今年我们决定打破传统，外出度圣诞节。
• According to tradition, a headless ghost walks through the corridors of the house at night. 据传说，晚上有个无头鬼走过这幢房子的走廊。
[trə'dɪʃ.ən] noun countable or uncountable
in the tradition of sb/sth
■having characteristics similar to a particular person or thing 具有…的传统
• His paintings are in the tradition of those of Bacon and Spencer. 他的画沿袭了培根和斯宾塞的传统。
habit, practice, tradition, convention, usage, manners, custom
这组词都有“习惯，风俗，传统”的意思，其区别是：
habit: 侧重于自然养成的，不易去掉的个人习惯。
practice: 常指习惯性的做法或行为。
tradition: 广义指世代相传的伦理、行为规范和生活方式，特指因长久奉行而几乎具有法律效力的习惯、习俗，侧重历史意义。
convention: 多指约定俗成的行为方式规则或公认的标准，或指艺术上公认的技巧。
usage: 指持续时间长，为很多人公认采纳的惯例、习俗。
manners: 指在某一时期或某一团体中盛行的社会礼仪或社会风俗模式。
custom: 指一个国家、一个民族、一个地区或一个社会的习惯、行为方式或风俗习惯。也可指个人的习惯。
n. 惯例，传统；传说
 - convention, usage, heritage, tale, prescription

Word: plane
Front: plane
[pleɪn] (中高宝 1150/2000 -K4)
Vocabulary: plane
(once / 141 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4v 5nvadj
A plane is a vehicle that flies through the air, but it is also a tool used to make something smooth and flat, a kind of tree or a level surface. As a verb, to plane something is to make it flat and smooth.
Don't confuse plane with plain, an adjective that means "simple" or a noun that means "flat land," like the plains of the American Midwest. This can be tricky because plane describes something that is flat and level, or the tool or action that makes something flat and level. If you remember that plain applies only to landforms, the difference will be plain to see — meaning obvious.
WORD FAMILY
plane: biplane, deplane, enplane, midplane, planar, planation, planed, planely, planeness, planer, planes, planing+/biplane: biplanes/deplane: deplaned, deplanes, deplaning/enplane: enplaned, enplaning/planation: planations/planer: planers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Update from pilot….because customs computers are down…we are the 20th plane in line for a gate.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Workers in Charlotte realized there was a possibility someone was locked in the plane’s belly and contacted the Federal Aviation Administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Television news footage shows the plane intact on a runway with its front end touching the tarmac.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 水平; 平面; 飞机; 木工刨
adj. 平的，平坦的
vt. 用刨刨平; 小船等擦着水面疾驶
vi. 鸟滑翔
时态：planed, planing, planes
分布：飞机(78%)，平面(10%)，飞机的(4%)，水平(3%)，平的(2%)，刨(1%)，刨子(1%)，悬铃木(1%)
→缩写自airplane,飞机。plane 水平，平面，刨平
n.飞机;平面,水平面In the lane the planer saw a planet airplane under the crane.在巷道里,刨工看见了起重机下的行星飞机.
【记】因为机翼被想像成是平坦的，所以有平面和刨子的意思。
noun countable
AIRCRAFT 航空器
 ESSENTIAL (UK also aeroplane) (US also airplane)
■a vehicle designed for air travel, which has wings and one or more engines 飞机
• a fighter/transport/passenger plane 战斗机／运输机／客机
• We'll be boarding the plane in about 20 minutes. 大约20分钟后我们就要登机。
• He hates travelling by plane. 他不喜欢坐飞机旅行。
• a plane ticket 飞机票
[pleɪn] noun countable
SURFACE 表面 specialized
■in mathematics, a flat or level surface which continues in all directions 平面
• an inclined plane 倾斜的平面
[pleɪn] noun countable
LEVEL 水准
■a particular level or standard 水准；层面；程度
• The poet's treatment of the subject lifts it to a mystical plane. 诗人对该题材的处理使其提升到一个玄妙的境界。
• His work is on a completely different plane from (= is much better than) other writers. 他的作品比其他作家的作品水准高得多。
[pleɪn] noun countable
TOOL 工具
■a tool which is used to make wooden surfaces and edges flat and smooth by removing small strips of the wood 木工刨，刨子
[pleɪn] noun countable
TREE 树 (also plane tree)
■a large tree with wide leaves and spreading branches that grows especially in towns 篠悬木
[pleɪn] verb transitive
■to remove small strips of wood from a surface with a special tool 刨平
• You'll have to plane some more off the bottom of the door - it's still sticking. 你需要再把门底刨一刨——门还有些卡卡的。
[pleɪn] adjective [before noun] specialized
■flat 平（面）的
• a plane edge/surface 平滑边缘／表面
aeroplane, airplane, aircraft, plane, jet, helicopter
这些名词均有“飞机”之意。
aeroplane: 和airplane专指普通飞机，不包括helicopter(直升飞机)。aeroplane为英国英语的拼法。
airplane: 为美国英语的用词。
aircraft: 常用作集体名词，也可指一架飞机，其含义包括直升飞机和飞艇等。
plane: 本义为“平面”，在航空专业里通常用aeroplane。plane较通俗用词。
jet: 指喷气式飞机，也用jet plane。
helicopter: 指直升飞机。
n. [航] 飞机； [数] 平面；程度，水平
 - extent, degree, measure, level, airplane
vi. 刨；乘飞机旅行；翱翔
 - fly in, upsoar
adj. 平的； [数] 平面的
 - plain, two dimensional

Word: hint
Front: hint
[hɪnt] (研四六托雅 3909/3492 -3)
Vocabulary: hint
(once / 149 pages)
1nv 2n
A hint is a slight indication or clue. Your mother might hint at the fact that she doesn’t like your shoes, while your grandmother will just come right out and say that they’re ugly.
If you’re a journalist following a lead, you’ll prefer that your source give you all the facts, rather than just a hint. A hint can be an indirect suggestion and it is also a very small amount — maybe you take just a hint of sugar in your coffee. As a verb, hint is an intimation or subtle suggestion. It’s also something you drop, like when you hint that you want a particular video game for your birthday.
WORD FAMILY
hint: hinted, hinting, hints
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lions and Packers lean on their passing, but there were some hints of more balance Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He never tells us what she died of, though there are hints that she committed suicide: “She succumbed to her own melancholy.”
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The president’s next tweet hinted at progressive fears over Trump’s nomination of a number of climate change deniers to key positions in his cabinet.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 线索，迹象; 提示，注意事项; 暗示; 微量
vt. 暗示
vi. 暗示，提示
时态：hinted, hinting, hints
分布：暗示(93%)，示意(7%)
→来自中古英语hinten,告知，通知，来自古英语hentan,抓住，词源同hunt.引申词义暗示。
n.暗示,提示,线索v.暗示,示意I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
INDIRECT STATEMENT 间接说明
 ADVANCED countable
■something that you say or do that shows, but not directly, what you think or want 暗示，提示；示意
• [+ that] He's dropped (= given) several hints to the boss that he'll quit if he doesn't get a promotion. 他已经向老板暗示了好几次，如果不获擢升他就会辞职。
• Did she give you any hints about where she was going? 她有没有向你暗示过她要去哪里呢？
• You can't take (= understand) a hint, can you? Just go away and leave me alone! 你就是听不懂暗示，对不对？滚开，不要管我！
[hɪnt] noun
ADVICE 建议
countable
■a piece of advice which helps you to do something 建议
• Could you give us a hint about how to do this exercise, please? 你能不能给我们一些关于如何做这个练习的建议？
• This recipe book is full of handy (= useful) hints. 这本食谱中有很多有用的建议。
[hɪnt] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
countable usually singular
■a very small amount of something 很少量
• There's just a hint of brandy in the sauce. 酱汁中只有很少的白兰地。
• I detected a hint of doubt in his voice. 我察觉到他的语气带些怀疑。
[hɪnt] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to say or do something that shows, but not directly, what you think or want 暗示
• [+ (that)] Mum's hinted (that) she might pay for my trip to Mexico. 妈妈暗示她或许可以资助我的墨西哥之行。
• He's hinted at the possibility of moving to America. 他暗示过有可能移居美国。
imply, hint, suggest
这组词都有“暗示”的意思，其区别是：
imply: 侧重指话语、行为或情景中的一种暗示，听者或读者必须加以逻辑推断才能领会。
hint: 指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事。
suggest: 指有意或无意的，直接或间接暗示，强调事物的表征等使人引起联想。
implication, suggestion, hint
这组词都有“暗示，暗指”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指对某事不公开发表自己的意见，仅用语言动作或表情表明态度，要对方进行推断。
suggestion: 既可指比较明显的暗示，又可指客观上流露出的迹象。
hint: 最常用用词，多指无意中的，间接的暗示。
n. 暗示；线索
 - connotation, reminder, implication, allusion
vt. 暗示；示意
 - sign, imply
vi. 示意
 - beckon

Word: solar
Front: solar
[ˈsəʊlə(r)] (高研四六托雅 2744/4774 -2)
Vocabulary: solar
(once / 562 pages)
adj
Does it come from the sun? Is it related to the sunshine? Does it depend on sunny rays of light to function? Then it's probably safe to call it solar.
The ancient Egyptians worshiped the sun god Ra, shaping their lives around the sun's golden rays and even following a solar calendar. Today sun worship is experiencing a renaissance, as more and more people become interested in harnessing the big star's power for "solar energy." Whatever way you decide to partake in solar enjoyment, just remember to wear sunblock.
WORD FAMILY
solar: solarise, solarize+/solarise: solarisation, solarised/solarize: solarization, solarized
USAGE EXAMPLES
For large-scale projects, the cost of new solar power in India is now cheaper than coal.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Solar sail technology will also allow us to study our solar system in far greater time.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 太阳的，日光的; 利用太阳能的; 根据太阳决定或测定的
n. 日光浴室
分布：太阳能的(53%)，太阳的(47%)
→来自拉丁语 sol,太阳，-ar,形容词后缀。
太阳的[Sol=sun,表示"太阳"]
a.太阳的,日光的They have a solar water heater.他们有个太阳能热水器.
US ['soʊ.lɚ] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■of or from the sun, or using the energy from the sun to produce electric power 太阳的；来自太阳的；使用太阳能的
• solar radiation 太阳辐射
• solar flares 太阳耀斑
• a solar cell/panel 太阳能电池／电板
• solar heating 太阳能供暖
adj. 太阳的；日光的；利用太阳光的；与太阳相关的
 - heliacal
n. 日光浴室
 - sunroom, sun porch

Word: gang
Front: gang
[gæŋ] (研四六雅 2614/3549 -3)
Vocabulary: gang
(once / 263 pages)
1nv 2n
A gang is an association or group of criminals. Often, members of one gang will fight violently with another gang.
People join gangs for the sense of belonging, as well as for protection by other members. A gang usually claims an area as its territory and defends it against other gangs or unaffiliated criminals. You can also use gang for a group of friends or workers: "A whole gang of us went to the movies together." The Old English root, gang, means "journey." Today's definition comes from the idea of "a band of people traveling together."
WORD FAMILY
gang: gangdom, ganged, ganger, ganging, gangs, gangster +/ganger: gangers/ gangster: gangsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A prison chaplain said the riot began after a fight between rival gangs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Gun deaths are common in heists, holdups and in confrontations among police, drug gangs and other criminals in Brazil, but targeted mass shootings are rare.
Reuters(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 帮派，团体; 盗贼等的)一帮; （工具，机械等的）一套; 〈美俚〉棒球队
vt. 使结成一帮; 成群地袭击
vi. 结伙行动
时态：ganged, ganging, gangs
分布：一伙(53%)，一群(40%)，结成一伙(5%)，结伙袭击(2%)
→来自ghengh, 走，词源同go(有争议)。即走的一群人。
n.一帮,一群,一伙The language angel hanged up the gang and banged them at the angle of the triangle.语文天使将那伙人吊起朝三角形的角上猛撞.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly （尤指年轻男人组成的聚众打斗、行为恶劣的）一帮，帮派，团伙，集团
• Fights among rival gangs account for most murders in the city. 这座城市中，绝大多数凶杀案件都是敌对帮派之间的殴斗引起的。
■a group of criminals who work together 犯罪集团；黑帮
• a gang of armed robbers 武装抢劫集团
■informal
■a group of friends 一群朋友；（朋友的）一伙，一帮
• She was in our gang at school. 上学时她是我们一伙的。
• I went out with the usual gang from college on Friday night. 星期五晚上我和大学的一帮老朋友一起到外面玩乐去了。
■a group of workers or prisoners who work together （一起干活的）一群工人，一群囚犯
• a gang of labourers 一群体力工人 ，劳工
[gæŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  gang up disapproving
■to unite as a group against someone （为了反对某人）结伙，联合起来，拉帮结派
• They all ganged up to try and get him to change his decision. 他们联合起来，试图使他改变决定。
• The whole class ganged up against/on her because she was the teacher's pet. 因为老师偏爱她，所以整个班上的学生都合伙跟她作对。
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
n. 群；一伙；一组
 - cluster, bunch, qun

Word: surface
Front: surface
[ˈsɜ:fɪs] (中高托雅 1015/971 -K4)
Vocabulary: surface
(once / 75 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3vn 4n
The surface is the outside of anything. The earth, a basketball, and even your body have a surface.
A surface is the top layer of something. The surface of the moon is rocky, with a lot of craters, while the surface of the earth has a lot of water. Sandpaper has a rough surface; a balloon has a smooth but rubbery surface. When we use the word surface, it usually means there is a lot of stuff underneath. That applies to our use of surface to mean outward mood, as in "You look happy on the surface, but I know you're angry on the inside."
WORD FAMILY
surface: resurface, subsurface, surfaced, surfacely, surfaces, surfacing, undersurface+/ resurface: resurfaced, resurfaces, resurfacing/surfacing: surfacings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The surface looked mushy late in the game, but that’s normal.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
ON the surface, Secretary of State John Kerry’s speech on Wednesday about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was an act of liberation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 表面; 外观，外表; 地面。水面
vi. 浮出水面; 在表面工作; 显露
vt. 使浮出水面; 使成平面
adj. 表面的，外观的; 外表上的，平地上的; 肤浅的
时态：surfaced, surfacing, surfaces
分布：表面(73%)，表面的(10%)，平面(5%)，外表(4%)，显露(3%)，肤浅的(2%)，浮到水面(1%)，在表面工作(1%)，在 ... 上加表层(1%)
→sur-,在上，face,脸，脸面，表面。
表面(sur+face脸面)[sur-表示"超过,在上面"]
表面(sur在...上面+face→在脸上→表面)[fac,fic=face,表示"脸,面"]
n.表面;外表a.表面的,肤浅的The preface is written on the surface of the furnace that faces the space facilities.序言写在面对太空设施的火炉表面.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
TOP 顶部
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the outer or top part or layer of something 表面，表层，外层
• Tropical rain forests used to cover 10% of the Earth's surface. 以前，地球表面的10%都被热带雨林所覆盖。
• The marble has a smooth, shiny surface. 大理石表面光滑亮泽。
• Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. 尼尔‧阿姆斯壮是第一个登上月球的人。
countable
■the top layer of a field or track on which sports are played （场地或跑道的）地面
• The match will be played on an artificial/all-weather surface. 这场比赛将会在人工／全天候场地上进行。
countable
■the flat top part of a table, cupboard, etc. （桌子、橱柜等的）表面，台面
• a work surface 工作台面
• Don't put anything wet on a polished surface, or it will leave a mark. 别把任何湿东西放在抛光的台面上，不然会留下印痕。
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
APPEARANCE 外表
only singular
■The surface of a situation or person is what they appear to be, or the features they have which are not hidden or difficult to see （情况的）表面；（人的）外表
• On the surface, this seems like a difficult problem, but in fact there's an easy solution to it. 表面上来看，这是一个难题，但事实上它很容易解决。
• Beneath/Below/Under the surface of contemporary West Indian life lurk memories of slavery. 在西印度现代生活的背后，有关奴隶制度的记忆依然挥之不去。
• Suddenly, all her anger came/rose to the surface (= became obvious). 她所有的愤怒一下子都爆发出来。
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
scratch/scrape the surface
■to deal with only a very small part of a subject or a problem 仅触及问题的表面
• There's far more to be said - I've only had time to scratch the surface in this talk. 要说的还有很多——由于时间关系，这次我只能粗略地谈一下。
• The amount of aid which has been offered is hardly going to scratch the surface of the problem. 所提供的救援物资很少，对于解决问题只是杯水车薪。
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] verb
TOP 顶部
intransitive
■to rise to the surface of water 浮出水面
• The submarine surfaced a few miles off the coast. 潜艇在离海岸几英哩的地方浮出水面。
transitive
■to cover a road or other area with a hard surface 给（道路等）铺上硬面
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] verb
KNOWN 知道的
intransitive
■If a feeling or information surfaces, it becomes known 显露，表露，浮现，公开
• Doubts are beginning to surface about whether the right decision has been made. 人们开始对这个决定是否正确表示质疑。
• A rumour has surfaced that the company is about to go out of business. 有传言说这家公司要停业。
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] verb
OUT OF BED 起床
intransitive informal
■to get out of bed 起床
• He never surfaces until at least 11.00 a.m. on a Sunday. 他星期天至少要睡到上午11点才起床。
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
TOP 顶部
■working or operating on the top of the land or sea, rather than under the land or sea, or by air 地表上作业的；海面上作业的
UK ['sɜ:.fɪs] US ['sɝ:-] adjective
APPEARANCE 外表
[before noun]
■appearing in a particular way but not always showing the truth 表面的；外表的
• his surface appearance of calm confidence 他表面上的冷静自信
n. 表面；表层；外观
 - face, outside, garment
adj. 表面的，肤浅的
 - external, facial, shallow, superficial
vi. 浮出水面
 - Head Above Water
vt. 使浮出水面；使成平面
 - tabulate

Word: tourist
Front: tourist
[ˈtʊərɪst] (中高雅 2394/2425 -K3)
Vocabulary: tourist
(once / 440 pages)
n
Someone who visits a city, town, or historic site just for the pleasure of exploring it can be described as a tourist.
When you travel for fun, you're a tourist. Some local inhabitants of vacation destinations might have a negative image of obnoxious, camera-toting tourists, but really they're just travelers who are curious about different parts of the world. Beaches, amusement parks, castles, and big cities are all places you're likely to run into tourists. The term "tourist trap," or a place that exists only to take tourists' money, was first used in 1939 by the novelist Graham Greene.
WORD FAMILY
tourist: tourists, touristy+/ tour: toured, tourer, touring, tourism /tourer: tourers/ tourism: tourist
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands of people visit annually, including tourists from the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
According to the Post, signs warned visitors about the crocodiles and tourists were told to keep to the nature trail.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They were just tourists, married for five months, and they wanted to find the perfect place to spend New Year’s Eve,” said Deek.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 旅行者，观光客; 〈美〉冬季到南部做工的流动工人
分布：旅游者(70%)，观光的(14%)，二等舱(12%)，乘坐二等舱的(4%)
→tour,旅游，观光，-ist,人。
旅游者(tour+ist)[tour,torn,tourn=turn,表示"转,环绕"]
n.旅游者,观光客;巡回比赛的运动员Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US ['tʊr.ɪst] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday 旅游者，游客
• Millions of tourists visit Rome every year. 每年有数百万游客来到罗马。
• Hordes (= very large groups) of tourists flock to the Mediterranean each year. 每年都有潮水般的游客涌向地中海。
• Disneyworld is one of Florida's major tourist attractions. 迪士尼乐园是佛罗里达州的主要旅游景点之一。
• The island is very busy during the tourist season. 这个岛在旅游旺季很繁忙。
■UK
■a member of a sports team who is travelling from place to place in a foreign country, playing games 巡回比赛运动队队员
• The West Indies easily defeated the tourists. 西印度群岛队轻而易举地打败了前来打巡回比赛的对手。
n. 旅行者，观光客
 - traveler, farer
vi. 旅游；观光
 - take a trip, look round sth

Word: resolution
Front: resolution
[ˌrezəˈlu:ʃn] (研四六托雅 1968/2064 -4)
Vocabulary: resolution
(once / 126 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
The noun resolution has a few related meanings having to do with being firmly determined about something. If you lack determination, you'll never fulfill your New Year's resolutions.
Resolution is the noun form of the verb resolve, which comes from Latin resolvere, "to loosen, undo, settle." We can still see this meaning in resolution, in the sense of "an explanation" or "a solution"; when a problem, conflict or mystery reaches its resolution, it has been "undone," so to speak. Another common meaning is "determination, resolve": "Jose approached the task with resolution." A related sense is "a decision to do something": "My resolution is to go to the gym three times a week."
WORD FAMILY
resolution: irresolution, resolutions+/irresolution: irresolutions/resolvable: unresolvable/ resolve: resolution, resolvable, resolved, resolvent, resolves, resolving/resolved: resolvedly, unresolved /resolvent: resolvents/resolving: resolvings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It looks like some N.B.A. teams got an early start on their New Year’s resolutions.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
So after calling lawyers and the police, he quit Twitter, at least temporarily, until there is some sort of resolution to Cernovich’s attacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 决心; 解决; 坚决; 分辨率
分布：决议(36%)，分辨率(28%)，决心(15%)，解决(13%)，决定(6%)，坚决(2%)
→来自 resolute,有决心的，坚决的。后用于指光学仪器的分辨率，来自该词的本义，即分开。
决心;溶解(resolute的名词)[Solv,solu,solut=loosen,表示"松开"]
n.坚决,决心;决定,决议It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
noun
DECISION 决定
 ADVANCED countable
■an official decision that is made after a group or organization have voted 决议；正式决定
• to approve/adopt a resolution 批准／通过决议
• [+ to infinitive] The United Nations passed (= voted to support) a resolution to increase aid to the Third World. 联合国通过了一项向第三世界国家增加援助的决议。
 ADVANCED countable
■a promise to yourself to do or to not do something 决心；决定
• [+ to infinitive] I made a resolution to give up chocolate. 我下决心不再吃巧克力了。
[ˌrez.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
DETERMINATION 决意
uncountable (also resoluteness) formal approving
■determination 决心；决意；坚决
• He showed great resolution in facing the robbers. 面对强盗，他表现得英勇无畏。
[ˌrez.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
SOLVING 解决
[S or U] formal
■when you solve or end a problem or difficulty 解决；解除；消除
• a successful resolution to the crisis 危机的成功解决
[ˌrez.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
DETAIL 细致
uncountable specialized
■the ability of a microscope , or a television or computer screen, to show things clearly and with a lot of detail （显微镜、电视、电脑显示幕等的）清晰度，解析度等的清晰度，解析度
• a high/low resolution image 高／低清晰度图像
[ˌrez.ə'lu:.ʃən] noun
SEPARATION 分解
uncountable specialized
■when something separates or is separated into clearly different parts 分解；解析
• the resolution of oil into bitumen and tar 石油分解成沥青和焦油
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
n. [物] [电子] [光] 分辨率；决议；解决；决心
 - settlement, decision, determination, push, backbone

Word: champion
Front: champion
[ˈtʃæmpiən] (高研四六托雅宝 2758/1938 -4)
Vocabulary: champion
(once / 106 pages)
1nadj 2nv
A champion is a winner, or someone who's really good at something. If you are a champion chess player, you are a superstar! When crowds sing Queen's "We Are the Champions" at football games, they are celebrating the fact that their team won.
Champion comes from the Latin word campionem for "gladiator, fighter." Rarr! No need to grab your sword, but a champion is also a person who fights for a cause. If you are the champion of fundraising, you keep pushing to raise money. As a verb, to champion means to protect or fight for something. You champion your little brother by defending him against meanies — no matter what, you are always on his side.
WORD FAMILY
champion: championed, championing, champions, championship +/ championship: championships
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pearson missed the front end of the one-and-one, Robert Champion grabbed the defensive rebound and Benzan drove for the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The early signs were far from positive for the defending champion, who looked very rusty as world No63 won the opening four games.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s all about avoiding a relegation dogfight for struggling champion Leicester, which is six points from danger.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 冠军; 捍卫者，拥护者; 战士
vt. 为…而斗争，捍卫，声援
adj. 优胜的; 第一流的
时态：championed, championing, champions
分布：冠军(90%)，拥护(4%)，拥护者(3%)，优胜者(2%)，勇士(1%)
→来自camp, 平原，平地，战场。原指战场上的胜利者。
n.冠军,得胜者;拥护者,斗士On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
【参】championship（n 锦标赛）
【反】impugn（v 打击）；disparage（vt 蔑视，使失去信誉）
noun countable
WINNER 获胜者
 ESSENTIAL (informal champ)
■someone or something, especially a person or animal, that has beaten all other competitors in a competition （尤指人或动物）冠军，获胜者
• an Olympic champion 奥运会冠军
• She is the world champion for the third year in succession. 她第三次蝉联世界冠军。
• The defending champion will play his first match of the tournament tomorrow. 卫冕冠军将在明天参加锦标赛的第一场比赛。
• Who are the reigning European football champions? 谁是目前的欧洲足球冠军？
['tʃæm.pi.ən] noun countable
SUPPORTER 拥护者
■a person who enthusiastically supports, defends or fights for a person, belief, right or principle 拥护者；卫士，捍卫者；斗士
• She has long been a champion of prisoners' rights/the disabled/free speech. 长期以来，她一直是囚犯权益／残疾人士利益／言论自由的捍卫者。
['tʃæm.pi.ən] verb transitive
■to support, defend or fight for a person, belief, right or principle enthusiastically 支持，声援，捍卫（人、信仰、权利或原则），为…斗争
• He has championed constitutional reform for many years. 他支持宪法改革好多年了。
['tʃæm.pi.ən] adjective exclamation mainly Northern informal
■excellent 优秀的，第一流的，很好的
n. 冠军；拥护者；战士
 - title, first
vt. 支持；拥护
 - encourage, second, back, carry, hand
adj. 优胜的；第一流的
 - classical, royal

Word: website
Front: website
[ˈwebsaɪt] (中高雅 4950/- -K)
Back: n. [通信]网站
分布：网站(100%)
(also web site) ['web.saɪt] (also site)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a set of pages of information on the Internet about a particular subject, which have been published by the same person or organization, and often contain colour pictures, video and sound 网站，网址
• For more information about other Cambridge publications, visit our website at www.cambridge.org. 欲知剑桥大学出版社其他图书详情，请访问我们的网站 www.cambridge.org。

Word: register
Front: register
[ˈredʒɪstə(r)] (高研四六托雅 3173/2430 -K3)
Vocabulary: register
(once / 130 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6v 7v
Register has several meanings, but one of the most common is to write down or record officially. Like registering your car with the DMV and registering for classes at the beginning of a semester.
Someone needs to register all the ways you can use the word register: As a noun it means the actual book that you record things in. But a register is also the range of sound your voice can make, and that thing the checkout lady uses to ring up your grocery bill. As a verb, register means to mark down officially or sign up, but also to show emotion: if cats and dogs rain from the sky, your face will likely register a look of disbelief.
WORD FAMILY
register: registered, registering, registers, registrant, registration, registry+/registered: unregistered/registrant: registrants/ registration: registrations/registry: registries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson, who registers patients when they arrive for neurology appointments at IU Health Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis, was not helping.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mascher later successfully got the building added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s when The Des Moines Register got its hands on internal memos and emails between state officials and the insurers.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 登记，注册; 记录; 登记簿; 自动记录器
vt. 登记，注册; （仪表等）指示; 表示，表达; （感情）流露
vi. 登记，注册; 留下印象; 完全符合; [印刷]对齐
时态：registered, registering, registers
分布：注册(50%)，登记(35%)，记录(6%)，挂号(4%)，登记簿(3%)，暂存器(2%)
→来自拉丁语 regerere,登记，记录，-st,过去分词格，来自 re-,向后，往回，-ger,携带，承载， 词源同 gesture,belligerent.
登记,注册(re再次+gister→再次带来→[学员]注册,登记)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
n./v.登记,注册v.(仪表等)指示,(邮件)挂号In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
US [-stɚ] verb
LIST 列入
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record （尤指把姓名）登记，注册，记录
• I registered the car in my name. 注册时，我把车登记在我的名下。
• Within two weeks of arrival all foreigners had to register with the local police. 所有外国人在到达后两周内必须在当地警察局登记。
• Students have to register for the new course by the end of April. 选修这门新课程的学生必须在四月底之前注册。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
SHOW 显示
intransitive or transitive
■to record, show or express something 显示；指示；表达
• The Geiger counter registered a dangerous level of radioactivity. 盖氏计算器显示辐射强度达到了危险级别。
• The earthquake was too small to register on the Richter scale. 地震太弱了，无法用里氏震级显示。
• formal His face registered extreme disapproval of what he had witnessed. 他的神情显示出他对所看到的一切极不赞成。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
REALISE 意识到的
intransitive or transitive informal
■If something registers, someone realises it and if someone registers something, they realise it （事物）受到注意，被意识到；（人）注意到，意识到
• I did mention the address but I'm not sure that it registered (with him). 我确实提到过地址，但是（他）听没听进去，我就没有把握了。
• I scarcely registered the fact that he was there. 我几乎没有注意到他在那里。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
MAIL 邮件
transitive
■When you register a letter or parcel, you send it using a special postal service, so that it will be dealt with in a special way and not be lost 挂号邮寄
• a registered letter 挂号信
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LIST 列入
countable
■a book or record containing a list of names 花名册；登记簿；注册表
• Guests write their names in the (hotel) register. 客人们在（饭店）登记簿上登记。
• Is your name on the register of voters? 选民册上有你的名字吗？
countable
■a book used to record whether a child is present at school 学校点名册
• If a child is absent, the teacher notes it down in the (class)register. 如果哪个孩子没有来，老师会在（班级）点名册上记下来。
uncountable
■in school, the period at the start of the morning and afternoon when a teacher records on an official list which children are present （老师在上、下午开始时对学生的）点名登记
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
LANGUAGE STYLE 语言风格
countable or uncountable specialized
■the style of language, grammar and words used for particular situations 语域，语体风格
• People chatting at a party will usually be talking in (an) informal register. 人们在派对上聊天通常都是用非正式语体。
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
SOUNDS 声音
countable
■all the notes that a musical instrument or a person's voice can produce, from the highest to the lowest （乐器或人的）音区，声区
• music written mainly for the lower/higher register of the clarinet 主要为单簧管低／高音区演奏而谱的乐曲
UK ['redʒ.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun
MONEY 钱
countable US for
■ till (MONEY DRAWER)
• a cash register 现金出纳机，收银机
vt. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；挂号邮寄；把…挂号；正式提出
 - book in, book down
vi. 登记； [专利] 注册；挂号
 - book in, book down
n. 登记； [专利] 注册；记录；寄存器；登记簿
 - entry, page, enrollment

Word: soft
Front: soft
[sɒft] (中高研四六 1374/1436 -K4)
Back: adj. 软的，柔软的; 温和的，柔和的; 不含酒精的; 轻松的
n. 柔软之物，柔软的部分
adv. 柔和地; 温柔地
级别：softer, softest
分布：柔软的(46%)，柔和的(22%)，温和的(11%)，轻的(6%)，柔软的东西(5%)，温和地(4%)，柔软地(4%)，不强烈的(2%)
→来自古英语 softe,柔软的，舒服的，来自 Proto-Germanic*samftijaz,平的，均匀的，来自*somiz, 一致的，来自 sem,一，一起，词源同 same,some,simple.引申诸相关词义。
a.软的;温柔的;细嫩的,光滑的;不含酒精的I got this sort of comfortable soft shorts with no efforts.我不费吹灰之力弄到了这种柔软舒适的短裤.
US [sɑ:ft] adjective
NOT HARD 不硬的
 ESSENTIAL
■not hard or firm 软的，柔软的，松软的
• soft ground 松软的地面
• a soft pillow/mattress 软枕头／床垫
• soft cheese 软起司
• I like chocolates with soft centres. 我喜欢软夹心巧克力。
• Soft tissue , such as flesh, allows X-rays through. X光能穿透肌肉等软组织。
 IMPROVER
■describes things, especially parts of the body, which are not hard or rough and feel pleasant and smooth when touched 柔滑的，柔润的，柔软的
• soft lips/cheeks/skin/hair 柔润的嘴唇／柔滑的双颊／柔滑的肌肤／柔顺的头发
• soft leather 柔软的皮革
■informal disapproving
■Someone who is soft is not very healthy and strong 柔弱的，虚弱的
• Look at you! You need more exercise. You're going/getting soft. 看看你！你需要多加锻炼，你的身体越来越虚弱了。
UK [sɒft] US [sɑ:ft] adjective
GENTLE 轻柔的
 ADVANCED
■not forceful, loud or easily noticed 柔和的，轻柔的
• a soft voice/sound 柔和的声音
• soft music/lighting 轻柔的音乐／柔和的灯光
• a soft glow 柔和的光
■disapproving
■not severe or forceful enough, especially in criticizing or punishing someone who has done something wrong （尤指批评或处罚）力度不够的，不严厉的
• She thinks I'm too soft on the kids when they misbehave. 她认为孩子们不守规矩的时候我的态度过于软弱。
• The government can't be seen to be taking a soft line (= not being severe enough) with criminals. 政府不应该对犯罪分子心慈手软。
UK [sɒft] US [sɑ:ft] adjective
EASY 容易的 UK not difficult 容易的，不困难的
• He's got a pretty soft job - he hardly seems to do anything all day. 他的工作很轻松——似乎整天都没甚么事。
UK [sɒft] US [sɑ:ft] adjective
DRUGS 毒品
[before noun]
■Soft drugs are illegal drugs that many people think are not dangerous. 不易上瘾的，没甚么危害的，软的
UK [sɒft] US [sɑ:ft] adjective
be soft on sb US
■to love someone or like them very much 十分喜欢（某人）；爱上（某人）
• I think Matt must be soft on Tammy - he keeps sending her flowers and cards. 我想马特一定喜欢上泰咪了——他老是送花和卡片给她。
UK [sɒft] US [sɑ:ft] adjective
soft in the head UK informal
■crazy or stupid 头脑发昏的；愚蠢的
• Is the boss going soft in the head? 老板头脑发昏了吧？
gentle, moderate, tender, mild, soft
这组词都有“温和的，柔和的”的意思，其区别是：
gentle: 指温柔、亲切、优雅。常含有节制和意味。
moderate: 中性词，指温和稳健，有节制，不走极端。
tender: 和gentle意思很接近。指人的感情细腻、温情慈爱和有同情心，侧重心理素质。也可指物的柔嫩等。
mild: 用于人时，指天性温顺，脾气好，不放肆粗野；用于物时，主要指适度，程度上相当缓和给人以愉快感觉。
soft: 侧重柔软或安稳、光滑，使人不感到粗糙或严酷。
adj. 软的，柔软的；温柔的，温和的；软弱的；笨的
 - pacific, tender, moderate, gentle, mild
adv. 柔软地；温和地
 - gently, friendly

Word: recruit
Front: recruit
[rɪˈkru:t] (研四六托雅宝 3314/3496 -3)
Vocabulary: recruit
(once / 290 pages)
vn
To recruit means to get someone to join something. You might recruit people for the navy or you might recruit members for your quilting group.
The verb recruit often refers to formally joining an organization or a group, such as the military or a corporation. It can also be used more broadly to refer to getting someone to participate in a cause, formal or otherwise, like when you recruit your friend to help paint your room. As a noun, recruit means "a person who has been recruited." If you just joined the Army, you're a new recruit.
WORD FAMILY
recruit: recruited, recruiter, recruiting, recruitment, recruits+/ recruiter: recruiters/ recruitment: recruitments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started the Alabama Development Office to recruit industry to the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
State officials say it’s been hard to plan long term and recruit and train candidates in off-election years due to inconsistent funding from the DNC.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It plans to recruit younger writers and spend an additional $100 million on shows.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 新兵; （机构中的）新成员; 新学生
vt. 招聘，征募; 吸收某人为新成员; 动员…（提供帮助）; 雇用
vi. 征募新兵; 得到补充，得到补偿; 恢复健康
时态：recruited, recruiting, recruits
分布：招聘(66%)，新兵(21%)，新成员(12%)，征兵(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-cru,生长，成长，词源同 crescent,crew.引申词义吸收，招募新成员。
新兵(re再+cru成长+it;参考:accrue增长)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
v.征募(新兵),吸收;补充n.新成员,新兵The recruit made the current circulate in the circuit on the circumference.新兵使电流在周长上在电路内循环.
【记】re反复，cruit＝create创造一反复创造新兵
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army 招聘，吸收；（尤指军队）征募新兵
• Charities such as Oxfam are always trying to recruit volunteers to help in their work. 诸如牛津饥荒救济委员会这样的慈善组织总是在尽力吸收志愿者来帮助他们工作。
• Even young boys are now being recruited into the army. 就连很小的男孩子都被征召入伍了。
• an army recruiting centre/officer 新兵征募中心／军官
[rɪ'kru:t] noun countable
■a new member of an organization, especially the army 新成员，新来的人；（尤指）新兵
• Raw recruits (= completely new soldiers) were trained for six months and then sent to the war front. 刚入伍的新兵接受了六个月的训练后就被送往战争前线。
n. 招聘；新兵；新成员
 - hands wanted, big john
vt. 补充；聘用；征募；使…恢复健康
 - supply, to replenish
vi. 复原；征募新兵；得到补充；恢复健康
 - be cured of, pull round

Word: conventional
Front: conventional
[kənˈvenʃənl] (高研四六托宝 2554/2253 -K3)
Vocabulary: conventional
(once / 251 pages)
1adj 2adj
Conventional is an adjective for things that are normal, ordinary, and following the accepted way. Ho-hum.
This word describes what is typical and ordinary and that which follows accepted standards of behavior or taste. This is a word that's current definition is still very similar to its Latin root, conventionalis, which is "pertaining to an agreement." One way this word is used is with respect to conventional weapons, as in those "not using, making, or involving nuclear weapons or energy; nonnuclear."
WORD FAMILY
conventional: conventionalise, conventionalism, conventionality, conventionalize, conventionally, unconventional +/ convene: convened, convener, convenes, convening, convention, reconvene /convener: conveners/ convention: conventional, conventioneer, conventions/conventionalisation: conventionalisations/conventionalise: conventionalisation, conventionalised, conventionalises, conventionalising/conventionalism: conventionalisms/conventionality: conventionalities/conventionalize: conventionalization, conventionalized, conventionalizing/conventioneer: conventioneers/ reconvene: reconvened, reconvenes, reconvening/ unconventional: unconventionality, unconventionally/unconventionality: unconventionalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It rapidly became the source of conventional left-liberal wisdom on the treaty.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Of course, maybe I just liked it because, as the world’s most conventional person, I enjoy being considered a rebel at anything.
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 传统的; 习用的，平常的; 依照惯例的; 约定的
分布：传统的(74%)，常规的(21%)，惯例的(5%)
a.惯例的,常规的The chairman made a few conventional remarks.主席说了几句客套话.
【反】outlandish（adj 外国气派的；奇异的）；offbeat（adj 不规则的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■traditional and ordinary 传统的；常规的；普通的
• conventional behaviour/attitudes/clothes 传统行为／态度／服装
• conventional medicine/farming 传统式药物／耕作
• a conventional wedding 传统婚礼
• disapproving I find his art rather dull and conventional. 我觉得他的艺术作品乏味俗套。
Opposite unconventional describes weapons which are not nuclear, or methods of fighting a war that do not involve nuclear weapons （武器、战争）传统式的
• conventional weapons/bombs 传统式武器／炸弹
usual, habitual, regular, conventional, customary
这组词都有“通常的，惯常的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 普通用词，概念广泛。指经常发生或意料中的事，既可指自然发生的现象，也可指按个人习惯或惯例而做的事。
habitual: 指按个人习惯反复发生的事情。侧重经常性、习惯性。
regular: 着重遵守约定俗成的规则。
conventional: 语气强，指遵守已成习惯的事情，强调符合惯例，由人们普遍认可。
customary: 指特定的个人或群体的平常习惯，或习俗性的行为。
adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的
 - traditional, usual, familiar, classical

Word: hole
Front: hole
[həʊl] (中高研四六 1213/1329 -K4)
Vocabulary: hole
(once / 92 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
A hole isn't just a hollow space dug out of the ground or punched out of something. When you're talking casually with friends, you can also call a place that's small or dumpy a hole, like a rundown town or a really tiny apartment.
The word hole comes from the Old English hol meaning "cave" which in prehistoric times wasn't just a dark space to hide, it was a home. The word hole is used in many contexts from a rabbit hole where rabbits live to "a hole in one" — the golf term. And, if you're feeling sick or depressed, you can hole up in your room — hiding away from the world, watching TV for hours.
WORD FAMILY
hole: holed, holes, holey, holing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, the years after the Great Recession dug a deep hole for the companies to clear.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The secretary said officers found a hole in a prison wall through which authorities believe weapons entered the building.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Since he arrived at Kapalua last Thursday he’s gotten in only nine holes.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 洞，孔; 洞穴，穴; 缺陷; <口>绝境
vt. & vi. （在…上）打洞或穿孔
vi. 凿洞; （高尔夫球等）进洞
时态：holed, holing, holes
分布：洞(71%)，孔(16%)，穴(5%)，漏洞(3%)，进洞(3%)，困境(1%)，挖洞(1%)
→来自kel,覆盖，隐藏，词源同cell,hall.引申词义孔，洞。
n.洞,孔Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US [hoʊl] noun countable
SPACE 空间
 ESSENTIAL
■an empty space in an object, usually with an opening to the object's surface, or an opening which goes completely through an object 洞，孔
• We dug a hole and planted the tree. 我们挖了个洞栽种那棵树。
• My jumper's got a hole in it. 我的套头衫上破了个洞。
• Drill a hole through the back of the cupboard and pass the wires through. 在壁橱后面钻个洞，把电线穿过去。
■in golf, one of the small circular spaces in the ground into which the ball is hit （高尔夫球运动中的）球洞
■in golf, one of the usually 18 areas of play （高尔夫球运动中）从球座到球洞的区域
• the famous 18-hole Old Course at St. Andrews 圣安德鲁著名的18洞老高尔夫球场
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
PLACE 地方
■a place in the ground where a small animal lives （小动物的）洞穴
• a mouse/rabbit/fox hole 老鼠／兔子／狐狸洞
■informal
■a small unpleasant place where someone lives 狭小的住所
• What a hole that house was - I'm so pleased we moved. 那所房子真小——真庆幸我们搬出来了。
⇒ See also hole in the wall
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
FAULT 过错
■a mistake or problem in the reasoning of an argument, discussion, plan, etc 缺点，漏洞，破绽
• The new proposal has several holes in it. 那项新提案有几处漏洞。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
be in a hole UK informal
■to be in a difficult or an embarrassing situation 处于困境；处于窘境
• We've lost the order and we're in a bit of a hole. 我们失去了订单，因而处境有些困难。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
be in the hole US informal
■to be in debt 欠债，亏空
• After selling all its assets, the bank was still half a million dollars in the hole. 卖掉所有资产之后，那家银行仍然欠债50万美元。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
a hole in one
■in golf, when someone's ball goes into the hole the first time they hit it, which is rare （打高尔夫球时的）一杆进洞
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
make a hole in sth UK
■to reduce an amount of money by a lot 大量消耗
• The holiday made a big hole in our savings but I'm glad we went. 这次渡假花掉我们一大笔积蓄，但是我对这次旅行很满意。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
need sth like you need a hole in the head humorous
■to not need or want something at all 根本不需要
• Extra work? I need that like I need a hole in the head. 额外的工作？我才不想做呢。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  hole or whole? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words sound the same, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] verb transitive specialized
■to make a hole in something, especially a ship or boat （尤指给船）钻洞，打洞
• A torpedo holed the ship below the water and it quickly sank. 一枚鱼雷在水下把船炸了个洞，船迅速下沉。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] verb transitive specialized
be holed up
■to be hiding in a safe place 躲起来
• The robbers were holed up in a deserted warehouse. 那些强盗藏身于一座废弃的仓库中。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] verb transitive specialized
  Phrasal Verbs  hole up (somewhere) informal
■to stay in a safe place, often as a way of escape 躲藏，隐藏
• We'd better find some shelter and hole up until the storm passes. 我们最好找个藏身之处来躲过风暴。
hollow, cavity, pit, cave, hole
这组词都有“洞、穴”的意思，其区别是：
hollow: 通常指表面上的坑或凹处，也指物体内部的空洞。
cavity: 比hole正式，指实体内中或表面的空洞或空腔。
pit: 指天然的大洞，尤指地上的洞，也指为采掘矿物而挖的深洞。
cave: 指出洞、窑洞或溶洞，可以是天然的或人造的。
hole: 最普通用词，泛指实体上的洞、孔或坑，不涉及其大小、深浅或穿透与否。
n. 洞，孔；洞穴，穴；突破口
 - cavity, hollow, aperture
vi. 凿洞，穿孔；（高尔夫球等）进洞
 - thirl

Word: supplier
Front: supplier
[səˈplaɪə(r)] (4352/2615 -2)
Back: n. 供应商; 供应国; 供应者，供给者; 补充者
分布：供应商(95%)，供应者(5%)
→来自 supply,供应，补给，-ier,人。
US [-ɚ] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a company, person, etc. that provides things that people want or need, especially over a long period of time （尤指长期的）供应商，提供者，供应者
• They used to be a leading supplier of military equipment. 他们曾经是军事装备的主要供应商。
• He said that he had got the drugs from his usual supplier (= person who sells drugs illegally). 他说这些毒品是由他的长期供货人提供的。
suppliers [plural]
■a company which sells something 供应商
• I'll contact the suppliers and see if I can get the paint you want by Friday. 我会和供应商联系，看看我能否在周五之前拿到您想要的涂料。
n. 供应厂商， [贸易] 供应国；供应者
 - provider

Word: aside
Front: aside
[əˈsaɪd] (高研四 1878/2376 -K3)
Vocabulary: aside
(once / 84 pages)
advn
If something's aside, it's not in the middle of things — it's off to the side, either literally or figuratively, as with the papers and books you push aside on the couch, to make room to sit.
When you ignore your conscience, you're pushing your best instincts aside. You can put money aside, to save it for the future. In a play, when an actor steps out of character and speaks directly to the audience, that's an aside. The expression "all joking aside," means "stop kidding around and get serious" as in, "All joking aside, you're not really going bungee jumping, are you?"
WORD FAMILY
aside: asides
USAGE EXAMPLES
AeroFarms occupies three other buildings in Newark aside from the main vertical farm, on Rome Street.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There were also several tussles after the whistle, with multiple officials pulling Beckham and Norman aside separately to caution them against further fisticuffs.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Brushing aside quibbles about costs, he once advised a colleague: “A few million dollars are lost in the sands of time.”
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 在旁边，在一边，到旁边，到一边; 撇开（…暂且不谈），留存; [戏]独（白），旁（白）; （用于名词后）除…以外
n. [戏]旁白，独白; 低声说的话，离题话
prep. 在…旁边
分布：在一边(38%)，旁白(25%)，离开(21%)，另外(10%)，顺便说的话(6%)
在边上(a+side旁边)[a-①加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"②加在单词前,表示"在…,...的"]
ad.在旁边,到一边n.旁白;离题的话I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
adverb
TO ONE SIDE 向一边
 IMPROVER
■on or to one side 在旁边；到（或向）一边
• Stand aside, please, and let these people pass. 请往边上站一站，让这些人过去。
• He pulled the curtain aside. 他把窗帘拉开。
• I gave her a plate of food but she pushed it aside. 我给她一碟食物，但她把碟子推开了。
• I've forgotten my cheque book, so could you put this book aside (= keep this book) for me and I'll come back later on. 我忘了带支票簿，麻烦你把这本书替我留一下，我稍后再来买。
• She took me aside (= took me away from the people) to tell me the news. 她把我拉到一边告诉我这个消息。
put/set sth aside
■If you put/set aside money, you save it for a particular purpose 留出…；拨出…；省出…
• Every week I put aside a few pounds for a new TV. 我每星期省下几英镑，以后好买台新电视机。
leave/put sth aside
■If you leave or put a problem or request aside, you ignore it until you are able to solve it 把…暂且放在一边
• Let's leave that matter aside for now and talk about the more urgent problem facing us. 眼下我们暂且把那件事放在一边，先来讨论我们面临的更为紧迫的问题。
[ə'saɪd] adverb
EXCEPT 除了
aside from
■except for 除…以外
• Money continues to be a problem but aside from that we're all well. 缺钱依然是个问题，但是除此以外，我们一切都还顺利。
• I hardly watch any television, aside from news and current affairs. 除了看看新闻和时事，我很少看电视。
[ə'saɪd] noun countable
■a remark that someone makes in a quiet voice because they do not want everyone to hear it 小声说的话
• a whispered aside 悄悄话
■a remark or story in a speech or text which is not part of the main subject 离题话；插入语
• The informative asides about rural life make this wine guide rather special. 这本品酒指南不时插入一些有关乡村生活的描述，这让人感到耳目一新。
adv. 离开，撇开；在旁边
 - away from, alongside
n. 旁白；私语，悄悄话；离题的话
 - voice-over, whisper
prep. 在…旁边
 - at the side of

Word: identity
Front: identity
[aɪˈdentəti] (高研四托雅 1322/2061 -K3)
Vocabulary: identity
(once / 198 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Your identity is what makes you "you." If you are having "an identity crisis," then I guess you can't figure out who you are. Good luck with that.
The noun identity can also refer to a name or persona. Criminals tend to use false identities so they won't get caught. If you falsely identify someone, it is a case of "mistaken identity." The word identity doesn't have to be used for a single person either. People refer to "corporate identity" when talking about what makes a company unique.
WORD FAMILY
identity: identical, identities+/ identical: identically, identicalness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But “Lion” raises broader issues of identity — ethnic and otherwise — that are implicated in most human stories.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 身份; [逻]同一性; 个性; [数]恒等（式）
分布：身份(90%)，一致(6%)，特征(4%)
→ident-,一样，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义身份，一致等。
n.身份;本体;特征;同一(性);一致;国籍;等式The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生辨认出了身份证上相同的成语.
US [-tˌə.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group which make them different from others 身份；本身；特性
• The man's identity was being kept secret while he was helping police with enquiries. 这个男子在协助警方调查时，他的身分是保密的。
• I cannot reveal the identity of my source. 我不能透露我的消息来源。
• The informant was given a new identity (= a different name and new official documents) for protection. 给了线民一个新身分以作保护。
• The newspaper photo apparently showed him in Rome but it was a case of mistaken identity (= it was the wrong person). 报纸上的照片似乎显示他在罗马，但其实那个人不是他。
• In prison people often suffer from a loss of identity. 在狱中人们经常会失去自我。
• I think my job gives me a sense of identity. 我觉得我的工作给了我一种认同感。
n. 身份；同一性，一致；特性；恒等式
 - accordance, estate, unity, agreement, quality

Word: visitor
Front: visitor
[ˈvɪzɪtə(r)] (中高研四六 1698/1354 -K3)
Back: n. 访问者; 参观者; 游客; 候鸟
分布：访问者(44%)，访客(30%)，参观者(26%)
n.访问者,客人,来宾,参观者Televisions and telescopes give the visitors visual ability to see the casual casualty.电视和望远镜赋予参观者们看见偶然伤亡事故的视觉能力.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who visits a person or place 访问者；参观者；游客
• Ben, you've got some visitors to see you. 本，有人来看你了。
■someone who goes to a website on the Internet （网站的）访问者，浏览者
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
n. 访问者，参观者；视察者；候鸟
 - transient, fetcher

Word: platform
Front: platform
[ˈplætfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 2806/2491 -K3)
Vocabulary: platform
(once / 189 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A platform is any raised surface you can stand on, like the platform beside subway tracks where you wait for the train to arrive.
When you're standing on something that's higher than the surrounding area, you can call it a platform, like a train platform or a viewing platform at a historic site. A platform is also the official stance of a politician or a political group, like a platform of improving public education. Also, there is the footwear known as a platform shoe, which has a very thick sole which makes the wearer appear taller, like standing on a platform.
WORD FAMILY
platform: platforms
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Happy New Year!” shouts an older man swigging from a plastic bottle of vodka on the subway platform.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company is also marketing a package that executives say is the only off-the-shelf hardware and software platform for builders of self-driving cars available today.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It provides my daughter a platform to learn how to volunteer, serve and help.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 台; 站台; 平台; 纲领
v. 把…放在台上; 为…设（平）台; （在台上）演讲
分布：平台(66%)，月台(13%)，站台(12%)，讲台(9%)
→来自古法语plat,平的，form,形成。引申词义平台，月台。
月台;讲台(plat+form形状→形状平的地方→平台,月台)[plat=flat,表示"平坦"]
n.平台,台;站台,月台;政纲,党纲On the flat platform the bat will pat whatever hat it likes.在平坦的站台上,蝙蝠会拍打它喜欢的任何帽子.
US [-fɔ:rm] noun
STRUCTURE 结构
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat raised area or structure 平台
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a long flat raised structure at a railway station, where people get on and off trains 月台
• The train for Cambridge will depart from platform 9. 往剑桥的火车将从9号月台开出。
 ADVANCED countable
■the raised part of the floor in a large room, from which you make a speech or give a musical performance 讲台；舞台
• Speaker after speaker mounted/took the platform to denounce the policy. 演讲者一个接一个走上讲台谴责这项政策。
• This brilliant young violinist has appeared on concert platforms all round the world. 这名才华横溢的年轻小提琴手曾在世界各地的音乐会舞台上演出。
the platform UK
■the people who are up on a platform in order to speak to an audience 讲台上的人
• An elderly lady stood up and said she had a question for the platform. 一个年老的女士站起来说，有一个问题要问讲台上的人。
• The platform party (= the group on the platform) applauded loudly. 讲台上的人热烈鼓掌。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
IDEAS 想法
countable usually singular
■an opportunity to make your ideas or beliefs known publicly （公开表达看法或信仰的）机会，论坛
• By refusing to give us a grant to make this programme, they are denying us a platform. 他们藉由拒绝提供我们筹备这项活动的资金，剥夺了我们的发言权。
only singular
■all the things that a political party promises to do if they are elected 纲领，政纲，宣言
• We campaigned on a platform of low taxation. 我们竞选的纲领是降低税率。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
COMPUTING 电脑操作
countable
■the type of computer system you are using, in connection with the type of software (= computer programs) you can use on it 平台（指使用的电脑系统和软体）
• This new personal banking software can be used with any Windows platform. 这款新的个人银行软体可与任何版本的视窗操作平台相容。
UK ['plæt.fɔ:m] US [-fɔ:rm] noun
share a platform
■to give speeches or to perform at the same public event 同台演讲（或表演）
• It was the first time a Green politician and a Labour minister had shared a platform. 这是绿党政治家和工党部长第一次同台演讲。
n. [计] [矿业] 平台；月台， [铁路] 站台；坛； [家具] 讲台
 - flatform, hathpace

Word: rarely
Front: rarely
[ˈreəli] (研四六托雅 2271/2122 -K3)
Vocabulary: rarely
(once / 197 pages)
adv
If you almost never do something, you can say you do it rarely. If you walk or bike to work most days, you could say that you rarely take the bus.
Something that happens rarely happens only once in a while, or seldom. You might sigh that your town's baseball team rarely wins a game, or boast that you rarely forget a person's name once you've been introduced. The word comes from the adjective rare, "not occurring often," or "unusual," from the Old French rere, "sparse," and its root, the Latin word rarus, "thinly sown, with intervals between, or full of empty spaces."
WORD FAMILY
rare: rarely, rareness, rarer, rarest, rarity+/rarity: rarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Washington is rarely on national television, something that irks Wall to no end.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Even Reid, who rarely uses injuries as an excuse, discussed the importance of health on Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 很少地; 罕有地; 极精彩地; 珍奇地，绝佳地
分布：很少(95%)，难得(5%)
ad.很少,难得,非常地I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US ['rer-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not often 很少；不常见；难得
• We rarely see each other now. 我们现在很少见面。
• I rarely have time to read a newspaper. 我难得有时间看报。
• formal Rarely have I seen such a beautiful sunset. 如此美丽的日落景象我真是难得一见。
⇒ See also seldom

Word: editor
Front: editor
[ˈedɪtə(r)] (高研四六雅 1385/1945 -K4)
Vocabulary: editor
(once / 78 pages)
n
Newspaper editors don't write the stories, but they come up with the story ideas, assign them to writers, read all of the drafts, and correct and change them to make them ready to be published.
You can be an editor without working at a newspaper. Magazines and books are all worked on by editors. There are photo editors and film editors, who splice together the footage and determine a movie's pacing. Even if you just correct your friend's spelling mistakes, you're editing her work.
WORD FAMILY
editor: editorial, editors, editorship+/ edit: edited, editing, editor, edits, subedit/ edited: unedited/ editorial: editorialise, editorialist, editorialize, editorially, editorials/editorialist: editorialists/ editorialize: editorialized, editorializes, editorializing/editorship: editorships/subedit: subediting, subeditor/subeditor: subeditors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Email your previously unpublished work or proposal to Sports Editor Paul Barrett at pbarrett@seattletimes.com or sports@seattletimes.com.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His editor on The World at One, Dame Jenny Abramsky, remembered him as a "gifted broadcaster" with "genuine warmth".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 编辑，编者; 校订者; [计]编辑软件，编辑程序
分布：编辑(95%)，编者(4%)，影片剪辑装置(1%)
n.编辑,编者It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who corrects or changes pieces of text or films before they are printed or shown, or a person who is in charge of a newspaper or magazine （书的）编辑；（电影电视的）剪辑员；（报刊的）主编
• She's a senior editor in the reference department of a publishing company. 她是出版社工具书室的资深编辑。
• Who is the current editor of the Times? 《泰晤士报》的现任主编是谁？
n. 编者，编辑；社论撰写人；编辑装置
 - compilation, redaction

Word: draft
Front: draft
[drɑ:ft] (高研四六托雅宝 2624/2834 -K3)
Vocabulary: draft
(once / 244 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5nv
Draft means to draw, both in the sense of sketching an image onto paper, but also in terms of pulling––a draft horse draws a wagon, a draft of air is drawn into your lungs when you take a breath.
A cold draft is a current of cold air being drawn indoors. To draft someone into the army means to draw them into service, or make them serve. When you are drafting, or writing, a draft of a paper on the military draft in the US, you want to let your ideas flow freely. Then, in your next draft, you can work on filling in holes and edit the language down to what you really want to say.
WORD FAMILY
draft: drafted, draftee, drafter, drafting, drafts, drafty, overdraft, redraft+/draftee: draftees/drafter: drafters/drafting: draftings/drafty: draftier, draftiest/overdraft: overdrafts/redraft: redrafts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Things only got worse with a depleted roster hurt by years of bad drafting and the lack of impact free agents.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was selected in the first round, sixth overall by the New York Rangers at the 2004 draft.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 汇票; 草稿; 选派; （尤指房间、烟囱、炉子等供暖系统中的）（小股）气流
vt. 起草; 制定; 征募
vi. 拟稿; 绘样; 作草图
adj. 初步画出或（写出）的; （设计、草图、提纲或版本）正在起草中的，草拟的; 以草稿形式的; 草图的
时态：drafted, drafting, drafts
分布：汇票(32%)，起草(24%)，草稿(21%)，草图(10%)，征兵(7%)，选秀(5%)，酝酿中的(1%)
→来自draught拼写变体，并更广泛流行。
n.草稿,草案,草图v.起草,草拟The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
【参】draftsmanship（n 制图技术；制图术）
US [dræft] noun
PLAN 计划
 ADVANCED countable
■a piece of text, a formal suggestion or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed form 草案；草稿；草图
• This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures as well. 这只是一个粗略的草稿——定稿后的文章中还会有一些图片。
• She asked me to check the (first) draft of her proposal. 她请我检查一下她的（第一稿）提案草稿。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MILITARY 军事的
the draft only singular mainly US (UK conscription)
■the system of ordering people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He avoided the draft because of a foot injury. 他因脚伤而躲过了服兵役。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
MONEY 钱
countable
■a written order for money to be paid by a bank, especially to another bank （尤指向银行支付的）汇票
• I arranged for some money to be sent from London to Madrid by banker's draft. 我安排以银行汇票的方式把一些钱从伦敦寄到马德里。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] noun
COLD AIR 冷空气
countable US for
■ draught (COLD AIR)
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
PLAN 计划
■to write down a document for the first time, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的文件、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• Draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. 先起草一个企划案草案，我们可以在会上就此讨论。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
MILITARY 军事的
transitive usually passive mainly US (UK conscript)
■to order people by law to join the armed forces 兵役制
• He was drafted (into the army) at eighteen. 他18岁时应征参军（入伍）。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] verb UK
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draft sb in
■to bring someone somewhere to do a particular job 征召（某人），调集某人（从事某项工作）
• Every Christmas thousands of people are drafted in to help with the post. 每逢圣诞节，成千上万的人都被召集来帮助处理邮件。
UK [drɑ:ft] US [dræft] adjective [before noun]
■describes a plan, document etc. in its first form, including the main points but not all the details 第一次起草的档、计划等（包含主要观点但内容并不详实）
• a draft plan/bill/proposal 计划／提案／建议草稿
sketch, draft, blueprint, diagram, outline, plot
这组词都有“绘制”的意思，其区别是：
sketch: 指用图、模型或语言描述来表示某一事物的整体情况。
draft: 用作动词时指按准确比例设计或打样；作名词时专指精确的草图或草案。
blueprint: 主要指绘制蓝图或制定纲领或规划。这个词引申用来指详细而具体的行动计划。
diagram: 侧重指用图形、图表等来说明。
outline: 主要给出事物要点或轮廓，强调简化了的整体。
plot: 可与draft和diagram换用，但侧重于表示具体的点、面、部分或目标，从而使相互关系以及和整体的关系得以明确。

Word: tension
Front: tension
[ˈtenʃn] (高研四托雅宝 2186/2092 -K3)
Vocabulary: tension
(once / 445 pages)
n
When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. If you buy your girlfriend a vacuum cleaner when she wanted diamonds, you will experience tension. Just before she storms out of the room.
The noun tension has its Latin roots in tendere, which means to stretch, and tension occurs when something is stretched either physically or emotionally. Strained relations between countries can cause political tensions to rise. You can add tension to a rubber band by stretching it tight. You can release nervous tension by releasing that tension in the rubber band, when you shoot it at your brother.
WORD FAMILY
tension: tensional, tensionless, tensions+/ tense: tensed, tensely, tenseness, tenser, tenses, tensest, tensing, tension, tensity, tensor/tenseness: tensenesses/tensity: tensities/tensor: tensors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Ray painstakingly tries to abide by all the rules, but that doesn’t mean tensions can’t run high when the board decides to drop in.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Adding to the potential for tension is the fact that Trump’s White House is being set up with rival centers of gravity.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 紧张，不安; 紧张气氛; [物]张力，拉力; 矛盾
vt. 紧张; 使紧张
分布：紧张(55%)，张力(37%)，拉力(4%)，紧张状态(2%)，使拉紧(1%)，使绷紧(1%)
→来自 tense,拉紧的，紧张的，-ion,名词后缀。
紧张;张力(tens+ion→延展出的状态→紧张)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
n.(紧张)状态;拉(绷)紧;张力,拉力The tension tends to extend to a more extensive extent.紧张倾向于向更广泛的程度扩展.
【记】tens伸展，ion－伸展出的状态－紧张
【参】tensile（adj 可拉长的）
【反】idyll（n 田园诗）－experience fraught with tension（充满紧张的经历）
noun
FEELING 感受
 IMPROVER uncountable
■a feeling of nervousness before an important or difficult event （精神上的）紧张，焦虑，焦急
• You could feel the tension in the room as we waited for our exam results. 我们等待考试结果出来的时候，你可以感觉到屋里的紧张气氛。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural uncountable
■a feeling of fear or anger between two groups of people who do not trust each other （互不信任的人群之间的）紧张关系；紧张局势
• ethnic/racial tension 种族紧张关系
• There are growing tensions betweeen the two countries. 两国间的关系日益紧张。
['tent.ʃən] noun
STRETCH 伸展
uncountable
■The tension of a wire or rope is the degree to which it is stretched. （铁丝或绳子的）拉力，张力
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. 张力，拉力；紧张，不安；电压
 - strain, intensity, stress
vt. 使紧张；使拉紧
 - stress, wind up

Word: expense
Front: expense
[ɪkˈspens] (高研四 2137/1919 -K3)
Vocabulary: expense
(once / 111 pages)
nv
An expense is a cost, but you can also use this word to mean the figurative cost of something. If you find it embarrassing to dress up as Santa, you might say that you do it to amuse your nephews, at the expense of your pride.
When you give one thing up in order to get something else, its cost or sacrifice is the expense of getting what you want. You might worry that politicians want to cut taxes at the expense of schools that need money, or that oil companies increase drilling at the expense of the environment. The root of expense the Latin expendere, "to weigh out money or pay down."
WORD FAMILY
expense: expensed, expenses, expensing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“Today’s biggest expense is not hardware but software,” says Mr. Leonard.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 费用; 花费的钱; 消耗; 花钱的东西
vt. 向…收取费用; 把…作为开支勾销
分布：费用(63%)，代价(19%)，花费(18%)
→来自expend, 花费。
n.花费,消费,消耗The immense expense in condensing the steam made me tense.凝结蒸汽的巨大开支使我感到紧张.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when you spend or use money, time or effort 花钱；支付；耗费
• Buying a bigger car has proved to be well worth the expense. 事实证明，买辆大一点的车还是值得的。
• We've just had a new garage built at great expense. 我们刚用了很多钱盖一座新车库。
• We went on holiday at my father's expense (= he paid for it). 我们去度了假，一切费用由我父亲支付。
• It's silly to go to the expense of (= spend money on) buying new clothes when you don't really need them. 花钱去买你并不真正需要的新衣服是很傻的。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something which causes you to spend money 花钱的东西（或缘由）；开销
• Our biggest expense this year was our summer holiday. 我们今年最大的开支就是暑期渡假。
• We need to cut down on our expenses. 我们必须缩减开支。
expenses [plural]
■money that you spend when you are doing your job, that your employer will pay back to you （向雇主报销的）业务费用，开支，花销
• I need to get my expenses approved. 我要去办核销手续。
• UK Don't worry about the cost of lunch - it's on expenses. 不要担心午餐用多少钱——这是可以报销的。
[ɪk'spents] noun
all expenses paid
■If something is all expenses paid, it means that you do not have to pay for anything yourself 一切费用已付的；别人支付的；免费的
• She's going on a trip to New York, all expenses paid. 她将要去纽约旅行——免费的。
• an all expenses paid trip to New York 免费去纽约旅行
[ɪk'spents] noun
at the expense of sb (also at sb's expense)
■making another person look silly 捉弄（某人），戏弄（某人）；拿（某人）开心
• Would you stop making jokes at my expense? 你不要再戏弄我了，好不好？
[ɪk'spents] noun
blow/hang the expense UK informal
■used for saying that you want something so much that you do not care how much it costs 不用理会用多少钱，不在乎用多少钱
• I'm going to book a holiday. Blow the expense! 我要预约渡假。才不管会用多少钱呢！
[ɪk'spents] noun
no expense is spared
■If no expense is spared in arranging something, a lot of money is spent to make it extremely good 不惜重金；不惜代价
• No expense was spared in making the guests feel comfortable. 为了使客人住得舒适不惜重金。
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. 损失，代价；消费；开支
 - consumption, losing, price, cost, disadvantage

Word: cable
Front: cable
[ˈkeɪbl] (研四六托雅 2003/3033 -K3)
Vocabulary: cable
(once / 226 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
A cable can be a strong and thick hemp or steel rope, or a conductor for sending electrical or optical signals.
Cable has a bunch of meanings — ranging from communication cables to steel cables. With new online services that stream your favorite show on demand, cable television may become a thing of the past. If your adventurous kids have convinced you to install a zip line, then you better find a steel cable. In the age of email, chances are you'll never have a reason to send someone an overseas cable.
WORD FAMILY
cable: cabled, cables, cabling
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also recommends selling what you don’t need and cutting unnecessary expenses, such as premium cable.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The fall campaign was an unending national nightmare, broadcast relentlessly on cable TV.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In 1985, two people died at Keystone Resort after the welding on the large wheel used to pull the cable failed.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 缆绳，绳索; [电学]电缆; （系船用的）缆绳; （船只、桥梁等上的）巨缆
vt. 发电报至; 电传; 固定系牢
vi. 拍发电报
时态：cabled, cabling, cables
分布：缆(48%)，电缆(37%)，索(9%)，电报(5%)，发电报(1%)
→来自词根cap, 抓，拿，握，词源同accept, capture. 原指抓动物的绳索。
n.电报;电缆;缆,索,钢丝绳v.拍电报It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
noun
WIRE 电线
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a set of wires, covered by plastic, that carries electricity, telephone signals, etc. （传输电、电话讯号等的）电缆
• a length of cable 一根电缆
• The road has been dug up in order to lay cables. 道路已被挖开，以便铺设电缆。
• overhead power cables 高架电缆
['keɪ.bl] noun
SYSTEM 系统
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the system of sending television programmes or telephone signals along wires under the ground （电视节目或电话讯号的）有线传输系统
• The office has gone over to cable. 办公室改用有线系统了。
• cable TV 有线电视
• This channel is only available on cable. 这个频道只有透过有线电视才能收到。
cable, telegraph, telegram
这组词都有“电报”的意思，其区别是：
cable: 通常指通过海底电缆打的电报，也可指广义的电报。
telegraph: 侧重指通信方式和电报业各，不可数名词，表想象概念。
telegram: 常用词，指通过电报系统发出的信息，尤指具体的一份份电报。
n. [电] 电缆；海底电报
 - electrical conduit, electric line

Word: belief
Front: belief
[bɪˈli:f] (高研四托 1378/1291 -K3)
Vocabulary: belief
(once / 91 pages)
n
A belief is an idea one accepts as being true or real. Many children have a strong belief that the Tooth Fairy really does exist.
The noun belief replaced the Old English word geleafa, meaning “belief, faith,” in the late 12th century. A belief is an idea one usually holds with conviction and importance. In a religious context, the Ancient Greeks held the belief that many gods existed, controlling their fate, while Christianity began with the belief that only one God exists. You can also have belief in yourself in the face of a challenge.
WORD FAMILY
belief: beliefs, disbelief, unbelief +/believability: believabilities/ believable: believability, believably, unbelievable / believe: belief, believable, believed, believer, believes, believing, disbelieve, misbelieve/ believer: believers, nonbeliever, unbeliever/believing: believingly, believings, unbelieving/ disbelief: disbeliefs/disbelieve: disbelieved, disbeliever, disbelieves, disbelieving/disbeliever: disbelievers/disbelieving: disbelievingly/misbelieve: misbelieved, misbeliever, misbelieves, misbelieving/misbeliever: misbelievers/nonbeliever: nonbelievers/ unbelief: unbeliefs/ unbelievable: unbelievably/unbeliever: unbelievers/unbelieving: unbelievingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1970, Brewer sought a full term as governor based on the belief that George Wallace would not run.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Appleby was part of a generation of historians who examined the ideologies and beliefs that animated the American Revolution.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And contrary to popular belief, research shows that adopting WTE technology does not reduce recycling rates.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信，信任; 信念，意见; 信条
分布：信仰(42%)，信念(32%)，相信(26%)
n.信任,相信,信念;信仰,信条That man has a strong belief in Buddhism.那个男子虔诚地信仰佛教.
noun countable or only singular or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the feeling of being certain that something exists or is true 相信，信心；信仰
• All non-violent religious and political beliefs should be respected equally. 对所有非暴力的宗教和政治信仰，应予以同等尊重。
• [+ that] It is my (firm) belief that nuclear weapons are immoral. 我（坚定）相信，使用核武器是不道德的。
• His belief in God gave him hope during difficult times. 他对上帝的信奉使他在困境中看到了希望。
• Recent revelations about corruption have shaken many people's belief in (= caused people to have doubts about) the police. 不久前腐败事件的曝光动摇了许多人对警方的信任。
• He called at her house in the belief that (= confident that) she would lend him the money. 他相信她会借钱给他，所以走到她家里去。
beyond belief
■too bad, good, difficult, etc. to be imagined 太坏、太好、太艰难等，以至于难以置信
• The brutality of the murders was beyond belief. 凶手的手段残酷得令人难以置信。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
n. 相信，信赖；信仰；教义
 - faith, teaching, trust, doctrine

Word: mess
Front: mess
[mes] (高研四六雅 3381/3437 -K3)
Vocabulary: mess
(once / 345 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A mess is a generally dirty state, like your bedroom, your hair, or anything else that's untidy. If you make a huge mess when you cook, you probably try to get someone else to do the clean-up.
In addition to describing a jumble of stuff, mess can describe a confused or difficult situation, like the mess your finances are in if you have seven credit cards. When you mess something up, you cause disorder and maybe even wreck something, like a friendship you messed up by gossiping. And you might eat in a mess hall, a cafeteria for members of the armed forces — and it's probably very neat and orderly, not messy.
WORD FAMILY
mess: messed, messes, messing, messy +/ messy: messier, messiest, messily, messiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The court stuck with the basic framework of Virginia, so it’s still pretty messed up, especially in Northern Virginia,” Cannon said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The streets were just a mess, and traffic was horrendous — it was like L.A.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Seconds later, he re-emerged, holding on to a chaotic mess of flapping flippers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 混乱; 食堂; 肮脏; 困境
vt. 弄脏; 搞砸; 给…供膳
vi. 把事情弄糟; 制造脏乱
时态：messed, messing, messes
分布：混乱(61%)，弄乱(12%)，弄糟(8%)，脏乱(7%)，粪便(5%)，一份食品(3%)，妨碍(3%)，混杂(1%)
→来自古法语mes,一份食物，就餐，来自拉丁语mittere,放置，送出，词源同mission,emit.引申词义吃饭的地方，尤指部队餐厅。后用于指倒剩饭剩菜的地方，猪食等，并最终引申词义肮脏，杂乱等词义。
n.混乱,混杂,脏乱v.弄脏,弄乱,搞糟The late arrival of the train messed up all our plans.火车的误点把我们所有的计划都搞乱了.
noun
DIRT/UNTIDINESS 不整洁
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■Something or someone that is a mess or is in a mess, looks dirty or untidy 肮脏；杂乱；不整洁的人
• He makes a terrible mess when he's cooking. 他做饭时总是把周围弄得乱七八糟。
• Jem's house is always in a mess. 杰姆的房子总是又脏又乱。
• Go and clear up that mess in the kitchen. 去把厨房里乱七八糟的东西清理干净。
• Ian can't stand mess. 伊恩忍受不了凌乱。
• I look a mess - I can't go out like this! 我看上去衣衫不整的——我不能这样子出去！
• My hair's such a mess today! 我的头发今天乱蓬蓬的！
countable
■an animal's solid waste （动物的）粪便
• Fido left another mess on the carpet. 菲多又在地毯上拉屎了。
[mes] noun
PROBLEMS 问题
 IMPROVER only singular
■a situation that is full of problems 困境；混乱局面
• She said that her life was a mess. 她说她的生活一团糟。
• I got myself into a mess by telling a lie. 我因撒了一个谎而闯祸了。
• The company's finances are in a mess. 这家公司的财务状况一团糟。
only singular
■a person whose life is full of problems they cannot deal with 处于困境的人
• After the divorce he was a real mess and drinking too much. 离婚后他潦倒透顶，而且酗酒。
make a mess of sth ADVANCED (also mess sth up)
■to do something badly or spoil something 把…弄糟；搞砸
• I've made a real mess of my exams. 我考试彻底考砸了。
[mes] noun
ROOM 房间
countable (US also mess hall)
■a room or building in which members of the armed forces have their meals or spend their free time （军队的）食堂，交谊厅
• The group captain was having breakfast in the mess hall. 那名空军上校正在大餐厅里吃早餐。
• They spent their evenings in the officers' mess, drinking and playing cards. 他们在军官交谊厅里喝酒、玩纸牌，度过了许多个晚上。
[mes] verb
transitive mainly US (UK mess up) informal
■to make something untidy 把…弄乱
• Don't you dare mess my hair! 看你敢把我的头发弄乱！
intransitive
■to leave solid waste somewhere 排便
• Next door's dog has messed on our steps again! 隔壁家的狗又在我们的台阶上拉屎了！
[mes] verb
(and) no messing UK informal
■said to emphasize that you want something to be done 我说的是真话；不是开玩笑
• I want you both in bed by 9 o'clock, no messing! 我要你们两个九点钟都上床睡觉，不是开玩笑！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb about/around UK
■to treat someone badly 不公正对待（某人），不把（某人）当回事
• I'm tired of being messed around by my bank. 我对银行怠慢的态度感到厌烦了。
• Don't mess me about! 别把我不当回事！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess about UK
■ mess around
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around (UK also mess about)
SPEND TIME
 ADVANCED informal
■to spend time doing various things that are not important, without any particular purpose or plan 浪费时间；磨蹭
• They spend their weekends messing around on their boat. 他们在船上消磨周末的时光。
• My brother likes messing around with computers. 我弟弟喜欢玩电脑打发时间。
• He spent the day with friends, just messing about. 他一整天都和朋友一起闲逛。
ACT STUPIDLY
 ADVANCED
■to behave in a stupid or annoying way 胡闹
• Stop messing about and listen to me!. 别胡闹了，听我说！
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sth (UK also mess about with sth) informal
■to use or treat something in a careless or harmful way 瞎弄；摆弄，玩弄
• I don't want him coming in here and messing around with our computers. 我不想他到这里来乱搞我们的电脑。
• Never mess around with scissors. 绝对不能玩剪刀。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess around with sb mainly US informal
■If a married man or woman messes around with someone, they have a sexual relationship with someone who is not their wife or husband. 勾搭（某人），与（某人）有不正当性关系
• She found out that her husband was messing around with his secretary. 她发现丈夫和他的秘书偷情。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess sth up ADVANCED
■to make something untidy or dirty 把…弄乱；把…弄脏
• Who's messed up the bookshelf? 谁把书架搞乱了？
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mess (sth) up informal ADVANCED
■to spoil or damage something, or to do something wrong or badly 搞砸，弄糟
• I feel I've messed up my chances of becoming a great singer. 我觉得自己已经把成为大歌星的机会毁掉了。
• He says that his divorce has really messed his life up. 他说离婚确实令他的生活变得一团糟。
• You've really messed up this time. 这次你的确把事情搞砸了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess sb up
CAUSE PROBLEMS
■to cause someone to suffer emotional and mental problems 使（某人）出现精神问题
• Drugs can really mess you up. 毒品真的会让你萎靡不振。
INJURE US slang
■to hit someone repeatedly so that they are badly injured 殴打（某人）
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth/sb informal
■to use or become involved with something or someone dangerous 与（危险人物）有牵连；与（危险的人或事物）扯上关系
• You shouldn't mess with drugs. 你不该沾上毒品。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sth mainly US
■to try to change or repair something, but not carefully and usually without success 瞎弄；摆弄
• He was messing with his bike and then he couldn't fit the parts back together. 他胡乱摆弄他的脚踏车，但后来就不能把零件装嵌回去了。
[mes] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mess with sb informal
■to treat someone in a bad, rude or annoying way, or to start an argument with them 打扰（某人），招惹（某人）
• I've warned you already, don't mess with me! 我已警告过你，别来惹我！
chaos, disturbance, disordr, mess, confusion
这些名词均表示事物的混乱状态。
chaos: 着重指令人无能为力或感到绝望的混乱状态。突出没有很好的组织。
disturbance: 主要指社会中政治性的动乱、骚乱；也可指个人或少数人的闹事。
disordr: 正式用词，含义广泛。指事物因失去原有的秩序而造成混乱；也可指社会中的动乱或骚乱。
mess: 语气强，口语中较常用的非正式用词。指既混乱又肮脏，尤指人思想混乱或外表不整洁。
confusion: 指东西搅混在一起，凌乱得难以辨认；也可指思想混乱，以致无法进行正常的思维活动。
n. 混乱；食堂，伙食团；困境；脏乱的东西
 - difficulty, disorder, chaos, confusion, corner
vt. 弄乱，弄脏；毁坏；使就餐
 - destroy, soil, mud, spot, damage
vi. 把事情弄糟；制造脏乱；玩弄
 - play fast and loose, toy with

Word: jew

Word: governance
Front: governance
[ˈgʌvənəns] (宝 6467/16687 -1)
Vocabulary: governance
(once / 3187 pages)
n
You've heard of governors and government, and governance is related. It’s the nuts and bolts of how towns or states or countries operate, and it can also apply to companies. Corporate governance is how large companies are organized and run.
Governments use the powers you give it to pass laws and enforce them, fix your roads, collect taxes — all those things you can’t do alone — and the act of doing that is called governance. Corporations have their own sort of government — they're run by boards of directors who tackle issues of governance, making sure the company is run responsibly. Scholars study theories of governance — ideas about how society should be organized to benefit everyone.
WORD FAMILY
govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern+/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governmental: governmentally/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He is the chairman of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, a group of experts which in June published a report on online policy.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But the founding families still dominate almost all the conglomerates, in part, critics say, because of lax enforcement of corporate governance and tax laws.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Republicans prioritize policies that will allow them to maintain power, while Democrats favor pragmatic governance.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 统治; 管理; 支配; 统治方式
分布：管理(79%)，统治(17%)，支配(4%)
【记】govern（v 支配；统治）
【参】governor（n 统治者；地方长官）；government（n 政府）
N-UNCOUNT
（国家的）统治方式，管理方法
The governance of a country is the way in which it is governed.
例：They believe that a fundamental change in the governance of Britain is the key to all other necessary changes.他们认为从根本上改变英国的统治方式是促成其他所有必要变革的关键所在。
N-UNCOUNT
（公司、机构等的）管理方法
The governance of a company or organization is the way in which it is managed.
例：...a dramatic move away from the traditional view of governance in American education.在美国教育管理方式的传统观点上作出的巨大转变
n. 管理；统治；支配
 - administration, management, supervision, regulation, disposal

Word: bottom
Front: bottom
[ˈbɒtəm] (中高研四 1511/1555 -K4)
Vocabulary: bottom
(once / 81 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3n 4n 5v
The bottom of something is its underside, or lowest point. You might practice swimming by diving to the bottom of a swimming pool to retrieve pennies.
When you're hungry, you'll eat to the bottom of your ice cream bowl, and if you're looking for your car keys, you may need to dig to the very bottom of your tote bag. A thing's underside is also its bottom, so you might check out the bottom of your foot if you think you have a splinter. Informally, your bottom is also your buttocks, or your backside. It comes from the Old English botm, "ground" or "foundation."
WORD FAMILY
bottom: bottomed, bottoming, bottomless, bottomly, bottommost, bottoms+/bottomless: bottomlessly, bottomlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plot follows the travails of Jack as he rises and falls in the real estate industry, finding rock bottom as a warehouse slumlord.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The Chiefs have been criticized all season for their offensive production, which ranks in the bottom third of the NFL in most major categories.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In an effort to find the hard drive,  FBI agents scoured the bottom of Seccombe Lake, in the heart of San Bernardino.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 底部; 末端; 臀部; 尽头
adj. 底部的
vt. 装底; 测量深浅; 查明真相
vi. 到达底部; 建立基础
时态：bottomed, bottoming, bottoms
分布：底部(66%)，触底(15%)，底部的(15%)，底端(4%)
→来自PIE *bhud, 底部。同fundamental, 基础的。
n.底(部);基础,根基;海底,湖底,河床The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
US [ˌbɑː.ţəm]
  Phrasal Verbs  bottom out
■to have reached the lowest point in a continuously changing situation and to be about to improve 到达最低点；不再恶化
• The government claims that the recession is bottoming out. 政府宣称经济衰退即将走出低谷。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
LOWEST PART 底部
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the lowest part of something 底，底部；底层
• He stood at the bottom of the stairs and called up to me. 他站在楼梯的最下面抬头叫我。
• Extra information will be found at the bottom of the page. 补充资料见这一页的最底部。
• The ship had sunk to the bottom of the sea/the sea bottom. 船已经沉到了海底。
• UK They live at the bottom of our street (= the other end of the street from us). 他们住在我们这条街的另一端。
• UK The apple tree at the bottom (= end) of the garden is beginning to blossom. 花园尽头的那棵苹果树开始开花了。
• At school, Einstein was (at the) bottom of (= the least successful student in) his class. 上学时，爱因斯坦是班上最后一名。
• The manager of the hotel started at the bottom (= in one of the least important jobs) 30 years ago, as a porter. 饭店的经理是30年前从最底层的搬运工开始做起的。
• The rich usually get richer, while the people at the bottom (= at the lowest position in society) stay there. 通常情况是富人越来越富，社会底层的人却原地不动。
bottoms [plural]
■the lower part of a piece of clothing that consists of two parts （两件一套的衣服）下半身
• I've found my bikini bottoms but not my top. 我找到了我的比基尼泳裤，但找不到上半身。
• Have you seen my pyjama/tracksuit bottoms anywhere? 你看见我的睡裤／田径服裤子了吗？
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
BODY PART 身体部位
 ADVANCED countable
■the part of your body that you sit on 臀部，屁股
• She slipped and fell on her bottom. 她摔了一跤，一屁股坐到了地上。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
at bottom UK formal
■in a basic way 事实上；本质上
• Jealousy is, at bottom, a lack of self-confidence. 嫉妒本质上是缺乏自信。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
be at the bottom of sth
■to be the real reason for or the cause of something 是…的根源，是…的本质
• The desire for money is at the bottom of much of the world's violence. 对金钱的欲望是世界上许多暴力的根源。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
bottoms up! informal humorous
■sometimes said by people in a friendly way just before drinking an alcoholic drink together 干杯！
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
from the bottom of your heart
■very sincerely 从内心深处；真诚地
• When I said I loved you, I meant it from the bottom of my heart. 当我说爱你时，我是发自内心深处的。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
get to the bottom of sth
■to discover the truth about a situation 对…寻根究底；找到…的真相
• I'm not sure what is causing the problem, but I'm determined to get to the bottom of it. 我现在不能确定导致这个问题的原因是甚么，不过我一定要弄个明白。
noun UK [ˈbɒt.əm] US [ˈbɑː.ţəm]
the bottom drops / falls out of the market
■If the bottom drops out of the market of a product, people stop buying it （产品）卖不出去；滞销
• The bottom has fallen out of the fur coat market. 毛皮大衣已经卖不出去了。
n. 底部；末端；臀部；尽头
 - basis, terminal, base, extreme

Word: artist
Front: artist
[ˈɑ:tɪst] (高研四 736/1218 -K4)
Vocabulary: artist
(once / 66 pages)
n
An artist is someone whose life's work — or passionate hobby — focuses on some creative enterprise. If you love to paint portraits of your dog, you are an artist.
People who make films, write short stories, or build beautiful dollhouses are all artists. Doing anything that involves creativity and imagination, especially if it yields some finished project, is being an artist. Sometimes people use the word for someone who's great at what she does, or who uses extra flair or originality: "That barista is a total artist — look, she made my latte foam look like a hedgehog!" The Latin root is ars, or "art."
WORD FAMILY
artist: artistic, artistry, artists+/ art: artist, artless, arts, arty/ artistic: artistically, inartistic, unartistic/ artistry: artistries/ artless: artlessly, artlessness/artlessness: artlessnesses/arty: artier, artiest, artily/inartistic: inartistically/unartistic: unartistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Referring to the backing vocal track, she said, "it is not uncommon for artists to sing to track during certain live performances".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But she decided that he was, after all, an artist.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
The Downtown Development Authority of Brunswick is offering big chunks of the tree to wood carvers and artists as part of a contest.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 艺术家; 画家; 能手; 骗子
分布：艺术家(93%)，美术家(5%)，艺人(2%)
n.艺术家,美术家;(某方面的)能手With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪst] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who paints, draws or makes sculptures 艺术家；美术家；画家；雕塑家
• Monet is one of my favourite artists. 莫内是我最喜欢的画家之一。
■someone who creates things with great skill and imagination 高手；大师；技艺高超的人
• He described her as one of the greatest film artists of the 20th century. 他称她为20世纪最伟大的电影艺术家之一。
n. 艺术家；美术家（尤指画家）；大师
 - pope, maestro

Word: transform
Front: transform
[trænsˈfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 2185/2693 -K3)
Vocabulary: transform
(once / 215 pages)
1v 2v
When you transform you change from one thing or state to another. Picture a transformer that changes from a robot to a car. Simple, right?
Caterpillars transform into butterflies, a forest is transformed by a snowfall, and a city can be transformed by a new government or a changing economy. Transform means a big change in appearance or in essence. The Internet has transformed how we live our day-to-day lives, but you wouldn't say that moving a throw pillow has transformed your living room.
WORD FAMILY
transform: transformable, transformation, transformed, transformer, transforming, transforms+/ transformation: transformations/ transformer: transformers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But in doing so, they lose the bigger picture of transforming the body.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Over the past two decades, China transformed itself into an economic superpower through massive industrialization.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“They used hand grenades and machine gun and transformed their celebration to mourning.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 改变; 改观; 变换
vi. 改变
n. [数]变换式
时态：transformed, transforming, transforms
分布：转换(51%)，改变(48%)，改变；变形；变态(1%)
→trans-,转移，转变，form,形状。
变形;改造(trans变+form→变形)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
vt.改变,变换;变压;转化;改造,改造The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved 使彻底改观；使大变样
• The reorganization will transform the British entertainment industry. 这次重组将使英国的娱乐业大为改观。
• [R] Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly transform herself into a radiant star. 每当摄像机对准她的时候，玛丽莲会立刻将自己变成一个耀眼的明星。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
transform, rectify, adjust, modify, convert, amend, vary, alter, regulate
这组词都有“调整、改变”的意思，其区别是：
transform: v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
 • Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.   重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
rectify: v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
 • He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.   他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
adjust: v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。
 • I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.   我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
modify: v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
 • He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.   他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
convert: v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
 • Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.   英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
 • He's converted to Catholicism.   他已经皈依天主教。
amend: v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
 • The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.   政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
vary: v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
 • Air fares vary from one airline to another.   航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
alter: v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
 • The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.   裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
regulate: v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有"控制"之意。
 • Lights are used to regulate the traffic.   红绿灯被用来管制交通。
invert, transform, revert, convert
这组词都有“转变”的意思，其区别是：
invert: v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
 • The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.   婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
transform: v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
 • A little paint will soon transform the old house.   刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
revert: v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
 • John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John.   约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
convert: v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
 • He wants to convert to Catholicism.   他要皈依天主教。
vt. 改变，使…变形；转换
 - influence, fashion, vary, innovate
vi. [数] [电] 变换，改变；转化
 - veer from, to change

Word: shut
Front: shut
[ʃʌt] (中高研四六托 1541/1788 -K3)
Back: vt. & vi. 关闭; 合上; 打烊; 闭上
adj. 关闭; 停业; 合拢; 关门
时态：shut, shutting, shuts
分布：关闭(75%)，关闭的(12%)，停止(6%)，合拢(6%)，停止营业的(1%)
→来自古英语 scyttan,合上门栓，推，关上，来自 West-Germanic*skutjan,推，合上，来自 skeud, 投，扔，射，推，词源同 shoot,shot.
v.关,关闭Shut the window, please.请关窗.
verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
CLOSE 关闭
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) close something （使）关闭
• Please shut the gate. 请关上大门。
• I've got a surprise for you! Shut your eyes tightly and hold out your hand. 我要给你一个惊喜！紧紧闭上眼睛，伸出你的手。
• Mary shut her book and put it down on the table. 玛丽阖上书，把它放在桌子上。
• This window won't shut - it's jammed. 窗户关不起来——它卡住了。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
STOP OPERATING 停止运作
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) stop operating or being in service, either temporarily or permanently （使）停止运作；（使）停止营业
• The shops shut at eight o'clock on Wednesday evenings. 商店每周三晚上八点钟打烊。
• It's such a shame they shut that factory (down). 他们关闭那家工厂的确很可惜。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
shut your eyes to sth
■to ignore something 对…视而不见
• Until now the President has shut his eyes to the homelessness problem. 直到现在，总统仍对许多人无家可归这问题视而不见。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
shut your mouth/face (UK also shut your gob) slang
■a rude and angry way of telling someone to stop talking 闭嘴，住嘴（粗鲁且愤怒的说法）
• He told me to shut my mouth or there'd be trouble. 他叫我住嘴，否则就会有麻烦。
• "You're a lazy slob!" "You shut your mouth (= Don't talk to me like that) !" “你是个懒鬼！” “闭嘴！”
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
shut up shop UK (mainly US close up shop)
■to end an activity, usually a business activity, either temporarily or permanently 歇业；关门；停业
• Many companies are considering shutting up shop in this country and transferring production to low wage economies. 许多公司都在考虑结束在该国的业务，将生产转向低工资国家。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut sb away
■to put a person in a place which they are not allowed or able to leave 把（某人）关起来，使（某人）与外界隔绝
• He was ten years old when he was shut away in an asylum for stealing an apple. 他十岁时因偷了一个苹果而被关进收容所。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  shut sth away
■to put something in a place where other people cannot see it or get it 隐藏，把…藏起来
• The diamonds are shut away in a bank vault somewhere. 钻石被藏在银行保险库的某个地方。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] shut yourself away
■to go into a place that you are unwilling to leave and where you do not want to be interrupted by other people 把自己关起来
• Andy shuts himself away in his studio for hours on end when he's recording a song. 安迪录歌时会把自己关在录音室达数小时。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut (sth) down
 ADVANCED
■If a business or a large piece of equipment shuts down or someone shuts it down, it stops operating 关闭；（使）停止运作
• The company plans to shut down four factories and cut 10 000 jobs. 公司计划关闭四个工厂，精简一万个工作名额。
• The crew shut down the right-hand engine of the aircraft. 机组人员关闭了飞机右侧的引擎。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  shut sb/sth in (sth)
■to prevent someone or something from leaving a place, usually by closing or fastening a door or gate 防止逃脱，把…关起来，把…关在…里
• The cat was shut in the garage all night. 猫在车库里被关了一整夜。
• [R] He was so upset that he shut himself in his bedroom and refused to come out. 他很烦恼，就把自己关在卧室里，不肯出来。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  shut sth in sth
■to trap part of your body or an object inside a device or container when it closes 把…卡在…里；把…夹在…中
• Steve was off work for a week after he shut his hand in the car door. 史蒂夫的手被车门夹伤后，他一个星期没有上班。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut (sth) off
■If a machine or system shuts off, it stops operating, and if someone or something shuts it off, they stop it from operating 关机；关掉，关闭
• The engine shuts off automatically when the desired speed is reached. 达到设定的速度后，引擎会自动关闭。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut sth off
SUPPLY
■to stop the supply of something 关闭（或切断）…的供应；停止供应
• Did you remember to shut off the water and gas before you left the house? 离开房子的时候，你记得关掉水和煤气了吗?
• Oil supplies have been shut off. 油品供应被切断了。
AREA
■to prevent something from being reached or seen 把…封闭起来；将…隔离
• The music room is shut off from the rest of the house by a soundproof partition. 隔音板把音乐间和屋内的其他房间隔开了。
• A row of tall fir trees shuts off the view of the street in front. 一排高大的杉树挡住了前面的街景。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] shut yourself off
■to stop speaking to other people or stop being involved with them 把自己封闭起来，不再和别人来往
• When her husband died she seemed to shut her self off from her friends and family. 丈夫去世后，她似乎不再与她的朋友和家人来往了。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  shut sb/sth out
PREVENT ENTRY
■to stop someone or something from entering or getting back inside a house or other building 阻止…进入，把…关在外面
• The wind blew the door closed behind me and now I'm shut out (of the house). 风把我身后的门关上了，现在我被关在（房子的）外面。
• Don't forget to shut the cat out when you leave for work. 出门上班时，不要忘记把猫关到门外。
NOT INCLUDE
■to not include a person or organization in an activity 把…排除在外
• Anna felt shut out of the conversation. 安娜觉得自己插不上话。
• What are the chances of peace if we shut the terrorists out of negotiations? 如果将恐怖分子排除在谈判之外，和平的可能性有多大呢？
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut sth out
■to stop yourself thinking about something that upsets you or feeling something that hurts you 不再去想，停止想（不愉快的事情）
• She finds it impossible to shut out the memory of the accident. 她发现自己不可能忘记那次意外。
■to prevent a sound or light from being heard or seen 阻挡，阻隔（声音或光）
• The double glazing shuts out most of the traffic noise. 双层玻璃阻挡了大部分交通噪音。
• She pulled the duvet over her head to try to shut out the light. 她拉起羽绒被蒙住头，试图挡住光线。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut sb out US
■to prevent your competitor in a sports competition from scoring any points 不让（对手）得分；以对方得零分的比分淘汰
• She had shut out two of her first four Wimbledon opponents by identical 6-0, 6-0 scores. 在温布顿网球公开赛首轮比赛中，她以两个六比零的比分淘汰了四名对阵选手中的两名。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut (sb) up informal
 ADVANCED
■to stop talking or making a noise, or to make someone do this （使某人）闭嘴，（使某人）停止说话
• I wish you'd shut up for a moment and listen to what the rest of us have to say. 我希望你能闭上嘴巴安静一会儿，听听我们其他人说甚么。
• Just shut up and get on with your work! 快闭上嘴巴继续工作！
• My dad never stops talking. It's impossible to shut him up! 我父亲话一直说不停。让他停下来简直是不可能的！
• figurative If you breathe a single word to the police, we'll come round and shut you up for good (= kill you). 如果你向员警透露一个字，我们会回来让你永远闭上嘴。
■to stop someone from talking about a particular subject or from complaining or asking for things （使某人）不再谈论（某话题）；堵住（某人）的嘴巴
• The kids kept on about how hungry they were, so their father gave them some biscuits to shut them up. 孩子们总嚷嚷说自己饿了，于是他们的父亲给了一些饼干堵住他们的嘴。
§/ʃʌt/ shut 1 verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut sb/sth up
■to keep a person or animal in a closed place 把…关起来，囚禁
• She can't spend her whole life shut up in her office. 她不能一辈子都呆在办公室里不出来。
[ʃʌt] verb intransitive or transitive (shutting, shut, shut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shut (sth) up UK
■to close a shop or other business for a period of time, usually when business is finished for the day 关闭（商店等）；关门，打烊
• By the time we got there, all the market traders were shutting up. 我们到那里的时候，所有的店铺都关门打烊了。
[ʃʌt] adjective [after verb]
 IMPROVER
■closed 关闭的，关上的
• I suspected something was wrong when I noticed her curtains were still shut at lunchtime. 我发现午饭时间她的窗帘还拉着，就怀疑出了甚么事。
• figurative The government ought to have opened the door to Japanese investment instead of slamming it shut. 政府应该向日本的资金敞开大门而不是让其吃闭门羹。
⇒ See also open-and-shut
shut, slam, close
这组词都有“关”的意思，其区别是：
shut: 着重关闭的动作、过程和方式手段。
slam: 象声词，指“砰的关上”，或用力关上。
close: 较多地用于正式或庄重的文体中，如关闭铁路、公路以及其它交通渠道，要用close。
vt. 关闭；停业；幽禁
 - close down, close up
n. 关闭
 - closure, closing down
adj. 关闭的；围绕的
 - circumambient

Word: lo
Front: lo
[ləʊ] (-/18198 -1)
Back: int. <古>看，瞧
分布：看！(50%)，瞧!(50%)
→来自古英语la,惊叹词，后受look影响拼写俗化为lo,作为look的祈使形式。
US [loʊ] old use
exclamation
■look 看，瞧
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] old use
exclamation
lo and behold humorous
■something that you say when you tell someone about something surprising that happened 真没想到
• I was in Vienna sitting quietly in a café when, lo and behold, my cousin walked in. 我静静地坐在维也纳一间咖啡馆里喝着咖啡，真没想到，我的表弟走了进来。

Word: explanation
Front: explanation
[ˌekspləˈneɪʃn] (高研四六 2054/1492 -K3)
Vocabulary: explanation
(once / 121 pages)
n
An explanation is a statement about how or why something is the way it is. If you're failing math, you'd better come up with a good explanation to give to your parents.
Explanation is from the same Latin word as explain: explanare, which means make clear. Because explanation and explain are so closely related, people often try to shoehorn an extra i into the spelling of explanation. Don't. You might think that explanation has the odd spelling, but it is really the more regular of the two because there is no i in explanare.
WORD FAMILY
explanation: explanations+/ explain: explainable, explained, explaining, explains, explanation, explanatory, re-explain/explainable: explainably, unexplainable /explained: unexplained/ explanatory: explanatorily, self-explanatory/ unexplainable: unexplainably/unexplained: unexplainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We’re not a political organisation,” he says by way of explanation for why his group was able to keep operating for so long.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Here they are, with a bit of explanation from a Seattle expert.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Contemporary neurologists offer alternative explanations for hearing celestial speech.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 解释; 说明; 辩解; （消除误会后）和解
分布：解释(87%)，说明(13%)
→来自explain, 解释。
n.解释,说明His explanation stands to reason.他的解释合情合理.
【参】explanatory（adj 说明的；解释性的）
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the details or reasons that someone gives to make something clear or easy to understand 解释；说明；给出的原因
• Could you give me a quick explanation of how it works? 你可以向我简要说明一下它的运作原理吗？
• What was her explanation for why she was late? 她是如何解释她迟到的原因的？
• [+ that] The judge didn't believe his explanation that he had stolen the money in order to give it to charity. 他解释偷钱是为了捐给慈善机构，但是法官并不相信。
• He said, by way of explanation, that he hadn't seen the traffic light change to red. 他解释说他没有看到红灯亮起。
exposition, definition, description, explanation, interpretation
这组词都有“解释”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 通常指对论点、假设、理论等的重点作详尽的阐述。
definition: 主要指对某一词、短语或专门术语的含义作解释、下定义。
description: 指对某一事物的重要方面进行详细叙述，常含教育与启迪意味。
explanation: 普通用词，指使人明白未知或不清楚的事。
interpretation: 多指对文字上较难的段落，或难于理解，令人迷惑的问题作出解释或说明。
n. 说明，解释；辩解
 - notes, interpretation, construction, legend, account

Word: licence
Front: licence
[ˈlaɪsns] (四雅 29631/2055 -K3)
Vocabulary: licence
(once / 739 pages)
nv
A licence is a permit to do something. You need a licence to drive a car. If you spell it licence instead of license, then you’ll be driving on the left side of the road because the “c” ending is British.
A licence, spelled with the “c,” is a noun — like that driver’s licence in your wallet that allows you to drive all over England. In British style, the word license (with an “s”) is only a verb and licence is a noun. So if you can put a/an/or the in front of it, it’s a licence. James Bond had a Licence to Kill in the movie of the same name. Don’t ask to see it!
WORD FAMILY
licence: licences, licencing, licensee, licentious +/licensee: licensees/ licentious: licentiously, licentiousness/licentiousness: licentiousnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In return, he allegedly approved their licence applications and chairmanship appointment without declaring a conflict of interest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“They fly under the radar. They pay their bills. The most we ever see is a diplomatic licence plate or two.”
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
The station reported that the licence plates on the car matched those of Amiridis’s rental vehicle.
The Guardian(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 许可; 许可证; 放纵; 放荡
vt. 特许; 发给执照
时态：licenced, licencing, licences
分布：许可(49%)，执照(39%)，特许(6%)，放纵(3%)，自由(2%)，同意(1%)
→来自拉丁语licere,合法的，许可的，词源同licit,leisure,进一步来自leik,提议，交易。引申词义执照，许可证。
UK (ALSO US license) ['laɪ.sənts] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■an official document which gives you permission to own, do or use something, usually after you have paid money and/or taken a test 许可证，执照，牌照
• a dog licence 养狗执照
• a driving licence] USdriver's license 驾驶执照
• a TV licence 电视（收看）许可证
[S or U] formal
■permission or freedom to do what you want 许可，准许；自由
• As parents, they allowed their children very little licence. 作为父母，他们给孩子们的自由很少。
• [+ to infinitive] He was given licence to reform the organization. 他获准对该组织实行改革。
artistic/poetic licence
■the freedom of artists, writers etc. to change the facts of the real world when producing art 艺术／诗歌的破格
under licence
■with special permission from the maker of a product 经过授权，经过许可
• It's a German product, made under licence in British factories. 这是一种经过授权在英国工厂生产的德国产品。
UK (ALSO US license) ['laɪ.sənts] noun
be a licence to print money
■If a company or activity is a licence to print money, it causes people to become very rich without having to make any effort. 是聚宝盆，是摇钱树，是发财的门路
n. 许可证，执照； [财政] 特许
 - permit, patent
vt. [财政] 特许，许可；发给执照
 - permit, charter

Word: typically
Front: typically
[ˈtɪpɪkli] (2013/3411 -K2)
Vocabulary: typically
(once / 887 pages)
adv
Use the adverb typically when something happens in a general or usual way. The winner of the Miss America pageant, for example, is typically a very tall, slender young woman with long hair.
You might say that it typically takes a year to get a driver's license in your state — in other words, that's how long it takes as a general rule or on average. Or you could say that while you don't typically enjoy short stories, you read one recently that you can't get out of your mind. The adjective typical is at the root of typically, from the Late Latin typicus, "of a type," and the Greek typos, "impression."
WORD FAMILY
typical: antitypical, atypical, typicality, typically, untypical+/ atypical: atypicality, atypically/typicality: untypicality/untypical: untypically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Even the National Rifle Association, which typically frames any gun control effort in apocalyptic terms, was sometimes underwhelmed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Governors typically use the speech to outline their priorities and introduce new programs and initiatives, sending ripples cascading across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
These drugs are trained to target fast-growing cells in the body because cancer cells typically divide much more quickly than healthy tissue.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 典型地; 代表性地; 通常
分布：典型地(50%)，代表性地(40%)，不出所料地(10%)
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a way that shows all the characteristics that you would expect from the stated person, thing or group 典型地；有代表性地
• She has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is typically English. 她像典型的英国人那样态度矜持，略显冷淡。
• Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish. 保罗以惯有的粗鲁方式说他废话连篇。
 IMPROVER
■used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing 一般地；通常
• Typically, a doctor will see about thirty patients a day. 医生通常每天要看大约30位病人。
• Tickets for such events will typically cost around thirty dollars. 这种活动的票价通常在30美元左右。

Word: ownership
Front: ownership
[ˈəʊnəʃɪp] (高研四六雅 3585/2672 -3)
Vocabulary: ownership
(once / 680 pages)
n
Ownership is the state of owning something. Anything that people own or possess gives them the quality of ownership. Wars are often fought over the ownership of land.
When you buy a book, you own it. Add the suffix ship to owner, and now you have ownership of that lovely book. If you buy a house, you have ownership of it. Politicians like to talk about the “American dream of home ownership.” If you buy a lottery ticket, you have ownership of that, too. If you win big, you’ll have ownership of lots of cash and then you, too can realize that American dream.
WORD FAMILY
ownership: ownerships+/ disown: disowned, disowning, disownment, disowns/disownment: disownments/ own: disown, owned, owner, owning, ownly, owns/owned: unowned/owner: ownerless, owners, ownership
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The salon, near an Albertsons and squeezed between Bauhaus Hair Studio and Dollar $mart on North Tustin Street, is under new ownership again.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But in the meantime, Trump’s election added another wrinkle to the company’s ownership situation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 物主身份; 所有权; 所有制; 所有
分布：所有权(100%)
→owner,所有者，-ship,抽象名词后缀。
n.所有(权),所有制The ownership of that house was transferred to somebody.那座房子的所有权转让给某人.
US ['oʊ.nɚ-] noun uncountable
■when you own something 所有权；物主身份；拥有
• Do you have any proof of ownership of/for this car? 你有证据能证明你是这辆车的车主吗？
• Rates of home ownership have remained relatively constant. 拥有住房者的比率一直保持在相对稳定的水准。
n. [法] 所有权；物主身份
 - property, droit

Word: justify
Front: justify
[ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ] (研四六托雅宝 2834/1959 -K3)
Vocabulary: justify
(once / 118 pages)
1v 2v
To justify is to make excuses for one's actions, like the dieter who has to justify the few tiny pieces of chocolate she's sneaked in between salads.
Anyone who has ever made excuses for his or her actions knows the meaning of justify, like the bank robber who justifies his latest heist by claiming he needs the bank's money to support his charitable foundation. He might think he's got a good reason for holding up the bank, but he's going to have a hard time convincing the bank's owner of his reason, or justification. To justify a line of text is to space it so that it lines up with the margin.
WORD FAMILY
justify: justifiable, justification, justificative, justificatory, justified, justifier, justifies, justifying+/ justifiable: justifiably, unjustifiable/ justification: justifications, self-justification/ justified: justifiedly, unjustified /justifier: justifiers/unjustifiable: unjustifiably/ unjustified: unjustifiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A district attorney determined the deputies acted in self-defense and ruled the shooting was justified.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, employers often find it hard to justify crafting jobs, tailoring them for a specific person’s disabilities.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: vt. 证明…有理; 为…辩护; 对…作出解释
vi. 整理版面; 证明合法
时态：justified, justifying, justifies
分布：证明 ... 正当(34%)，调整版面(33%)，替 ... 辩护(33%)
→just,合法的，公正的，-fy,使。即使合法，引申词义证明合法，证明有理，辩护等。
v.证明...正当(或有理,正确),为...辩护The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已.
【记】源于：just（adj 正义的；公正的）
【参】justifiable（adj 有理由的）
【反】argue against（反对）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give or to be a good reason for 为…辩护；证明…正当（或有理、正确）；是…的正当理由
• [+ -ing verb] I can't really justify taking another day off work. 我真的找不出理由再多休一天假了。
• Are you sure that these measures are justified? 你确定这些措施合理吗？
justify yourself
 IMPROVER
■If you justify yourself, you give a good reason for what you have done 为自己的行为作解释
• It was the only thing that I could do - I don't have to justify myself to anyone. 这是我唯一能做的——我不必向任何人解释。
warrant, justify
这组词都有“为……提供理由或根据”的意思，其区别是：
warrant: 指有充分的理由或有必要做某事。
justify: 强调所提供的根据或理由不仅会迎合理性还满足了良心，并且含“如果不提供理由辨护就会受到非难”的意味。

Word: regulatory
Front: regulatory
[ˈregjələtəri] (托 3939/5206)
Vocabulary: regulatory
(once / 1255 pages)
adj
Regulatory describes something that holds you to the rules. Detention is regulatory, as are other kinds of punishments. When your mom tells you not to run in the house, she’s being regulatory.
You’ll notice most of the word regulate is in regulatory. That’s because when something is regulatory, it’s regulated. You also might be reminded of the word regular. Things that are regulatory, like being forced to stay in for recess, are intended to keep things regular — no breaking rules, no breaking laws, no breaking at all. Things that are regulatory are meant to keep you from falling out of line.
WORD FAMILY
regulate: deregulate, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation, regulator, regulatory +/ deregulate: deregulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation /regulated: unregulated /regulating: regulatings, self-regulating/ regulation: regulations/regulator: regulators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The only regulatory mechanism is the insistence that all participation is voluntary, and all experience is reciprocal.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission included the finding in its draft environmental impact statement for the proposed Atlantic Coast Pipeline, released Friday.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 调整的; 具有监管权的，监管的
分布：管理的(38%)，控制的(31%)，调整的(31%)
US ['reg.jʊ.lə.tɔ:r-] formal
adjective
■controlling 管理的；控制的；监管的
• a regulatory body/organization 监管部门／组织
adj. 管理的；控制的；调整的
 - administrative, managing, guiding

Word: intervention
Front: intervention
[ˌɪntə'venʃn] (六托雅 1926/2405)
Vocabulary: intervention
(once / 631 pages)
1n 2n
An intervention is the act of inserting one thing between others, like a person trying to help. You could be the subject of a school intervention if your teachers call your parents about the bad grades you've been hiding.
Intervention comes from the Latin intervenire, meaning "to come between, interrupt." Often an intervention is intended to make things better, like the US government's intervention to give food and aid to Haiti after the earthquake. One common use of the word refers to a specific type of meeting, or intervention, that happens with the family and friends of a drug addict; they join together to try to convince the drug user to change their ways and live a healthier life.
WORD FAMILY
intervention: interventions, nonintervention+/ intervene: intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervenor, intervention /intervenor: intervenors
USAGE EXAMPLES
As the data becomes more precise, experts believe interventions to combat geographic disparities will become more effective.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But to many in the territory, intervention by the NPC would be a hugely unwelcome shock.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 介入，干涉，干预; 调解，排解
分布：干预(80%)，介入(18%)，调停(2%)
N-VAR
干涉;干预
Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation.
例：...the role of the United States and its intervention in the internal affairs of many countries.美国扮演的角色以及其对多国内政的干涉
例：...military interventions.军事干涉
n. 介入；调停；妨碍
 - prevention, violation

Word: partnership
Front: partnership
[ˈpɑ:tnəʃɪp] (2912/2141 -K3)
Vocabulary: partnership
(once / 623 pages)
n
What do Lewis and Clark, Bonnie and Clyde, and Ben and Jerry have in common? They all formed partnerships — cooperative relationships where they worked as a team to reach a goal, whether it was robbing banks or inventing Cherry Garcia.
It’s easy to spot partner hidden inside partnership. That should clue you in to the fact the word is all about the deal sealed between two or more people, groups, or even countries that agree to throw their lot in together to achieve something both want. A partnership can be a legal business relationship sealed by a contract or a casual handshake-driven agreement between friends. A marriage is a partnership. So is a corporate merger.
WORD FAMILY
partnership: partnerships+/ partner: partnered, partnering, partners, partnership
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Freedom Online Coalition is a partnership of 30 governments co-ordinating their efforts to protect human rights in cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
And this year, the lab started a partnership with Bellevue College’s Autism Spectrum Navigators program, and is offering students with autism a chance to intern.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伙伴关系; 合伙人身份; 合作关系; 合营公司
分布：合伙经营(45%)，合股(33%)，合伙人身份(22%)
合伙关系(partner合伙人)[-ship 1.表示某种关系或状态2.表示某种技能]
US ['pɑ:rt.nɚ-] noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the state of being a partner 合伙关系，伙伴关系
 ADVANCED countable
■a company which is owned by two or more people 合伙企业，合股公司
• the John Lewis Partnership 约翰‧路易士合伙公司
n. 合伙；合伙企业； [经管] 合作关系；合伙契约
 - copartnership, consortium

Word: martin
Front: martin
[ˈmɑ:tn] (-/1756)
Back: n. 燕科小鸟（如岩燕、雨燕）
分布：圣马丁鸟(100%)
US ['mɑ:r.tˌən] noun countable
■a small bird like a swallow but with a shorter tail 紫崖燕，圣马丁鸟

Word: presence
Front: presence
[ˈprezns] (研四六托雅 1264/1219 -K4)
Vocabulary: presence
(once / 53 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Presence is the state of being somewhere. When you get an invitation that reads "Your presence is requested,” you are being asked to show up. Your style of being there — your demeanor or bearing — is also your presence.
Usually, presence is a physical thing. Since the 1600s, the word has also meant something otherwordly, a spiritual or divine presence. If you suddenly feel a weird presence in the room, perhaps it's a ghost . . . or just the cat. Use the phrase "presence of mind" to indicate when someone is quick-witted or just paying attention. While your job washing skyscraper windows doesn't require a lot of brain work, it's a good idea to keep your presence of mind while working.
WORD FAMILY
presence: presences+/ present: presence, presentable, presentation, presented, presenter, presenting, presently, presentment, presentness, presents/ presentable: presentably, unpresentable/ presentation: presentational, presentations/presenter: presenters/presentment: presentments/unpresentable: unpresentably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Only about a quarter of the city is back under government control, and the presence of more than 1 million civilians is complicating the effort.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He’d like to see a beefed-up air and naval presence in the Persian Gulf to thwart Iran.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“After a short meeting, he was told that his presence is no longer required and that there shall be no further need for additional meetings.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 出席; 仪表; 风度; 鬼魂，神灵
分布：存在(65%)，出席(27%)，到场(8%)
→来自present,存在的，在场的，-ence,名词后缀。
n.出席,到场,存在,在The absent-minded student consents to the sentence in the presence of me.心不在焉的学生在我面前同意这份判决.
noun
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■when someone or something is in a place 出席，在场；（事物的）存在，出现
• She was overawed by the presence of so many people. 这么多人在场，把她吓坏了。
• The presence of pollen in the atmosphere causes hay fever in some people. 空气中花粉的存在会使一些人患上花粉热。
• He's usually quite polite in my presence. 在我面前他通常很有礼貌。
• The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses. 这项文件签署时有两个证人在场。
countable usually singular
■a feeling that someone is still in a place although they are not there or are dead 冥冥中有人的存在感
• His daughter's presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom. 他女儿仍在的感觉似乎使她的卧室不那么空荡荡的。
only singular
■a group of police or soldiers who are watching or controlling a situation （观察控制形势的）一队员警（或部队）
• The United Nations has maintained a presence in the region for some time. 联合国派部队在该地区驻扎已有一段时间。
• There was a strong police presence at the demonstration. 在示威现场有大批警力。
uncountable approving
■a quality that makes people notice or admire you, even when you are not speaking 仪态，风度；气质
• stage presence 台风
• He stood there in the corner of the room, a dark, brooding (= worrying) presence. 他站在屋子的角落里，神色阴郁，愁容满面。
['prez.ənts] noun
make your presence felt
■to have a strong effect on other people or on a situation 突显自己；（对人群或局势）发挥作用
• The new police chief has really made his presence felt. 新警长的确很引人注目。
n. [植] 存在；出席；参加；风度；仪态
 - existence, being, entity, is

Word: resist
Front: resist
[rɪˈzɪst] (高研四六托 2470/2415 -K3)
Vocabulary: resist
(once / 79 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To resist something is to keep it at bay or to fend off its influence or advance. You might not be able to resist the temptation to sneak out to the dance in spite of your parents' objections.
The verb resist comes from the Latin word resistere, meaning “to take a stand,” or “withstand.” People who are able to put up a wall — be it mental, physical, philosophical, emotional, or otherwise — to defend themselves or their group against a threat can be said to resist. The Amish community is still able to resist the influence of technology. Many a child will resist the suggestion to use a napkin. You might resist a second helping of pie.
WORD FAMILY
resist: resistance, resistant, resisted, resister, resisting, resistive, resistless, resists+/nonresistant: nonresistance/ resistance: resistances/ resistant: non-resistant, nonresistant, resistanter, unresistant/resister: resisters/resisting: unresisting/resistive: resistivity/resistless: resistlessly/unresisting: unresistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here are six ways women are resisting Trump.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
They initially claimed he fell unconscious after repeatedly and violently resisting arrest, then died of a heart attack.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And yet many Muslim women resist the negative responses of others to lay claim to their beach space.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 抵抗，抗拒; 忍耐; 反对，抵制
n. 防染剂; 防腐剂
时态：resisted, resisting, resists
分布：抵抗(48%)，抵制(35%)，反抗(11%)，忍住(5%)，防蚀涂层(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-sist,站，站立，词源同 stand,assist.引申词义反抗，抑制。
反抗,抵抗(re+sist站→反着站→反抗)[re-①表示"向后,相反,不"②表示"一再,重新"]
反抗,对抗(re反＋sist→反进来站→反抗)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.抵抗,反抗;抗,忍得住,抵制I can't resist baked apples.我顶不住烤苹果的诱惑.
【记】re反，sist站－反站－反抗
【反】acquiesce（v 默许）；capitulate（v 有条件投降）
verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to fight against something or someone that is attacking you 反抗；回击；抵抗
• The soldiers resisted (the enemy attacks) for two days. （面对敌人的进攻）士兵们抵抗了两天。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to refuse to accept or be changed by something 抵制；阻挡；抗拒
• The party leader resisted demands for his resignation. 该党领导人拒不答应他辞职的要求。
• He tried to run away from the police and was charged with resisting arrest. 警方逮捕他时，他企图逃跑，结果被控拒捕。
• The new hybrid crops are much better at resisting disease. 这种新杂交作物抗病能力更强。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do 按捺；忍住；拒受…的影响
• I can never resist temptation/chocolate/ the urge to laugh. 我向来无法抗拒诱惑／我永远不可能抵挡巧克力的诱惑／我要是想笑，怎么也忍不住。
• [+ -ing verb] She couldn't resist laughing at him in those clothes. 看到他那副穿戴，她忍不住大笑起来。
withstand, defy, resist, oppose
这组词都有“反抗，抵抗”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 较正式用词，指坚强地抵抗攻击或压力，有时也指抗住影响或吸引力。
defy: 指公开地、勇敢地反对或抵抗，有时含公然挑衅之意。
resist: 指积极地反抗一种攻击或暴力，或诱惑。
oppose: 普通用词，可表不同程度的抵抗。
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
revolt, resist, rebel
revolt: 反叛，造反，反对，反抗；
resist: vt. 抵抗，反抗，一般为褒义；
rebel: 造反，反叛，贬义
vi. 抵抗， [法] 抗拒；忍耐
 - hit back, stick up to
vt. 抵抗；忍耐，忍住
 - tough, hit back
n. [助剂] 抗蚀剂；防染剂
 - reserving agent

Word: bound
Front: bound
[baʊnd] (高研四六托雅 8004/3174 -K3)
Vocabulary: bound
(once / 39 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj 5nv 6vn
To bound is to jump or hop — usually as you run. Bound can also mean to go or to plan to go, especially to a certain destination, as in being bound for New York or homeward-bound.
Superman can "leap tall buildings in a single bound," but the word bound is usually about boundaries. When you're playing soccer or football, the ball goes "out of bounds." Someone can also be bound with rope — tied up. Commitments are another kind of tie. When you get married, you're bound to your partner. If you make a promise, you're bound to your word. On a less pleasant note, if you're constipated, you're bound up.
WORD FAMILY
bound: boundary, bounded, bounder, bounding, boundingly, boundless, bounds, inbound, rebound, unbound+/ boundary: boundaries/bounded: boundedness, unbounded/bounder: bounderish, bounders/ boundless: boundlessly, boundlessness/ rebound: rebounded, rebounding, rebounds/unbound: unboundedly/unbounded: unboundedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The slip roads east and west bound at junction 24 of the M62 remain closed.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“You really understand the full bounds of the problem.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of the students are bound for U.S. universities, Relacion said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 跳，弹跳; 限制; 接壤
vt. 给…划界，限制; 使弹回，使跳跃; 束缚
n. 界限，限制; 跃起; （球等的）反跳
adj. 用带子绑住的; 有义务的; 装订的，有封面的; [化，物]结合的
时态：bound, bounded, bounding, bounds
分布：跳跃(25%)，界限(13%)，跳(13%)，有义务的(12%)，范围(11%)，装订的(9%)，受约束的(6%)，跳跃前进(4%)，猛涨(3%)，动词bind的过去式和过去分词形式(2%)，必定的(2%)
→1.弹，跳，拟声词，同bounce.
v./n.跳(跃)a.被束缚的,一定的;n.界限He's bound to go, and nothing could stop him.他决定要走,任何事都阻止不了他.
adjective
CERTAIN 肯定的
[after verb]
■certain or extremely likely to happen 肯定的；极有可能的；必然的；注定了的
• [+ to infinitive] You're bound to forget people's names occasionally. 你肯定会偶尔忘记别人的名字。
• You're bound to feel nervous about your interview. 面试时你很可能会感到紧张。
• These two young musicians are bound for international success (= are certain to be successful). 这两位年轻的音乐家一定会蜚声国际。
be bound and determined US
■to be seriously intending to do something 一定要
• They are bound and determined to build their own house someday. 他们坚信总有一天他们会盖起自己的房子。
I'll be bound UK old-fashioned
■I am certain 我敢肯定，我敢保证
• He's in the pub, I'll be bound. 我敢肯定他在酒吧。
[baʊnd] adjective
FORCED 被迫的
[after verb] [+ to infinitive]
■having a moral or legal duty to do something 受束缚的，受约束的；（法律或道德上）有义务的
• The company is bound by a special agreement to involve the union in important decisions. 公司受一项特殊协定的约束，须请工会参与重大决策。
• She feels (duty) bound to tell him everything. 她觉得自己有义务告诉他一切。
[baʊnd] adjective
FASTENED 捆绑
■tied with rope, cord , string, etc. （用绳、线等）捆好的，绑住的
• We found the girl bound and gagged. 我们发现女孩被绑住了，嘴也堵上了。
■(of a book) having a cover made of paper, leather or other material （书籍的）封皮
• The book was bound in shiny green leather. 该书是用闪亮的绿皮面装帧的。
[baʊnd] adjective
DIRECTION 方向
[after verb]
■going to 正在到…去；准备前往…；开往…
• She was on a plane bound for Moscow when she became ill. 她在前往莫斯科的飞机上突然生病了。
[baʊnd] verb
JUMP 跳跃
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move quickly with large jumping movements 跳跃；跳动；跳跃着前进
[baʊnd] verb
BORDER 分界线
transitive usually passive
■to mark or form the limits of 形成…的疆界；成为…的界线
• The village is bounded on one side by a river. 村庄的一边以一条河为界。
[baʊnd] verb
TIE past simple and past participle of
■ bind (TIE) 捆
[baʊnd] noun
JUMP 跳跃
countable
■a quick large jump 跃过
• With one bound the dog was over the fence. 那条狗一下就跃过了篱笆。
[baʊnd] noun
LIMIT 界限
bounds
[plural]
■legal or social limits （法律或社会的）界限，限制，限定区域
• The committee felt that newspaper coverage of the murder went beyond reasonable bounds. 委员会觉得报纸对谋杀案的报导超出了正常的范围。
• What you did was beyond/outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour. 你的所作所为令人无法接受。
• His desire for political power apparently knows no bounds (= seems to be unlimited). 他对政治权力的欲望显然没有止境。
be out of bounds
■If an area is out of bounds, people are not allowed to go there. （某地）禁止入内
skip, hop, spring, bound, leap, jump
这组词都有“跳，跳跃”的意思，其区别是：
skip: 指两脚交替轻地跳或跨的动作。
hop: 指单脚短跳或双足猛力的动作。也指小鸟、青蛙等的跳。
spring: 更强调有力和弹跳的运动。
bound: 多指向前向上或向下跳跃、奔跳。
leap: 常可与jump换用，但侧重身体猛力向上升起并朝前急冲的动作，有时含突然的意味。
jump: 是普通用词，指用双脚向上跳，向下跳，或在同一平面上跳到有一定距离的某一点上，或跳过。
adj. 有义务的；受约束的；装有封面的
 - controlled, liable
vt. 束缚；使跳跃
 - chain, jump, dance
n. 范围；跳跃
 - region, extent, scope, spectrum, territory, range, area
vi. 限制；弹起
 - to limit, be confined to

Word: freeze
Front: freeze
[fri:z] (中高研四六 2807/3516 -K3)
Vocabulary: freeze
(once / 167 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
When liquids freeze, they become so cold that they turn solid. The little squares of water in an ice tray freeze and become ice cubes when you put them in your freezer long enough.
Orange juice and grape drink freeze into popsicles, and puddles freeze overnight if the temperature drops enough. You can freeze things, too, as when you freeze leftovers to be reheated in a few days. People often tend to use this verb in an exaggerating way when they're feeling cold: "If you don't wear your gloves, your fingers will freeze!" The Old English root of freeze is freosan, "turn to ice."
WORD FAMILY
freeze: antifreeze, freezer, freezes, freezing, froze, frozen, unfreeze+/ antifreeze: antifreezes/ freezer: freezers/freezing: freezings/ frozen: frozenly, unfrozen/unfreeze: unfreezes, unfreezing, unfroze
USAGE EXAMPLES
Klopp, meanwhile, simply looked frozen through as he shivered on the touchline.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not only wages that are stuck, frozen, immobile.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
There is also likely to be a struggle over what to do about tuition, with the university pushing for an increase after a four-year freeze.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使结冰，使冻僵; 冷藏; 吓呆; 冻结（存款，工资等）
vi. 凝固，结冰; 冻伤，冻死
n. 冻结; 严寒时期
时态：froze, frozen, freezing, freezes
分布：冻结(72%)，冷冻(22%)，凝固(3%)，严寒(2%)，僵硬(1%)
→来自preus, 冷，冰冻，发烧，词源同frost, prurient. 这种看似矛盾的词义比较calm，或感冒发烧，长冻疮等的病症。
v.使结冰,使凝固In the freezing breeze, the breeder greedily squeezed oil from the seeds.在冰冷的微风中,饲养员贪婪地从种子中榨油.
verb (froze, frozen)
COLD 冷
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If you freeze something, you lower its temperature below 0°C, causing it to become cold and often hard, and if something freezes, its temperature goes below 0°C （使）冻结，（使）结冰
• Water freezes to ice at a temperature of 0°C. 水在摄氏零度结冰。
• The ground had frozen hard/solid. 地面已经冻得硬邦邦的了。
• When the lake freezes (over) (= turns into ice on the surface) , we can go skating on it. 湖面结冰后，我们可以在上面滑冰。
• Our pipes froze (up) (= the water in them turned to ice) several times last winter. 去年冬天我们的水管冻了好几次。
• The weather forecast says that it is going to freeze tonight (= that the temperature will be at or below 0°C). 天气预报说今晚温度会至冰点或更低。
• Without a sleeping bag, you would freeze to death (= become so cold that you die) out there on the mountainside. 在山坡那里，没有睡袋你会被冻死。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to preserve food by storing it at a very low temperature so that it becomes hard 冷冻保存（食物）
• I'll freeze any food that's left over. 我会把剩下的食物都冷冻起来。
• Most soups freeze (= can be preserved by being stored at a very low temperature) well. 大多数汤都可以冷冻保存。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
STOP WORKING 停止工作
intransitive US (also freeze up)
■If an engine or lock freezes, it stops working because its parts have become stuck and can no longer move （引擎或锁）卡住，堵塞
• My old bicycle was so rusty that the gears had frozen. 我的旧自行车锈得太厉害，齿轮都卡住不动了。
• If the lock has frozen up, try lubricating it with oil. 如果锁卡住了，上点油润滑一下试试。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
STOP MOVING 停止移动
intransitive
■If a person or animal that is moving freezes, it stops suddenly and becomes completely still, especially because of fear （尤指出于恐惧）僵住，呆住
• She saw someone outside the window and froze. 她看见窗外有人，一下就呆住了。
• "Freeze (= Don't move) or I'll shoot", screamed the gunman. “不许动，否则我就开枪了！”那个持枪者大喊道。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
MONEY/PROPERTY 资金／财产
transitive
■To freeze something such as pay or prices is to fix them at a particular level and not allow any increases 使（工资、物价等）固定不变，阻止…增长
• The Government has frozen pensions until the end of next year. 政府已决定在明年年底之前维持养老金水准不变。
transitive
■to officially and legally prevent money or property from being used or moved 冻结（资金或财产）
• When it was obvious the company was going bankrupt, the government ordered all their assets to be frozen. 当该公司很明显要破产倒闭时，政府下令冻结其全部资产。
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
be cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey humorous
■to be very cold 冷得要命
[fri:z] verb (froze, frozen)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] freeze sb out
■to make someone feel that they are not part of a group by being unfriendly towards them, or to stop someone from being included in an arrangement or activity 排挤，排斥（某人）
• I felt I was being frozen out of/from the discussions. 我感觉他们在排挤我，不让我参加讨论。
• He believed that organizations like theirs were being frozen out. 他认为他们那一类的组织被排除在外了。
[fri:z] noun
COLD WEATHER 寒冷天气
only singular
■a period of extremely cold weather 严寒期，冰冻期
[fri:z] noun
STOP 停止
countable
■a temporary stopping of something （暂时的）冻结，停滞
• The Government has imposed a wage freeze/a freeze on wage increases. 政府暂时冻结了工资增长。
vi. [物] 冻结；冷冻；僵硬
 - rigidize
n. [物] 冻结；凝固
 - solidification, coagulation

Word: situation
Front: situation
[ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn] (中高研四六 548/503 -K5)
Vocabulary: situation
(once / 59 pages)
n
Situation is related to the verb "situate," which means to place. A building might be situated on the top of a hill — that's its position or situation.
You've probably heard the term "sitcom," but may not realize it is short for "situation comedy," or a comedy where the humor is based on a set of quirky circumstances the characters find themselves placed in. A situation can also mean a set of circumstances that you find yourself placed in: holding both halves of a crazy aunt's broken vase could be a sticky situation — perfect for a situation comedy.
WORD FAMILY
situation: situations+/ situate: situated, situates, situating, situation
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not very optimistic that the employment situation of transgender people will change as a result of this case,” Wang said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
This situation is now commonly referred to as “sitting disease.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The quarterback situation is no more certain for the Texans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （人的）情况; 局面，形势，处境; 位置; [心理学]情境
分布：形势(52%)，局面(18%)，处境(10%)，状况(10%)，位置(7%)，职位(3%)
→situate,坐落于，位于，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义环境，情况，状况，形势等。
n.形势,处境,状况;位置,场所;职位,职务The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the set of things that are happening and the conditions that exist at a particular time and place 处境，情况，形势
• the economic/political situation 经济／政治形势
• Her news put me in a difficult situation. 她的消息让我陷入困境。
• "Would you get involved in a fight?" "It would depend on the situation." “你会和别人打架吗?” “这要看情况。”
• I'll worry about it if/when/as the situation arises (= if/when/as it happens). 这种情况发生时，我会担心。
■old use
■a job 工作
• My sister has a good situation as a teacher in the local school. 我姐姐有一份好工作，在当地学校当老师。
■formal
■the position of something, especially a town, building, etc. （尤指城镇、建筑物等的）位置
• The house's situation in the river valley is perfect. 房子在河谷中的位置极佳。
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
circumstance, status, condition, state, situation
这组词都有“状况、情况”的意思，其区别是：
circumstance: 多指周围的情况或某事发生时的情况。
status: 指一个人在政治、社会、经济、法律上的地位或身份，暗含地位显要意味。也可用于指政治等事态的状况。
condition: 一般强调产生影响的原因或环境，复数形式指笼统的情况。
state: 普通用词，指人或物在环境、外表、心灵以及健康方面的状况，或指在某一阶段的状态或形式。
situation: 指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
n. 情况；形势；处境；位置
 - circumstance, case, location, thing, aspect

Word: teach
Front: teach
[ti:tʃ] (中高 545/959 -K4)
Vocabulary: teach
(once / 29 pages)
v
To teach is to transfer ideas or skills to another person. As an old saying goes, "Give someone a fish, they eat for a day, teach someone to fish and they eat for a lifetime." I hope they like seafood.
The Old English word tǣcan, which became the Middle English techen, meant "to show or point out." But the Old English also had another word for teach — læran — which eventually became the modern "learn," with the current meaning of receiving knowledge rather than giving it. If someone tries to "teach you a lesson," he or she tries to punish you for something you've done in order that you won't do it again.
WORD FAMILY
teach: taught, teachable, teacher, teaches, teaching, unteach+/taught: untaught/teachable: teachably/ teacher: teachers, teachership/teachership: teacherships/teaching: teachings/unteach: unteached, unteaches, unteaching
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Trump would do well to look back toward these teachings from history too.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
She put teaching on the back burner and helped her husband run his clock business.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“He’s more articulate than I am. All of our kids are teaching me so much right now,” Ms. Bening said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 教; 教导，训练; 教授
vi. 教书
时态：taught, teaching, teaches
分布：教(77%)，教导(9%)，教训(7%)，教授(6%)，给予指导(1%)
→来自古英语 taecan,指出，展示，教导，来自 Proto-Germanic*taikijan,展示，指出，来自 deik, 展示，指出，词源同 dictionary,token.现主要用于教育相关词义。
vt.教,讲授;教导(训)vi.讲课,当教师The preacher preached to the teacher's teacup.传教士对着老师的茶杯说教.
(taught, taught)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to give someone knowledge or to train someone; to instruct 教；教授；传授
• She taught English to foreign students. 她给外国学生讲授英语。
• [+ to infinitive] Who taught you to cook? 谁教你做饭的？
teach school US
■to be a teacher in a school 在学校教书
• Ever since she was a child her dream has been to teach school. 从童年时起，去学校教书便一直是她的梦想。
[ti:tʃ] (taught, taught)
verb intransitive or transitive
teach sb a lesson
■A person or experience that teaches you a lesson improves your future behaviour by making you experience the bad effects of your actions 教训（某人）；使吸取教训
• Having my car stolen really taught me a lesson - I'll never leave it unlocked again. 我的车被盗的确给了我一个教训——我再也不会不锁车了。
• She decided to teach the boy a lesson. 她决定教训那个男孩一顿。
[ti:tʃ] (taught, taught)
verb intransitive or transitive
that'll teach sb
■If someone says that they or an unpleasant experience will teach someone (not) to do something, they mean that they will stop that person from doing it in future by making them experience the bad effects of their action 这下（某人）该知道（做某事的）后果了，这下（某人）该知道（不应做某事了）
• So Roger spent the night in a freezing garage, did he? That'll teach him to (= show him that he should not) go out without his house keys! 这么说罗杰在冷冰冰的车库里过了一夜是吗？这下他该知道出去不带房门锁匙的后果了吧！
[ti:tʃ] (taught, taught)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  teachWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using teach in the past tense. The past simple and past participle are taught. Don't write 'teached', write taught.
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
vt. 教；教授；教导
 - wise, enlighten

Word: graduate
Front: graduate
[ˈgrædʒuət] (高研四六托 2115/3693 -3)
Vocabulary: graduate
(once / 201 pages)
1vnadj 2vn
To graduate means to successfully complete your schooling, to become "a graduate." When you graduate from high school, you become a high school graduate and congratulations are in order.
A graduate is someone who has received a degree from a school. As a verb graduate refers to the act of receiving this degree “I plan to graduate from college in the spring,” or the act of giving a degree “I want to graduate all of my students.” In a scientific sense, graduate can mean to calibrate for fine adjustments. To make a thermometer, you have to graduate it by degrees so it displays a range of temperatures.
WORD FAMILY
graduate: graduated, graduates, graduating, graduation, postgraduate, undergraduate +/ graduation: graduations/postgraduate: postgraduates/ undergraduate: undergraduates
USAGE EXAMPLES
More than 300 men passed through the courses for volunteers, he said, some of them graduates of his civilian training.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Weaver graduated from the police academy last summer and was assigned to the Huntingdon barracks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 渐变; 渐渐变为（与into连用）; 渐渐消逝（与away连用）; 取得资格（与as连用）
vt. 授予学位或毕业证书; 从…接受学位; 分成等级; 标以刻度
n. <美>毕业生; <英>大学毕业生; （已经取得学士学位正在攻读高级学位的）研究生; 量筒
adj. <美>毕业了的，研究生的; 有（学士）学位的
时态：graduated, graduating, graduates
分布：毕业(72%)，毕业生(18%)，毕业的(9%)，标以刻度(1%)
→来自grade, 级别，层级。引申义达到一定级别的，毕业。
毕业;分级(grade步+uate→完成所有步骤→毕业)[grad=step,grade,表示"步,级"]
毕业生(gradu等级)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.大学毕业生,研究生v.大学毕业a.毕了业的The graduated comrade gradually graded the trademarks after the parade.阅兵过后,那位毕了业的同志逐渐将商标分了等级.
noun countable /ˈgrædʒ.u.ət/
 IMPROVER UK
■a person who has a first degree from a university or college 大学毕业生；学士学位获得者
• a Cambridge graduate 剑桥大学毕业生
• Chris is a physics graduate. 克里斯是物理专业的毕业生。
⇒ See also postgraduate;undergraduate
 IMPROVER (informal grad) US
■a person who has finished their school, college or university education 毕业生
• high-school graduates 高中毕业生
• a graduate of Yale 耶鲁大学毕业生
verb[ˈgrædʒ.u.eɪt/
QUALIFY 使有资格
 IMPROVER intransitive UK
■to complete a first university degree successfully 取得学士学位；大学毕业
• Lorna graduated from the University of London. 洛娜毕业于伦敦大学。
• Tom has just graduated with first-class honours in psychology. 汤姆刚刚大学毕业，获得心理学一级荣誉学位。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive US
■to complete school, college or university correctly 毕业（于）
• After he graduated high school, he joined the Army. 他高中毕业后参军了。
verb[ˈgrædʒ.u.eɪt/
PROGRESS 标记
intransitive
■to move forward or improve 晋升；上升；进展
• She graduated from being a secretary to running her own department. 她从秘书的职位晋升到部门主管。
graduate, undergraduate, post graduate
graduate: 大学毕业生
undergraduate: 大学本科生
post graduate: 研究生
vi. 毕业；渐变
 - shadow, to finish school
n. 研究生；毕业生
 - postgraduate, advanced student
adj. 毕业的；研究生的
 - school-leaving

Word: hunt
Front: hunt
[hʌnt] (高研四六雅 3420/4330 -K3)
Vocabulary: hunt
(once / 81 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
To hunt is to track and kill an animal for fun or food. In Italy, they use pigs to hunt truffles. In the US, they use shotguns to hunt deer.
Some humans hunt animals with a gun or a bow and arrow, and some animals hunt smaller animals — the way a wolf hunts rabbits or a cat hunts birds. You can hunt in a non-lethal way as well, like when you hunt all over your house for your lost car keys, or your little brother hunts for you during a game of hide-and-seek. The Old English root of hunt is huntian, "chase game."
WORD FAMILY
hunt: hunted, hunter, hunting, hunts+/hunted: huntedly/ hunter: hunters/hunting: huntings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Cakautavatava described the old days of hunting turtles in a fiberglass boat and spearing them through the shell.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Native Americans used the land to hunt buffalo by guiding them over a sandstone cliff.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say limited hunting allows for a controlled elimination of weak animals, while earning funds for fodder and other care for the herds.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打猎; 猎取
vt. 打猎; 追捕，猎杀; 在…处狩猎; 搜索
vi. 追逐猎物; 寻找; 前后摆动; 积极地寻找
n. 打猎; 狩猎旅行; 参加狩猎旅行的人
时态：hunted, hunting, hunts
分布：狩猎(31%)，打猎(23%)，追捕(19%)，搜寻(19%)，搜索(8%)
→来自古英语huntian,打猎，猎捕，来自Proto-Germanic*huntona,猎捕，捕获，来自kend,抓住，抓捕，词源同hint.
v./n.打猎,猎取;(for)搜索;寻找Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
verb intransitive or transitive
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED
■to chase and try to catch and kill an animal or bird for food, sport or profit 打猎，捕猎
• Some animals hunt at night. 有些动物在夜间猎食。
• When lion cubs are young, the mother stays with them while the father hunts for food. 在幼狮的小时候，母狮会守在它身旁，而雄狮去觅食。
• Jack and Charlie like to hunt/go hunting (= chase and kill animals for sport) at weekends. 杰克和查理喜欢在周末去打猎。
• Cats like to hunt mice and birds. 猫喜欢捕食老鼠和鸟类。
• Elephants used to be hunted for the ivory from their tusks. 以前人们经常为了得到象牙而捕猎大象。
■in Britain, to chase and kill animals, especially foxes , using dogs and riding on horses （英国带着猎狗进行的）骑马打猎；（尤指）骑马猎狐
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED
■to search for something or someone; to try to find something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• I've hunted all over the place, but I can't find that book. 我在这个地方找了好几次，却找也找不到那本书。
• They are still hunting for the missing child. 他们仍在搜寻那个失踪的孩子。
• I've hunted high and low (= looked everywhere) for my gloves. 我已经四处找过我的手套。
• Police are hunting the terrorists who planted the bomb. 警方正在搜捕设置炸弹的恐怖分子。
• I'll try and hunt out (= find) those old photographs for you. 我会尽力帮你找到那些旧相片。
• They have spent months house-/job- hunting (= looking for a house/a job). 他们已经花了几个月时间找屋子／工作。
[hʌnt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hunt sb/sth down
■to search everywhere for someone or something until you find them 搜捕；找到
• The terrorists must be hunted down and brought to justice. 必须把恐怖分子缉捕归案、绳之于法。
[hʌnt] noun
SEARCH 搜寻
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■a search for something or someone 搜寻；寻找
• After a long hunt we finally found a house we liked. 经过长时间的寻觅，我们终于找到一间喜欢的房子。
• The hunt for the injured climber continued throughout the night. 对那位受伤登山者的搜寻持续了整整一个晚上。
• Police are on the hunt (= searching) for the kidnappers. 警方正在搜捕绑匪。
• The hunt is on (= the search has started) for a successor to Sir James Gordon. 已经开始物色詹姆斯‧哥顿爵士的接班人了。
[hʌnt] noun
CHASE 追赶
 ADVANCED countable
■when people chase wild animals in order to kill them （人类的）狩猎，打猎
• to go on a fox/deer hunt 去猎狐／鹿
countable
■in Britain, a group of people who meet regularly in order to chase and kill animals, especially foxes （英国骑马狩猎的）狩猎队；（尤指）猎狐队
• They are members of the local hunt. 他们是当地狩猎队的成员。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 打猎；搜索
 - seek, beat for
vi. 打猎；搜寻
 - search, nose about
n. 狩猎；搜寻
 - search, shoot

Word: slowly
Front: slowly
[ˈsləʊli] (四六 1222/1240 -K)
Back: adv. 缓慢地，慢吞吞地，慢腾腾地; 慢条斯理地，不慌不忙地，袅袅; 迟钝，痴痴呆呆地; 逐步
分布：缓慢地(100%)
US ['sloʊ-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■at a slow speed 缓慢地，慢吞吞地
• Could you please speak more slowly? 你能说得再慢些吗？
slowly but surely
■carefully, in order to avoid problems 缓慢但确实地
• Slowly but surely we made our way down the muddy hillside. 我们缓慢而稳当地走下了泥泞的山坡。
adv. 缓慢地，慢慢地
 - lentamente, tardily

Word: birth
Front: birth
[bɜ:θ] (中高研四雅 1499/1590 -K3)
Back: n. 出生; 分娩; 起源; 出身
时态：birthed, birthing, births
分布：出生(64%)，诞生(16%)，分娩(11%)，血统(4%)，产生(4%)，有血亲关系的(1%)
→词源同bear, 担负，生育。
n.出生,诞生;出身,血统;起源;出现He registered the birth of his child.他登记了孩子的出生日.
US [bɝ:θ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the time when a baby comes out of its mother's body 出生
• It was a difficult birth. 那是一次难产。
• He weighed eight pounds at birth. 他出生时体重八磅。
• More men are present at the births of their children these days. 现在更多父亲在孩子出生时也在场。
• The application form will ask for your country/place of birth (= where you were born). 申请表上会要求你填写出生国藉／出生地。
 IMPROVER countable
■a child which is born 婴儿
• The percentage of live births (= children who are born alive and continue to live) continues to increase. 婴儿成活率不断提高。
• Registration of births and deaths became compulsory in 1871. 出生登记和死亡登记于1871年成为一种强制性的义务。
uncountable
■the position of the family into which you are born, especially its social position （尤指标志社会地位的）血统，出身
• He had received all the advantages of birth (= having been born into a family of a high social class) and an expensive education. 他出身高贵，而且接受过良好的教育。
American/Italian, etc. by birth
■born in a particular place or having parents with a particular nationality 生于美国／义大利等
• Oscar Wilde was Irish by birth. 奥斯卡‧王尔德生于爱尔兰。
UK [bɜ:θ] US [bɝ:θ] noun
give birth IMPROVER
■When a woman or female animal gives birth, she produces a baby from her body 分娩；生孩子
• She gave birth to twins. 她生了一对双胞胎。
• Our cat gave birth last night. 我们的猫昨晚生了小猫。
• figurative This extraordinary experience gave birth to (= gave him the idea for) his latest novel. 这次非比寻常的经历激发他写出了这部最新小说。
n. 出生；血统，出身；起源
 - origin, extraction, blood, stem, stock

Word: stable
Front: stable
[ˈsteɪbl] (高研四六托 2903/2637 -K4)
Vocabulary: stable
(once / 127 pages)
1adj 2nv
When something is stable, it's fixed and steady. If you needed advice, you'd probably go to your most stable friend, the one least likely to act crazy or be easily upset.
Whether you're talking about an object or a person, the adjective stable implies reliability and strength. You can describe a government as stable, or a relationship, or a desk. A completely different meaning of stable is the noun "building used for housing horses or other animals." Both senses of the word come from the Latin stabilis, "firm or steadfast."
WORD FAMILY
stable: stabilise, stability, stabilize, stabled, stableness, stabler, stables, stabling, stably, unstable +/destabilise: destabilised/ destabilize: destabilization, destabilized, destabilizes, destabilizing/ instability: instabilities/stabilisation: destabilisation/stabilise: destabilise, stabilisation, stabilised, stabiliser, stabilising/ stability: instability, stabilities/ stabilization: stabilizations/ stabilize: destabilize, stabilization, stabilized, stabilizer, stabilizes, stabilizing /stabilizer: stabilizers/stabling: stablings/ unstable: unstableness, unstably
USAGE EXAMPLES
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The Phoenix Fire Department says the girl is in stable condition after suffering burns to her hands, feet and other parts of her body.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 稳定的; 沉稳[持重]的; [物理学]稳定平衡的; 持久的
n. 厩，马厩，马棚，牛棚; 畜舍; 统称某人拥有（或训练的）赛马; 在同一地方工作或训练的)一批人
vt. 使关进畜舍（或马厩、牛棚等），使放入马厩般的室内
vi. 被关在畜舍内，（人）生活在厩一般的地方
时态：stabled, stabling, stables
分布：稳定的(76%)，马厩(16%)，马棚(3%)，可靠的(2%)，安定的(1%)，一批人(1%)，入马棚(1%)
→来自拉丁语 stare,站立，词源同 stand.-able,形容词后缀。stable 马厩，马房，养马场
稳定的(st+able→能站的→稳定的)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
a.稳定的,安定的n.马厩,马棚Markets are flourishing and prices are stable.市场繁荣, 物价稳定.
【反】volatile（adj 挥发性的；不稳定的）；labile（adj 易发生变化的）
adjective
 IMPROVER
■firmly fixed or not likely to move or change 稳定的；稳固的；牢固的
• If the foundations of the house aren't stable, collapse is possible. 如果房子的地基不稳，就有可能倒塌。
• After several part-time jobs, he's now got a stable job in a bank. 做了几份兼职工作之后，他目前在银行找到了一份稳定的工作。
• The hospital said she was in a stable condition (= not likely to get worse) following the operation. 院方说她手术之后情况稳定。
■describes someone who is mentally healthy 精神健全的，精神状态稳定的
• She seems more stable these days. 她这些日子看来情绪稳定些了。
■specialized
■describes a substance that keeps the same chemical or atomic state （物质的化学状态或原子状态）稳定的
['steɪ.bl] noun countable
■a building in which horses are kept 马厩
■a group of racehorses that are owned or trained by one person （属同一马主或驯马师的）一群赛马
■a group of people who perform a similar activity and who are trained by the same person or employed by the same organization （受训于同一人或受雇于同一机构的）一批人
• During the 1950s, Sun Records' stable of singers included Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis. 20世纪50年代，太阳唱片公司旗下的歌手包括猫王普里斯莱、约翰尼•卡殊和杰瑞•李•路易士。
['steɪ.bl] verb transitive
■to keep a horse in a stable 把（马）拴在马厩里
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
n. [畜牧] 马厩；牛棚
 - mews, cowshed
adj. [物] 稳定的；牢固的；坚定的
 - steady, settled, committed, firm, strong

Word: trip
Front: trip
[trɪp] (中高托雅 962/1664 -K4)
Back: n. 旅游，出行; 摔倒，绊倒; 绊（使某人跌倒的动作）; 错误，过失
vi. 绊倒，绊; 旅行; 轻快地走，跳
vt. 使犯错误; 松开（离合器等）以开动
时态：tripped, tripping, trips
分布：旅行(80%)，绊倒(9%)，失误(3%)，轻快地走(2%)，使失败(2%)，摔倒(1%)，使犯错(1%)，差错(1%)，竖帆(1%)
→来自古法语 triper,跳动，舞动，来自 Proto-Germanic*trap,踩踏，走动，跳动，词源同 trap,tramp. 引申词义轻快的走，跑，跳，远足，旅行等，同时又引申看似矛盾的词义绊倒，摔倒，使犯 错等，再后在 20 世纪中期引申词义幻觉，迷幻。
n.旅行,远足v.绊倒;失足;犯错I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
noun
JOURNEY 旅行
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again （通常指短途的）旅行，行程
• The trip from York to Newcastle takes about an hour by train. 乘火车从约克到纽卡斯尔大约要一个小时。
• Do you want to go on the school trip to France this year? 今年你想去法国游学吗？
• I thought we might hire a motorboat and take a trip round/around the bay. 我觉得我们可以租一艘汽艇，绕着海湾兜一圈。
• mainly UK We can't afford another trip abroad this year. 今年我们没钱再次去国外旅行。
• It's a 10-mile trip from the airport to the city centre. 从机场到市中心有十英里路。
• She's away on a business trip and won't be back until next week. 她出差了，下周才回来。
• I was thinking we might go on a shopping trip to Oxford on Saturday. 我在想我们周六可以去牛津购物。
[trɪp] noun
FALL 倒下
countable usually singular
■when you knock your foot again something and fall or lose your balance, or someone causes you to do this, when you are walking or running 绊，绊倒
• She broke her ankle when she had a nasty trip on the stairs. 她在楼梯上重重地绊了一跤，把脚踝摔断了。
[trɪp] noun
EXPERIENCE 体验
countable slang
■an experience in which someone sees, hears or feels things that do not exist as a result of taking an illegal drug （服用毒品后）产生幻觉
• If you take this stuff when you're depressed, you'll have a really bad trip. 如果你心情沮丧时服用这种东西，会产生一种特别不舒服的幻觉。
guilt/power/ego trip disapproving
■when you experience a particular feeling strongly over a period of time 强烈的内疚／拥有权力的快感／极度自负心理
• She's been on a real power trip since she became the office manager. 自从成为办公室主管后，她就一直陶醉在拥有权力的喜悦之中。
• I suffer from the classic working mother's guilt trip. 我像众多有工作的妈妈一样，对孩子深感歉疚。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
LOSE BALANCE 失去平衡
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to lose your balance after knocking your foot against something when you are walking or running, or to cause someone to do this 绊，绊倒
• He tripped and fell over, grazing his knee. 他绊了个跟头，擦伤了膝盖。
• That cable is dangerous. Someone might trip over it. 那根电缆很危险，可能会绊到人。
• He was sent off for deliberately tripping Robson when he was about to score a goal. 他因故意绊倒正要起脚射门得分的罗布森而被罚下场。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move with quick gentle steps 轻快地走
• She looked stunning as she tripped down the stairs in her ball gown. 她身穿晚礼服轻盈地走下楼梯，显得光彩照人。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
SWITCH 转动
transitive
■to move a switch that operates an electrical system, or to cause such a system to start or stop working by moving a switch 转动（开关）；转动开关开动（或关掉）
• A special system prevents the circuitry being tripped accidentally by a power surge or lightning strike. 有一种特殊系统防止电路因电力激增或闪电而被意外切断。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
EXPERIENCE 体验
intransitive slang
■to experience the effects of taking an illegal drug which causes the user to see, hear or feel things that do not exist （服用毒品后）产生幻觉
• When I was a student I spent a lot of time tripping out on LSD. 我在学生时代经常服用迷幻药，为的是体验幻觉。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
trip off the tongue
■Something that trips off the tongue is easy to say or pronounce 很容易说出（或发音）
• The new company will need to have a name that trips off the tongue and is easy to remember. 这家新公司需要取一个顺口易记的名字。
[trɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] trip (sb) up
FALL
 IMPROVER
■to fall because you hit your foot on something, or to make someone fall by putting your foot in front of their foot 绊，绊倒（某人）
• I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to trip you up. 实在对不起，我不是有意要绊倒你的。
• She tripped up on the rug. 她在小地毯上绊了一下。
FAIL informal
■to make a mistake, or to cause someone to make a mistake （使某人）犯错
• The exam went quite well, except at the end when I tripped up on the final question. 考试进展得很顺利，只是我答错了最后一道题。
• At the interview, they were trying to trip me up all the way through. 采访时，他们由始至终想方设法让我说错话。
expedition, voyage, journey, trip, travel, excursion, tour, cruise
这组词都有“旅行”的意思，其区别是：
expedition: 指有特定目的远征或探险。
voyage: 指在水上旅行，尤指海上旅行，也可指空中旅行。
journey: 最普通用词，侧重指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行，也指水上或空中的旅行。
trip: 普通用词，口语多用，常指为公务或游玩作的较短暂的旅行。
travel: 泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行，多指到远方作长期旅行，不强调直接目的地，单、复数均可用。
excursion: 较正式用词，常指不超过一天的短时期娱乐性游玩，也可指乘火车或轮船往返特定景点的远足旅游。
tour: 指最后反回出发地，旅途中有停留游览点，距离可长可短，目的各异的周游或巡行。
cruise: 主要指乘船的游览并在多处停靠。
vi. 绊倒；远足；犯错误；轻快地走
 - excurse, make a mistake
n. 旅行；绊倒；差错
 - journey, tour, travel

Word: competitor
Front: competitor
[kəmˈpetɪtə(r)] (高六 3259/3328 -3)
Vocabulary: competitor
(once / 539 pages)
n
Competitors are rivals or contenders for the same thing. Two boxers in a ring are competitors, and so are restaurants located on the same block.
When people compete (in sports, business, or elsewhere), they're trying to achieve the same goal and are therefore considered competitors. Two teams in the same sports division are competitors. Two politicians running for the same office are competitors. And even two guys courting the same gal are considered competitors. Competitors are out to win.
WORD FAMILY
competitor: competitors+/ compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor / competition: competitions/ competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
It added there is a chance Chung, an equestrian competitor who trained in Germany, may choose to return to South Korea voluntarily.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He also won the race’s Hard Charge Award for passing more competitors than all but the winner.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The other competitors – Paris and Budapest – are more appealing choices.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 竞争者; 对手
分布：对手(68%)，竞争者(32%)
比赛者(com共同+pet追求)[-itor表名词"人"]
US [-'petˌ.ɪ.tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, team or company that is competing against others 竞争者；参赛者
• Their prices are better than any of their competitors. 他们的价格比所有竞争对手的都要优惠。
• How many competitors took part in the race? 有多少选手参加了赛跑？
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
n. [劳经] 竞争者，对手
 - equal, opponent, rival, match, contestant

Word: shadow
Front: shadow
[ˈʃædəʊ] (高研四六 1668/2006 -K3)
Vocabulary: shadow
(once / 56 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
A shadow is a dark shape that is formed when an object blocks a source of light. On a sunny day, practically everything casts a shadow — including you. Shadow can also act as an action, like when you shadow, or follow, someone on the first day at a new job.
Depending on its use, shadow can have negative or positive connotations. Children often play with their shadows and think of their shadows as constant companions, like in the song lyric "just me and my shadow." On the other hand, you could be such a wimp that you fear your own shadow or at least fear what lurks in the shadows. Used as a verb, a spy could shadow you without your knowledge. Or, your faithful dog might shadow you as you pace around the house. You might be sick and tired of living in the shadow of your older sister who always seems to be the center of attention — blocking you from the spotlight.
WORD FAMILY
shadow: foreshadow, overshadow, shadowed, shadower, shadowing, shadows, shadowy +/ foreshadow: foreshadowed, foreshadowing, foreshadows/ foreshadowing: foreshadowings/overshadow: overshadowed, overshadowing, overshadows/shadowed: unshadowed/shadower: shadowers/shadowing: shadowings/ shadowy: shadowily, shadowiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Well, unfortunately, many times the colors of the promotional lipsticks or eye shadows are just not your shade.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
People are either concealed in shadow or seen at some distance, as lonely silhouettes in a big, uncaring land.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
For eye shadows, I usually mix between a YSL palette and the Urban Decay earth tones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 阴影; 影子; 鬼，幽灵; 隐蔽处
vt. 投阴影于; 使朦胧; 跟踪，尾随; 预示
vi. 渐变; 阴沉
adj. 影子内阁的; 阴影的; 非正式的
时态：shadowed, shadowing, shadows
分布：阴影(43%)，影子(36%)，阴影的(3%)，荫(3%)，预示(3%)，影子内阁的(3%)，跟踪(2%)，阴暗(2%)，投阴影于(2%)，渐变(2%)，暗处(1%)
→来自 shade 的对词，引申词义阴影，影子。拼写比较 mead,meadow.
n.阴影,影子,荫;暗处,阴暗The invader saw the shadow of the lampshade fade away.入侵者看见灯罩的影子渐渐消失.
【反】overt（adj 明显的）词性不符
US [-oʊ] noun
DARKNESS 黑暗
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an area of darkness, caused by light being blocked by something, which usually has a similar shape to the object that is blocking the light and which appears to be joined to it 阴影，影子
• The children were playing, jumping on each other's shadows. 孩子们正在嬉戏，跳来跳去踩彼此的影子。
• Jamie followed his mother around all day like a shadow. 杰米像影子一样整天跟着他母亲。
• The sun shone through the leaves, casting/throwing shadows on the lawn. 阳光透过树叶，在草地上投下阴影。
• This corner of the room is always in shadow (= slight darkness). 房间的这个角落总是有点暗。
the shadows [plural]
■an area of darkness in which people and things cannot be seen 暗处；阴影处
• Someone jumped out of the shadows and grabbed my handbag. 有个人从阴暗处窜出，抢走了我的手袋子。
countable
■a small dark area of skin under your eye 黑眼圈
• She put on some make-up to cover the dark shadows under her eyes. 她化了点妆来掩盖她眼睛下的黑眼圈。
be in/under the shadow of sth
■to be very close to a larger building or place 离（更大的建筑物或场所）很近
• They live in a charming house in the shadow of the cathedral. 他们住在大教堂附近一栋漂亮的房子里。
■to be in a situation in which something unpleasant either seems likely to happen and to have a bad effect on your life, or is already having a bad effect on your life 处在…的阴影中
• We are all living under the shadow of war. 我们都生活在战争的阴影中。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
only singular
■a small amount 一点点，丝毫
• It is a tragic story, but there is a shadow of hope. 那是一个悲惨的故事，但仍有一丝希望。
• There isn't a shadow of doubt that you've made the right decision. 毫无疑问，你作出的决定是正确的。
beyond / without a shadow of a doubt
■If something is true beyond a shadow of a doubt, there is no doubt that it is true 无疑；毫无疑问
• This is without a shadow of a doubt the best film I've seen all year. 毫无疑问，这是我有生以来看过最好的一部电影。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
FOLLOW 跟随
countable
■someone who follows another person everywhere 跟踪者，盯梢者；形影不离的人
• "I think we have a shadow on our tail, " muttered the detective. “我认为有人在跟踪我们，”侦探低声说。
• Ever since he was able to walk, Stephen has been his older brother's shadow (= has followed him and copied his actions). 自从史蒂芬会走路之后，就一直和他哥哥形影不离。
countable
■a person, especially in industry, who follows someone else while they are at work in order to learn about that person's job （尤指行业的）学徒；见习生
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
be a shadow of your former self
■to have less health or strength, or less influence, than you did before （健康、力量或影响）不如从前
• He came home from hospital cured of the disease but a shadow of his former self. 他病愈出院回家，但身体已大不如前。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
be in/under sb's shadow
■to always receive less attention than someone else 被（某人的）光彩所遮盖
• She's always been under her sister's shadow. 她一直处在她姊姊的光环之下。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] noun
cast a shadow over/on sth literary
■to spoil a good situation with something unpleasant 给…蒙上阴影
• Her father's illness had cast a shadow over the birth of her baby. 她父亲的病让她孩子的出生蒙上了一层阴影。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb transitive
FOLLOW 跟随
■to follow closely 尾随；跟踪
• The police think that the robbers shadowed their victims for days before the crime. 警方认为抢劫者是跟踪了被害人几天之后才犯案的。
• The euro has closely shadowed the dollar. 欧元紧跟在美元之后。
■to follow someone else while they are at work in order to learn about that person's job （为了解某人的工作而）跟随见习
• Your first week in the job will be spent shadowing one of our more experienced employees. 你工作的第一周将会跟随我们其中一位经验丰富的员工学习。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] verb transitive
DARKNESS 黑暗
■to produce a shadow 投下阴影；产生阴影
• We came across a glade shadowed by large trees. 我们在森林中偶然发现了一块被大树遮蔽的空地。
UK ['ʃæd.əʊ] US [-oʊ] adjective [before noun] UK
■used in the title of important politicians in the main opposition party (= the party not in government) （用于主要反对党的要员的头衔中）影子的
• the Shadow Foreign Secretary 影子外交大臣
• the Shadow Cabinet 影子内阁
shadow, shade
这组词都有“荫，荫凉处”的意思，其区别是：
shadow: 常指光线被物体挡住所产生的阴影，影子，有明显的轮廓。
shade: 指阳光被遮挡后出现的荫凉处，如树荫等，无一定的轮廓或边界。
n. [光] 阴影；影子；幽灵；庇护；隐蔽处
 - umbrella, shelter
vt. 遮蔽；使朦胧；尾随；预示
 - indicate, forecast, dog, shield, curtain
vi. 渐变；变阴暗
 - graduate

Word: widespread
Front: widespread
[ˈwaɪdspred] (高研四六托 3282/2621 -3)
Vocabulary: widespread
(once / 699 pages)
adj
Widespread means far-reaching. For years, email was used only by computer programmers and technophiles. It was hard to imagine, back them, how widespread the phenomenon of digital communication would become.
An idea that's widespread, is believed by many people, even if it's not true. A person such as Oprah, or Gandhi, or Michael Jackson, who has widespread popularity, is loved by many far and wide. A widespread disease is one that many people have––the flu epidemic of 1919 was deadly and widespread, killing between 50 and 100 million people in every corner of the world.
WORD FAMILY
widespread
USAGE EXAMPLES
Longhorned beetles are a widespread family called Cerambycinae, characterized by antennae often as long as or longer than the beetle’s body.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But efforts to build a clean-energy infrastructure are not yet widespread.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
In September, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake struck Pawnee and caused widespread property damage.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 分布广的; 普遍的; 广泛应用; 普及的
分布：普遍的(100%)
a.分布广泛的,普遍的Computers are now widespread ion China.如今,计算机在中国被广泛应用.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening in many places and/or among many people 广泛的；普遍的；遍布的
• There are reports of widespread flooding in northern France. 有报道说法国北部到处洪水泛滥。
• Malnutrition in the region is widespread - affecting up to 78% of children under five years old. 这个地区营养不良的现象十分普遍——五岁以下的儿童中78%营养不良。
• The campaign has received widespread support. 这场运动得到广泛支持。
adj. 普遍的，广泛的；分布广的
 - extensive, universal, comprehensive, ruling, generalized

Word: retain
Front: retain
[rɪˈteɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2724/1460 -K3)
Vocabulary: retain
(once / 114 pages)
v
Retain means to hold on to or keep. People who can retain a lot of information are often mistaken for geniuses, but really they just have very good memories.
To retain is to keep or maintain, whether in mind, possession or a certain condition. If you have a great personal assistant, you'll probably want to retain him for as long as you can. If your body is retaining water you might look a little plump. The verbs restrain and detain sound similar, but they mean to keep something by force.
WORD FAMILY
retain: retained, retainer, retaining, retains, retention, retentive +/ retainer: retainers/ retention: retentions/ retentive: retentively, retentiveness, retentivity, unretentive
USAGE EXAMPLES
Irsay surprised many within the league by retaining both after last season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
"Simultaneously it needs to retain people who backed Remain, and regain those who voted Leave," it said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 保持; 留在心中，记住; 雇用; 付定金保留
时态：retained, retaining, retains
分布：保留(57%)，保持(34%)，记住(8%)，聘请(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-tain,保持，词源同 contain,tenure.
维持,保留(re回+tain→拿回来→保留)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.保持,保留Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
【记】re反复，tain拿－反复拿住－保留
【参】retention（n 保持力）；retentive（adj 保持的；有记忆力的）
【反】discard（v 放弃）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER slightly formal
■to keep or continue to have something 保持；保留；保有
• She has lost her battle to retain control of the company. 她被打败了，失去了继续掌管公司的权力。
• He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance. 在整个表演过程中，他设法保持了自己的尊严。
• She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race. 在比赛的后半程中，她成功地保住了领先地位。
• I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily. 我记忆力很好，记东西不费劲。
■slightly formal
■If a substance retains something, such as heat or water, it continues to hold or contain it 保存；留住；容纳
• The sea retains the sun's warmth longer than the land. 海水储存太阳的热量的时间比陆地要长。
⇒ See also retention legal
■to get the services of a lawyer by paying them before you need them 付定金聘请（律师）
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保持；雇；记住
 - keep up, to keep

Word: shortage
Front: shortage
[ˈʃɔ:tɪdʒ] (研四六托雅 4027/3405 -3)
Vocabulary: shortage
(once / 845 pages)
n
A shortage is a lack of something, especially a severe lack. A drought is a shortage of water.
When there's a shortage, there's not enough of something. If you don't have enough money to pay your bills, you have a shortage of money. A bad football team may have a shortage of good players. This kind of shortage is like a deficit or shortfall. A shortage can also be a severe dearth of something, like a famine, which is a lack of food. If there's a drought because of little rainfall, that's a serious shortage.
WORD FAMILY
shortage: shortages
USAGE EXAMPLES
In late 2015, a university in Osaka announced a new effort to deal with the eel shortage.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But “this lifesaving work remains hindered by the shortage of funding and limited access to areas caught in the fighting,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 不足，缺点; 缺少; 缺少量; 不足额
分布：不足(100%)
→short,短缺的，-age,名词后缀。
n.不足,缺少The immortal man's mortgage can be a shortcut to resolve the food shortage.不朽之人的抵押可以作为解决食品短缺的捷径.
US ['ʃɔ:r.tˌɪdʒ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■when there is not enough of something 缺乏，缺少
• There's a shortage of food and shelter in the refugee camps. 难民营里缺少足够的食物和住处。
• The long hot summer has led to serious water shortages. 这个夏天漫长而炎热，导致严重缺水。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
n. 缺乏，缺少；不足
 - poverty, short of, deficiency, need, drought

Word: costly
Front: costly
[ˈkɒstli] (研四六雅 4286/4943 -2)
Vocabulary: costly
(once / 399 pages)
adj
Something that's costly is expensive. The worst kind of news you can hear from your car mechanic is that you need costly repairs.
Things that cost a lot of money are costly, but you can also use the word for events that cost you other things — like time, happiness, or advantage. A soldier's costly mistake might result in someone's death, and a costly law might end up hurting the people it's meant to help.In the 13th century, costful was used instead, and both words stem from cost, which has a Latin root, constare, "to stand at," or "to cost."
WORD FAMILY
costly: costlier, costliest, costliness+/ cost: costed, costing, costless, costly, costs/costing: costings
USAGE EXAMPLES
If there’s a silver lining, it’s in the growing awareness that costly government regulations stunt the ag economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
These days, such deliberately crafted products are simply too costly to compete for a mass market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
But his parents thought his dreams were too costly, and he was sent to the local police academy instead.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 昂贵的; 代价高的
级别：costlier, costliest
分布：昂贵的(87%)，代价高的(13%)
昂贵的(cost代价)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
a.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US ['kɑ:st-] adjective
MONEY 值钱的
■expensive 昂贵的，值钱的
• a costly item 一件昂贵的商品
• a costly purchase 花大价钱买来的东西
• disapproving The project was subject to several costly delays/setbacks. 该工程经历了几次代价昂贵的拖延／挫折。
UK ['kɒst.li] US ['kɑ:st-] adjective
LOSS 损失
■involving a lot of loss or damage 造成重大损失（或破坏）的
• Building this bridge has already been too costly in terms of lives (= people have been killed while working on it). 就建这座桥付出的生命而言，造这座桥的代价已经太高了。
expensive, dear, costly
这组词都有“高的，昂贵的”的意思，其区别是：
expensive: 指物品的价格超过了它本身所值，或超过了购买者的支付能力。
dear: 侧重指要价过高，或远高于公道、合理的价格，其反义词是cheap。
costly: 指物品价格高，通常是因物品稀少或珍贵所致。
adj. 昂贵的；代价高的
 - expensive, rich, dear

Word: belong
Front: belong
[bɪˈlɒŋ] (高研四托 1639/1475 -K3)
Vocabulary: belong
(once / 47 pages)
v
Things that belong to you are your property — in other words, you own them. Your prized rock collection belongs to you.
There are several ways to use the verb belong. Items you buy or that are given to you belong to you. You also belong to a group of friends — you fit in, or are a member. When you feel at home somewhere, as though you're meant to be there, you also belong: "I belong in a big city!" The 14th century meaning of belong was "to go along with," from be- and longen, "to go."
WORD FAMILY
belong: belonged, belonging, belongs+/ belonging: belongings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Win or lose we find meaning in belonging.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problems continued during her next song, the 2005 hit We Belong Together.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 属于; 是…的成员; 应被放在; 适应
时态：belonged, belonging, belongs
分布：属于(97%)，应归入(3%)
→前缀be-, 强调。long, 古义，属于。
属于(be+long→使长久拥有→属于)[long,leng表示"长"]
v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等)The lengthened long fishing rod alongside the lake belongs to me.靠在湖边的加长长钓竿属于我.
US [-'lɑ:ŋ] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to be in the right or suitable place 应在…（地方）
• This table belongs in the sitting-room. 这张桌子应该放在客厅里。
• Where do these spoons belong? 这些匙应放在哪里？
• These papers belong with the others. 这些报纸应该和其他的放在一起。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to feel happy or comfortable in a situation 适应；合得来
• After three years in Cambridge, I finally feel as if I belong here. 在剑桥住了三年以后，我终于找到了一份归属感。
UK [bɪ'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  belong to sb ESSENTIAL
■to be someone's property 属于（某人），归（某人）所有
• This book belongs to Sarah. 这本书是莎拉的。
• You shouldn't take what doesn't belong to you. 你不应该把别人的东西占为己有。
UK [bɪ'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  belong to sth
■to be a member of a group or organization 是…的一员
• They belong to the same chess club. 他们参加同一个象棋俱乐部。
vi. 属于，应归入；居住；适宜；应被放置
 - room, live, harbor

Word: request
Front: request
[rɪˈkwest] (高研四六托雅宝 2116/1821 -K4)
Vocabulary: request
(once / 81 pages)
vn
To request something means to formally ask for it. If you're sick of always getting a middle seat on the airplane, put in a request for the aisle or window next time.
You can request something you want, like extra cheese on your pizza, or a better parking space, but you can also "put in a request." Request has a formal quality, as in "request forms." After all, you won't find any "ask forms" out there. Asking for something is one thing, making a request is another. It's more official. If you want to request a certain professor, you'd better put in a request!
WORD FAMILY
request: requested, requester, requesting, requests+/ requested: unrequested
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A company representative did not respond Monday night to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The artist’s record label, Atlantic Records, did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 要求; 需要; 所请求的事物; 申请书
vt. （下级对上级的）请求; 请求得到; 索取; 邀请[常接不定式或从句]
时态：requested, requesting, requests
分布：请求(57%)，要求(43%)
→re-,表强调，-quest,要求，询问，词源同 query,question.
要求,恳请(re再+quest→再寻求→要求)[quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v./n.请求,要求On my request the conqueror questioned the man who jumped the queue.根据我的请求,征服者质问了插队者.
【记】源于：require（v 需要；要求；命令）
【反】inveigle（v 诱骗）－request directly（直接要求）；unnecessary（adj 不必要的）－requisite（adj 需要的；n 必需品）
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you politely or officially ask for something （礼貌、正式的）要求，请求
• They received hundreds of requests for more information. 数以百计的人要求他们提供更多的资讯。
• [+ to infinitive] The boss refused our request to leave work early. 老板拒绝了我们早下班的请求。
• The clause was added to the contract at Carlos's request (= because Carlos asked for this). 这一条款是在卡洛斯的要求下添加到合同中的。
• An application form will be sent to you on request (= if you ask). 申请表格承索即寄。
Compare order
countable
■a song or something similar which someone has asked to be included in a show or on the radio 点播的歌（或节目等）
• The next song is a request from/for Roz in Totteridge. 下面这首歌是托特里奇的罗兹点播／为托特里奇的罗兹点播的。
[rɪ'kwest] verb transitive formal
 ESSENTIAL
■to ask for something politely or officially （礼貌、正式的）要求，请求
• [+ that] We requested that the next meeting be held on a Friday. 我们要求下次会议星期五举行。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Visitors are requested not to walk on the grass. 要求游客们不要践踏草地。
• I requested a taxi for 8 o'clock. 我要了一辆计程车，八点过来。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
application, request
这组词都有“申请、请求”的意思，其区别是：
application: 指用书面形式提出申请或请求。
request: 普通用词，侧重指明有礼貌或诚意的请求，能否得到满足并无多大把握。
n. [计] 请求；需要
 - asking, necessity, need, motion, want
vt. 要求， [计] 请求
 - exact, desire, call for

Word: equally
Front: equally
[ˈi:kwəli] (2369/1432 -K1)
Vocabulary: equally
(once / 100 pages)
adv
Use the adverb equally to mean "the same way" or "in similar shares." Something that's divided equally is split evenly or fairly between people.
Your mom might say that she loves you and your brother equally — in other words, her affection is fairly distributed between the two of you. If you are equally disturbed by total silence and loud noises, it means that both bother you, to the exact same degree. Equally comes from the adjective equal, with its Latin root word, aequalis, "level, even, or just."
WORD FAMILY
equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some characters want to pose as more than who they are, but an equally human desire is to appear less than one is.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
A Navajo, he said, strives for hozho — balance — in a world where canyons, coyotes, the sky and turtles are considered equally alive.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
For Clemson, the stakes are equally high if a little different.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 相等地; 平等地; 公正地; 平均
分布：相等地(40%)，同样地(33%)，平等地(27%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■fairly and in the same way 平等地…；相同地…
• In an ideal world, would everyone get treated equally? 在理想世界里，每个人都会得到平等待遇吗？
■in equal amounts 平均；均等
• The inheritance money was shared equally among the three sisters. 遗产的钱由三姐妹均分。
■to the same degree 同样地；相等地；相同地；均等地
• You looked equally nice in both dresses. 这两件连衣裙你穿哪件都一样漂亮。
■used for adding an idea that is as important as what you have just said 同样地…（用于加入一个与前面所说内容同样重要的观点）
• Not all businesses are legitimate. Equally, not all customers are honest either. 不是所有的生意都是合法的。同样地，不是所有的顾客都是诚实的。
adv. 同样地；相等地，平等地；公平地
 - similarly, fairly, same, as, likewise

Word: cast
Front: cast
[kɑ:st] (高研四六托雅宝 2035/2328 -K4)
Vocabulary: cast
(once / 56 pages)
1vn 2v 3nv 4vn 5v 6v
A cast is the group of actors who make up a film or stage play. And the act of being chosen for the part? Well, they were cast by the director. That's showbiz for you.
Cast also refers to various types of actions a person can take: if you throw out a fishing line in a particular way, you are said to cast it; if you fancy your chances in Vegas, you cast the dice at the craps table. And if you break a limb and they bandage it up in solid plaster for your friends to write all over? That, too, is a cast.
WORD FAMILY
cast: caster, casting, casts, miscast, precast, recast +/caster: casters/casting: castings, recasting/miscast: miscasting, miscasts/ recast: recasted, recasts/recasting: recastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many readers will feel the same way about “Testimony,” which by detailing a legendary time in musical creativity, casts its own magic.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He is casting global capitalism as an inextricably racial enterprise, one built specifically on racial slavery and its analogues around the world.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
Lamarre says he will reopen the show once psychologists say that the cast and crew are ready.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 铸造; 投掷; 投射; 脱落，脱皮
n. 铸型; 演员表; 轻微的斜视; 投，掷骰
vi. 掷，投; 计算，加
时态：cast, casting, casts
分布：投(41%)，铸造(19%)，抛(17%)，掷(9%)，演员阵容(8%)，投掷(2%)，预测(2%)，加起来(1%)，指定演员(1%)
→词源不详。
v.投,扔,掷,抛;铸造;投票;n.演员表The forecaster contrasted the cast castle with the vast desert.预言者将铸造的城堡与广阔的沙漠作了对比.
【反】tout（v 极力赞扬）－cast aspersions on（诽谤）
US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED transitive
■to choose actors to play particular parts in a play, film or show 挑选…扮演
• He was often cast as the villain. 他经常演反面角色。
• In her latest film she was cast against type (= played a different character than the one she usually played or might be expected to play). 在最近拍的电影中，她改变了戏路。
• figurative They like to cast the opposing political party as (= to say that they are) the party of high taxes. 他们喜欢把敌对政党说成是征收高额税收的政党。
⇒ See also typecast
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LIGHT 光
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a particular direction 把（光或阴影）投向；投射
• The moon cast a white light into the room. 皎洁的月光洒进房间里。
• The tree cast a shadow over/on his face. 树影投在他的脸上。
• figurative Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less pleasant). 她的到场给聚会投上了一丝阴影。
cast light on sth
■to provide an explanation for a situation or problem, or information that makes it easier to understand 使更易理解；有助于说明
• The discovery of the dinosaur skeleton has cast light on why they became extinct. 恐龙骨架的发现使人们对于恐龙灭绝的原因有了一些认识。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
LOOK 看
cast a look/glance/smile etc.
■to look, smile etc. in a particular direction 看一眼／瞅一眼／向…一笑等
• She cast a quick look in the rear mirror. 她迅速看了一眼后视镜。
cast an/your eye over sth
■to look quickly at something 迅速地看；匆匆浏览
• Could you cast an eye over this report for me? 你能替我看一眼这份报告吗？
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
THROW 扔
transitive + adverb or preposition literary
■to throw something 扔；投；抛；掷
• The knight cast the sword far out into the lake. 骑士将剑远远地扔进湖中。
transitive
■(in fishing) to throw something, such as a line, into the water to catch fish with （钓鱼时）抛，扔（钓线）；撒（网）
• He cast the line to the middle of the river. 他把钓线抛向河中央。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
DOUBT 疑虑
cast doubt/suspicion on sb/sth
■to make people feel less sure about or have less trust in something or someone 使对…产生怀疑
• New evidence has cast doubt on the guilty verdict. 新的证据让人们对判罚有罪的裁决产生了怀疑。
cast aspersions on sb/sth formal
■to criticize or make damaging remarks or judgments about someone or something 使对…产生怀疑
• His opponents cast aspersions on his patriotism. 反对者诋毁他的爱国精神。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
REMEMBER 记起
cast your mind back
■to try to remember 回想；追忆
• If you cast your mind back, you might recall that I never promised to go. 回想一下，你或许会记得我从未答应过要去。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
VOTE 投票
cast a/your vote
■to vote 投票
• All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun. 这次选举的投票现已全部结束，计票工作已经开始。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SHAPE 形状
transitive
■to make an object by pouring hot liquid, such as melted metal, into a shaped container where it becomes hard （用熔化的金属等）浇铸，铸造
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
MAGIC 魔法
cast a spell
■to use words thought to be magic, especially in order to have an effect on someone （尤指为对某人产生效力而）施魔法，念咒语；使…入魔
• The old woman cast a spell on the prince and he turned into a frog. 老太婆对王子施了魔法，他变成了一只青蛙。
• figurative At 17 jazz cast its spell on me (= I started to like it very much). 我17岁的时候对爵士乐着了迷。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
SKIN 皮肤
transitive
■If a snake casts its skin, the outer layer of old skin comes off its body. （蛇）蜕（皮）
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
be cast in the same mould
■to be very similar in character to someone else 如出一辙；非常相似
• Everyone who works for that firm seems to be cast in the same mould. 为那家公司工作的人好像都是从一个模子里造出来似的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast your net wide
■to include many people or things when you are looking for something 撒开大网；广泛搜罗
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
cast pearls before swine
■to offer something valuable or good to someone who does not know its value 把有价值的东西给不识货的人；明珠暗投，对牛弹琴
• I'm afraid you're casting pearls before swine with your good advice - he won't listen. 恐怕你给他忠告就好比对牛弹琴——他不会听的。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast around/about
■to look around for something 四处寻找
• Fashion editors are always casting around for words to describe colours. 时尚杂志的编辑总是挖空心思找字眼来描述各种颜色。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth aside/off formal
■to get rid of someone or something 抛弃；摆脱；把…丢在一旁
• You must cast aside all thoughts of revenge. 你必须打消所有报复的念头。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast off
LEAVE
■If a boat casts off, it leaves the shore （船）解缆启航
• The ship was scheduled to cast off at 8pm. 这艘船定于晚上八点启航。
FINISH specialized
■in knitting , to use special stitches to finish the thing you are making （编织时）收针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  cast on specialized
■in knitting , to make special stitches to start the thing you are making （编织时）起针，放针
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] verb (cast, cast)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cast sb/sth out literary or old use
■to get rid of someone or something, especially forcefully 把…赶走；驱逐
• Cast out by his family, he was forced to fend for himself. 他被家里人赶了出来，不得不自谋生计。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
ACTORS 演员
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the actors in a film, play or show （一部电影、戏剧或演出的）全体演员
• After the final performance, the director threw a party for the cast. 最后一场演出过后，导演为全体演员举办了一个聚会。
• Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast (= the actors who were not playing the main parts). 影片的成功部分归功于强大的配角阵容。
UK [kɑ:st] US [kæst] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■an object made by pouring hot liquid into a container and leaving it to become solid 铸件，铸造品
countable * a plaster cast
fling, throw, cast, heave, toss, hurl, pitch
这组词都有“抛、投、掷”的意思，其区别是：
fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。
throw: 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。
cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。
heave: 指把重物举起后扔出。
toss: 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。
hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。
pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。
vt. 投，抛；计算； [印刷] 浇铸；投射（光、影、视线等）
 - throw, pitch, mould, figure
n. 投掷，抛； [机] 铸件， [古生] 铸型；演员阵容；脱落物
 - putting, throw
vi. 投，抛垂钓鱼钩；计算，把几个数字加起来
 - figure, shy

Word: camera
Front: camera
[ˈkæmərə] (中高研四六雅 949/2246 -K4)
Vocabulary: camera
(once / 333 pages)
n
A camera records images in the form of photographs, film or video. If you want evidence that you've spotted Bigfoot in the woods behind your house, you'll need a camera.
The noun camera typically refers to a film or digital device that captures still pictures when you press a button. A film camera stores images on a strip of film that must be developed with special chemicals, while a digital camera keeps them on a memory card, and with the help of a computer you can see the pictures almost instantly. The original meaning of camera, "vaulted building," came from Latin via the Greek root kamera, "vaulted chamber."
WORD FAMILY
camera: camerae, cameras
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 35 cameras are stationed on the Mt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Were you always a natural in front of the camera?
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 照相机; 摄影机
分布：照相机(71%)，摄像机(29%)
→来自拉丁短语camera obscura，字面意思即obscure chamber, 暗室，早期照相机的重要结构。
n.照相机,摄影机On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a device for taking photographs or making films or television programmes 照相机；摄像机
• I forgot to take my camera with me to Portugal, so I couldn't take any photos. 我去葡萄牙时忘了带相机，所以我一张照片都拍不到。
• Television camera crews broadcast the event all round the world. 电视摄制组向全世界播放了这次事件。
• It was said of Marilyn Monroe that the camera loved her (= that she looked very attractive on film and in photographs). 据说连摄像机都钟爱玛丽莲‧梦露。
on camera
■appearing on a piece of film 出现在镜头上
• They were caught on camera as they brutally attacked a man. 他们粗暴打人的场景被拍了下来。

Word: pose
Front: pose
[pəʊz] (研四六托雅宝 2230/2739 -K3)
Vocabulary: pose
(once / 191 pages)
1vn 2nv 3v 4v
To pose is to assume a particular stance. Like a runway model strutting to the end of the catwalk, posing with her hands on her hips, and then gracefully walking back.
The original meaning of pose from the 14th century is "to put in a certain position." The sense of pose as "to assume a certain attitude" emerged in the 1850’s. When a person poses, he presents himself in a particular way, often with the hope of impressing others. But if you're just posing objects, then the word loses the negative connotation.
WORD FAMILY
pose: interpose, posed, poser, poses, posing, postpose, prepose+/ interpose: interposed, interposes, interposing, interposition/interposition: interpositions/posed: posedly, unposed/poser: posers/posing: posings/postpose: postposing, postposition/postposition: postpositions/prepose: preposed, preposes, preposition / preposition: prepositional, prepositions/prepositional: prepositionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Memphis is able to beat any team on any night, but Utah will pose quite a challenge.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
During short breaks they pose for selfies in balaclavas, keepsakes from their week away from the daily grind.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Department of Defense saying in 2013 that the threat posed by the group was largely insignificant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使摆姿势; 以…身份出现; 招摇; 炫耀
vt. 提出; 造成（威胁、问题等）; 引起; 产生
n. 姿势; 姿态; 装腔作势; 伪装
时态：posed, posing, poses
分布：姿势(39%)，造成(21%)，提出(14%)，姿态(13%)，装腔作势(5%)，摆姿势(4%)，假装(3%)，把...摆正位置(1%)
→来自古法语poser,放置，提议，来自拉丁语pausare,停止，暂停，停歇，休息，词源同pause.同时，词义与另一个拉丁词ponere的过去分词positus相混淆并大量吸收了该词词义，来自ponere,放置，摆放，词源同position,component.引申词义摆出姿势，佯装，冒充等。pose 提出，提问，造成威胁
做姿态[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.姿势,姿态v.造成,提出,摆姿势,佯装The group was well posed for the photograph.那一群人为拍照而摆好姿势.
US [poʊz] verb
CAUSE 造成
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty 造成，引起（尤指问题或困难）
• Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. 核子武器对所有人都构成了威胁。
• The mountain terrain poses particular problems for civil engineers. 这个高山地势为土木工程师带来了特殊问题。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
ASK 询问
transitive
■to ask a question, especially in a formal situation such as a meeting （尤指在正式场合）提出（问题），质询
• Can we go back to the question that Helena posed earlier? 我们能否回到海伦娜早先提出的那个问题？
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
POSITION 姿态
intransitive
■to move into and stay in a particular position, in order to be photographed, painted, etc 摆好姿势（拍照）
• We all posed for our photographs next to the Statue of Liberty. 我们都在自由女神像边摆好了姿势拍照。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
PRETEND 假装
intransitive
■to pretend to be something that you are not or to have qualities that you do not have, in order to be admired or attract interest 假装，冒充；装腔作势
• He doesn't really know a thing about the theatre - he's just posing! 他其实对戏剧一无所知——他只是在装腔作势！
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pose as sb
■If you pose as a particular person, you pretend to be that person in order to deceive people 假扮（某人），装成（某人）
• He's posing as her date, but he's really her bodyguard. 他扮作她的约会对象，但实际上是她的保镖。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] noun
POSITION 姿态
countable
■a particular position in which a person stands, sits, etc. in order to be photographed, painted, etc （为拍照、画像等摆出的）样子，姿势
• He adopted/assumed/struck (= moved into) an elegant pose. 他摆出一副优雅的姿势。
UK [pəʊz] US [poʊz] noun
PRETENDING 装作
countable usually singular
■when someone pretends to have qualities that they do not have 装腔作势
• She likes to appear as if she knows all about the latest films and art exhibitions, but it's all a pose (= she's pretending and it's not true). 她喜欢摆出一副对最新电影和艺术展无所不知的样子，但不过是装腔作势而已。
v. 造成，形成；摆姿势；装模作样；提出…讨论
 - take shape, shape into
n. 姿势，姿态；装模作样
 - attitude, posture
vi. 摆姿势；佯装；矫揉造作
 - posture

Word: yes
Front: yes
[jes] (中高 258/144 -K5)
Vocabulary: yes
(once / 17 pages)
n
Yes is a confirmation or an affirmative — a positive reply. When you say yes to a friend's invitation to a party, it means you'll be there.
There's no more positive word in the English language: You use yes to agree, to confirm, or to answer positively. It works best of all to express uninhibited enthusiasm like when you get great news and yell it, maybe even closing your eyes in joy while you say it. Yes comes from the Old English gise, or so be it.
WORD FAMILY
yes: yeses, yess
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tom Brady, QB, Patriots… Yes, he only played 12 games.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As for the argument that fingerprinting disadvantages black prospective drivers because they are disproportionately and sometimes erroneously represented in criminal databases — well, yes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 是; （表示刚想起某事）哦; （表示不相信某人所言）真的吗; （鼓励某人继续讲）往下说
n. “是”，“行”; 同意，答应; 肯定的回答; 赞成票
分布：是(72%)，是的(27%)，对…说是(1%)
→来自古英语gese,就是这样，ge-,是，词源同yea,se-,如此，词源同so.
ad.是[用于肯定句前],是的Answer with a simple 'Yes' or 'No.'.简单回答「是」或「不是」
adverb (informal yeah) (yep) (yah)
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express willingness or agreement （用于表示接受、愿意或赞同）好的，是的
• "Would you like a glass of wine?" "Yes please." “你想要来杯葡萄酒吗？”“好的。”
• "Do you like Thai food?" "Yes, I love it." “你喜欢泰国菜吗？”“是的，我喜欢。”
• "He's a really nice guy." "Yes he is." “他是个很不错的人。”“是的，没错。”
• "Report to me at nine o'clock tomorrow morning." "Yes, sir." “明早九时向我汇报。”“好的，先生。”
• "Have you had enough to eat?" "Yes, thank you." “你吃饱了吗？”“是的，谢谢。”
• If you'd say yes (= agree) to the request you'd save a lot of trouble. 如果你同意这项要求，会省去很多麻烦。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that you are listening to someone, or that you are ready to listen and to give them an answer or information （用于表示正在听某人说话，或准备听并作出回答或提供资讯）
• "Dad." "Yes, what do you want, honey?" “爸爸。”“怎么了，你想要甚么，宝贝？”
• Yes, can I help you? 来了，能帮您甚么忙吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used when you are disagreeing with a negative statement （用于反驳否定陈述）
• "I'm not a very good cook though." "Yes you are - you make wonderful food!" “不过我不是一个很好的厨师。”“不，你是，你烹调的食物非常美味！”
[jes] adverb (informal yeah) (yep) (yah)
oh yes (oh yeah)
■used when you have just remembered something that you were saying （用于表示刚想起某事）对了，想起来了
• What was I talking about - oh yes, I was telling you what happened at the party. 我刚在说甚么——哦，对了，我正告诉你聚会上发生的事情。
[jes] adverb (informal yeah) (yep) (yah)
yes and no
■used when you cannot give a particular answer to a question （用于表示难以作出明确回答）说不准，也是也不是
• "Is the job going okay?" "Well, yes and no." “工作顺利吗？”“唉，也顺也不顺。”
[jes] noun countable
■a vote supporting a particular plan of action or a reply accepting an invitation 赞成票；接受邀请
• "Have you had any replies yet?" "Six yeses and two noes so far." “你收到答覆了吗？”“到目前为止，六人赞成，两人反对。”
adv. 是
 - yeah, yep, yeh
n. 同意
 - agreement, Ok, leave, Okay, consent

Word: imagine
Front: imagine
[ɪˈmædʒɪn] (中高研四六托 909/1197 -K4)
Vocabulary: imagine
(once / 39 pages)
v
To imagine something is to picture it in your head. When we imagine things, we're using our imagination.
The word image is a good clue to the meaning of imagine, a word for picturing or envisioning things. You could imagine you're a king, an astronaut, a firefighter, or a coyote. You could imagine the earth getting hit by an asteroid. If you can think of it, you can imagine it. Sometimes, imagining means believing or guessing. For example, your teacher could say, "Did you really imagine there would be no homework?"
WORD FAMILY
imagine: imaginable, imagination, imaginative, imagined, imagining+/ imaginable: imaginably, unimaginable/ imagination: imaginations/ imaginative: imaginatively, imaginativeness, unimaginative/unimaginable: unimaginably/unimaginative: unimaginatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Lincoln never imagined the war would continue for four terrible years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A: No. I never imagined anyone would care all these years later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s easy to imagine that she’s walking into the murky depths, never to return.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 想，设想; 想像; 料想，猜想; 误认为
vi. 想象; 猜想，推测
时态：imagined, imagining, imagines
分布：想像(52%)，设想(25%)，猜想(10%)，认为(7%)，料想(6%)
→来自image,形象，印象，影像。引申词义想象，幻象等。
想象[imag,imit=imagine,lkeness,表示"想象,相象"]
v.想象,设想,料想I can't imagine what has happened.我想象不出发生了什么事.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to form or have a mental picture or idea of something 想像；设想
• Imagine Robert Redford when he was young - that's what John looks like. 想像一下劳勃‧瑞福年轻时的样子——那就是约翰的模样。
• [+ (that)] Imagine (that) you're eating an ice cream - try to feel how cold it is. 设想你在吃霜淇淋——试着感受一下它有多么凉。
• [+ question word] Can you imagine how it feels to be blind? 你能想像失明的感觉吗？
• [+ -ing verb] She imagined herself sitting in her favourite armchair back home. 她想像自己正坐在家中最喜欢的扶手椅上。
• They hadn't imagined (= expected) (that) it would be so difficult. 他们没想到会这么难。
• I can't imagine (= I really don't know) what he wants from us. 我想不出他想从我们这里得到些甚么。
 ESSENTIAL
■to believe that something is probably true 猜想，猜测
• [+ (that)] I imagine (that) he's under a lot of pressure at the moment. 我猜想他现在承受的压力一定很大。
• I don't imagine (that) they have much money. 我想他们不会有很多钱。
• "Will they change it?" "I imagine so." “他们会改变它吗？”“我想会的。”
 ESSENTIAL
■to think that something exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true 误以为
• "Did you hear a noise?" "No, you're imagining things /No, you must have imagined it." “你听见甚么动静了吗？”“没有，你听错了吧／没有，你一定是听错了。”
• I've never heard her criticize you - I think you imagine it. 我从来没有听过她批评你——我想你在胡思乱想。
■used to express shock or surprise, often at someone else's behaviour （常用来表示对他人行为的惊讶、震惊）难以想像
• She got married at 16! Imagine that! 她16岁就结婚了！不可思议！
• [+ -ing verb] Imagine spending all that money on a coat! 花那么多钱买一件大衣，真是匪夷所思！
you can't imagine UK
■used to emphasize a statement （表示强调）你无法想像
• You can't imagine what a mess the house was in after the party. 你简直想像不到聚会之后屋内有多乱。
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
vt. 想像；猜想；臆断
 - picture, think of
vi. 想像；猜想；想像起来
 - think of, suppose

Word: window
Front: window
[ˈwɪndəʊ] (中高雅 607/517 -K4)
Back: n. 窗，窗户; 窗口; 〈美俚〉眼镜
分布：窗户(78%)，橱窗(16%)，视窗(6%)
→来自古诺斯语vindauga,风眼，vindr,风，词源同wind,auga,眼，词源同eye。用于指窗户。
n.窗,窗口At the windy window, the widow finds a blind snake winding.在当风的窗口,寡妇发现有条瞎眼蛇在游动.
US [-doʊ] noun
GLASS 玻璃
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a space usually filled with glass in the wall of a building or in a vehicle, to allow light and air in and to allow people inside the building to see out 窗，窗户，窗口
• Is it all right if I open/close the window? 我打开／关上窗户可以吗？
• He caught me staring out of the window. 他看到我正在向窗外凝视。
• I saw a child's face at the window. 我看到视窗有一张孩子的脸。
• She's got some wonderful plants in the window (= on a surface at the bottom of the window). 她窗台上摆了些奇妙的植物。
• I was admiring the cathedral's stained-glass windows. 我正在欣赏大教堂里的彩色玻璃窗。
• Have you paid the window cleaner (= person whose job is to clean the outside of windows) ? 你付给擦窗户的工人工钱了吗？
• window frames 窗框
• a window ledge 窗台
only singular literary
■something that makes it possible for you to see and learn about a situation or experience that is different from your own （让人了解其他情况或经历的）视窗
• The film provides a window on the immigrant experience. 这部影片提供了一个了解移民经历的视窗。
countable
■a transparent rectangle on the front of an envelope, through which you can read the address written on the letter inside （信封上的）透明纸窗
countable
■the decorative arrangement of goods behind the window at the front of a shop, in addition to the window itself （商店的）陈列窗口，橱窗
• How much is the jacket in the window? 橱窗里的那件外套多少钱？
• The shop windows are wonderful around Christmas time. 圣诞节期间商店的橱窗非常漂亮。
UK ['wɪn.dəʊ] US [-doʊ] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable
■a separate area on a computer screen which shows information and which you can move around （电脑的）视窗，窗口
• to minimize/maximize a window 将视窗最小／最大化
UK ['wɪn.dəʊ] US [-doʊ] noun
OPPORTUNITY 机会
countable
■a period when there is an opportunity to do something 时机；机会
• I'm quite busy this week but there might be a window on Friday. 我本周相当忙，但可能在星期五还有点空。
• If a window of opportunity (= an opportunity) should present itself, I'd take advantage of it. 如果出现机会，我就要去利用。
UK ['wɪn.dəʊ] US [-doʊ] noun
go out (of) the window
■If a quality, principle or idea goes out of the window, it does not exist any more 完全消失，不再存在
• Then people start drinking and sense goes out of the window. 人们开始喝酒，理性不复存在。
n. [建] 窗； [计] [水文] 窗口；窗户
 - fenster

Word: acquisition
Front: acquisition
[ˌækwɪˈzɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 3856/2567 -3)
Vocabulary: acquisition
(once / 432 pages)
n
An acquisition is something you acquire—a book, a skill or if you are a mogul, a company. It describes things you have purchased, things you have learned, or things you have gotten.
Acquisition has a formal sense to it. We don't talk about our new jeans as our latest acquisition, unless we are the kind of person who refers to their latest copy of Vogue as their Bible. It is very commonly used to refer to paintings purchased by museums—in fact, large museums have acquisition departments.
WORD FAMILY
acquisition: acquisitions+/ acquire: acquirable, acquired, acquirer, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitive / acquired: acquiredly/acquirer: acquirers/ acquisitive: acquisitively, acquisitiveness, unacquisitive
USAGE EXAMPLES
The U.S. semiconductor industry is facing an unprecedented wave of consolidations, with mergers and acquisitions in the sector valued last year at over $100 billion.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Because the survey relied on the memories of the participants, the researchers wrote, the more recent gun acquisition data might be more accurate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Then, in 1972, the Soviet Union purchased the property and obtained more acreage in exchange for real estate acquisitions by the United States in Moscow.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 获得; 购置物; 获得物; 收购
分布：采集(75%)，获得(24%)，所获之物(1%)
n.取得,学到,养成(习惯);获得的东西This bookcase is my latest acquisition.这个书架是我最新购置的.
【反】divestiture（n [财产权利的]剥夺）
noun
uncountable
■the process of getting something 获得
• The acquisition of huge amounts of data has helped our research enormously. 我们获得的大量数据对我们的研究有莫大的帮助。
countable
■something that someone buys, often to add to a collection of things 收购品（常用于收藏）
• The museum has been heavily criticized over its acquisition of the four-million-dollar sculpture. 该博物馆因为购置了一件价值400万美元的雕塑而备受批评。
• I like your earrings - are they a recent acquisition (= did you get them recently) ? 我挺喜欢你的耳环——你刚买的吗？
countable or uncountable
■something such as a building, another company, or a piece of land that is bought by a company, or the act of buying it 收购物（房屋、公司、土地等），收购
n. 获得物，获得
 - getting, procurement, winning

Word: facility
Front: facility
[fəˈsɪləti] (研四六托雅 1297/1014 -K4)
Vocabulary: facility
(once / 270 pages)
1n 2n
Facility is a noun with several different meanings. Often, as in "storage facility," it's a place designed for a specific use, but it can also mean an effortlessness or ease with something.
The new stadium is a great facility for showing off Olympic winter sports. At this level, all of the ice skaters show a facility that borders on magical. Likewise, the prison is a great facility for storing prisoners. Those prisoners showed a real facility for crime. Related to the French facile, which means "easy," a person who shows a facility for something makes it seem easy. This is cool, especially if that thing is difficult—or, as the French might say, difficile.
WORD FAMILY
facility: facilities+/ facile: facilely, facility
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials from the Donald W. Wyatt Detention Facility, which was holding Morales, did not respond to requests for comment.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
China plans on building 300 WTE plants over the next three years, including the largest facility of its kind in the world.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 设备; 容易; 能力; 灵巧
分布：设施(63%)，设备(28%)，灵巧(4%)，熟练(2%)，才能(2%)，资质(1%)
→来自facile, 简单的。即促进事物简化的设施或工具，后词义通用化。
便利;便利设备(容易让人做事)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.灵巧,熟练;(pl.)设备,设施,便利条件The preface is written on the surface of the furnace that faces the space facilities.序言写在面对太空设施的火炉表面.
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
 IMPROVER countable
■a place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens （尤指包含多个建筑物，有特定用途的）场所
• a nuclear research facility 核研究中心
• a military facility 军事机构
• a new sports facility 新的运动场所
facilities [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the buildings, equipment and services provided for a particular purpose 设施；设备
• shopping facilities 购物设施
• medical facilities 医疗设施
• sports facilities 体育设施
UK [fə'sɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
ABILITY 能力
countable or uncountable
■an ability, feature or quality 天资，才能；特色
• His facility for languages is astonishing. 他的语言天赋惊人。
• a phone with a memory facility 具有储存记忆功能的电话
facility, equipment, instrument
facility: n.指较大的设施、设备，尤指公用的、为大众带来便利的设备。
 • The facility at that club includes tennis courts and a swimming pool.   那家俱乐部的体育设施包括网球场地和一个游泳池。
equipment: n.指生产、研究所需要的设备、装置，如各种机器和器材，是不可数名词。
 • a factory with modern equipment   具有现代化设备的工厂
instrument: n.乐器，仪器，为某个用途而使用的工具。
 • As a flexible actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.   作为一个多才多艺的演员，他既可以表演，又会唱歌跳舞，还能够演奏不同种类的乐器。
n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧
 - equipment, furniture, establishment, plant, fixture

Word: exclude
Front: exclude
[ɪkˈsklu:d] (研四六托雅宝 3470/1940 -K2)
Vocabulary: exclude
(once / 107 pages)
v
Exclude means to leave out — like when the cool kids won't let you in on their game of four-square or the pizza guy leaves your neighborhood out from his delivery zone.
Exclude comes to us from the Latin word excludere, which means "to shut." So essentially, when you exclude someone you slam the door in their face one way or another: You won't let them into the party, you leave them off the invite list, or refuse to include them in the conversation once they arrive. Needless to say, excluding others is not very nice.
WORD FAMILY
exclude: excluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusive +/ exclusion: exclusions/ exclusive: exclusively, exclusiveness, exclusives, unexclusive
USAGE EXAMPLES
In motions filed last week, Lovelace’s attorneys asked that evidence obtained from Lovelace’s laptop computer be excluded.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Even when the U.S. ratifies treaties, the government often adds a caveat that excludes protection of some basic rights.
The New Yorker(Dec 31, 2016)
The 2016 total excludes any new arrivals Friday and Saturday.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 排除，不包括; 排斥; 驱除，赶出
时态：excluded, excluding, excludes
分布：排除(98%)，阻止(1%)，拒绝接受(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-clud, 关闭，词源同close, conclude.
排外(ex+clude关闭→关出去→排外)[ex-①表示"出,出去"②表示"前面的,前任的"]
排除;隔绝(ex出+clude→关出去→排除)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.拒绝,把...排除在外,排斥They excluded people under 18 from joining the club.他们拒绝接纳十八岁以下的人加入俱乐部.
【记】ex出，clude关闭－关出去－排斥
【参】occlude（v 使闭塞；堵塞）；preclude（n 预防；排除）；exclusion（n 拒绝；排斥）；exclusive（adj 排外的；唯我独尊的）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity 阻止…进入；把…排斥在外
• Women are still excluded from the club. 这间俱乐部仍然不让女性进入。
• Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation. 在手术过程中，要尽可能防止细菌进入手术室。
• Tom has been excluded from school (= he is not allowed to go to school) for bad behaviour. 汤姆因为行为不正被学校开除了。
Compare include to intentionally not include something （有意地）不包括
• The price excludes local taxes. 这个价格不包括地方税。
Compare include to decide that something is not true or possible 排除…；不考虑…；认为…不可能
• We can't exclude the possibility that he is dead. 我们不能排除他已经死亡的可能性。
extinguish, dispose, erase, exclude, cancel, eliminate, abolish
这组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思，其区别是：
extinguish: v.熄灭，扑灭(火)；使沉默，使暗淡。
 • Firefighters extinguished a big fire.   消防队员扑灭了大火。
dispose: v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
 • After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.   野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase: v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
 • I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.   我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude: v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与include互为反义词。
 • The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from entering.   衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
cancel: v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去(字、句)。
 • The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.   会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate: v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
 • The losing team was eliminated from further competition.   失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
 • The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.   医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
abolish: v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。
 • The government abolished the tax on alcohol.   政府取消了酒税。
vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出
 - preclude, rule out

Word: gamble
Front: gamble
[ˈgæmbl] (研六雅宝 9148/11190 -K3)
Vocabulary: gamble
(once / 290 pages)
vn
When you gamble, you take a risky chance on something. When an entrepreneur invests her own money in her business, she gambles on its success.
If you approach a stray dog, you gamble on its friendliness, and if you turn down a high-paying job to take a more interesting position, you gamble on it eventually paying off. Another way to gamble is to buy a lottery ticket or place a bet on a poker hand: when you gamble like this, you play a game of chance, risking some amount of money. Gamble is from Old English gammlen, "to play, jest, or be merry."
WORD FAMILY
gamble: gambled, gambler, gambles, gambling+/ gambler: ex-gambler, gamblers/gambling: gamblings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But voters brutally punished Mr Clegg for his gamble.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The move would be a legal gamble under the high court’s last ruling in 2014 on recess appointments.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Still, it is both a gamble and a relatively straightforward motivational tactic – the question now is whether it will work.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 赌博; 投机，冒风险; 孤注一掷; 打赌
vt. 赌博，下赌注; 使冒风险
n. 赌博或其他投机; 冒险
时态：gambled, gambling, gambles
分布：赌博(69%)，冒险(25%)，孤注一掷(6%)
→来自game, 游戏，打赌。
n./v.投机,冒险;赌博He has gambled away all his wealth.他赌博输掉了全部财产.
【记】game，ball：联想体育彩票，有很多ball的game，实际上是一种赌博。
【参】gambler（n 赌博的人；赌徒）
noun countable usually singular
■a risk that might result in loss of money or failure 冒险；赌博；无把握的事情
• Her publishers knew they were taking a gamble when they agreed to publish such an unusual novel. 她的出版商知道，同意出版这样一部标新立异的小说是一种冒险。
• It was a gamble using such an inexperienced director, but it paid off (= was successful). 任用这样一位没有经验的导演确实是一种赌博，但结果大获成功。
['gæm.bl] verb
intransitive
■to do something risky that might result in loss of money or failure, hoping to get money or achieve success 投机；冒险
• Anyone who gambles on the stock exchange has to be prepared to lose money. 任何进行股票投机的人都必须要做好赔钱的准备。
intransitive or transitive
■to risk money, for example in a game or on a horse race 赌博，打赌
• I like to gamble when I play cards - it makes it more interesting. 我玩牌喜欢赌钱——这更有趣些。
• He gambles on the horses (= horse races). 他赌马。
• He gambled away all of our savings. 他把我们所有的积蓄都赌了个清光。
['gæm.bl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  gamble on sth
■to take a risk that something will happen 冒…的风险；碰…的运气
• You're rather gambling on it being a nice day by holding the party in the garden, aren't you? 在花园里开露天聚会，那你把宝全押在肯定是个好天气上了，是不是？
gamble, bet
这组词都有“打赌，赌博”的意思，其区别是：
gamble: 多指投机，为获得某物或牟利而冒大险，含孤注一掷意味。
bet: 指竞赛中的打赌，也指双方对有疑惑之事争执不下的打赌。在口语中，bet作“确信，敢说”解。
vi. 赌博；孤注一掷；投机；打赌
 - game, venture, lay
vt. 赌博；孤注一掷；冒险假设
 - put all one's eggs in one basket, shoot the works
n. 赌博；冒险；打赌
 - risk, throw, gaming, venture, adventure

Word: diplomatic
Front: diplomatic
[ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk] (研六托雅宝 3940/3567 -3)
Vocabulary: diplomatic
(once / 298 pages)
adj
If you have the ability to say the right thing when two friends are fighting, making both sides happy, you are diplomatic. You have tact. You are a peacemaker.
You can be diplomatic in your personal life if you’re polite, easy to get along with, and able to deliver bad news in a kind way. You can also be professionally diplomatic — diplomats are important members of the U.S. State Department. Diplomats keep the peace and maintain good relationships with other countries, even as they try to get other countries to see and do things our way. That's why keeping the peace in smaller ways is also called diplomatic.
WORD FAMILY
diplomatic: diplomatically, undiplomatic, undiplomatically+/ diplomacy: diplomacies, diplomatic, diplomatical, diplomatist/ diplomat: diplomacy, diplomats/diplomatist: diplomatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1974, he was travelling from Beirut to Jerusalem in a car bearing Vatican diplomatic plates when it was stopped by Israeli security forces.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In this respect, she faces a more nuanced diplomatic challenge than confronted, say, Thatcher or Tony Blair.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“So there is a question about whether there’s a political retribution here versus a diplomatic response.”
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 外交上的; 外交人员的; 有手腕的; 策略的
分布：外交的(49%)，老练的(42%)，古字体的(9%)
a.外交的,从事外交的;策略的,有手腕的The diplomatic diplomas are made in automation in the autonomy.外交证书在自治区是自动化生产的.
US [-'mætˌ-] adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving the management of the relationships between countries 外交的
• diplomatic negotiations 外交谈判
■approving
■acting in a way that does not cause offence 讲究方法的，委婉的
• Ask him nicely - be diplomatic. 好好向他提出请求——要委婉一些。
adj. 外交的；外交上的；老练的
 - foreign, experienced

Word: winner
Front: winner
[ˈwɪnə(r)] (中高四六 1916/1790 -K4)
Back: n. 获胜的人; 胜券在握; 制胜的一记入球; 成功的东西
分布：获胜者(100%)
US [-ɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who wins a game, competition or election 获胜者；冠军
• There'll be a prize for the winner. 获胜者将会得到奖品。
• The winner of this match will play Violente in the semi-finals. 本场比赛的优胜者将与维奥兰特队在半决赛相遇。
• And to find out who are the lucky winners of our competition, Samantha is going to draw some names out of the bag. 看看谁是我们竞赛中幸运的获胜者，萨曼莎将从袋子中抽出一些名字。
⇒ See also breadwinner (US also game-winner) informal
■in sport, a goal or point that causes a player or team to win a game （体育比赛中）致胜的一分，关键的一分
• Neil Eaves scored the winner in the last minute of the match. 尼尔‧伊夫斯在比赛的最后时刻得到了致胜的一分。
■informal
■something that is extremely successful and popular 极其成功的事物；非常受欢迎的事物
• That lemon tart was a winner, wasn't it? 那个柠檬馅饼非常受欢迎，不是吗？
• I think they're onto a winner with this latest product (= it will succeed). 我认为他们这个新产品会获得极大的成功。
winner, conqueror
这组词都有“胜利者”的意思，其区别是：
winner: 普通用词，通常指比赛或竞赛中的优胜者，也指经过努力的成功者。
conqueror: 指靠武力征服对方的胜利者。
n. 胜利者
 - victor, conqueror

Word: closely
Front: closely
['kləʊslɪ] (四 2038/1715 -K)
Back: adv. 接近地; 紧密地; 严密地; 亲近地
分布：接近地(30%)，紧密地(28%)，亲近地(21%)，严密地(21%)
US ['kloʊ-] adverb
RELATIONSHIP 关系
 IMPROVER
■in a way that is directly connected or has a strong relationship 紧密地，密切地，直接相关地
• English and German are closely related. 英语和德语的亲缘关系很密切。
• Both politicians have been closely associated with the movement for some time. 这两位政界人士与这场运动有密切关系，而且都已经有一段时间了。
• We are working closely with the police. 我们正与警方密切合作。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
CAREFULLY 谨慎地
■carefully and paying attention to details 小心谨慎地，仔细地
• Pollution levels are closely monitored. 污染水准受到严密的监控。
• He looked again more closely at the marks. 他又看了看分数，比上一次更加仔细。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
SIMILAR 相似地
■without a big difference between two people, groups or things 相似地，不相上下地
• The two teams are closely matched. 两队的实力平分秋色。
• It was a closely fought election. 竞选相当激烈，各候选人势均力敌。
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
SECRETIVE 秘密地
■in a way that tries hard to keep something secret 秘密地，暗中地
• a closely guarded secret 严格保守的秘密
UK ['kləʊ.sli] US ['kloʊ-] adverb
NEAR 接近
■not far in time or position （时间或位置上）接近地，不远地
• The Swiss boat is in the lead, followed closely by the French. 瑞士队的船领先，紧随其后的是法国队。
closely, close
closely: 紧紧地,紧密地 closely connected,
close: 接近,靠近, stand close
adv. 紧密地；接近地；严密地；亲近地
 - hard, cheek by jowl

Word: dismiss
Front: dismiss
[dɪsˈmɪs] (中高研四六托雅 2802/2100 -K4)
Vocabulary: dismiss
(once / 172 pages)
v
At the end of a lesson period, your teacher says, "class dismissed." This means that you and the rest of the students are free to go.
Dismiss means to let go. If a judge dismisses a case, it means he's saying it has no merit, and is throwing it out of court. If you are dismissed from your job, it means you've been fired. And if you've been ignoring your friends' warnings that your boyfriend is cheating, you've been dismissing their concerns. "Don't dismiss me!" is something you say when the person you're talking to is not taking you and your comments seriously.
WORD FAMILY
dismiss: dismissal, dismissed, dismisses, dismissible, dismissing, dismission, dismissive +/ dismissal: dismissals/dismission: dismissions/ dismissive: dismissively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Burmese authorities will no doubt dismiss this as a misdemeanour.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Wexler dismisses the argument used by leagues that since sports gambling is inevitable, they might as well push to regulate it.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
One case with Okarche-area landowners was dismissed for procedural reasons.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 解雇，把…免职; 遣散，解散（队伍等）; 驳回，拒绝受理; 搁置
vi. 解散
时态：dismissed, dismissing, dismisses
分布：开除(50%)，解散(47%)，屏除(3%)
→dis-, 分开，散开。miss,送出。即送走，引申词义摈弃。
解散;开除(dis+miss送→送出→解散)[dis-①表示"不,消失掉"②表示"分开,分离"]
解散;罢免(dis分开＋miss→分开送→解散)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.免职,解雇,开除,解散The dismissed Swiss miss kissed the once missing missile and scissors.被解雇的瑞士小妞吻了一度失踪的导弹和剪刀.
【记】dis分开，miss送－解雇
【反】summon（v 召集）
verb
FORGET 忘记
 IMPROVER transitive
■to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering 对…不予理会，摒弃，（从头脑中）去除
• I think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me. 我认为他和我见面五分钟后就把我归入了傻瓜之列。
• Let's not just dismiss the idea before we've even thought about it. 我们还是别不假思索就把这种想法排除在外。
• Just dismiss those thoughts from your mind - they're crazy and not worth thinking about. 别去管那些想法了——那些想法太离谱，不值得考虑。
[dɪ'smɪs] verb
END JOB 终止工作
transitive often passive
■to remove someone from their job, especially because they have done something wrong （尤指因做错事）使免职，将…解职，解雇
• He has been dismissed from his job for incompetence. 他因无法胜任工作而被解职。
[dɪ'smɪs] verb
SEND AWAY 打发走
transitive
■to formally ask or order someone to leave 遣散；解散
• The teacher dismissed the class early because she had a meeting. 老师因要去开会而提前下课。
transitive
■When a judge dismisses a court case, he or she formally stops the trial, often because there is not enough proof that someone is guilty （常指法官因证据不足而）驳回，不受理
• The defending lawyer asked that the charge against his client be dismissed. 辩护律师请求驳回对其委托人的指控。
discharge, fire, dismiss
这组词都有“解雇，开除”的意思，其区别是：
discharge: 语气较重，指有理由的解雇，含几乎不再复用的意味。
fire: 口语用词，多指被断然地突然解雇，其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。
dismiss: 正式用词，是这组词中语气最轻的一个词，一般只有从上文才能看解雇的原因或理由。
preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismiss
preclude: 排除
discard: 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）
abandon: 放弃（某物）
eliminate: 消除，淘汰
abolish: （依法）废除
dismiss: 解雇
remove, expel, eliminate, dismiss
这组词都有“开除，驱出，去掉”的意思，其区别是：
remove: 普通用词，不带任何感情色彩。
expel: 多指强行解除公职或驱出住地。
eliminate: 通常指例行的、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。
dismiss: 既可指突然地迅速地排除，也可指解雇或开除。
vt. 解散；解雇；开除；让...离开
 - remove, fire out
vi. 解散
 - disband, break up

Word: mountain
Front: mountain
[ˈmaʊntən] (中高雅 1240/1402 -K4)
Vocabulary: mountain
(once / 36 pages)
n
A mountain is a large and often steep landmass that's much higher than the surrounding area. It's not to be confused with a molehill.
The word mountain has been around since the 1200s. A mountain is much larger than an average hill; it's a mass of land that rises up to 2000 feet or so. Mountain does not always describe a land mass. It can also be used to refer to an undertaking, a pile of something, or even a large dose of trouble. You might have a mountain of mashed potatoes you don't want to eat, or a mountain of homework.
WORD FAMILY
mountain: mountaineer, mountainous, mountains+/ mountaineer: mountaineering, mountaineers/mountainous: mountainousest, mountainously
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Another “cadet,” Sergey Smirnov, an independent businessman and blogger from the Ural Mountains city of Chelyabinsk, expressed even less interest in politics.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sunday showed a “lone individual” climbing the mountain, scaling the sign’s ladders and hanging tarpaulins over the O’s to change them to E’s, said Sgt.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 山，山岳; 山脉; 一大堆; 大量
分布：山(89%)，高山(5%)，山脉(4%)，大量(2%)
→来自mount,山，-ain,小词后缀。字面意思即小山，在18世纪前，该词都用来指高度非常低的小山。比较Mount Everest.
山(mount+ain)[mount=ascend,表示"登上"]
n.山I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
US [-tən] noun countable
VERY LARGE HILL 巨大的山丘
 ESSENTIAL
■a raised part of the Earth's surface, much larger than a hill, the top of which might be covered in snow （高）山，山岳
• The Matterhorn is one of the biggest mountains in Europe. 马特洪峰是欧洲最雄伟的山峰之一。
• The Rockies are a mountain chain/range in the western USA. 洛矶山脉绵亘于美国西部。
• I'd love to go mountain -climbing. 我想去爬山。
• We're going to the mountains (= an area where there are mountains) for our holiday. 我们会去山区渡假。
UK ['maʊn.tɪn] US [-tən] noun countable
LARGE AMOUNT 大量 UK a large amount of food which is kept in storage instead of being sold, so that prices for it do not fall （食品的）大量存库
• a grain mountain 大量积压的谷物
a mountain of sth
■a large amount of something 大堆，大量
• I've got a mountain of work to do. 我有大量的工作要做。
UK ['maʊn.tɪn] US [-tən] noun countable
make a mountain out of a molehill
■to make a slight difficulty seem like a serious problem 小题大做
• You're making a mountain out of a molehill. You wrote one bad essay - it doesn't mean you're going to fail your exam. 你在小题大做——你一篇作文写得不好，但这根本不代表你的考试就会不合格。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
n. [地理] 山；山脉
 - range, cordillera

Word: revive
Front: revive
[rɪˈvaɪv] (研六托雅宝 5278/4528 -2)
Vocabulary: revive
(once / 184 pages)
v
To revive something is to provide it with new energy or life, like when you revive a drooping plant by watering it, or when you revive a boring party by breaking out the karaoke machine.
Revive comes from the Latin roots re-, meaning “again,” and vivere, meaning “to live.” So, the word revive means “live again.” While the possibility of bringing folks back from the dead isn’t something we’re qualified to comment on, we will note that revive can be used in a sense that’s very close to its literal meaning; specifically, revive can mean “cause someone to regain consciousness.”
WORD FAMILY
revive: revival, revived, revives, reviving+/ revival: revivalism, revivals/revivalism: revivalist, revivalistic/revivalist: revivalists/ revived: unrevived/reviving: revivingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Landlords believe the market will revive over time, however.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The figure was revived again in the 2016 presidential election.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使复活，使恢复; 使振奋，复原; 使再生，使重新流行; 唤醒，唤起
vi. 复苏，恢复; 振作，恢复; 再生，重新流行; 再生效力
时态：revived, reviving, revives
分布：复生(37%)，唤醒(34%)，恢复精神(21%)，使重生(8%)
→re-,再，重新，-viv,生命，词源同 vivid,vital.
复活(re再+viv+c→复活)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
v.恢复;(使)复苏Our hopes revived.我们又有希望了.
【记】源于：revitalize（v 使获得新生）；vital（adj 生死攸关的；生命的）re再，vive＝live：再次活过来－苏醒
【反】wither（v 使凋谢）；lull（v 使平静）
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to come or bring something back to life, health, existence, or use （使）苏醒；（使）复原；（使）复兴；（使）重新流行
• to revive someone's hopes/confidence/fortunes 使某人重新燃起希望／重树信心／时来运转
• My plants revived as soon as I gave them some water. 我给花浇了一些水，它们立即又生机盎然了。
• A hot shower and a cup of tea will revive you. 冲个热水澡，喝杯茶，你就会恢复精力的。
• Traditional skills are being revived. 传统手艺正在得到复兴。
vi. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神
 - come back to life again, resurge
vt. 使复兴；使苏醒；回想起；重演，重播
 - recall, reinvigorate

Word: spirit
Front: spirit
[ˈspɪrɪt] (中高研四六托 1180/1189 -K4)
Vocabulary: spirit
(once / 19 pages)
nv
If someone tells you you have a sagging spirit, that means your life-force seems to be missing.
Spirit comes from the Latin word for "breath," and like breath, spirit is considered a fundamental part of being alive. Some people think of the spirit as a presence that's separate from the body, which is why spirit is another word for ghost. We also use spirit to mean "the general mood or intent," like when you tell your former enemy, "I approach you in the spirit of kindness."
WORD FAMILY
spirit: dispirit, spirited, spiriting, spiritise, spiritism, spiritize, spiritless, spirits, spiritual +/dispirit: dispirited, dispiriting, dispirits/ dispirited: dispiritedly, dispiritedness/dispiriting: dispiritingly/spirited: spiritedest, spiritedly, spiritedness/spiritless: spiritlessly, spiritlessness/spirits: spiritous, spirituous/ spiritual: spiritualise, spiritualism, spirituality, spiritualize, spiritually, spirituals/spiritualise: spiritualisation, spiritualised, spiritualises, spiritualising/spiritualism: spiritualisms, spiritualist, spiritualistic/spiritualist: spiritualists/spiritualistic: spiritualistically/ spirituality: spiritualities/spiritualize: spiritualization, spiritualized, spiritualizes, spiritualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Our mindset is, if you're doing business here in Indonesia, the spirit is to maintain stability. Don't create unnecessary volatility to create business," he added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
School district spokesman John White says Charlotte was “a great spirit” with lots of friends.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 精神，心灵; 情绪; 勇气; 精髓
v. 神秘地带走
时态：spirited, spiriting, spirits
分布：精神(84%)，心灵(6%)，情绪(4%)，幽灵(2%)，偷偷带走(1%)，精灵(1%)，使精神振作(1%)，烈酒.(1%)
→来自古法语 espirit,精神，灵魂，精气，来自拉丁语 spiritus,呼吸，吐气，神灵的呼吸，来自 spirare,呼吸，来自 speis,吹，词源同 conspire,perspire,respire.引申诸相关比喻义。比较另 一个拉丁词 anima,呼吸，生命，衍生词 animal,animation.
精神;情绪(有呼吸→有精神)[spir=breathe表示"呼吸"]
精神(spir呼吸+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
n.精神;志气;(pl.)情绪,心情;(pl.)酒精The mutual spirits inspired us to reach the annual aim.相互的精神鼓舞了我们达到年度目标.
noun
WAY OF FEELING 感觉方式
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■a particular way of thinking, feeling or behaving, especially a way that is typical of a particular group of people, an activity, a time or a place 精神；（尤指特定人群、活动、时代或地方的）主导精神
• The players have a very strong team spirit (= loyalty to each other). 队员们有很强的团队精神。
• As rock musicians in the 1960s, they were very much part of the spirit of the age/times. 作为20世纪60年代的摇滚音乐家，他们在很大程度上代表了当时的时代精神。
• We acted in a spirit of cooperation. 我们遵循合作精神行事。
spirits [plural]
■the way a person is feeling 情绪；心境
• I've been in high/low spirits (= feeling happy/sad) lately. 最近我情绪很好／不好。
• Her spirits lifted/rose (= She felt happier) as she read the letter. 她看完信之后心情好了起来。
• The negative reply dashed his spirits (= made him unhappy). 否定的答覆使得他情绪低落。
the spirit of a law/rule, etc.
■the principle which a law, rule, etc. was created to strengthen, rather than the particular things it says you must or must not do 法律／规则等的实质（或精神）
• They followed neither the spirit nor the letter of the law. 他们既不遵从法律的实质精神，也不理睬它的字面意义。
enter/get into the spirit
■to show enthusiasm and enjoyment 全身心投入；积极热情地参与
• They went to the tennis club a few times but never really got into the spirit of it. 他们去了几次网球俱乐部，但从未真正投身其中。
that's the spirit
■used to approve or encourage someone's positive attitude (= way of thinking) or action （用于表示赞同或鼓励）这就对了，就应该这样
• "Come on, we can win this game." "That's the spirit." “加把劲，我们能赢这场比赛。”“这就对了。”
['spɪr.ɪt] noun
NOT BODY 非肉体
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the characteristics of a person that are considered as being separate from the body, and which many religions believe continue to exist after the body dies （独立于肉体的）精神，灵魂；心灵
• Although he's now living in America, I feel he's with me in spirit (= I feel he is present and is influencing me, in a way that is not physical). 虽然他现在生活在美国，但我感觉他和我心灵相通。
 IMPROVER countable
■the form of a dead person, similar to a ghost , or the feeling that a dead person is present though you cannot see them 鬼魂，幽灵
• an evil spirit 恶魔
• The spirits of long-dead warriors seemed to haunt the area. 死去很久的武士的幽灵似乎经常在这个地区出没。
['spɪr.ɪt] noun
ENTHUSIASM 热情
uncountable approving
■enthusiasm, energy or bravery 热情；活力；勇气
• The orchestra performed the Rite of Spring with great spirit. 管弦乐团以激昂的热情演奏了《春之祭》。
• The torture failed to break the prisoner's spirit. 严刑拷打未能摧垮囚犯的意志。
['spɪr.ɪt] noun
ALCOHOL 酒精
countable or uncountable
■a strong alcoholic drink 烈酒
• Vodka is a type of spirit. 伏特加是一种烈酒。
• Spirits are more expensive than beer, but they get you drunk faster. 烈酒比啤酒要贵，但能很快把人灌醉。
uncountable
■Some types of spirit are alcoholic liquids used especially for cleaning, mixing with paint, etc. （尤用于清洁、混合油漆等的）工业酒精，酒精溶液
• Thin the paint with white spirit. 用石油溶剂油稀释油漆。
['spɪr.ɪt] noun
as/if/when, etc. the spirit moves sb
■taking action only when you feel is the right time, not following a plan 凭感觉；心血来潮
• It's impossible to predict what he'll do - he just acts when the spirit moves him. 他会做甚么根本无从预测——他做事情纯凭感觉。
['spɪr.ɪt] noun
The spirit is willing , but the flesh is weak. humorous saying
■said when you would like to do something, but you do not have the time, skills or energy necessary to do it 心有余而力不足；力不从心；力有未逮
['spɪr.ɪt] verb
spirit sb/sth away/off/out, etc.
■to move someone or something out of or away from a place secretly 偷偷带走；神不知鬼不觉地弄走
• Somehow the prisoners managed to spirit news out to the world outside. 囚犯们不知用甚么办法把消息送出了监狱。
soul, spirit, ghost
这组词都有“灵魂，心灵”的意思，其区别是：
soul: 指超越身体之外，永远存在的无形的东西，即所谓灵魂，亦可作人解。
spirit: 当指与body相对而言的所谓灵魂时，可与soul互换使用，但强调人的精神素质，也指神仙、精灵等。
ghost: 普通用词，主要指死者的灵魂。
n. 精神；心灵；情绪；志气；烈酒
 - mood, emotion, energy, soul, mind
vt. 鼓励；鼓舞；诱拐
 - heart, stimulate, lift, uphold, inspire

Word: shake
Front: shake
[ʃeɪk] (中高研四六托 942/1076 -K4)
Back: vt. 动摇; 摇头; 使发抖; 使心绪不宁[烦恼，惊吓]
vi. 摇（出），抖（掉）; 握手; （嗓音）颤抖
n. 摇动; 震动; 哆嗦; 混合饮料
时态：shook, shaken, shaking, shakes
分布：摇动(48%)，握手(25%)，震动(18%)，摇晃(6%)，片刻(3%)
→来自古英语 sceacan,摇动，摇晃，来自 Proto-Germanic*skakana,摇动，摇摆，来自 skek, 摇动，摇晃，词源同 shag,shock.
n./v.摇动,摇;颤抖,震动The cake maker shakes a naked snake with the quaking rake without sake.蛋糕制造者无缘无故地用抖动的耙子摇一条赤裸的蛇.
verb (shook, shaken)
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER transitive
■to move backwards and forwards or up and down in quick, short movements, or to make something or someone do this 摇动；抖动；使颤动
• A young boy climbed into the apple tree and shook the branches so that the fruit fell down. 一个男孩爬上苹果树，用力摇着树枝好让苹果掉下来。
• Babies like toys that make a noise when they're shaken. 婴儿喜欢摇晃时能发出声响的玩具。
• The explosion shook buildings for miles around. 爆炸震动了好几哩以内的房屋。
• [+ obj + adj] People in southern California were shaken awake by an earthquake. 加洲南部的人们被地震震醒了。
• She shook her hair loose from its ribbon. 她抖了抖头发，把丝带抖掉。
• Anna shook some powdered chocolate over her coffee. 安娜往咖啡里撒了一些巧克力粉。
• Every time one of these big trucks goes through the village, all the houses shake. 每当这样的一辆大卡车从村里经过，所有的房屋都会震动。
• The child's body was shaking with sobs. 这个孩子哭得浑身颤抖。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■If you are shaking, your body makes quick short movements, or you feel as if it is doing so, because you are frightened or nervous （因害怕或紧张而）打颤，发抖
• She was shaking as she opened the letter. 她颤抖着拆开了信。
• Her voice shook as she spoke about the person who attacked her. 她谈起攻击她的人时声音直打颤。
• I was shaking in my shoes/boots (= very nervous) about having to tell Dad what I'd done. 想到不得不告诉爸爸我的所作所为时，我害怕得直发抖。
• I was shaking like a leaf/ UKlike a jelly (= very nervous) before my exam. 我考试前特别紧张。
shake sb's hand/shake sb by the hand
■to hold someone's hand and move it up and down, especially when you meet them for the first time or when you make an agreement with them （尤指初次见面或达成协定时）握（某人的）手
• "Pleased to meet you, " he said, shaking my hand. “很高兴见到你，”他边说边与我握手。
• The Princess was photographed shaking hands with AIDS victims. 王妃与爱滋病患者握手的场面被拍了下来。
• It seems that we have a deal, so let's shake (hands) on it. 看来我们成交了，我们来为此握手吧。
• "Congratulations, " she said, shaking the winner by the hand. “恭喜你，” 她说着握了握获胜者的手。
shake your head
■to move your head from side to side, in order to express disagreement, sadness or that you do not want or believe something 摇头（表示不同意、悲伤、不想要或不信）
• I asked Tim if he'd seen Jackie lately but he shook his head. 我问蒂姆近来是否见过杰基，他摇了摇头。
• "That's incredible!" he said, shaking his head in disbelief. “简直难以置信！”他一边说，一边不相信地摇着头。
shake your fist
■to hold your hand up in the air with your fingers and thumb bent, and move it forcefully backwards and forwards, to show that you are angry 挥舞拳头（表示愤怒）； 挥拳相向
• He shook his fist at the driver who pulled out in front of him. 他向那个突然由路边开到他前面的司机挥了一拳。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
UPSET 使烦恼
transitive
■to cause to feel upset and worried 使烦恼；使心绪不定；使震惊
• The child seemed nervous and visibly shaken. 这孩子看起来很紧张，明显是吓到了。
• The news has shaken the whole country. 消息震惊了全国。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
MAKE WEAKER 削弱
transitive
■to make less certain or firm or strong; make weaker 动摇，削弱
• What has happened has shaken the foundations of her belief. 发生的事情动摇了她信仰的根基。
• After six defeats in a row, the team's confidence has been badly shaken. 在六连败后，球队的信心大挫。
• This discovery may shake (up) traditional theories on how mountains are formed. 这个发现可能会震撼关于山脉形成的传统理论。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
GET RID OF 摆脱
transitive
■to get rid of or escape from something 摆脱，甩掉
• It's very difficult to shake the habit of a lifetime. 终生养成的习惯是很难改掉的。
• The company has so far been unable to shake (off) its reputation for being old-fashioned. 该公司到现在为止还未能摆脱其因循守旧的名声。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
more (...) than you can shake a stick at old-fashioned
■a lot of 许多
• There are more whisky distilleries in this part of Scotland than you can shake a stick at. 苏格兰的这一地区有很多威士忌酒厂。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
shake a leg old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to hurry or act more quickly 快一点，抓紧一点
• Come on, Nick, shake a leg or we'll never be ready in time. 快，尼克，把握时间，否则我们就来不及了。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sb down US informal
■to get money from someone by using threats or tricks 勒索，敲诈
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sb/somewhere down US informal
■to search a person or place thoroughly, usually in order to find things that are stolen or illegal （通常为查获赃物或违禁品）彻底搜查
• We can't shake down the whole building - only the suspect's apartment. 我们不可能把整栋楼都搜遍——只能搜查嫌疑犯的公寓。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  shake down informal
■to become satisfactorily or comfortably organized or established after a period of change 安顿下来；调整就绪
• Give the new arrangements time to shake down - I'm sure they'll be OK. 新的安排要经过一段时间才能调整过来——我相信它们会令人满意的。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sth off informal
■to get rid of an illness 摆脱（疾病）
• I hope I can shake off this cold before the weekend. 我希望周末之前我的感冒能好。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sb/sth off
■to get away from someone or something that will not stop following you 摆脱，甩掉（跟踪者）
• He drove through the red lights in an attempt to shake off the police car that was chasing him. 他闯红灯企图甩掉警车的追踪。
■informal
■to beat an opponent, or to free yourself from someone or something that is limiting you 打败；摆脱
• I have no doubt that we will be able to shake off the challenge from our rivals. 我确信我们能战胜对手的挑战。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sth out
■to hold something such as a piece of cloth at one end and shake it up and down to get rid of dirt or folds 将…抖干净（或抖展）
• I was on the back doorstep shaking out a rug. 我那时正站在后门台阶上抖一块小地毯。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  shake sb up
■If an unpleasant experience shakes someone up, it makes them feel shocked and upset 使震惊
• I think she was quite shaken up by the accident. 我想这次意外让她饱受惊吓了。
[ʃeɪk] verb (shook, shaken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] shake sth up
■to cause large changes in something such as an organization, usually in order to make improvements （通常为作出改进）对…进行大改组（或大调整）
• Technological changes have shaken up many industries. 科技革新令许多产业发生了重大调整。
• The first thing the new chairman of the company did was to shake up the management. 公司新任董事长所做的第一件事就是重组管理阶层。
• Several new players have been brought in to shake up the team. 有几位新队员被召入以重新整顿队伍。
[ʃeɪk] noun
countable
■when you shake something 摇动；抖动；震动
• She gave the box a shake to see if there was anything inside it. 她摇了摇盒子，看里面有没有东西。
• "No, no, no, " he said with a shake of his head. “不，不，不，”他摇着头说。
the shakes [plural] informal
■short quick movements from side to side that your body makes because you are ill, frightened or have drunk too much alcohol 寒颤，颤抖，哆嗦
• I watched her hands as she prepared coffee and she definitely had the shakes. 她准备咖啡的时候，我看着她的手，她绝对在发抖。
countable informal * a milkshake
[ʃeɪk] noun
in two shakes (of a lamb's tail) (also a couple of shakes) old-fashioned informal
■very soon 马上，一会儿
• I'll be with you in two shakes. 我马上就来。
tremble, shudder, quiver, shake, vibrate, shiver
这组词都有“震动，颤抖”的意思，其区别是：
tremble: 指由于寒冷、虚弱、愤怒或恐惧等而发抖、战栗。
shudder: 着重指由于恐惧、震惊等而引起的全身突然而强烈地战栗。
quiver: 多用于指事物。指物体像乐器的弦一般地轻微而急速地颤动。
shake: 最普通用词，含义广。指人或物不自主地颤动、摇摆，常侧重剧烈和无规律。
vibrate: 指急速地连续震动，也指钟摆等的来回摆动。
shiver: 指因寒冷或情绪突变而出现的短时间的轻微和快速的颤抖。
vt. 动摇；摇动；震动
 - rock, swing motion
vi. 动摇；摇动；发抖
 - wave, rock
n. 摇动；哆嗦
 - rocking motion, wafture

Word: except
Front: except
[ɪkˈsept] (中高 1836/2154 -K4)
Vocabulary: except
(once / 28 pages)
v
The preposition except means "excluding." When we refer to the continental United States, we mean the whole country except Alaska and Hawaii.
This word can also be used as a conjunction meaning "but": If you're not very hungry, you might not eat anything, except a few crackers. As a verb, except is often used in the past tense: All drivers must obey the speed limit, but ambulances rushing to the hospital are excepted. Much more rare is the use of except as a verb meaning "to object," which we find mostly in legal contexts.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
accept / except
To accept is to receive, and except is to exclude, usually. Both are busy little words skipping around to different meanings, but they never run into each other.
To accept is to receive something like tea, an idea, or a student into your college:
He accepted tea from Annette without looking at her. (Mary Cholmondeley)
Comments are accepted for a month before guidance is adopted. (Seattle Times)
Mary J. Blige Says She's Been Accepted To Howard University, Howard Disagrees (Huffington Post)
It's difficult to find accept used incorrectly. Score one for English speakers! It's accept's nemesis, except, that poses problems. Except usually means "unless" or "excluding," but it's sometimes used as verb "to leave out." Read all the examples below except the ones you don't like:
He defined solitary confinement as an inmate being held in isolation from all except guards for at least 22 hours a day. (Reuters)
Quiet, benign, his gestures small but eloquent, he barely talks except about the music. (New York Times)
But thickness excepted, he made about the same figure in the street next day. (Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson)
It's the verb form that confuses, and it's usually except when accept is wanted. So remember: to accept is to receive or believe something, but to except is to leave out. Accept something by giving it an A, or exclude it with a big fat X for except.
WORD FAMILY
except: excepted, excepting, exception, excepts+/ exception: exceptionable, exceptional, exceptions/ exceptionable: exceptionably, unexceptionable / exceptional: exceptionally, unexceptional / unexceptionable: unexceptionably/ unexceptional: unexceptionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Multi-stakeholderism” may be, like democracy, the worst form of governance except for all the other ones.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Authorities didn’t provide details about the officers’ injuries except to say they were not life-threatening.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Snagging for paddlefish at night in northeastern Oklahoma would end under a proposed fishing regulation for 2017, except for Riverview Park in Miami.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 把…除外; 不计
prep. 除…外
conj. [口语]要不是; 除非; 除…以外
vi. 反对，表示异议（与 to 或 against连用）
时态：excepted, excepting, excepts
分布：除(89%)，除非(6%)，除外(2%)，若不是(2%)，除了 ... 之外(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-cept, 拿，握，词源同captive, accept.
除外(ex出→cept→拿出)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
(ex外+cept拿)除...之外,把除外[cept=take拿取]
prep.除...之外v.除外;反对As an exception I accept all his concepts and conceptions except one.作为例外,我接受他所有的概念和构想,只有一个除外.
preposition conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■not including; but not （表示不包括）除…之外
• The museum is open daily except Monday(s). 博物馆除了星期一之外每日都开放。
• The government has few options except to keep interest rates high. 政府除了维持高利率外，几乎没有其他的选择。
• It's cool and quiet everywhere except in the kitchen. 除了厨房，其他的房间都很凉爽安静。
• Everyone was there except for Sally. 除了莎莉，大家都在那里。
• There is nothing to indicate the building's past, except (for) the fireplace. 除了壁炉外，再没有甚么地方可以显示这座建筑物的历史了。
• They look very similar except that one is a little taller. 他们长得很像，只是那个人稍微高一些。
except, but, besides, except for
这组词都有“除……之外”的意思，其区别是：
except: 侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。可与but换用，但语气较强。
but: 侧重指不包括在内。
besides: 着重于指另外还有。
except for: 多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。
vi. 反对
 - object, sit down on, to oppose
prep. 除…之外
 - unless, besides, in addition to
conj. 除了；要不是
 - but for

Word: trader
Front: trader
[ˈtreɪdə(r)] (六 5021/3829 -3)
Back: n. 商人; 商船; 交易者
分布：商人(86%)，商船(14%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who buys and sells things 商人，经商者，交易商
• a wool/sugar trader 毛料商／糖商
• His father is a market trader, selling fruit and vegetables. 他的父亲在市场做生意贩卖水果和蔬菜。
 IMPROVER
■a person who buys and sells company shares or money （股票、货币的）交易人
• a stock/currency/futures trader 股票／货币／期货交易人
• He is a well-known trader on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. 他是纽约证券交易所有名的交易人。
dealer, businessman, merchant, tradesman, trader
这组词都有“商人”的意思，其区别是：
dealer: 指商人时多与表商店的字连用。
businessman: 指有经验、善于经营、从事各种买卖活动的买卖人、实业家或工商业家。
merchant: 指从事批发生意的大商人，尤指从事国际贸易的大商人，但在美国或苏格兰等地，也指一般商人。
tradesman: 指零卖商人，开小店的商人。
trader: 指从事贸易工作的人，也指贩子。
n. 交易者；商人； [船] [水运] 商船
 - bargainer, dealer

Word: weakness
Front: weakness
[ˈwi:knəs] (高四六 3487/2867 -K2)
Vocabulary: weakness
(once / 161 pages)
n
The point where something fails to work properly or to hold up is its weakness. If a building crumbles in a storm, it's probably because of a weakness — a flaw or defect — in its structure.
Weakness can indicate a physical weakness, like a chair with one wobbly leg, or flaw in an idea, like a plan for a lemonade stand that doesn't include any cups for serving the lemonade. People can show weakness too, when they are helpless to take action. The origin of weakness can be traced all the way back to its Proto-Indo-European root of weik, "to bend."
WORD FAMILY
weakness: weaknesses+/ weak: weaken, weaker, weakest, weakly, weakness /weaken: weakened, weakener, weakening, weakens/weakener: weakeners/weakening: weakenings/weakly: weaklier, weakliest
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s harder to explain the lingering of symptoms such as fatigue and weakness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
President Putin will continue to exploit signs of weakness or western disunity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition, Tanzman said that students shouldn’t view tutoring as a weakness but a strength to their learning and development.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 弱点，缺点; 软弱，优柔寡断; 弱，衰弱，虚弱; 〈口〉偏爱，癖好
分布：弱点(58%)，软弱(37%)，嗜好(5%)
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when someone or something is not strong or powerful 虚弱；软弱
• Any change of policy will be interpreted as a sign of weakness. 政策上的任何改变都会被当作是软弱的表现。
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular part or quality of someone or something that is not good or effective 弱点；缺点；不足
• There are definite weaknesses in their security arrangements. 他们在安全部署上肯定有漏洞。
• His main weakness as a manager is his inability to delegate. 作为经理，他的主要弱点在于不会授权下属办事。
• The later novels show none of the weaknesses of his earlier work. 后来的小说全无他早期作品中的那些缺点。
weakness for
■a strong liking, usually for something which might have unpleasant or unwanted effects （通常指对不好的东西的）嗜好，迷恋
• My diet would be fine if only I didn't have this weakness for sweet things. 要不是我对甜食过于偏好，我的日常饮食将会比较健康。
n. 弱点；软弱；嗜好
 - habit, appetite, hobby

Word: permanent
Front: permanent
[ˈpɜ:mənənt] (高研四六托雅宝 2464/1993 -K3)
Vocabulary: permanent
(once / 134 pages)
adjn
Something that’s permanent is constant and lasting, as opposed to temporary. Think twice about writing in permanent marker or getting a tattoo — both are just about impossible to erase.
If you wait around for something permanent to change, you'll be there for a long time — maybe forever. That's because the adjective permanent is used to describe something that continues on into the foreseeable future without shifting, moving, or changing at all. You might also come across the noun permanent, which refers to a chemical treatment used to curl your hair. But please know that "perms" aren't really cool anymore.
WORD FAMILY
permanent: impermanent, lastingly, permanence, permanency, permanently, permanents, semipermanent+/impermanence: impermanences/impermanency: impermanencies/ impermanent: impermanence, impermanency, impermanently/ permanence: permanences/permanency: permanencies/semipermanent: semipermanently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was to enable a permanent moon base to support missions to “Mars and other destinations.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
With a permanent smile fixed on her face, she runs to the altar and settles into a life of suburban contentment.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 永久（性）的，永恒的，不变的，耐久的，持久的，经久的; 稳定的; 常务的，常设的
n. 电烫发，烫发
分布：永久的(79%)，持久的(21%)
→per-,整个的，-man,停留，驻立，词源同mansion,remain.引申词义永久的。
永久的(per+man拿住＋ent→永久拿住→永恒的)[per-①表示"贯穿,自始至终"②表示"假,坏"]
持久的,不变的(per始终+man+ent→始终逗留→持久的)[man,main=stay,表示"逗留"]
a.永久的,持久的I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
【反】evanescent（adj 渐消失的；短暂的）；interim（adj 中间的；临时的）；ephemeral（adj 朝生暮死的；短暂的）
US ['pɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■lasting for a long time or forever 长久的；永久的，永恒的
• She is looking for a permanent place to stay. 她正在寻找一个固定的住所。
• Are you looking for a temporary or a permanent job? 你是想找一份临时的还是固定的工作？
• The disease can cause permanent damage to the brain. 这种疾病可能导致大脑永久性损伤。
• A semi-permanent hair dye will wash out after about three months. 半永久性染发剂大约三个月后开始褪色。
• He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen. 他因和一位美国公民结婚而于1988年移居美国并成为永久居民。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that exists or happens all the time 常在的；固定的；永久的
• Mont Blanc has a permanent snow cap. 白朗峰的山顶终年积雪。
• Our office is in a permanent state of chaos. 我们的办公室永远都是一团糟。
UK ['pɜ:.mə.nənt] US ['pɝ:-] noun countable US for perm
permanent, eternal, perpetual, everlasting, endless
这些形容词均有“持久的，永久的”之意。
permanent: 指总是处于相同的情况和地位，可长期持续下去，永久不变。
eternal: 语体较庄重，侧重指永远存在，无始无终。
perpetual: 语气最强，指保持永久不变，没有中断的行为，永无止境地持续下去。有时用于贬义，指令人厌烦之事。
everlasting: 语气较庄重，有时可与eternal换用，侧重持续不尽，或指开始后一直进行下去。
endless: 系日常用词，指无尽无休。
adj. 永久的，永恒的；不变的
 - eternal, constant, steady, lasting, perpetual

Word: master
Front: master
[ˈmɑ:stə(r)] (中高研四六雅 1883/1224 -K4)
Vocabulary: master
(once / 27 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3n 4n
The original of something (like a recording) is the master. Masters are also experts in fields, from karate to painting.
Master actors are brilliant actors: they've mastered the skill of acting: maybe they have a Master of Fine Arts degree. It takes a long time to master anything. The master is the head of a school. People with servants, pets, and (during a horrible period in our history) slaves were called masters. A master key opens many doors, and when you master something, you are extremely good at it. An A+ on a test shows you mastered the material.
WORD FAMILY
master: mastered, masterful, mastering, masteringly, masterless, masterly, masters, mastership, mastery, overmaster+/ masterful: masterfully/masterly: masterlily/mastership: masterships/ mastery: masteries/overmaster: overmastered, overmastering, overmasters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Swedish activist says he was partly driven by “middle-class guilt” but also a conviction that people should be the masters of their own destinies.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As chief minister of Gujarat, one of India’s wealthier states, Modi cultivated a reputation as a master administrator.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Following a master’s at Cornell in 1951, she completed a doctorate at Georgetown University in 1954, where she studied the motion of galaxies.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 硕士; 主人（尤指男性）; 大师; 男教师
vt. 精通，熟练; 作为主人，做…的主人; 征服; 使干燥（染过的物品）
adj. 主要的; 主人的; 精通的，优秀的; 原版的
时态：mastered, mastering, masters
分布：主人(50%)，控制(12%)，硕士(11%)，精通(10%)，主人的(7%)，主要的(5%)，精通的(4%)，专家(1%)
→缩写自古英语maegester,主人，控制者，来自拉丁语magister,首领，头，来自mag-yos-tero,伟大的，来自*meg,巨大的，词源同magnate,*yos,比较级后缀，*tero,比较级后缀。引申词义能手，大师，师父等。
n.男主人;师傅;硕士v.精通,控制a.主要的The master's masterpiece caused a disaster to headmaster.主人的杰作给校长造成灾难.
【参】masterpiece（n 杰作；名著）
US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
CONTROLLER 掌管人
 IMPROVER
■a person who has control over or responsibility for someone or something, or who is the most important or influential (= having most influence) person in a situation or organization 主人；掌管人；最重要的人
• old-fashioned a slave and his master 奴隶和他的主人
• With careful training, a dog will obey its master completely. 经过精心训练的狗会完全服从主人的命令。
• UK The Master of St. John's College will be launching the appeal. 圣约翰学院的院长将发出呼吁。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
SKILLED PERSON 掌握技艺的人
 ADVANCED
■a person who is very skilled in a particular job or activity 大师，名家；专家
• He was a master of disguise. 他是个伪装大师。
■a famous and very skilled painter 杰出画家，著名画家
• This painting is clearly the work of a master. 这幅画显然是名家的作品。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
TEACHER 教师 UK old-fashioned
■a male school teacher 男中学教师
• Mr Wells was my Latin master at school. 威尔斯先生是我念中学时的拉丁语老师。
⇒ See also headmaster
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
COPY 复制
■an original version of something from which copies can be made 原版，母（磁）带，母片
• I've sent her a copy and have kept the master. 我给了她一盒翻录带，母带自己保存。
• You should keep the master copy (= the original) in a safe place. 你应该把母带保存在稳妥的地方。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] noun countable
be your own master
■to be independent and able to make your own decisions 独立，自主
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] verb transitive
CONTROL 控制
■to learn to control an emotion or feeling 征服，制伏；控制
• I finally mastered my fear of flying. 我最终克服了对飞行的恐惧。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] verb transitive
LEARN 学习
■to learn how to do something well 精通，掌握
• to master a technique 掌握一项技术
• She lived in Italy for several years but never quite mastered the language. 她在义大利住了好几年，但始终没怎么学好义大利语。
• He quickly mastered the art of interviewing people. 他很快就掌握了采访的艺术。
UK ['mɑ:.stər] US ['mæs.tɚ] adjective [before noun]
■extremely skilled 技术熟练的；技艺精湛的
• a master craftsman 手艺高超的工匠
• a master chef 技艺不凡的厨师
vt. 控制；精通；征服
 - possess, contain, regulate, bit, bottle
n. 硕士；主人；大师；教师
 - teacher, professor, artist, host, great
adj. 主人的；主要的；熟练的
 - experienced, primary, major, skilled, central

Word: attend
Front: attend
[əˈtend] (高研四托雅 1168/1100 -K4)
Vocabulary: attend
(once / 20 pages)
v
The verb attend means to be present, to listen, or give care or attention to. You can attend your family reunion, attend to a project you've been ignoring, or attend to your teacher's voice.
When you use attend as "pay attention" or "take care of," it's followed by "to." When you use attend as in "attend a party," you don't. If you attend a political rally, you'll want to attend to what the politicians have to say. When you take attendance, you are checking which students have chosen to attend class, i.e. who is in attendance.
WORD FAMILY
attend: attendance, attendant, attended, attender, attending, attends, attention, attentive +/ attendance: attendances, nonattendance/ attendant: attendants/attended: unattended/attender: attenders, nonattender/ attention: attentional, attentions, inattention / attentive: attentively, attentiveness, inattentive / inattention: inattentions/ inattentive: inattentively, inattentiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The UK government's lack of support for start-ups attending the CES tech show is a "source of embarrassment", according to the event's organiser.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That year, her first Oscars season, Ms. Bening playfully deflected personal questions about her budding romance and attended the ceremony with her parents.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 出席; 致力于，献身于; 侍候，照顾; 关注
vt. 出席，参加; [常用被动语态]（作为结果、情况）伴随; 照顾; 陪伴
时态：attended, attending, attends
分布：参加(64%)，出席(27%)，照料(4%)，注意(4%)，专心于(1%)
→前缀at-同ad-. tend，倾向，朝向。指倾听，后指出席会议。
(at+tend关心→关心到了→出度)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
出席;看护(at加强动作+tend→伸展出去→出席)[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
vt.出席,参加;照顾,护理vi.注意;侍奉The attendants attend the meeting and pretend to be attentive.侍从们出席会议并装出专注的样子.
verb
BE PRESENT 出席
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive slightly formal
■to go to an event, place, etc. 出席，参加；到场
• Over two hundred people attended the funeral. 二百多人参加了葬礼。
• The meeting is on the fifth and we're hoping everyone will attend. 会议将在5号举行，我们希望大家都能出席。
⇒ See also well-attended
 IMPROVER transitive slightly formal
■to go officially and usually regularly to a place 经常去，定期去
• Which school do your children attend? 你们的孩子在哪间学校就读？
• I attended the classes/seminars/lectures for a month or two. 这些课程／研讨会／讲座我去听了一两个月。
  Common Learner Errors  attend Remember that when attend means 'to go to an event, place, etc' it is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'attend to an event/place etc', say attend an event/place etc :
✗ Twenty of our staff will attend to the training course. Twenty of our staff will attend the training course.
[ə'tend] verb
NOTICE 注意
intransitive formal
■to give attention to what someone is saying 注意；倾听
• I'm afraid I wasn't attending to what was being said. 恐怕我没注意听说了些甚么。
[ə'tend] verb
PROVIDE HELP 提供帮助
transitive
■to provide a service to someone, especially as part of your job; to care for or deal with someone or something （尤指作为工作）服侍，陪同，看护，照顾
• The Princess was attended by her ladies-in-waiting. 公主由其女侍臣随从侍候。
[ə'tend] verb
RESULT FROM 由于
transitive formal
■to happen as a result of, and at the same time as 伴随…而至；（作为结果）伴随
• the publicity that attends a career in television 从事电视行业必然带来的抛头露面
[ə'tend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  attend to sb/sth
■to deal with something or help someone 处理；照顾，关心
• Doctors tried to attend to the worst injured soldiers first. 医生们首先努力救治受伤最严重的士兵。
• I always have so many things to attend to when I come into the office after a trip abroad. 我每次从国外旅行回来，一到办公室就会有一大堆的事情需要处理。
conduct, attend, escort, accompany
这组词都有“陪同，伴随”的意思，其区别是：
conduct: 无论用于人或物均指引导带领。
attend: 侧重主从关系，即下级对上级，学生对老师等，或表恭、服侍。
escort: 通常指用车或人在陆上伴随、护送，其目的是保护或出于礼节。
accompany: 既可指人也可指物。用于人时，侧重关系紧密或同时发生。
take part in, attend, participate, join
这组词都有“参加，加入”的意思，其区别是：
take part in: 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。
attend: 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等。
participate: 正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。
join: 普通用词，指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
vt. 出席；上（大学等）；照料；招待；陪伴
 - present oneself, invite, serve, board, mind
vi. 出席；致力于；照料；照顾
 - present oneself, nurse

Word: militant
Front: militant
[ˈmɪlɪtənt] (研六托雅宝 7179/8006 -3)
Vocabulary: militant
(once / 607 pages)
adjn
A militant is someone who is engaged in a war or who acts aggressively for their cause. If you are militant in your beliefs, you do not question them anymore than a soldier questions his orders.
In the context of undeclared or guerrilla warfare, enemy fighters are often referred to not as soldiers but as militants, because they are not members of a formal army. As an adjective, militant often has a negative feel–-the feminist movement was set back by the far right's depiction of the militant feminist.
WORD FAMILY
militant: militance, militancy, militantly, militants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In Istanbul, twin bombings killed 44 people outside a soccer stadium, in an attack claimed by Kurdish militants.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 斗志昂扬的，富于战斗性的; 激进的，好战的; 战斗中的，交战中的; 好斗者
n. 激进分子，好斗分子; 富有战斗精神的人，斗士
分布：激进分子(62%)，好战的(32%)，斗士(5%)，积极从事或支持使用武力的(1%)
→来自military,军事的，军队的，-ant,人。引申词义好斗者，好战的，激进的等。
好战的(ilit+ant)[milit=soldier,表示"兵"]
a.好战的,富于战斗性的n.斗士A few militant members of the crowd attacked the vendor.人群中几个好斗的人攻击了那个小贩.
adjective
■active, determined and often willing to use force 激进的；行动积极的；好战的，好斗的
• militant union extremists 激进好斗的工会极端分子
• The group has taken a militant position on the abortion issue and is refusing to compromise. 这个团体在堕胎问题上采取强硬立场，不肯妥协。
adj. 好战的
 - fighting, combative
n. 富有战斗性的人；好斗者
 - gamecock

Word: observer
Front: observer
[əbˈzɜ:və(r)] (四六 2456/2645 -3)
Vocabulary: observer
(once / 191 pages)
n
An observer is someone who watches or pays attention to something — if you're an observer of current events, you probably watch the news and read the newspaper every day to keep up with what's going on.
You can be an accidental observer of something, like pedestrians who happen to witness an accident and become observers of it. Another kind of observer is one who notices things deliberately, like political observers who watch and comment on various events. Many newspapers once had the word observer in their names, from this second sense of the word. The verb observe has a Latin root, observare, which means "watch over, note, heed, or attend to."
WORD FAMILY
observer: observers+/ observable: observably, unobservable/ observance: nonobservance, observances/ observant: nonobservant, observantly, unobservant/ observation: observational, observations/observational: observationally/ observatory: observatories/ observe: observable, observance, observant, observation, observatory, observed, observer, observes, observing/ observed: unobserved/observing: observingly/unobservable: unobservably/unobservant: unobservantly/unobserved: unobservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The move by Swiss authorities also indicates a tougher stance, observers say.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Victor, a professor at the University of California at San Diego, is one of the closest observers of global climate politics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The court will appoint observers to run cricket administration in India until a new president and secretary are appointed.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 遵守者，观察者; 观察团; 观察员
分布：观察者(100%)
US [-'zɝ:vɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who watches what happens but has no active part in it 观察者；观察家
• observers of the political situation/political observers 政治观察家
• UN observers are monitoring the ceasefire. 联合国观察员在监督此次停火。
n. [仪] [天] 观察者； [电子] 观测者；遵守者
 - viewer, watcher

Word: hide
Front: hide
[haɪd] (中高研四六托宝 1255/1486 -K3)
Vocabulary: hide
(once / 47 pages)
1v 2nv
You can hide your feelings or you can hide your mom’s birthday present. You can even hide yourself if you need to avoid someone. Whatever it is, when you hide something, you put it out of sight.
Hide can mean that you keep something secret, like the way you really feel about your dad’s meatloaf. You can also hide something physical. If you spill juice on your white sofa, you can hide the stain with a pillow. Sometimes people hide also — that means the person stays out of sight. A bankrobber will hide from the police, or you might hide from your mom to avoid doing the dishes.
WORD FAMILY
hide: hid, hidden, hides, hiding+/ hidden: hiddenest, hiddenly, hiddenness/hiding: hidings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another columnist the same month asked whether Gülenists might be hiding “in churches.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Separately, a young African man was found hidden in a woman's suitcase.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She hides her scars and walks as if nothing happened.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 隐藏; 躲避，隐匿，躲藏; 遮蔽，覆盖
vi. 隐瞒; 遮住; 遮挡; 掩盖
n. 兽皮; <口>生命; <口>人的皮肤; （观看野生动物的）隐蔽处
时态：hid, hidden, hiding, hides
分布：藏(84%)，隐瞒(11%)，兽皮(3%)，鞭打(1%)，遮避(1%)
→来自skeu,隐藏，遮盖，词源同house,cuticle,sky.引申词义兽皮。
v.隐藏,躲藏;隐瞒n.皮革,兽皮The bottle is hidden in the bottom of a ton of cotton the cottage.瓶子被藏在农舍里一吨棉花的底部.
verb (hid, hidden)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put something or someone in a place where they cannot be seen or found, or to put yourself somewhere where you cannot be seen or found 把…藏起来；躲藏
• She used to hide her diary under her pillow. 她过去常把自己的日记藏在枕头下。
• A kilo of heroin was found hidden inside the lining of the suitcase. 在那个手提箱的内衬里发现藏有一公斤海洛因。
• I like wearing sunglasses - I feel I can hide behind them. 我喜欢戴太阳眼镜——我觉得我可以躲在镜片后面。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to prevent something from being seen 遮掩，遮盖
• He tries to hide his bald patch by sweeping his hair over to one side. 他试图把头发梳向一边来掩盖他头顶上的秃块。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not show an emotion 掩饰（情感）
• She tried to hide her disappointment at not getting the promotion. 她试图掩饰自己对没有得到擢升的失望。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If you hide information from someone, you do not allow that person to know it 隐瞒（消息）
• I feel sure there's something about her past that she's trying to hide from me. 我确信她想对我隐瞒她的某些过去。
[haɪd] verb (hid, hidden)
Don't hide your light under a bushel. saying
■said to advise someone not to keep their good qualities and abilities secret from other people 不要深藏不露；不要总是隐而不显
[haɪd] noun
SKIN 皮
countable or uncountable
■the strong thick skin of an animal which is used for making leather （用于制作皮革的）兽皮
[haɪd] noun
FOR WATCHING BIRDS/ANIMALS 观察鸟类／野兽
countable UK (US blind)
■a place where people can watch wild animals or birds without being noticed by them （可以观察野兽或鸟类的）隐藏处，躲藏处
hide, fur, peel, leather, skin
这组词都有“皮，皮肤”的意思，其区别是：
hide: 多指大型动物的厚皮，也指没有鞣的牛、马等皮革。
fur: 现多指猫、兔等动物软毛皮，也指其它动物的毛皮。
peel: 指剩下的或可以剥去的果皮或蔬菜皮。
leather: 通常指经过加工的熟皮，可用于制作各种皮革制品。
skin: 最常用词，指人的皮肤或动物的皮，也可指水果、植物和种子等的外皮。
deceive, cheat, hide, conceal
deceive: 不告诉实情
cheat: 不诚实手段获取个人利益；
hide: 不含故意的意思；
conceal: 故意隐藏；
screen, hide, conceal
这组词都有“隐藏，隐蔽”的意思，其区别是：
screen: 指把处于被发现的人或物掩盖起来，使其不被发现。
hide: 普通用词，既可指有意地隐藏，又可指无意或偶然地藏匿。
conceal: 正式用词，多强调有目的、有意识，巧妙地进行隐藏或隐瞒。
vt. 隐藏；隐瞒；鞭打
 - lock, pocket, conceal
vi. 隐藏
 - bottle up, keep in
n. 躲藏；兽皮；躲藏处
 - fell, jook

Word: suspend
Front: suspend
[səˈspend] (研四六托雅宝 3775/3116 -3)
Vocabulary: suspend
(once / 174 pages)
v
You can use the verb suspend any time you need to stop something. Whether it’s your judgment, a rule, or bus service, when you suspend it, you temporarily bring it to a halt.
Suspend often describes stopping an activity for a while. A winter storm, for example, may suspend air travel until weather conditions improve. Suspend also works in a more figurative sense, such as when you suspend your doubt in order to give someone or something a fair chance. A student who is suspended is temporarily forbidden from attending class. Don't confuse this with expel, which means he or she may never return.
WORD FAMILY
suspend: resuspend, suspended, suspender, suspending, suspends, suspension +/resuspend: resuspended/suspender: suspenders/ suspension: suspensions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Farmer, who started at outside linebacker in place of the suspended Manny Bowen, said the nerves disappeared after his first collision on special teams.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was suspended in December 2014 when the animals were placed back on the endangered species list due to a Federal court decision.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A month after being suspended from work, Ozakca learned he was being fired.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 暂停; 延缓; 挂; 悬
时态：suspended, suspending, suspends
分布：暂停(72%)，中止(22%)，悬浮(5%)，勒令停职(1%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-pend,悬挂，词源同 depend,pendulum.引申词义暂停，中止。
悬挂,中止(sus+pend挂→挂在下面→悬挂)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
悬吊;停止(sus在...下面+pend→挂在下面→悬吊,引申为中止)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
v.悬(浮),挂;暂停,取消;推迟We saw smoke suspended in the still air.我们看见烟悬浮在静止的空气中.
【记】sus下面，pend挂－挂在下面－悬挂；悬挂起来不用－暂停
【反】let fall（使下落）；erect（v 使竖立；建立）；invoke（v 调用；使用）
verb
STOP 停止
 ADVANCED transitive
■to stop or to cause to be not active, either temporarily or permanently 停止，暂停，中止
• The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，渡船已经停开。
• The President has suspended the constitution and assumed total power. 总统废除宪法，独揽大权。
• When you go to the theatre, you have to be willing to suspend disbelief (= to act as if you believe that what you are seeing is real or true, although you know that it is not). 去戏院看戏时，你得对剧情深信不疑。
• I'm suspending judgment (= not forming an opinion) on the book I'm reading until I've finished it. 在把书读完之前，我不会对它作出任何评价。
• legal Mr Young was given a six-month jail sentence suspended for two years (= If he commits another crime within two years, he will have to go to prison for six months for his original crime). 杨先生被判监禁六个月，缓刑两年执行。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If someone is suspended from work, school, etc., they are temporarily not allowed to work, go to school or take part in an activity because they have done something wrong （因犯错而）暂令停职，暂令停学，暂令停止参加活动
• She was suspended from school for fighting. 她因为打架而被勒令停学。
• He was suspended for four matches after arguing with the referee. 跟裁判发生争执之后，他被禁赛四场。
[sə'spend] verb
HANG 悬挂
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hang 悬挂
• The builders worked on wooden platforms, suspended by ropes from the roof of the building. 建筑工人站在用绳子从房顶上吊下来的木制平台上工作。
• It was very uncomfortable lying on the hospital bed with my legs suspended in the air. 我躺在医院的病床上，腿悬吊在半空，难受极了。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If small pieces of solid material are suspended in a gas or a liquid, they hang or float in the gas or liquid 悬浮，漂浮
• The drug is suspended in a saline solution. 这种药悬浮在生理盐水中。
• A cloud of smoke was suspended in the air. 空中飘浮着一团烟雾。
suspend, defer, postpone, prolong, delay, put off
这组词都有“推延，延期”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 指暂时中断以待某种条件的实现。
defer: 正式用词，语气强于postpone，多指故意拖延。
postpone: 正式用词，语气较强，多指有安排的延期，常指明延期到一定的时间。
prolong: 指把时间延长至超过正常或通常的限度。
delay: 普通用词，多指因外界原因推迟或耽误，也可指有意推迟。
put off: 口语用词，与postpone同义，但较通俗。
suspend, hang
这组词都有“挂，吊”的意思，其区别是：
suspend: 侧重悬挂物支撑点的灵活性和活动自由。
hang: 通常指一端固定于一点或一条线上，另一端悬于空中的状态。
vt. 使暂停；延缓，推迟；使悬浮
 - wait, phase back

Word: advice
Front: advice
[ədˈvaɪs] (中高研四六托雅 1641/962 -K4)
Vocabulary: advice
(once / 103 pages)
n
Advice is a suggestion about what to do. If you just can't decide between the pecan pie and the chocolate torte, ask the waiter for his advice.
Advice comes from old French words for seeing, or view. It first meant opinion, but came to mean an opinion about what to do. If you become President, you'll gather a cabinet to give you their advice. If your doctor tells you to eat better, exercise more, and take up swimming, that's her medical advice. Someone gives you their advice, never "an advice." You can, however, ask for a "piece of advice."
WORD FAMILY
advice: advices
USAGE EXAMPLES
For more tips from psychologists on how to keep resolutions, see this advice from the American Psychological Association.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Asking locals for advice, learning how to read people’s body language and researching countries beforehand is also important.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That was one reader’s suggestion after voters ignored our advice and elected Donald Trump president.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 劝告，忠告; （商业）通知; 建议; （政治，外交上的）报导，报告
分布：建议(65%)，忠告(20%)，劝告(15%)
→同advise. 与advise的区别主要是后期语言学者人为的影响。比较licence,license，完全通用。
n.劝告,忠告,(医生等的)意见I want your advice on this.我希望你就这个给我忠告.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an opinion which someone offers you about what you should do or how you should act in a particular situation 意见；忠告；劝告
• Steven gave me some good advice. 斯蒂芬给了我一些好建议。
• I think I'll take your advice (= do what you suggest) and get the green dress. 我想，我就听你的建议，拿这件绿色连衣裙吧。
• Can I give you a piece of advice? 你想听听我的建议吗？
• I need some advice on which computer to buy. 我需要听听别人的意见来决定买哪种电脑。
• [+ to infinitive] My advice is to go by train. 我建议坐火车去。
• We went to Paris on Sarah's advice. 我们听从萨拉的建议去了巴黎。
[əd'vaɪs] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  advice or advise? Warning: do not confuse the noun advice with the verb advise :
✗ I advice you to see a lawyer. I advise you to see a lawyer.
[əd'vaɪs] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  advice Advice does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of advice , do not say 'advices', say advice , some advice or a lot of advice :
✗ She listens to me and gives me a lot of useful advices. She listens to me and gives me a lot of useful advice. To talk about advice in the singular, do not say 'an advice', say a piece of advice.
✗ She gave me a useful advice. She gave me a useful piece of advice.
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
n. 建议；忠告；劝告；通知
 - suggestion, proposal, information, instance, notice

Word: equal
Front: equal
[ˈi:kwəl] (高研四六托雅 1830/1547 -K4)
Vocabulary: equal
(once / 32 pages)
1adjnv 2adj
Things that are the same size or have the same traits are said to be equal. When it comes to people, being equal means everyone has the same rights and opportunities — and responsibilities.
When two or more things are level or balanced, they are said to be equal. This balance can refer to volume, weight, or quantity, or any other trait being compared. In a contest in which each side has the same chance of winning, the match is said to be equal. And when a person is considered at the same level with another in some respect, he or she is said to be that person's equal.
WORD FAMILY
equal: coequal, equaled, equaling, equalise, equality, equalize, equalled, equalling, equally, equals, equate, unequal+/coequal: coequally/ equable: equablest, equably/equaled: unequaled/equalisation: equalisations/equalise: equalisation, equalised, equaliser, equalises, equalising/equalised: unequalised/equalitarian: equalitarianism/ equality: equalitarian, equalities, inequality /equalization: equalizations/equalize: equalization, equalized, equalizer, equalizes, equalizing/equalized: unequalized/equalizer: equalizers/equalled: unequalled/ equate: equable, equatability, equated, equates, equating, equation, equator / equation: equations/ equator: equatorial, equators/equatorial: equatorially, equatorials/ inequality: inequalities/unequal: unequally
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the first time since 1893, there are an equal number of Democrats and Republicans in the state Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That would roughly equal all revenue generated by the NFL.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
The new film revolves around Reynolds’s determination to keep performing and Fisher’s equal determination to protect her mother and see her hopes fulfilled.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 相等的，平等的; 平稳的; 势均力敌的; 胜任的
vt. 等于; 比得上; 使相等; 同样看待
n. 同样的人; 相等的数量; 能与之比拟的东西; （地位、实力等）相同的人
vi. 相等，相平（与out连用）
时态：equalled, equalling, equals
分布：平等(42%)，等于(25%)，平等的(21%)，相等的(8%)，比得上(3%)，同辈(1%)
→来自拉丁文aequus,平衡，相等。
相等的,平等的(equ+al)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
a.相等的;胜任的n.相等的事务;对手v.等于Qualified quality and adequate quantity are equally important.合格的质量和足够的数量同等重要.
adjective
SAME 相同的
 ESSENTIAL
■the same in amount, number or size, or the same in importance and deserving the same treatment （数量、大小）相同的，相等的；（地位、待遇）平等的，同等的
• All people are equal, deserving the same rights as each other. 所有人都是平等的，享有同等的权利。
• They've got a long way to go before they achieve equal pay/status for men and women. 要实现男女同工同酬／地位平等，他们仍有很长的路要走。
• One litre is equal to 1.76 imperial pints. 1升等于1.76 英制品脱。
• One box may look bigger than the other, but in fact they are roughly (= almost) equal in volume. 一个盒子可能看起来比另一个大，但其实它们的容量大致相等。
['i:.kwəl] adjective
ABLE 有能力的
[after verb] formal
■skilled or brave enough for a difficult duty or piece of work （能力、勇气）胜任的，合适的，相当的
• It's a challenging job but I'm sure you'll prove equal to it. 这项工作很有挑战性，但是我相信你最终有能力完成它。
• Is he equal to the task ? 他能胜任这项任务吗？
['i:.kwəl] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■someone or something that has the same importance as someone or something else and deserves the same treatment （应获得同等待遇的）同等重要的人或物
• The good thing about her as a boss is that she treats us all as equals. 作为老板，她的优点就在于她对待我们一视同仁。
• Throughout her marriage she never considered her husband as her intellectual equal. 自结婚之日起，她一直就认为在才智上她丈夫根本无法和她相提并论。
• As an all-round athlete he has no equal (= no-one else is as good). 他作为一名全能运动员，无人可望其项背。
['i:.kwəl] verb [L only + noun] transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
BE THE SAME 使平等
■to be the same in value or amount as something else 与某物的质量或数量相等
• Sixteen ounces equals one pound. 16盎司等于1磅。
■to achieve the same standard or level as someone else, or the same standard or level as you did before 达到其他人或自己过去所达的相同标准或水准
• We raised over $500 for charity last year and we're hoping to equal that this year. 去年我们筹得的善款超过500美元，今年我们希望可以与去年持平。
['i:.kwəl] verb [L only + noun] transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
RESULT IN 导致
■to result in something 造成…
• He disputed the idea that more money equals better education. 他质疑更多的投资会带来更好的教育这一观点。
rival, equal, match
这组词都有“相称，比得上，与……相比”的意思，其区别是：
rival: 指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。
equal: 指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。
match: 指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
adj. [数] 平等的；相等的；胜任的
 - competent, adequate, equivalent, even
vt. 等于；比得上
 - be equivalent to, bear comparison with
n. 对手；匹敌；同辈； [数] 相等的事物
 - comparative, opponent, rival, match, adversary

Word: reaction
Front: reaction
[riˈækʃn] (四六 1409/1269 -K4)
Vocabulary: reaction
(once / 239 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A reaction is an action taken in response to something. If you're telling your parents that you want to move out, you'll see by their reaction that they're sad about it.
A reaction is often a physical in nature. A chemical reaction describes the way a chemical behaves when combined with another substance. The way your body responds to a medication or external influence is a physical reaction. Think of the way cold air causes you to get goose bumps on your arms. It can also describe something more emotional, for instance a person’s reaction of laughter when told a funny story.
WORD FAMILY
reaction: reactionary, reactionism, reactions+/ overreact: overreacted, overreacting, overreaction, overreacts/overreaction: overreactions/ react: overreact, reactant, reacted, reacting, reaction, reactive, reacts/ reactionary: reactionaries, reactionarily/reactionism: reactionist/ reactive: reactively, reactivity, unreactive
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the “silence and sighs”? The allegedly negative reaction was experienced by precisely one colleague on exactly one call, unsolicited by the Conways.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
There was no immediate reaction from China to Trump’s tweet.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 反应; 反作用力; 反动; 保守
分布：反应(87%)，化学反应(7%)，反动(3%)，反应能力(1%)，生理反应(1%)，复旧(1%)
→来自 react,反应，反抗，-ion,名词后缀。
【记】re反，action动－反应
noun
BEHAVIOUR 反应
 ESSENTIAL countable
■behaviour, a feeling or an action that is a direct result of something else 反应；回应
• I love to watch people's reactions when I say who I am. 我喜欢观察人们在听到我说出我是谁时的反应。
• There has been an immediate/widespread/hostile reaction against the government's proposed tax increases. 人们对政府的增税计划迅速作出了反应／政府的增税计划引起了广泛的反应／政府的增税计划遭到了反对。
• Reactions to the proposal so far have been adverse/favourable/mixed. 到目前为止，人们对该计划一直持反对态度／表示支持／反应不一。
reactions [plural]
■someone's ability to act quickly when something happens （对突发事件的）反应能力，反应灵敏度
• You need to have quick reactions to play these computer games. 玩这些电脑游戏要反应灵敏。
countable usually singular
■a type of behaviour or opinion that is produced or held with the intention of being different from something else 反对；抗拒；对抗
• Her left-wing views are a reaction against the conservatism of her parents. 她的左翼观点是对父母保守主义政见的一种对抗。
[ri'æk.ʃən] noun
UNPLEASANT EFFECT 不良反应
 ADVANCED countable
■an unpleasant effect resulting from eating particular things or taking particular drugs （对食物、药物等的）不良反应，过敏
• Some people have an allergic reaction to shellfish. 有些人吃贝类会有过敏反应。
[ri'æk.ʃən] noun
SCIENCE 化学
countable or uncountable
■when two or more substances react with and change each other 化学反应
• a chemical reaction （化学反应中的）反应体，反应物
[ri'æk.ʃən] noun
NO CHANGE 没有变化
uncountable disapproving
■the belief or principle that there should be no social or political change, and the attempt to stop such change from happening 反动；保守；守旧
• We must not allow reaction to stand in the way of progress. 我们一定不能让保守主义成为前进道路上的绊脚石。
n. [生理] [化学] [医] 反应，感应；反动，复古； [力] 反作用
 - response, behavior, induction, reception

Word: salary
Front: salary
[ˈsæləri] (高研四六雅 2455/2751 -K3)
Vocabulary: salary
(once / 256 pages)
n
The pay or wages you earn for doing your job is called your salary. You might prefer your low-paying job to one with a higher salary because you have so much fun with your co-workers.
Salary comes from the Latin word salarium, which also means "salary" and has the root sal, or "salt." In ancient Rome, it specifically meant the amount of money allotted to a Roman soldier to buy salt, which was an expensive but essential commodity. Today, salt is an inexpensive purchase at the grocery store, and your salary is certainly to be paid in your country's currency.
WORD FAMILY
salary: salaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he'd consider a reduced salary to return, which would probably be the only way for that to happen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The teachers at Strain-Japan earn an average of $32,471 a year, which is a third less than the average Missouri teacher’s salary.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Franklin earns $4.5 million a year, plus bonuses, according to USA Today’s college football salary database.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 薪水，薪金，薪俸
vt. 给…加薪; 给…薪水; 发…薪水; 付…薪水
分布：薪水(99%)，给 ... 薪水(1%)
→来自拉丁语 salarium,薪金，薪水，薪俸，来自 sal,盐，词源同 salt,盐。字面意思即买盐钱， 因盐的重要性而得名，或来自古代社会给士兵发盐的真实历史。
工资(古代工钱以盐多少计算)[sal=salt表示"盐"]
工资(sal盐,古代发盐抵工资)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
n.薪金,薪水What's your salary?你领取多少薪水?
US [-ɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly into his or her bank account every month 薪资，薪水
• an annual salary of £20 000 年薪20000英镑
• His net monthly salary is £1500. 他每月薪资净领1500英镑。
• She's on quite a good/decent salary in her present job. 她目前的工作薪水相当丰厚。
• He took a drop in (= accepted a lower) salary when he changed jobs. 换工作时，他接受了较低的薪水。
• a 10% salary increase 加薪10％
Compare wage
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. [劳经] 薪水
 - emolument, paycheck

Word: complicate
Front: complicate
[ˈkɒmplɪkeɪt] (研四六托宝 5983/9479 -K1)
Vocabulary: complicate
(once / 242 pages)
v
To complicate things is to make them more complex, confusing, or difficult. So if you've already accepted two party invitations for Saturday night, don't complicate the situation by accepting a third.
This verb dates back to the 17th century, when it meant “to intertwine” or “to fold together." This intertwining and folding together, however, sometimes don't work out so well. An infection can complicate an injury. A detour for road construction will complicate your usual route. And directions that are written in another language — and without pictures — complicate the assembly of furniture and toys.
WORD FAMILY
complicate: complicated, complicates, complicating, complication+/ complicated: complicatedly, complicatedness, uncomplicated/complicatedness: complicatednesses/complication: complications/uncomplicated: uncomplicatedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, quarterback is a more complicated, urgent and tone-setting position.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The long incubation times complicate thinking about dinosaur behavior.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For nearly all of us, government finance and budgeting are complicated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使复杂化; 使错综，使混乱; 使卷入; 变复杂
adj. 复杂的; 麻烦的; （昆虫的翅）纵折的
时态：complicated, complicating, complicates
分布：复杂的(75%)，使复杂化(20%)，使起纠纷(5%)
→com-, 强调。-plic, 编织，组成，词源apply,implicate. 即多成分，复杂的。
弄复杂(com全部+plic+ate→全部重叠起来→弄复杂)[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.使..复杂;使..难懂;使(疾病等)恶化;The complicated indicator is dedicated to the delicate delicious machine.这个复杂的指示器被奉献给精密而美妙的机器.
【记】com共同，plic重叠，ate吃－共同重叠起来吃一象麦当劳的巨无霸－比较复杂
【参】complicated（adj 复杂的）；complication（n 复杂的情况）complexity（n 复杂性；复杂的事物）
US ['kɑ:m-] verb transitive
■to make something more difficult to deal with, do or understand 使复杂化；使更难懂；使更麻烦
• It will only complicate the situation if we invite his old girlfriend as well. 如果我们同时也邀请他以前的女友，只会使事情更加复杂。
• The rescue operation has been complicated by bad weather. 恶劣的天气使救援工作变得更加艰难。
• These new rules have complicated the tax system even further. 这些新规定使税收制度更加复杂。
■If one illness complicates another illness, it makes the other illness worse 使（疾病）恶化，加重
• The breathing problem has now been complicated by a chest infection. 因为胸腔感染，他的呼吸问题变得更加严重了。
vt. 使复杂化；使恶化；使卷入
 - aggravate, exacerbate

Word: harm
Front: harm
[hɑ:m] (高研四六托 3651/3189 -K3)
Vocabulary: harm
(once / 97 pages)
nv
Harm is a deliberate injury or damage to someone or something. A playground bully is a mean kid who causes harm to other kids.
Harm is both a noun and a verb — when you inflict harm on your brother, you harm him. Physically hurting someone is only one way to harm them. If a classmate spreads a mean rumor about you, that also harms you. The Old English root word is hearm, which means "hurt" and "pain," but also "evil" and "insult."
WORD FAMILY
harm: harmed, harmful, harming, harmless, harms+/harmed: unharmed/ harmful: harmfully, harmfulness/ harmless: harmlesser, harmlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Protecting patients from harm is the most important charge for any hospital,” said Binder.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The highest price, though, would be the harm to political freedom.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Negotiators eventually won the release of the hostages by assuring the inmates that they would not be harmed or transferred to other prisons.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 损害; 伤害; 危害
vt. 伤害; 损害; 危害
时态：harmed, harming, harms
分布：伤害(49%)，危害(33%)，损害(18%)
→来自古英语hearm,伤害，疼痛，来自kormo,伤痛。
n./v.伤害,损害,危害The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■physical or other injury or damage 伤害；损害；危害
• Both deny conspiring to cause actual bodily harm. 两人都否认蓄意造成人身伤害。
• A mistake like that will do his credibility a lot of harm. 那样的错误会给他的信誉带来很大损害。
• Missing a meal once in a while never did anyone any harm. 偶尔少吃一顿饭对身体无害。
• You could always ask Jim if they need any more staff in his office - (there's) no harm in asking (= no one will be annoyed and you might benefit). 你可以随时问问吉姆他们办公室里还需不需要人——问问看没坏处。
• She meant no harm (= did not intend to offend) , she was joking. 她并无恶意，只是在开玩笑。
• She was frightened by the experience but she came to no harm (= was not hurt). 这次经验让她受惊了，还好并没有受伤。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
do more harm than good
■to be damaging and not helpful 弊大于利
• Getting involved at this stage would do more harm than good. 在这个阶段涉入此事弊大于利。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] noun uncountable
out of harm's way
■in a position which is safe from harm or from which harm cannot be done 在安全的地方；安全地
• The children will be here soon - you'd better put that plate out of harm's way. 孩子们很快就会来这里——你最好把盘子放在安全的地方。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to hurt someone or damage something 伤害，损害
• Thankfully no one was harmed in the accident. 谢天谢地，没有人在事故中受伤。
• The government's reputation has already been harmed by a series of scandals. 政府的声誉已因一连串丑闻受到了损害。
UK [hɑ:m] US [hɑ:rm] verb transitive
harm a hair on sb's head
■to hurt someone 伤害（某人），动（某人）一根寒毛
• If he so much as harms a hair on her head I won't be responsible for my actions. 如果他胆敢动她一根寒毛，就别怪我不客气。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
n. 伤害；损害
 - damage, detriment
vt. 伤害；危害；损害
 - hurt, knife, injure

Word: duty
Front: duty
[ˈdju:ti] (中高研四六雅 1752/846 -K4)
Vocabulary: duty
(once / 33 pages)
1n 2n
When you've done your duty, you've done what you're supposed to and met your responsibilities. Your sense of duty as a citizen might compel you to vote; it might also keep you from voting twice.
A duty is an obligation, and we get new duties with new positions in life, like taking a job, or becoming a parent. You didn't realize one of your duties as club president would be cleaning up after meetings. A police officer or cab driver can be on-duty or off-duty. As an off-duty police officer, you might still feel it's your duty to stop a robbery. Duty also means "tax," which is why people like shopping duty-free at the airport.
WORD FAMILY
duty: duteous, dutiable, duties, dutiful +/ duteous: duteously/ dutiful: dutifully, dutifulness, undutiful/undutiful: undutifully, undutifulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It seemed his first duty was keeping a constant smile, even as he battled through what is now his third bout with cancer, Long said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Barkley was a fill-in who started the season on the practice squad, thrust into duty by injuries to Jay Cutler and Brian Hoyer.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“However, terrorists don't share moral values. Our common duty is to combat terrorists' aggression,” Putin said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 职责，责任; 义务; 职责或工作; 税收
分布：责任(39%)，职责(21%)，义务(18%)，税(16%)，关税(6%)
→来自due, 欠债的，应当的。引申词义责任，税。
n.义务,责任;职务;税The virtueless girl's duty is to wash the dirty shirts and skirts in the outskirts.无美德女孩的职责就是在郊区洗脏衬衣和裙子.
US ['du:.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
RESPONSIBILITY 责任
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you have to do because it is part of your job, or something that you feel is the right thing to do 责任；义务
• The duty of the agency is to act in the best interests of the child. 这个机构的责任就是为孩子谋取最大利益。
• [+ to infinitive] I felt it was my duty to tell them the truth. 我觉得我有责任告诉他们真相。
• You have a duty to yourself to take a holiday now and then. 偶尔你该给自己放个假。
• He only went to see her out of duty (= because he thought he should). 他去看她只是出于义务。
• You should report for duty (= arrive at work) at 8 am on Monday. 你应该在周一上午八点报到。
• What time are you off/on duty (= When do you finish/start work) tomorrow? 明天你几点下／上班？
be duty bound to do sth
■to have to do something because it is your duty 有义务做…，有责任干…
• We are duty bound to justify how we spend our funds. 我们有义务把资金使用情况说清楚。
UK ['dju:.ti] US ['du:.tˌi] noun countable or uncountable
TAX 税
■a tax paid to the government, especially on things that you bring into a country 税；（尤指进口）关税
• There's a high duty on alcohol. 酒类的关税很高。
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
n. 责任； [税收] 关税； [管理] 职务
 - liability, burden, trust, blame

Word: barrier
Front: barrier
[ˈbæriə(r)] (高研四六托雅宝 2609/2629 -K3)
Vocabulary: barrier
(once / 329 pages)
n
Barriers are walls, either physical or metaphorical. They can block movement — the Great Wall of China was a barrier to block invading forces from entering. A window shade is a light barrier. Failing English is a barrier to getting into Harvard.
When people are being excluded from joining a clique, you could say that the clique has erected a social barrier. When fighter jets fly faster than the speed of sound, they break through what feels like a wall in the sky called the sound barrier. The Green Monster at Fenway Park keeps Boston Red Sox fans from being able to watch games from outside the stadium — it's a barrier to sight. But when line drives hit the Green Monster, bouncing the ball back into left field, the Green Monster acts also a barrier to easy home runs.
WORD FAMILY
barrier: barriers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Obstacles on the internet, just like barriers to trade, are easy to decry but hard to prevent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"Those are new," he said, pointing to the barriers just before 6 a.m..
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 障碍; 屏障; 栅栏; 分界线
vt. 把…关入栅栏; 用栅栏围住
分布：屏障(74%)，障碍物(15%)，栅栏(11%)
→来自bar, 杆，棍，阻拦。
栅栏(barr+ier)[barr=stick表示,"捧,栏"]
障碍物(barr栅栏+ier)[-ier表名词"人或物"]
障碍[barr=bar(栅栏)]
n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物)In the bar the barber bargained for a jar of jam, then got over the barrier of barrels.在酒巴里理发师为一罐果酱讲了价然后越过桶作的屏障.
US [-ɚ] noun countable
FENCE 栅栏
 IMPROVER
■a long pole, fence, wall or natural feature, such as a mountain or sea, that stops people from going somewhere 隔栏；屏障；障碍物
• Barriers have been erected all along the route the Pope will take. 在罗马教皇将要经过的路上，沿途都设置了路障。
• The mountains acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the disease. 群山成为了阻止这疾病扩散的天然屏障。
■a gate in some railway stations through which you must go to get on a train 剪票口
• Passengers are requested to show their tickets at the barrier. 乘客需要在剪票口出示车票。
UK ['bær.i.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable
PREVENTING 障碍
 IMPROVER
■anything that prevents people from being together or understanding each other 障碍，阻碍，隔阂
• Despite the language barrier (= not speaking the same language) , they soon became good friends. 尽管语言上存有障碍，他们还是很快就成为了好朋友。
• Shyness is one of the biggest barriers to making friends (= something that makes this difficult). 害羞是交友的最大障碍之一。
obstruction, barrier, hindrance, obstacle, bar
这组词都有“障碍(物)”的意思，其区别是：
obstruction: 常既指具体的障碍又可指抽象或喻意上的阻碍。
barrier: 常指临时的或者可能跨越的障碍。
hindrance: 指妨碍他人进步或做事的人或物。
obstacle: 指在达到目的或前进的过程中必须消除或绕过的障碍物，也指起阻碍作用等情况。
bar: 既可指阻止进出或通过的栅栏一类的障碍物，也可用于抽象意义障碍。
n. [地物] 障碍物， [建] 屏障；界线
 - limit, block, bottleneck

Word: engage
Front: engage
[ɪnˈgeɪdʒ] (研四六托雅 1387/2038 -K3)
Vocabulary: engage
(once / 47 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Engage means to bind, catch, or involve. If your sink is stopped up, engage, or hire, a plumber to fix it. Otherwise the smell of rotten food in the garbage disposal will engage your attention (in a bad way).
Engage comes from a French word for pledge. If you agree to marry your sweetheart, you are engaged to marry. If you engage the kid next door to water your plants, she will expect to be paid for it. Engagement is also used to talk about war or conflict. An army engages its enemy in battle, just as you might engage in debate with a traffic cop over whether the light was yellow or red.
WORD FAMILY
engage: disengage, engaged, engagement, engages, engaging +/ disengage: disengaged, disengagement, disengages, disengaging/disengagement: disengagements/ engaged: unengaged/ engagement: engagements, non-engagement/ engaging: engagingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, he will strategize and engage with clients at a senior level.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The results are there: Daesh is in retreat and the battle of Mosul is engaged.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 吸引住; 聘用; 与…交战
vi. 与…建立密切关系; 衔接; 从事; 紧密结合
时态：engaged, engaging, engages
分布：从事(59%)，参加(15%)，啮合(11%)，答应(5%)，订婚(5%)，预定(2%)，雇佣(2%)，与……交战(1%)
→en-, 进入，使。-gage, 承诺，加入，词源同wage, wedding. 词义由承诺向多方面扩展。
v.(in)从事,着手;约定;使订婚;保证;雇用Tom is engaged to Anne.汤姆已与安妮订婚.
verb
EMPLOY 雇用
 ADVANCED transitive mainly UK formal
■to employ someone 雇用；聘用
• [+ to infinitive] I have engaged a secretary to deal with all my paperwork. 我雇用了一名秘书来处理我全部的文书工作。
• We're engaging the services of a professional administrator. 我们将聘用专业管理人员为我们服务。
[ɪn'geɪdʒ] verb
INTEREST 兴趣
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to interest someone in something and keep them thinking about it 吸引住，使感兴趣
• The debate about food safety has engaged the whole nation. 关于食品安全的争论引起了全国关注。
• If a book doesn't engage my interest in the first few pages, I don't usually carry on reading it. 如果一本书的前几页不能引起我的兴趣，通常我就不再往下读了。
[ɪn'geɪdʒ] verb
FIT TOGETHER 接合
intransitive or transitive
■to make one part of a machine fit into and move together with another part of a machine （使）（机器）啮合，接合，衔接
• When the large cog wheel engages (with the smaller one), the mill stone will start to go round. 当大齿轮（与小齿轮）啮合时，石磨就开始转动。
[ɪn'geɪdʒ] verb
BEGIN FIGHTING 开始战斗
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to attack or begin to fight someone 进攻；（与…）交战，（与…）开战
• Enemy planes engaged the troops as they advanced into the mountains. 部队进山的时候，敌机开始对他们发起攻击。
[ɪn'geɪdʒ] verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive mainly UK old-fashioned
■to arrange for something such as a theatre seat or a hotel room to be kept free 预订（剧院座位或酒店房间等）
[ɪn'geɪdʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  engage in sth formal
 ADVANCED
■to take part in something 参加；参与
• The two governments have agreed to engage in a comprehensive dialogue to resolve the problem. 两国政府已经同意开展全面对话以解决该问题。
engage sb in conversation formal
■to start a conversation with someone 与某人攀谈
• Once Mrs Kirkpatrick engages you in conversation, you're stuck with her for half an hour. 一旦柯克派翠克夫人跟你聊起来，不说上半个小时她是不会放过你的。
engage, employ, hire
这组词都有“雇用”的意思，其区别是：
engage: 可与hire换用，特指雇用专业人员。
employ: 正式用词，侧重受雇者虽为薪金而工作，但工作固定共享有相当尊严。
hire: 普通用词，常指短期或长期雇用某人从事某一特定工作或一次性的工作，含强调为薪金而工作的意味。
vt. 吸引，占用；使参加；雇佣；使订婚；预定
 - attract, absorb, draw, appropriate, budget
vi. 从事；答应，保证；交战；啮合
 - comply, wage

Word: exploit
Front: exploit
[ɪkˈsplɔɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 4374/3034 -3)
Vocabulary: exploit
(once / 324 pages)
1v 2n
An exploit is a heroic act or notable deed. The King Arthur legends are full of stories of the exploits of the Knights of the Round Table, including Sir Lancelot and King Arthur himself.
This noun is from Middle English expleit, exploit "outcome," from Latin explicitus "unfolded, set forth." The verb exploit means to use someone or something, usually selfishly or for profit––workers who are tired of being exploited by factory owners form unions that allow them to stand together as a powerful force.
WORD FAMILY
exploit: exploitation, exploitative, exploitatory, exploited, exploiter, exploiting, exploitive, exploits, overexploit+/ exploitation: exploitations/exploitative: exploitatively/ exploited: unexploited/ exploiter: exploiters/overexploit: overexploitation, overexploited, overexploiting
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
President Putin will continue to exploit signs of weakness or western disunity.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The danger to the new country, Hamilton argued, wasn’t ideological disputes, but the possibility that an unprincipled man would exploit public passions.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 开采; 开拓; 利用（…为自己谋利）; 剥削
n. 功绩; 功劳; 勋绩
时态：exploited, exploiting, exploits
分布：利用(52%)，开发(28%)，剥削(10%)，开拓(6%)，功绩(3%)，英勇行为(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-ploit, 卷，词源同imply, implicate. 即展开，结果，功绩。后在19世纪初由于法国空想社会主义者，尤其是圣西门用该词指剥削，压榨，使得这一词义广泛传播。
v.开拓;开发;剥削n.功绩[勋];业绩After an explosion the explorer restored the storage of the explosive in the exploiter's storehouse.爆炸过后勘探者恢复了剥削者的仓库里炸药的储量.
【记】explore（v 探险；探究）是为了exploit
【参】exploitation（n 开发；剥削；宣传广告）
verb transitive /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
USE WELL 有效地用
 ADVANCED
■to use something for advantage 利用；开发；发挥
• We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible. 我们要确保尽可能充分利用资源。
verb transitive /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
USE UNFAIRLY 不正当地利用
 ADVANCED
■to use someone or something unfairly for your own advantage （出于私利）利用；剥削
• Laws exist to stop companies exploiting their employees. 法律规定禁止公司剥削其员工。
noun countable usually plural /ˈek.splɔɪt/
■something unusual, brave or funny that someone has done 不寻常的行为；英勇的行为；奇遇
• She was telling me about her exploits while travelling around Africa. 她跟我讲述了在非洲各地旅游时的奇遇。
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
vt. 开发，开拓；剥削；开采
 - develop, mine
n. 勋绩；功绩
 - merit, feat

Word: upon
Front: upon
[əˈpɒn] (中高研四六 693/405 -K4)
Back: prep. 在…上面; 当…时候
分布：逼近(50%)，在 ... 上(25%)，紧接着(25%)
→来自短语up on.
prep.在...上;在...旁[=on]The village stands upon a hill.这个村庄坐落在一座小山上.
US [-'pɑ:n] preposition
 ESSENTIAL formal
■on 在…上
• Upon her head she wore a black velvet hat. 她头戴一顶黑色天鹅绒帽子。
• You can never place enough emphasis upon the importance of safety. 无论怎样强调安全的重要性都不过分。
• Upon your arrival (= As soon as you arrive) , please report to the reception desk. 到达后请即刻到接待处报到。
be upon you slightly formal
■to be something that you will experience or have to deal with soon 近在咫尺；就要来临
• Another couple of weeks and the holidays will be upon us. 再过几周，我们的假期就要开始了。
prep. 根据；接近；在…之上
 - on the basis of, in the light of, onto, toward, up

Word: planet
Front: planet
[ˈplænɪt] (中高研四六托宝 1592/3115 -K3)
Vocabulary: planet
(once / 214 pages)
1n 2n
A planet is a celestial body that revolves around a star. In our solar system, Earth is the third planet from the sun.
The word planet comes from the Greek planetes, which means "wanderer." Since ancient times, people have been fascinated by the wandering of celestial bodies in the night sky. If a variety of factors come together so that something works out well for you, you can say that the planets aligned. You parents weren't sure if your family was going to be able to go on vacation, but then the planets aligned and off to Florida you were.
WORD FAMILY
planet: planetary, planetoid, planets+/planetary: interplanetary, planetarily/planetoid: planetoids
USAGE EXAMPLES
They just think the beasts lived alongside humans on a planet that’s only about 6,000 years old.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
We need a new way to power the planet.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
As we warm the planet and its oceans, there is more energy available to fuel these hurricanes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [天]行星; [占星]（左右人命运的）星相
分布：行星(100%)
→来自希腊语asteres planetes,移动的星星，行星，来自planesthai,移动的，漫游的，可能来自来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.
n.行星In the lane the planer saw a planet airplane under the crane.在巷道里,刨工看见了起重机下的行星飞机.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an extremely large round mass of rock and metal, such as Earth, or of gas, such as Jupiter, which moves in a circular path around the Sun or another star 行星
• the planet Earth/Venus 地球／金星
• Might there be intelligent life on other planets? 其他星球上有可能存在智慧生物吗？
['plæn.ɪt] noun countable
be on another planet informal
■to not give attention to what is happening around you and to think differently from other people 像是生活在另一个星球，怪异
• Some days that girl seems as if she's on another planet. 那个女孩有时候看来很怪异。
planet, star
这组词都有“星”的意思，其区别是：
planet: 指围绕太阳运转的行星。
star: 多指恒星，也指天空中的群星。可引申指一切星状物或文体等领域中的知名人物。

Word: zero
Front: zero
[ˈzɪərəʊ] (中高雅 4886/4296 -K2)
Vocabulary: zero
(once / 687 pages)
1nadj 2nvadj 3nv
Zero means nothing. When you add zero to the number one, you get the number one. If your mother says your new boyfriend is a zero, she thinks he's got nothing going for him.
You might know zero as 0, zilch, zip, nothing, or nada. While it is a number of no value, without it we wouldn't be able to count beyond 9. The temperature at which water freezes is zero degrees Celsius. And if you got a zero on a test, it means that you answered every single question wrong.
WORD FAMILY
zero: non-zero, zeroed, zeroes, zeroing, zeroly, zeros, zeroth
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“In this area, let us adhere, clearly and faithfully, to ‘zero tolerance.'”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （数字）0; 零度
adj. 全无的，没有的
v. . 聚焦，集中
时态：zeroed, zeroing, zeroes
分布：零(87%)，零的(6%)，零度(4%)，瞄准(1%)，最低点(1%)，无价值的(1%)
→来自阿拉伯语sifr,零，空无，神秘，词源cipher,最终来自梵语。
n.零,零度num.零The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US ['zɪr.oʊ] number (plural zeros or zeroes)
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(the number) 0; nothing （数字）零；没有，全无
• Five, four, three, two, one, zero. 5，4，3，2，1，0。
• The number one million is written with a one and six zeroes (mainly UK alsonoughts). 数字100万要写一个1和六个0。
• Heavy rain has reduced visibility almost to zero (= its lowest point). 大雨已使能见度降到最低。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■on a set of numbers for comparing temperature in degrees Celsius, the level of temperature at which water freezes 零（摄氏）度
• The temperature is expected to drop to ten degrees below zero tonight. 今晚气温预计会降至零下十度。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] adjective
■not any or no 全无的，没有的
• zero growth/inflation 零增长／通货膨胀
• informal He said that his chances of getting the job were zero (= he had no chance). 他说他得到这份工作的可能性为零。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  zero in on sth/sb
■to aim a weapon directly at something or someone （把武器）瞄准…，瞄向…
• Modern military aircraft use computers to help them zero in on their targets. 现代军用飞机运用电脑来帮助瞄准目标。
UK ['zɪə.rəʊ] US ['zɪr.oʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  zero in on sth
■to direct all your attention towards a particular thing 把注意力全部集中于
• We must decide on our target market, then zero in on it. 我们必须确定目标市场，然后将其锁定。
n. 零点， [物] 零度
 - nullity

Word: continent
Front: continent
[ˈkɒntɪnənt] (高研四六托宝 4022/3626 -K3)
Vocabulary: continent
(once / 315 pages)
1n 2adj 3adj
A continent is one of the seven largest landmasses found on Earth. Asia, Australia, and Africa are three continents. Can you name the other four?
Some folks forget the continent of Antarctica, because so few humans live there—none of them permanently. And you might be surprised how many people think that Africa is a country and not a continent. Due to a process known as continental drift, the extremely slow movement of the continents across the face of the globe, our world looks very different from the way it did 100 million years ago.
WORD FAMILY
continent: continence, continency, continental, continently, continents, incontinent, subcontinent+/continental: continentally, intercontinental, transcontinental / incontinence: incontinences/incontinency: incontinencies/ incontinent: incontinence, incontinency, incontinently/ transcontinental: transcontinentally
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We on the African continent could boast that we had a contemporary descendent ruling the United States,” he said.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Leggeri called for increased cooperation between U.S. and European Union border protection services, saying that would contribute to stability on both continents.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
That would make Taiwan the only country in Asia to permit gay marriage, unless you consider New Zealand part of the continent.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 大陆，陆地; 欧洲大陆; <美>北美洲大陆
adj. 自制的，克制的; 节欲的; 贞洁的; 禁欲的
分布：大陆(54%)，洲(46%)
→con-, 强调。-tin, 持，握，词源同contain, tenable. 即一块未分割的土地，大陆。
n.大陆,洲The continent continues to control the import of petrol and petroleum.大陆方面继续控制汽油和石油进口.
【记】con共同，tin拿－全部拿住自己－克制的我们虽然生长在美丽的中国大陆，但是仍然不能阻止我们向往另一片大陆，在登上充满危险的美利坚之前，我们还是要克制、克制、再克制：先把单词背好。
【参】continence（n 禁欲；节制；克制）；continental（adj 大陆的）
US ['kɑ:n.tˌən.ənt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the seven large land masses on the Earth's surface, surrounded, or mainly surrounded, by sea and usually consisting of various countries 洲，大洲，大陆
• the North American continent 北美大陆
• the continents of Asia and Africa 亚非两洲；亚洲和非洲
UK ['kɒn.tɪ.nənt] US ['kɑ:n.tˌən.ənt] adjective specialized
■able to control when you urinate and empty your bowels 有排便节制力的 Opposite incontinent old use
■able to control your sexual desires 能节制性欲的
n. [地理] 大陆，洲，陆地
 - mainland, earth, land
adj. 自制的，克制的
 - self-regulating, restrained

Word: relief
Front: relief
[rɪˈli:f] (高研四六托雅 1812/1391 -K4)
Vocabulary: relief
(once / 98 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
The noun relief means "the act of reducing something unpleasant," like medicine that brings relief from your terrible headache.
Relief has several meanings. It can refer to help or assistance, like disaster relief, or a change for the better: it was a relief when you finally found your car keys. Relief also means "someone who takes the place of another," like a relief pitcher who steps in to finish the game. A relief is also a type of sculpture with shapes carved to stand out from the background.
WORD FAMILY
relief: reliefs+/ relieve: relief, relieved, reliever, relieves, relieving/ relieved: relievedly, unrelieved/reliever: relievers/unrelieved: unrelievedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“A lot of our patients get relief with this, and a lot of times this works better than pharmaceutical drugs.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 宽慰，安心; 免除，减轻; 救援物资; 代班人
分布：减轻(31%)，浮雕(22%)，轻松(21%)，安慰(12%)，解除(10%)，提供救济的(2%)，文本的(1%)，替代(1%)
→来自 relieve 的名词形式。比较 proof,prove.
减轻,轻松(re＋lief[=live])[lev,live=raise,lighten,表示"提高,举起,变轻"]
n.(痛苦等)减轻,解除;援救,救济Hearing the news, he breathed a sigh of relief.一听到消息,他如释重负地松了口气.
noun
HAPPINESS 高兴
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a feeling of happiness that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended （不快过后的）宽慰，宽心，轻松，解脱
• [+ to infinitive] It was such a relief to hear that Marta was found safe and well. 听到玛尔塔安然无恙被找到，真是如释重负。
• After the exam, I felt an incredible sense of relief. 考试过后，我感到轻松无比。
• "James can't come tonight." "Well, that's a relief!" “詹姆斯今晚不能来了。”“噢，真是太好了！”
• to seek/find/provide relief from the heat/cold/pain/noise 寻找／找到／提供避暑之地／暖和的地方／止痛的方法／清静之地
[rɪ'li:f] noun
HELP 帮助
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■food, money or services which provide help for people in need 救济；救济品；救济金
• an international relief operation 国际救援行动
• relief agencies/supplies 救援机构／救济物资
• Pop stars have raised millions of pounds for famine relief in Africa. 流行歌星们已经筹集了数百万英镑的善款救济非洲饥民。
[rɪ'li:f] noun
RAISED AREA 突起的地方
uncountable
■a method of raising shapes above a flat surface so that they appear to stand out slightly from it 浮雕；浮雕法
• Coins have pictures on them in relief. 硬币上面有浮雕图案。
countable specialized
■a sculpture made from a flat surface in which the forms are raised above the surface 浮雕作品
• stone reliefs 石头浮雕作品
[rɪ'li:f] noun
be on relief US informal
■to be receiving money from the government because you are poor 靠政府救济
[rɪ'li:f] noun
stand (out) in relief
■to appear or show very clearly and obviously 非常突出；与周围形成鲜明的反差；醒目
• The mountain stood out in sharp relief against the evening sky. 高山在傍晚的天空映衬下分外醒目。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
n. 救济；减轻，解除；安慰
 - comfort, almsgiving

Word: ballot
Front: ballot
[ˈbælət] (研六托雅宝 3706/5454 -3)
Vocabulary: ballot
(once / 534 pages)
nv
A ballot is document that lists the choices during an election. When running for office, a candidate’s first goal is getting on the ballot.
This Italian-derived word has proven remarkably successful by adapting itself to evolving voting technologies. It has been applied to devices used for casting votes from ancient times to the present, whether consisting of pottery, paper or pixels. Any kind of device, whether on paper or a computer screen, can be called a ballot if it lists the candidates and allows you to vote.
WORD FAMILY
ballot: balloted, balloting, ballots, ballotted, ballotting+/balloting: ballotings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 4,000 tickets to the 31 July event at the cemetery will be available through a public ballot online at www.passchendaele100.org until 24 February.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“Try to replace the prime minister at the ballot boxes, as is accepted in democracies,” it added.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Chargers-written ballot measure seeking $1 billion in hotel occupancy taxes to help fund a new downtown stadium was soundly defeated on Nov. 8.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 投票; 投票用纸; 投票总数; 投票权
vi. 投票表决; 抽签决定
vt. 使投票表决; 拉选票; 通过投票[抽签]选出; 抽签
时态：balloted, balloting, ballots
分布：投票(96%)，投票用纸(4%)
→ball, 球。-ot, 小词后缀。来自古时以黑，白球投票的习俗，见blackball, 反对票。
投票[ball,bol=throw,dance,ball,表示"抛,舞,球"]
n.(不记名)投票;投票总数;投票权vi.投票I balloted for Joe.我投乔的票.
【记】ball球，lot多－好多球儿。大家见过世界杯分组抽签吗？把每个队的名字分别放在球里，再进行抽签，所以你会看见好多球儿。
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a system or occasion of secret voting （不记名）投票
• Representatives were elected by ballot. 代表们是透过不记名投票选举出来的。
• They decided to hold a ballot. 他们决定组织一次不记名投票。
■(also ballot paper)
■a piece of paper on which you write your vote 选票
put sth to the ballot
■to vote secretly on a particular matter 就…举行不记名投票
• OK, this seems to be an area of disagreement, so let's put it to the ballot. 好吧，看来这是个争议点，那我们举行不记名投票（来决定）吧。
['bæl.ət] verb transitive
■to organize a secret vote by a group of people in order to find out their views 进行无记名投票
• The union decided to ballot its members on the issue. 工会决定让会员就这件事进行不记名投票。
n. 投票；投票用纸；投票总数
 - vote, poll
vi. 投票；抽签决定
 - cast one's vote, poll
vt. 使投票表决；拉选票
 - seek a vote

Word: amid
Front: amid
[əˈmɪd] (研六托雅 3825/5382 -3)
Back: prep. （表示位置）在…中间; （表示环境）处于…环境中; 由于存在…情况; （表示让步）尽管有…的情况
分布：在其间(50%)，在其中(50%)
prep.在...中间,在...之中,被...围绕He was brave amid dangers.他在危险中总是很勇敢.
[ə'mɪd] (also amidst) formal
preposition
 ADVANCED
■in the middle of or surrounded by; among 在…中间，在…当中；为…环绕
• On the floor, amid mounds of books, were two small envelopes. 地板上的书堆里有两个小信封。
• The new perfume was launched amidst a fanfare of publicity. 这种新香水在一阵大张旗鼓的广告宣传下推出市场。
among, between, amid, amongst
这些前置词均含“在……之间，在……之中”之意。
among: 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。
between: 多指两者之间，但现代英语中也可指三者或三者以上，表示彼此间清楚的独立的个体关系。
amid: 正式用词，侧重指在某个地方的中间或被某个东西包围着或在非同类人中间。
amongst: 与among同义，是among的变体。一般说来among总能替代amongst, 而amongst则不然。
prep. 在其中，在其间
 - in the interim

Word: collection
Front: collection
[kəˈlekʃn] (高研四六雅宝 1045/1038 -K4)
Vocabulary: collection
(once / 122 pages)
1n 2n
A collection is a group of things, often a group created by someone. For example, many kids have a collection of comic books.
Notice the word collect in collection. If you like to collect — that is, gather — things, chances are you might have a collection of some sort. Some common types of collections are of books, stamps, and dolls. You can also refer to a museum's "collection of art." While you might call a group of people a gathering, you would call a group of rare coins a collection.
WORD FAMILY
collection: collections+/ collect: collectable, collected, collectible, collecting, collection, collective, collector, collects, recollect / collected: collectedly, self-collected, uncollected/collectible: collectibles, uncollectible/collecting: collectings/ collective: collectively, collectives, collectivise, collectivism, collectivize/collectivise: collectivisation, collectivised/ collectivism: collectivisms, collectivist, collectivistic/collectivist: collectivists/collectivistic: collectivistically/collectivization: collectivizations/collectivize: collectivization, collectivized, collectivizing/collector: collectors/ recollect: recollected, recollecting, recollection, recollective, recollects/ recollection: recollections
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The special savings account gets 30 percent of the state’s oil tax collections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 收集，采集; 征收; 收藏品; 募捐
分布：收集(59%)，收藏品(22%)，募捐(13%)，聚集(6%)
集合;收藏(collect+ion)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
n.收藏(品),收集(物)In the college, I alleged that I recollected the dialog in dialect about the dial collection.在学院里我宣称忆起关于收集到度盘用方言进行的对话.
【参】collective（adj 集体的）
noun
THINGS TOGETHER 收集物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of objects of one type that have been collected by one person or in one place 收藏品；收集物
• a private art collection 私人艺术收藏品
• a valuable stamp collection 珍贵的邮票收藏品
 IMPROVER countable
■an amount of money collected from several people, or the act of collecting money 募集的钱；捐的款；募捐的钱
• We're having a collection for Tom's retirement present. 我们正凑钱准备给汤姆买退休礼物。
countable
■a lot of things or people 一堆（东西）；一群（人）
• There's quite a collection of toothbrushes in the bathroom. 浴室里有一大堆牙刷。
countable
■a range of new clothes produced by one clothes designer （某位服装设计师的）一系列新装作品
• Kenzo's summer/winter collection 高田贤三的夏装／冬装系列
[kə'lek.ʃən] noun
GETTING 收取
countable or uncountable
■when something is taken away from a place 领取；收取；拿走
• The photos will be ready for collection on Tuesday afternoon. 照片周二下午就可以取。
• Which day is the rubbish collection? 哪天收垃圾？
• UK There are three collections a day from the post box on the corner. 街角的邮箱每天收取信件三次。
n. 采集，聚集； [税收] 征收；收藏品；募捐
 - clustering, gather

Word: rail
Front: rail
[reɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 3373/1961 -K3)
Vocabulary: rail
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2v 3n
The verb rail means to criticize severely. When you rail against increased taxes at a town meeting, you speak openly and loudly about how wrong the increase is and point out the problems it will cause.
Rail can also mean "to complain." When your mom asks you to vacuum the house, you might rail against this chore by saying that you ALWAYS do the vacuuming, that vacuuming is SO hard, and that you hate the stupid vacuum! Rail can also mean to spread negative information about someone in an abusive way. If your "friends" rail against you to everyone in school, they're spreading nasty rumors about you, and you should find new friends!
WORD FAMILY
rail: railed, railing, rails+/railing: railings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nevertheless, the singer railed against police officers who appear in the background of one of Songz’s videos, unfazed as the artist swears at them.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was Cuomo, speaking into the intercom from one of the rail cars.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 围栏; 轨道，钢轨; 扶手; [动]秧鸡
vi. 责备; 抱怨; 责骂
vt. 将…围起来; 铺铁轨; 坐火车旅行; 用围栏围
时态：railed, railing, rails
分布：栏杆(30%)，铁轨(21%)，抱怨(18%)，扶手(11%)，责骂(11%)，铺铁轨(5%)，以横木围栏(4%)
→来自古法语 reille,柱子，竿，杆，来自拉丁语 regula,直杆，小杆，-ula,小词后缀，来自 regere, 拉直，伸直，词源同 regulate,right.引申词义铁轨。拼写比较 rule,regulate.
n.栏杆,围栏;(pl.)铁路;铁轨;横杆,栏杆The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
【记】用rail打你，相当于rail你。
noun
TRAINS 列车
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the system of transport which uses trains, or one of the two metal bars fixed to the ground on which trains travel 铁路交通；铁路交通系统；铁轨
• Environmentalists argue that more goods should be transported by rail. 环保主义者们主张应该充分利用铁路来运输货物。
• A train left/went off the rails and crashed into the bank, killing several passengers. 一列火车出轨后撞到路堤上，造成数名乘客死亡。
[reɪl] noun
BAR 横杆
 ADVANCED countable
■a horizontal bar fixed in position, especially to a wall or to vertical posts, used to close something off, as a support, or to hang things on （尤指固定在墙上或竖杆上的）横杆，栏杆，扶手
• Will spectators please stay behind the rail? 观众们请站在栏杆后面好吗？
• Hold onto the rail so that you don't fall. 抓牢扶手，这样就不会摔倒了。
• The (clothes) rail in her wardrobe was crammed full of dresses. 她大衣橱里面挂满了衣服。
• He folded the towels neatly and hung them on the towel UKrail/ USrack. 他把毛巾整整齐齐叠好，挂在毛巾杆上。
[reɪl] noun
go off the rails informal
■to start behaving in a way that is not generally acceptable, especially dishonestly or illegally 举止怪异；越过道德底线，行为不轨
• He went off the rails in his first year at university. 他刚上大学一年级行为就很出轨。
[reɪl] verb intransitive + prep formal
■to complain angrily 谴责；抱怨
• He railed against/at the injustices of the system. 他强烈谴责该制度的不公正。
[reɪl] verb intransitive + prep formal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rail sth off
■to close something, especially using railings （尤指用栏杆）把…围起，把…圈住，把…隔开
• Part of the playing field had been railed off for use as a car park. 运动场的一部分被栏杆隔开，用作停车场。
n. [铁路] 铁轨； [建] 扶手；横杆；围栏
 - pen, rider
vi. 抱怨；责骂
 - rate, beef about

Word: talent
Front: talent
[ˈtælənt] (高研四六托 2030/2694 -4)
Vocabulary: talent
(once / 144 pages)
n
If you are especially good at something, you have a talent. You can have a talent for singing or a talent for getting others to talk about themselves. People who work in creative professions are often called "the talent."
In Biblical times, a talent was a unit of money, and a New Testament parable tells of a master punishing a servant for hiding, rather than investing, a bag of talents in the master's absence. The interpretation of this parable to mean that you should not hide your "God-given talents" has led to the current meaning of the word as the special qualities a person possesses.
WORD FAMILY
talent: talentless, talents+/talentless: talentlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In that regard, his talents will be a good fit for Cantor’s trading and hedge fund businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The depth of talent at golf’s summit means Woods will always be overawed and outplayed in such environments now.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天资，才能; 天才，人才; 塔兰特，古代的一种计量单位，可用来记重量或作为货币单位; <旧，非正式>性感的人
分布：人才(58%)，天赋(24%)，天才(18%)
→来自拉丁语 talentum,重量，一定数目的钱，来自希腊语 talanton,称量，一定的重量，一定数 目的钱，来自 tele,举起，称重，词源同 extol,tolerate.据考证，1 talent 为 6000 古希腊货 币 drachma,在当时为一大笔钱。现词义来自圣经的一则寓言，讲得是主人要出远门，按能力 给了三个奴隶一个 5 talenta,一个 2 talenta,一个 1talent,很久以后主人回来了，前两个奴隶用钱 投资钱生钱，最后一个奴隶把钱埋在地底下，主人生气的说，即使你不会投资，你把钱存入 银行至少也有利息啊，我要没收你的钱，把钱交给有能力的人。后引申词义天才，天资等。
n.才能,天资;人才The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
noun
NATURAL ABILITY 天分
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(someone who has) a natural ability to be good at something, especially without being taught 天分，天赋；天才，有天分者
• Her talent for music showed at an early age. 她小时候就表现出了音乐天赋。
• His artistic talents were wasted in his boring job. 他的艺术天分被枯燥乏味的工作消磨殆尽。
['tæl.ənt] noun
ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE 有吸引力的人
uncountable UK slang mainly humorous
■people who are sexually attractive 尤物
• There was plenty of talent at the party last night. 昨晚的派对上有许多佳丽。
gift, genius, aptitude, talent, capacity, capability, faculty, ability, competence
这组词都有“能力，才能”的意思，其区别是：
gift: 着重个人的天赋的才能或在某方面的显著本领，常暗含不能用一般规律作解释的意味。
genius: 语气最强，指天赋的高度才能与智力。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天习得的运用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力强，能迅速掌握一种学术训练或艺术技巧。
talent: 着重指人某方面具有可发展和倍养的突出天赋才能，但语意比genius弱。
capacity: 侧重指人的潜在能力，通常不指体力，多指才智，尤指接受与领悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指胜任某项具体工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未发挥的潜在能力。常与of或for连用。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
ability: 普通用词，指人先天的或学来的各种能力。
competence: 正式用词，侧重指令人满意的业务能力与水平，达到胜任某项工作等的要求。
n. 才能；天才；天资
 - capability, ability, quality, genius, endowment

Word: combination
Front: combination
[ˌkɒmbɪˈneɪʃn] (研四六托 1808/1732 -K3)
Vocabulary: combination
(once / 199 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
A combination is a grouping together of separate things. Your desire to live to a big city might come from a combination of your dreams of being on stage, and your obsession with underground trains.
Combination is the act of combining, which comes from the Latin for "joining together two by two," although it's not necessary that you combine things in pairs. Your famous party mix might be a combination of pretzels, nuts, and espresso beans. Your locker combination is the set of numbers you have to dial to open the lock. If you plan to go on a TV talent show, get ready to learn some dance combinations. Kick, spin, drop, roll!
WORD FAMILY
combination: combinational, combinations, combinatorial+/combinative: noncombinative/ combine: combinable, combination, combinative, combinatory, combined, combines, combining, recombine / combined: combinedly, uncombined/combining: combinings, noncombining/recombination: recombinations/ recombine: recombination, recombined, recombines, recombining
USAGE EXAMPLES
This would be a dangerous combination even if America was not in transition and other governments were capable of pulling together to manage the risks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
That combination put this game, with no playoff implications, in a secondary role.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
This is a combination of the two subjects.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 结合; 联合体; 密码组合; 连裤内衣
分布：结合(94%)，密码(5%)，结合到一起的事物或人(1%)
结合,联合(combine结合)[-ation表名词"行为,过程,结果"]
n.结合,联合;化合;团体;组合数码His character is a combination of wit and kindness.他的性格是智慧与善良的结合.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the mixture you get when two or more things are combined 联合；混合；结合；综合
• Strawberries and cream - a perfect combination. 草莓加奶油——完美的组合。
• A combination of tiredness and boredom caused me to fall asleep. 疲倦而又无聊使我昏昏入睡。
• This drug can be safely used in combination with other medicines. 这药可以与其他药物一起安全服用。
• Her experience and energy are a winning combination (= a successful mixture) in business. 经验加干劲是她在生意上成功的秘诀。
countable specialized
■an arrangement in a different order 组合
• From the letters X Y Z, we can get three combinations of two letters: XY, XZ, and YZ. 由字母XYZ，我们可以得到三种两个字母的组合方式：XY，XZ和YZ。
countable
■a set of letters or numbers in a particular order which can be used to open some types of locks （用于开某些锁的）数码组合，密码
• a combination lock 密码锁
compound, blend, combination, mixture, composite
这组词都有“混合”的意思，其区别是：
compound: 特指两种或多种元素构成的化合物。
blend: 侧重混合成分之间的类似和整个混合物的统一性。
combination: 指相混元素的紧密结合，但不一定的是融合。
mixture: 普通用词，指不同类种、性质不同的事物的混合。
composite: 通常可与compound换用，但倾向于指人为的或偶然的结合或凑合。
n. 结合； [数] 组合；联合； [化学] 化合
 - combined with, alliance, unity, union, association

Word: extreme
Front: extreme
[ɪkˈstri:m] (高研四六雅 2519/2528 -K3)
Vocabulary: extreme
(once / 53 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
Something extreme is far out, either in terms of distance or intensity. Extreme sports are wild or dangerous, and an extreme height is very high.
When you talk about extreme things, you're talking about things that are very, very...something. An extreme point is the farthest distance from a place. Extreme eating is a type of contest — like hot dog-eating — in which people eat a freakish amount of food to compete with each other. An extreme biker is biking down dangerously steep mountain sides. Anything extreme is pushing the limits and taking things about as far as they can go.
WORD FAMILY
extreme: extremely, extremeness, extremes, extremest, extremism, extremity +/extremeness: extremenesses/ extremism: extremisms, extremist / extremist: extremists/ extremity: extremities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Between these two extremes exists the little-known but thriving world of interscholastic floor hockey at yeshiva high schools in New York City and surrounding towns.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Airlines are not obliged to compensate travelers with lodging or meals for delays because of extreme weather.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s current government is “driven by its most extreme elements.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 极端的，过激的; 极限的，非常的; 末端的; （政治上）急进的
n. 极端; 困境; [数]极限值; [常用复数]在两末端的事物
级别：extremer, extremest
分布：极端(67%)，极端的(22%)，极限(7%)，极度的(4%)
→extra-, 外面的，超过的。-m, 最高级后缀，见intimate, ultimate.
极端的(extr+eme表最高级→超出主题→极端的)[extr(e),exter=out表示"出去"]
a.末端的,尽头的;极度的n.极端;最大程度The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
adjective
GREAT 极大的
 IMPROVER
■very large in amount or degree 极大的；极度的；极端的
• extreme pain/stupidity/wealth 极其痛苦／愚蠢／富有
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
BAD 糟糕的
■very severe or bad 极严厉的；严重的；极差的
• extreme weather conditions 极其恶劣的天气条件
• In extreme cases , the disease can lead to blindness. 这种疾病最严重可导致失明。
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
BELIEFS 信仰
■describes beliefs and political parties which most people consider unreasonable and unacceptable （信仰或政党）偏激的，过激的，极端的
• He has rather extreme views. 他的观点很偏激。
• He's on the extreme right-wing of the party. 他属于这个政党的极右翼势力。
[ɪk'stri:m] adjective
FURTHEST POINT 极点
[before noun]
■at the furthest point, especially from the centre 末端的，尽头的；尤指离中心最远的
• They live in the extreme south of the island. 他们住在这个岛的最南端。
[ɪk'stri:m] noun countable
■the largest possible amount or degree of something 极度；极端
• I've never witnessed such extremes of wealth and poverty. 我从未见过如此悬殊的贫富差距。
• Most people I know work fairly hard but she takes it to extremes. 我认识的人里面大多数工作都很努力，但是她这种做法也太拼命了。
in the extreme
■used for emphasis; extremely （用于强调）极其，非常，极度
• Some of the scenes were unpleasant in the extreme. 有些场景令人极其反感。
■a situation, feeling, etc that is the opposite or very different from another one 极端；极端不同的事物
• My moods seem to go from one extreme to another (= my moods often change from very bad to very good). 我的心情有时很好，有时又好差。
extreme, furthest, outermost, utmost, farthest
这组词都有“最远的”的意思，其区别是：
extreme: 普通用词，指最远的意思时，与farthest和outermost含义相当。
furthest: 与farthest相比，除指数量或程度上的最多或最大。
outermost: 指离中心最远的或指一个平面或物体最外边的部分。
utmost: 较正式用词，指最远部分或最远地区。
farthest: 是far的最高级形式，指最大的距离。
adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的
 - ultra, excessive
n. 极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物
 - terminal, bottom

Word: scene
Front: scene
[si:n] (高研四六托 738/1112 -K4)
Vocabulary: scene
(once / 39 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A scene is where something happens or happened. How did you know that the thief would return to the scene of the crime?
Scene can also describe part of a movie or a play. Did the last scene make you laugh, cry, or fall asleep? There are lots of common phrases that use the word scene. If you “make a scene,” you draw attention to yourself with some kind of outburst. If something happens “behind the scenes,” the public doesn't know about it.
WORD FAMILY
scene: scenery, scenes, scenic +/ scenery: sceneries/ scenic: scenically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Driving away from the scene, the men say little about the ordeal aside from nervous small talk.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
As Anderson was recounting the scary scene, linebacker Corey Nelson leaned in and told him, “I was scared for you. I was so scared, bro.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The passenger died at the scene and the driver died later at a hospital.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 场面，现场; （戏剧的）一场; 景色，风景; 事件
分布：场(51%)，景(41%)，情景(8%)
n.景色,景象,舞台;(戏)一场The neutral scent of kerosene is concentrated in the center of the scene.煤油的中性气味在场景中心被浓缩.
noun
THEATRE/FILM 戏剧／电影
 IMPROVER countable
■a part of a play or film in which the action stays in one place for a continuous period of time 场景，场面；镜头
• the funeral/wedding scene 葬礼／婚礼场景
• nude/sex scenes 裸体镜头／床戏
• Juliet dies in Act IV, Scene iii. 茱丽叶死于第四幕第三场。
[si:n] noun
VIEW 景色
 IMPROVER countable
■a view or picture of a place, event, or activity 情景，场景，场面
• Lowry painted street scenes. 劳里描绘街景。
• scenes of everyday life 日常生活的情景
• figurative There were scenes of great joy as the hostages were re-united with their families. 当人质与家人团聚时，眼前是一幕幕无比喜悦的场景。
[si:n] noun
PLACE 地方
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a place where an unpleasant event has happened （不愉快事件发生的）现场，地点
• The police arrived to find a scene of horrifying destruction. 员警赶到时看到那个地方已经毁得不成形了。
• Evidence was found at the scene of the crime. 在案发现场发现了证据。
[si:n] noun
AREA 领域
 ADVANCED only singular
■a particular area of activity and all the people or things connected with it 活动领域，圈子，界
• the pop/political/drugs/gay scene 流行音乐界／政界／毒品圈／同性恋者的圈子
• Rap music arrived/came/appeared on the scene in the early 1980s. 饶舌音乐于20世纪80年代初流行起来。
• informal I'd rather go to a jazz concert - I'm afraid opera isn't really my scene (= is not the type of thing I like). 我宁可去听爵士音乐会——恐怕歌剧不是我的兴趣所在。
[si:n] noun
ARGUMENT 争论
countable
■an expression of great anger or similar feelings, often between two people, or an occasion when this happens 发脾气，吵闹
• Please don't make a scene. 别这么大吵大闹的。
• There was a terrible scene and Jayne ended up in tears. 他们吵得不可开交，杰恩最后泪流满面。
[si:n] noun
be on the scene
■to arrive 到达
• I phoned the police and they were on the scene within minutes. 我打电话叫员警，他们很快就赶到了现场。
[si:n] noun
behind the scenes
■If something happens behind the scenes, it happens without most people knowing about it, especially when something else is happening publicly 不公开地，幕后地
• A lot of hard work has been going on behind the scenes. 大量的艰困工作在幕后进行。
[si:n] noun
set the scene
■to describe a situation where something is about to happen 描述实况；叙述背景
• First, let's set the scene - it was a dark, wet night with a strong wind blowing. 首先，我们来描述一下故事发生的背景——那是一个漆黑的夜晚，下着雨，狂风呼啸。
■to make something possible or likely to happen （为…）做好准备（或铺垫）
• His resignation set the scene for a pre-election crisis. 他的辞职引发了一场选前危机。
sight, scene, scenery, view, landscape
这组词都有“景色、风景”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。
scene: 指具体的、局部的或一时的景色，可以是自然形成的，也可人工造成的。
scenery: 指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。
view: 普通和词，多指从远处或高处所见的景色。
landscape: 多指在内陆的自然风光。
sight, vision, image, scene
sight: 视力，眼界，情景，奇观
vision: 远见，想念力，洞察力，眼界
image: 形象，肖像，影像
scene: 景色，景象，舞台指像图画一样映入眼睛view或landscape，但不那么广泛，是整个风景中可以入画的一部分
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
n. 场面；情景；景象；事件
 - event, circumstance, occurrence, incident, matter

Word: petrol
Front: petrol
[ˈpetrəl] (高研四六雅 22027/3100 -K2)
Vocabulary: petrol
(once / 3551 pages)
n
Petrol is a fuel derived from petroleum. If you are American, you probably call petrol "gas."
When the price of petrol goes up, lots of people complain, because petrol is gasoline. Petrol is the fuel used in many types of vehicles, including cars, motorcycles, motorboats, and airplanes. Petrol is derived from petroleum, and besides smelling bad, it's very flammable. If you light a match near petrol, there will be an explosion. Since petrol comes from petroleum, petrol is a fossil fuel.
WORD FAMILY
petrol
USAGE EXAMPLES
They sell products subsidised by Venezuela's socialist government, including petrol and medicines, at high profit margins.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
At least five of the raids involved explosions at petrol stations.
BBC(Dec 21, 2016)
She died of a heart attack after getting petrol in her lungs.
Economist(Oct 20, 2016)
Back: n. 汽油
分布：名词(100%)
→来自法语petrol,石油，原油，来自拉丁语petroleum,石油，原油。后该词用以指冶炼过的汽油。
n.汽油The continent continues to control the import of petrol and petroleum.大陆方面继续控制汽油和石油进口.
['pet.rəl] UK (US gas)
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a liquid obtained from petroleum , used especially as a fuel for cars, aircraft and other vehicles 汽油
• a petrol tank/pump/station 油箱／油泵／加油站
• lead-free/unleaded/high-octane petrol 无铅汽油／高辛烷值汽油
• I'm a bit low on (= I haven't got much) petrol. 我车里的汽油不多了。
gasoline, petrol
这组词都有“汽油”的意思，其区别是：
gasoline: 用于美国
petrol: 英国的用词。
n. （英） [油气] 汽油
 - gasoline, gas

Word: anyway
Front: anyway
[ˈeniweɪ] (中研四 1393/834 -K4)
Vocabulary: anyway
(once / 222 pages)
1adv 2adv
Use the adverb anyway to mean "at any rate" or "however." If you don't make the chess team at school, you might say, "I don't really have time for chess anyway."
There are different ways to use anyway, but it most commonly confirms an idea or a viewpoint: "Most people already have their dogs on leashes, but it's good to have the leash law anyway." You can also use it to emphasize your sincere desire to get an answer: "Why are you here anyway?" or to talk about something happening despite efforts against it: "I told her to go home but she stayed anyway."
WORD FAMILY
anyway
USAGE EXAMPLES
EL James redid Fifty Shades of Grey twice over anyway, and there was a cynicism to it.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump, who campaigned on building a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border and endorsed mass deportations, effectively rejected the recommendation — and won anyway.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Trump added, optimistically: “Too bad, but we will get it done anyway!”
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 无论如何; 而且; 尽管; 至少
分布：无论如何(64%)，不管怎样(36%)
ad.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论以何种方式I shall go and see the patient anyway.无论如何,我都要去看病人.
(also anyhow)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■whatever else is happening; not considering other things 不管怎样；无论如何；仍然
• Of course I don't mind taking you home - I'm going that way anyway. 我当然可以把你送回家——反正我也是顺路。
• "I thought you said everyone had left." "Well, some of them have anyway." “你不是说所有人都走了吗？”“噢，反正有些人已经走了。”
• Her parents were opposed to her giving up her course, but she did it anyway. 她父母反对她放弃学业，但她还是没有听。
 ESSENTIAL
■used in conversation to emphasize what is being said （用于谈话中表示强调正在说的话）而且，加之，到底
• I don't have time to go and anyway it's too expensive. 我没有时间去，再说，也太贵了。
• What was he doing with so much of the company's money in his personal account anyway? 他把那么多的公司资金存在他个人帐户里到底是在搞甚么名堂？
 ADVANCED
■In conversation, anyway is also used to change the subject, return to an earlier subject or get to the most interesting point （用于谈话中表示改变话题、回到原来说的话题或者即将谈到最有趣的一点）对了，好吧，无论如何，反正
• Anyway, as I said, I'll be away next week. 好了，我说过了，我下周就要离开了。
• Anyway, in the end I didn't wear your jacket. 不管怎么说，我终究也没有穿你的夹克。
adv. 无论如何，不管怎样；总之
 - however, anyhow

Word: generous
Front: generous
[ˈdʒenərəs] (高研四六托雅 3886/3178 -K3)
Vocabulary: generous
(once / 111 pages)
adj
Generous people are the ones who give more than is expected of them. It's generous of your friend to take the couch and let you sleep in the bed when you stay over at her place. She didn't have to do that.
When you decide to go one step beyond what's expected of you, you're being generous. A generous helping of food is a bigger than expected scoop of mashed potatoes. A generous teacher is one who volunteers to stay after school to help you with your homework. Be generous yourself: don't forget the letter o when you spell the word generous. Just think of it as a generous act, throwing that extra letter in there.
WORD FAMILY
generous: generosity, generousest, generously, generousness, overgenerous, ungenerous+/ generosity: generosities/overgenerous: overgenerously/ungenerous: ungenerously
USAGE EXAMPLES
There are some incredibly generous credit card sign-up bonuses available now, including 100,000-point offers from certain Chase and American Express products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Keynes’s arguments for a more generous settlement were prescient.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
On set, Mills is his best self: assured, curious, generous.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 慷慨的，大方的; 丰盛的; 肥沃的; 浓厚的
分布：慷慨的(67%)，宽宏大量的(15%)，丰盛的(10%)，丰厚的(6%)，味浓的(2%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 原指出生高贵的，词义褒义化。
慷慨的;丰富的(gener+ous→[不断]产生→丰富的,慷慨的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.宽宏大量的,慷慨的The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
CHARACTER 性格
 ESSENTIAL
■willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected （尤指超乎一般或期望地）慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的，仁慈的
• a very generous man 非常慷慨的人
• [+ to infinitive] It was most generous of you to lend me the money. 你借给我钱，心肠可真是太好了。
• She's been very generous with her time. 她不吝投入大量时间。
• There's a generous (= kinder than deserved) review of the book in today's newspaper. 今天的报纸刊登了一篇书评，对该书赞赏有加。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əs] US [-ɚ-] adjective
SIZE 大小
■larger than usual or expected 大的；大量的；丰富的
• a generous slice of cake 一大块蛋糕
• a generous pay increase 大幅度加薪
adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的
 - handsome, liberal

Word: trigger
Front: trigger
[ˈtrɪgə(r)] (研六托雅宝 3666/4962 -3)
Vocabulary: trigger
(once / 595 pages)
nv
A trigger is a metal lever that when pulled discharges a gun. You shoot the gun by pulling the trigger. Trigger can also mean the start of a process––violent protests might trigger a revolution.
Certain scents, places, or old love songs can be said to trigger, or activate, memories. If you get weepy when you hear the national anthem, that may be because it triggers thoughts of family, home, baseball and the Fourth of July. For someone in frail health, a seemingly minor problem like getting a common cold, might trigger a series of physical responses that end up landing them in the hospital.
WORD FAMILY
trigger: triggered, triggering, triggers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The theory is that moisturizers “seal” a baby’s skin against some invader that triggers inflammation.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （枪）扳机; 起动装置，扳柄; 引发其他事件的一件事; [电子学]触发器，触发电器
vt. 引发，触发; 扣…的扳机; 发射或使爆炸（武器或爆炸性弹药）
时态：triggered, triggering, triggers
分布：触发(85%)，扳机(14%)，起因(1%)
→改写或回构自早期拼写形式 tricker,来自荷兰语 trekker,扳机，来自 trekken,拉，拔，最终来自 dhragh,拉，词源同 drag,trek.引申词义起因，诱因等。
n.扳机vt.触发,引起That triggered off a revolution.那件事触发了一场革命.
【记】读：吹歌儿，吹出一首歌儿能导致小孩尿尿。
US [-ɚ] noun
GUN PART 枪的部件
countable
■a part of a gun which causes the gun to fire when pressed 扳机
• It's not clear who actually pulled the trigger. 不清楚究竟是谁扣动的扳机。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
START 开始
countable usually singular
■an event or situation, etc. that causes something bad to start （引起某种坏事的）一件事或情况
• There are fears that the incident may be a trigger for further violence in the capital. 有人担心，这次事件可能在首都引发进一步的暴力活动。
UK ['trɪg.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to cause something bad to start 引起，引发（坏事）
• Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches. 有些人发现某些食物导致他们头痛。
• The racial killings at the weekend have triggered off a wave of protests. 周末发生的种族屠杀引发抗议浪潮。
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. [物化] 引发，引起； [电子] 触发
 - attract, produce, cause, operate, occasion
n. [军] 扳机； [电子] 触发器；制滑机
 - flip-flopper

Word: risky
Front: risky
[ˈrɪski] (托 4494/6867 -2)
Back: adj. 冒险的，危险的; 大胆的; <口>近乎猥亵的
级别：riskier, riskiest
分布：危险的(53%)，冒险的(43%)，大胆的(4%)
adjective
 ADVANCED
■involving the possibility of something bad happening 担…的风险，冒险干
• It's risky to buy a car without some good advice. 不好好听取别人的建议就买车是件冒险的事情。
adj. 危险的；冒险的；（作品等）有伤风化的
 - dangerous, critical, threatening, perilous, hazardous

Word: opposite
Front: opposite
[ˈɒpəzɪt] (高研四六托雅 2222/2574 -K3)
Vocabulary: opposite
(once / 81 pages)
1adjadv 2adjn
Oh no! That crazy man is back again and coming right towards us! Quick! Run in the opposite direction! Go the other way!
Opposite is an adjective that describes something found on the exact other side of a space—or even an idea. You say "black," I say "white": we're on opposite sides of the debate. You might notice the similarity of opposite to the nouns opponent and opposition or to the verb oppose. An opponent is someone you are matched against. To help remember opposite, think of a tennis match: two players oppose each other from opposite ends of the court.
WORD FAMILY
opposite: oppositely, oppositeness, opposites, oppositive
USAGE EXAMPLES
As with so many things, it looks just the opposite to the settlers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
When the study was conducted on Italian participants, the opposite was found: Italians perceived the person with a life of leisure as high-status.
Salon(Jan 01, 2017)
“Before it was about large quantities, and small margins. Now it’s the opposite,” he says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 相对的; 对面的; 对立的; [数学]（顶、边等）对的
prep. （表示位置）在…的对面; [数学]（顶、边等）对的; 与…在一排; （表示方式）与…联合主演
adv. 在对面，对过
n. 对立面，对立物，相反的人[事物]
分布：相反的(54%)，对面的(27%)，对立的(10%)，对手(5%)，演对手戏(2%)，对立物(1%)，处于相反位置地(1%)
→来自oppose,反对，-ite,形容词后缀。即反对的，对立的。
相对的(op对+pos+ite→放到对面→相对的)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
a.对面的,相对的,相反的n.对立面Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
US ['ɑ:.pə-] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■completely different 全然不同的；迥异的；截然相反的
• You'd never know they're sisters - they're completely opposite to each other in every way. 你怎样也不会知道她们是姐妹——她们各方面都全然不同。
• Police attempts to calm the violence had the opposite effect. 警方试图平息暴力活动，却适得其反。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] adjective
FACING 对面的
 ESSENTIAL
■being in a position on the other side; facing 另一边的；相反的；对面的
• My brother and I live on opposite sides of London. 我哥哥和我住在伦敦两个方向相反的区。
• The map on the opposite page shows where these birds commonly breed. 对页上的地图表明这些鸟一般在甚么地方交配繁殖。
• They sat at opposite ends of the table (to/from each other), refusing to talk. 他们坐在桌子的两端，彼此互不理睬。
 ESSENTIAL
■facing the speaker or stated person or thing （在说话者、所指的人或物）对面的
• If you want to buy tickets, you need to go to the counter opposite. 如果想买票，你要去对面的柜台。
• Who owns that shop opposite (= on the other side of the road) ? 对面那家店的店主是谁？
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position facing someone or something but on the other side 与…相对；在…对面
• We're in the building opposite the government offices. 我们身处正对着政府办公楼的大楼里。
• They sat opposite each other. 他们面对面坐。
• Put a tick opposite (= next to) the answer that you think is correct. 在你认为正确的答案旁边打个勾。
act/play/star opposite sb
■to act a part in a film or play with someone as a partner （在电影或戏剧中）与（某人）联袂演出，与（某人）合演
• Katharine Hepburn played opposite Henry Fonda in many films. 凯瑟琳‧赫本在许多电影中与亨利‧方达联袂演出。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] noun [C often singular]
 IMPROVER
■something or someone that is completely different from another person or thing 对立的物（或人）；对立面；反面
• My father is a very calm person, but my mother is just the opposite. 我父亲是个非常沉着的人，而我母亲则正好相反。
• She's turned out to be the exact opposite of what everyone expected. 结果表明她是一个和大家的期盼恰恰相反的人。
• The opposite of 'fast' is 'slow'. fast（快）的反义词是 slow（慢）。
• They always say opposites attract. 他们总是说相异相吸。
UK ['ɒp.ə.zɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position facing someone or something but on the other side 与…相对；在…对面
• She asked the man sitting opposite whether he'd mind if she opened the window. 她问坐在对面的那位男子是否介意她打开窗子。
• The people who live opposite (= on the other side of the road) are always making a lot of noise. 住在马路对面的人总是制造很多噪音。
opponent, opposite, original, origin
opponent: 反对者
opposite: 相反的
original: 原创
origin: 起源
reverse, opposite, converse, contrary, adverse
这组词都有“相反的，对立的”的意思，其区别是：
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行动或想法等完全相反。
converse: 指在方向、行动或意见上相反的。
contrary: 一般指与某种主张、看法或行为等正好相反，隐含否定一方并不意味着肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指违害利益的、无生命的势力或条件等，侧重分歧。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adj. 相反的； [植] 对面的；对立的
 - contrary, adverse, counter, against, cross
n. 对立面；反义词
 - antithesis, antonym
adv. 在对面
 - across

Word: stretch
Front: stretch
[stretʃ] (研四六托雅宝 1915/1930 -K3)
Vocabulary: stretch
(once / 76 pages)
1vnadj 2vn 3vn
To stretch is to extend or lengthen something beyond the normal length. You stretched both your vacation and the truth when you called out of work on Monday saying your flight home from Ibiza was canceled.
Stretch is a word that has many great usages. The sense of extending one’s limbs came about circa 1200. Four hundred years later brought the phrase "stretch your legs," meaning take a walk. Don’t walk too vigorously, though, or you could stretch a muscle. The word can also be used as a noun, meaning an expanse, as in, "Looking toward the horizon, the thirsty man saw an endless stretch of sand."
WORD FAMILY
stretch: overstretch, stretchable, stretched, stretcher, stretches, stretching, stretchy+/overstretch: overstretched, overstretching/stretchable: stretchability/stretcher: stretchers/stretching: stretchings/stretchy: stretchier, stretchiest, stretchiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He first appeared with Trump during the spring’s Indiana primary and reappeared at rallies in the Midwest during the general-election stretch run.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 伸展; 延伸; 持续; 包括
n. 伸展; 弹性; 一片; 一段时间
adj. 可伸缩的; 弹性的
时态：stretched, stretching, stretches
分布：伸展(54%)，延伸(22%)，弹性(12%)，一段时间(4%)，张开(4%)，夸大(2%)，可伸缩的(2%)
→来自古英语 streccan,拉长，伸出，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*strakjana,展开，拉紧，可能来 自 strenk,紧的，拉紧，词源同 string,strain,strict.拼写比较 bake,batch.引申诸相关词义。
v.伸展,延伸n.拉长;伸展;一段时间/路程When I fetched the sketch on the stretcher I found the secretary's secret.当我拿来担架上的素描时我发现了秘书的秘密.
verb
REACH 伸展
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cause something to reach, often as far as possible, in a particular direction 伸出；伸长；拉伸
• I tripped on a piece of wire that someone had stretched across the path. 我被不知是谁拉在路上的一根电线绊倒了。
• She stretched out her hand and helped him from his chair. 她伸手将他从椅子上扶起来。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to straighten your body or your arms or legs so that they are as long as possible, in order to exercise the joints (= place where two bones are connected) after you have been in the same place or position for a long time 伸展，舒展（四肢）
• "I'm so tired, " she said, yawning and stretching. “我太累了。”她打着呵欠伸了个懒腰说。
• It's a good idea to stretch before you take vigorous exercise. 在进行剧烈运动前，应该先伸展一下身体。
[stretʃ] verb
SPREAD 延伸
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to spread over a large area or distance 舒展；展开，铺开；延伸
• A huge cloud of dense smoke stretched across the horizon. 一大团浓烟在地平线上蔓延开来。
• The Andes stretch for 7250 km along the west coast of South America. 安第斯山脉沿南美洲西海岸绵延达7250公里。
• Unsettled weather will stretch from the middle Mississippi Valley to the southern Middle Atlantic States. 自密西西比河流域中部至濒大西洋中部诸州的南部，天气均不稳定。
• The refugee camps stretch as far as the eye can see. 难民营绵延不绝，一望无际。
[stretʃ] verb
GO PAST 越过
transitive
■to go as far as or past the usual limit of something 到…的限度；超过…的限度；竭尽
• Many families' budgets are already stretched to breaking point. 许多家庭的预算已经撑到了极限。
• We can't work any harder, Paul. We're already fully stretched. 我们无法更卖力了，保罗。我们已经竭尽全力。
• This movie really stretches the patience of the audience to the limit. 这部电影简直就是在考验观众的耐性。
• We don't normally allow in people under 18, but I suppose we could stretch the rules for you as it's your birthday tomorrow. 我们通常不接受未满18岁的人，但考虑到明天是你的生日，我想我们可以稍稍通融一下。
[stretʃ] verb
MAKE LONGER 拉长
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a material to) become longer or wider than usual as a result of pulling at the edges （使弹性物）拉长，伸长
• an exercise to stretch the leg muscles 拉伸腿部肌肉的运动
• That elastic band will snap if you stretch it too far. 那根橡皮筋拉得太长是会断的。
• This substance stretches to any shape you want. 这种物质可以拉伸成任何你想要的形状。
intransitive
■If a material stretches, it can become longer or wider when pulled and then return to its original size 有弹性，有弹力
• stretch fabrics 弹力织物
[stretʃ] verb
LONG TIME 长时间
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to spread over a long period of time 延续
• The dispute stretches back over many years. 这场争论可追溯到许多年以前。
• Although we were supposed to finish this month, it looks like the work will stretch well into next year. 虽然我们应该在本月完工，但看来工作要拖到明年了。
transitive (also stretch out)
■to make a process or task continue for a longer period of time than was originally planned 延长（…的期限）
• I'd like to stretch my mortgage payments out over a longer period if possible. 如果可能的话，我想把分期贷款的期限延长一些。
[stretʃ] verb
DO MORE 做更多
transitive
■If jobs or tasks stretch you, they make you learn new things which use your skill and experience more than you have done before （工作或任务）使施展本领，对…具有挑战性
• My present job doesn't stretch me, so I'm looking for something more demanding. 我目前的工作不能让我尽展所长，所以我在寻找更有挑战性的工作。
[stretʃ] verb
be stretching it
■to be going further than the truth 夸大事实；言过其实
• She's very clever, but it's stretching it a bit to call her a genius. 她很聪明，但说她是个天才就有点言过其实。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch your legs
■to go for a walk, especially after sitting in the same position for a long time （尤指久坐后）散散步，活动一下筋骨
• The car journey took three hours, including a couple of stops to stretch our legs. 这趟车程花了三个小时，包括几次停车活动筋骨的时间。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch a point
■to make a claim which is not completely true, or to do something which goes further than what is considered to be reasonable 言过其实；超越限度，破例，通融
• They claim to be the biggest company in the world, which is stretching a point, but it's true if you include their subsidiaries. 他们宣称是世界上最大的公司，这有点言过其实，不过如果将其附属公司也包括在内倒也真是这样。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch the length of sth
■to be the same length as something, usually something very long 与…等长（与通常是非常长的某物等长）
• The underground chambers stretch the length of a football pitch. 这个地下室和一个足球场一样长。
• The mountains stretch the entire length of the country. 这些山脉和那个国家一样长。
[stretʃ] verb
stretch the truth
■to say something which is not completely honest in order to make someone or something seem better than it really is 言过其实，夸大事实
• He was accused of stretching the truth about how much he had helped in the project. 他被指责夸大了自己在整个专案计划中的贡献。
[stretʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stretch (yourself) out
■to lie with your legs and arms spread out in a relaxed way 舒展四肢躺下
• I just want to get home and stretch out on the sofa. 我只想回家摊开四肢舒舒服服地躺在沙发上。
[stretʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stretch to sth UK informal
■to manage to give or do a particular amount, often a larger amount than you might expect 尽量凑足（数目）；争取做到
• "How much money do you want to borrow?" "Could you stretch to £50?" “你想借多少钱？”“你能凑到50英镑吗？”
[stretʃ] noun
PART 一段
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a continuous area of land or water （土地或水域的）一片，一段
• This particular stretch of coast is especially popular with walkers. 在这一段海岸散步的人特别多。
• Traffic is at a standstill along a five -mile stretch of the M11 just south of Cambridge. 剑桥南面11号高速公路有五英里的路段交通陷入瘫痪。
• Some very rare birds inhabit our stretch of the river. 一些非常珍稀的鸟类栖息在我们这个河段。
countable usually singular
■a stage in a race, or a part of a racetrack （赛跑的）阶段；一段跑道
• She looked certain to win as she entered the final stretch. 她进入最后一段跑道时似乎已经赢定了。
• He fell as he galloped down the home stretch (= towards the finish). 他在冲向终点时跌倒。
[stretʃ] noun
REACH 伸展
countable usually singular
■when someone or something stretches 伸展，舒展
• I always have a good stretch when I get up in the morning. 我早上起床总会好好地伸展一下筋骨。
[stretʃ] noun
GO PAST 超过
countable usually singular
■when something has gone past its usual limits 超过限度；过分；离谱；破例
• His thesis may be a stretch, but it's not outside the realm of possibility. 他的论文可能有点夸大其词，但并不是完全没有可能。
[stretʃ] noun
MAKE LONGER 拉长
uncountable
■the degree to which a material can be made longer or wider by pulling 弹性
• This fabric doesn't have much stretch in it, does it? 这种织物没甚么弹性，是吗？
[stretʃ] noun
TIME 时间
countable usually singular
■a continuous period of time （连续的）一段时间
• The elderly generally need far less rest than the young, and tend to sleep in several short stretches. 年长者一般需要的休息时间比年轻人要少得多，而且往往会分成几个小段时间睡觉。
countable usually singular informal
■a period of time that a criminal spends in prison 服刑期
• Her brother's doing a ten-year stretch for armed robbery. 她弟弟因持械抢劫正在服刑，刑期十年。
at a stretch mainly UK
■continuously or without any interruptions 连续地，不间断地
• There's no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch. 要我连续工作十小时是不可能的。
[stretʃ] noun
ACTOR 演员
countable usually singular
■when an actor plays a character who is very different from their own personality （演员的）有难度的表演，拓宽戏路的表演
• Playing a budding opera star was not much of stretch for this classically trained singer. 饰演一位崭露头角的歌剧明星，对这个受过古典音乐训练的歌手而言不是甚么难事。
[stretʃ] noun
by no stretch of the imagination (also not by any stretch of the imagination)
■used to describe things that are impossible to believe, even with a lot of effort 无论如何也难以相信
• By no stretch of the imagination could he be seriously described as an artist. 无论如何也难以相信人们会认真称他为艺术家。
enlarge, stretch, expand, reinforce, magnify, amplify
enlarge: v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
 • enlarge photograph   放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch: v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
 • The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.   这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
 • Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.   完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
expand: v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
 • The balloon expanded, then exploded.   气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
reinforce: v.增援，加固。
magnify: v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
 • His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.   他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
amplify: v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
 • We must ask you to amplify your statement.   我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大

Word: reluctant
Front: reluctant
[rɪˈlʌktənt] (研四六托雅 3900/3511 -3)
Vocabulary: reluctant
(once / 226 pages)
adj
If the adjective reluctant applies to you, it means that you are undergoing some inner struggle and are unwilling or unable to decide.
The word reluctant comes from the Latin reluctantem, which means "to struggle against." These days reluctant means “unwilling.” If you’re reluctant to dance to a terrible song, you’re unwilling to shake your booty, and you might even have to struggle against your friends who try to get you on the dance floor. You might offer them a reluctant smile instead (and hope it doesn’t look like a grimace).
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
reluctant / reticent
Consider this sentence:
They may also be reticent about sharing bad news with you.
Are they reticent? Or are they reluctant? It's a subtle difference to be sure. But is it worth preserving?
Reluctant means resisting, unwilling. There's a strong negative connotation attached to it, as these examples demonstrate:
The US healthcare industry has been extremely reluctant to embrace outsourcing firms.
The subject lends itself to hyperbole both because of its urgency and the imperative to draw reluctant readers.
US websites are reluctant to remove extremist religious material because of the First Amendment to the constitution protecting free speech.
By comparison, reticent means quiet, restrained, unwilling to communicate. Despite the unwillingness component, reticent imparts less of a negative feeling:
They were reticent about their main concerns, and few wanted to talk about how they voted.
The mustache and beard deny us the opportunity to get too close to the man, whose reticent gaze appears fixed to the floor.
Korchagin, usually calm and reticent, spoke with a passion that surprised Tsvetayev
Garner's Modern American Usage reports that reticent for reluctant is at stage 4 of language change: a nearly universal form that only "linguistic stalwarts," those "die-hard snoots," object to. Those snoots (syntax nudniks [pests] of our time) are people who love language, are at ease with its nuances, and tend toward tradition, rejecting neologisms without good cause.
It's up to you, then. If you're in favor of preserving the nuance between reluctant and reticent, then be proud to be a snoot!
WORD FAMILY
reluctant: reluctance, reluctantly +/ reluctance: reluctances
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
In some counties, state legislators effectively control central committees and are reluctant to relinquish appointment power.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Speaking ahead of the Centennial Classic, Bettman reiterated that NHL owners were reluctant to return for a sixth consecutive Olympics.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不情愿的，勉强的; 顽抗的; 难处理的; 厌恶的
分布：不情愿的(65%)，勉强的(35%)
→来自拉丁语 reluctari,扭打，抵抗，来自 re-,相对，对着干，luctari,缠绕，扭打，词源同 leg,ineluctable.引申词义勉强的，不情愿的。
a.不愿的,勉强的The conductor is reluctant to reduce the conductivity of the semiconductor.导演不情愿降低半导体的导电率.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it 勉强的；不情愿的
• [+ to infinitive] I was having such a good time I was reluctant to leave. 我玩得很开心，都不愿意离开了。
• Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children. 很多父母都不愿意和儿女们敞开心扉交谈。
• She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip to Florida with her. 她说服了丈夫跟她一起去佛罗里达旅游，尽管他不太情愿。
unwilling, reluctant
这组词都有“不情愿的，不愿意的”的意思，其区别是：
unwilling: 语气强烈，指有力的否定、拒绝。也可指被牵涉于非本意之事。
reluctant: 指做不赞同的，不很乐意的或害怕的事，有时也指坚决反对某事。
adj. 不情愿的；勉强的；顽抗的
 - narrow, unwilling

Word: smoke
Front: smoke
[sməʊk] (中高托雅 2414/2750 -K4)
Back: n. 烟; 吸烟
vi. 冒烟; 抽烟; 快速
vt. 用烟熏制; 吸（烟），抽
时态：smoked, smoking, smokes
分布：烟(68%)，吸烟(15%)，抽烟(14%)，冒烟(2%)，无常的事物(1%)
→来自中古英语 smoke,烟，来自古英语 smoca,烟，来自 Proto-Germanic*smukona,冒烟，来自 smeugh,冒烟，可能与 smell 有词源上的联系。引申词义抽烟，吸烟等。
n.烟,烟尘;吸烟,抽烟v.抽(烟);冒烟,冒气The smoke choked the joking stroker at one stroke.烟一下呛住了开玩笑的抚摩者.
US [smoʊk] noun
GREY GAS 灰色气体
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the grey, black or white mixture of gas and very small pieces of carbon that is produced when something burns （燃烧所产生的）烟，烟雾
• cigarette smoke 香烟的烟雾
• a tiny smoke -filled pub 烟雾弥漫的小酒吧
• The fire produced a pall (= large mass) of smoke visible twenty miles away. 大火产生的大团烟雾在20哩之外都能看见。
• Plumes of smoke billowed from the chimney. 滚滚浓烟从烟囱里冒出来。
• She leaned back thoughtfully and blew a puff of (= a small amount of) smoke into the air. 她若有所思地向后靠去，吐出了一口烟。
go up in smoke
■to be destroyed by burning 化成了烟，被大火烧毁
• Because of the fire, hundreds of houses went up in smoke. 由于这场大火，数百栋房屋被烧毁。
■Something that goes up in smoke fails to produce the result that was wanted 未达到预期的效果，化为泡影
• When the business went bankrupt, twenty years of hard work went up in smoke. 公司破产时，20年的苦心经营化为乌有。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
CIGARETTE 烟
only singular
■the act of smoking a cigarette 抽烟，吸烟
• I really enjoy a smoke at the end of a meal. 我很喜欢在饭后抽一支烟。
countable informal
■a cigarette 烟
• Would you buy me some smokes while you're out? 你出去的时候能帮我买些烟吗？
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
CITY 城市
the (big) smoke UK and Australian English informal
■any large city, especially London, Sydney or Melbourne 大城市（尤指伦敦、雪梨或墨尔本）
• He was a young lad of 16 when he first came to the big smoke. 他初次来到这座大城市时还是个16岁的少年。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] noun
There's no smoke without fire. UK saying (US Where there's smoke, there's fire.)
■If unpleasant things are said about someone or something, there is probably a good reason for it 无火不生烟；无风不起浪
• She says the accusations are not true, but there's no smoke without fire. 她说那些指控纯属子虚乌有，但无风不起浪。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
BREATHE SMOKE 吸烟
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to breathe smoke into the mouth and usually lungs from a cigarette, pipe, etc. 吸烟，抽烟
• Do you mind if I smoke? 你介意我抽根烟吗？
• I used to smoke a UKpacket/ USpack of cigarettes a day. 我曾经一天抽一包烟。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
GREY GAS 灰色气体
intransitive
■to produce smoke as a result of industrial activity or of something such as an electrical fault 冒烟
• The skyline is dominated by smoking factory chimneys. 地平线上全是工厂冒着烟的烟囱。
• Suddenly the TV went blank and started smoking. 电视机突然影像全无，开始冒烟。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
PRESERVE 保存
transitive
■to preserve meat, fish or cheese using smoke from burning wood （用烟）熏制
• People in the Middle East, South Asia and Egypt were salting, drying and smoking fish and meat 6000 years ago. 中东、印度和埃及的人们6000年前就开始把鱼和肉拿来腌制、风乾和熏制。
• She had champagne and smoked salmon sandwiches at her birthday party. 她在自己的生日派对上喝了香槟，吃了熏鲑鱼三明治。
UK [sməʊk] US [smoʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] smoke sb/sth out
■If you smoke out an animal or person that is hiding, you force them to leave the place where they are by filling it with smoke 用烟把（动物或人）熏出
• figurative The finance minister has promised a tougher approach to smoking out (= finding) tax dodgers. 财政部长已允诺要加强措施，查处逃税者。
n. [环境] 烟；抽烟；无常的事物
 - tobacco, ephemerality
vi. 冒烟，吸烟；抽烟；弥漫
 - fume
vt. 吸烟；抽
 - puff on

Word: bright
Front: bright
[braɪt] (中高 1308/1526 -K4)
Vocabulary: bright
(once / 44 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
After a long, gray winter, it's hard to remember what a bright, sunny day is like. Bright means shining with light.
The adjective bright is good for describing anything that emits, reflects, or is full of light — like the bright moon, the bright sky or the bright, well-lit room. Bright can also mean vivid or vibrant — such as a bright purple three-piece suit. More figuratively, bright means "full of hope or possibility" — like your bright future as a marine biologist.
WORD FAMILY
bright: brighter, brightest, brightly, brightness, brights+/brightness: brightnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those in brighter rooms were more likely to order healthier fish, vegetables or white meat rather than fried food or dessert.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The bright fluorescent ceiling lights seem to burn into me.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
In the waning years of the Depression, the school was a job creator and bright spot in the metro Kansas City area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 明亮的，鲜亮的; 聪明的; 辉煌的; 活泼的，机灵的，乖巧的
adv. 明亮地，光明地，光亮地; 欢快地，愉快地
n. 车头灯; <古>光辉，辉煌
级别：brighter, brightest
分布：明亮的(72%)，聪明的(17%)，亮色(4%)，有前途的(2%)，一早(2%)，阳光的(2%)，生动的(1%)
→来自PIE *bhereg, 明亮，发光。词源同burn.
a.明亮的,辉煌的;聪明的;欢快的,美好的The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
adjective
LIGHT 光
 ESSENTIAL
■full of light, shining 光明的，明亮的
• bright sunshine 明媚的阳光
• The rooms were bright and airy. 这些房间都明亮通风。
• The lights are too bright in here - they're hurting my eyes. 这里的灯太亮，把我的眼睛刺痛了。
• A bright star was shining in the East. 东方闪烁着一颗明亮的星。
• When she looked up her eyes were bright with tears. 她抬头望时眼睛里闪烁着泪光。
• In 1983 I moved to London, attracted by the bright lights (= the promise of excitement) of the city. 我为伦敦多姿多彩的城市生活所吸引，于1983年移居到此。
[braɪt] adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■strong in colour （颜色）鲜艳的，鲜亮的
• Leslie always wears bright colours. 莱斯莉总是穿颜色鲜艳的衣服。
• He said hello and I felt my face turn bright red. 他跟我打招呼，我感到自己的脸变得通红。
• a bright shade of green 鲜艳的绿色
[braɪt] adjective
INTELLIGENT 聪明的
 ADVANCED
■(of a person) clever and quick to learn （人）聪明的
• They were bright children, always asking questions. 这些孩子很聪明，总爱问问题。
• She was enthusiastic and full of bright ideas (= clever ideas) and suggestions. 她很有热情，满脑子好主意和建议。
[braɪt] adjective
HAPPY 快乐的
 ADVANCED
■full of hope for success or happiness 乐观的；快乐的
• You're very bright and cheerful this morning. 你今天早上心情不错。
• Things are starting to look brighter for British businesses. 英国工商业界情况开始有了好转。
• She's an excellent student with a bright future. 她是个非常优秀的学生，前途一片光明。
[braɪt] adjective
bright-eyed and bushy-tailed
■eager and happy 热切的；精神焕发的
• He always leaps out of bed bright-eyed and bushy-tailed. 他起床时总是精力十足。
[braɪt] noun
brights [plural] US informal
■A car's brights are its headlights (= the powerful lights at the front) on full power. 车头灯光，前灯光
radiant, bright, brilliant, glowing, luminous
这组词都有“明亮的”的意思，其区别是：
radiant: 侧重光线的射击，也可指像太阳或星星一样发光的东西。
bright: 常用词，与昏暗相对应，侧重形容光线的强度，指一切自身发光明亮或反射光的事物。
brilliant: 指非常亮或亮得引人注目，多含闪耀或反光闪烁之意。
glowing: 指稳定光源发出的明亮持久的光，或燃烧最后阶段产生的红光。
luminous: 着重指发出持续稳定的亮光；可指在黑暗中的发光物。
intelligent, bright, wise, ingenious, brilliant, clever, smart, shrewd
这组词都有“聪明的”的意思，其区别是：
intelligent: 正式用词，指在理解新的、抽象东西或处理解决问题时，智力超过一般常人。
bright: 口语常用词，多指年轻人，尤指小孩思路敏捷，理解力强，机灵等。
wise: 侧重不是一般的聪明伶俐，而是有远见，有智慧，能明智地处理问题。
ingenious: 指思路敏捷，并暗示有创造与发明的才能和技巧。
brilliant: 指人的才华出众，思路敏捷，常令人赞叹不已。
clever: 强调头脑灵活，接受新事物快，有智有谋，但不一定暗示全面妥当地考虑问题。
smart: 普通用词，与bright和clever的意思很相近，但更强调机灵。
shrewd: 指精明老练，有头脑，善于判断，把握有利机会。
adj. 明亮的，鲜明的；聪明的；愉快的
 - intelligent, liquid, wise, good, vivid
adv. 明亮地；光明地；欢快地
 - transparently

Word: restructure
Front: restructure
[ˌri:ˈstrʌktʃə(r)] (8138/8039 -2)
Vocabulary: restructure
(once / 2061 pages)
v
When you restructure something, you organize it in a different way so it’ll work better, like a practice schedule a coach restructures to get in more morning sessions before a big game.
The verb restructure often refers to a company that is changing the way it operates in order to be more efficient. In many cases, this means laying off employees, closing locations, or working with creditors to change the speed at which debt is repaid. The goal of this kind of restructuring is for the company to stay in business through a rough time in its history.
WORD FAMILY
restructure: restructured, restructures, restructuring+/ structure: restructure, structured, structures, structuring, substructure, superstructure, understructure/ structured: unstructured /substructure: substructures/superstructure: superstructures/understructure: understructures
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kathy Chen announced she was leaving following a restructure of the business in Asia.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Following the cash crunch, the firm's sports broadcasting unit said it would cut 10 percent of its staff and restructure its business.
Reuters(Dec 28, 2016)
Last month, Nasty Gal said it was restructuring while looking for partnerships with other brands.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: v. 重建; 调整; 重组
时态：restructured, restructuring, restructures
分布：重建(55%)，改组(38%)，重造(7%)
→re-,再，重新，structure,结构。
US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive
■to organize a company, business or system in a new way to make it operate more effectively 调整；改组；重建
• The government restructured the coal industry before selling it to private owners. 在将煤炭行业进行私有化之前，政府对其进行了结构调整。
vt. 调整；重建；更改结构
 - adjust, coordinate

Word: restriction
Front: restriction
[rɪˈstrɪkʃn] (高四六托 3127/2226 -K)
Vocabulary: restriction
(once / 478 pages)
n
A restriction is a limitation or a restraint, like when a size restriction keeps you from jumping on a toddler trampoline and bouncing the smaller kids a mile up in the air.
Usually a restriction is in place because a limit needs to be set. Common sense would keep you from putting a bowling ball in a paper bag; you wouldn’t need a restriction to tell you not to do it. Sometimes a restriction is the result of doing something bad or misusing a privilege, as when your parents put a restriction on video gaming to limit your time in front of the TV.
WORD FAMILY
restriction: restrictions+/ restrict: derestrict, restricted, restricting, restriction, restrictive, restricts/ restricted: restrictedly, unrestricted / restrictive: nonrestrictive, restrictively, restrictiveness, unrestrictive / unrestricted: unrestrictedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The no-burn restrictions for New Year’s Day were ordered by environmental regulators because pollution levels are expected to exceed federal health standards.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Restrictions remain during the summer months between the two holidays.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Christy said the monument designation and restrictions on its land raise the bar on fully developing resources on the trust’s parcels.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 限制，限定; 拘束，束缚; 管制
分布：限制(86%)，约束(14%)
限制[stirain,striet,string=tighten,表示"拉紧"]
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an official limit on something 受（尤指官方）限制的，受约束的
• import/export/currency restrictions 进口／出口／货币限制
• speed/parking restrictions 速度／停车限制
• At the turn of the century, Congress imposed/placed a height restriction of 13 storeys on all buildings in Washington. 在世纪之交，国会对华盛顿的建筑实行了不得超过13层的高度限制。
• The president urged other countries to lift the trade restrictions. 总统敦促其他国家取消贸易限制。
n. 限制；约束；束缚
 - limitation, qualification, chain, constraint

Word: celebrate
Front: celebrate
[ˈselɪbreɪt] (中高研四六托 2019/2443 -K3)
Vocabulary: celebrate
(once / 100 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To celebrate means to mark a special day, event, or holiday. You might celebrate a birthday, a religious holiday, or even the anniversary of a famous battle.
Use celebrate for festive, happy occasions. If the special day, event, or holiday is more solemn or introspective, a verb like observe is often used. After we observe Memorial Day, we look forward to celebrating the Fourth of July. The verb can also mean to honor or praise — "The book celebrated the life of the actress who had given so much to worthy causes."
WORD FAMILY
celebrate: celebrated, celebrater, celebrates, celebrating, celebration, celebrator, celebratory+/celebrater: celebraters/ celebration: celebrations/celebrator: celebrators
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
I was celebrating the end of the semester.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Here are a few facts to consider while celebrating the new year:
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 庆祝; 祝贺; 举行宗教庆典; 歌颂
时态：celebrated, celebrating, celebrates
分布：庆祝(91%)，庆贺(6%)，颂扬(3%)
→来自拉丁词celeber, 拥挤的，出名的。可能最终来自sker, 转，围，词源同ring, crowd. 即围起来的一群人。该词原指宗教弥撒，后指庆祝各种活动。
庆祝[celebr=honor(荣誉)]
vt.庆祝;颂扬,赞美vi.庆祝,过节He will celebrate his birthday on Friday.他周五将庆祝自己的生日.
verb
ENJOY AN OCCASION 庆祝某一活动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important 庆祝，庆贺；祝贺
• We always celebrate our wedding anniversary by going out to dinner. 每年的结婚纪念日我们都出去吃饭庆祝。　
• If this plan works, we'll celebrate in style (= in a special way). 要是这个计划奏效，我们就隆重地庆贺一下。
['sel.ɪ.breɪt] verb
PRAISE 赞扬
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to express admiration and approval for something or someone 赞扬，赞美；歌颂
• His work celebrates the energy and enthusiasm of the young. 他的作品赞颂年轻人的活力和热情。
['sel.ɪ.breɪt] verb
LEAD A CEREMONY 主持仪式
transitive
■to lead or take part in a religious ceremony 主持，参加（宗教仪式）
• to celebrate Mass 主持弥撒
congratulate, celebrate
这组词都有“庆祝，祝贺”的意思，其区别是：
congratulate: 指对他人祝贺为目的，希望他人幸福或走运。
celebrate: 通常指举行盛大隆重的仪式庆祝或纪念有意义的日子或某件事情，多暗示节日般的欢乐场面。
vt. 庆祝；举行；赞美；祝贺
 - stage, praise, bless, commemorate
vi. 庆祝；过节；举行宗教仪式
 - rejoice, whoop it up

Word: grip
Front: grip
[grɪp] (研四六托雅 3694/3376 -3)
Vocabulary: grip
(once / 245 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
To grip something is to hold it firmly. You might grip the TV remote to keep your roommate from trying to change the channel.
When you want to hold on to something, you grip it. If your hands are strong and you can hold things well, you have a good grip. Grip is also the roughness or texture of something. A steering wheel has good grip if your hands don't slip while driving. This word can be also be used figuratively. If you’re upset, your friend might tell you to “get a grip” — that is, get a hold of yourself.
WORD FAMILY
grip: gripped, gripping, grips, gript+/gripping: grippingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, the nation is in the grip of a worsening heroin epidemic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Thomas and the bride formally met one day earlier, when he suggested she grip his wrist, where his pulse is strongest.
New York Times(Aug 08, 2016)
Syria, Libya and Yemen are gripped by war.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 紧握，抓牢; 握力; 掌握，理解; 能力，胜任
vt. 握紧，抓牢; 吸引住：吸引…的兴趣或注意力; 引起
vi. 抓牢，紧握：保持紧握
时态：gripped, gripping, grips
分布：紧握(40%)，紧抓(20%)，手柄(18%)，了解(10%)，吸引(8%)，手提包(4%)
→词源同grab, grapple.
v./n.紧握,抓紧;掌握I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
verb (-pp-)
HOLD 抓住
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to hold very tightly 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• The baby gripped my finger with her tiny hand. 婴儿的小手紧紧握住我的手指。
• Old tyres won't grip (= stay on the surface of the road) in the rain very well. 在雨天，旧轮胎在路面上防滑性能不是太好。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
INTEREST 使感兴趣
transitive
■to keep someone's attention completely 使入迷；吸引…的注意力
• This trial has gripped the whole nation. 这场审判引起了全国的关注。
• I was gripped throughout the entire two hours of the film. 整整两个小时我都沉浸在这出电影里。
[grɪp] verb (-pp-)
EMOTION 感情
transitive usually passive
■When an emotion such as fear grips you, you feel it strongly （感情等）强烈地控制；对…产生强烈影响
• Then he turned towards me and I was suddenly gripped by fear. 然后，他转过身对着我，我突然惊恐万状。
[grɪp] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED only singular
■control over something or someone 控制；支配
• Rebels have tightened their grip on the city. 叛军已经加强了他们对这座城市的控制。
[grɪp] noun
HOLD 抓住
countable usually singular
■a tight hold on something or someone 紧握；握紧；紧抓（住）
• She tightened her grip on my arm. 她紧紧抓住我的肩膀。
• She would not loosen her grip on my arm. 她紧抓住我的肩膀不放。
[grɪp] noun
BAG 包
countable old-fashioned
■a bag for travelling that is smaller than a suitcase 旅行袋；手提包
[grɪp] noun
get/keep a grip on yourself
■to make an effort to control your emotions and behave more calmly 控制自己的感情；使自己镇定下来
• I just think he ought to get a grip on himself - he's behaving like a child. 我真是觉得他应该控制一下自己——他的举止像个小朋友。
[grɪp] noun
be in the grip of sth
■to be experiencing something unpleasant that you have no control over 处于无法控制的不利局势中；受制于…
• The country is currently in the grip of the worst recession for twenty years. 这个国家现在陷入了20年来最严重的经济衰退之中。
[grɪp] noun
come/get to grips with sth
■to make an effort to understand and deal with a problem or situation 开始理解并着手处理；了解并应付（问题或局面）
• The government have failed to come to grips with the two most important social issues of our time. 政府未能了解到我们这一时期最重要的两个社会问题。
• I can't seem to get to grips with this problem. 我好像理解不了这个问题。
grasp, clasp, catch, grip
grasp: 指用手、牙等抓住或咬住
clasp: 握紧，攥（在手中）
catch: 指用手接住（运动着的物体），捉住，捕获
grip: 紧抓，紧握，用于被动时指吸引某人的注意力
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
n. 紧握；柄；手提包；支配
 - governance, disposal, purchase, handle, ruling
vt. 紧握；夹紧
 - squeeze, clamp
vi. 抓住
 - clutch at, take hold

Word: forget
Front: forget
[fəˈget] (中高 872/813 -K4)
Vocabulary: forget
(once / 29 pages)
v
When you forget something, you can't recall or remember it. An actor who forgets his lines might need some helpful cues from the other actors on stage.
You might forget on online password, or forget to return your library books. You can also deliberately forget something: "I've decided to forget about becoming rich and famous and focus on what I like to do." When you accidentally leave something behind, like your umbrella, you also forget it. The Old English root of forget is forgietan, "fail to remember or neglect inadvertently."
WORD FAMILY
forget: forgetful, forgeting, forgets, forgettable, forgetting, forgot, forgotten +/ forgetful: forgetfully, forgetfulness, self-forgetful/forgetfulness: forgetfulnesses/forgettable: forgettably, unforgettable / forgotten: forgottenly/ unforgettable: unforgettably
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday, Jackson, Brown and strategy director Paul DePodesta spent 35 minutes doing their autopsy on a season they can’t wait to forget.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But as for the first, a Chinese nationalism: forget it.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The spread of the right to be forgotten is part of a wider trend towards the fragmentation of the internet.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 忘记，忘却; 忽略，疏忽; 遗落; 忘掉
vi. 忘记; 忽视
时态：forgot, forgotten, forgetting, forgets
分布：忘记(94%)，忽略(6%)
→for-, 否定，相反。get,得到，想起。即想不起来的，忘记。
v.忘记,遗忘I bet that he forgot the forged alphabetical targets.我打赌他忘记了按字母顺序排列的锻造靶子.
US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
NOT REMEMBER 不记得
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do something 忘记，遗忘
• I'm sorry, I've forgotten your name. 对不起，我忘了你的名字。
• Let me write down that date before I forget it. 在我忘记它之前，让我把日期写下来吧。
• I completely forgot about Gemma's party. 我完全忘记了杰玛的派对。
• [+ (that)] We had forgotten (that) she doesn't come on Thursdays. 我们都忘了，她星期四都不来。
• I'm sorry, I was forgetting (= I had forgotten) (that) you would be away in August. 抱歉，我忘了你八月不在。
• [+ -ing verb] She would never forget seeing the Himalayas for the first time. 她永远也不会忘记第一次看到喜马拉雅山时的情景。
• [+ question word] I've forgotten wh at you do next/ how to do it. 我忘了你下一步做甚么／怎么做。
• I never forget a face (= I'm good at remembering people). 我记人很在行。
not forgetting
■including 包括
• This is where we keep all the books, not forgetting the magazines and newspapers. 这是我们放书的地方，包括杂志和报纸。
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
NOT DO 未做
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + to infinitive transitive
■to not remember to do something 忘记做
• Don't forget to lock the door. 别忘了锁门。
• Dad's always forgetting (to take) his pills. 爸爸总是忘记吃药。
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
NOT BRING 未带
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not bring something with you because you did not remember it 忘记带
• I've forgotten my keys. 我忘了带锁匙。
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
STOP THINKING 停止想
   intransitive or transitive
■to stop thinking about someone or something 忘掉，不再想
• He tried to forget her. 他尽量不再想她。
• It seemed unlikely that the debt would ever be paid so we just forgot (about) it. 那笔债似乎不太可能偿还，所以我们就不再把它放在心上了。
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
BEHAVE BADLY 行为恶劣
forget yourself
[R]
■to act in a socially unacceptable way because you have lost control of your emotions 举止不得体，失态
• He was so angry he forgot himself and swore loudly. 他太生气了，就不成体统地破口大骂起来。
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
and don't you forget it
■used to tell someone that a particular fact is important and it should influence the way they behave 你可别忘了这一点
• I've been in the job longer than you and don't you forget it! 我做这份工作比你时间长，你可别忘了这一点！
UK [fə'get] US [fɚ-] (forgetting, forgot, forgotten)
verb
forget it informal
■used to tell someone that what they want is impossible 休想，不可能
• "I'd like to take a week's holiday." "Forget it, we're way too busy." “我想休一周的假。”“不可能，我们现在太忙了。”
■used to tell someone that something is not important and not to worry about it 没关系，不必在意
• "I'm so sorry about that cup." "Oh, forget it - I've got plenty." “那个杯子的事我很抱歉。”“噢，不必在意，我还有很多。”
overlook, disregard, omit, neglect, forget, ignore
这组词都有“疏忽，忽略”的意思，其区别是：
overlook: 指因匆忙而疏忽或视而不见。
disregard: 多指有意或自觉地不顾某事。
omit: 指有意或无意地忘记做某事，也指删去被视作不重要、不合意的东西。
neglect: 侧重指有意的忽略或忽视，也可指粗心与疏忽。
forget: 普通用词，侧重某事不重要或太复杂而未能记住，也指有意疏忽或忘掉。
ignore: 通常指有意不顾，或不理显而易见的事物。
vt. 忘记；忽略
 - fail, sponge out
vi. 忘记
 - sponge out, slip one's mind

Word: rent
Front: rent
[rent] (高研四六托雅宝 3433/2386 -K3)
Vocabulary: rent
(once / 161 pages)
1nv 2vn 3n
To rent something is to pay money to use it, live in it, or borrow it. If you're not sure which musical instrument you'll stick with and enjoy playing, it's best to rent a few to try out before buying.
Rent is both a verb and a noun for borrowing or leasing something. If you rent an apartment, you pay money to live there, and that money is also rent. You can rent many things, from skates at a roller rink to furniture for the home you rent. You don't own things you rent — you just use them temporarily. A rent is also a rip: "She fell and tore a big rent in one knee of her jeans."
WORD FAMILY
rent: rentable, rental, rented, renter, renting, rents+/rentable: unrentable/rental: rentals/renter: renters/renting: rentings
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 租金; 地租; （意见等的）分裂，分歧; （衣服等的）裂缝
vt. & vi. 出租; 付地租; “rend”的过去式和过去分词; 租借
adj. 撕碎的; 分裂的
时态：rented, renting, rents
分布：租金(59%)，出租(28%)，租用(12%)，动词rend的过去式和过去分词.(1%)
→来自古法语 rente,应付款，利润，收入，来自俗拉丁语*rendere,给予，给回，词源同 render. 引申词义租金。
v.租,租赁n.租金The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.承租人对租用网球帐篷的协议内容不满.
【记】rent作为“租金”大家都熟悉，租赁的过程中容易出现分歧。
noun
PAYMENT 付款
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a fixed amount of money that you pay regularly for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc. that someone else owns 租金；租费
• I pay a higher rent/more rent than the other tenants because my room is bigger. 我的房租比其他房客高，因为我的房间要大些。
• Rents here are ridiculously high/low. 这里的房租高／低得出奇。
for rent
■offered by the owner for someone else to use in exchange for money 出租；招租
[rent] noun
HOLE 洞
countable mainly old use
■a large hole torn in a piece of material （布等上面的）破洞，裂口，裂缝
• There was a large rent in his parachute. 他的降落伞上裂了个大口子。
[rent] verb
PAY TO USE 租借
 IMPROVER transitive
■to pay or receive a fixed amount of money for the use of a room, house, car, television, etc 租用，租借；出租
• I rented a car from a garage so that I could get about. 我从汽车修理厂租了一辆车，以便能够四处走走。
• [+ two objects] The old lady rented us her spare bedroom for £55 a week. 这位老太太以每周55英镑的价格把她一间闲置的睡房租给了我们。
• My Dad has a cottage which he rents (out) to tourists. 我爸爸有一处乡间小屋，他把它出租给游客们。
  Common Learner Errors  rent or hire? In British English you usually rent something for a long time. I rent a 2-bedroom flat. In British English you hire something for a short time. We hired a car for the weekend. In American English the word rent is used in both situations. I rent a 2-bedroom apartment. We rented a car for the weekend.
[rent] verb
TORN 撕裂的 past simple and past participle of
■ rend
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
n. [租赁] 租金
 - letting, hire
vt. 出租；租用；租借
 - lease out, hire out
vi. [租赁] 租；出租
 - lease out, hire out

Word: slump
Front: slump
[slʌmp] (托宝 6804/6160 -2)
Vocabulary: slump
(once / 1171 pages)
vn
To slump is to fall or slouch down. It's also a downturn in performance — a struggling ballplayer and a sinking economy are both in a slump.
There are many kinds of slumps, but they all involve things going downhill. If you slide down in your chair, you slump. Other slumps are less physical. If a successful quarterback starts losing games and throwing interceptions, that's a slump. The original meaning of slump, back in the 1670s, was "fall or sink into a muddy place," while the more figurative meanings came much later.
WORD FAMILY
slump: slumped, slumping, slumps
USAGE EXAMPLES
Defoe’s equalizer prevented Sunderland slumping to a third successive loss.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bentonite mining companies such as Wyo-Ben say they suffered during a recent slump in oil and gas drilling but business is picking back up.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
U.S. stocks slumped on the last trading day of the year Friday, but major indexes still posted solid gains in 2016.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vi. 大幅度下降，暴跌; 沉重或突然地落下[倒下]
n. （物价等的）暴跌; <美>（个人、球队等的）低潮状态; （销售量、价格、价值等的）骤降; （精神等的）消沉，萎靡
时态：slumped, slumping, slumps
分布：暴跌(78%)，使倒下(9%)，低潮状态(9%)，猛然瘫坐(2%)，大幅度下跌(2%)
【记】s死，lump（n 肿块；笨人）：死笨人的股票容易暴跌。
verb
REDUCE SUDDENLY 突然减少
intransitive
■(of prices, values or sales) to fall suddenly （价格、价值或销售额）猛跌，突然下降
• The value of property has slumped. 房产价值突然下跌。
• Car sales have slumped dramatically over the past year. 过去一年汽车的销售额大幅下降。
[slʌmp] verb
SIT/FALL 坐下／倒下
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to sit or fall heavily and suddenly 沉重地坐下（或倒下）
• She slumped into the chair, exhausted. 她颓然跌坐在椅子上，筋疲力尽。
[slʌmp] noun countable
■a fall in the price, value, sales, etc. of something （价格、价值、销售额等的）猛跌，暴跌
• There's been a slump in the demand for new cars. 新车的需求量猛跌。
■a period when an industry or the economy is in a bad state and there is a lot of unemployment 萧条（期），衰落
• an economic slump 经济萧条
• The airline industry is currently in a slump. 当前航空业正处于萧条期。
vi. 下降，衰落；倒下
 - decline, go down
n. 衰退； [金融] 暴跌；消沉
 - recession, downturn, decline
vt. 使降低；使衰落；使倒下
 - drop

Word: tale
Front: tale
[teɪl] (中高研四六托 2239/2493 -3)
Vocabulary: tale
(once / 80 pages)
n
A tale is a story, especially one that's full of creative embellishments. You can read a tale from a book, or tell a bedtime tale to the kids you're babysitting.
Tales can be true or fictional, but they generally consist of a narrative, with a beginning and an end, made more interesting and exciting with vivid details. Some tales are meant to teach specific lessons (like your family's history or your community's values), while others simply relay a funny story. Tale can also mean "lie," like when your mom asks, "You're not telling a tale, are you?"
WORD FAMILY
tale: tales
USAGE EXAMPLES
A 1934 American novel, about the eventual suicide of the fictional character Julian English, was also inspired by the tale and borrowed its title.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Harris toggles between time periods and narrative voices, creating a rich, dramatic tale that builds to a surprising conclusion.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The manuscript’s odyssey — from its creation in Mexico to its recent arrival in Manhattan — is a tale laced with intrigue.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 传说，传言; （尤指充满惊险的）故事; 坏话，谣言; 〈古〉计算，总计
分布：故事(84%)，传说(12%)，叙述(4%)
→来自古英语 talu,计算，数数，故事，寓言，来自 Proto-Germanic*talo,计算，告知，来自 del, 瞄准，计算，思考，词源同 tell,teller,talk.
n.故事,传说The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a story, especially one which might be invented or difficult to believe （尤指包含离奇内容的）故事，不实之词
• He told some fascinating tales about his life in India. 他讲了他在印度生活的一些奇闻轶事。
• She told me/invented/concocted a tale about missing the bus to explain her lateness. 为了解释迟到的原因，她向我讲了／编造了一通没赶上公车的鬼话。
[teɪl] noun countable
tale of woe
■a report of the bad things that have happened 悲惨的故事
• I asked how he was and he gave me a real tale of woe. 我问他过得怎么样，他向我诉说他的不幸。
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 故事；传说；叙述；流言蜚语
 - relation, story, tradition, statement, narrative

Word: marry
Front: marry
[ˈmæri] (中高研四 1333/1217 -K4)
Vocabulary: marry
(once / 21 pages)
v
To marry someone is to make an official, ceremonial commitment to be partners. You can marry someone in a church, barefoot on a beach, or in a courthouse.
Some people marry their long-time sweethearts, while others abruptly choose to marry after knowing each other briefly. The officiant who leads the wedding ceremony, whether they're a judge or an ordained minister who's also an Elvis impersonator, is the person who marries the happy couple. The Latin root is maritare, "to wed or marry," and also "to give in marriage."
WORD FAMILY
marry: intermarry, marriage, married, marries, marrying, remarry +/intermarriage: intermarriages/intermarry: intermarriage, intermarried, intermarries, intermarrying/ marriage: marriageable, marriages/marriageable: marriageability, marriageably/ married: marriedly, marrieds, unmarried/remarriage: remarriages/ remarry: remarriage, remarried, remarries, remarrying
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Amy: I appreciated your advice to “Worried Future Mother-in-Law,” whose daughter was marrying a guy whose mother was belligerent when drunk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
He married, under pressure from friends and family.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“They were just tourists, married for five months, and they wanted to find the perfect place to spend New Year’s Eve,” said Deek.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）结婚; 娶; 嫁; 结合
vt. 为…主持婚礼
时态：married, marrying, marries
分布：嫁(42%)，结婚(38%)，娶(17%)，结合(3%)
→来自拉丁语maritare,结婚，婚配，来自martius,求婚者，丈夫，来自meryo,年青男子，男孩，词源同masculine,male.
v.结婚,嫁,娶The married man carried the scarred car and carriage onto the carrier.已婚男子把有疤痕的汽车和马车带到了航母上.
US ['mer-] verb
MAN AND WOMAN 男人和女人
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to become the legally accepted husband or wife of someone in an official or religious ceremony 娶；嫁；（和…）结婚
• Men tend to marry later than women. 男性成婚往往晚于女性。
• Paul married Lucy four years ago. 保罗四年前和露西结婚了。
• They don't have any plans to marry at present. 他们目前没打算结婚。
transitive
■to perform the ceremony of marriage as a priest or official （牧师或官员）为…证婚，为…主持婚礼
• The couple were married by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 这对新人的婚礼是由坎特伯里大主教主持的。
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
COMBINE 结合
■to combine two different qualities （把两种素质、特性）融合
• a design which marries fun with function 集娱乐性、实用性于一体的设计
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
marry beneath you
■to marry someone people think is not good enough for you because he or she is from a lower social class 和社会地位比自己低的人结婚
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
Marry in haste , repent at leisure. saying
■This means that if you marry someone without knowing them well, later you will feel sorry that you married them. 草率结婚后悔多。
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
not be the marrying kind humorous
■If a man is not the marrying kind, he does not want to be married. People sometimes use this phrase to mean that the man is homosexual. 不是想结婚的那种人（有时用以指同性恋男子）
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] marry sb off
■to make certain that someone, especially a female member of your family, gets married, or that they marry the person you have chosen 把（某人）嫁出去；为（某人）找对象
• She was married off to the local doctor by the age of sixteen. 她16岁时被嫁给了这个本地医生。
UK ['mær.i] US ['mer-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] marry up (sth)
■If two things marry up or if you marry them up, they match or join together （使）匹配；（使）结合
• We need to marry up the names on your list with those on my list and see what the overlap is. 我们需要将各自名单上的名字对照一下，看看重复的有多少。
vt. 嫁；娶；与……结婚
 - go to the world, be married to
vi. 结婚
 - get married, tie the knot, get hitched, change one's condition, make a match

Word: popularity
Front: popularity
[ˌpɒpjuˈlærəti] (六托 3974/4588)
Back: n. 普及; 流行; 名气，名望，通俗性，大众性; 人望
分布：流行(39%)，受欢迎(35%)，普及(22%)，名望(4%)
→来自popular,流行的，-ity,名词后缀。
[见上,-ity名词字尾,表示性质]大众性,通俗性[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
大众性;流行(popular流行+ity)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
US [ˌpɑ:.pjə'ler.ə.tˌi] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when something is liked, enjoyed or supported by many people 流行
• the increasing popularity of organic food 有机食品的日益受欢迎
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 普及，流行；名气；受大众欢迎
 - prevalence, diffusedness

Word: unable
Front: unable
[ʌnˈeɪbl] (高四六 2136/1474 -K3)
Back: adj. 不能的，不会的; 无能力的，不熟练的; 不能胜任的; 〈罕，诗〉弱，无力的
分布：不会的(50%)，不能的(50%)
→un-, 不，非，able, 能够的。
adjective
be unable to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to not be able to do something 不能做，无法做
• We were unable to contact him at the time. 我们当时无法和他取得联系。
adj. 不会的，不能的； [劳经] 无能力的；不能胜任的
 - incapable, powerless

Word: premium
Front: premium
[ˈpri:miəm] (研六托雅宝 4801/3744 -3)
Vocabulary: premium
(once / 601 pages)
1adjn 2n
Something that's premium is much better than average — it's excellent, in fact. A premium seat at a rock concert is right up front, with a great view of the stage.
When premium is a noun, it means the money you pay each month for your car insurance or a charge that's added on top of a standard payment. It also means a prize or reward. As an adjective, premium implies something of superior quality that probably costs more too. Premium comes straight out of Latin, meaning “reward.” It was first used as an adjective around 1925, in the phrase "premium butter."
WORD FAMILY
premium: premiums
USAGE EXAMPLES
She also recommends selling what you don’t need and cutting unnecessary expenses, such as premium cable.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
First up: Extend some financial help to shoppers on the individual health insurance market who face massive premium increases.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Two years ago, Panasonic swerved again, saying it was reviving the Technics brand to target the premium end of the audio market.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 额外费用; 保险费; 附加费
adj. 高昂的; 优质的
分布：保险费(64%)，额外费用(12%)，奖金(11%)，优质的(9%)，高价的(4%)
→来自拉丁语praemium,奖励，奖品，战利品，来自prae,在前，-em,拿，带，获得，词源同example,exempt.后用于形容词词义优质的，高端的，即额外的奖品。由该形容词词义又用于指经济学术语加价，溢价，保险费等。
奖品,奖金(pre前面+em+ium→在前面[的人]拿到→奖品)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
n.额外费用,奖金,奖赏,保险费He paid premiums on his life insurance last year.他去年付了人寿保险费.
【记】pre前，emium＝empt买－提前买下的东西－保险费
noun
EXTRA 额外的
 ADVANCED countable
■an amount which is more than usual 奖金，津贴；加价；附加费
• We're willing to pay a premium for the best location. 为了得到最好的地段，我们愿意多付些钱。
• Because of their location, these offices attract a premium. 由于地段好，这些办公室租金更高。
• The modified cars are available at a premium of 5% over the original price. 改装后的汽车的售价要比原价高5%。
• The busy shopper puts a premium on (= appreciates and will pay more for) finding everything in one big store. 时间有限的购物者若能在一家大商店买齐所有的东西，就算价钱高一点也是愿意的。
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
PAYMENT 付款
 ADVANCED countable
■an amount of money paid to get insurance 保险费
• Car insurance premiums have increased this year. 今年汽车保险费涨了。
• The premiums for healthcare plans are high. 保健计划的保险费很高。
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
FUEL 汽油
uncountable (also premium gas) US for
■ four-star (petrol)
['pri:.mi.əm] noun
be at a premium
■to be not common and therefore valuable 奇缺，非常稀罕
• Free time is at a premium for working parents. 对于上班的父母来说，空余时间非常宝贵。
['pri:.mi.əm] adjective
■describes something that is of higher than usual quality （品质）高级的；优质的；顶级的
• premium ice cream 顶级霜淇淋
• The building is on a premium site. 这幢大楼建在一块风水宝地上。
n. [保险] 保险费，额外费用； [劳经] 奖金
 - bonus, dividend

Word: outfit
Front: outfit
[ˈaʊtfɪt] (研托雅 4400/5379 -2)
Vocabulary: outfit
(once / 456 pages)
1nv 2n
You can use the noun outfit to mean clothes that go together, like a shirt and pants that you always wear to job interviews. You might have spent hours choosing your first-day-of-school outfit.
An outfit is often selected for a special occasion, like a graduation outfit, an outfit for your cousin's party, or your rodeo outfit. An outfit is also a kit or set of tools that serve a specific purpose, and as a verb it means "provide with" or "equip." A girl scout leader, for example, will outfit her troops with water and sunblock for a long hike on a sunny summer day.
WORD FAMILY
outfit: outfits, outfitted, outfitter, outfitting+/outfitter: outfitters/outfitting: outfittings
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, Turkey's prime minister denied that the gunman wore a Santa Claus outfit.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
At least one woman was fined by police for not wearing an outfit deemed to respect “good morals and secularism”.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
However, Turkey’s prime minister denied that the gunman wore a Santa Claus outfit.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 全套装备; 一套服装; 集体; 组织
vt. 装备; 配置设备; 供给服装
vi. 得到装备
时态：outfitted, outfitting, outfits
分布：机构(41%)，配备(29%)，用具(14%)，得到装备(8%)，供应(8%)
→out-,向外，fit,匹配，装配。原指船只远行的配备，引申词义全套装备。
n.用具,机构,全套装配v.配备,(得到)装备I was outfitted with new shoes.我添置了一双新鞋.
noun
CLOTHES 衣服
countable
■a set of clothes worn for a particular occasion or activity （为特定场合或活动而穿的）全套服装，装束
• I've got a cowboy outfit for the fancy dress party. 我有一套牛仔装，参加化装晚会时可以穿。
['aʊt.fɪt] noun
GROUP 团体
countable [+ sing/pl verb] informal
■an organization, company, team, military unit, etc 组织；公司；团队；军事单位
• He has recently set up his own research outfit, which has as yet no name. 他最近建立了自己的研究队伍，目前还没有命名。
['aʊt.fɪt] verb transitive often passive (outfitting, outfitted, outfitted)
■to provide someone or something with equipment or clothes 装备，配备；为…提供设备（或服装）
• The ambulances have all been outfitted with new radios. 所有救护车都装备了新的无线电发收设备。
n. 机构；用具；全套装备
 - organization, machinery, tool, house
vt. 配备；供应
 - serve, accommodate

Word: donor
Front: donor
[ˈdəʊnə(r)] (托宝 3847/5462 -2)
Vocabulary: donor
(once / 984 pages)
n
A donor is a person who donates something of value to a person or an organization, especially a charity. A wealthy donor might leave her book collection to the local library in her will.
Buildings on college campuses are frequently named after generous donors — if you give millions of dollars to your school, they might name the new library after you, crediting you as a donor. Another kind of donor gives blood that can be used for transfusions, or agrees to donate organs after his or her death. Donor comes from the Latin root donare, "give as a gift."
WORD FAMILY
donor: donors
USAGE EXAMPLES
An opposition lawmaker is also campaigning for Netanyahu to be investigated over suspicions that donors improperly transferred money for his personal use.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It's also why he's devoted his life to keeping the memory of his donor, Jason Gosnell, alive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Blumberg hopes the public will chip in, which is why he’s assuring potential donors that Fleet Week will survive.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 捐赠者，[医]供血者，输血者; [医]供血者，输血者; [物]施主
分布：捐赠人(41%)，供者(40%)，施主(19%)
→来自词源don, 给予，词源同donate.
捐献者(don+or→给的人)[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
【参】donate（v 捐赠；赠予）；又送don穿的，又送ate吃的donation（n 捐赠品；贡献）
US ['doʊ.nɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who gives some of their blood or a part of their body to help someone who is ill 捐血者；器官捐赠者
• a blood donor 捐血者
• a kidney donor 肾脏捐赠者
 ADVANCED
■a person who gives money or goods to an organization 捐助者，捐赠者
• Thanks to a large gift from an anonymous donor, the charity was able to continue its work. 多亏得到了一位匿名人士的大笔捐助，该慈善机构才得以继续运转。
n. [法] 捐赠者；供者；赠送人
 - donator

Word: goldman

Word: holiday
Front: holiday
[ˈhɒlədeɪ] (中高雅 1963/948 -K4)
Vocabulary: holiday
(once / 188 pages)
nv
A holiday celebrates a person, anniversary, religious belief or other occasion. You might observe the Indian holiday of Holi, and take a week off of work to celebrate with your family.
A holiday is an occasion recognized by the state or federal government and marked on calendars, like Thanksgiving in the United States. Most holidays are celebratory and fun, and just about all of them mean no work or school. You can also take a holiday, or vacation. Holiday comes from "holy" and "day," meaning a religious festival, and the word was even pronounced that way until the sixteenth century.
WORD FAMILY
holiday: holidayed, holidaying, holidays
USAGE EXAMPLES
The ultra-balanced Panthers won their bracket at the Destin Holiday Classic in Florida, beating teams from Georgia, Florida and Kentucky along the way.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump returned to New York Monday after spending the holidays at his private club in South Florida.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 假日，休息日; 节日
vi. 度假，休假
时态：holidayed, holidaying, holidays
分布：假日(61%)，节日(39%)
→来自古英语haligdaeg,神圣的日子，即holy day.其原义为宗教节日，安息日。后引申词义假期。比较festival.
n.假日,节日,假期,休假Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US ['hɑ:.lɪ-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable UK (UK informal holidays) (UK informal hols) (US vacation)
■a time, often one or two weeks, when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want, such as travel or relax 假期，假日
• a camping/skiing holiday 露营／滑雪渡假
• Have you decided where you're going for your holiday(s) this year? 你决定今年到哪里渡假了吗？
• Patricia is on holiday next week. 派翠夏下星期休假。
• How many days' holiday do you get with your new job? 你的新工作有几天假期？
• We thought we'd go to France for our summer holiday. 我们想去法国过暑假。
• Surely the school holidays start soon. 想必学校马上就要放假了吧。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an official day when you do not have to go to work or school 法定假日，节日
• a public holiday 公众假期
• St Patrick's Day is a holiday in Ireland. 圣派翠克节是爱尔兰的一个节日。
UK ['hɒl.ɪ.deɪ] US ['hɑ:.lɪ-] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition UK (US vacation)
■to take a holiday 去渡假
• My parents are holidaying in Spain this year. 我的父母今年要去西班牙渡假。
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
n. 假日；节日；休息日
 - festival, Feriae

Word: immediate
Front: immediate
[ɪˈmi:diət] (高研四六托 2180/1542 -K4)
Vocabulary: immediate
(once / 35 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something immediate is happening now or right away. If you're in immediate danger, you'd better run or call 911.
Immediate is a word that pretty much means "now." If you take immediate action, then there's no delay. If you need immediate assistance, you can't wait for assistance. The related word immediately should be a clue, since it also means "right now." If something is happening later, or it happened a long time ago, or you have to wait for it at all, then it's not immediate.
WORD FAMILY
immediate: immediacy, immediately, immediateness+/ immediacy: immediacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
There was no immediate reaction from China to Trump’s tweet.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 立即的; 直接的，最接近的; 目前的，当前的; 直觉的
分布：直接的(44%)，立即的(31%)，目前的(17%)，最接近的(8%)
→im-,不，非，-med,中间，词源同middle,medial.即没有中间环节的，立即的，马上的。
a.立即的,即时的;直接的,最接近的In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or done without delay or very soon after something else 立即的，立刻的
• We must make an immediate response. 我们必须立即作出反应。
• Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect. 二恶英是一种速效毒药。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something or someone that is close to, or is a cause of or an effect of, something or someone else 接近的；紧接的；直接的
• There are few facilities in the immediate area. 在邻近地区几乎没有甚么设施。
• An immediate result/effect of the war was a breakdown of law and order. 战争的直接后果／影响是法治的瘫痪。
 ESSENTIAL
■in the present or as soon as possible 目前的；尽快的
• We have no immediate plans. 我们目前没有计划。
• MPs have demanded his immediate resignation. 下院议员要他立刻辞职。
the immediate future
■the period of time that is coming next 近期
your immediate family
■your closest relations, such as your parents, children, husband or wife 直系亲属（如父母、子女、配偶等）
immediate, prompt, momentary, instant
immediate: 目前的，当前的
prompt: （行动）立刻的，迅速的；
momentary: 瞬息间的；
instant: 即刻发生的
adj. 立即的；直接的；最接近的
 - instant, direct, right

Word: alarm
Front: alarm
[əˈlɑ:m] (高研四托雅 3693/3004 -K3)
Vocabulary: alarm
(once / 92 pages)
nv
On a clock, the alarm can be set to go off at a certain time to wake nearby sleepers. You should always check the alarm on the clock at a hotel because a previous guest may have it set to go off in the middle of the night.
The noun alarm refers to a signal that is meant to rouse, alert, or awaken someone. On April 18, 1775, William Dawes, Paul Revere, and several others rode from Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts to raise the alarm that the British were coming. As a verb, alarm means to be filled with anxiety or apprehension. You may become alarmed if your children become too quiet. Never a good sign — they are probably up to something mischievous.
WORD FAMILY
alarm: alarmed, alarming, alarmism, alarms+/alarmed: alarmedly/ alarming: alarmingest, alarmingly, unalarming/alarmism: alarmist/alarmist: alarmists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The flotilla raised alarm in Japan when it steamed between the Japanese islands of Miyako and Okinawa.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Suddenly, that £5 cappuccino on Oxford Street is no longer cause for outright alarm.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Michigan contract particularly alarmed some experts because of what they perceived as its broad latitude.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: n. 惊恐; 警报; 闹铃; 动员令
vt. 使惊恐; 警告; 给（门等）安装警报器
时态：alarmed, alarming, alarms
分布：警报(65%)，警报器(13%)，惊恐(11%)，警告(7%)，使惊恐(3%)，向 ... 报警(1%)
→来自意大利语all’arme, 全部拿起武器。
n.惊恐;警报(器)vt.惊动,惊吓;向...报警The alarm harmed the charming harmony of the ceremony.警报声损害了典礼迷人的和谐.
US [-lɑ:rm] noun
WARNING 警告
 IMPROVER countable
■a warning of danger, typically a loud noise or flashing light 警报
• If there's any trouble, raise/sound the alarm by pulling the emergency cord. 如果出现任何问题，拉紧急警报索报警。
• The first two bomb alerts were false alarms, but the third was for real. 前两次炸弹警报是一场虚惊，但是第三次是真的。
 IMPROVER countable
■a device which makes a loud noise to warn of danger 警报器；警报装置
• a burglar/car/fire/smoke alarm 防盗／汽车／防火／烟雾警报器
countable * an alarm clock
countable
■If an electronic device such as a watch or computer has an alarm, it can be set to make a noise at a particular time. 闹铃装置；定时装置
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
WORRY 担忧
 ADVANCED uncountable
■sudden worry and fear, especially that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen 惊恐，惊慌；担忧
• I didn't tell her that he was late because I didn't want to cause her any alarm. 我没有告诉她他来晚了，因为我不想让她担惊受怕。
• Villagers have reacted with alarm to news of a proposed new road. 听说有修新路的计划，村民都十分恐慌。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
raise the alarm
■to make people understand the danger of something 发出警报；报警
• A local doctor was the first to raise the alarm about this latest virus. 当地一名医生最先就这种最新病毒向人们发出警告。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] noun
ring / sound alarm bells
■If something rings/sounds alarm bells, it makes you start to worry because it is a sign that there may be a problem 敲警钟；发出危险信号；引起警觉
• The name rang alarm bells in her mind. 这个名字引起了她的警觉。
UK [ə'lɑ:m] US [-lɑ:rm] verb transitive
■to make someone worried or frightened
• I didn't want to alarm him by telling him that she was ill. 我不想让他担心，没有告诉他她生病的事。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
alarm, frightem, startle, terrify, scare, intimidate
这些动词均有“惊吓、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 着重指某人意识到危险而突然产生的惊恐。
frightem: 普通用词，使用广泛，指产生突然、短暂的惊慌、恐怖感。
startle: 强调突然使人惊骇或震惊。
terrify: 语气最强，指惊骇得六神无主，魂飞魄散。
scare: 指非正式文体中可与frighten换用，但语气较重，侧重人受惊吓后立即停下正在干的事或跑掉。
intimidate: 特指恐吓某人，迫使其做某事。
n. 警报， [安全] 警告器；惊慌
 - panic, tocsin
vt. 警告；使惊恐
 - exercise, alert, warn

Word: cloud
Front: cloud
[klaʊd] (中高 1914/2333 -K3)
Vocabulary: cloud
(once / 59 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
A cloud is a clump of water vapor that you can see in the sky. Clouds are sometimes white and puffy, and other times so big and gray that they completely block the sun.
Clouds form when air rises and cools and the moisture in it condenses into a visible form. Any similar billowy mass is also a cloud, like a cloud of smoke over your campfire or a cloud of dust after your car peels out of the driveway. If you're gloomy or morose, someone might say there's a cloud over you — a figurative cloud of sadness. On the other hand, if you're "on cloud nine," you couldn't be happier.
WORD FAMILY
cloud: clouded, clouding, cloudless, cloudlike, clouds, cloudy, overcloud+/clouded: unclouded/clouding: cloudings/cloudless: cloudlessly, cloudlessness/ cloudy: cloudier, cloudiest, cloudily, cloudiness/overcloud: overclouded, overclouding, overclouds/unclouded: uncloudedly, uncloudedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Personal bias clouds our perceptions so profoundly that employee performance ratings often reveal more about the person conducting them than the person being rated.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
During a journaling activity with volunteers from the St. Cloud Times, Sarah colored pictures about herself and her life.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They threw rocks, toppled streetlights, dodged clouds of tear gas and tipped over a television truck.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 云; 云状物; 一团; 阴影
vi. 布满云; 显得阴沉; 看起来忧愁）
vt. 使难以理解; 使…朦胧不清; 使减少乐趣; 混淆
时态：clouded, clouding, clouds
分布：云(96%)，阴影(4%)
→来自glei,黏，粘，词源同clay,clump,clod.词义由粘连到聚集成块。原义为土块，石块， 后代替sky 指云，sky 词义由云过渡为天空。
n.云(状物);遮暗物,阴影;一大群Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a usually grey or white mass in the sky, made of very small floating drops of water 云
• Do you think those are rain clouds on the horizon? 你看天边那些云是雨云吗？
• The sky was a perfect blue - not a cloud in sight. 天空一片湛蓝——万里无云。
• There was so much cloud, we couldn't see anything. 云层太厚，我们甚么也看不见。
• Dark clouds massed on the horizon. 天边乌云密布。
 IMPROVER countable
■a mass of something such as dust or smoke that looks like a cloud 一团（尘土、烟雾等）；云状物
• On the eastern horizon, a huge cloud of smoke from burning oil tanks stretched across the sky. 在东方的地平线上，着火的储油罐冒出的浓烟弥漫在天际。
• The initial cloud of tear gas had hardly cleared before shots were fired. 催泪瓦斯的第一团烟雾刚散尽，射击就开始了。
[klaʊd] noun
be on cloud nine informal
■to be extremely happy and excited 高兴极了；异常兴奋；乐不可支
• "Was Helen pleased about getting that job?" "Pleased? She was on cloud nine!" “海伦得到那份工作高兴吗？”“岂止是高兴？她简直飘飘然了！”
[klaʊd] noun
be under a cloud
■to not be trusted or popular because people think you have done something bad 不被信任，受怀疑；受嫌弃，不受欢迎
• The cabinet minister left office under a cloud after a fraud scandal. 这位内阁大臣因涉嫌诈骗丑闻而离职。
[klaʊd] noun
a cloud hanging over sb
■a situation or future event which makes you worry or feel unhappy （某人）有心事；不悦；忧心忡忡
• When you're waiting for an operation, you feel like there's a cloud hanging over you. 等待手术的时候，会感觉忧心忡忡的。
[klaʊd] noun
a cloud on the horizon
■something which threatens to cause problems or unhappiness in the future 可能到来的麻烦；令人担忧的事
• The only cloud on the horizon is the physics exam in June. 唯一要担心的就是六月份的物理考试。
[klaʊd] noun
Every cloud has a silver lining. saying
■said to emphasize that every difficult or unpleasant situation has some advantage 黑暗中总有一线光明。
[klaʊd] verb
intransitive or transitive
■If something transparent clouds, or if something clouds it, it becomes difficult to see through. （使）变得模糊，（使）变得黯然
transitive
■to make someone confused, or make something more difficult to understand 使迷惑；使不清楚；使难以理解
• When it came to explaining the lipstick on his collar, he found that drink had clouded (= confused) his memory. 等到要他解释衣领上的口红印时，他才意识到当时酒喝得太多，甚么都记不清楚了。
[klaʊd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  cloud over
SKY
■If the sky clouds over, it becomes covered with clouds. 乌云密布，乌云翻滚
FACE
■If a person's face clouds over, they suddenly look unhappy or worried （脸色）阴沉；愁云满面；忧郁
• At the mention of her dead husband, her face clouded over. 一提到死去的丈夫，她的脸色就阴沉下来。
n. [气象] 云；阴云；云状物；一大群；黑斑
 - horde, melasma
vt. 使混乱；以云遮敝；使忧郁；玷污
 - confuse, make hay of

Word: initial
Front: initial
[ɪˈnɪʃl] (高研四六托雅宝 1943/1525 -K3)
Vocabulary: initial
(once / 259 pages)
adjnv
The first letter of your name is your initial. The first thing you say to someone is your initial greeting. Initial is something that occurs first or at the beginning.
If someone asks you to initial a form, they're asking you to sign by writing your initials on it. If your name is Inna Instant, you would write I.I., and you'd probably write it really quick! The first draft of a paper might be called your initial pass at getting your ideas down. If you say that these are your initial ideas, it implies that you will be coming up with more.
WORD FAMILY
initial: initialed, initialing, initialise, initialize, initialled, initialling, initially, initials+/initialise: initialisation/initialize: initialization, initialized, initializes, initializing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Estimates of the pricetag for that initial discovery range from several hundred to a few billion dollars.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Trojans also wore helmet decals with McKnight’s initials and jersey number.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
When happy with the initial sketch, she transfers the design to metal, often with a fine-point marker.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最初的; 开始的; 首字母的
n. 首字母; [语音学]声母; 特大的大写字母
vt. 用姓名的首字母签名
时态：initialled, initialling, initials
分布：最初的(79%)，开始的(15%)，签姓名的首字母于(4%)，字首的(2%)
→in-,进入，使，-it,走，开始，词源同itinerary,exit.即走起来的，开始的。
开始的,最初的(in进入+it+ial→走进→开始的)[it=go,表示"行走"]
a.最初的,开头的;词首的n.词首大写字母The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.最初的会谈是后来达成协议的基础.
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■of or at the beginning 开始的，最初的
• My initial surprise was soon replaced by delight. 我最初的惊讶很快变成了兴奋。
• Initial reports say that seven people have died, though this has not yet been confirmed. 最初的报道说有七人丧生，但这个消息还未得到证实。
[ɪ'nɪʃ.əl] noun countable usually plural
 ADVANCED
■the first letter of a name, especially when used to represent a name （姓名的）首字母
• He wrote his initials, P.M.R., at the bottom of the page. 他在页尾写上了他名字的首字母P.M.R.。
• Paul M. Reynolds refused to say what the initial "M" stood for. 保罗‧M‧雷诺兹拒绝说出首字母M代表甚么意思。
• They carved their initials into a tree. 他们把自己名字的首字母刻在树上。
[ɪ'nɪʃ.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to write your initials on something 在…上签署姓名的首字母
• I initialled the documents and returned them to personnel. 我在档上签了自己名字的首字母，然后交还给人事部。
initial, original, primitive
initial: a.开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。
 • My initial good opinion of him changed with time.   时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。
original: a.最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
 • This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.   就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。
primitive: a.原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
 • Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.   原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。
adj. [数] 最初的；字首的
 - premier, original

Word: tariff
Front: tariff
[ˈtærɪf] (研六托雅宝 7354/5185 -2)
Vocabulary: tariff
(once / 636 pages)
nv
A tariff is a kind of tax on goods a country imports or exports. If you want to buy a European-made car in the U.S., the price will include tariffs the government adds to the price of imported vehicles.
Usually a government imposes a tariff to encourage its own industries and to discourage buying cheaper imports from other countries. If a government wants to protect its own clothing industry, it may add a tariff to imported clothing, to make sure that the imported clothes aren't cheaper than the locally manufactured items. You can control exports, too, by imposing tariffs. As a verb, you can say "the government tariffs certain imports and exports."
WORD FAMILY
tariff: tariffed, tariffing, tariffs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“If tariffs got any higher, of course it would hurt our business.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Will Donald Trump follow through on his promises to confront China on trade, even imposing tariffs?
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 关税表; 关税; 价格表
vt. 征收关税; 定税率; 定收费标准
时态：tariffed, tariffing, tariffs
分布：关税(96%)，价目表(3%)，交关税(1%)
→来自意大利语 tariffa,关税，价目表，来自拉丁语 tarifa,价目表，来自阿拉伯语 ta'rif,通知，费 用目录，来自 ta-,表名词，arafa,使知道，使知晓。引申诸相关词义。
n.关税,税率;(旅馆,饭店等)价目表,收费表There is a very high tariff on jewelry.宝石类的税率很高.
【记】读：泰锐斧。第一次征收关税是对泰国的锐利的斧子征收的。
noun countable
■a charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering a country 关税；关税表
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。

Word: creditor
Front: creditor
[ˈkredɪtə(r)] (托 8246/3611 -2)
Vocabulary: creditor
(once / 625 pages)
n
If Joe loans you two dollars so you can buy a cup of coffee, Joe is your creditor — you owe him two dollars and a big thank you!
If you have a credit card, the bank that issues it to you is your creditor. What they give you is not a piece of plastic, rather it is a line of credit or a certain amount of money that they have agreed to loan you at fixed terms. Make sure you pay it off every month or you'll become a debtor!
WORD FAMILY
creditor: creditors+/ credit: creditable, credited, crediting, creditor, credits, discredit /creditable: creditably/ discredit: discreditable, discredited, discrediting, discredits/discreditable: discreditably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In November, it turned to Blumberg to forge settlements with creditors.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
There were too many creditors in line ahead of the Bakken oil field workers.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
He also wrote more than $3.4 million in bad checks to other creditors.
Washington Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 债权人，债主; [会]贷方
分布：债权人(90%)，债主(10%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■someone who money is owed to 债权人，债主
• The company couldn't pay its creditors. 该公司无力向债权人偿债。
Compare debtor
n. [法] 债权人，贷方
 - debtee, loaner

Word: transaction
Front: transaction
[trænˈzækʃn] (研六托雅宝 3813/2065)
Vocabulary: transaction
(once / 303 pages)
n
A transaction is any kind of action involved in conducting business, or an interaction between people. When you go to the bank, fill out a form, and deposit your paycheck, you make a transaction.
An important business deal can be called a transaction, particularly the buying or selling of goods, but you can call any exchange with another person a transaction. There are transactions involving money, ideas, and even e-mail. The Latin root transactionem describes an agreement or accomplishment. This led to a mid-15th century version of transaction that described the adjustment of a dispute.
WORD FAMILY
transaction: transactions+/ transact: transacted, transacting, transaction, transactor, transacts/transactor: transactors
USAGE EXAMPLES
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Estimating the costs of lost productivity and slower processing of transactions is more difficult.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Transactions between private citizens previously did not require any background checks.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 交易，业务，事务; 办理，处理; （一笔）交易，（一项）事务; （学会等的）会议记录，学报
分布：事务(53%)，交易(36%)，处理(7%)，办理(3%)，会报.(1%)
交易;办理(trans+action行动→交换行动→交易)[trans-①表示"横过,越过"②表示"变换,改变,转移"]
n.办理,处理;交易,事务;(pl.)会报,学报All transactions, from banking to shopping, will be performed electronically.所有的活动,从跑银行到买东西,都可通过电脑来完成.
【记】trans转，action行动：两边都行动－交易
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone buys or sells something, or when money is exchanged 交易（人们购买或出售物品，或兑换金钱货币）
• a business transaction 生意
• Each transaction at the foreign exchange counter seems to take forever. 外币兑换柜枱的每笔交易似乎都要花很长时间。
• We need to monitor the transaction of smaller deals. 我们需要监控规模较小的交易。
transfer, transaction, transition, transmission, transformation
这是一组在考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transfer: n.转移，转让；(工作的)调动；(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
 • The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.   这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
transaction: n.交易行为，处理。
 • Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.   今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。
transition: n. (从一种情况到另一种的)过渡，更替。
 • The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.   对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission: n.传播(比如疾病)；广播。
 • The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.   细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation: n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。
 • His character seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.   他结婚之后性格判若两人。
n. [贸易] 交易； [计] 事务；办理；会报， [图情] 学报
 - relations, trade, truck

Word: carrier
Front: carrier
['kæriə(r)] (高研四六雅 3271/3636 -3)
Vocabulary: carrier
(once / 421 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
In medicine, a person is a carrier if they test positive for a pathogen or a genetic defect without showing any symptoms. This person can unwittingly spread the illness to others without ever knowing he or she is the source.
If your job involves carrying things or people, you work as a carrier. If you deliver newspapers, you are a newspaper carrier. If the job is to transport household items or people, your business is as a common carrier, such as a moving company or an airline. But if you deliver aircraft, you are not an aircraft carrier — that would be a large, flat-decked, military ship where planes can land or take off at sea.
WORD FAMILY
carrier: carriers+/ carriage: carriages, undercarriage/ carry: carriage, carried, carrier, carries, carrying, miscarry/ miscarriage: miscarriages/miscarry: miscarriage, miscarried, miscarries, miscarrying/undercarriage: undercarriages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The aircraft was operated by Sunwing Airlines, a low-cost carrier based in Toronto.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies such as Carrier will remain subject to the regulations if they export their products into the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The aircraft was part of the Rossiya airline's special flight detachment group - the carrier for the president of Russia and other government officials.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 搬运人; 运输公司; 搬运器; [医学]带菌者
分布：航空母舰(57%)，带菌者(15%)，行李架(10%)，客运公司(7%)，运送者(4%)，运输工具(4%)，电信公司(3%)
n.搬运人;载体The married man carried the scarred car and carriage onto the carrier.已婚男子把有疤痕的汽车和马车带到了航母上.
US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
TRANSPORT 运输工具
■a person or thing that carries something 搬运人，运送人；运输工具
■a company which operates aircraft 航空公司
■used as a combining form, especially in phrases which refer to military vehicles of a type which carry other vehicles or groups of soldiers （用作构词成分，尤用于表示军事运输工具的短语中）运载工具
• an armoured troop-carrier 装甲运兵车
• a freight carrier 运输舰
informal for * aircraft carrier
UK ['kær.i.ər] US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
BAG (also carrier bag) UK (US shopping bag)
■a large plastic or paper bag with handles, used to put your shopping in 购物袋
UK ['kær.i.ər] US ['ker.i.ɚ] noun countable
SPREAD 传播
■someone who does not suffer from a disease but has the infection or genetic fault that causes it and can give the disease to someone else 带菌者；病毒携带者；带原者
• There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country. 据估计，这个国家有150万 HIV 病毒带原者。
n. [化学] 载体；运送者； [遗] [医] 带菌者；货架
 - vector, conveyor

Word: tricky
Front: tricky
[ˈtrɪki] (6391/6898 -2)
Back: adj. 狡猾的; （形势、工作等）复杂的; 机警的; 微妙的
级别：trickier, trickiest
分布：棘手的(65%)，狡猾的(28%)，巧妙的(7%)
→trick,花招，把戏，-y,形容词后缀。
adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的
 ADVANCED
■If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skill 难办的；难对付的
• Those bird models are quite tricky to make, aren't they? 那些鸟类模型很难做，对吧？
• I'm in a bit of a tricky situation really - whatever I do I'll offend someone. 我的处境真有点难办——我无论怎么做都会得罪人。
['trɪk.i] adjective
DISHONEST 不诚实的
■likely to deceive people 欺骗性的；狡猾的；诡计多端的
• He's a tricky character, that one. 他是一个诡计多端的人，就是那个人。
adj. 狡猾的；机警的
 - designing, knowing, subtle

Word: utility
Front: utility
[ju:ˈtɪləti] (四六托雅 2578/4210 -2)
Vocabulary: utility
(once / 439 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n 4adj
If you live in a place where the temperature never drops below 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and someone gives you a snow-blower for your birthday, you might question the gift’s utility, meaning its “usefulness.”
Utility means “of practical use.” We refer to government facilities that provide water, electricity and natural gas as public utilities. Utility is similar to the word utilize, which is basically a stuffy word for use.
WORD FAMILY
utility: utilitarian, utilities+/utilisation: overutilisation/utilise: utilisation, utilised, utiliser, utilises, utilising, utility / utilitarian: utilitarianism, utilitarians/ utilitarianism: utilitarianisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tens of thousands lost power in Louisiana and Mississippi at the height of the storm, according to utilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
More than 11,000 customers were without power as of Monday afternoon in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi because of the storm, utility companies reported.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 功用，效用; 有用的物体或器械; 公用事业公司; 公用事业
adj. 有多种用途的; 各种工作都会做的; 能在数个位置作替补的; 为获得经济价值而饲养
分布：实用(84%)，效用(14%)，多效用的(1%)，多功能的(1%)
→来自拉丁语uti, 使用，利用，用来指功用，公用事业。
公用事业;有用(ut+ility)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
US [-ə.tˌi] noun
SERVICE 设施
 ADVANCED countable slightly formal
■a service which is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply or a train service 公用事业；（电、煤气、铁路等）公共设施
• utility bills 水电煤气帐单
UK [ju:'tɪl.ɪ.ti] US [-ə.tˌi] noun
USEFUL 有用
uncountable formal
■the usefulness of something, especially in a practical way 有用性；（尤指）实用性
n. 实用；效用；公共设施；功用
 - practical use, public facility
adj. 实用的；通用的；有多种用途的
 - applied, universal, current

Word: permit
Front: permit
[pəˈmɪt] (高研四六托雅 2109/2022 -K3)
Vocabulary: permit
(once / 51 pages)
1vn 2n
Permit means to allow. When you permit your brother to come into your room, you let him in. (You can always kick him back out if he messes with your stuff.)
To permit means to let someone do something. It comes from the Latin permittere which means "give up, allow to pass through." You might feel like you "gave up" when you permitted your brother to enter your room. As a noun, a permit is a document that lets you do something — like when you get a driver's permit to learn to drive, or a gun permit to carry a gun, or even a construction permit to build an addition to your house.
WORD FAMILY
permit: permissible, permission, permissive, permiting, permits, permitted, permitting+/ impermissible: impermissibility, impermissibly/ permissible: impermissible, permissibility, permissibly/ permission: permissions/ permissive: permissively, permissiveness, unpermissive/unpermissive: unpermissively, unpermissiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Following his win, he agreed a deal with the manufacturer of the glasses permitting them to use his name.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The lawsuit started when the planning commission revoked a permit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 许可，准许; 默许，放任; 允许，容许
vi. 许可，允许
n. 许可，准许; 许可证，执照
时态：permitted, permitting, permits
分布：允许(41%)，许可(36%)，许可证(21%)，执照(2%)
→per-,通过，-mit,离开，送出，词源同emit,mission.
许可,允许(per始终＋mit→始终放出来→许可)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.许可,允许n.许可证,执照I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
US [pə˞-]
(-tt-)
 IMPROVER transitive slightly formal
■to allow something 允许，准许
• The regulations do not permit much flexibility. 这些规章不允许有太大的弹性空间。
• [+ -ing verb] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month. 监狱部门只允许每月探监一次。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The security system will not permit you to enter without the correct password. 密码不正确的话，保全系统是不会让你进入的。
• As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne. 鉴于场合特殊，她破例喝了一小杯香槟。
• formal The law permits of no other interpretation. 法律不容许有其他解释。
 IMPROVER intransitive formal
■to make something possible 允许；使…有可能
• The Chancellor is looking to lower interest rates, when economic conditions permit. 经济条件许可时，财政部长准备降低利率。
• We have arranged to play tennis on Saturday, weather permitting (= if the weather is good enough). 如果天气好的话，我们准备周六去打网球。
noun countable UK [ˈpɜː.mɪt] US [ˈpɜ˞ː-/
■an official document that allows you to do something or go somewhere 许可证，特许证
• a work/travel/parking permit 工作／旅游／停车许可证
• She has managed to obtain a temporary residence permit. 她成功取得了暂时居留证。
• [+ to infinitive] Do you need a permit to work here? 你在这里工作需要许可证吗？
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
vi. 许可；允许
 - to allow, make a promise
vt. 许可；允许
 - license, let, have, grant
n. 许可证，执照
 - license, patent

Word: male
Front: male
[meɪl] (高研四雅 1530/1126 -K4)
Vocabulary: male
(once / 153 pages)
adjn
A male is a guy, a dude, a boy, or a man. A male animal is not female. Male life forms are the opposite of females in many ways. The biggest way is that males can’t have babies.
Male is a manly word. Rarr! You won’t find women on an all-male rugby team. If the doctor says, “It’s a boy,” you’ve got yourself a male baby. Males exist in plants and other animals — the male is the gamete-producing sex that fertilizes the female. Things can be male, too, like adapters that have male parts that fit into female parts. Most male animals are bigger than females, but not all. The biggest blue whales are female.
WORD FAMILY
male: maleness, males
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though she said she would do whatever Trump wanted, she said she told male colleagues “there are limits” to a mother’s role.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities who responded found two males lying in the road.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Rohingya activists said that police retaliated by detaining all males older than 8 for two days.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 男性的; 雄性的; 有力的; [植]雄性的，仅有雄蕊的
n. 男; 雄性动物; [植]雄性植物; 马累[马律]
分布：男子(39%)，男性的(32%)，雄性的(17%)，雄性动物(12%)
→来自拉丁语malus,坏的，邪恶的，罪恶的，前缀mal-的原型。male 男的，雄性的
n./a.男性(的),雄性(的)The males think the females have talent for telling stale tales.男人认为女人有讲陈腐故事的才能.
adjective
SEX 性别
 ESSENTIAL
■describes men or boys, or the sex that fertilizes eggs, and does not produce babies or eggs itself 男（性）的；男子的；雄性的，公的
• male students 男学生
• a male giraffe 雄性长颈鹿
• IT is very much a male-dominated industry. 资讯产业在很大程度上是男人的天下。
• What percentage of the adult male population is unemployed? 成年男性中的失业比例是多少？
• The male parts of the flower are the stamens and the anthers. 花的雄性部分是雄蕊和花药。
⇒ See also masculine
[meɪl] adjective
CONNECTING PART 连接部分 specialized
■describes a piece of equipment that has a part which sticks out and can be fitted into a hollow part in another piece of equipment （零件）阳的，凸形的，插入的
• a male plug 阳插头
Compare female
[meɪl] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a boy, man, or male animal 雄性，男性
• The male of the species is less aggressive. 这个物种的雄性攻击性较弱。
• Among the bodies are two unidentified British males. 尸体中有两具属于身分不明的英国男子。
masculine, male, manly
这组词都有“男人的，男性的”的意思，其区别是：
masculine: 指有男子特征的，阳刚的。用于形容女性时，含轻蔑意味。
male: 单纯指男性或雄性。
manly: 指适合男子的、有男子汉气慨的。
adj. [生物] 男性的；雄性的；有力的
 - vigorous, energetic
n. 男人； [植] [动] 雄性动物
 - boy, tom, guy, he, man

Word: scientific
Front: scientific
[ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk] (高研四六雅 1605/1601 -K3)
Vocabulary: scientific
(once / 140 pages)
adj
Things that are scientific are based on the principles and methods of science. Scientific evidence is the result of study and experimentation, not opinions and guesses.
If you want to prove something, finding scientific support is your best bet. The scientific method is the surest way to study and learn about things because it involves experiments, research, and careful analysis of the facts. Scientific evidence is more than an opinion or a wish — it's been studied and supported by some of our best minds. Anyone can have an opinion, but it doesn't mean much without scientific studies to back it up.
WORD FAMILY
scientific: scientifically, unscientific+/unscientific: unscientifically
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientific literature concurs with the anecdotal evidence I collected.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now, these contrarian scientists only appear in blogs, op-eds in newspapers, sometimes in pay-for-play journals – but rarely in competitively reviewed scientific venues.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 科学的; 有系统的; 应用科学的; 精通学理的，有学问的
分布：科学的(100%)
→来自 science,科学，-ent,形容词后缀，-fic,做，产生，得到，词源同 fact,efficient.
科学的(sci+ent+ific)[sci=know,表示"知道"]
科学的(science科学)[-ific表形容词"产生…的"]
a.科学上的He declares to have made a wonderful scientific discovery.他声称自己有个惊人的科学发现.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to science, or using the organized methods of science 科学的；应用科学方法的
• a scientific discovery/experiment/theory 科学发现／实验／理论
• scientific evidence/research 科学证据／研究
• The project has attracted considerable criticism from the scientific community (= from scientists). 这个企划案招致科学界广泛的批评。
 IMPROVER
■careful and using a system or method 审慎而系统化的
• We will have to adopt a more scientific approach in the future. 我们将来得采用更审慎而有系统的方法。
• I try to arrange things in some kind of a system, but I'm not very scientific about it. 我尽量把事情安排得有系统一点，但不是非常精准。
adj. 科学的，系统的
 - systematic

Word: exception
Front: exception
[ɪkˈsepʃn] (研四六托雅 2401/2045 -K3)
Vocabulary: exception
(once / 111 pages)
n
An exception is something that is left out or not done on purpose. An exception to a rule does not follow that rule.
This word is used for all sorts of things that are not usual or allowed. The saying ”i before e except after c,” is about an exception to a spelling rule. If you run every day but take Saturdays off, you're making an exception. If your teacher punishes you for being late even though you have an excuse, she might say, "I'm sorry, but I can't make an exception." When you see exception, think "Something different than usual is happening."
WORD FAMILY
exception: exceptionable, exceptional, exceptions+/ except: excepted, excepting, exception, excepts/ exceptionable: exceptionably, unexceptionable / exceptional: exceptionally, unexceptional / unexceptionable: unexceptionably/ unexceptional: unexceptionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
First, with the exception of certain categories like power lines, infrastructure is, on average, less metal-intensive than offices or homes.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A birthday cake will be the exception, not the rule.
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Book by Feb. 15; stay through Dec. 17, with the exception of July and August.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 例外，除外; 反对，批评; [法律]异议，反对
分布：例外(94%)，反对(5%)，不合规则(1%)
[cept=take拿取]
n.例外,除外;反对;异议As an exception I accept all his concepts and conceptions except one.作为例外,我接受他所有的概念和构想,只有一个除外.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■someone or something that is not included in a rule, group or list or that does not behave in the expected way 除外的人；例外的事物
• Men are usually quite good at map-reading but Tim is the exception. 通常男性都很会看地图，但提姆却是例外的。
• There are exceptions to every rule. 每条规则都有例外。
• I like all kinds of films with the exception of (= but not) horror films. 除了恐怖片之外，各种电影我都喜欢。
• Her books are always entertaining and this one is no exception. 她写的书总是妙趣横生，这本也不例外。
• You must report here every Tuesday without exception. 你每个星期二都必须来这里报告，不可以有例外。
make an exception
■to not treat someone or something according to the usual rules 破例；作为例外
• We don't usually accept late applications, but in this case we will make an exception. 通常我们对逾期的申请都不受理，但这种情况下我们可以破例一次。
take exception to sth/sb
■to be offended or made angry by something or someone 因…而不悦；生…的气；因…而愤恨
• Why did you take exception to what he said? He was only joking. 你何必因为他说的那些话而生气呢？他只是在开玩笑。
[ɪk'sep.ʃən] noun countable or uncountable
the exception that proves the rule
■something that emphasizes the general truth of a statement by disagreeing with it 反证规律的例外；足以证明普遍性的例外
• Most company directors are middle-aged men, but this 28-year-old woman is an exception that proves the rule. 大多数公司的董事长都是中年男性，但这位28岁的女董事却是普遍中的例外。
n. 例外；异议
 - dissention, demurral

Word: temporary
Front: temporary
[ˈtemprəri] (高研四六托雅 3150/2302 -K3)
Vocabulary: temporary
(once / 184 pages)
adjn
Use the adjective temporary to describe something that is not permanent. "Oh my goodness! That's a tattoo," your mother might shriek. You might tell her not to worry, since it's only temporary, and will wear off in a few days.
The adjective temporary is used to describe something that isn't permanent or lasts only a short time. Its roots are in the Latin word tempus, meaning "time or season." An employee who isn't a permanent addition to the staff is temporary and in this use, the word is often shortened to temp. The lull in the wind and rain is only temporary, because you know you are in the eye of the storm.
WORD FAMILY
temporary: temporaries, temporarily, temporariness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The teams play mostly in conventional gyms set up with temporary barriers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The temporary closure blocked all traffic except residents and lift ticket holders at the resort about 40 miles from Las Vegas.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 临时的，暂时的; 短暂的
n. 临时工，临时雇员
分布：暂时的(43%)，临时的(29%)，临时工(28%)
→来自 temporal,时间的，-ary,形容词后缀。原义为持续一段时间的，后引申词义临时的，暂时 的。
临时的(tempor+ary→有时间性的→临时的)[temper,tempor=time,表示"时间"或时间引起的现象]
短暂的(tempor时间)[-ary 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,场所,物"]
a.暂时的,临时的I got a temporary job.我找到一份临时工作.
US [-pə.rer.i] adjective
 IMPROVER
■not lasting or needed for very long 短暂的；暂时的，临时的
• The ceasefire will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis. 停火只能暂时解决危机。
• temporary staff 临时工作人员
Compare permanent
transient, temporary, momentary
这组词都有“短暂的，瞬息的”的意思，其区别是：
transient: 指停留或延续的时间很短。
temporary: 普通用词，其反义是permanent。指持续有限的可计时间，着重暂时的存在、应用或效应。
momentary: 指瞬时即逝的，也表明间很短的。
adj. 暂时的，临时的
 - extraordinary, odd, interim
n. 临时工，临时雇员
 - super, casual laborer

Word: hence
Front: hence
[hens] (研四六托雅 3639/1904 -K2)
Vocabulary: hence
(once / 105 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
Hence means "for this reason," or "therefore." One Hollywood starlet is a huge fan of tiny dogs, hence the Pomeranian puppy peeking out of her purse.
Hence not only means "therefore." It can also mean forward from this time. Nine months hence, a baby that has just been conceived will enter the world kicking and screaming. These days, you're more likely to hear the word hence in a movie set a hundred years ago than in casual conversation because it has a very old-fashioned ring to it.
WORD FAMILY
hence
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hence, I oversee our dental residents as they treat patients at the urgent-care clinic.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Hence the impossibility of predicting financial crises, wars and technological revolutions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Hence why I suggest you should ratchet down your expectations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 因此，所以; 从此; 从此处
int. <诗>去
分布：因此(88%)，从此以后(12%)
→hen-,这里，词源同here,hither,-ce,副词后缀。即就此分开，离开，引申词义因此，由此。
ad.从此,今后;因此It is very late; hence you must go to bed.时间已经很晚了,因此你必须睡觉去.
adverb formal
THEREFORE 因此
■that is the reason or explanation for; therefore 因此，所以
• His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca. 他母亲是义大利人，所以他的名字叫——卢卡。
[hents] adverb formal
FROM NOW 从现在起
■from this time 从此，从现在起
• The project will be completed at the end of the decade, two years hence. 本专案将于这个十年结束时完成，从现在算起还有两年时间。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此；今后
 - therefore, accordingly, consequently, thus, as a result of

Word: corrupt
Front: corrupt
[kəˈrʌpt] (高研六雅宝 5850/7571 -2)
Vocabulary: corrupt
(once / 155 pages)
1adjv 2v 3adjv
If someone or something is corrupt, they’re broken morally or in some other way. Corrupt people perform immoral or illegal acts for personal gain, without apology. Corrupt politicians take bribes and deny it.
When you corrupt someone, you convince them to do something wrong or even illegal. If you talk your little brother into stealing cookies from the cookie jar, you're corrupting him. Something corrupt is rotten, spoiled, or out of commission, like a file that makes your computer crash. A corrupt person — a criminal, a crook, or a cookie thief — brings society down with immoral and dishonest behavior. Corrupt goes back to the Latin roots cor-, "altogether," and rumpere, "break."
WORD FAMILY
corrupt: corrupted, corrupter, corruptest, corruptible, corrupting, corruption, corruptive, corruptly, corruptness, corrupts, incorrupt+/corrupted: corruptedly, uncorrupted/corruptibility: corruptibilities/corruptible: corruptibility, corruptiblest, incorruptible/ corruption: corruptions, incorruption/incorrupt: incorruptly, incorruptness/incorruptibility: incorruptibilities/incorruptible: incorruptibility, incorruptibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bloated, profligate and corrupt, for many healthcare was indicative of all that was wrong with the country and, as such, badly in need of reform.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Many nefarious individuals and groups, such as poachers, corrupt government officials and organized crime syndicates, benefit from these illegal sales.
Washington Post(Dec 19, 2016)
Back: adj. 堕落的，道德败坏的; 贪污的，腐败的; 腐烂的; （文献等）错误百出的
vt. 使腐败; 使堕落; 使腐烂
vi. 堕落; 腐化; 腐烂
时态：corrupted, corrupting, corrupts
分布：腐败(65%)，腐败的(24%)，贿赂(4%)，堕落的(3%)，腐烂(1%)，使腐烂(1%)，使恶化(1%)，讹误的(1%)
→cor-, 强调。-rupt, 破，断裂，词源同rupture, bankrupt. 后词义外延扩大。
腐败的;变环的(cor+rupt断→全部断→变坏的,腐败的)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
腐败的(cor全部+rupt断→全断了→腐败了)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
v.贿赂,收买a.腐败的,贪污的The abrupt corrupt man had the Xeroxed code corroded in the erosion episode.突然的腐败的人让人在腐蚀插曲过程中腐蚀被影印的代码.
【记】cor心，rupt断－心断了－腐败了
【参】corruption（n 腐败；贪污；堕落）
【反】pristine（adj 质朴的）；purity（n 纯净）－corruption
adjective
BAD 腐败的
 ADVANCED
■dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for money 贪赃舞弊的；以权谋私的；腐败的
• Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices. 两家公司都在接受腐败行为调查。
• The whole system was corrupt - every official she approached wanted money before helping her. 整个体系都腐败了——她接触的所有官员在帮她之前都索要钱财。
■morally bad 堕落的，道德败坏的
• a corrupt society 道德败坏的社会
[kə'rʌpt] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
■When information on a computer becomes corrupt, it is spoilt and cannot be used because it has become changed in wrong ways （电脑上的资讯）被破坏的，有错误的
• corrupt data 损坏的资料
• a corrupt file 被破坏的文件
[kə'rʌpt] verb transitive
BAD 败坏
■to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral 腐蚀（某人）；使腐化堕落；使道德败坏
• The study claimed that violence on television corrupts the minds of children. 研究称电视上的暴力镜头腐蚀了孩子们的思想。
[kə'rʌpt] verb transitive
COMPUTER 电脑
■to change the information on a computer in wrong ways so that it cannot be used 损坏，破坏（电脑上的资讯）
• Most of the data on the hard drive was corrupted by the power cut. 硬碟上的大多数资料在停电时损坏了。
adj. 腐败的，贪污的；堕落的
 - fallen, putrescent
vt. 使腐烂；使堕落，使恶化
 - aggravate, deprave
vi. 堕落，腐化；腐烂
 - go to the bowwows, go to the deuce

Word: nearby
Front: nearby
[ˌnɪəˈbaɪ] (高研四六 2423/3327 -K3)
Back: adj. 在附近的，位于附近的
adv. 附近地，不远地
分布：附近的(60%)，在附近(40%)
→near,靠近，by,附近。
a.附近的ad.在附近prep.在...附近The slave safely saved the sharp shavers in a cave nearby the cafeteria.奴隶将锋利的剃刀安全地保存在自助餐厅附近的洞穴里.
US [ˌnɪr-] adverb adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away 在附近；附近的
• If there's a cafe nearby, we could stop for a snack. 如果附近有小餐馆的话，我们可以停下来吃点东西。
• I noticed a policeman standing nearby. 我注意到有一名员警站在附近。
• We stopped at some nearby shops to buy some food. 我们顺路在附近的一些商店里买了些食物。
near, nearby, close
这组词都有“接近的”的意思，其区别是：
near: 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无“紧接，接触”的含义。
nearby: 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close: 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
adj. 附近的，邻近的
 - adjacent, surrounding
adv. 在附近
 - around, close by
prep. 在…附近
 - in the shadow of, in the vicinity of

Word: meaning
Front: meaning
[ˈmi:nɪŋ] (中高 1608/1226 -K3)
Vocabulary: meaning
(once / 71 pages)
nadj
Meaning is what a word, action, or concept is all about — its purpose, significance, or definition. If you want to learn the meaning of the word meaning, you just need to look it up in the dictionary.
Meaning represents something's intent or purpose. That something can be a book, a conversation, a television show, or life itself (as in, "the meaning of life"). When you read a poem, you try to figure out the author's intended meaning by interpreting the words he has chosen. For example, if a poet describes love as "a prison," you might interpret the meaning as his feeling confined by his love.
WORD FAMILY
meaning: meaningful, meaningless, meanings+/ mean: meaner, meanest, meaning, meaningly, meanly, meanness, means, meant/ meaningful: meaningfully, meaningfulness, nonmeaningful/meaningless: meaninglessly, meaninglessness/meanness: meannesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Protestant pastor says he believes in a larger meaning of civility, a definition that captures a truly civil approach to social justice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Win or lose we find meaning in belonging.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 意思，意义; 含义; 意图
adj. 有意思的; 意味深长的
vt. 意味(mean的现在分词); 意思是
分布：意义(70%)，含义(20%)，价值(5%)，意味深长的(3%)，重要性(2%)
→来自mean,意思，意味着。
n.意思,意义,含义;重要性,价值The adjective injected new meaning into the objected objective object.这个形容词给受到反对的客观物体注入了新的意义.
noun
OF WORD/WRITING/SIGN, ETC. 符号或字词
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■The meaning of something is what it expresses or represents 意思，意义；含义
• The word 'flight' has two different meanings: a plane journey, and the act of running away. flight 一词有两个不同的意思：航程和逃跑。
• The meaning of his gesture was clear. 他手势的含义很清楚。
• His novels often have (a) hidden meaning. 他的小说常有隐含意义。
['mi:.nɪŋ] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ADVANCED uncountable
■importance or value 重要性；价值
• The birth of her first grandchild gave new meaning to her life. 第一个孙辈孩子的出生为她的生命注入了新的意义。
• Education had no great meaning for him until much later in his life. 直到许多年之后，教育对他而言才显出了重大价值。
implication, sense, meaning
这组词都有“含义，意义，意思”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指暗含的意思。
sense: 特指词、短语或句子的某种特定意思。也常指多种解释的一种。
meaning: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可指语言表达的意思，又可指手势、符号、表情或艺术品或抽象概念所含的意义。
n. 意义；含义；意图
 - significance, intention, will, import, offer
adj. 意味深长的
 - significant, eloquent

Word: bridge
Front: bridge
[brɪdʒ] (中高雅 1687/1434 -K4)
Vocabulary: bridge
(once / 104 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A bridge is what gets you from one side of the river to the other. A bridge connects things. The bridge of your nose connects your nose to your head — it's where the bridge of your eyeglasses rests.
If you insult your boss and quit your job, you've "burned your bridges" — you can’t go back. If you're not going to worry yourself about a possible problem, you can say "I'll cross that bridge when I get to it." The vertical piece that holds the strings up on a violin, guitar, or other stringed instrument is also a bridge, and in a song, the bridge is the part between a verse and the chorus — the transition between them.
WORD FAMILY
bridge: bridgeable, bridged, bridging+/bridgeable: bridgeably, unbridgeable/unbridgeable: unbridgeably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their car was found abandoned on the Newport Bridge.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“This is an attempt to bridge that talent back to movie theaters.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 03, 2017)
On national security, Obama, with all his progressive promise, provided more of a bridge than a barricade between the Bush and Trump eras.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 桥; 桥牌; 鼻梁; 起联系作用的东西
vt. 在…建桥，架桥于…之上; 通过桥横跨
时态：bridged, bridging, bridges
分布：桥梁(52%)，桥牌(14%)，纽带(11%)，鼻梁(7%)，齿桥(6%)，渡过(5%)，架桥(4%)，缩短...差距(1%)
→来自古英语brycge, 木头，柱子。可能词源同board, 砍，劈，木板。
n.桥;桥牌;鼻梁vt.架桥;渡过Riding on the ridge of the bridge, the proud bride shouts loudly to the cloud.骄傲的新娘骑在桥脊上对着云大声喊.
noun
LARGE STRUCTURE 大型结构
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a structure that is built over a river, road or railway to allow people and vehicles to cross from one side to the other 桥
• We drove across/over the bridge. 我们开车驶过大桥。
• the Brooklyn Bridge 布鲁克林大桥
countable usually singular
■something that makes it easier to make a change from one situation to another 桥梁；过度
• Voluntary work can provide a bridge between staying at home and working full-time. 志愿工作是由在家待业过度到全职工作的桥梁。
[brɪdʒ] noun
PART OF A SHIP 船的一部分
countable
■the raised part of a ship on which the captain and other officers stand and from where they control the movement of the ship （舰船的）驾驶台，船桥，舰桥
[brɪdʒ] noun
NOSE 鼻子
countable usually singular
■the top part of the nose, between the eyes, or (on a pair of glasses) the piece that is supported by the top part of the nose 鼻梁；（眼镜的）鼻梁架
• The blow caught him right on the bridge of his nose. 那一拳正好打在他的鼻梁上。
[brɪdʒ] noun
GAME 游戏
uncountable
■a card game for four players who play in pairs 桥牌
[brɪdʒ] noun
TEETH 牙齿
countable (also bridgework)
■a piece of material that contains one or more artificial teeth and is kept in place by being fastened to the natural teeth 齿桥（装于真牙上以固定假牙的架子）
[brɪdʒ] noun
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT 乐器
countable
■a small piece of wood over which the strings are stretched on a musical instrument such as a guitar or violin （吉他、小提琴等的）琴马
[brɪdʒ] verb transitive
BRING TOGETHER 桥梁
■to make the difference or division between two things smaller or less severe 减小…之间的差异
• We must bridge the gap between labour and management. 我们必须消除劳资双方的鸿沟。
[brɪdʒ] verb transitive
BUILD 建造
■to build a bridge over or across something 在…上架桥
• The river had been bridged at its narrowest point. 在河流的最窄处架起了桥。
n. [交] 桥；桥牌； [计] [电] 桥接器；船桥
 - ponte, pons
vt. 架桥；渡过
 - cross

Word: unusual
Front: unusual
[ʌnˈju:ʒuəl] (高研四六雅 2037/2152 -K3)
Vocabulary: unusual
(once / 134 pages)
adj
Something unusual is uncommon. It's odd, weird, or out of the ordinary in some way.
Unusual is the opposite of usual, thanks to the prefix un, meaning "not." Unusual things are noteworthy: you don't see them every day. A dog chasing a squirrel is usual. A squirrel chasing a dog would be unusual. Unusual can mean strange and bizarre, or just things that are rare. If someone is always absent, showing up would be unusual. Most surprising things are unusual.
WORD FAMILY
unusual: unusually, unusualness+/usual: unusual, usualest, usually, usualness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunwing’s gate agents found the pilot’s behavior to be unusual and alerted the co-pilot.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A look at some unusual situations from years past:
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The victories of these unusual candidates speak to the depth of Brazilian discontent with politics.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 不常见的，不普通的，难得的，罕有的; 异乎寻常的，例外的，奇异的; 独特的; 与众不同的
分布：独特的(41%)，与众不同的(33%)，异常的(26%)
异常的(un不+usual通常的)[us,ut=use,表示"用"]
a.不平常的,与众不同的I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■different from others of the same type in a way that is surprising, interesting or attractive 不同寻常的，非比一般的；独特的
• "Do you like the new settee?" "Very much, it's most unusual." “你喜欢这新的沙发吗？”“非常喜欢，它太特别了。”
• [+ to infinitive] It 's unusual to have adult conversation like that with such a young child. 和这么小的孩子进行这么成人化的交谈，真不寻常。
• I was actually on time, which is unusual for me. 我竟然很准时，这对我来说是少有的事。
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
abnormal, unusual
abnormal: 变态的，反常的
unusual: 不常见的，不普通的，难得的
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 不寻常的；与众不同的；不平常的
 - different, distinctive, apart

Word: everywhere
Front: everywhere
[ˈevriweə(r)] (中高 1938/2578 -K3)
Vocabulary: everywhere
(once / 121 pages)
adv
The adverb everywhere means in all possible places. If you take your phone with you everywhere you go, it means you have it with you in all the places you travel.
You can use everywhere literally, but it's probably more common to use it in an exaggerating way. For example, if you can't find your glasses, you might say, "I've looked everywhere for them!" You haven't actually looked everywhere, in every possible place — you've actually only looked in all the places you think you might have left your glasses. In Old English, it's æfre gehwær.
WORD FAMILY
everywhere: everywheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This will be a very challenged leasing environment almost everywhere,” Mr. Parsons said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Debris from the twister was everywhere, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 到处，处处，无论什么地方; 四下里; 漫; 匝地
分布：无论何处(100%)
ad.到处,各处,无论何处Wherever I go, nowhere I like; I dislike everywhere.无论我到哪里,没有哪里为我喜欢,我讨厌每一个地方.
US [-wer/ (US informal everyplace)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■to, at or in all places or the whole of a place 各个地方，处处，各处
• His children go everywhere with him. 他去哪里，他的孩子就跟到哪里。
• Everywhere looks so grey and depressing in winter. 冬天，处处都灰蒙蒙，令人感到压抑。
• I looked everywhere for my keys. 我到处找我的锁匙。
• Reasonable people everywhere will be outraged by this atrocity. 无论在哪里，任何一个讲道理的人都会对这种暴行感到愤怒。
• We had to stay in the sleaziest hotel in town as everywhere else (= all other places) was fully booked. 由于其他地方都已经客满，我们不得不在城里面最肮脏的旅馆住下来。
adv. 到处
 - around, throughout, about

Word: active
Front: active
[ˈæktɪv] (中高研四托 1444/1316 -K4)
Vocabulary: active
(once / 49 pages)
1adjn 2adjn 3adjn 4adj
Something that is active is characterized by movement and action. That action might be a random or temporary movement, such as someone who is active and exercises only now and then, or something continuous, like an active strain of a virus.
Since the adjective active suggests activity, applying it to anything implies some sort of motion or action. A person might be physically active, not sitting around and doing nothing, or mentally active, working the mind. In language, we refer to "the active voice" as one in which the subject does the action, in contrast to the passive voice, a rather boring style where the subject is the receiver of the action. Even in writing, it’s better to be active!
WORD FAMILY
active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The debate between liberalism and republicanism, especially active in the 1970s, eventually subsided.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s the fifth longest active streak and eighth longest all-time.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Getting men to be active fathers may not seem the most obvious way to tackle gender-based violence.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 积极的，活跃的，有生气的; 迅速的，敏捷的; 有效的，起作用的
n. [语法]主动语态; 积极分子，活跃的人
分布：活跃的(58%)，积极的(37%)，起作用的(3%)，灵活的(2%)
adj.活跃的,敏捷的,积极的;在活动中的Actually the actor and actress reacted actively to the activity.实际上男演员和女演员对这个活动作出了积极的反应.
adjective
BUSY/INVOLVED 忙的／参与的
 ESSENTIAL
■busy with or ready to perform a particular activity 忙碌的；积极的；活跃的
• physically/mentally active 经常运动／思想活跃
• You've got to try to keep active as you grow older. 年纪大了，应该尽量保持身心活跃。
• Enemy forces remain active in the mountainous areas around the city. 敌军在城市周围的山区仍活动猖獗。
• She's very active in (= involved in) local politics. 她积极参与当地的政治活动。
• Both of his parents were very politically active. 他的父母在政治上都很积极。
• It is important to educate children before they become sexually active. 在孩子进入性活跃期之前对他们进行有关教育很重要。
• He takes a more active role in the team nowadays. 现在他在队里发挥着更为积极的作用。
• She's an active member of her trade union (= not only belongs to it, but does work to help it). 她是工会中的活跃分子。
■describes a volcano that might erupt (= throw out hot liquid rock or other matter) at any time （火山）活的，处于活跃期的
['æk.tɪv] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED
■An active verb or sentence is one in which the subject is the person or thing which performs the stated action 主动语态的
• 'Catrin told me' is an active sentence, and 'I was told by Catrin' is passive. Catrin told me 是主动句，而 I was told by Catrin 是被动句。
Compare the passive
active, energetic, vigorous, brisk, lively
这些形容词均有“积极的，活跃的”之意。
active: 指有活动能力，强调与消极或休止相反的积极活动状态。
energetic: 提精力充沛、奋力从事某事业。
vigorous: 指不仅表现积极、有生气，而且固有精力和活力十分旺盛。
brisk: 指动作敏捷、充满活力、轻快活泼地从事某项工作或活动。
lively: 侧重支轮船快，机智，有生气。
adj. 积极的； [物化] 活跃的；主动的； [电子] 有效的；现役的
 - positive, valid, available, effective, virtual
n. 主动语态；积极分子
 - rustler

Word: complaint
Front: complaint
[kəmˈpleɪnt] (研四六托雅 2325/1996 -K3)
Vocabulary: complaint
(once / 184 pages)
1n 2n
A complaint is an objection to something that is unfair, unacceptable, or otherwise not up to normal standards. If your neighbors have a complaint about noise, they want you to be more quiet.
A complaint is voiced objection to something, like a complaint about cold or disgusting-tasting food in a restaurant. Complaint is also a legal term — the plaintiff's reasons for bringing a civil action. Medically speaking, a complaint is a disorder or disease that is hard to cure completely. Loud cries of pain, anger, or sadness can also be called complaints.
WORD FAMILY
complaint: complaintive, complaints
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the complaints, the Vatican agency that oversees its real estate holdings approved a lease, and the restaurant quietly opened last week without public protests.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt said a complaint with formal charges is expected to be filed Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Neill said that complaints about some elementary schools starting too late preceded the change in bell times.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 抱怨，控诉; 委屈，怨言; 平平的来由; 痛苦根源
分布：投诉(44%)，抱怨(38%)，控告(9%)，疾病(5%)，诉苦(4%)
→来自complain, 抱怨，被疾病侵袭。
抱怨(com全部+plaint→对全部东西抱怨)[plaint=complain,表示"抱怨"]
n.抱怨,诉苦,怨言,控告;疾病She poured out complaints before me.她在我面前倾诉苦衷.
noun
REPORT OF A PROBLEM 投诉
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone says that something is wrong or not satisfactory 抱怨，牢骚；投诉；不满
• We've received a complaint from one of our listeners about offensive language. 我们收到了一位听众有关用语粗俗的投诉。
• I've made a complaint (= formally complained) to the police about the noise. 我向警方投诉了噪音问题。
• [+ that] We've had complaints that you've been playing your radio too loud. 我们接到投诉说你们的收音机音量开得太大。
• Do you have any grounds for complaint (= reason to formally complain) ? 你有投诉的理由吗？
  Common Learner Errors  complaint or complain? Warning: do not confuse the noun complaint with the verb complain :
✗ I want to complaint about the service in your restaurant. I want to complain about the service in your restaurant.
[kəm'pleɪnt] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable
■an illness 病，疾病
• a heart/stomach complaint 心脏／胃病
disorder, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
disorder: n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡)；骚乱，动乱；混乱，杂乱。
 • a disorder of the digestive system   消化系统疾病
complaint: n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不满。
 • a heart complaint   心脏病
illness, sickness, disease, complaint
这组词都有“疾病”的意思，其区别是：
illness: 不具体指，而是泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状语，语体较sickness正式一些。
sickness: 较口语化，可与illness换用，但还可表示“恶心”。
disease: 指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。
complaint: 现代英语中，既可指症状，也可指疾病。
n. 抱怨；诉苦；疾病；委屈
 - sickness, complain of

Word: boast
Front: boast
[bəʊst] (研四六托雅宝 4534/4996 -2)
Vocabulary: boast
(once / 191 pages)
vn
When you boast you are bragging about yourself and your accomplishments (or maybe those of your family), often to the boredom and annoyance of your audience.
Used as either a noun or a verb, boast usually suggests exaggeration, vanity, or pride. Along those lines, English poet Sir Thomas Overbury, who died in 1613, once said, "The man who has nothing to boast of but his illustrious ancestry is like the potato — the best part underground." However, the word can also be used in a positive way: a town can boast a new library, or a school can boast a high graduation rate.
WORD FAMILY
boast: boasted, boaster, boastful, boasting, boasts+/boaster: boasters/boastful: boastfully, boastfulness/boasting: boastings
USAGE EXAMPLES
His colleagues say Ryberg is a dedicated family man who never boasts about his many children.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Trump rallied to victory in November with unapologetic boasting of his wealth.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Connolly’s website boasts that he secured billions of dollars in federal grants to undertake the massive Silver Line project.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 自夸，自吹自擂; 夸口说; 以有…而自豪; 自负有
n. 夸口，自负; 自负的事物，引以为傲的东西; 自夸的话; 扬言
时态：boasted, boasting, boasts
分布：自夸(63%)，吹牛(20%)，引以为荣的事物(13%)，以...为荣(4%)
→来自PIE *bheu, 膨胀，鼓起，吹。词源同bucket, 圆木桶。
v.(of,about)自夸,夸耀n.自夸,大话The boastful toaster roasts himself on the coast in the sunshine.好说大话的祝酒者在海岸上晒太阳.
US [boʊst] verb
SPEAK PROUDLY 夸口
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive disapproving
■to speak too proudly or happily about what you have done or what you own 自吹自擂，吹嘘，夸耀
• He didn't talk about his exam results in case people thought he was boasting. 他没有谈论自己的考试成绩，以免让别人以为他在自我吹嘘。
• Parents enjoy boasting about their children's achievements. 父母喜欢夸耀子女所取得的成绩。
• [+ that] They boasted that they had never lost a single game. 他们夸口说从来没有输过一场比赛。
UK [bəʊst] US [boʊst] verb
HAVE 拥有
transitive not continuous
■to have or own something to be proud of 有（值得自豪的东西）
• Ireland boasts beautiful beaches, great restaurants and friendly locals. 爱尔兰拥有美丽的海滩、很棒的餐馆和友好的当地人。
UK [bəʊst] US [boʊst] noun countable disapproving
■something you are proud of and like to tell people about 夸耀
• [+ that] It is her proud boast that she has never missed a single episode of the soap opera. 她骄傲地夸口说这个肥皂剧她从未漏看过一集。
pride, boast, brag, crow
这组词都有“自夸，吹嘘”的意思，其区别是：
pride: 与boast的意义较接近，指炫耀、夸口，自鸣得意，常与反身代词连用。
boast: 普通用词，指对自己所做的事，自己的长处、财富以及家庭等的夸耀，常含言过其实的意味。
brag: 非正式用词，其夸耀和吹嘘意味强于boast，到了过分夸大，有时令人讨厌的地步。
crow: 多指大声吵嚷地吹嘘，夸耀自己做某事比他人做得好。
n. 自夸；值得夸耀的事物，引以为荣的事物
 - braggadocio, self-praise
vi. 自吹自擂
 - blow one's own born, blow one's own trumpet, blow one's own horn

Word: vital
Front: vital
[ˈvaɪtl] (高研四六托雅宝 2916/1803 -K3)
Vocabulary: vital
(once / 170 pages)
adj
A patient's vital signs are their important body functions, such as pulse rate, that shows they are still alive. Use the adjective vital to describe something that is important and necessary, or a person full of energy.
Vital descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Latin vītālis, from vīta "life." If you are vital to the organization you work for, it means they cannot live without you––or at least that you're an important part of the team. If you're a vital force in your church volunteer group, you probably are a leader with lots of energy to give.
WORD FAMILY
vital: vitalest, vitalise, vitalism, vitality, vitalize, vitally, vitalness+/devitalise: devitalisation, devitalised, devitalises, devitalising/devitalize: devitalization, devitalized, devitalizes, devitalizing/revitalise: revitalisation, revitalised, revitalising/revitalization: revitalizations/ revitalize: revitalization, revitalized, revitalizes, revitalizing/vitalise: devitalise, revitalise, vitalisation, vitalised, vitaliser, vitalises, vitalising/vitalism: vitalist/vitalist: vitalists/ vitality: vitalities/vitalization: vitalizations/ vitalize: devitalize, revitalize, vitalization, vitalized, vitalizer, vitalizes, vitalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Great vintage advertisement: The Union Pacific railroad touts its access to “America’s vital potato markets.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Playgrounds are vital in Los Angeles, a city where many families live without backyards or balconies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. 维持生命所必需的; 至关重要的; 生死攸关的; 生机勃勃的
分布：至关重要的(82%)，生死攸关的(14%)，有活力的(4%)
→来自拉丁语vita,生命，来自gweie,存活，词源同biology,quick,vivid,zoo.
有活力的;重要的(vit+al)[vivvitvig=life,表示"生命"]
a.生死攸关的,重大的;生命的,生机的The contaminated vital vitamin made racial discrimination come to culmination.被污染的重要维他命使种族歧视达到极点.
【记】vit生命，al：极其重要的；充满活力的
【反】moribund（adj 垂死的）
US [-tˌəl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important 必不可少的；极其重要的
• A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy. 有一个强大的反对党对于健康的民主制度来说非常重要。
• She had found out some information of vital importance. 她已经查出了一些极为重要的资讯。
• The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood. 肾脏对于排除血液中的废物起着至关重要的作用。
• [+ that] It's absolutely vital that you do exactly as I say. 完完全全按我说的去做，这至关重要。
• [+ to infinitive] It is vital to get medical supplies to the area as soon as possible. 要尽快把药品送往该地区，这至关重要。
UK ['vaɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
LIVELY 生机勃勃的 formal approving
■energetic 生机勃勃的；充满生气的
• He had never felt so vital and full of life. 他从来没有像现在一样感到如此精神焕发，充满活力。
formal
■relating to life 生命的
vital, essential, basic, fundamental, radical
这组词都有“基本的，基础的”的意思，其区别是：
vital: 正式用词，侧重指维持生命、活力必不可少的，或生死攸关的。
essential: 语气比basic和fundamental强，强调必不可少，暗含某物如缺少某部分，则失去本质特征的意味。
basic: 普通用词，指明确、具体的基础或起点。
fundamental: 书面用词，不如basic使用广泛，侧重指作为基础、根本的抽象的事物。
radical: 着重指事物的根本或其来源。
adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的
 - dynamic, life-or-death

Word: pack
Front: pack
[pæk] (高研四托宝 2273/2523 -K4)
Vocabulary: pack
(once / 75 pages)
1nv 2n 3vn 4vn 5v
A pack is a container of something, especially one made of sturdy paper. You might run to the store for a pack of batteries for your new clock and a pack of crayons for your new coloring book.
As a noun, pack might seem like a shortened form of package, but it actually comes from a Germanic root that means "bundle." You can also use this word to mean "group of animals" or "group of criminals," while the verb pack means "fill a bag for a trip." You might pack a pack of cards when you travel across the country by train, since you'll have a lot of hours to fill.
WORD FAMILY
pack: packable, package, packed, packer, packing, packs, unpack +/ package: packaged, packages, packaging /packaged: prepackaged, unpackaged/ packaging: packagings/packed: prepacked/packer: packers/packing: packings/ unpack: unpacked, unpacking, unpacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
The junior confidently drilled the Rose Bowl winner, sprinting away to celebrate amid pandemonium in the packed stadium.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“Are you Peter Dahlin?” said one of the uniformed agents packing the alleyway outside.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But his bathroom bill gained more attention, prompting packed hearings at which both proponents and opponents of the bill voiced their opinions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一群; 包裹; （纸牌的）一副; 一组
vt. & vi. （把…）打包; 塞进; 拥进; （使）聚集成团
vt. 挑选; 压紧; 携带; 拧紧
vi. 包装; 紧挤在一起; 便于折叠收藏的; 匆忙离去（有时与 off 连用）
时态：packed, packing, packs
分布：包装(36%)，一群(20%)，一包(13%)，包裹(11%)，一副(9%)，收拾行李(5%)，塞满(4%)，佩戴(1%)，解雇(1%)
→来自中古英语pak,来自Proto-Germanic*pakko,捆，打包，可能来自pag,固定，词源同page,pact.引申词义盒子，包裹，一群动物等。
v.捆扎,打包;塞满,挤满n.包裹,背包,一群/副I packed the jackets and rackets into packets with the sacks.我们用袋子将夹克和球拍打成小包.
【记】把狼pack（v 打包）到一起形成pack（n 狼群）
【参】packed（adj 充满人的，拥挤的）
verb
PUT INTO 装进
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put something into a bag, box, etc （把…）打包，收拾（行李）
• We're leaving early tomorrow morning, so you'd better pack (= put clothes and other possessions into a bag or bags) tonight. 我们明天一大早就要出发，所以你最好今晚就收拾行李。
• She packed a small suitcase for the weekend. 她收拾好一小箱行李准备度周末。
• He just packed his bags and walked out on his wife and children. 他收拾了行李就抛下妻儿离家出走了。
• I haven't packed my clothes (= put them into a bag, etc.) yet. 我还没收拾衣服呢。
• [+ two objects] Could you pack me a spare pair of shoes, please/pack a spare pair of shoes for me, please? 请你帮我装进一双备用的鞋子，好吗？
• These books need to be packed in/into a box. 这些书需要装进箱子里。
transitive
■to put a protective material around something before it is put into a bag, box, etc. so that it will not break or be damaged 给…包上保护材料
• She packed the vase in tissue paper to protect it. 她用绵纸包好花瓶加以保护。
[pæk] verb
FILL 装满
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to come or bring together in large numbers or to fill a space 聚集；挤进，塞满
• Thousands of fans are packing into the stadium. 体育馆里挤满了数千名球迷。
• Fans packed the stadium to watch the final match. 球迷涌进体育馆观看决赛。
• The people on the bus were packed (together) like sardines (= there were many of them very close together). 公共汽车上的人挤得像沙丁鱼罐头似的。
[pæk] verb
MASS 一堆
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) form into a solid mass （把…）压实，（使）堆积
• The wind has packed the snow against the garage door. 风把雪吹到车库门口，积成了厚厚的一堆。
• The snow has packed down tightly, making the streets dangerous to walk on. 雪积得很厚实，走在街上很容易出危险。
[pæk] verb
CARRY 携带
transitive US slang
■to carry something, especially a gun 携带（尤指枪）
• to pack a gun 携带枪械
• Each missile packs several warheads. 每一枚飞弹都带有好几个弹头。
• figurative This gun packs (= has) a lot of firepower. 这支枪火力很强。
[pæk] verb
pack a punch informal
■to have a lot of force or a great effect 有巨大作用（或影响）
• His speech packed quite a punch. 他的演说铿锵有力。
• These cocktails taste quite innocent, but they really pack a punch! 这些鸡尾酒喝起来觉得没甚么，但实际上后劲非常大！
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth away
TIDY
■to put something into a bag or container, or to put something in the place where it is usually kept 将…收拾起来放好
• Come on, children, it's time to pack away your toys. 好了，孩子，该把你们的玩具收拾起来了。
EAT informal
■to eat a lot of food 吃掉大量（食物）
• She's tiny but she can really pack away the biscuits. 她是个小不点，不过她的确能吃掉那些饼干。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth in informal
■to stop doing something 停止做…
• This course is really tough, - sometimes I feeling like packing it all in. 这门课程太难了——有时候我都想放弃算了。
Pack it in! UK informal
■said to rudely tell someone to stop doing something that is annoying you 结束！停下！（用于粗鲁地告诉某人别再做令人讨厌的事）
• Pack it in, Julie - I'm trying to read. 别闹了，朱莉！我想看书。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sb in
END RELATIONSHIP UK informal
■to end your relationship with someone, or to stop meeting or spending time with them 断绝（或终止）与（某人）的关系
• "Is Emma still seeing Joe?" "No, she's packed him in." “艾玛还在和乔交往吗？”“没有，她已经和他分手了。”
BE POPULAR
■If an entertainment or exhibition packs people in, a large number of people come to see it （娱乐表演或展览）吸引（大批的人）
• Spielberg's new film is packing in the crowds. 史匹柏的新影片吸引了大批观众。
• The latest computer exhibition is really packing them in. 最新的电脑展确实吸引了他们。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sth/sb in informal
■to manage to include a large number of things, activities or people 设法将（大量的事物、活动或人）安排在内
• We were only there four days but we packed a lot in. 我们在那里只留了四天，但我们设法安排了很多活动。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack sth into sth
■to manage to do a lot of activities in a limited period of time 设法将（大量活动）安排在（一定时间）内
• We packed a lot of sightseeing into our weekend in New York. 我们把周末行程安排得满满的，游览了纽约的很多地方。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack sb off informal
■to send someone to another place 将（某人）打发走，撵走（某人）
• We've packed the kids off for the weekend. 我们把孩子都打发出去度周末。
• I packed her off to my sister's. 我把她打发到我姐姐家去了。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack sth/somewhere out UK informal
■to make a place very full 把…挤满（或填满）
• 100 000 football supporters packed out Wembley Stadium to see the game. 十万名足球迷挤到温布莱球场观看这场比赛。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pack up UK informal
■If a machine packs up, it stops operating （机器）停止转动，出故障
• My camera has packed up. 我的相机出了毛病。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack up (sth) UK informal
■to stop working or doing another regular activity 停止工作，停止（做某事）
• She packed up her job, and went off to Australia. 她辞职去了澳大利亚。
• [+ -ing verb] It's time you packed up smoking. 该是你戒烟的时候了。
[pæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pack (sth) up
■to collect all your things together when you have finished doing something 收拾好（东西）
• I'm about to pack up my things and go home. 我准备收拾东西回家。
[pæk] noun countable
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED
■a group, set or collection of something 一批，一套，一组
• The information pack consists of a brochure and a map. 那套资料包括一本小册子和一张地图。
■a group of animals such as dogs, which live and/or hunt together （一同生活和／或猎食的）一群（动物）
• a wolf pack 狼群
• a pack of wild dogs 一群野狗
■an organized group of children who are brownies or cubs （童子军的）一队
• My uncle was the leader of my Cub pack. 我叔叔曾经是我所属童子军小队的队长。
■(US also deck)
■a set of playing cards 一副（纸牌）
• a pack of cards 一副纸牌
■mainly disapproving
■a group of similar people, especially one which contains people whose activities you do not approve of （尤指行为不受欢迎的）一伙人，一帮人
• a pack of thieves 一伙窃贼
• A pack of journalists was waiting outside the White House. 一帮记者正在白宫外等候。
⇒ See also gang
[pæk] noun countable
CONTAINER 容器
 ADVANCED US for
■ packet (= a paper or cardboard container) 一包
• a pack of cigarettes/gum 一包香烟／口香糖
[pæk] noun countable
BAG 背包 (US also backpack)
■a type of bag which you usually carry on your back when you are travelling 背包；旅行背包
⇒ See also backpack
[pæk] noun countable
MASS 一堆
■a thick mass of a substance, often like clay, which is used as a beauty treatment for the face 美容敷膏，面膜
■a thick mass of cloth, etc. which can be put on an injury to stop any bleeding or swelling （放在伤口上止血或消肿的）裹布；敷料
• Hold this ice pack to your head to stop the bruising. 把这个冰袋放在头上消肿。
⇒ See also compress (CLOTH)
[pæk] noun countable
a pack rat US
■someone who collects things that they do not need 杂物收藏家（其所收藏的东西都是自己不需要的）
• For me there could be nothing worse than living with a pack rat. 对我来说，最讨厌的事情，莫过于和一个垃圾收藏家住在一起。
[pæk] noun countable
be ahead of the pack
■to be more successful than other people who are trying to achieve the same things as you 成功领先；出类拔萃
• At this stage in the campaign, the Democratic candidate is way ahead of the pack. 在竞选活动的这个阶段，民主党候选人成功领先。
parcel, package, bundle, bunch, packet, pack
这组词都有“捆，包”的意思，其区别是：
parcel: 着重指邮包，也指将东西扎成小包或不太大的包。
package: 指包装整齐严密的包裹或一包、一捆、一盒东西。
bundle: 指多件东西被捆扎在一起。
bunch: 指有规则地把同类东西固定在一起。
packet: 一般指小件行李、邮包、还可指更小一些的包。
pack: 指专为背负而包扎的包裹，也指驮物等。
n. [包装] 包装；一群；背包； [临床] 包裹；一副
 - pair, casing
vt. [包装] 包装；压紧；捆扎；挑选；塞满
 - impact, select, stuff
vi. 挤；包装货物； [包装] 被包装；群集
 - pile, crowd, host

Word: colour
Front: colour
[ˈkʌlə(r)] (中高 -/642 -K5)
Vocabulary: colour
(once / 66 pages)
1nvadj 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6nv
Red, black, lime green, hot pink — these are all examples of colours, or the different kinds of hues that objects have (spelled the British way).
Imagine the colours of the rainbow or the colours in a box of crayons. But don't get thrown off by the spelling of this word for pigmentation. When Noah Webster was compiling his dictionary in 1828, he wanted to emphasize that the young United States spoke a different dialect than Britain. Colour with a "u" is a British spelling, and it was probably Webster who shortened it to color in America. Words like honour and flavour got the same treatment.
WORD FAMILY
colour: colouration, coloured, colourful, colouring, colourise, colourize, colourless, colours, decolour, discolour, multi-colour, multicolour+/colouration: colourations, discolouration/coloured: bicoloured, multi-coloured, multicoloured, self-coloured, uncoloured/colourful: colourfully/colouring: colourings/colourise: decolourise, discolourise/colourize: decolourize/colourless: colourlessly, colourlessness/decolour: decoloured/decolourise: decolourised, decolourising/discolour: discoloured, discolouring, discolours/discolouration: discolourations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jane Lane, from the Race Equality Foundation, believes the issues are not solely to do with colour.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
She limited herself to two or three colours, painting interlocking abstractions where ovals met rectangles and triangles and semicircles, often set within a circular whole.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
A pack of Smarties is more likely to be missing red than any other colour.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 颜色; 肤色; 彩色; （用于服装、旗帜等代表团队、学校、政党或国家的）色彩
vt. （用颜料、彩色笔等）为…着色; 粉饰; 歪曲; 使脸红
vi. 变色
时态：coloured, colouring, colours
分布：颜色(75%)，彩色(11%)，肤色(5%)，颜料(3%)，渲染(2%)，影响(2%)，脸红(1%)，染色(1%)
US [-ɚ] noun
APPEARANCE 外表
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■red, blue, green, yellow, etc. 颜色
• What's your favourite colour? 你最喜欢甚么颜色？
• She wears a lot of bright colours. 她穿得很鲜艳。
• What colour are your eyes? 你的眼睛是甚么颜色？
• Does the shirt come in any other colour? 这衬衫有其他颜色的吗？
• I like rich jewel colours, such as purple, blue and green. 我喜欢浓重的宝石色，如紫色、蓝色和绿色。
• Are the photos in colour or black and white? 照片是彩色的还是黑白的？
uncountable
■the pleasant effect of a bright colour or of a lot of colours together 色彩，色调
• I think we need a bit of colour in this room. 我觉得我们这个房间需要增加一点色彩。
• Red and yellow peppers give a little colour to the sauce. 红色和黄色的辣椒给酱汁添加了一点色彩。
• literary The whole garden was ablaze with/a riot of colour (= full of different bright colours). 整个花园五彩缤纷。
countable
■a substance, such as a paint or dye , which you add to something to give it a particular colour 颜料，染料
• I put my new green shirt in a hot wash and the colour ran (= the colour came out of the material). 我把新买的绿色衬衫往热水中一泡，颜色就褪掉了。
uncountable
■a pink colour in someone's face, often showing good health or showing feelings such as embarrassment or excitement 红润的面色；血色，气色
• That walk has put some colour in your cheeks. 散散步使你的气色好看些了。
• I watched the colour drain from her face as she heard the news. 我注意到她得知这消息后脸色煞白。
• She has a high colour (= The natural colour of her face is red). 她面色红润。
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
INTEREST 趣味
uncountable
■interesting or exciting qualities or details 趣味；风格；风味；色彩
• We added your story for a bit of local colour. 我们给你的故事加了一些本土色彩。
• Michael was there so that added a bit of colour to the evening's proceedings. 迈克尔的到场使那晚的活动生色不少。
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
RACE 种族
countable or uncountable
■the natural colour of a person's skin which shows which race they belong to （人种的）肤色
• She felt she had not been given the job because of her colour. 她觉得没有得到那份工作是因为自己的肤色。
• There should be no discrimination on the grounds of colour. 基于肤色的歧视是不应该的。
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SYMBOL 标志
colours [plural]
■(at school, college or university) an honour given to people who have been chosen for a sports team, which is often represented by a special symbol on a shirt or tie （中学或大学授予入选运动队者的）徽章
• She was awarded her colours for hockey/her hockey colours at the end of term. 她在学期末获选入曲棍球队。
■the official flag of a country, ship or military group 国旗；舰旗；军旗
• regimental colours 团旗
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
see sb's true colours
■to see someone's real character for the first time, especially when it is unpleasant 看清（某人）的真面目
• It was only when they started to work together that she began to see his true colours. 直到他们开始共事她才看清他的真面目。
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
show sb in their true colours
■to show what someone's real character is, especially when it is unpleasant 显露（某人）的真面目
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective
■Colour television, photography or printing shows things in all their colours, not just in black and white. （电视、照片、印刷）彩色的
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
BECOME A COLOUR 给…着色
intransitive or transitive
■to become a particular colour, or to make something a particular colour 变色；给…着色；使成为…色
• Do you think he colours his hair? 你觉得他染发了吗？
• He drew a heart and coloured it red. 他画了一颗心并把它涂成红色。
• Fry the onions till they start to colour. 将洋葱煎至变色。
intransitive
■to become red in the face because you are embarrassed （因为尴尬而）脸红
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
INFLUENCE 影响
transitive often passive
■If something colours your opinion of something, it influences your opinion in a negative way 影响（观点）；使有偏见
• I'm sure my views on marriage are coloured by my parents' divorce. 我对婚姻的看法肯定受到了我父母离婚一事的影响。
• I'm trying not to let my judgment be coloured by that one incident. 我努力不让自己的判断因为那次事件而带上偏见。
UK (ALSO US color) UK ['kʌl.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] colour sth in
■to fill an area with colour using paint, coloured pencils, etc. 给…上色，给…填色，给…着色
• Rosie drew an elephant and coloured it in. 罗西画了一头大象，然后给它上了色。
colour, dye, paint, stain
这组词都有“着色，染”的意思，其区别是：
colour: 普通用词，含义笼统。可指人工的着色，也可指天然的着色。
dye: 多指使用染料改变物体的颜色，如染织品或头发等。
paint: 指为装饰等目的而把油漆或涂料等物涂于物体表面。
stain: 多指用化学或其它方法使物体着色。
vt. 把…涂颜色，粉饰；歪曲；使脸红
 - sugar, torture
vi. 变色
 - color change
n. 颜色；风格；气色，面色；外貌
 - mode, aspect, style, exterior

Word: cool
Front: cool
[ku:l] (中高 1451/2478 -K4)
Vocabulary: cool
(once / 73 pages)
1adjnv 2adjn 3adj 4adj
When the weather is cool, it's not quite cold but not warm either. When people are cool, they're mellow and in control.
Cool has many meanings. When the weather goes from 70 degrees to 50, it cooled off. A winning pool player who starts losing also cools off. Drinking lemonade on a hot day is yet another way to cool off. When you lose your temper, you lose your cool. Hot cookies should cool before you eat them. Something fashionable is cool, but if you're cool to an idea, you're not so sure about it. Any situation that becomes less intense has cooled.
WORD FAMILY
cool: coolant, cooled, cooler, coolest, cooling, coolingly, coolly, coolness, cools, uncool+/coolant: coolants/cooler: coolers/coolness: coolnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A strong El Niño brought high temperatures early in the year; a follow-up La Niña cooled things back down.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ambient air is Newark’s, but filtered, ventilated, heated, and cooled.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Crows soared above sandstone walls as we ran our hands along petrified sand dunes and felt cool mystery.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 冷静的; 凉爽的; 一流的; 孤傲冷漠的
vt. & vi. （使）变凉; （使）冷静，使冷却; 变凉，冷却; 平息
n. 凉气，凉快的地方; 凉爽，凉爽的空气
时态：cooled, cooling, cools
分布：凉爽(31%)，冷静(24%)，凉爽的(12%)，凉快(10%)，凉的(7%)，冷静的(5%)，变凉(4%)，冷静下来(4%)，冷静地(2%)，冷漠的(1%)
→来自*gel, 冷，词源同cold, jelly.
a.凉的;冷静的n.凉快ad.冷静地v.使变凉The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
adjective
COLD 冷的
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly cold; of a low temperature 凉的，冷的
• cool water 凉水
• cool weather 冷天
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly cold in a pleasant way 凉爽的，凉快的
• It was a lovely cool evening. 那是个凉爽的夜晚。
• How do you manage to look so cool in this hot weather? 这么热的天你怎么看上去会这么凉快？
 IMPROVER
■describes a temperature which is slightly too cold （气温）稍冷的，凉的
• It 's a bit cool in here, isn't it? I think I'll close the window. 这里有点凉，是不是？我想关上窗户。
[ku:l] adjective
CALM 平静的
■calm and not worried or frightened; not influenced by strong feeling of any type 冷静的，沉着的，从容的
• He was very cool and calm about the mishap, and didn't shout or lose his temper. 面对意外事故他十分冷静，既没大喊大叫也没发脾气。
• Stay/Keep cool (= Do not become angry or excited). 保持镇静。
be cool with sth mainly US informal
■to be happy to accept a situation or suggestion 乐于接受（某一情况或建议）
• Yeah, we could leave later - I'm cool with that. 是，我们可以晚点走——我没意见。
[ku:l] adjective
COLOUR 颜色
■describes colours, such as blue or green, that make you feel calm and relaxed （颜色）冷色调的，给人凉爽感觉的
• The bedroom was painted a lovely cool blue. 睡房漆成了清爽的蓝色。
[ku:l] adjective
UNFRIENDLY 不友好的
■unfriendly or not being kind or showing interest in something or someone 不友好的；冷淡的；冷漠的
• She was decidedly cool towards me. 她对我显然很冷淡。
• I got a rather cool reception / welcome this evening. What do you think I've done wrong? 我今晚受到了冷淡的对待。你觉得我做错了甚么？
[ku:l] adjective
FASHIONABLE 时髦的 informal
■fashionable or attractive 时髦的；吸引人的；酷的
• Angie's got some cool new sunglasses. 安吉有副很酷的新太阳眼镜。
• Now I know it won't look very cool, but this hat will keep the sun out of your eyes. 我知道戴上这顶帽子看起来不会很时髦，可是它能遮挡刺眼的阳光。
[ku:l] adjective
(as) cool as a cucumber
■very calm or very calmly, especially when this is surprising （尤指出奇地）镇静，冷静，泰然自若
• She walked in as cool as a cucumber, as if nothing had happened. 她泰然自若地走进来，好像甚么事也没发生过。
[ku:l] adjective
cool customer informal
■someone who stays calm and does not show their emotions, even in a difficult situation 冷静的人，沉着的人，镇静的人
[ku:l] adjective
keep a cool head
■to stay calm in a difficult situation 保持冷静
• I don't know how you manage to keep such a cool head in such a hectic, stressful office! 我不知道在这样紧张忙乱的办公室你是如何做到头脑冷静的！
[ku:l] adjective exclamation informal
 IMPROVER
■excellent; very good 好极了（的），棒极了（的），顶呱呱（的）
• "So how was the concert?" "It was cool!" “音乐会怎么样？”“棒极了！”
• "Do you want to come with us?" "Yeah, cool!" “你想和我们一起去吗？”“噢，太好了！”
[ku:l] noun
COLD 冷的
the cool
only singular
■the pleasant, slightly cold temperature of a place 凉快，凉爽
• He loved the cool of the early morning. 他喜欢清晨的凉意。
• She left the midday sun for the cool of the shade. 她避开正午的阳光走到阴凉处。
[ku:l] noun
CALM 平静的
uncountable informal
■a person's ability to stay calm and not become angry or excited 冷静，沉着，从容
• keep your cool 保持冷静
• He really lost his cool when he heard about what happened. 当了解到发生了甚么事情的时候，他完全失去了冷静。
[ku:l] verb
BECOME COLD 变冷
intransitive or transitive
■to cause something to become slightly colder （使）冷却；（使）变凉；（使）凉爽
• Leave the cake to cool for an hour before cutting it. 把蛋糕冷却一小时后再切。
• He took off his shoes to cool his sweaty feet. 他脱掉鞋晾一晾出汗的脚。
[ku:l] verb
BECOME LESS 冷淡下来
intransitive (also cool off)
■If a feeling cools, it starts to become less strong （感情）冷静下来，平静下来，冷淡下来
• They were desperately in love to begin with, but I think it's starting to cool off now. 一开始他们爱得死去活来，但我觉得现在开始冷淡下来了。
• Their interest in the project seems to be cooling. 他们对该专案的兴趣似乎在下降。
[ku:l] verb
cool it slang
■used to tell someone to become calm, rather than be violent （用于告诉别人）冷静点，沉住气，息怒
• Just cool it everyone, fighting won't solve anything. 大家冷静，打架解决不了任何问题。
[ku:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cool (sb/sth) down/off
■to become less hot, or to make someone or something become less hot （使）冷却下来，（使）降温；（使）凉快下来
• She waited until her coffee had cooled down before taking a sip. 她一直等到咖啡凉下来才饮了一小口。
• We went for a swim to cool off. 我们去游泳好凉快一下。
[ku:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cool (sb) down/off
■to stop feeling angry after an argument, or to stop someone else feeling angry after an argument （使）（某人）冷静下来；（使）（某人）平静下来
• Leave her to cool off and then talk to her. 让她一个人冷静冷静，然后再跟她谈。
cool, icy, cold, chilly, freezing, frosty
这组词都有“冷、凉”的意思，其区别是：
cool: 指既不太热也不太冷。
icy: 多指风暴、风雪和水等冷得使人感到如刺如割。
cold: 最普通用词，强调缺乏温暖，使人不舒服。
chilly: 指使哆嗦的冷。
freezing: 指使人僵直，使东西凝固的冷。
frosty: 指雾气在寒冷物体的表面凝结成薄冰时的严寒结霜的温度。
adj. 凉爽的；冷静的；出色的
 - philosophical, cracking
vt. 使…冷却；使…平静下来
 - still
vi. 变凉；平息
 - subside, blow over
adv. 冷静地
 - calmly, soberly

Word: baghdad
Front: baghdad
[ˈbægˌdæd] (-/8311)
Back: n. 巴格达（伊拉克首都，=Bagdad）
分布：=Bagdad.(100%)

Word: counterpart
Front: counterpart
[ˈkaʊntəpɑ:t] (研六托雅宝 3816/4029 -3)
Vocabulary: counterpart
(once / 919 pages)
n
If you leap tall buildings in a single bound for the Des Moines branch of your corporation, then your Metropolis counterpart might be Superman. That means you and Superman do similar jobs, but in different locations.
The noun counterpart comes from the French word countre part, meaning “duplicate of a legal document.” In legal circles counterpart still means "a duplicate document," but today it is more likely to describe people. Counterparts aren't duplicates, of course, but they have similar skills and responsibilities. If you play soccer, your counterpart is the player on the other team who plays the same position.
WORD FAMILY
counterpart: counterparts+/forepart: foreparts/ part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart/ partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
In addition, Rossello pledged to provide female government employees with the same pay as their male counterparts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Women were consistently evaluated more harshly than their male counterparts and were penalized to a greater degree if they were unwilling to help.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
A US study claims that female physicians kill fewer patients than their male counterparts.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 配对物; 副本; 相对物; 极相似的人或物
分布：副本(64%)，对应物(20%)，职务相当的人(8%)，相似之物(8%)
→counter-, 相对。part, 部分。
相对物;副本(counter相对应+part→对应的一部分→对应的人或物)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.对应的人(或物)In the compartment, the impartial participant told me his counterpart's departure.在隔间里,公正的参与者把其对等人物的离世告诉了我.
【记】counter，part部分：相对应的部分
US [-tˌɚ.pɑ:rt] noun countable
■a person or thing which has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization （与不同地方或组织的人或物）作用相同者，相对应者
• The Prime Minister is to meet his European counterparts to discuss the war against drugs. 首相将会见欧洲各国首脑就打击毒品犯罪进行商讨。
n. 副本；配对物；极相似的人或物
 - repeat, coppy

Word: metre
Front: metre
['mi:tə(r)] (中高研四六 -/2099 -K3)
Back: n. 米，公尺; 格律，韵律
分布：米(84%)，公尺(10%)，格律(5%)，计量器(1%)
→来自meter的英式拼写。
n.(meter)米,公尺;仪表,计量器The veteran in velvet found that the diameter of the thermometer was one metre.穿天鹅绒的老兵发现温度计的直径为一米.
US [-tˌɚ] noun
MEASUREMENT 测量
 ESSENTIAL countable (written abbreviation m)
■a unit of measurement equal to 100 centimetres （长度单位）米，公尺
• The bomb shelter has concrete walls that are three metres thick. 防空洞有厚达三米的混凝土墙。
• a 15-metre yacht 15米长的游艇
• She won the 100 metres (= a race run over this distance) at the Olympics. 她获得了奥运会100米短跑冠军。
• He is 1m 75 tall. 他身高1.75米。
• The price of water rose to 48p per cubic metre (= a unit of volume equal to 1000 litres). 水价上涨到每立方米48便士。
• The room is six metres square. 这个房间面积为六平方米。
UK (ALSO US meter) UK ['mi:.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun
POETRY 诗歌
countable or uncountable specialized
■the regular arrangement of syllables in poetry according to the number and type of beats in a line （诗歌的）韵律，格律
• He composes poems in a classical style and in strict metre. 他秉承古典风格并按严格的韵律作诗。
• Many hymns have a firm, regular metre. 许多教堂圣歌有严格而规则的韵律。
n. 米；公尺；韵律
 - meter, rhythm

Word: refer
Front: refer
[rɪˈfɜ:(r)] (高研四六托 1156/728 -4)
Vocabulary: refer
(once / 48 pages)
1v 2v
If you refer to something, you consult it. To check your spelling, you refer to a dictionary. If you want to know when your spring break starts, you can refer to your class schedule.
Refer is made up of two very useful Latin roots: re- "back" and ferre "carry," and when one thing refers to another, one meaning “carries back” to the other — there’s some kind of connection. "The term “Spaghetti Western” refers to a kind of Western often filmed in Italy by Italian filmmakers, in Italian." If you have a mysterious rash, your doctor might refer you — send you — to an allergist.
WORD FAMILY
refer: referable, referee, reference, refering, referral, referred, referring, refers+/ referee: refereed, refereeing, referees/ reference: referenced, references, referencing, referential / referral: referrals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
During the campaign, Trump referred to Chicago, America’s third most populous city, as an example of rising inner-city crime.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Speaking as a mom, I felt a chill down my spine,” she said referring to recent political broadcast.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 提到; 针对; 关系到; 请教
vt. 归因于…; 使求助于; 送交; 认为…起源于
vt. & vi. 参考，查阅
时态：referred, referring, refers
分布：参考(82%)，谈及(6%)，咨询(6%)，把 ... 提交(2%)，归类(2%)，把 ... 归因(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-fer,拿，带，词源同 bring,infer.引申诸相关词义。
提到;指点(re再次+fer→再次带来→提到)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.参考,查询;提到,引用,涉及;提交,上呈I prefer the preferable preference you referred to in the reference books.我更喜欢你在参考书中提到的那个更可取的优先权.
US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  refer to sb/sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to talk or write about someone or something, especially in only a few words （尤指简短地）提到，谈及，谈起
• In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays. 在其自传中，她偶尔提及了她不幸的学生时代。
• He always refers to the house as his "refuge". 他总是把这座房子称为他的“避难所”。
■If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing 涉及…；与…相关
• The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors. 新的工资级别标准只适用于公司经理和主管人员。
UK [rɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  refer sb to sth
■to direct someone or something to a different place or person for information, help or action, often to a person or group with more knowledge or power 让（某人）求助于；让（某人）向…查询；将（某人）送交给
• My doctor referred me to a hospital specialist. 我的医生让我去找一位医院的专家诊治。
• The High Court has referred the case to the Court of Appeal. 高级法院已将此案呈交上诉法院。
UK [rɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  refer (sb) to sth
■to look at, or tell someone else to look at, a book or similar record in order to find information and help （告诉某人去）看，查阅，参考
• She spoke for an hour without once referring to her notes. 她讲了一个小时，没有看过一眼讲稿。
• He referred to a history book to find out the dates of the French Revolution. 他查阅了一本历史书来弄清法国大革命的日期。
• The reader is constantly referred back to the introduction. 在书中作者多次提请读者去参阅序言部分。
UK [rɪ'fɜ:r] US [-'fɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  referWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using refer in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'rr'. Don't write 'refered', write refe rr ed. The -ing form is refe rr ing.
vi. 参考；涉及；提到；查阅
 - deal with, to consult
vt. 涉及；委托；归诸于；使…求助于
 - deal with, to relate to

Word: spy
Front: spy
[spaɪ] (高研四六 4846/6072 -2)
Back: n. 间谍; 密探
vt. 看见; 秘密监视; 精心调查
vi. 当间谍; 从事间谍活动; 暗中监视; 详察
时态：spied, spying, spies
分布：间谍(75%)，监视(10%)，侦察(8%)，侦探(4%)，看到(2%)，找出(1%)
→来自古法语 espiier,观察，仔细看，偷看，来自 Proto-Germanic*spehona,注视，观察，来自 spek,看，观看，词源同 spectate,telescope.引申词义间谍，密探。
n.间谍v.当间谍,刺探;察觉,发现The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization 间谍，密探
[spaɪ] verb
FIND SECRETS 搜集情报
intransitive
■to secretly collect and report information about the activities of another country or organization 搜集情报；从事间谍活动
• He was arrested for spying on missile sites. 他因搜集有关飞弹基地的情报而被捕。
spy out informal
■to get knowledge secretly, especially of a place 探清（尤指场所）的情况，查明
• I generally like to spy out restaurants before I go to eat in them. 我一般喜欢在去某家餐馆吃饭之前，先了解一下那里的情况。
[spaɪ] verb
SEE 看
transitive old-fashioned or humorous
■to see or notice someone or something usually when it involves looking hard （通常指一番搜寻后）看见，注意到
• I think I've just spied Andrew in the crowd. 我想我刚才在人群中看到了安德鲁。
[spaɪ] verb
spy out the land
■If you spy out the land, you try to get knowledge of something before you do something 事先探清楚情况
• We drove around the area where our new house is to spy out the land. 我们开车在新房子的周遭地区绕了一圈，了解一下环境。
[spaɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  spy on sb/sth
■to watch someone or something secretly, often in order to discover information about them 暗中监视；窥探
• He was spying on her through the keyhole. 他从锁孔里窥探着她。
vt. 侦察；发现；暗中监视
 - detect, scout around
vi. 侦察； [军] 当间谍
 - scout around, keek
n. [军] 间谍；密探
 - illegal, espionage

Word: praise
Front: praise
[preɪz] (中高研四六托 3719/4285 -K3)
Vocabulary: praise
(once / 84 pages)
nv
Praise means "admiration or approval," and when you're on the receiving end of it, you feel great.
Whether it's used as a verb or a noun, praise means "approval." If you enthusiastically praise your dog, he's likely to wag his tail and expect a treat. What you've given him (in addition to the treat) is praise, the noun. In a religious context, the verb praise is interchangeable with worship, as when a minister says, "Praise God."
WORD FAMILY
praise: dispraise, overpraise, praised, praiseful, praises, praising, self-praise+/dispraise: dispraises/overpraise: overpraised, overpraises, overpraising/praiseful: praisefully/praising: praisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is the same with Trump’s tasteless praise of Putin.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He praised the project’s managers for completing the first stage of the subway extension on time and on budget.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 赞扬，称赞; 崇拜; 赞词
v. 赞扬，赞美; 歌颂; 崇拜
时态：praised, praising, praises
分布：赞美(53%)，称赞(37%)，崇拜(10%)
→来自古法语prisier,称赞，赞美，评估，来自拉丁语preciare,估价，词源同price,appreciate.
v.赞扬,歌颂;表扬n.称赞,赞美;赞美的话The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
【反】fulmination（n 大声斥责）；vituperate（v 谩骂）；excoriate（v 批判）
verb transitive
SHOW APPROVAL 表示赞成
 IMPROVER
■to express admiration or approval about the achievements or characteristics of a person or thing 赞扬，表扬
• He should be praised for his honesty. 他应该因为诚实而获得表扬。
• My parents always praised me when I did well at school. 我在学校里表现好时父母总是夸奖我。
• He was highly praised for his research on heart disease. 他因在心脏病方面的研究而受到高度赞扬。
[preɪz] verb transitive
GOD 神
■to honour, worship and express admiration for a god 赞颂，赞美（神）
• They sang hymns praising God. 他们唱颂歌来赞颂上帝。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
APPROVAL 赞扬
 ADVANCED
■when you say or show your admiration and approval for someone or something 赞扬，表扬
• They deserve praise for all their hard work. 他们如此辛苦地工作，理应受到表扬。
• His economic policies have won widespread praise for reducing government debt. 他的经济政策因减轻了政府的债务而受到广泛赞扬。
• Praise from Adrian is (high) praise indeed (= Praise from Adrian is particularly special because he rarely praises anyone). 能得到阿德里安的赞美可真是不容易。
[preɪz] noun uncountable
GOD 神 formal
■expression of respect and worship to a god 赞美，赞颂
• As we give praise to God, let us remember those who are less fortunate than ourselves. 在我们赞颂上帝时，让我们缅怀那些没我们幸运的人。
praise, applaud, commend, compliment
这些动词均有“赞扬、表扬、称赞”之意。
praise: 普通用词，指用语言或其它方式表示夸奖、赞扬。
applaud: 指出色的表演或高尚的行为等得到同声赞许、大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
commend: 正式用词，指对具体功绩或成就等表示称赞或嘉奖。
compliment: 侧重客气和礼貌，有时含恭维之意。
applaud, clap, praise, commend
applaud: v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
 • The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.   老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap: v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
 • clap sb.   为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
praise: v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕；赞颂，赞美。
 • A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.   一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
 • Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.   坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
commend: v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
 • The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.   老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
n. 赞扬；称赞；荣耀；崇拜
 - worship, favoring and praising
vt. 赞美，歌颂；表扬
 - celebrate, bless, admire
vi. 赞美；赞扬
 - speak highly of, talk up

Word: scrap
Front: scrap
[skræp] (研六托雅宝 5594/5535 -2)
Vocabulary: scrap
(once / 410 pages)
1nv 2nv
A scrap is a little leftover bit of something. You might jot down notes on a scrap of paper, or you might toss a scrap of food to your happy dog.
A scrap is typically a small item that originally was part of something larger, like a scrap of fabric that was once part of a larger piece. Scrap can also describe something that’s no longer useful. For example, you might take scrap metal to the recycling center. Scrap also has a verb form that means "discard." When you scrap your plan to move to the Bahamas, that means you’re abandoning the plan.
WORD FAMILY
scrap: scrapped, scrapper, scrapping, scrappy, scraps+/scrapper: scrappers/scrappy: scrappier, scrappiest, scrappily, scrappiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And she warned that his threat to scrap climate protection policies puts the world's future at risk.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The backlash saw sports events and concerts cancelled and businesses scrapping investment plans.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 废料; 残余物; 小片; 吵架
vt. 废弃; 取消; 抛弃; 报废
vi. 吵架，打架
adj. 废弃的; 零星的; 剩余的; 由零碎（或废料）组成的
时态：scrapped, scrapping, scraps
分布：废品(34%)，报废(30%)，打架(17%)，碎片(14%)，争斗(2%)，瘦小的人(1%)，少许(1%)，舍弃(1%)
→来自 scrape 对词形式，来自 scrape,刮，擦，磨，引申词义碎片，废料，垃圾等。
n.碎片;废料v.废弃,报废This car will soon go for scrap.这部车子很快将作为废铁处理.
【记】源于：crap（n 废物）
【反】retrieve（v 重新得到）
verb (-pp-)
THROW AWAY 扔掉
transitive
■to not continue with a system or plan 放弃；取消
• They're considering scrapping the tax and raising the money in other ways. 他们正在考虑废除这个税目，用其他方法募集款项。
• We scrapped our plans for a trip to France. 我们取消了法国之行的计划。
transitive
■to get rid of something which is no longer useful or wanted, often using its parts in new ways 销毁；毁掉
• Hundreds of nuclear weapons have been scrapped. 数百件核子武器已被销毁。
[skræp] verb (-pp-)
ARGUMENT 争论
intransitive
■to have a fight or an argument 打架，吵架
[skræp] noun
METAL 金属
uncountable
■old cars and machines or pieces of metal, etc. that are not now needed but have parts that can be used to make other things 废料，废品
• scrap iron/ metal 废铁／金属
• We've sold our old car for scrap. 我们把那辆旧车当作废品卖掉了。
[skræp] noun
SMALL PIECE 小片
countable
■a small irregular piece of something or a small amount of information 碎片，碎屑；少量（资讯）
• Have you got a scrap of paper I could write on? 你有没有可以写字的小纸片？
• I've read every scrap of information I can find on the subject. 我读了所有能找到的关于该主题的资料。
• There's not a scrap of (= no) evidence to suggest that he committed the crime. 没有任何证据显示他犯了罪。
scraps [plural]
■small bits of food which have not been eaten and which are usually thrown away 厨余； 剩菜剩饭
• We give all our scraps to our cat. 我们把剩菜剩饭都拿去喂猫了。
[skræp] noun
ARGUMENT 争论
countable
■a fight or argument, especially a quick noisy one about something not important （尤指琐事引发的短暂而吵闹的）打架，吵架
• A couple of kids were having a scrap in the street. 有几个孩子在街上打架。
shed, scrap, discard
这组词都有“抛弃、丢弃”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 指毛发、皮肤、叶等经过某种自然的过程而脱落。
scrap: 指抛弃过时不再有用的东西。
discard: 指把具体的东西抛掉不要，着重扔、丢的动作。
bit, scrap, slice, fragment, sheet, piece
这组词都有“片、块、段”的意思，其区别是：
bit: 侧重指微小，一点点，小碎片。
scrap: 侧重指废弃的零碎之物。
slice: 多指切得很薄的一片食物。
fragment: 指破裂的，不完整的，不可完整的碎片。
sheet: 侧重指平整很薄的一张或一片。
piece: 最普通用词，多指从整体上分割下来的东西，可大可小。
n. [机] 碎片；残余物；打架；少量
 - bit, debris, chip, fight
vt. 废弃；使解体；拆毁
 - out of use, disaffirm
adj. 废弃的；零碎的
 - waste, dumped
vi. 吵架
 - quarrel, exchange words

Word: weather
Front: weather
[ˈweðə(r)] (中高托雅宝 1614/1610 -K4)
Vocabulary: weather
(once / 81 pages)
1nv 2v 3adjv 4v
Weather is the atmospheric conditions, including the temperature, wind, snow, rain, or anything else happening outside. People tend to talk about the weather when they can't think of anything else to talk about.
In some places, people say, "Don't like the weather? Wait an hour and it'll change." Every day, experts try to predict the weather, but they never get it exactly right. You can also use weather to mean "endure something," as in "I weathered the storm at work." That's not a real storm, but a stormy situation. Even though the weather drives us all crazy at times, at least it gives us something to blab about.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
weather / whether / wether
The weather outside is partly cloudy whether you like it that way or not. A wether, on the other hand, is a castrated sheep. You read that right.
Weather comes from the Old English weder, for basically, "air and sky." It used to refer to storms, but now the weather can be sunny, too. Ships that weather a storm get through it, just like people who weather something. Examples:
"Given the odd weather of late, you may be aware that we are in the midst of what could be a record-setting El Niño." (Washington Post)
"If you enter the theater of this novel, get set to weather some disorientation as soon as the lights dim." (Washington Post)
The word whether indicates a choice. You can decide whether to go to the movies. The "or not" isn't necessary because it's implied in the word whether. "Or not" can be added if it means, "regardless of whether," as in "We will play outside whether or not it snows." Here's Hamlet's famous choice:
"To be, or not to be? That is the question—
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles…"
Poor little wether. It's always jumping in for whether but wether is never a choice. It's always a sheep or a goat. The word pops up a lot, but these sentences actually get it right:
"He jumped up, and called to the shepherd— 'I say, old boy, let that bell wether of mine alone, will you?'" (Richard Cobbold)
"My shepherd's pipe can sound no deal, my wether's bell rings doleful knell." (William Henry Burr)
Weather refers to climate conditions and whether comes before a choice. As for wether, be careful. If you say "We're having great wether tonight," it might sound like you're serving castrated goat for dinner.
WORD FAMILY
weather: weathered, weathering, weathers+/ weathered: unweathered
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reiterate: A story about a severe weather event that didn’t happen was more popular than most stories about events that did.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The National Weather Service issued a winter storm warning Monday for the Sierra’s eastern front north of Reno in effect until 4 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Severe weather was expected to bring a variety of threats to parts of the Deep South through the night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天气， 气象; 暴风雨
vt. & vi. 晒干， 风化
vt. 平安渡过， 挨过; [地]使风化
时态：weathered, weathering, weathers
分布：天气(86%)，气象(6%)，使风化(2%)，风化(2%)，经受住(2%)，经受风雨(1%)，境遇(1%)
→来自we-dhro,吹，天气，词源同wind,风，*dhro,名词后缀，比较father,mother。由风引申天气，风化，经受天气考验等。
n.天气,气象Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
【记】原指：天气的意思－平安度过坏天气－经受住
US [-ɚ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the conditions in the air above the Earth such as wind, rain or temperature, especially at a particular time over a particular area 天气；气象
• bad/good/cold/dry/hot/stormy/warm/wet/etc. weather 坏／好／冷的／干燥的／炎热的／暴风雨／温暖的／潮湿的天气等
• The weather in the hills can change very quickly, so take suitable clothing. 山里的天气瞬息万变，所以要带上合适的衣服。
• We're going to have a picnic, weather permitting (= if the weather is good enough). 如果天气好的话，我们打算去野餐。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun uncountable
be/feel under the weather informal
■to be or feel ill 生病；觉得不舒服
• I'm feeling a bit under the weather - I think I've caught a cold. 我觉得有点不舒服——可能是感冒了。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun uncountable
in all weathers
■If something is done in all weathers, it is done in every type of weather 无论天气好坏；风雨无阻
• He's a real enthusiast - he goes fishing in all weathers. 他真是个钓鱼迷——无论刮风下雨都去。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
transitive
■to deal successfully with a difficult situation or a problem 平安渡过（困境）；经受住
• As a small new company they did well to weather the recession. 作为一家新成立的小公司，他们成功地渡过经济衰退期。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
AIR CONDITIONS 空气状况
intransitive or transitive
■to change in colour or form over a period of time because of the effects of sun, wind or other weather conditions （使）因风吹日晒而褪色，（使）受到风雨侵蚀，（使）风化
• Rock is weathered by the action of ice and changes in temperature. 冰的作用和温度的变化令岩石受到侵蚀。
• The paint on the outside walls has weathered badly (= has changed and been damaged by the weather). 外墙上的油漆风吹日晒褪色得很厉害。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
weather the storm
■If someone or something weathers the storm, they successfully deal with a very difficult problem 渡过难关
• In the next few days we shall see if the ambassador can weather the political storm caused by his ill-advised remarks. 在接下来的几天，我们要看看那位大使能否平安渡过这场因他轻率的言辞而引发的政治风波。
weather, climate
weather: 一天内具体的天气状况,
climate: 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
n. 天气； [气象] 气象；气候；处境
 - climate, situation
vt. 经受住；使风化；侵蚀；使受风吹雨打
 - last out, eat into
vi. 风化；受侵蚀；经受风雨
 - bloom out, effloresce
adj. 露天的；迎风的
 - outdoor, unroofed

Word: panel
Front: panel
[ˈpænl] (研四六托雅宝 1607/1859 -K3)
Vocabulary: panel
(once / 290 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
If you are participating in some kind of contest, it is not ethical to bribe the judges on the panel with brownies. On the other hand, don’t stick your tongue out at them either, since they’ll be determining the winner.
Panel is derived from Old French and originally meant “a piece of cloth.” It’s still used as a sewing term, but now it has additional meanings. It can mean “jury,” as above, and can also refer to a flat piece of a hard surface, often rectangular, such as the wood panel of a door or wall. Panel is also a verb meaning "to install panels." Finally, a control panel has a lot of switches and is a way to make some machines work.
WORD FAMILY
panel: paneled, paneling, panelist, panelled, panellist, panels+/ paneling: panelings/ panelist: panelists/panellist: panellists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is truly enormous; from the tall observation tower, the ranks of black panels stretch almost to the horizon.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
An earlier episode placed Paper Boi on a fictional news panel show with parody commercials to break up the show’s segments.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 镶板; 面; （门、墙等上面的）嵌板; 控制板
vt. 选定（陪审团）; 把…分格; 在…上置鞍垫; 把…镶入框架内
时态：panelled, panelling, panels
分布：面板(82%)，嵌板(8%)，仪表盘(4%)，陪审团(3%)，座谈小组(2%)，嵌镶(1%)
→来自pane,布条，-el,小词后缀。即小布条，引申词义面板，金属板，窗玻璃。后用于指在布条上列举名字的陪审团成员或讨论小组清单。
n.面,板;控制板,仪表盘;专门小组The fanciful panda fan panics over the span of the pan-like panel.爱幻想的熊猫迷对盆状仪表板的全长感到恐慌.
【记】源于：pane（n 窗格玻璃）
noun
TEAM 小组
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment （选定的）专家小组
• The competition will be judged by a panel of experts. 这次竞赛将由一个专家小组评审。
['pæn.əl] noun
PART 部分
countable
■a flat, usually rectangular part, or piece of wood, metal, cloth, etc., that fits into or onto something larger 嵌板，镶板
• a beautiful old door with oak panels 一扇镶有橡木板的漂亮的老式门
• White silk panels were inset into the sides of the dress. 衣边镶有白绸布。
• At the bottom of each page is a panel with grammatical information. 每页底部都有文法知识栏。
['pæn.əl] noun
CONTROL BOARD 控制台
countable
■a board or surface which has controls and other devices on it for operating an aircraft or other large machine 仪表板；操纵台
• a control/instrument panel 控制／仪表板
['pæn.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to cover or decorate with flat, usually rectangular pieces of wood, metal, cloth, etc. 嵌板，镶板
• The walls of the dining hall were panelled in oak. 餐厅的墙上镶了橡木板。
• a panelled room/wall/door 有镶板的房间／墙／门
n. 仪表板； [建] 嵌板；座谈小组，全体陪审员
 - fascia board, instrument board

Word: abortion
Front: abortion
[əˈbɔ:ʃn] (高雅 1969/4341 -3)
Vocabulary: abortion
(once / 776 pages)
n
Abortion is a surgical procedure that ends a pregnancy. In the United States, the public debate over a women's right to have an abortion is a complex and heated political issue.
The words abort and abortion can also apply to non-pregnancy related topics. If you are in the middle of a jewel-heist and the alarm on the vault is tripped, you and your partners in crime might opt to abort the plan and run while you can, debating whether the plan's abortion was a good decision or not later.
WORD FAMILY
abortion: abortionist, abortions+/ abort: aborted, aborting, abortion, abortive, aborts/abortionist: abortionists/ abortive: abortively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wade, the 1973 decision that established a nationwide right to abortion.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
In a role-reversal that looks odd from a national perspective but makes sense in Louisiana, they say, in particular, that he formerly supported abortion.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
In most countries where abortion is illegal, only doctors who carry it out are punished.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 流产; 流产的胎儿; 畸形; 夭折
分布：流产(57%)，堕胎(43%)
US [-'bɔ:r-] noun
END OF PREGNANCY 停止怀孕
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the intentional ending of a pregnancy, usually by a medical operation （通常指透过手术进行的）堕胎，人工流产
• She decided to have/get an abortion. 她决定做人工流产。
• Abortion is restricted in some American states. 美国一些州禁止堕胎。
Compare miscarriage ; stillbirth
UK [ə'bɔ:.ʃən] US [-'bɔ:r-] noun
STOP 停止
countable slang
■a failure 失败
• This project is a complete abortion. 这个企划案彻底失败了。
n. [妇产] 流产，小产；流产的胎儿
 - miscarriage, misbirth

Word: specific
Front: specific
[spəˈsɪfɪk] (高研四六托雅 979/882 -K4)
Vocabulary: specific
(once / 209 pages)
adjn
If you describe something as specific, you're signaling that you're being precise. Say you ask your friend to meet you at a specific time and place — it means you want to meet her at, say, Ray's Pizza at 3:00 PM, not just anywhere.
Specific also means "detailed and exact." That's the sense of the word that comes into play when a teacher advises you to be as specific as possible. Indeed, specific writing paints a picture. Say your friend Angela lives on a soybean farm in Iowa and takes Claritin for her pollen allergy. That might not be the most interesting fact in the world, but it's a lot more interesting than saying you have a friend who lives in the Midwest and takes medicine for a problem. If the sentence about Angela's pollen allergy is interesting at all, it's because of the specifics.
WORD FAMILY
specific: intraspecific, nonspecific, specifically, specificity, specifics, unspecific+/ specifically: nonspecifically/ specificity: specificities/unspecific: unspecifically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether it’s simple dry skin or a specific skin condition, try these tips:
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Parsing the specifics is part of Cousins’s job, how he learns from mistakes and moves on.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
When we get into specific treatments, the evidence is even more scant.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 明确的; 特种的; 具体的; [免疫学]特效的
n. 特效药; 特性; 细节; 显著的性质，特性
分布：明确的(31%)，特殊的(28%)，特效药(15%)，特性(15%)，详情(9%)，具有特效的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 species,种类，类别，-fic,做，制造，词源同 fact,efficient.即关于某一种类的或某 一类别的，引申词义明确的，具体的，特征，细节等。
具体的(speci+fic带来→带来外观的→具体的)[speci=look,kind,表示"外观,种类"]
a.明确的,具体的;特定的,特有的There was no specific plan in my mind.我脑子里没有具体的计划.
adjective
PARTICULAR 特有的
 IMPROVER
■relating to one thing and not others; particular 特定的；特有的
• The virus attacks specific cells in the brain. 这种病毒专门攻击大脑内特定的细胞。
• The money is intended to be used for specific purposes. 这笔钱有特定的用途。
• formal The disease seems to be specific to (= only found in) certain types of plant. 这种病似乎是某些植物所特有的。
• Is there anything specific you want from the shops? 在这些商店里你有甚么特别的东西要买吗？
[spə'sɪf.ɪk] adjective
EXACT 确切的
■clear and exact 明确的；确切的；具体的
• No specific allegations have yet been made about the prison officers' behaviour. 对于典狱官的行为，尚未作出明确的指控。
• Can you be more specific about where your back hurts? 你能不能更具体一点说你的背哪里痛？
specific, explicit, definite, express
这组词都有“明确的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 强调内容明确，毫不抽象、笼统。
explicit: 指清楚明白，毫不含糊其辞，因而无任何理解困难。
definite: 指对所提到的事的范围及其细节毫无疑问，含有明确和确定界限的意味。
express: 语气较强，较正式，指不但清楚明确，而且含有直截了当和有力等的意思。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
specific, concrete
这组词都有“具体的”的意思，其区别是：
specific: 侧重指具体的细节，是与general(一般)，vague(模糊)相对的具体。
concrete: 指通过感官能看到、听到、触到的具体东西。其反义词是abstract。
adj. 特殊的，特定的；明确的；详细的； [药] 具有特效的
 - precise, strict, decided, detailed, particular
n. 特性；细节；特效药
 - quality, tang, identity, detail, character

Word: briton

Word: resistance
Front: resistance
[rɪˈzɪstəns] (研四六托雅 2226/2311 -K3)
Vocabulary: resistance
(once / 191 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
If you've ever seen a dog on a leash suddenly refuse to walk any farther, you know how much resistance one little pet can put up. Resistance means "refusal to comply with or accept something."
An individual person can put up resistance against something she disagrees with or doesn't want to participate in. On a larger scale, groups of people and even whole countries can display resistance, like when the British put up resistance against Napoleon. Another meaning of resistance is "the ability not to be affected by," like a resistance to getting colds, which you can imagine as your immune system putting up a fierce resistance against invading germs.
WORD FAMILY
resistance: resistances+/nonresistant: nonresistance/ resist: resistance, resistant, resisted, resister, resisting, resistive, resistless, resists/ resistant: non-resistant, nonresistant, resistanter, unresistant/resister: resisters/resisting: unresisting/resistive: resistivity/resistless: resistlessly/unresisting: unresistingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
U.S.-backed Iraqi forces are currently fighting to push Islamic State from the northern city of Mosul, but are facing fierce resistance.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
As we start this new year, here are some resolutions for resistance.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
The stress I felt instead was the peculiar one of absolute! resistance! to something you don’t necessarily need to resist.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 抵抗; 阻力; 抗力; 电阻
分布：抵抗(54%)，阻力(38%)，反对(5%)，抵触(3%)
→来自 resist,反抗，抑制。
反抗;抵抗力(resist+ance)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
n.(to)抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,阻力;电阻My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
【反】capitulation（n 有条件投降）；immune（adj 免疫的）－having no resistance（无抵抗力的）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something or someone resists 抵抗；反抗；反对
• resistance to disease 抗病
• Government troops offered no resistance (to the rebels). 政府军没有（对叛军）作出任何抵抗。
• There's a lot of resistance (= opposition) to the idea of a united Europe. 很多人反对欧洲统一的想法。
uncountable
■a force which acts to stop the progress of something or make it slower 阻力
• The car's speed was reduced by air/wind resistance. 汽车速度因为空气／风的阻力而下降。
countable or uncountable specialized
■the degree to which a substance prevents the flow of an electric current through it 电阻
• Copper has (a) low resistance. 铜的电阻很小。
[rɪ'zɪs.tənts] noun
the path of least resistance (UK usually the line of least resistance)
■the easiest way to continue 最简便的方法；阻力最小的方法；最省力气的方法
• I took the path of least resistance and agreed with the others. 我采取了最省力气的方法，同意了其他人的意见。
n. 阻力； [电] 电阻； [力] 抵抗； [法] 反抗；抵抗力
 - resisting force, rebellion

Word: efficiency
Front: efficiency
[ɪˈfɪʃnsi] (研四六托 3047/2306 -2)
Vocabulary: efficiency
(once / 471 pages)
n
Efficiency is avoiding a waste of time, effort, or resources. Many people have begun to use compact fluorescent light bulbs because of their greater energy efficiency.
Nowadays, efficiency often refers to energy efficiency, the effort to get more energy from existing resources: making cars that can go farther with less fuel, or appliances that do the same work with less electricity. But this noun isn't restricted to an environmental context. Efficiency can also simply be a measurement of what goes into a thing versus what comes out of it. A process with high efficiency requires only a little work to produce big results.
WORD FAMILY
efficiency: efficiencies+/ efficient: efficiency, efficiently, inefficient /inefficiency: inefficiencies/ inefficient: inefficiency, inefficiently
USAGE EXAMPLES
How much you drive and your car’s fuel efficiency will determine how much more you pay in gas taxes.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Duke ranks third in the country in adjusted offensive efficiency according to KenPom.com and eighth in defensive efficiency.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Carrier also claimed last year that federal regulations stifled its profits and sent a list of energy efficiency rules it deemed burdensome to the IEDC.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物]性能; 功效
分布：效率(99%)，功率(1%)
→ef-, 向外。-fic, 做，词源同fact, effect.
效率(ef出+fic做...做出事情...有效率)[-ency,-iency表名词,ence的变体]
n.效率;功效Friction lowers the efficiency of a machine.摩擦减低机器的效率.
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■when someone or something uses time and energy well, without wasting any 效率；效能
• What is so impressive about their society is the efficiency of the public services. 他们的社会给人留下最深刻印象的是其高效率的公共服务。
• energy efficiency 能源使用效率
specialized
■the difference between the amount of energy that is put into a machine in the form of fuel, effort, etc. and the amount that comes out of it in the form of movement 效率；功率
effect, validity, influence, efficiency
effect: 指某人或某事的影响产生特殊“效果”
validity: 有效性，合法性
influence: 强调“潜移默化”的影响
efficiency: 效率
n. 效率；效能；功效
 - virtue, potency

Word: magazine
Front: magazine
[ˌmægəˈzi:n] (中高研四六雅 1001/1479 -K4)
Vocabulary: magazine
(once / 136 pages)
1n 2n
A magazine is a printed publication that comes out regularly and includes photographs and articles. Before cell phones became popular, people used to read magazines in doctors' waiting rooms.
Magazines were once only printed on paper, but today there are also online magazines. These electronic versions are similar to traditional magazines in that they publish periodically and include stories, illustrations or photos, and usually advertisements. The original definition of magazine was a space for ammunition storage, either in a building or ship, or attached to a weapon. The very first printed magazine was called "Gentleman's Magazine," from the idea that it was a "storehouse" of knowledge.
WORD FAMILY
magazine: magazines
USAGE EXAMPLES
I shiver in my paper gown, sitting near a table with glossy magazines.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They recommended harsher sentences for gun crimes and for the use of high-capacity magazines.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 弹药库; 杂志; 弹仓; 胶卷盒
分布：杂志(96%)，弹药库(3%)，弹盘(1%)
→来自阿拉伯语makhzan,仓库，ma-,地名前缀，词源同mosque,khazana,存储。在16世纪进入英语后，该词原义也为仓库，特指军火库。后在1731年，一本杂志取名为”Gentleman’s Magazin”,字面意思即绅士的仓库，绅士信息指南。随着该杂志的流行，使该词引申词义杂志，期刊，并成为主要词义。比较arsenal.
n.杂志,期刊The submitted submarine on the magic magazine is shining and magnificent.魔术杂志上那艘提交的潜艇闪亮而壮观.
noun countable
BOOK 书
 ESSENTIAL (informal mag)
■a type of thin book with large pages and a paper cover which contains articles and photographs and is published every week or month 杂志，期刊
• She has written articles for several women's magazines. 她为几家女性杂志撰稿。
• a glossy magazine 用亮光纸印刷的杂志
• men's mags 男性杂志
• a magazine rack 杂志架
[ˌmæg.ə'zi:n] noun countable
GUN PART 枪的部件
■a part of a gun in which cartridges are stored, or a building in which explosives, weapons and supplies are kept （枪的）弹仓，弹盒；军火库，军械库
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 杂志；弹药库；胶卷盒
 - journal, mags

Word: massive
Front: massive
[ˈmæsɪv] (研四六托雅宝 1996/2037 -K3)
Vocabulary: massive
(once / 294 pages)
1adj 2adj
Massive means enormous. Obviously, Mt. Everest is massive, but a massive budget cut isn't necessarily big in physical mass; it's something that is imposing in scale or power. A massive budget cut can do a lot of damage.
Unless someone is referring to your intellect, massive is not a word you want used in a description of your attributes. Massive is a nice one to trot out when huge, gigantic, and enormous sound too over-the-top. Politicians use it often. Massive could also be the best way to describe the wave you surfed on your Hawaiian vacation or the size of the fish you nearly caught on that trip with your friends.
WORD FAMILY
massive: massively, massiveness+/massiveness: massivenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
A massive $6 billion redevelopment project includes apartments, hotels and a ferry terminal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the blast touched off a massive fireball and caused extensive damage, including the loss of a commercial satellite.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Over the past two decades, China transformed itself into an economic superpower through massive industrialization.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 大的，重的; 大块的，大量的; 魁伟的，结实的; 大规模的
分布：巨大的(43%)，大规模的(28%)，大量的(25%)，大范围的(2%)，严重的(2%)
→来自mass,大块，大团。引申词义大量的。
a.大而重的,厚实的,粗大的;大规模的,大量的It was not the aluminum but the massive brass and bronze on the grass that embarrassed me.让我为难的不是铝而是草地上厚重的黄铜和青铜.
adjective
 IMPROVER
■very large in size, amount or number 巨大的；大量的
• They've got a massive house. 他们有一座很大的房子。
• She died after taking a massive overdose of drugs. 她在吸食过量毒品后死亡。
• If the drought continues, deaths will occur on a massive scale. 如果旱情持续，将有大批人死亡。
inclusive, extensive, massive, exhaustive
inclusive: 包括……的；…….也算入的（inclusive of）
extensive: 大量的，广泛的；
massive: 巨大的，大批的；
exhaustive: 全面的，详尽的；
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的
 - huge, extensive, macro, substantial, tremendous, enormous

Word: ford
Front: ford
[fɔ:d] (托宝 25884/3292 -1)
Vocabulary: ford
(once / 1250 pages)
vn
When you’re out hiking in the wilderness, you may have to ford a river if there’s no bridge. Roll up your pant legs because you'll have to wade through the water at a shallow point.
The verb ford describes crossing a body of water on foot at a shallow point or driving across it in a vehicle. The idea is that you’re not using a bridge or a boat to cross the water. Ford also has a noun form, meaning a shallow point in a river or stream. So if you ever have to ford a river, make sure you cross at the ford — the shallow point — or you could get very wet.
WORD FAMILY
ford: fordable, forded, fording, fords+/fording: fordings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala ride atop trains, dodge bandits and ford rivers just to reach Sonora.
The Guardian(Nov 13, 2016)
Residents can saddle up borrowed horses for catered ride-and-dine evenings, ford rivers on rugged trail rides—and even ride to hounds in simulated fox hunts.
Wall Street Journal(Oct 27, 2016)
Stories circulate of people being swept away as they forded fast-moving rivers.
New York Times(Sep 23, 2016)
Back: n. 浅滩，可涉水而过的地方; 福特（人名）; 福特汽车
vt. 涉（水），渡过
时态：forded, fording, fords
分布：福特汽车(71%)，浅滩(16%)，涉过(10%)，涉水(3%)
→来自per, 向前，穿过，词源同far, forth. 用来指浅滩。
US [fɔ:rd] noun countable
■an area in a river or stream which is not deep and can be crossed on foot or in a vehicle （可涉过或驶过的）河流浅水处
UK [fɔ:d] US [fɔ:rd] verb transitive
■to cross a river, where it is not deep, on foot or in a vehicle 涉过，驶过（浅水）
n. 浅滩
 - bank, shallow, decharge, shoaliness
vi. 涉水而过
 - squatter

Word: sight
Front: sight
[saɪt] (中高研四六托雅 1629/1298 -K4)
Vocabulary: sight
(once / 31 pages)
nv
Your sight is your ability to see. If you're maneuvering through the house at midnight using your shins to locate the furniture, you'll appreciate your sight that much more. You could also turn a light on.
Sight has many different senses. It can mean the range of your vision, as in when you freak out when your little puppy goes out of sight. You can "take in the sights," meaning you're seeing all the special attractions of a town (also known as sightseeing). Sight can also be a verb, as when you sight a celebrity at your local taco stand, or when you sight your target using the sight on your gun, before you shoot.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
cite / site / sight
All are good for research papers: cite is short for citation, site is a place, and sight is what your eyeballs are for. The Web has a lot to answer for, good and bad. One item in the minus column is the increased popularity of site and people throwing these sound-alikes all over the place!
Cite is a verb to mean to quote, to summon officially, to mention formally, or even to compliment. It's also the noun form of the same things: a formal summons, or an official mention. You have to cite your sources when you write a paper, but it's also a nod to wherever you got your idea. Check out what cite can do:
The band, formed in Ohio 10 years ago, cite numerous influences in different genres from hip-hop to rock and blues. (Reuters)
He was taken to his residence in Bellevue, cited and released. (Seattle Times)
A site is a specified place, such as a building site, but it's also short for Website, which is a collection of Web pages that are found within the same URL. Either way it's somewhere you can go:
It's taken nearly nine years, but large-scale commercial redevelopment of the World Trade Center site is tantalizingly close to taking off. (New York Post)
The death also was reported on the singer's web site. (Seattle Times)
Sight, of course, is vision or something that can be seen. If something is outta sight then it's fabulous whether you can see it or not. Here's an example of sight:
Visually impaired servers who have some sight wear blindfolds. (New York Times)
Though cite, site, and sight were confused before the Internet, we are more likely to use site for all of them because we use it so often for Website. If you can remember cite is short for citation and site is a location, whether it's online or off, you'll have the sight to use the words correctly.
WORD FAMILY
sight: foresight, oversight, sighted, sighting, sightless, sights+/ foresight: foresightful, foresights/foresighted: foresightedly, foresightedness/foresightful: foresightfulness, unforesightful/ oversight: oversights/sighted: foresighted, sightedly, sightedness, unsighted/sighting: sightings/sightless: sightlessly, sightlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Players in elementary grades at Jewish schools now set their sights on yeshivas with the most powerful hockey programs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Red Raiders flummoxed the Cyclones on their home floor, a rare sight at Hilton Coliseum, and jumped ahead by as many as 14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 视力; 看见; 视野; 景象
vt. 看见，发现; 瞄准; 观察; 调准瞄准器
vi. （用仪器）瞄准; 观察
时态：sighted, sighting, sights
分布：看见(41%)，视力(23%)，瞄准(16%)，视线(13%)，观测(6%)，景物(1%)
→来自古英语 sihth,所见之物，视力，视野，来自 Proto-Germanic*sekh,看，来自 sekw,看， 词源同 see.引申诸相关词义。
n.视力;望见,瞥见;视域;眼界;情景,奇观With his lips the sly fly clipped the slippery slipper that eclipsed his sight.狡猾的苍蝇用嘴唇夹住遮挡他视线的滑拖鞋.
noun
ABILITY TO SEE 视力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability to see 视力
• If your sight is poor, you should not drive a car. 视力不佳就不应该开车。
• The old woman has lost her sight (= has become blind). 那位老妇人失明了。
⇒ See also eyesight
[saɪt] noun
VIEW 景象
 ESSENTIAL countable or only singular or uncountable
■something that is in someone's view 所见之物；景象
• The flowers at the annual flower show were a beautiful sight. 年度花卉展上的鲜花是一道美丽的风景。
• You should always keep sight of your bags (= have them where you can see them) while you're at the airport. 在机场应该时刻留意自己的袋子。
• informal You can't go out in those clothes - you look a real sight (= look untidy or silly) ! 你不能穿着那些衣服出去——看起来真不成体统！
• The child laughed at the sight of (= when she saw) the clockwork toy. 看到有发条装置的玩具，孩子笑了。
• formal The lawyer requested sight of (= to see) the papers. 律师要求看档。
• I dare not let the children out of my sight (= go where I cannot see them) in this park. 在这个公园里，我不敢让孩子们离开我的视线。
• The police officer was hidden out of sight (= where he could not be seen) behind a tree. 那名警官藏在树后隐蔽的地方。
• The castle came into sight (= started to be able to be seen) as we went round a bend in the road. 我们在路上拐了个弯，城堡就映入了眼帘。
• We're looking for a house which is within sight of (= from which it is possible to see) the mountains. 我们正在找一栋能看到群山的房子。
• figurative After three years of campaigning, the end is finally in sight (= will happen soon) for Jon. 经过三年的竞选，乔恩终于快看到结果了。
• I caught sight of (= saw for a moment) my former teacher while I was out shopping today, but she turned a corner and I lost sight of (= could no longer see) her. 今天我去买东西时看到以前的老师，但她转过街角，就看不见了。
• "Do you know David Wilson?" "I haven't met him, but I know him by sight (= I recognize him, but do not know him)." “你认识戴维‧威尔逊吗？”“没有接触过，但我认得出他。”
• informal She hated/loathed the sight of (= hated) her former husband. 她讨厌见到她的前夫。
• informal They used to be very good friends, but now they can't bear/stand the sight of (= hate) each other. 他们曾经是好朋友，但现在一看到对方就烦。
• The question seemed easy at first sight (= when they first saw it) , but when the students tried to answer it, they discovered how difficult it was. 这个问题乍看似乎很简单，但学生们试图回答时，才发现它有多难。
the sights
 ADVANCED
■places of interest, especially to visitors 名胜；景点
• We spent a fortnight in Rome looking at all the sights. 我们花两个星期参观了罗马所有的名胜。
sight unseen
■without seeing something first 在未见过的情况下
• I never buy anything sight unseen. 不亲眼看过实物我从来不会购买。
[saɪt] noun
MUCH 许多
a sight informal
■a lot; much 许多，大量
• Food is a (darn/damn) sight more expensive than it used to be. 食品比以前贵了很多。
• He's a sight better than he was yesterday. 他比昨天好多了。
[saɪt] noun
GUN PART 枪炮零件
countable usually plural
■a part of a gun or other device through which you look to help you aim at something 准星，瞄准器
• Make sure you line up the sights before you fire the gun. 射击前要确定瞄好准星。
[saɪt] noun
Get out of my sight! informal
■an angry way of saying go away 滚开！
• Get out of my sight, you idiot! 滚开，你这个白痴！
[saɪt] noun
lose sight of sth
■to forget about an important idea or fact because you are thinking too much about other things 忽略；忘记
• Some members of the peace-keeping force seem to have lost sight of the fact that they are there to help people. 维和部队的有些人员似乎忘记了他们到那里是为了帮助人们。
[saɪt] noun
lower your sights
■to accept that you will only be able to get something less than you hoped for 降低要求，退而求其次
• He had hoped to become a doctor, but he had to lower his sights after his disappointing exam results. 他原希望成为一名医生，但令人失望的考试成绩迫使他降低目标。
[saɪt] noun
out of sight informal
■extremely expensive and more than you are able to spend 超出支付能力的
• The price of the house we like is out of sight. 我们喜欢的那栋房子的价格超出了我们的能力范围之外。
slang
■excellent 极好的
• The group's new record is out of sight! 这个乐团的新唱片出奇地好听！
[saɪt] noun
Out of sight , out of mind. saying
■said to emphasize that when something or someone cannot be seen, it is easy to forget them 眼不见，心不念。
[saɪt] noun
set your sights on sth
■to decide to achieve something 决心；立志
• Jenny has set her sights on winning the competition. 珍妮已决心赢得比赛的胜利。
[saɪt] noun
a sight for sore eyes informal
■a way of saying that you are very pleased to see someone or that you think someone is very attractive 乐于看到的人；极有吸引力的人
• You're a sight for sore eyes! 非常高兴见到你！
[saɪt] verb transitive
■to suddenly see something or someone 看到，发现
• After days at sea, the sailors finally sighted land. 在海上漂流数日后，水手们终于看到了陆地。
sight, scene, scenery, view, landscape
这组词都有“景色、风景”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。
scene: 指具体的、局部的或一时的景色，可以是自然形成的，也可人工造成的。
scenery: 指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。
view: 普通和词，多指从远处或高处所见的景色。
landscape: 多指在内陆的自然风光。
sight, vision, image, scene
sight: 视力，眼界，情景，奇观
vision: 远见，想念力，洞察力，眼界
image: 形象，肖像，影像
scene: 景色，景象，舞台指像图画一样映入眼睛view或landscape，但不那么广泛，是整个风景中可以入画的一部分
sight, vision, perception, eyesight
这组词都有“视力、视觉”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 普通用词，与eyesight同义，可换用，指由实实在在的事物引起的视觉。
vision: 书面用词，含义广泛，指人的视力或视野，也可指远见卓识。
perception: 指视觉，也可泛指其它器官的功能，或引申指敏锐的理解力。
eyesight: 普通用词，指眼睛的正常功能。
n. 视力；景象；眼界；见解
 - vision, scene, eye, scope, seeing
vt. 看见；瞄准
 - see, clap eyes on
vi. 瞄准；观看
 - level, watch
adj. 见票即付的；即席的
 - off-the-cuff, improvisatorial

Word: season
Front: season
[ˈsi:zn] (中高托雅 506/833 -K5)
Back: n. 季节，季; 时期; 活动期，时令; 暂时
vt. 使适应，使适用; 调味
vt. & vi. 使变干燥
时态：seasoned, seasoning, seasons
分布：季节(61%)，赛季(27%)，旺季(5%)，时期(3%)，风干(2%)，适应(1%)，给 ... 调味(1%)
→来自古法语 seson,播种季节，播种时间，来自拉丁语 satio,播种，过去分词名词格于 serere,
n.季,季节,时节The football season is from September to April.九月到四月是足球季节.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■one of the four periods of the year; spring, summer, autumn or winter 季，季节
 ADVANCED
■the period of the year when something that happens every year happens （每年中某件事固定会发生的）时节，季
• How long does the dry/hurricane/monsoon season last? 旱／飓风／季风季要持续多久？
 ADVANCED
■the period of the year during which a particular sport is played 赛季
• The British football season begins in August and ends in May. 英国足球赛季始于八月，止于五月。
the holiday/summer/tourist, etc. season
■the period when most people take their holidays, go to visit places or take part in an activity outside work 度假旺季
• Air fares are more expensive during the holiday season. 机票在度假旺季比较贵。
■UK
■a period when a set of programmes, plays or musical events are broadcast or performed （一组节目、戏剧或音乐活动的）播出期，上演期；演出季
• There will be more documentaries and fewer quiz shows in the autumn season on TV. 秋季电视会播放更多的纪录片，益智问答节目会比较少。
• There's a season (USfestival)of 1960s French films at the Arts Cinema next month. 下个月在艺术戏院会举行20世纪60年代的法国影展。
in season
■If fruit and vegetables are in season, they are being produced in the area and are available and ready to eat （水果和蔬菜）当令的
• Fruit is cheaper when it's in season. 当令水果会便宜一些。
■at the time of year when many people want to travel or have a holiday 在旅游旺季
• Hotel rooms are more expensive in season. 在旅游旺季，旅馆的房间比较贵。
■A female animal that is in season is ready to have sex and able to become pregnant. （雌性动物）在发情期
■An animal that is in season can be hunted legally during a particular period of time. （动物）在狩猎期
out of season
■If fruit and vegetables are out of season, they do not grow in the area during that time （水果和蔬菜）不当令的
• In Britain, tomatoes are out of season in winter. 在英国，番茄在冬季不是当令蔬菜。
■during the period when fewer people want to travel or have a holiday 在旅游淡季
■during the period when it is not legal to hunt animals 在禁猎期
['si:.zən] noun countable
the season of goodwill
■the period around Christmas 圣诞前后
['si:.zən] verb transitive
FLAVOUR 味道
■to improve the flavour of savoury food by adding salt, herbs or spices when cooking or preparing it 给…调味，加调料于
• Drain the rice, stir in the salmon and season to taste (= so that it has the taste you like). 把米饭沥干，拌入鲑鱼，然后根据个人口味加入调料。
['si:.zən] verb transitive
WOOD 木头
■to make wood hard to make it ready for use, by drying it gradually 使（木头）风干
n. [天] 季节；时期
 - period, day, page
vt. 使适应；给…调味
 - adapt, condition, suit

Word: strip
Front: strip
[strɪp] (研四六托雅宝 2754/3090 -K3)
Vocabulary: strip
(once / 161 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4n 5n 6n
The verb strip has many shades of meaning, but most of them involve removing something. Someone may strip you of your power or you may strip off your clothes. Whatever it is that you strip, it’s gone.
When you strip something, you leave it bare. Strip can refer to removing a covering — like your clothes or like when you strip your sheets from your bed. Robbers may strip your car of all valuable items. And you might need to strip off a coat of paint before you start painting the front door. When used as a noun, strip could be something in a long, narrow shape — like an airstrip or a strip of material.
WORD FAMILY
strip: striper, stripped, stripper, stripping, strips+/striper: stripers/stripper: strippers/stripping: strippings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The plants they planted with Baha along a narrow strip.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
By 1918, the Justice Department was able to strip “disloyal” naturalized Germans of their citizenship.
The New Yorker(Dec 01, 2016)
Democrats said the state should not strip local communities of decision-making.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 剥光; 表演脱衣舞; 剥除
vt. 除去，剥去; 剥夺; 删除; 清除，拆除
n. 长条，条板; 带状地带（或森林、湖面等）; （足球队员的）运动服
时态：stripped, stripping, strips
分布：脱衣(24%)，脱衣舞(20%)，剥夺(18%)，剥去(12%)，长条(11%)，除去(8%)，条状(7%)
→来自古英语 striepan,抢劫，掠夺，来自 Proto-Germanic*straupijan,抢劫，掠夺，词源可能同德 语 Strafe,剥夺，罚金，惩罚。引申诸相关词义。
v.剥,剥去n.窄条,条纹I gripped the striped strip that tripped me over on the ship.我握着那条在船上将我绊倒的带条纹的带子.
【记】在trip（n 旅行）时一定要看strip。
【参】stripling（n 年轻小伙子）脱衣干活的男人；striped（adj 有斑纹的；有条纹的）
【反】bedeck（v 用华服装饰；使美丽）
verb (-pp-)
REMOVE COVER 去除表皮
transitive
■to remove, pull or tear the covering or outer layer from something 除去，剥除，撕掉（外皮或表层）
• Because of the pollution, the trees are almost completely stripped of bark. 由于受到污染，树木的表皮几乎完全剥落。
• The paintwork was so bad that we decided to strip off all the paint and start again. 漆面太糟，我们决定铲去所有油漆，重漆一遍。
• [+ adj] During the summer months, the sheep strip the mountains bare. 夏天的几个月里，羊群把山上啃得光秃秃的。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
REMOVE CLOTHING 脱掉衣服
intransitive or transitive (UK also strip off)
■to remove your clothing, or to remove all the clothing of someone else 脱衣服；脱光…的衣服
• UK Suddenly he stripped off and ran into the sea. 他突然脱掉衣服冲进大海。
• It was so hot that we stripped off our shirts. 天气太热，我们脱掉了衬衫。
• [+ adj] He was interrogated, stripped naked and then beaten. 他受到审问，并被脱光衣服毒打。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
REMOVE PARTS 移去零件
transitive
■to remove parts of a machine, vehicle or engine in order to clean or repair it 拆卸，拆开（机器、车辆或引擎 ）
• I've decided to strip down my motorbike and rebuild it. 我已经决定把摩托车拆开重新组装。
transitive mainly US
■to remove the parts of a car, etc. in order to sell them 拆散（汽车等）卖零件
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strip sth away
■to gradually reduce something important or something that has existed for a long time 逐渐削减；慢慢剥夺
• Stripping away all the waffle, he said that no Conservative government would let Britain be drawn into a European superstate. 他没说半句废话，称保守党政府决不会允许英国加入欧洲的超级国家集团。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strip (down) to sth
■to remove everything except for a particular piece of clothing or above a particular part of the body 脱得只剩下…；把衣服脱到（身体某部位）
• I had to strip down to my underwear for my medical examination. 体检时，我得把衣服脱掉，只剩内衣。
• He was stripped to the waist. 他被脱光上衣。
[strɪp] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  strip sb of sth
■to take something important, such as a title, away from someone as a punishment 剥夺（某人）的（头衔等）
• He was stripped of his knighthood after he was convicted of stealing from the company. 他被判定偷窃公司财物后就被剥夺了骑士头衔。
[strɪp] noun
PIECE 片
countable
■a long flat narrow piece 条，带，细长片
• a narrow strip of land 狭长地带
• He didn't have a bandage, so he ripped up his shirt into thin strips. 他没有绷带，就把衬衫撕成细条。
• Protect the magnetic strip on your credit card from scratches, heat, damp or other damage. 注意保护信用卡的磁条，防止划伤、受热、受潮以及其他损伤。
[strɪp] noun
CLOTHING 衣服
countable usually singular UK
■the clothing worn by a football team which has the team's colours on it （足球队的）队服
• The team will be wearing its new strip at next Saturday's match. 球队在下周六的比赛中将穿新队服亮相。
[strɪp] noun
REMOVE CLOTHING 脱掉衣服
only singular
■an entertainment in which the performer removes all his or her clothing 脱衣舞
• He jumped up on the table and started to do a strip. 他跳上桌子，开始跳起脱衣舞来。
vt. 剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服
 - shear, destitute of
n. 带；条状；脱衣舞
 - belt, band

Word: provider
Front: provider
[prəˈvaɪdə(r)] (3103/5159)
Vocabulary: provider
(once / 713 pages)
n
A provider is a person who gives someone something they need. If your parents both have jobs so they can feed you and buy you what you need, you can call them providers.
Your mom's a provider if she works so she can care for you, put food on the table, and send you to school. There are other types of providers as well, although they all give you something you need, often a service. Your school is a provider of education, and the pharmacy around the corner is a provider of medication, makeup, and magazines. It's increasingly common to call your main doctor a "primary care provider."
WORD FAMILY
provider: providers+/improvidence: improvidences/ improvident: improvidence, improvidently/ provide: provided, provident, provider, provides, providing, provision / providence: providences, providential / provident: improvident, providence, providently/ providential: providentially/ provision: provisional, provisionary, provisioned, provisioner, provisioning, provisions / provisional: provisionally /provisioner: provisioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
To visit IU Health, the largest health care provider in Indiana, with 15 hospitals and 8,700 doctors, is to see those changes up close.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Associations representing hospitals, doctors and other health care providers are among those joining the suit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In fact, the state’s October offer to pony up more cash incensed executives at the insurance providers tasked with managing this mess.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 供应者，提供者，（尤指）维持家庭生计者
分布：供应者(72%)，赡养者(19%)，养家糊口的人(9%)
US [-dɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who provides something 供应者，供应商
• an internet service provider 网际网路服务供应商
• The bank is now a major provider of financial services to industry. 银行现在是工业金融服务的主要提供者。
• Until her illness she was the main provider (= earned most of the money) in the family. 她生病前一直是家里的经济支柱。
n. 供应者；养家者
 - supplier

Word: formal
Front: formal
[ˈfɔ:ml] (研四六托雅 2211/1482 -K4)
Vocabulary: formal
(once / 134 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
Being formal is all about being taken seriously. If you're invited to the White House, you'll want to make a good impression, so it's a good idea to adopt a generally formal demeanor. No jeans or trash talking allowed.
In our casual world, there are still many times we need to be formal, like at weddings or funerals. Adopting a formal manner — i.e., dressing up and not eating with your hands — will help you make a good impression on job interviewers or future in-laws. Being formal doesn't have to mean being stiff or unnatural; it's basically just using good manners and following the rules.
WORD FAMILY
formal: formalest, formalise, formalism, formality, formalize, formally, formalness, formals, informal, semi-formal, semiformal+/formalise: formalisation, formalised, formalising/formalism: formalisms, formalistic/ formality: formalities/formalize: formalization, formalized, formalizes, formalizing/ informal: informality, informally/informality: informalities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Schmidt said a complaint with formal charges is expected to be filed Tuesday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Formal charges against the three are expected Tuesday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s full Constitutional Court will begin formal hearings on Tuesday into the case, the biggest influence-peddling scandal in South Korea’s history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. （学校教育或培训）正规的; 方式上的; 礼仪上的
n. <美>须穿礼服的社交集会; <口>夜礼服
分布：正式的(77%)，正规的(14%)，有条理的(3%)，拘谨的(3%)，形式的(2%)，公开的(1%)
→来自form, 模式。即模式化的，正式的。
正式的,正规的(form+al)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
a.正式的;形式的The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
OFFICIAL 正式的
 ESSENTIAL
■public or official 公开的；正式的
• formal procedures 正式的程式
• a formal announcement 正式声明
■in appearance or by name only 形式上的；表面上的；名义上的
• I am the formal leader of the project but the everyday management is in the hands of my assistant. 我是这个专案计划名义上的领导人，但日常管理都由我的助理负责。
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
SERIOUS 庄重的
 ADVANCED
■describes language, clothes and behaviour that are serious and correct （语言、服装和行为）庄重的，正规的，适合正式场合的
• a formal dinner party 正式宴会
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
EDUCATION 教育
■describes education or training received in a school or college （教育或训练）正规的
• Tom had little in the way of a formal education. 汤姆没怎么受过正规教育。
UK ['fɔ:.məl] US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
GARDEN 花园
■A formal garden is carefully designed and kept according to a plan, and it is not allowed to grow naturally. 精心布置的，布置井然的
adj. 正式的；拘谨的；有条理的
 - official, state
n. 正式的社交活动；夜礼服
 - evening dress

Word: acknowledge
Front: acknowledge
[əkˈnɒlɪdʒ] (高研四六托雅宝 1654/2105 -K3)
Vocabulary: acknowledge
(once / 103 pages)
v
To show that you know something is to acknowledge it. Waving "hello" to acknowledge a friend and nodding your head "yes" to acknowledge that you agree with what's being said are both acts showing knowledge or acceptance of someone or something.
Dictionaries acknowledge that the word acknowledge has roots in the 15th and 16th centuries and is a combination of roots meaning "accord," "recognize," and "understand." Whereas "knowledge" is what you know, acknowledging is showing that you know. You might acknowledge that the world is round and that the moon is not made of cheese. You also can acknowledge, or give recognition, to the people who discovered these truths.
WORD FAMILY
acknowledge: acknowledgeable, acknowledged, acknowledgement, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgment +/acknowledged: acknowledgedly, unacknowledged/ acknowledgement: acknowledgements/ acknowledgment: acknowledgments
USAGE EXAMPLES
He acknowledged savoring the fans and his teammates more than usual the past few days.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In Stage Two, the “Contemplation Stage,” we acknowledge there is a problem and begin to think about possible solutions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 承认; 鸣谢; 对…打招呼; 告知已收到
时态：acknowledged, acknowledging, acknowledges
分布：承认(95%)，告知收到(2%)，表示感谢(1%)，注意到(1%)，公认(1%)
→该词ac-为古英语介词on, 俗化为前缀ac-, 去往。knowledge同know, 知道，了解。
vt.承认;接受;告知(信件等的)收到;答谢At the edge of the wedged hedge, I acknowledged the knowledgeable man.在楔形篱笆的边缘上,我向那位博识的人致谢.
【记】knowledge知识，知道－已知道－承认
US [-'nɑ:.lɪdʒ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to accept, admit or recognize something, or the truth or existence of something 承认，认可…属实或存在
• [+ -ing verb] She acknowledged having been at fault. 她承认自己有错。
• [+ that] She acknowledged that she had been at fault. 她承认自己有过错。
• You must acknowledge the truth of her argument. 你必须承认，她的论点是事实。
• Historians generally acknowledge her as a genius in her field. 历史学家公认她在该领域中是天才。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] She is usually acknowledged to be one of our best artists. 她通常被认为是我们这个时代最伟大的艺术家之一。
• They refused to acknowledge (= to recognize officially) the new government. 他们拒绝承认新政府。
• Please acknowledge receipt of (= say that you have received) this letter. 收到此信，请覆函告知。
• He didn't even acknowledge my presence (= show that he had seen me). 他见到我连个招呼都没有打。
• The government won't even acknowledge the existence of the problem. 政府甚至都不承认这个问题的存在。
acknowledge, assigned, allocate, allot, admit, confess
acknowledge: 表承认某事可以承担责任
assigned: 用途明确，但“指定”意味强，常常暗示分配人的武断性
allocate: 正式用词，尤指政府部门拨出定额款项的行为
allot: 指完整或定量的东西分为若干份来分配，不强调公平性和数量上的平均
admit: 表被迫承认做过某事
confess: 承认一些不好的事情，常有“忏悔”之意
acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize, concede
这些动词均含“承认”之意。
acknowledge: 通常指公开承认某事的真实情况或自己的过错。
admit: 强调因外力或良心驱使或经判断而明确承认，多含不情愿或被迫意味。
confess: 语气较强，着重承认自己意识到的错误或罪行，含坦白忏悔的意味。
recognize: 作“承认”解时，系书面用词，主要指合法的或外交上的承认，也指公认。
concede: 指在事实与证据面前勉强或不得不承认。
vt. 承认；答谢；报偿；告知已收到
 - accept, agree, recognize, grant, face

Word: county
Front: county
[ˈkaʊnti] (研四六 1516/784 -K4)
Vocabulary: county
(once / 89 pages)
n
A county is a specific region of a state or country. While the United States is made up of 50 states, it also has 3,144 counties.
In the US, a county is a separate administrative area of a state — in other words, there is a local government that manages each individual country. In some parts of the country, there are town governments in addition to county governments, both of which are subordinate to the state government. The states range from having three counties (Delaware) to 254 counties (Texas). The Latin root of county is comitatus, "jurisdiction of a count."
WORD FAMILY
county: counties
USAGE EXAMPLES
The main event, a stronger storm system, is expected to move into the Los Angeles County area late Saturday and continue until Monday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The strike started December 28 after Pacific Choice Seafood in Humboldt County, California, offered to pay $2.75 a pound for the tasty crustacean.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A state judge is ordering 600 prospective jurors to report to the Charleston County Courthouse on Jan. 17 for initial screening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 县，郡; 县民，郡民
分布：县(83%)，郡(16%)，有郡中豪绅习气的(1%)
→来自count, 伯爵，即伯爵管辖的土地。
n.(英国)郡,(美国)县The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [-tˌi] noun countable (written abbreviation Co.)
 IMPROVER
■a political division of the UK or Ireland, forming the largest unit of local government, or the largest political division of a state in the US （英国、爱尔兰的）郡；（美国的）县
• County Antrim 安特里姆郡
• A county usually consists of several towns and the rural areas which surround them. 郡通常由几个镇及其周围的乡村地区组成。
• Rutland used to be the smallest county in England, but in 1974 it became part of Leicestershire. 拉特兰曾经是英格兰最小的郡，1974年并入莱斯特郡。
• Texas is divided into 254 counties. 德克萨斯州划分为254个县。
UK ['kaʊn.ti] US [-tˌi] adjective UK usually disapproving
■describes someone who behaves in a way that is typical of rich people with a high social position who live in large houses in the countryside 典型上流社会人物的；乡间望族的
• She mixes with a very county set. 她跟一帮豪门子弟厮混在一起。
n. 郡，县
 - prefecture, shire

Word: reduction
Front: reduction
[rɪˈdʌkʃn] (研四六托 2270/1554 -K3)
Vocabulary: reduction
(once / 422 pages)
1n 2n
Reduction is the act of cutting back or making smaller, like the reduction of a school budget that makes it necessary to eliminate art and music programs.
The process of reducing something is reduction, or making it smaller. You can talk about a reduction of sugar in someone's diet or a reduction of prices at your favorite shoe store. In math, reduction means bringing fractions to their lowest common denominators. And, in cooking, a reduction is a thick sauce that's made by boiling away most of the liquid, or reducing it to its concentrated essence.
WORD FAMILY
reduction: reductionism, reductions+/ irreducible: irreducibly/ reduce: reduced, reducer, reduces, reducible, reducing, reduction, reductive / reduced: unreduced/reducer: reducers/reducible: irreducible / reductionism: reductionist / reductive: reductively, reductivism
USAGE EXAMPLES
All of this happened with a major reduction in energy costs in the US.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He approved a letter in October 1988 highlighting commercial views that Gaelic programming led to a reduction in average viewing figures.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
A number of businesses pursuing similar strategies also experienced sharp reductions in market value.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 减少; 降低; [数学]约简; [摄影术]减薄
分布：减少(52%)，降低(41%)，减价(7%)
→来自 reduce,减少，简化，-t,过去分词格，-ion,名词后缀。
n.减小,减少,缩小What reduction will you make on this article?这个东西你要减价多少?
noun
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you make or when something becomes smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc 减少；减小；降低；缩小
• a reduction in traffic 交通量的减少
• huge price reductions 大减价
countable
■a copy of a photograph, picture, etc which is smaller than the original one 缩影（照片或图片的一个复制本，比原来的图像小）
n. 减少；下降；缩小
 - loss, decrease, decline

Word: fiction
Front: fiction
[ˈfɪkʃn] (高研四六托 2762/3431 -2)
Vocabulary: fiction
(once / 227 pages)
n
A fiction is a deliberately fabricated account of something. It can also be a literary work based on imagination rather than on fact, like a novel or short story.
The Latin word fictus means “to form,” which seems like a good source for the English word fiction, since fiction is formed in the imagination. Like its literary cousins fable, legend, and myth, however, fiction has a slightly darker additional meaning: a deliberate lie or untruth. When we talk about "the line between fact and fiction," we're talking about the difference between truth and lies.
WORD FAMILY
fiction: fictional, fictionalise, fictionalize, fictions, fictitious, nonfiction +/ fictional: fictionally/fictionalise: fictionalisation, fictionalised/fictionalization: fictionalizations/fictionalize: fictionalization, fictionalized, fictionalizes, fictionalizing/ fictitious: fictitiously/ nonfiction: nonfictional
USAGE EXAMPLES
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
Do you approach fiction and nonfiction in the same way?
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Fernyhough is not only a psychologist; he also writes fiction, and in describing this work he emphasizes the role of hearing voices.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 小说，虚构的文学作品; 虚构的或想像出的事，并非完全真实的事; 编造，虚构
分布：小说(85%)，虚构(13%)，杜撰(2%)
→来自dheigh, 捏造，制造，形成，词源同dough, figure. 用来指小说。
虚构;小说(fict+ion→做出的故事→小说)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.虚构,编造;小说In the fiction, the victim of the conflict pictured the picnic after victory.在小说中,冲突中的受害者描绘了胜利后的野餐.
【记】用fiction描述faction（n 派别；派系斗争；小派系；内讧）
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the type of book or story which is written about imaginary characters and events and not based on real people and facts 小说
• The book is a work of fiction and not intended as a historical account. 这本书是一部小说作品而并非史实陈述。
• a writer of children's fiction 儿童小说作家
countable or uncountable
■a false report or statement which you pretend is true 虚构的事；谎言
• [+ that] At work she kept up the fiction that she had a university degree. 工作时，她一直谎称自己有大学学历。
• When he's telling you something, you never know what's fact and what's fiction. 他向你叙事时，你永远都不知道哪些是事实，哪些是杜撰的。
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 小说；虚构，编造；谎言
 - invention, novel

Word: secular
Front: secular
[ˈsekjələ(r)] (研托雅宝 4219/5841 -1)
Vocabulary: secular
(once / 674 pages)
nadj
Secular things are not religious. Anything not affiliated with a church or faith can be called secular.
Non-religious people can be called atheists or agnostics, but to describe things, activities, or attitudes that have nothing to do with religion, you can use the word secular. Public schools are secular, but Catholic schools are not. Grocery stores are secular; a synagogue is not. If there's no religion involved, then you're in "the secular world" — as people sometimes call everything that exists outside of religion.
WORD FAMILY
secular: secularise, secularism, secularize, secularly, seculars+/secularise: secularisation, secularised, secularising/ secularism: secularist/secularist: secularists/secularization: secularizations/secularize: secularization, secularized, secularizes, secularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a former secular Jew who converted to Christianity, I understand the temptation of such skepticism.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 29, 2016)
“Did God show up? In watching the news after the election, the secular media keep asking ‘How did this happen?’
Washington Times(Dec 29, 2016)
When you’re working in a more secular space, do you think the message should be delivered differently cause you’re not hitting just believers?
New York Times(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: adj. 现世的，俗界的; 长期的，长久的; 不朽的; 一世纪一次的
n. 牧师; [宗]俗僧，俗人; 〈美〉（黑人中间流行的）俗歌
分布：世俗的(54%)，非宗教的(18%)，现世的(12%)，不朽的(7%)，牧师(5%)，凡人(4%)
→来自拉丁语 saecularis,现时的，现世的，来自 saeculum,现时，现世，可能来自 se,播种， 耕种，词源同 seed,semen.-cul,-culum,工具格后缀，词源同 oracle,hibernacle.比喻用法，即相 比于神和宗教的永恒，种子只有一次生命过程，引申词义世俗的，非宗教的。
【记】se色，cular哭了：见到美色就哭－世俗的
US [-jə.lɚ] adjective
■not having any connection with religion 世俗的；非宗教的
• We live in an increasingly secular society, in which religion has less and less influence on our daily lives. 我们生活在一个日益世俗化的世界里，宗教对我们日常生活的影响越来越小。
• secular education 世俗教育
• a secular state 非宗教国家
adj. 世俗的；长期的；现世的；不朽的
 - chronic, long time, standing, eternal, lay
n. 牧师
 - minister, priest, preacher

Word: besides
Front: besides
[bɪˈsaɪdz] (中高研四托 3012/3848 -3)
Back: adv. 而且; 此外; 以及; 更
prep. （表示排斥）除…之外（还有）; 在…之外（还有），…之余兼
分布：此外(55%)，也(44%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
ad.此外;并且prep.于...之外;除...以外Besides milk and butter, we need some vegetables.除了牛奶和黄油外,我们还需要蔬菜.
adverb preposition
 ADVANCED
■in addition to; also 而且；除…之外还有
• Do you play any other sports besides football and basketball? 除了足球和篮球外，你还参与别的体育活动吗？
• She won't mind your being late - besides, it's hardly your fault. 她不会因为你迟到而耿耿于怀——何况这并不是你的错。
[bɪ'saɪdz] adverb preposition
  Common Learner Errors  besides or also? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Use besides at the beginning of a clause to add a fact or reason that is stronger than what you have already said I'm too tired to go to the supermarket. Besides, it's closed on Sunday. To just add extra information, don't say 'besides' say in addition or also :
✗ I speak French fluently. Besides, I speak some Italian. I speak French fluently. Also, I speak some Italian.
except, but, besides, except for
这组词都有“除……之外”的意思，其区别是：
except: 侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。可与but换用，但语气较强。
but: 侧重指不包括在内。
besides: 着重于指另外还有。
except for: 多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。
beside, besides
beside: 在……旁边。如：Come and sit beside me.
besides: 除……之外。如：I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
adv. 此外；而且
 - moreover, again, also, additionally, then
prep. 除…之外
 - unless, except as, in addition to

Word: rice
Front: rice
[raɪs] (中高雅 2740/4143 -K3)
Vocabulary: rice
(once / 647 pages)
nv
Rice is a kind of plant, as well as the grain that comes from it. At some Chinese restaurants, you get a choice between white rice and brown rice.
White rice is processed or "polished," so the outer germ is removed — it's a staple of Chinese and Indian cuisine, among others. There are many varieties of rice, defined by the color and length of the individual grain. When rice is a verb, it means "force through a sieve," or in other words, to take something like a potato and make it look like rice. We can trace the origin of rice back to the Sanskrit vrihi-s.
WORD FAMILY
rice: riced, ricer, rices, ricing+/ricer: ricers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In Tokyo, this preparation is typically served over rice with a light dusting of the powdered Japanese pepper called sansho.
The New Yorker(Jan 02, 2017)
Their diet mainly consists of bread, rice and tea.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every business in town — from the beauty salon to the local tourism agency — decorates its storefront with big bags of rice and sugar.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 稻; 稻米， 大米
vt. 筛选
时态：riced, ricing, rices
分布：米(51%)，稻(33%)，米饭(16%)
→来自古法语 ris,来自意大利语 riso,来自拉丁语 oriza,来自希腊语 oryza,最终来自梵语 vrihi-s, 米饭，大米，词源同 risotto.
n.稻,米A nice price of the iced rice is offered to the officer.军官得到了冰冻米的好价钱.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the small seeds of a particular type of grass, which are cooked and eaten as food 大米，米；米饭
• boiled/steamed/fried rice 煮米饭／蒸米饭／炒米饭
• long-grain rice 长粒米
• Do you prefer brown rice or white rice? 你喜欢吃糙米还是精米？
■a grass which produces these seeds and grows in warm wet places 稻子；水稻
n. [作物] 稻；米饭
 - nasi

Word: surprisingly
Front: surprisingly
[sə'praɪzɪŋlɪ] (四六 3368/2953 -K)
Vocabulary: surprisingly
(once / 973 pages)
adv
When something happens in a way that amazes you, use the adverb surprisingly, like when you find the kids at your new school to be surprisingly friendly.
If a situation is surprising, it is completely unexpected — and you can say that it happens surprisingly. You might discover that the day is surprisingly warm, and you don't need your furry hat after all; or you may realize that college is surprisingly difficult after you breezed through high school. The French root word is surprise, "a taking unawares," which comes from surprendre, "to overtake." Surprisingly is surprisingly old, dating from the 1600's.
WORD FAMILY
surprising: surprisingly, surprisingness, unsurprising+/surprisal: surprisals/ surprise: surprisal, surprised, surpriser, surprises, surprising/ surprised: surprisedly, unsurprised/surpriser: surprisers/unsurprised: unsurprisedly/unsurprising: unsurprisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Not surprisingly, the supposed connection between greater prosperity and democratic politics failed to materialize.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The food, stingy during wartime, remains surprisingly plain.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
By contrast, my record on local topics was surprisingly good.
Washington Post(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 惊人地，出人意外地
分布：惊人地(80%)，意外地(20%)
US [sɚ-] adverb
 ADVANCED
■unexpectedly or in a way that is unusual 意外地，出人意料地
• The restaurant turned out to be surprisingly cheap. 没想到这家餐馆这么便宜。
• Not surprisingly, the jury found them guilty. 不出所料，陪审团判定他们有罪。
adv. 惊人地；出人意外地
 - alarmingly, startlingly

Word: notice
Front: notice
[ˈnəʊtɪs] (中高研四六托雅 1044/1034 -K4)
Vocabulary: notice
(once / 36 pages)
1nv 2nv
The word notice has to do with paying attention to something. For example, you usually notice a flashing light, and an overdue bill might come with the word "NOTICE" written on it to make sure you see it.
The Latin nōtitia, a noun meaning "something known," was the ancestor of notice. Use the verb to mean “to see or point out" and the noun to mean "formal warning." When you give “advance notice,” you let someone know early or ahead of time. In case you haven't noticed, the notice posted on your door says you've been promoted and should move to the corner office. No doubt because of your attention to detail.
WORD FAMILY
notice: noticeable, noticed, noticer, notices, noticing, notify +/ noticeable: noticeability, noticeableness, noticeably, unnoticeable/noticed: unnoticed/ notification: notifications/ notify: notifiable, notification, notified, notifies, notifying/unnoticeable: unnoticeableness, unnoticeably/unnoticed: unnoticedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
When Crissman sees some of the patients who received wigs she now notices an “aliveness” in them, she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A special thanks to the folks in the reservations department at the Trump International Hotel here who helped us rent this ballroom on last-minute notice.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the airport is closed until further notice.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 注意; 布告; 警告; 预告
vt. & vi. 注意
vt. 通知; 留心; 关照; 注意到
vi. 引起注意
时态：noticed, noticing, notices
分布：注意(86%)，通知(9%)，布告(3%)，留心(2%)
→来自拉丁语notus,知道的，了解的，来自gno,去知道，了解，词源同know,narrate.引申词义注意。
注意;通知(not+ice)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
n.通知,通告,布告;注意,认识v.注意到,注意In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to see or become conscious of something or someone 看到；注意到；感觉到
• I noticed a crack in the ceiling. 我注意到天花板上有一道裂缝。
• Mary waved at the man but he didn't seem to notice. 玛丽朝那个男人挥手，但他似乎没有看到。
• [+ (that)] He noticed (that) the woman was staring at him. 他察觉到那个女人正盯着他。
• [+ question word] Did you notice how she did that? 你注意到她是怎么做的了吗？
transitive often passive
■to bring someone to the attention of the public, usually because of their unusual skill, etc （以出众的才华）引起（公众）关注
• She was first noticed by the critics at the age of 12, and went on to become a world-famous violinist. 十二岁时她第一次引起评论家的注意，此后她平步青云，成为了世界知名的小提琴家。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
INFORMATION 信息
 ESSENTIAL countable
■(a board, piece of paper, etc. containing) information or instructions 告示，布告；启事；公告牌，警示牌
• There was a large notice on the wall saying 'No Parking'. 墙上有一张很大的公告牌写著「禁止停车”。
• I saw a notice in the paper announcing their marriage. 我看见他们在报纸刊登的结婚启事了。
notices [plural]
■printed statements of opinion in the newspapers about plays, films, books, etc （报纸上关於戏剧、电影、图书等的）评论
• The musical has received wonderful notices. 那部音乐剧大受好评。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
WARNING 警告
 IMPROVER uncountable
■information or a warning given about something that is going to happen in the future 预告；事先通知；事前警告
• The next time you visit, can you give me more notice? 你下次来之前能否先通知我？
• The emergency services are ready to spring into action at a moment's notice. 紧急应变机构随时准备采取行动。
• The building is closed until further notice (= until another official announcement is made). 该建筑将一直关闭，开放时间有待另行通知。
uncountable
■a letter or statement from an employer or from an employee saying that they will leave their job after a particular period of time, or this period of time 辞职信（通知）；解雇信（通知）
• Do I have to work out my notice? 我需要写一份辞呈吗？
give sb notice
■to ask someone who works for you to leave their job, usually after a particular period of time （通常指提前）向（某人）发出解雇通知
• My boss gave me a month's notice. 老板提前一个月向我发出了解雇通知。
hand/give in your notice
■to tell your employer that you intend to leave your job after a particular period of time （事先）提出离职通知；递交辞呈
• I handed in my notice yesterday. 我昨天递交了辞呈。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
ATTENTION 注意
uncountable
■attention 注意；关注
• It has come to/been brought to my notice (= I have been told) that you have been late for work every day this week. 有人告诉我，你这周天天上班都迟到。
take notice
 IMPROVER
■to give attention to something 注意，在意
• I asked him to drive more slowly, but he didn't take any notice. 我要他慢点开车，但他根本不在意。
• Don't take any notice of/Take no notice of what your mother says - she's just in a bad mood. 别在意你母亲说的话——她只是心情不好。
UK ['nəʊ.tɪs] US ['noʊ.tˌɪs] noun
at short notice UK (US on short notice)
■only a short time before something happens 在短时间内；一经通知立即
• I can't cancel my arrangements at such short notice. 我无法在这么短的时间内取消我的安排。
catch sight of, observe, notice
catch sight of: 突然看到
observe: 观察,仔细地看, observe the stars
notice: 注意到,
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 通知，布告；注意；公告
 - advice, information, announcement, declaration, regard
vt. 通知；注意到；留心
 - message, observe
vi. 引起注意
 - draw attention, make a dent

Word: charity
Front: charity
[ˈtʃærəti] (研四六托雅宝 3287/2008 -K3)
Vocabulary: charity
(once / 140 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Charity is the donation of something, like money, to a cause or person in need. Before offering charity to someone, make sure he is, in fact, needy, and not just some fashion fiend dressed like a homeless person!
Charity comes in many forms including monetary donation, volunteering, or providing clothes and food for those less fortunate. The Greek poet Homer said, “The charity that is a trifle to us can be precious to others.” Think of charity, then, as something that may cost you a little, but can benefit someone else greatly. Charity also refers to a nice way to treat people, an organization that helps people, or a plant with blue and white flowers.
WORD FAMILY
charity: charitable, charities+/ charitable: charitableness, charitablest, charitably, uncharitable/uncharitable: uncharitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In June the Kenyan company won awards from the clean energy charity Ashden, reports the Guardian.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
I was raising money for a charity called Operation South America and the thought of them got me through my darkest days.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In costume, they visit hospitals and raise money for charity.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 慈善（行为）; 施舍，捐助; 慈善机关; 仁爱，宽容
分布：慈善(96%)，仁慈(2%)，宽厚(2%)
→来自karo, 珍爱，爱，词源同caress, whore. 后指对穷人的仁爱或善举。
慈爱(char+ity)[car,char=dear,表示"可爱的"]
n.慈善(团体),仁慈,施舍The deputy chairman of the charity clarified the importance of clarity and purity.慈善的副会长验证明了和纯洁的重要性.
【记】char茶，ity状态－请喝茶的状态－施舍－仁慈
【参】charitable（adj 仁慈宽厚的＝forgiving＝lenient＝philanthropic）
US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
GIVING 慈善
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a system of giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or have no home, or any organization which has the purpose of providing money or helping in this way 慈善事业；慈善组织，慈善机构
• She does a lot of work for charity. 她做了很多慈善工作。
• People tend to give to (= give money to) charity at Christmas time. 人们往往在圣诞节向慈善组织捐钱。
• Proceeds from the sale of these cards will go to (= be given to) local charities. 卖这些贺卡所得的收益将捐献给地方慈善组织。
• UNICEF is an international charity. 联合国儿童基金会是国际性慈善组织。
• They did a charity performance on the first night, to raise money for AIDS research. 他们的首晚演出是慈善义演，为爱滋病研究募集资金。
UK ['tʃær.ɪ.ti] US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
KIND 仁慈
uncountable formal
■the quality of being kind to people and not judging them in a severe way 仁慈，宽容，宽厚
UK ['tʃær.ɪ.ti] US ['tʃer.ɪ.tˌi] noun
Charity begins at home. saying
■You should take care of your family and other people who live close to you before helping people who are living further away or in another country. 博爱始于家门；施舍先及亲友
n. 慈善；施舍；慈善团体；宽容；施舍物
 - tolerance, mercy

Word: gather
Front: gather
[ˈgæðə(r)] (高研四六 1347/1778 -K4)
Vocabulary: gather
(once / 51 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
Gather is a verb with a many related meanings, most involving drawing together or assembling something. You may gather your socks into the laundry bag, or you may gather your thoughts by making a list.
Gather often is used to describe bringing people together for some purpose, like the students who gather in the hallway awaiting an announcement. Gather can also refer to an increase or gain, like when you gather speed and go faster on your bike. Gather can describe coming to a conclusion or an understanding. After listening to your brother's comments and watching him pack up his video games, you may gather that he isn't going to be around for dinner.
WORD FAMILY
gather: foregather, gathered, gatherer, gathering, gathers+/foregather: foregathered, foregathering, foregathers/gathered: gatheredest, ungathered/gatherer: gatherers/gathering: gatherings, ingathering/ingathering: ingatherings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Next to the construction area of the new Highway 520 bridge, birds still gather despite the high-decibel sounds from the work.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Once the workers gathered around, he detonated the vehicle.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On November 14th like-minded souls will gather in Paris for the first international conference dedicated to finding ways for countries to co-ordinate internet policies.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: vt. 收集; 聚集，搜集; 收紧，收缩; 采集
vi. 逐渐增加，积聚
n. 聚集; 衣褶
时态：gathered, gathering, gathers
分布：聚集(42%)，收集(26%)，集合(22%)，推测(7%)，褶子(3%)
→来自ghedh, 连接，集中，词源同good.
v.聚集,聚拢;推测,推断Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [-ɚ] verb
COLLECT 收集
 IMPROVER transitive
■to collect several things, often from different places or people 收集，搜集；聚集，集拢
• I went to several libraries to gather information about the scheme. 我去了数家图书馆去搜集有关这一计划的资料。
• We gathered blackberries from the hedgerow. 我们从树篱上采摘黑莓。
• She gathered up the newspapers that were scattered around the floor. 她把散落在地板上的报纸收拾起来。
• We gathered our things together and left quickly. 我们收拾好自己的东西赶快离开了。
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to put your arms around someone and hold or carry them in a protective or loving way 拥抱；抱住
• He gathered her in his arms and kissed her. 他把她拥入怀中亲吻。
• She gathered the children up and hurried into the house. 她抱起孩子赶快跑进了屋里。
gather speed/strength/momentum, etc.
■to become faster or stronger, etc 加快速度／加大力量／势头增强等
• The bicycle gathered speed as it went down the hill. 下山时脚踏车速度越来越快。
• Economic recovery is gathering pace. 经济复苏的速度加快了。
gather (up) strength/courage
■to prepare to make a great effort to be strong or brave 鼓足干劲／勇气
• I spent a week gathering the courage to say no. 我憋了一星期的劲儿，终于鼓足勇气说不。
UK ['gæð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
COME TOGETHER 聚到一起
 IMPROVER intransitive
■When people or animals gather, they come together in a group 聚集；集合
• A crowd had gathered to hear her speak. 一群人围拢过来听她演讲。
• Gather (a)round , children, and I'll tell you a story. 孩子们，到我身边来，我给你们讲个故事。
intransitive literary
■to get thicker and closer 变得密集；聚积
• Storm clouds were gathering. 乌云密布，暴风雨即将来临
UK ['gæð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
UNDERSTAND 理解
transitive
■to understand or believe something as a result of something that has been said or done 理解；认为；推断；推测
• Harry loves his new job, I gather. 我认为哈里很喜欢他的新工作。
• [+ (that)] From the look on their faces, she gathered (that) they were annoyed with her. 从他们的神情判断，她觉得他们对她很反感。
• [+ question word] I never really gathered wh y he left his job. 我一直没能真正弄清楚他为甚么会辞职。
• I didn't gather much from his lecture. 他的演讲我没大听懂。
UK ['gæð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
CLOTH 布
transitive
■to pull cloth into small folds by sewing a thread through it and then pulling the thread tight 给…打褶裥
• a gathered skirt 有褶裥的裙子
transitive
■If you gather a piece of clothing or loose cloth about/around yourself, you pull it close to your body 拉紧，裹紧，拢起（衣服）
• She shivered, and gathered the blanket around her. 她冻得瑟瑟发抖，便把身上的毯子裹紧了一些。
UK ['gæð.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
gather dust
■to not be used for a long time 闲置；尘封
• My guitar has just been gathering dust since I injured my hand. 自从我的手受伤后，我的吉他就一直没有动过。
UK ['gæð.ər] US [-ɚ] noun countable usually plural
■a small fold that has been sewn into cloth 褶裥
• a skirt with gathers at the back 后部有褶皱的裙子
heap, gather, pile, accumulate, amass, collect
这组词都有“积聚，聚集，积累”的意思，其区别是：
heap: 主要指把沙、石、煤、草等堆高，不强调整齐。
gather: 普通用词，指人或物或抽象事物都可用。侧重于围绕一个中心的集合、聚集。
pile: 着重指比较整齐地把东西堆积在一起。
accumulate: 几乎可用于指任何事物量的增加，侧重连续不断地，一点一滴地聚积。
amass: 着重大量地积聚，尤指对如金钱、珠宝等有价值东西的大量积聚。
collect: 普通用词，多用于指物，侧重指有区别地作选择或有安排有计划地把零散物集中起来。
conclude, judge, gather, infer, deduce
这组词都有“推断”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 指得出符合逻辑的结论。
judge: 多指经过仔细鉴定或评价之后作出决断。
gather: 指从听到的情况推测、判定。
infer: 指从已提供的论据或从已接受的前提出发而推断出的结论。
deduce: 指有充分根据的推论，也指逻辑学上的演绎。
assemble, gather, collect
这组词都有“集中，归拢”的意思，其区别是：
assemble: 与collect相比更为突出聚集或收集的目的。
gather: 换用，但多强调按照一定目的或计划进行有选择的收集。
vt. 收集；收割；使…聚集；使…皱起
 - crop, harvest
vi. 聚集；化脓；皱起
 - concentrate, collect, mass, crowd
n. 聚集；衣褶；收获量
 - collection, clustering

Word: advocate
Front: advocate
[ˈædvəkeɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 2623/4031 -3)
Vocabulary: advocate
(once / 191 pages)
nv
An advocate (AD-və-kit) is someone who supports a cause, like an advocate for outdoor recess. Advocate (AD-və-kate) is also a verb meaning to speak in favor of, so you can advocate for that outdoor recess by urging your school to play outside!
As a noun, an advocate is a person who represents another person’s interests, like a lawyer does. In fact, the word comes from the courtroom – it’s from Latin advocare, to “add” a “voice.” To advocate is to add a voice of support to a cause or person. An advocate is anyone who adds that voice by representing another person in court, or by supporting or working toward a particular course of action.
WORD FAMILY
advocate: advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating, advocator+/ advocacy: advocacies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gun control advocates say enforcement of the current background checks system is as much a policy goal as expanding background checks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
American said a statement Sunday that statue’s placement improperly suggested that the university was advocating for clemency for Peltier.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More recently, advocates for “new space” got Trump’s ear and were added to the transition team for “balance.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提倡; 拥护; 鼓吹; 为…辩护
n. （辩护）律师; 提倡者; 支持者
时态：advocated, advocating, advocates
分布：提倡(50%)，主张(27%)，拥护者(10%)，律师(8%)，提倡者(4%)，辩护者(1%)
→ad-,去，往，-voc,说，词源同voice.
拥护;倡议(ad增强+voc+ate→增强声音→拥护)[voc,vok=call,voice表示"叫喊,声音"]
拥护者(ad+voc声音+ate)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.辩护者,拥护者,鼓吹者vt.拥护,提倡The vocation advocate found the word "vocal" and "reciprocal" not in the vocabulary.职业倡导者发现"嗓音的"和"交互的"两词不在词汇表中.
【记】该词原指律师－拥护、支持当事人的人，后引申为拥护者。ad增加，voc号召，呼吁－增加号召，呼吁－拥护
【参】equivocal（adj 说话含糊的）；revocable（adj 可废除的）
【反】denounce（vt 谴责）
verb transitive /ˈæd.və.keɪt/
 ADVANCED
■to publicly support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something 主张；拥护；支持；提倡
• [+ -ing verb] She advocates taking a more long-term view. 她主张把目光放得更长远一些。
• He advocates the return of capital punishment. 他主张恢复死刑。
noun countable /ˈæd.və.kət/
LAWYER 律师
■a lawyer who defends someone in a court of law 辩护律师
noun countable /ˈæd.və.kət/
SUPPORTER 支持者
■someone who publicly supports something 主张；拥护；支持；提倡
• He's a strong advocate of state ownership of the railways. 他极力支持铁路国有。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
opponent, host, agencies, advocate
opponent: 反对者
host: 主任，主持人
agencies: 代理，机关
advocate: 提倡者，鼓吹者
advocate, attorney, counsel, lawyer
这组词都有“律师”的意思，其区别是：
advocate: 专指以罗马法律的基本法制的一些国家的(如苏格兰等)和一些特别法庭的律师；也可指出庭辩护的律师。
attorney: 主要用于美国，指代理当事人处理遗嘱检验等法律事务的律师，有时可与lawyer通用，泛指辩护律师。
counsel: 指单独或集体为当事人提供咨询或出庭处理案件的法律顾问或律师。
lawyer: 普通用词，指精通法律规则并有权以法律代理人或顾问身份在法庭上执行法律或为委托人服务的人。
vt. 提倡，主张，拥护
 - maintain, submit
n. 提倡者；支持者；律师
 - prophet, supporter

Word: title
Front: title
[ˈtaɪtl] (高研四六托雅 1323/855 -K4)
Vocabulary: title
(once / 50 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A title is typically the official part of your name, placed at the beginning to signify a certain status or function. So, do you prefer "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Dr." or "Ms"? Or perhaps you just go by "Grand Pooh-bah"?
There seem to be as many ways to use the word title as there are titles on a library shelf — because a title is also what you call a book or song or work of art. Titles are even given to statutes and acts of legislature. When you buy a car, you get a title, which is a piece of paper certifying your ownership. And when your favorite team wins the championship? You often say they won the title — and the right to brag.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
entitle / title
To entitle means to give someone a rank or right, like if your perfect attendance entitles you to free ice cream at lunch. A title is the name of something, like the title of a song you wrote about ice cream.
What about that song — is it entitled or titled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch"? There's the rub. The short answer: use either one!
Entitle's main job is to give you a right, like when you're entitled to free snacks because you've done something to deserve it. If you seem to have to right to everything, you're just entitled. It also means to give something a title: Your song is entitled "Free Ice Cream at Lunch." Check it out:
As all art collectors may, Mr. Lauder is entitled to deduct the full market value of artworks donated to museums. (New York Times)
Marjorie Ingall is worried about raising "entitled, bratty, ungrateful little weasels." (New York Times)
A title is a noun — it's the name of a book, a movie, or your new hit single about frozen treats. To name such a thing, is to title it, so yes it can also be a verb (hence the confusion). Here are some:
Their report was titled: "Euro zone: Thinking the unthinkable?" (Business Week)
The distributor gave him idiot-proof instructions, such as making sure pages had numbers and the title was on the spine. (Washington Post)
Sticklers want entitle tobe used only in the sense of giving someone a right, not for giving something a name. Bah! As for your song, if you jazz up the title, it might be entitled "Punk Rock Pickle Pink Ice Cream." Or not. You can get rid of the entitled/titled problem by dropping both and letting the title speak for itself.
WORD FAMILY
title: entitle, subtitle, supertitle, titled, titles, titling, titulary+/ entitle: entitled, entitlement, entitles, entitling/ entitled: unentitled/ entitlement: entitlements/subtitle: subtitled, subtitles, subtitling/supertitle: supertitles/titled: untitled
USAGE EXAMPLES
PG: "Yesterday, no. Why today are we in the title race?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Packers won Sunday night at Detroit to secure the NFC North title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Fourteen games into the season, the Ravens were still in the running for the AFC North title.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 标题; 头衔; [体]冠军; [影视]字幕
vt. 加标题; 赋予头衔; 把…称为
adj. 头衔的; 标题的; 冠军的
时态：titled, titling, titles
分布：标题(58%)，头衔(21%)，称号(14%)，权利(4%)，加标题于(2%)，授予…称号(1%)
→来自古法语 title,名称，标题，书的章节，来自拉丁语 titulus,铭文，碑文，牌匾，荣誉，题 首，标记，词源同 titular,tilde.后引申诸多词义。
n.书名,标题;头衔,称号A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [-tˌl] noun
NAME 名字
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the name of a film, book, painting, piece of music, etc 题目；标题；名称
• The title of Evelyn Waugh's first novel was 'Decline and Fall'. 伊芙琳‧沃的第一部小说名为《衰落与瓦解》。
• And this next record is the title track on the album 'The Red Shoes' (= the piece of music and the record are both called 'The Red Shoes'). 下一首歌的歌名就是与专辑同名的《红鞋子》。
⇒ See also subtitle;surtitle
titles [plural] (also credits)
■the information given at the end or beginning of a film or television programme, stating the names of the people who acted in it or were involved in its production （电影或电视节目的）演职员表
 ESSENTIAL countable specialized
■a book 书
• Last year we published over a hundred new titles. 去年我们出版了100多种新书。
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
PERSON 人
 ADVANCED countable
■a word which is used before someone's name, stating their social rank, qualifications, position in an organization, sex, etc （用于人名前）称号，称谓，头衔，职称
• What's her title - is she Professor or just Doctor? 她的头衔是甚么——是教授或只是博士？
• He will retain the honorary title of non-executive chairman. 他将保留非执行主席这个名誉头衔。
• What's your job title now - are you managing director? 你现在的职位是甚么——是总经理吗？
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
SPORTS PRIZE 体育奖
countable
■the position you get by beating all other competitors in a sports competition （体育比赛的）第一名，冠军
• Hendry won the world snooker title after a tense 35-frame final. 经过紧张的35局决赛后，亨德利赢得世界撞球冠军。
UK ['taɪ.tl] US [-tˌl] noun
LEGAL RIGHT 法定权利
uncountable
■the legal right to own a piece of land or a building （对土地或建筑物的）所有权
• If you wish to sell the property, you will first have to prove your title to it. 如果你想要出售房产，你首先必须证明你对它拥有所有权。
title, name
这组词都有“名称”的意思，其区别是：
title: 指书名、剧目或其他文艺创作作品名称，也指附在姓名前的职称或头衔。
name: 最普通用词，指人、动物或事物的姓名、名称或名字，也指在特定情况下给予人或事物的特殊名称以体现其内在特点。
n. 冠军； [计] [图情] 标题；头衔；权利；字幕
 - rights, champion, honor, first, heading
vt. 加标题于；赋予头衔；把…称为
 - repute
adj. 冠军的； [计] [图情] 标题的；头衔的
 - titular

Word: tonne
Front: tonne
[tʌn] (-/3362 -K2)
Back: n. 吨，公吨
分布：吨(100%)
→来自 ton 的法语形式。
[tʌn] (plural tonnes or tonne) (also metric ton)
noun countable
■1000 kilograms 公吨
• Oil deliveries will fall 2.5 million tonnes short this year. 今年石油的交割量将不到250万公吨。
• a 7554-tonne ocean liner 一艘7554公吨级的远洋班轮
n. [计量] 公吨（1，000公斤，等于metric ton）
 - millier, metric tons

Word: youth
Front: youth
[ju:θ] (高研四六雅 1397/1508 -K4)
Vocabulary: youth
(once / 46 pages)
n
If you're not a little kid anymore, but you're not really an adult yet, you can describe this period of your life as your youth.
You can use the noun youth in several ways — you might refer to a kid as a youth, describe the group of teenagers hanging out downtown as youth, or talk about the time in your life when you were young and carefree as your youth. In all cases, youth comes from the Old English geoguth, which is closely related to the root of young: geong.
WORD FAMILY
youth: youthful, youths+/young: younger, youngest, youngish, youngly, youngness, youth /younger: youngerly/youthful: youthfulest, youthfully, youthfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say affordable, quality child care helps with youth development and enables more parents to hold jobs and attend school.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The case is one of several that led to reviews of the state Division of Children, Youth and Families.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Previously the Western Colorado Suicide Prevention Foundation offered up to eight sessions for youth with no insurance through its Bridges Program.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 年轻; 青年，小伙子; 初期，少年（青年）时期; 〈集合词〉青少年们
分布：青年(50%)，青春(47%)，青年时期(3%)
→来自yeu,生命力，年青的活力，-th,名词后缀，用做young的名词形式。
n.青年;年轻人The young youths lounged in the south mouth of the cave for one month.无经验的青年们在南洞口闲荡了一个月.
noun
PERIOD/STATE 时期
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the period of your life when you are young, or the state of being young 青年时期；年轻，青春
• I was a fairly good football player in my youth. 我年轻时是个相当不错的足球员。
• The first volume is the author's account of his misspent youth in the bars of Dublin. 第一卷是作者对他在都柏林酒吧里虚度青春的叙述。
• He looks like a man who's found the secret to eternal youth (= staying young). 他看上去似乎掌握了永葆青春的秘诀。
• You may not have played tennis as often as him, but at least you've got youth on your side (= you are young). 你可能没像他那样经常打网球，但至少你有年轻的优势。
[ju:θ] noun
BOY 小伙子
 ESSENTIAL countable disapproving
■a boy or a young man 毛头小伙；青年男子
• Gangs of youths were throwing stones and bottles at the police. 一伙男青年在向员警投掷石块和瓶子。
[ju:θ] noun
YOUNG PEOPLE 青年
uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■young people, both male and female, considered as a group （总称）青年，年轻人
• the youth of today 如今的年轻人
• the nation's disaffected youth 那个国家叛逆的年轻人
adolescent, teenager, youth, juvenile
这组词都有“年轻人，青少年”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 比teenager正式，侧重年龄。
teenager: 主要指13岁到19岁之间的青少年，强调这个年龄段的人的本身特点。
youth: 现在几乎专指男青年，尤指10多岁到20多一点的男青年，但作为集合名时间男女青年都可指。
juvenile: 指青少年，系法律上的常用词。
n. 青年；青春；年轻；青少年时期
 - green, prime, young man

Word: drag
Front: drag
[dræg] (高研四六托 2127/2538 -K3)
Vocabulary: drag
(once / 114 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v 6v 7v 8n
To drag something means to physically pull it, like when you drag your sofa to the other side of the living room in order to get a better view of the TV.
Drag can also mean to prolong something. In this case, drag is often followed by the words "out" or "on." You could describe a class that drags on for hours, or try to drag out your homework to get out of doing the dishes. You can also drag someone unwillingly into a discussion or other situation. Anything that's boring and tedious can also be called a drag — like lunches with your great aunt Martha or cleaning the bathroom.
WORD FAMILY
drag: dragged, dragger, dragging, drags+/dragger: draggers/dragging: draggingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After dragging my then girlfriend around at least 10 NYC Nike stores I eventually found them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
As Gulmen tried to open the banner, police arrested her, dragging her and the other protesters away as a crowd silently watched.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was quite possibly the most wonderful drag of my life.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 拖拽; 吃力地往前拉; 拖地而行
vi. 沿地面拖动; 落后; 缓慢前进; 打捞
n. 拖，拉; 累赘; 阻力
时态：dragged, dragging, drags
分布：拖(73%)，阻力(14%)，拉(11%)，累赘(1%)，扯进(1%)
→来自dhragh, 拉，词源同draw, tractor.
v.拖,拖曳The ragged man drags a waggon of rag fragments.那个衣衫褴褛的人拉着一货车破布碎片.
verb (-gg-)
PULL 拉
 IMPROVER transitive
■to move something by pulling it along a surface, usually the ground 拖，拉，拽，牵引
• Pick the chair up instead of dragging it behind you! 把椅子拿起来，不要在地上拖！
• She dragged the canoe down to the water. 她把独木舟拉到水边。
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to make someone go somewhere they do not want to go 硬拖，硬拉，硬拽
• She had to drag her child away from the toy shop. 她不得不把孩子从玩具店硬拉出来。
• I really had to drag myself out of bed this morning. 今天早上我真是硬撑着从床上爬了起来。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to move something on a computer screen using a mouse (DEVICE) （用滑鼠）拖动
transitive
■If you drag a subject into a conversation, etc., you begin to talk about it even if it is not connected with what you are talking about 插入（话题），把…扯进（谈话中）
• She's always dragging sex into the conversation. 她总把性扯到谈话中来。
transitive
■to pull nets or hooks (= curved wires) along the bottom of a river or lake in order to find something 用拖网在…中打捞
• They found the man's body after dragging the canal. 他们用拖网从运河里捞出了那个人的尸体。
drag and drop
■If you drag and drop something on a computer screen, you move it from one area to another using the mouse (DEVICE). （在电脑萤幕上）用滑鼠拖曳
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
BORING 单调的
intransitive
■If something such as a film or performance drags, it seems to go slowly because it is boring （电影或表演等）枯燥；拖拖拉拉
• The first half of the film was interesting but the second half dragged (on). 电影的上半部很有趣，但下半部却拖拖拉拉。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
drag your heels/feet
■to do something slowly because you do not want to do it 拖拖拉拉地做，磨磨蹭蹭地干
• I suspect the government is dragging its heels over this issue. 我怀疑政府在这个问题上拖延时间。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
drag sb's name through the mire / mud
■to damage someone's reputation by saying extremely insulting things about them 对某人泼脏水，败坏某人的名声
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb away informal
■to make someone leave a place or stop doing what they are doing so that they can go somewhere else or do something else 拉走某人（去干别的事情）
• I'm ready to go home now but I don't want to drag you away if you're enjoying yourself. 我要回家了，但如果你玩得正高兴，我并不想硬把你拉走。
• I'll bring Tom, if I can drag him away from the football. 如果我能把汤姆从足球场上拉出来，我就带他来。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb down UK
■If an unpleasant situation drags someone down, it makes them feel unhappy or ill 使不愉快；击垮，压垮
• All that stress at work had begun to drag him down. 工作上那么大的压力快要把他压垮了。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sb into sth
■to force someone to become involved in an unpleasant or difficult situation 硬让某人卷入（不愉快或困难局面）
• Don't drag me into your argument! It's nothing to do with me. 别把我扯入你们的争论！这和我没有任何关系。
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drag sth out
■to cause an event to continue for more time than is necessary or convenient 拖延
• I don't want to drag this meeting out too long, so could we run through the main points quickly? 此次会议我不想拖延太久，所以我们赶快把主要议题都说一遍好吗？
[dræg] verb (-gg-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drag sth out of sb
■to force someone to say something, especially when they do not want to 硬逼某人说出
• You never tell me how you feel - I always have to drag it out of you. 你从来都不告诉我你的感受——总得让我逼着你说出来。
[dræg] noun
BORING 单调的
only singular slang
■something which is not convenient and is boring or unpleasant 麻烦；苦差事；讨厌的事
• Filling in forms is such a drag! 填写这些表格真麻烦！
• I've got to go to the dentist's again - what a drag! 我还得去看牙医——真麻烦！
[dræg] noun
SUCK 吸
countable slang
■the action of taking in air through a cigarette 吸一口（烟）
• Taking a deep drag of/on his cigarette he closed his eyes and sighed. 他深深地吸了一口烟，闭上眼睛叹了口气。
[dræg] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
uncountable informal
■(especially of a man) dressing in clothes of the opposite sex, often for humorous entertainment （尤指男人为达到滑稽娱乐效果而）穿戴异性服装
• a man in drag 一身女人打扮的男人
[dræg] noun
PULL 拉力
[S or U] specialized
■the force that acts against the forward movement of something which is passing through a gas or a liquid 空气阻力；液体阻力
• Engineers are always looking for ways to minimize drag when they design new aircraft. 工程师们设计新型飞机时一直寻找在最大程度上降低空气阻力的方法。
[dræg] noun
be a drag on sb/sth informal
■to slow down or limit the development of someone or something 拖累，成为…的累赘
• She didn't want a husband who would be a drag on her career. 她不想要一个拖累她事业的丈夫。
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
vt. 拖累；拖拉；缓慢而吃力地行进
 - cumber with, ball and chain
vi. 拖曳；缓慢而吃力地行进
 - daggle
n. 拖；拖累
 - pull, tow

Word: implement
Front: implement
[ˈɪmplɪment] (研四六托雅宝 2285/2149 -3)
Vocabulary: implement
(once / 467 pages)
1nv 2v
Apply the noun implement when you want to use a fancy word for "tool." A knife and fork are implements for handling food.
The noun implement is a very useful word for just about anything you want to describe as a tool or a thing that helps you do something. An implement can be as simple as chimpanzees using a stick to eat ants with or a bulldozer that moves huge amounts of earth in building. The word relates to something that "fills up" a house, as in all sorts of things that allow a house to work properly.
WORD FAMILY
implement: implemental, implementation, implemented, implementing, implements+/ implementation: implementations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Implementing the Place of Last Drink program.The program requires that offenders disclose where they were served their last drink.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This outstanding ability is widely implemented during one of the most neurologically challenging actions people are engaged with on a daily basis: driving.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Other team sports are keeping an eye on basketball’s RPI to possibly implement for their state tournaments.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 实施，执行; 使生效，实现; 落实（政策）; 把…填满
n. 工具，器械; 家具; 手段; [法]履行（契约等）
时态：implemented, implementing, implements
分布：实施(49%)，执行(35%)，工具(12%)，器具(3%)，当工具的物品(1%)
→im-,进入，使，-ple,满的，词源同full,complete.引申词义装满，提供，提供工具，贯彻，实施等。
工具v.完成;实施(im进+ple+ment→进入满→完成)[ple,plen,plet,pli=full,fill,表示"满,填满"]
n.(pl.)工具,器具v.贯彻,实现The limping shrimp impulsively implemented the compulsory duty.跛行的虾冲动实现强制的职责.
【记】im进入，ple充满，ment－进入充满的状态－实现
【参】deplete（vt 耗尽；使衰竭）；replete（adj 充满的）
【反】foil（vt 阻止；挫败）
verb transitive /ˈɪm.plɪ.ment/
 IMPROVER
■to put a plan or system into operation 实施；贯彻
• The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. 国民医疗保健制度的改革将于明年实行。
noun countable /ˈɪm.plɪ.mənt/
■a tool which works by being moved by hand or by being pulled across a surface 工具，器具
• garden/household/agricultural implements 园艺用具／家用工具／农具
• Shopkeepers are not supposed to sell knives and other sharp implements to children. 店主不应该向儿童出售小刀或其他锋利的器具。
installation, tool, device, apparatus, implement, equipment, instrument, appliance, facilities
这组词都有“仪器、设备、器械、器具”的意思，其区别是：
installation: 一般多指安装完成，可供使用或操作的整套装置或设施。
tool: 一般指进行特种工作的手工工具，也可指人造使用动力的工具，还可作引申用。
device: 多指为某一特殊用途或解决某一特定机械问题而设计或改装的精巧的仪器或装置。
apparatus: 既可指某种具体的由许多不同零件构成的复杂的仪器、装置或器械，又可指它们的总称。
implement: 原指史前人类所用的工具，现在多指农用工具，也可指为实现某个任务所需的工具或器具。
equipment: 多指成套的或重型的设备或装备。通常用作不可数名词。
instrument: 通常指能使人们完成某一精确动作或测量的一种小型仪器，尤指电工仪表、测量装置，航海或航空用的控制装置。
appliance: 侧重指家用机器或设备，尤指家用电器。
facilities: 常用复数形式，指可供使用的设备或设施。
vt. 实施，执行；实现，使生效
 - accomplish, perform, come true, fulfill, enforce
n. [机] 工具，器具；手段
 - instrument, facilities, vehicle, tool, engine

Word: commander
Front: commander
[kəˈmɑ:ndə(r)] (四六托 2355/3134 -3)
Vocabulary: commander
(once / 130 pages)
n
A commander is the person in charge, particularly in the military. If you're in the Navy, your commander gives directions that you're expected to follow.
A commander does exactly what it sounds like: she issues instructions or commands and assumes they'll be obeyed. Although there are other kinds of commanders, you're most likely to find the word describing a military official. The President of the United States is considered the "Commander-in-Chief" of the US Armed Forces. The word comes from the Old French comander, "to order."
WORD FAMILY
commander: commanders, commandership, commandery+/ command: commandant, commanded, commander, commanding, commandment, commands, self-command/ commandant: commandants/commandership: commanderships/commandery: commanderies/ commanding: commandingly/commandment: commandments
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a commander in Iraq, General Mattis ordered several investigations into detainee abuse.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In an interview with The Associated Press on Sunday, the senior U.S. military commander, Brig.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Drawing on anthropology theory from the University of Chicago, General Petraeus explained to his commander in chief how neighborhoods in Kandahar related to one another.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 指挥官，司令官; [海]中校，副舰长; 木槌
分布：指挥官(81%)，司令官(19%)
US [-'mæn.dɚ] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■an officer who is in charge of a military operation, or an officer of a particular rank in the British Royal Navy 指挥官，长官；（英国皇家海军的）中校
n. 指挥官；司令官
 - comandante, sardar

Word: fairly
Front: fairly
[ˈfeəli] (高研四六托 2157/1413 -K3)
Vocabulary: fairly
(once / 123 pages)
1adv 2adv
When you do something fairly, you treat everyone with equal consideration. Sharing a pizza fairly between six people is easy: just give each person one slice.
A teacher who doesn't treat all students fairly isn't a very good teacher — and a police officer who doesn't act fairly toward all citizens is also doing a poor job. When you behave fairly, you're unbiased and impartial, and you follow the rules. You can also use this adverb to mean "to a large degree" or "reasonably." For example, you could say, "I'm fairly certain that it's going to snow again tomorrow."
WORD FAMILY
fair: faired, fairer, fairest, fairing, fairish, fairly, fairness, fairs, unfair+/fairish: fairishly/unfair: unfairer, unfairest, unfairly, unfairness/unfairness: unfairnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Northstar says the state approved the way it ran the games and that they were run fairly.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In other words, the advantage of the bye and needing to win just one home game to get to a conference final is fairly immense.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
It was in fairly wide use by the 1960s.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 适当，相当地; 公平地; 完全，简直; 清楚地
分布：公正地(50%)，相当地(50%)
→来自fair, 公平的，公正的。
ad.公正地,正当地;相当,还算I met a fairly unfair affair upstairs.我在楼上遇到一件颇不公平的事.
US ['fer-] adverb
QUITE 一定地
 ESSENTIAL
■more than average, but less than very 相当地；一定地
• She's fairly tall. 她个子比较高。
• I'm fairly sure that this is the right address. 我相当肯定这个地址没错。
• We get on fairly well. 我们相处得不错。
• I saw her fairly recently. 我不久前见过她。
■literary
■used to emphasize figurative expressions which describe what people or objects are doing （用于强调比喻性表述）简直
• The answer fairly jumps off the page at you! 答案简直就要从纸上跳到你眼前了！
• The dog fairly flew out of the door to greet him. 这只狗简直是飞出门外去迎接他。
UK ['feə.li] US ['fer-] adverb
IN THE RIGHT WAY 公正地
 IMPROVER
■If you do something fairly, you do it in a way which is right and reasonable and treats people equally 公平地；公正地
• He claimed that he hadn't been treated fairly by his employers. 他声称受到雇主的不公平对待。
• Officials will ensure that the election is carried out fairly. 官员将确保选举公正进行。
fairly and squarely UK (US squarely)
■completely 完全，彻底
• She lays the blame for the recession fairly and squarely on the government. 她把经济衰退完全归咎于政府。
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
adv. 相当地；公平地；简直
 - relatively, simply, comparatively, equally, reasonably

Word: notion
Front: notion
[ˈnəʊʃn] (研四六托雅 1714/1969 -3)
Vocabulary: notion
(once / 132 pages)
1n 2n
If you have a notion that you can swim across the ocean, you are probably wrong. A notion is an idea, often vague and sometimes fanciful.
A notion is lighter than a theory and embraces a whimsy that a simple idea never could. You might have the notion that you can slow global warming by taking public transportation and reusing plastic bags. If you share a far-fetched idea with others, someone might respond with a "Where'd you get that notion?!" Notions can also refer to the buttons, thread, zippers, and pins necessary for sewing things. So if you have a notion to create your own Halloween costume, you better pick up some notions from the craft store.
WORD FAMILY
notion: notional, notions+/notional: notionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a ubiquitous, cross-border commons, it often defies notions of state sovereignty.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
That’s how we win – by reclaiming the notion of a better future from the reactionaries and demagogues.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Critics of this notion, however, protest what they see as a character smear — a suggestion that everybody, deep down, is racist.
New York Times(Dec 09, 2016)
Back: n. 概念，观念; 意见，见解; 奇想; 打算
分布：概念(56%)，观念(24%)，想法(18%)，主张(2%)
→词源同notice,通知，留心。引申词义观念，概念。
见解;观念(not+ion)[Not=know,表示"知道,注意"]
n.概念,想法,意念,看法,观点I haven't the faintest notion what they mean.我一点也不知道他们是什么意思.
US ['noʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a) belief or idea 观念；看法
• [+ that] The programme makers reject the notion that seeing violence on television has a harmful effect on children. 节目制片人们并不认为，看到电视上的暴力场景会对孩子们造成不良影响。
• I have only a vague notion of what she does for a living. 我不太清楚她靠甚么谋生。
UK ['nəʊ.ʃən] US ['noʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
have/take a notion to do sth old-fashioned
■to suddenly want to do something 突然想做…
• I had a notion to write them a letter. 我忽发奇想，打算给他们写封信。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 概念；见解；打算
 - concept, idea, eye, construct, sight

Word: portfolio
Front: portfolio
[pɔ:tˈfəʊliəʊ] (雅宝 3809/3733 -2)
Vocabulary: portfolio
(once / 856 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A portfolio is a large, flat briefcase used to hold papers and other loose materials, like maps or artwork. A portfolio is usually used to transport important documents, like examples of your graphic design work if you’re an artist.
The noun portfolio has its roots in the similarly-sounding Latin portafoglio “a case for carrying loose papers.” Notice, within that word, two other words — there’s porta, meaning “carry,” and foglio, meaning “sheet, leaf.” In English, think portable folio, or papers that can be carried. Also, portfolio can refer to the duties of a government official or the collection of investments held by a financial company.
WORD FAMILY
portfolio: portfolios
USAGE EXAMPLES
Perhaps you simply want to use copies of the designs in a portfolio.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And your exposure to global equities — when the equity leadership shifts, whenever that might be — is likely to benefit your portfolio even more.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Portfolio returns with a good amount of cash.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公文包; 代表作品集; 证券投资组合; 部长[大臣]的职位
分布：投资组合(88%)，文件夹(7%)，公事包(3%)，作品集(2%)
→来自拉丁语portare,携带，folio,纸张，文件。引申词义文件夹，公事包等。
文件夹;投资组合(port+folio树叶,页→拿树叶[书页]的东西→文件夹)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
文件夹(port带+fol+io→把树叶[纸张]带来带去→文件夹)[foli=leaf,表示"树叶"]
【记】port拿，folio树叶－拿在手里的树叶一样的东西－有价证券的投资组合port＝report（n 报告，案例）－有价证券的投资组合
US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
CASE 箱子
■a large thin case used for carrying drawings, documents, etc. 公事包；资料夹
■a collection of drawings, documents, etc. that represent a person's, especially an artist's, work （尤指艺术家的）代表作的选辑
• She's trying to build up a portfolio of work to show during job interviews. 她正想整理出自己的代表作以便找工作面试时展示一下。
UK [ˌpɔ:t'fəʊ.li.əʊ] US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
FINANCIAL 投资 specialized
■a collection of company shares and other investments that are owned by a particular person or organization （个人或机构的）投资组合
UK [ˌpɔ:t'fəʊ.li.əʊ] US [ˌpɔ:rt'foʊ.li.oʊ] (plural portfolios)
noun countable
JOB 工作 UK specialized
■a particular job or area of responsibility of a member of a government （部长或大臣）职务；（部长或大臣）职责
• The Prime Minister offered her the foreign affairs portfolio. 总理邀请她出任外交部长。
without portfolio UK specialized
■In Britain, a minister without portfolio is an important government official who is not in charge of a particular department, but who still takes part in the decisions of the government. 不兼职务的（指在英国政府中任要职但并不具体负责某个部门）
n. [管理] 公文包；文件夹；证券投资组合；部长职务
 - folder, briefcase

Word: occupy
Front: occupy
[ˈɒkjupaɪ] (研四六托雅 2710/1991 -K4)
Vocabulary: occupy
(once / 41 pages)
1v 2v
When you spend a lot of your free time reading tea leaves, you occupy yourself with that pastime, meaning it takes up your time and keeps you busy.
An army can invade another country and occupy its territory, and this use of the word reflects its original Latin meaning, which was "to seize." There are also less aggressive forms of occupation, as with the family of chipmunks who occupy your garden. If you are the mayor of your town, you occupy an important office. And if you're a fan of Andy Warhol, a series of Campbell's soup can paintings may occupy a prominent place on your walls.
WORD FAMILY
occupy: occupancy, occupant, occupation, occupied, occupier, occupies, occupying, preoccupy +/ occupancy: occupancies/ occupant: occupants/ occupation: occupational, occupations/ occupational: occupationally/ occupied: occupiedly, unoccupied/ occupier: occupiers/ preoccupation: preoccupations/ preoccupied: preoccupancy, preoccupiedly/ preoccupy: preoccupation, preoccupied, preoccupies, preoccupying
USAGE EXAMPLES
SHILOH, West Bank — Through eight years of escalating criticism from the world’s most powerful leader, Israeli construction in these sacred, militarily occupied hills never stopped.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 占领; 使用，住在…; 使从事，使忙碌; 任职
时态：occupied, occupying, occupies
分布：占领(66%)，占用(24%)，使忙碌(6%)，专心(2%)，从事(2%)
→oc-,向前，朝向，-cup,抓，握，持有，词源同capable,participate.即抓住的，占有的，引申词义占用，占据。
占领;使用(oc再次＋cupy抓→抓住地盘→占领)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.占,占用;占据,占领;使忙碌,使从事The cube in the tubular cup occupies one cubic meter.筒状杯中的立方体占有一个立方米(的体积).
US ['ɑ:.kjʊ-] verb transitive
FILL 填充
 IMPROVER
■to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time 占有，占用，占据（空间或时间）
• The bathroom's occupied - I think John's in there. 浴室有人——我想是约翰在里面。
• The rest of the time was occupied with writing a report. 剩下的时间用来写了份报告。
• The house hasn't been occupied (= lived in) by anyone for a few months. 这幢房子已经有几个月没人住了。
• formal A large picture of the battle of Waterloo occupied the space above the fireplace. 一幅描绘滑铁卢战役的巨幅画作占据了壁炉上方的空间。
 IMPROVER
■to keep someone busy or interested 使（某人）忙于；使（某人）感兴趣
• [R] On long car journeys I occupy my self with solving maths puzzles. 在乘坐汽车长途旅行中，我解数学难题来打发时间。
• All the new toys kept the kids occupied for hours. 这些新玩具让孩子们兴致勃勃地玩了好几个小时。
UK ['ɒk.jʊ.paɪ] US ['ɑ:.kjʊ-] verb transitive
TAKE CONTROL 控制
■(of an army or group of people) to move into and take control and/or possession of a place （军队或一伙人）占领，占据
• Troops quickly occupied the city. 军队很快占领了城市。
• Protesting students occupied the university office for two weeks. 抗议的学生占领大学办公楼达两个星期。
• the occupying forces 占领军
vt. 占据，占领；居住；使忙碌
 - bag, exercise

Word: similarly
Front: similarly
[ˈsɪmələli] (四六 2792/2024 -K2)
Vocabulary: similarly
(once / 533 pages)
adv
When you do something similarly, you do it nearly the same way as someone else. At a school bake sale, you might decide to price your brownies similarly to your friend's Rice Krispie treats.
Use the adverb similarly to describe something that's done in a way that mirrors or almost duplicates something else. If one little boy dresses up in a red cape at preschool, his best friend might costume himself similarly, in a red scarf and crown. When your neighbor tells you about her vacation in Hawaii, you might be inspired to travel similarly. The word comes from the adjective similar, which means "resembling," and has a Latin root, similis, "like."
WORD FAMILY
similar: similarity, similarly +/ similarity: similarities, unsimilarity
USAGE EXAMPLES
Melilla - Spain's other North African enclave - is similarly targeted by migrants.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Kelly seemed similarly resigned to his fate before when he spoke to the media before the decision was announced.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Gun rights advocates say they are similarly optimistic about their chances following Trump’s election.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 相似地; 类似地; 同样; 也
分布：类似地(50%)，相似地(50%)
US [-ə.lɚ-] adverb
 IMPROVER
■in a similar way
• The children were similarly dressed. 孩子们的打扮很相似。
• Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles should stop too. 汽车遇到红灯时必须停下来，同样，脚踏车也应该停下来。
adv. 同样地；类似于
 - equally, same, as, likewise

Word: publicly
Front: publicly
['pʌblɪklɪ] (高 3027/4133 -K)
Back: adv. 公开地; 由公众（或政府）; 为公众所同意; 以公众名义
分布：以公众名义(34%)，公开地(33%)，公然地(33%)
adverb
TO EVERYONE 当众
 IMPROVER
■If something is done publicly, it is done so that everyone can know about it 公开地，当众
• The company publicly apologized and agreed to contribute some money to charity. 公司公开致歉，并答应捐款给慈善组织。
• publicly humiliated 被公开羞辱的
['pʌb.lɪ.kli] adverb
GOVERNMENT 政府
■done, owned, or paid for by the government 公有地；由政府进行地；由政府支付地
• The new railway will not be publicly funded. 这条新铁路将不会获得政府资助。
adv. 公然地；以公众名义
 - openly, declaredly

Word: invite
Front: invite
[ɪnˈvaɪt] (中高研四六 1601/1502 -K4)
Vocabulary: invite
(once / 65 pages)
1vn 2v
When you invite a friend to do something, you request her company, or encourage her to come with you. You might invite a group of neighbors to help you throw a block party.
You could invite your friend to join you on a road trip, or invite your parents to your art show at a local gallery. You're making a polite request. Similarly, a newspaper might invite readers' comments, or a school might invite ideas for how to spend grant money. Invite is also casual shorthand for "invitation." When you tempt someone to react, you also invite that reaction: "Your strange film really invites harsh criticism."
WORD FAMILY
invite: invitation, invitatory, invited, invitee, invites, inviting +/ invitation: invitational, invitations/invited: uninvited/invitee: invitees/ inviting: invitingly, uninviting/uninvited: uninvitedly/uninviting: uninvitingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not an email person myself,” Trump echoed during that infamous July news conference in which he invited Russia to hack Hillary Clinton’s email.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A clinic employee invited Mr. Kloski, now 28, to apply for Medicaid.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, as usual, the firm invited alumni, including me, to its holiday party at the Plaza Hotel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 邀请; 请求; 引诱; 招致
n. 邀请
时态：invited, inviting, invites
分布：邀请(91%)，招致(4%)，请求(3%)，招待(2%)
→来自拉丁语invito,邀请，挑战，来自in-,进入，使，-vit,词义不详，来自可能weie,追寻，寻求，词源同virile,Venus,或来自wekw,说，肯请，词源同voice,invoke.引申词义引来麻烦，招致麻烦。现主要用于邀请义，挑战义已不再使用。
vt.邀请,招待I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
verb transitive
ASK TO AN EVENT 邀请
 ESSENTIAL
■to ask or request someone to go to an event 邀请，约请
• We're invited to Lola's party. 我们受邀参加洛拉的晚会。
• Candidates who are successful in the written test will be invited for an interview. 通过笔试的候选人将获邀参加面试。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Her family invited me to stay with them for a few weeks. 她的家人邀请我留下住几个星期。
  Common Learner Errors  invite The most usual preposition to use after the verb invite is to. Don't say 'invite someone for/at' an event , say invite someone to an event:
✗ She invited me for a party at her parents' house. However, you can invite someone for a meal, or for the weekend. They invited me for/to dinner.
[ɪn'vaɪt] verb transitive
REQUEST FORMALLY 正式请求
■to request something, especially formally or politely （尤指正式地）征求，请求
• Offers in the region of £1 000 000 are invited for the property. 这块地产征求100万英镑左右的出价。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The newspaper invited readers to write in with their views. 这家报纸欢迎读者来信发表意见。
[ɪn'vaɪt] verb transitive
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
■to act in a way which causes or encourages something to happen or someone to believe or feel something 引起，招致
• Behaving provocatively in class is just inviting trouble. 课堂上的挑衅行为只会带来麻烦。
• Such a badly presented exhibition invites criticism. 展览会办得这么差会招致批评。
[ɪn'vaɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invite sb in
■to ask someone to come into your house 邀请（某人）进屋
• The neighbours invited us in for coffee. 邻居邀请我们进屋喝咖啡。
[ɪn'vaɪt] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invite sb over (UK also invite sb round)
■to invite someone to come to your house 邀请（某人）来家里
• Let's invite some people over. 我们邀请一些人来家里做客吧。
vt. 邀请，招待；招致
 - serve, attend, ask, court, guest
n. 邀请
 - calling, invitation to

Word: monopoly
Front: monopoly
[məˈnɒpəli] (研六托雅宝 5686/3446 -2)
Vocabulary: monopoly
(once / 660 pages)
n
A monopoly is the exclusive ownership or control of something. If your sister claims a monopoly over the television during the Tom Cruise movie marathon, you would be wise not to touch that remote.
In economics, a monopoly specifically means the domination of a market by one owner or seller. Think of the board game Monopoly. You’re trying to own all the properties so that you have a monopoly over the board and the other players have to pay you basically anywhere they land. You might recognize the prefix mono, meaning “one." Add it to the Greek word polein which means “sell,” and there you have it — one seller.
WORD FAMILY
monopoly: antimonopoly, monopolies, monopolise, monopolist, monopolistic, monopolize +/monopolise: monopolisation, monopolised, monopoliser, monopolises, monopolising/monopoliser: monopolisers/monopolist: monopolists/monopolistic: monopolistically/ monopolize: monopolization, monopolized, monopolizer, monopolizes, monopolizing/monopolizer: monopolizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democratic centralism still prevails—exemplified by the party’s monopoly on power, Xi Jinping’s autocratic rule and the suppression of dissent.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
China’s array of challenges includes weaning the economy off debt-fueled stimulus spending, breaking up state monopolies and cleaning up the environment.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 26, 2016)
The company’s programs to help patients afford the drugs weren’t charities, but a way to increase profits on their monopolies.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: n. 垄断; 专卖; 垄断者; 专利品
分布：垄断(87%)，控制(5%)，独占(4%)，专利(4%)
→mono-,单个的，-poly,卖，词源同oligopoly,polypoly.即只有一家卖家，引申词义垄断，独占。
垄断(mono+poly→独家卖→垄断)[mono-表示"单个,一个"]
n.垄断,专卖,专利权,专利事业The monstrous monarch monopolied monarchy.可怕的君主垄断了君主国.
US [-'nɑ:.pəl-] noun countable or only singular
 ADVANCED
■(an organization or group which has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share 垄断（机构）；专卖；独占
• The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly. 政府决意保护其烟草专卖权。
• Is Microsoft a monopoly? 微软是垄断企业吗？
• The drafting of a new constitution cannot be a monopoly of the white minority regime (= other people should do it too). 新宪法的起草不能由占人口少数的白人政权垄断。
• He does not have a/the monopoly on (= He is not the only one who has) good looks. 长得好看的不止他一个。
n. [经] 垄断；垄断者； [贸易] 专卖权
 - cornerer

Word: observe
Front: observe
[əbˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅 1294/1288 -K3)
Vocabulary: observe
(once / 24 pages)
1v 2v
Observe is often used to mean “remark” or “comment.” When trying to start up a conversation with an attractive stranger, you might observe that it’s raining outside (but hopefully you’ll come up with something more interesting to say).
Observe has several secondary meanings, one of which is “notice” or “discover.” If you start a conversation with that attractive stranger, you’ll probably observe whether he or she seems interested in talking to you. Observe can also mean “watch carefully with great interest”; you might be tempted to observe the attractive stranger in this manner, but that might make him or her uncomfortable. Try to stay cool.
WORD FAMILY
observe: observable, observance, observant, observation, observatory, observed, observer, observes, observing+/ observable: observably, unobservable/ observance: nonobservance, observances/ observant: nonobservant, observantly, unobservant/ observation: observational, observations/observational: observationally/ observatory: observatories/ observed: unobserved/ observer: observers/observing: observingly/unobservable: unobservably/unobservant: unobservantly/unobserved: unobservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, we’ve observed that many people find the exercises onerous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Since they observe the Sabbath, there is no play on Friday evenings or Saturdays before sundown.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While research confirms the value of early- childhood advocates’ efforts, a hometown lawmaker observed that their work wasn’t necessarily in sync.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 观察; 研究
vt. 遵守; 观察; 庆祝
vi. 注意; 说; 评述; 当观察员
时态：observed, observing, observes
分布：观察(62%)，遵守(30%)，注意到(5%)，庆祝(3%)
→ob-,向前，朝向，-serve,注视，观察，保护，词源同conserve,hero.引申词义坚守，遵守，遵行等。
观察;遵守(ob加强动作+serve→一直保持→遵守,引申为观察)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
v.观察,观测,注意到,监视,遵守,评述,说The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
WATCH 观察
 ADVANCED slightly formal
■to watch carefully the way something happens or the way someone does something, especially in order to learn more about it 观察；观测；监视
• The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it. 科学家的任务是观察和描述这个世界，而不是试图控制它。
• [+ question word] He spent a year in the jungle, observing how deforestation is affecting local tribes. 他在丛林里呆了1年，考察滥伐森林对当地部落造成了何种影响。
• Children learn by observing adults. 儿童透过观察成年人来学习。
UK [əb'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
NOTICE 注意到
 ADVANCED formal
■to notice or see 注意到，觉察到；看到
• Jack observed a look of anxiety on his brother's face. 杰克注意到了他哥哥脸上焦急的神情。
• [+ question word] The guards failed to observe wh o delivered the package. 卫兵没有注意到是谁递送的这个包裹。
• [+ that] In all these films one observes that directors are taking a new interest in Native American culture. 在所有这些电影中，人们发现导演们对美国本土文化产生了新的兴趣。
• [+ infinitive without to] A teacher observed her climb over the gate. 有位老师看到她翻过大门。
UK [əb'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
SAY 说 formal
■to make a remark about something 说，讲；评论，评述
• [+ speech] "I've always found German cars very reliable, " he observed. “我一直认为德国汽车很可靠，”他说道。
• [+ that] She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch. 她说很快就到停下来吃午饭的时间了。
UK [əb'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
OBEY 遵守 formal
■to obey a law, rule or custom 遵守，奉行（法律、规则或习俗）
• People must observe the law. Nobody should be an exception. 人们必须遵纪守法，谁都不应该例外。
• The old people in the village still observe the local traditions. 村里的老人仍然遵守当地的传统。
• Do you observe Passover? 你们过逾越节吗？
catch sight of, observe, notice
catch sight of: 突然看到
observe: 观察,仔细地看, observe the stars
notice: 注意到,
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
vt. 观察；遵守；说；注意到；评论
 - watch, quo, tell, talk, respect
vi. 观察；说；注意到；评论
 - look into, take stock of

Word: familiar
Front: familiar
[fəˈmɪliə(r)] (高研四六雅 1492/1635 -K3)
Vocabulary: familiar
(once / 73 pages)
nadj
When something is so commonplace you know it well, it's familiar. A familiar song might be one that you hum along to without even thinking about it.
Like family, anything or anyone you're familiar with has been in your life for a while. It can be used in many ways. After six years of Spanish, you'll be familiar with how to conjugate verbs. You and your close friends are on familiar terms. The smell of musty tent fabric is familiar to anyone who grew up going camping a lot, and may bring on a wave of nostalgia.
WORD FAMILY
familiar: familiarise, familiarity, familiarize, familiarly, familiars, overfamiliar, unfamiliar +/familiarise: familiarisation, familiarised, familiarises, familiarising/ familiarity: familiarities/ familiarize: familiarization, familiarized, familiarizes, familiarizing/ unfamiliar: unfamiliarity, unfamiliarly/unfamiliarity: unfamiliarities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Their reward is one more game against Alabama and a quarterback, Hurts, who will look awfully familiar.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Every Christmas season the two Hallmark Channels release or replay a familiar holiday script.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Not coincidentally, she was familiar with the work of Julian Jaynes.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 熟悉的; 通晓的; 冒昧的; 随便的
n. 常客，密友; 高级官吏的家属; [天主]教皇[主教]的仆人
分布：熟悉的(92%)，熟知的(4%)，熟人(2%)，不拘礼节的(1%)，精灵(1%)
→来自family, 家庭，家族。
熟悉的(family家庭)[-ar 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物"]
a.熟悉的;通晓的;亲近的n.熟客;密友In the famine I got familiar with this famous family name/surname.在饥荒中,我熟悉了这个有名的姓.
US [-jɚ] adjective
EASY TO RECOGNIZE 易认出
 ESSENTIAL
■easy to recognize because of being seen, met, heard, etc. before 熟悉的；常见的；常听说
• There were one or two familiar faces (= people I knew). 那里有一两张熟悉的面孔。
• The house looked strangely familiar, though she knew she'd never been there before. 尽管她知道自己以前从未到过那里，那座房子看上去却有一种奇怪的熟悉感。
• The street was familiar to me. 这条街我很熟悉。
be familiar with sth/sb
 ADVANCED
■to know something or someone well 对…熟悉
• I'm sorry, I'm not familiar with your poetry. 对不起，我对您的诗歌不甚了解。
UK [fə'mɪl.i.ər] US [-jɚ] adjective
FRIENDLY 友好的
■informal and friendly, sometimes in a way that is not respectful to someone who is not a relation or close friend 随便的；亲近的
• "That'll be five pounds, dear", he said in an irritatingly familiar way. “要付五英镑，亲爱的。”，他用令人不快的放肆口吻说道。
• He doesn't like to be too familiar with his staff. 他不愿意跟员工过分亲近。
UK [fə'mɪl.i.ər] US [-jɚ] adjective
be on familiar terms
■to have a close and informal relationship 关系亲密
• We had met before, but we were hardly (= not) on familiar terms. 我们以前见过面，但并不是很熟。
UK [fə'mɪl.i.ər] US [-jɚ] noun countable old use
■a close friend, or a spirit in the shape of a cat, bird or other animal that is the close companion of a witch 知交；（以猫、鸟等形象出现，与女巫为伴的）妖精
familiar, intimate, confidential, close
这组词都有“亲密的”的意思，其区别是：
familiar: 通常指因长期交往而彼此很熟悉，像自家人一样。
intimate: 语气强烈，指感情或思想融洽、相互知心，彼此关系亲密。
confidential: 指相互之间可推心置腹、彼此信赖。
close: 语气较强，指兴趣爱好相同，因而关系密切，感情深笃。
adj. 熟悉的；常见的；亲近的
 - conventional, near, close
n. 常客；密友
 - frequenter, regular customer

Word: prominent
Front: prominent
[ˈprɒmɪnənt] (研四六托雅宝 2897/3221 -3)
Vocabulary: prominent
(once / 191 pages)
adj
If you're looking for an adjective that means "sticking out above the rest; famous," consider prominent. A prominent person might be the big cheese, the head honcho, the top dog — not just any Joe Schmo.
A prominence is anything that juts out, like a bone or a mountain ridge. Prominent, then, means "sticking out" either in a literal sense ("a prominent nose") or a figurative one ("a prominent figure in the industry"). The metaphorical sense of "famous" is the most common one today, though references to the "prominent posterior" of Jennifer Lopez might fit both definitions.
WORD FAMILY
prominent: prominence, prominently+/ prominence: prominences
USAGE EXAMPLES
The finding re-shapes one of the most prominent assumptions of the US gun control debate.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A team led by prominent capital defense lawyer David Bruck represented Roof during the guilt phase of the trial.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The stage was set for what one prominent commentator called “the end of history.”
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 突出的，杰出的; 突起的; 著名的
分布：突出的(52%)，杰出的(28%)，显著的(20%)
→pro-,向前，-min,伸出，词源同eminent,mountain.即突出来的，引申词义显著的，突出的。
显著的,杰出的(pro+min伸+ent→向前伸出→杰出的)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
突出的,显著的(pro向前+min+ent→向前伸→突出的)[min=project,表示"伸出,突出"]
a.突起的,凸出的;突出的,杰出的"The enterprise will be supervised by a group comprising prominent men," the despising chairman said concisely with no compromise."企业将由杰出人员构成的小组来监管,"轻蔑的
【记】pro前，min突出，ent－杰出的
【反】eclipse（v 使黯然失色）－make more prominent（使更加卓越）；inconspicuous（adj 不显眼的）
US ['prɑ:.mə-] adjective
FAMOUS 著名的
 IMPROVER
■very well known and important 著名的；重要的
• a prominent Democrat 民主党的重要人物
• a prominent member of the Saudi royal family 沙乌地阿拉伯王室的重要成员
• The government should be playing a more prominent role in promoting human rights. 政府应该在促进人权方面发挥更重要的作用。
UK ['prɒm.ɪ.nənt] US ['prɑ:.mə-] adjective
POSITION 位置
■sticking out from a surface 凸出的
• She has a rather prominent chin/nose. 她的下巴翘得厉害／鼻子很高。
■describes something that is in a position in which it is easily seen 突出的，显眼的
• New books are displayed in a prominent position on tables at the front of the shop. 新书陈列在商店前方桌上的一个显眼位置。
famous, notorious, eminent, notable, noted, prominent, outstanding
这组词都有“著名的，知名的”的意思，其区别是：
famous: 是普通用词，指传播很广，引起人们注意的人或事物。
notorious: 指因劣迹而臭名昭著，含强烈贬义；但有时也作“众所周知的”解。
eminent: 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。
notable: 用于指事件时，侧重其重要、值得注意；用于指人时，与famous同义，但语气较弱。
noted: 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作，有时含贬义。
prominent: 指出人头地，为公众所熟悉，至少在地方上闻名。
outstanding: 侧重指因素质优良，功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物，强调“突出”。
striking, remarkable, unusual, prominent, outstanding, extraordinary
striking: 引人注意的，饶有兴趣的；（因相貌好）吸引人的，惹人注目的
remarkable: 值得注意的，不寻常的；独特的
unusual: 罕见的，异乎寻常的；独特的，与众不同的
prominent: 凸出的,显著的，惹人注目的,杰出的，重要的
outstanding: 杰出的，优秀的；地位显著的，为人瞩目的，（报酬、工作、问题等）未偿付的，未完成的，未解决的
extraordinary: 不平常的，不普通的，非常的，格外的，；（安排、会议等）特别的，（官员）特命的，特派的
adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的
 - obvious, excellent, remarkable, brilliant, marked

Word: demonstrate
Front: demonstrate
[ˈdemənstreɪt] (研四六托雅宝 1379/1392 -K3)
Vocabulary: demonstrate
(once / 134 pages)
v
When you demonstrate something, you show what it is or how it works. To demonstrate how your new juicer works, you should have lots of kale, carrots, and beets on hand — and some brave friends to try your concoction.
Demonstrate comes from the Latin word demonstrare, meaning “to point out by argument or deduction.” To demonstrate a point you must make a valid argument and give examples of why you think it's true. Demonstrate can also refer to a public protest. You can demonstrate with your comrades by marching through the streets with homemade protest signs.
WORD FAMILY
demonstrate: demonstrable, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrative, demonstrator +/counterdemonstration: counterdemonstrations/counterdemonstrator: counterdemonstrators/ demonstrable: demonstrability, demonstrably/demonstrated: demonstratedly/ demonstration: counterdemonstration, demonstrations/ demonstrative: demonstratively, demonstrativeness, demonstratives, undemonstrative/ demonstrator: counterdemonstrator, demonstrators/undemonstrative: undemonstratively
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
At least two new laws demonstrate the country’s gradual move toward more sustainable products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There is robust scientific evidence demonstrating the value of the method in coping with O.C.D., phobias, and other anxiety disorders.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 证明，证实; 论证; 显示，展示; 演示，说明
vi. 示威游行
时态：demonstrated, demonstrating, demonstrates
分布：证明(43%)，演示(34%)，示范(15%)，示威(8%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-monster, 展示，警告，词源同monitor, monster.
证明,表明(de加强+monster+ate→加强显示→证明)[monstr=show,表示"显示"]
v.论证,证实;演示,说明The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
【记】de加强语义，monst显示一加强显示一证明
【参】demonstration（n 示范；实证）；demonstrable（adj 可论证的）
【反】unable to prove（不能证明）
verb
SHOW 展示
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to show; to make clear 显示；表明
• These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country. 这些数字清楚表明了该国经济问题的严重程度。
• [+ that] Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth. 研究显示，婴儿出生后很快就能辨识母亲的声音。
• These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning. 这些问题显示出了战略规划的重要性。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to show something and explain how it works 展示，演示
• He's got a job demonstrating kitchen equipment in a department store. 他找到一份在百货店示范厨房设备的工作。
• [+ question word] The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment. 老师示范了如何使用这种设备。
['dem.ən.streɪt] verb
EXPRESS 表达
transitive
■to express or show that you have a particular feeling, quality or ability 表达；表露；表现；显露
• He has demonstrated a genuine interest in the project. 他对该企划案表现出了极大兴趣。
• His answer demonstrated a complete lack of understanding of the question. 他的回答表明他完全没有理解这个问题。
['dem.ən.streɪt] verb
MARCH 行进
intransitive
■to make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting 示威，游行
• Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals. 数千人聚集在一起示威，抗议这些新提案。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
demonstrate, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。
 • This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.   这个推销员当众演示如何用压力锅煮东西。
illustrate: v.强调通过举例、列图表或比较等方式来说明道理。
 • The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story about George Washington.   那个老师通过乔治·华盛顿的故事来讲述他的历史课。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
vt. 证明；展示；论证
 - prove, give evidence of

Word: restaurant
Front: restaurant
[ˈrestrɒnt] (中高雅 1114/1816 -K4)
Vocabulary: restaurant
(once / 273 pages)
n
A restaurant is a place — usually inside a building — where you go to eat food, which, most of the time, you must pay for.
Restaurant comes from the French restaurer, which means "to provide food for." Restaurants will provide food for you if you've got the cash, and most of the time they'll even let you sit down right there and eat it. Common examples of restaurants include burger joints, cafeterias, pizzerias, sandwich shops, steak houses, seafood shacks, (some) hot-dog stands, ice cream parlors, taquerias, Chinese takeout, (some) bakeries, and fine-dining establishments.
WORD FAMILY
restaurant: restauranter, restaurants
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The fast-food chain’s plan to open a restaurant in a Vatican-owned building was met with derision when it was announced in October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 饭店; 餐馆; 饭馆; 菜馆
分布：餐馆(64%)，饭店(36%)
→来自法语 restaurant,餐饮，餐馆，词源同 restore,储存，存放。即存放食物的地方。
n.餐馆,饭店I'm interested in why he is arrested while resting in aural restaurant in the forest.我对他为何在森林里的香味餐馆歇息的时候被捕感兴趣.
US [-tə.rɑ:nt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where meals are prepared and served to customers 饭店；餐馆；菜馆
UK ['res.trɒnt] US [-tə.rɑ:nt] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  restaurantWarning: Check your spelling! Restaurant is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'au' in the middle.
cafeteria, cafe, restaurant
这组词都有“饭店、餐馆”的意思，其区别是：
cafeteria: 指顾客自取食品到餐桌就餐的餐馆。
cafe: 源于法语，指可供茶、咖啡等饮料和小食品的饮食店。
restaurant: 最常用词，指有各种规格、营业时间固定、供应不同风味菜肴和饮料的食店或大餐厅。
n. [经] 餐馆；饭店
 - hotel, lokanta

Word: broadcast
Front: broadcast
[ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st] (高研四托 3617/5111 -K3)
Vocabulary: broadcast
(once / 287 pages)
vn
To broadcast is to air a program, especially on TV or radio. It also means to tell people about something. If you paint your one true love’s name on your car, you broadcast your feelings to the whole world!
The word broadcast used to have to do with spreading seed, but now it refers to spreading information. It can be a noun or verb — if you turn on the radio, you're hearing a broadcast, and the station is broadcasting that show. You don’t have to be in a studio to broadcast, though. Any time you let a lot of people know about something (whether they like it or not), you broadcast. When information is broadcast, it becomes widely known.
WORD FAMILY
broadcast: broadcasted, broadcaster, broadcasting, broadcasts, rebroadcast +/broadcaster: broadcasters/broadcasting: broadcastings/ rebroadcast: rebroadcasted, rebroadcasting, rebroadcasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television shows the alleged gunman filming himself with a cellphone at Istanbul’s Taksim square.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 广播; 播放; 使广为人知; 尤指用手播（种）
vi. 播放节目; 参加电台、电视节目的演出; 发送传递信号，传播
n. 广播; 电台、电视节目; 播放时间; 播种
adj. 广播的; 播音的; 广泛散布的
时态：broadcast, broadcasting, broadcasts
分布：广播(93%)，广播节目(3%)，散布(2%)，撒播(2%)
v./n.广播(节目)The news about the broadened breadth is broadcast abroad.宽度加宽的消息被广播到国外.
US ['brɑ:d.kæst] verb intransitive or transitive (broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted, broadcast or US ALSO broadcasted)
 ADVANCED
■to send out a programme on television or radio 广播（电视或无线电节目）；播送
• Radio Caroline used to broadcast from a boat in the North Sea. 加罗林电台过去在北海的一艘船上广播。
• The tennis championship is broadcast live to several different countries. 网球锦标赛向几个国家现场直播。
• figurative I'm leaving but please don't broadcast (= tell everyone) the fact. 我要走了，但请不要到处说。
UK ['brɔ:d.kɑ:st] US ['brɑ:d.kæst] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a television or radio programme 电视节目；广播节目
• a radio/television broadcast 电台／电视节目
• We watched a live broadcast of the concert. 我们观看了音乐会的现场直播。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 播送，播放；（无线电或电视）广播；播撒（种子）
 - play, send over
vi. 广播，播送；播放
 - send over
n. 广播；播音；广播节目
 - Pingback

Word: establishment
Front: establishment
[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt] (研四六 2890/1903 -3)
Vocabulary: establishment
(once / 167 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Kids were more comfortable in school after the establishment of a no-tolerance bullying policy in the cafeteria. Establishment means setting up or something that has been set up.
In the 1960s, the youth movement took on what they called "the establishment," by which they meant the way society was set up and organized. Their sentiments could be summed up in a word that is rumored to be one of the longest in the English language, if it actually exists: disestablishmentarianism.
WORD FAMILY
establishment: establishmentarianism, establishmentism, establishments, re-establishment+/ disestablish: disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment/ establish: disestablish, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, reestablish / established: self-established, unestablished/establishmentarianism: antiestablishmentarianism/establishmentism: antiestablishmentism/ reestablish: reestablished, reestablishes, reestablishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Back then the establishment view was that a two-state solution was the key to unlocking stability for the region.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yes, lawmakers should move carefully and be wary of overburdening alcohol establishments and offenders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also be mandatory for establishments to hang posters with helpline details.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 企业; 建立; （通常反对变革的）当权派; 反对改革的保守当权派
分布：建立(82%)，机构(9%)，确立(6%)，当局(2%)，家业(1%)
→来自establish, 建立。
建立,设立(establish建立)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.建立,设立,建立的机构(或组织)The establishment you are looking for is in Bridge Street.你要找的商行在大桥街.
noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
 IMPROVER countable
■a business or other organization, or the place where an organization operates 企业；机构；单位
• an educational/financial/religious establishment 教育／金融／宗教机构
the establishment only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the important and powerful people who control a country or an organization, especially those who support the existing situation （尤指支持维持现状的）当权派，统治集团，权势集团：
• Critics said judges were on the side of the establishment. 批评家声称法官们站在权势集团的一边。
[ɪ'stæb.lɪʃ.mənt] noun
START 开始
uncountable
■the process of starting or creating something, for example an organization 建立；创立
• Since its establishment two years ago, the advice centre has seen over 500 people a week. 从两年前创立至今，这个咨询中心每周都要接待500余人。
• The establishment of new areas of employment is a priority. 创建新的就业领域是当务之急。
n. 确立，制定；公司；设施
 - corporation, facility, company, firm

Word: hero
Front: hero
[ˈhɪərəʊ] (中高研四六雅 1912/2477 -K3)
Vocabulary: hero
(once / 92 pages)
1n 2n
Yes, a hero is a kind of sandwich. But when David Bowie sings, “We can be heroes,” he’s not talking about sandwiches. He’s talking about the more popular kind of hero — the kind who saves your life!
A hero is someone who does fantastic things that people love. The guy who rescues a skater from a frozen pond is a hero. A hero can be the main character of a story, too, if people root for him. Spiderman is the hero of the comic series: he's the central character, but he also saves people. The word hero goes back to the Greek, referring to a demigod.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
hero / protagonist
A hero is the firefighter who pulls you out of a burning car. The protagonist is the main character in the story you write about it.
A hero saves the day. Like a protagonist, a hero can be the main character, but it has to be the good guy. A hero is inspiring; just ask David Bowie or the B-52s. A heroine is the female version, but the language is changing to allow a woman to be a hero, too, as in this example:
She is the latest Star Wars hero and a hit with old and new generations of fans. (The Guardian)
Here's another example of hero:
She called him a hero and that if not for him, the 30 people inside the consulate would not have made it out. ( Washington Post)
A protagonist is the main character in a drama. Unlike a hero, a protagonist does not always do the right thing. A protagonist isn't any ol' character — you wouldn't have tenprotagonists, just one. A protagonist can also be the main character in a real life event. Examples:
We are all the protagonists of our own story, aren't we? (Time)
It's so gratifying that eight of the films on my list, many of which were mainstream hits, feature a woman or girl as the protagonist. (Slate)
The difference is in their Greek roots — the word hero meant "demigod" and a protagonist meant the first person to address the chorus in a Greek drama, also known as the main character.
WORD FAMILY
hero: antihero, heroes, heroic, heroical, heroism, heros+/ antihero: antiheroes/ heroic: heroically, heroicly, heroics/ heroism: heroisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Trojans split up 15 minutes of fame among several unlikely heroes in their NCAA-record 25th Rose Bowl win.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic State claimed him as “a hero soldier of the caliphate” and appeared to refer to Turkey’s role in the Syrian war.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A hero soldier of the caliphate attacked one of the most famous nightclubs, where Christians celebrated their pagan holiday,” the statement read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 英雄，勇士; 男主角; （古代神话中的）神人，半神的勇士
分布：英雄(94%)，男主角(4%)，男主人公(2%)
→来自希腊语heros,半神半人，通常为神和凡人的后代，特别是宙斯在人间的私生子。来自ser,观察，保护，词源同observe,conserve.这些神和人的后代通常具有超人的勇气和力量，而且多在古希腊神话中留下诸多英雄事迹，因此引申词义英雄。参照电影《诸神之战》。
n.英雄,勇士;男主角,男主人公The poet's toes get out of his shoes. Here heroes are zeros.诗人的脚趾露出了鞋子.在这里英雄无足轻重.
US ['hɪr.oʊ] (plural heroes)
noun countable
PERSON 人
 ESSENTIAL (female heroine)
■a person who is admired for having done something very brave or having achieved something great 英雄
• a war hero 战斗英雄
• He became a national hero for his part in the revolution. 他因在革命中所扮演的角色而成为民族英雄。
• humorous Graham says he'll take my parents to the airport at four o'clock in the morning - what a hero! 格雷厄姆说他会在凌晨四点送我父母去机场——他真是个英雄！
⇒ See also anti-hero
 ESSENTIAL (female heroine)
■the main male character in a book or film who is usually good 男主角，主人翁
• the hero of her latest novel 她最新小说里的主人翁
 ADVANCED
■someone who you admire very much 偶像
• Humphrey Bogart's my hero - I've seen every one of his films. 亨弗莱‧鲍加是我的偶像——他的每部影片我都看过。
UK ['hɪə.rəʊ] US ['hɪr.oʊ] (plural heroes)
noun countable
FOOD 食品 US a long thin sandwich filled with cold meat, cheese, salad, etc. （夹有冷切肉、乳酪、沙拉等的）长卷三明治
n. 英雄；男主角，男主人公
 - chief actor, starring actor

Word: crack
Front: crack
[kræk] (研四六托雅宝 3008/3688 -K2)
Vocabulary: crack
(once / 148 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v 5n 6n 7adj 8v 9v
A crack is a very narrow space, chink, or opening. If you favorite mug has a crack in it, it might leak.
A crack can be as thin as a pencil line, or a wider gap, like a crack where your foot gets stuck as you climb down the side of a mountain. Crack is also a verb, meaning "to split or break," and also "to give way under pressure," as when a suspect cracks after hours of being interrogated. An informal kind of crack is a joke: "That crack he made about my haircut really hurt my feelings."
WORD FAMILY
crack: cracked, cracker, cracking, crackingly, cracks+/cracked: crackeder, crackedest/ cracker: crackers/cracking: crackings
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Mr. Gensler soon developed a reputation for cracking down on Wall Street during his time at the agency.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Yet a member of Minju says a vote is now “too risky given the cracks”, including in its own ranks.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
But it is only in the past few years that international banks have started refusing to deal with Sudan, after America cracked down on sanctions-busters.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 破裂，打开; （使…）开裂; 说（笑话）; 开瓶
vi. 断裂，折断; 碎裂声，爆裂声; 镜子破裂了; 失去控制，衰退
n. 裂缝; 试图; 缝隙; （可听到响声的）重击
adj. 训练有素的; 技艺高超的; 优秀的; 一流的
时态：cracked, cracking, cracks
分布：裂缝(68%)，破裂(7%)，破解(5%)，尝试(4%)，崩溃(3%)，爆裂声(3%)，裂痕(3%)，发出爆裂声(2%)，俏皮话(2%)，砸开(2%)，制裁(1%)
→拟声词。
n.裂纹,缝隙;破裂声v.(使)破裂,砸开The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
【记】源于break
verb
BREAK 破裂
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to break something so that it does not separate, but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to become broken in this way （使）破裂；（使）裂开；（使）产生裂纹
• A stone hit the window and cracked the glass. 石块击中窗户，打裂了玻璃。
• I cracked my tooth as I fell. 我摔倒时把牙齿磕了一道裂缝。
• The walls cracked and the roof collapsed in the earthquake. 地震中墙壁开裂，屋顶坍塌。
intransitive informal
■to become mentally and physically weak 身心疲惫；神经崩溃
• Stress and overwork are causing teachers to crack (up). 压力和过度劳累使老师们身心疲惫。
intransitive informal
■to fail as a result of problems 出现隔阂，出现问题；失败
• Their relationship began to crack (up) after their child died. 孩子夭折后，他们的关系开始出现问题。
intransitive
■If someone cracks, they begin to feel weak and agree that they have been defeated 支援不住；崩溃，垮掉
• He cracked during questioning and told us where to find the stolen goods. 他经受不住盘问，向我们供出了赃物藏匿处。
[kræk] verb
GET INTO 进入
transitive
■to break something open, especially in order to reach or use what is inside （尤指为得到或使用某物内部的东西而）使破裂，打开，砸开
• Crack three eggs into a bowl and mix them together. 往碗里打三个蛋，并搅拌均匀。
• He cracked (open) the nuts with his hands. 他用手将坚果捏开。
transitive (also crack into sth)
■to get into someone else's computer system without permission and get information or do something illegal 非法侵入（电脑系统）
transitive informal
■to copy computer programs or recorded material illegally 非法复制（电脑程式或资料）
[kræk] verb
FIND ANSWER 解决问题
transitive
■to find a solution to a problem 解决（问题）；破译
• They cracked the code and read the secret message. 他们破译了密码，读取了密电。
• UK I've been trying to solve this problem all week, but I still haven't cracked it. 整个星期我一直在试图解决这个问题，但还是不得要领。
[kræk] verb
HIT 撞击
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to hit something or someone 碰，撞，击
• I cracked my head on/against the door. 我的头撞在门上。
• They cracked him over the head with a baseball bat. 他们用棒球棒敲打他的脑袋。
[kræk] verb
MAKE SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a sudden, short noise, or to cause something to make this noise （使）劈啪作响；（使）发出爆裂声
• The whip cracked over the horses' heads. 鞭子在马头上方劈啪抽响。
• He's always cracking his knuckles (= pulling the joints of his fingers to make a noise). 他总是把自己的手指关节弄得劈啪作响。
intransitive
■If a voice cracks, its sound changes because the person is upset （嗓音）变嘶哑
• Her voice cracked with emotion as she told the story. 讲起这件事时她激动得嗓音都嘶哑了。
[kræk] verb
MAKE JOKE 开玩笑
transitive
■to make a joke or clever remark 说俏皮话；开玩笑；说笑话
• He's always cracking jokes. 他总爱说笑话。
[kræk] verb
crack the whip
■to use your authority to make someone else behave better or work harder 威逼，施威（使某人表现更好或更卖力）
• We were two months behind schedule, so I decided it was time to crack the whip. 我们比原计划落后了两个月，所以我决定该督促加快进度了。
[kræk] verb
get cracking
■to start doing something quickly 迅速干起来
• Get cracking (= Hurry) , or we'll miss the train. 快点，要不我们赶不上火车了。
• I'd better get cracking with these letters before I go home. 回家前我最好赶紧写这些信。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crack down
■to start dealing with bad or illegal behaviour in a more severe way 制裁；处罚；打击；镇压
• The library is cracking down on people who lose their books. 图书馆将严厉处罚丢书的人。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  crack up informal
■to become mentally ill （精神）崩溃，垮掉
• I think she's cracking up. 我想她要崩溃了。
[kræk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] crack (sb) up informal
■to suddenly laugh a lot, or to make someone suddenly laugh a lot （使）（某人）突然哈哈大笑；（使）（某人）捧腹大笑
• I took one look at her and cracked up. 我看了她一眼，便哈哈大笑起来。
• There's something about that guy's face that just cracks me up. 那家伙的脸上有甚么地方让我直想哈哈大笑。
[kræk] noun
NARROW SPACE 裂缝
 ADVANCED countable
■a very narrow space between parts of something 裂缝，缝隙；裂口
• Cracks had appeared in the dry ground. 干涸的土地上出现了裂缝。
• We peered through the crack in the floorboards. 我们透过地板块之间的缝隙使劲看。
• figurative Cracks began to show in his facade of self-confidence. 他自信的外表下开始露出破绽。
(just) a crack
■so that there is a (very) small space （只有）一条缝
• She opened the door just a crack to listen to the conversation. 她只把门打开一条缝听人谈话。
[kræk] noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a sudden loud sound 爆裂声；劈啪声
• the crack of a rifle/whip/breaking branch 步枪／鞭子／树枝断裂的劈啪声
[kræk] noun
ATTEMPT 尝试
countable usually singular informal
■an attempt; a try 努力；尝试
• It was her first crack at beating the record. 这是她第一次尝试破纪录。
• It's not something I've done before, but I'll UK have/ US take a crack at it. 这事我从未做过，但我会试一试。
[kræk] noun
DRUG 毒品
uncountable (also crack cocaine) slang
■a pure and powerful form of the drug cocaine 强效纯古柯碱
• Several kilos of crack were found in her luggage. 在她的行李中发现了好几公斤强效纯古柯碱。
• a crack addict 吸强效纯古柯碱成瘾的人
[kræk] noun
ENJOYABLE TIME 愉快时光
uncountable
■ craic
[kræk] noun
GET INTO 进入
countable informal
■a method of cracking someone else's computer system 非法侵入（电脑系统）的方法
• Find cracks for your shareware programs. 为你的共用软体找到非法进入的方法。
[kræk] noun
JOKE 笑话
countable
■a wisecrack
[kræk] noun
at the crack of dawn
■very early in the morning, especially at the time at which the sun first appears 大清早，黎明，破晓时分
• We'll have to leave at the crack of dawn. 我们天一亮就得动身。
[kræk] adjective [before noun]
■excellent, of the highest quality 优秀的；顶呱呱的；第一流的
• a crack regiment 王牌军团
• crack troops 精锐部队
grind, crush, crack, smash, clash, crash
grind: 磨碎
crush: 压碎，压坏；
crack: 破裂；
smash: 打碎；
clash: 着重声音；
crash: 着重破坏
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
vt. 使破裂；打开；变声
 - fracture, open up
vi. 破裂；爆裂
 - fracture, come apart at the seams
n. [高分子] 裂缝；声变；噼啪声
 - split, crevice
adj. 最好的；高明的
 - greatest, best, perfect, prime

Word: sustain
Front: sustain
[səˈsteɪn] (研四六托雅宝 2986/2774 -3)
Vocabulary: sustain
(once / 155 pages)
v
Sustain means to support something or keep it going. If you get hungry in the mid-afternoon, you might try snacking to sustain your energy through dinner.
Beams and rafters sustain a roof––they keep it up. If you sustain a conversation over the course of hours, you keep it going during that time. If you sustain an injury, it means you are injured. If you sustain an interest in what you're studying, it means that you're just as excited about the subject after studying as you are when you began.
WORD FAMILY
sustain: sustainable, sustained, sustainer, sustaining, sustainment, sustains, sustenance +/ sustainable: sustainability, sustainably/ sustained: self-sustained, sustainedly/sustainer: sustainers/sustaining: self-sustaining/sustainment: sustainments/ sustenance: sustenances
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Sustaining this policy will allow for further opening, further travel, further U.S. business opportunities.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An officer sustained a minor injury to his hand, Nicholson said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Post-mortem tests confirmed he died from injuries sustained in the fall.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 维持; 支撑，支持; 遭受，忍受; 供养
时态：sustained, sustaining, sustains
分布：维持(69%)，支持(16%)，承受(13%)，认可(1%)，经受(1%)
→sus-,在下，向上，-tain,持，握，词源同 contain,tenure.引申诸相关词义。
支撑;承受(sus+tain握住→在下面握住→支撑)[sus-表示"在…下面"]
支持;赡养(sus下面+tain→在下面拿住[撑住]→支持)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
vt.支撑,撑住;维持,持续,经受,忍耐Having attained the entertaining center, the retained man was detained and sustained pain.到达娱乐中心后,聘请的男子遭到拘留并经受到痛苦.
verb transitive
CONTINUE 继续
 ADVANCED
■to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time 保持，维持，使持续，使继续
• The economy looks set to sustain its growth into next year. 看来经济增长会持续到明年。
• He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women. 他似乎觉得和女人维持关系并不容易。
• US The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection. 法官接受了律师的反对意见。
■to keep alive 维持…的生命，供养
• The soil in this part of the world is not rich enough to sustain a large population. 这里的土地不够肥沃，无法供养大量人口。
[sə'steɪn] verb transitive
SUFFER 遭受 formal
■to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss 经历，遭受（尤指破坏或损失）
• She sustained multiple injuries in the accident. 她在这次事故中有多处受伤。
• Most buildings sustained only minimal damage in the earthquake. 在这次地震中，大多数建筑物受到的破坏都很小。
• The company has sustained heavy losses this year. 公司今年遭受严重的亏损。
[sə'steɪn] verb transitive
SUPPORT 支持
■to support emotionally （情感上）支持
• She was sustained by the strength of her religious faith. 宗教信仰的力量支撑着她。
• The love of my family and friends sustained me through my ordeal. 家人和朋友的爱支撑着我渡过难关。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
vt. 维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
 - maintain, undertake, support, accept, favor

Word: luxury
Front: luxury
[ˈlʌkʃəri] (研四六托雅宝 5575/5235 -3)
Vocabulary: luxury
(once / 167 pages)
n
A luxury is something that is pleasant to have or experience, but it is not necessary. For example, eating in a restaurant is a luxury — you can always cook and eat at home.
In its earliest days, luxury meant "excess that is sinfully self-indulgent." Over time, this definition softened, losing the air of judgment, but retaining the sense that a luxury is enjoyable or comfortable, but not necessary. We often think of a luxury as something costly, but this isn't always so. For example, being able to sleep late or live within walking distance of loved ones or a beautiful forest can also be luxuries.
WORD FAMILY
luxury: luxuriate, luxuries, luxurious +/ luxuriate: luxuriated, luxuriates, luxuriating, luxuriation/luxuriation: luxuriations/ luxurious: luxuriously, luxuriousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Loud, inappropriate and unruly behavior is not tolerated in our luxury resorts.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 奢侈，豪华; 奢侈品，美食，美衣; 乐趣，享受; 不常有的乐趣（或享受、优势）
adj. 奢华的，豪华的
分布：奢侈(44%)，豪华(29%)，奢侈品(27%)
→来自拉丁语luxus,过度，宏伟，壮观，可能来自las,缺乏管制，淫荡，放纵，词源同lust.其原义为自我放纵的，淫荡的，性交等。后词义中性化，用来指感官的愉悦，享受。后词义再次贬义化，用来指奢华，奢侈。
n.奢侈,华贵;奢侈品a.奢华的,豪华的They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
【参】luxuriant（adj 丰产的；丰富的）；luxurious（adj 奢侈的）
【反】spartan（n 简朴的人；adj 简朴的）
US [-ʃɚ-] noun
 ADVANCED uncountable
■great comfort, especially as provided by expensive and beautiful things 奢华，奢侈，豪华
• to live in luxury 生活奢华
• a luxury cruise 豪华巡游
• a luxury hotel 豪华的饭店
 ADVANCED countable
■something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not necessary 奢侈品，名贵品
• luxuries, such as champagne and chocolate 香槟和巧克力之类的奢侈品
• I like to buy myself little luxuries from time to time. 我喜欢时不时地买些小小的奢侈品。
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■something which gives you a lot of pleasure but which you cannot often do 奢侈，奢望
• A day off work is such a luxury. 休息一天不用上班简直是一种奢侈。
n. 奢侈，奢华；奢侈品；享受
 - enjoyment, luxe
adj. 奢侈的
 - extravagant, Lucullian

Word: positive
Front: positive
[ˈpɒzətɪv] (研四六托雅 1049/1198 -K4)
Vocabulary: positive
(once / 124 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj 4adj 5adj 6n
In the simplest sense, positive means good — or the opposite of negative. If you have a positive attitude about homework, for example, you're more likely to get positive feedback on your report card.
Keeping track of positive's many meanings can be positively confusing. For starters, if you're positive about something, you're totally sure. In math, any quantity greater than zero is positive. In medicine, a positive result on a test indicates the presence of a disease. And that isn't a very positive experience for anyone.
WORD FAMILY
positive: positively, positiveness, positives, positivism, positivity+/positivism: positivist, positivistic/positivist: positivists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Rollins still needs to undergo more tests, but “everything is progressing in a positive manner,” McCarthy said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The early signs were far from positive for the defending champion, who looked very rusty as world No63 won the opening four games.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The quarantine began in a barn where two horses tested positive last week.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 积极的; 确实的，肯定的; [数]正的; [医]阳性的
n. 正面; 正片; [语]原级形容词; [数]正量
分布：积极的(54%)，正面(16%)，正面的(10%)，肯定的(6%)，阳性的(5%)，正数(3%)，正片(3%)，明确的(2%)，正数的(1%)
→来自position,放置，位置，-ive,形容词后缀。即放好的，有位置的，原用于法律术语解决的，后引申诸多正面词义。
肯定的;积极的(posit肯定+ive)[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
a.肯定的,积极的,绝对的,无疑的,正的The depositor positively positioned the preposition in that position on purpose.储户有意确信地介词放置在那个位置.
US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
HOPEFUL 有希望的
 ESSENTIAL
■hopeful and confident, or giving cause for hope and confidence 建设性的；积极的；怀有希望的
• a positive attitude 乐观的态度
• On a more positive note, we're seeing signs that the housing market is picking up. 更乐观地说，我们看到了房地产市场正在好转的迹象。
• The past ten years have seen some very positive developments in East-West relations. 在过去的十年里，东西方关系有了一些非常积极的发展。
• There was a very positive response to our new design - people seemed very pleased with it. 我们的新设计获得非常积极的回应——看来人们对该产品非常满意。
Opposite negative
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
■certain and without any doubt 有把握的，确信的，肯定的
• [+ (that)] Are you positive (that) you saw me switch the iron off? 你肯定你看到我关掉了熨斗的开关吗？
• "Are you sure it's okay for me to use your mother's car?" "Positive." “你确定我可以开你母亲的车？”“完全确定。”
• "It was him - I saw him take it." "Are you positive about that?" “是他——我看到他拿的。”“你对此肯定吗？”
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
TEST RESULTS 检测结果
■(of a medical test) showing that a person has the disease or condition for which they are being tested （医学检验）呈阳性的
• a positive pregnancy test 呈阳性的怀孕检验
• He's HIV positive. 他爱滋病检验呈阳性。
• She tested positive for hepatitis. 她肝炎检验呈阳性。
Opposite negative
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
[before noun]
■(used to add force to an expression) complete （用于加强语气）完全的
• Far from being a nuisance, she was a positive joy to have around. 有她在身边完全是个乐趣，一点都不令人讨厌。
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
ABOVE ZERO 大于零的
■(of a number or amount) more than zero （数或量）正的
• Two is a positive number. 2是正数。
Opposite negative
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
ELECTRICITY 电
■being the type of electrical charge which is carried by protons 正电的，正极的 Opposite negative
UK ['pɒz.ə.tɪv] US ['pɑ:.zə.tˌɪv] adjective
BLOOD TYPE 血型
■having the rhesus factor in the blood 血液中含猕因数的；Rh阳性的
• My blood type is O positive. 我的血型是 O 型 Rh 因数呈阳性。
definite, certain, positive, sure
这组词都有“无疑的，确信的”的意思，其区别是：
definite: 指已毫无怀疑的余地。
certain: 与sure同义，但语气比sure强，着重指有确切理由或不容置疑的证据所支持的确信。
positive: 语气强烈，指对自己的看法或作的结论的正确性有不可动摇的信念。
sure: 侧重主观上对某事确信无疑。
adj. [电] 积极的； [摄] [物] [数] 正的， [化学] [医] 阳性的；确定的，肯定的；实际的，真实的；绝对的
 - active, established, practical, actual, fixed, effective, sincere

Word: worldwide
Front: worldwide
[ˈwɜ:ldwaɪd] (高研四托 4457/5136 -3)
Back: adj. 全世界的
adv. 遍及全球地
分布：在全世界(60%)，全世界的(40%)
a.全世界的,世界范围的ad.遍及全世界Chinese porcelain enjoys worldwide fame.中国的瓷器闻名世界.
US [ˌwɝ:ld-/ UK ['--] adjective adverb
 IMPROVER
■existing or happening in all parts of the world 世界范围的，全世界的；在全世界的
• a worldwide recession 全世界的经济衰退
• An increase in average temperature by only a few degrees could cause environmental problems worldwide. 平均气温仅仅升高几度便可能导致全球性的环境问题。
adj. 全世界的
 - universal

Word: occur
Front: occur
[əˈkɜ:(r)] (高研四六托雅 756/634 -K4)
Vocabulary: occur
(once / 58 pages)
v
Use the verb occur when an event or a thought happens, like when it occurs to you that you've left home without your umbrella. Maybe you didn't hear the forecast that showers would occur this afternoon.
The verb occur comes from the Latin, occurrere, “to meet” or “to present itself.” When something occurs, it comes into being, like a thought that seems to present itself from out of the blue, like when it suddenly occurs to you that you forgot to ask your guests if they'd like a cup of tea, or that it would never occur to your Mother that some people spend a small fortune on handbags. Events can also occur, meaning "take place," like a meeting that will occur tomorrow.
WORD FAMILY
occur: co-occur, occured, occuring, occurred, occurring, occurs
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Shootings jumped 46% to 3,550, with most occurring in poor and minority neighborhoods on the South and West sides.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Some say this is where the real therapy occurs.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vi. 发生; 出现; 闪现
时态：occurred, occurring, occurs
分布：发生(66%)，出现(26%)，存在(6%)，想到(2%)
→oc-,相对，对着的，-cur,跑，词源同current,course.即跑到一起的，引申词义遇到，出现，发生。
发生,出现(oc反复+cur→反复跑→[反复]发生)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
v.发生,出现;存在;想起,想到At the beginning of June an event occurred.六月初发生了一件事.
US [-'kɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
HAPPEN 发生
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■(especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to happen （尤指事故及其他意外事件）发生
• An accident involving over ten vehicles has occurred in the east-bound lane. 在东向车道上发生了一起涉及十多辆汽车的交通事故。
• If any of these symptoms occur while you are taking the medicine, consult your doctor immediately. 服药期间如果产生了这些症状中的任何一种，要立即就医。
UK [ə'kɜ:r] US [-'kɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
EXIST 存在
   intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to exist or be present in, among, etc 存在；出现
• Violence of some sort seems to occur in every society. 每个社会似乎都会存在某种形式的暴力。
• Minerals occur naturally in the Earth's crust. 矿物自然存在于地壳中。
UK [ə'kɜ:r] US [-'kɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  occur to sb
■If a thought or idea occurs to you, it comes into your mind （某人）想到，（想法或主意）出现在（某人）头脑中
• The thought did occur to me. 我确实冒出了这个念头。
• [+ that] It never even occurred to us that he hadn't been invited. 我们压根儿没想到他未被邀请。
• Does it never occur to you that I might like to be on my own occasionally? 你难道从没想过有时候我或许喜欢独处？
UK [ə'kɜ:r] US [-'kɝ:] (-rr-)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  occurWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using occur in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'rr'. Don't write 'occured', write occu rr ed. The -ing form is occu rr ing.
take place, chance, happen, occur
这组词都有“发生”的意思，其区别是：
take place: 多指通过人为安排的发生。
chance: 侧重事前无安排或无准备而发生的事，特指巧合。
happen: 普通用词，泛指一切客观事物或情况的发生，强调动作的偶然性。
occur: 较正式用词，可指意外地发生，也可指意料中的发生。
vi. 发生；出现；存在
 - happen, exist, proceed, figure, offer

Word: function
Front: function
[ˈfʌŋkʃn] (高研四六雅 1442/782 -K4)
Vocabulary: function
(once / 149 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
In the old "Schoolhouse Rock" song, "Conjunction junction, what's your function?," the word function means, "What does a conjunction do?" The famous design dictum "form follows function" tells us that an object's design should reflect what it does.
Function is one of those words that gets used a lot and means lots of different things. It means what something does, but also what a person does, whether something or someone is doing what they should, and crazily enough, a big party. "Your function is to bring the senator coffee at the political function. He cannot function without it."
WORD FAMILY
function: disfunction, functional, functionary, functioned, functioning, functions, misfunction+/ functional: functionalism, functionality, functionally, nonfunctional, unfunctional/functionalism: functionalist/functionalist: functionalists/functionality: functionalities/ functionary: functionaries/ functioning: functionings/misfunction: misfunctioned, misfunctioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Louis is not the first celebrity with an app, and the sales and communication functions of his app are not particularly unique.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
These complex processes may pass unnoticed by the driver, but their uninterrupted functioning is crucial.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s absurd how many cars and trucks are driving with only one functioning headlight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 功能，作用; 应变量，函数; 职务; 重大聚会
vi. 有或起作用; 行使职责
时态：functioned, functioning, functions
分布：函数(55%)，功能(39%)，运行(3%)，重大聚会(1%)，起作用(1%)，职务(1%)
→来自拉丁语functio, 履行，执行。
功能[funct=perform,表示"活动"]
n.功能,作用;(pl.)职务;函数v.起作用The fundamental fund functions punctually in conjunction with abundant capital.这笔重要基金与充裕的资本一起准时发挥作用.
noun
PURPOSE 目的
 IMPROVER countable
■the natural purpose (of something) or the duty (of a person) 功能，用途；职责
• The function of the veins is to carry blood to the heart. 静脉的功能是将血液输送回心脏。
• I'm not quite sure what my function is within the company. 我拿不太准自己在公司里有甚么职责。
• A thermostat performs the function of controlling temperature. 自动调温器的功用是控制温度。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
CEREMONY 仪式
countable
■an official ceremony or a formal social event, such as a party or a special meal, at which a lot of people are usually present 典礼；仪式；社交聚会
• As a mayor, he has a lot of official functions to attend. 作为市长，他要参加很多官方活动。
• I see her two or three times a year, usually at social functions. 我一年能见她两三次，通常都是在社交聚会上。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
WORK 运行
uncountable
■the way in which something works or operates 工作，运行
• It's a disease which affects the function of the nervous system. 这是一种影响神经系统功能的疾病。
• Studies suggest that regular intake of the vitamin significantly improves brain function. 研究显示定期服用维生素会显著增强大脑功能。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
RESULT 结果
a function of sth formal
■something which results from something else, or which is as it is because of something else …的结果
• His success is a function of his having worked so hard. 他的成功是辛勤工作的结果。
• The low temperatures here are a function of the terrain as much as of the climate. 这里的低温是地形与气候同时作用的结果。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] noun
VALUE 值
countable specialized
■(in mathematics) a value which depends on and varies with another value （数学中的）函数，应变数
• x is a function of y. x是y的函数。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to work or operate 运作；工作；起作用
• You'll soon learn how the office functions. 你很快就会了解办事处的运作了。
• The television was functioning normally until yesterday. 一直到昨天电视机还一切正常。
• I'm so tired today, I can barely function. 我今天太累了，简直动不了了。
['fʌŋk.ʃən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  function as sth/sb
■to perform the purpose of a particular thing or the duties of a particular person 充当；当作；起…的作用
• We have a spare bedroom which also functions as a study. 我们有一间空卧室可以当书房用。
obligation, duty, function, responsibility
这组词都有“义务”的意思，其区别是：
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准，一个人永远要尽的义务，强调自觉性。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分，强调对他人的责任。
n. [计] 功能； [数] 函数； [管理] 职责；盛大的集会
 - action, obligation, fn
vi. 运行；活动；行使职责
 - exercise one's activity

Word: imply
Front: imply
[ɪmˈplaɪ] (研四六托 2796/1675 -K3)
Vocabulary: imply
(once / 177 pages)
v
Imply means to express, suggest, or show something without stating it directly: A friend’s gruff manner would imply that she’s in a foul mood.
The verb imply comes from a Latin word meaning “enfold or entangle” but has come to mean “to hint at.” You might imply something that you don’t want to outright say if you’re feeling coy. If you don’t call someone back after she leaves eight messages, you imply that you don’t want to chat. When you make a subtle suggestion, you imply.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
imply / infer
Imply and infer are opposites, like a throw and a catch. To imply is to hint at something, but to infer is to make an educated guess. The speaker does the implying, and the listener does the inferring.
To imply is to suggest something indirectly. If you hand your friend a stack of napkins during dinner, you imply that she needs them. Things can imply, too, like a chimney that implies a fireplace. Check out these examples:
By their very definition, flea markets imply cheap prices for used and unwanted items, as is still the case in most other places. (New York Times)
Stern also implied the entire season might be at risk. (Seattle Times)
It isn't fair to imply that cardiovascular disease is going away. (Nature)
Infer is on the receiving end of imply, yet infer is often used to mean imply. To infer is to gather, deduce, or figure out.Writers tend to know how to use infer correctly:
He talks about having led in the private sector but voters have to infer too much about what that means. (Slate)
They were also better at inferring feelings from images of just the eyes. (Scientific American)
Yet it must not be inferred that farming women are without mental ability or common sense. (Sidney Lewis Gulick)
Like baseball? Theodore Bernstein, in his classic The Careful Writer, gives us a way to keep imply and infer straight: "The implier is the pitcher; the inferrer is the catcher."
WORD FAMILY
imply: implication, implicative, implied, implies, implying+/ implication: implicational, implications
USAGE EXAMPLES
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The first statute even implied driving one-handed was the root issue.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Here too, the laws of gravity imply that the outer stars should move relatively slowly compared to those nearer the central mass.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 暗示; 意味; 隐含; 说明，表明
时态：implied, implying, implies
分布：暗示(94%)，意指(5%)，含有 ... 的意义(1%)
→im-,进入，使，-ply,编织，卷入，词源同apply,implicate.
暗示,意味(im进入+ply→重叠表达→暗示[表面一层意思,后面一层意思])[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.意指,含...意思,暗示Silence often implies consent.沉默往往表示默许.
【记】implicate（vt 暗示；牵连）
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly 暗指，暗示
• [+ (that)] Are you implying (that) I'm fat? 你是在暗示我长得胖吗？
• I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight? 我并不是暗示你做的饭不好吃，只是想提议我们今晚去外面吃，好吗？
• I detected an implied criticism of the way he was treated. 我察觉到他在含蓄地批评别人待他不好。
■formal
■to involve something or make it necessary 必然包含；使成为必需
• Socialism implies equality. 社会主义必然包含平等。
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
imply, hint, suggest
这组词都有“暗示”的意思，其区别是：
imply: 侧重指话语、行为或情景中的一种暗示，听者或读者必须加以逻辑推断才能领会。
hint: 指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事。
suggest: 指有意或无意的，直接或间接暗示，强调事物的表征等使人引起联想。
infer, imply
infer: v. (根据已知事实)推断，推理。
 • I infer from your smile that you are happy.   从你的笑容可以看出你很高兴。
imply: v. (从言语或态度中)暗示，暗指(某种事情)。
 • The Secretary of the Treasury implied that interest rates would go down.   财政大臣暗示利率将下降。
vt. 意味；暗示；隐含
 - mean, hint at

Word: suddenly
Front: suddenly
[ˈsʌdənli] (四六 955/854 -K4)
Vocabulary: suddenly
(once / 33 pages)
adv
If you're walking on a crowded street and you stop suddenly — abruptly and without warning — somebody walking behind you may bump into you.
If you experience love at first sight, you've suddenly fallen in love. If you're driving at night and a deer jumps out in front of you, you might suddenly have to swerve to avoid it. Suddenly is the kind of adverb you might use a lot if you're describing the plot of an action movie, a mystery novel, or any story in which lots of unexpected things happen.
WORD FAMILY
sudden: suddener, suddenest, suddenly, suddenness+/suddenness: suddennesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The call deprived the Trojans’ suddenly beleaguered defense of its top tackler.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Suddenly, he said something personal about himself that astounded me.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But sometimes the Patriots do things that will baffle you until suddenly everything becomes obvious.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 意外地，忽然地; 奄; 勃; 霍然
分布：突然地(100%)
→sudden,突然的，-ly,副词后缀。
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■quickly and unexpectedly 突然；猛地，骤然
• "Do you remember much about the accident?" "No, it all happened so suddenly." “你还记得事故是怎么回事吗？”“不记得了，事情发生得太突然。”
• I was just dozing off to sleep when suddenly I heard a scream from outside. 我正昏昏欲睡的时候，突然听到外面一声尖叫。
• I suddenly realised what I'd said, but it was too late. 我突然意识到自己说了甚么，不过为时已晚。
adv. 突然地；忽然
 - sharp, abruptly