Title: TheEconomist_0-2K (part 2)

Word: future
Front: future
[ˈfju:tʃə(r)] (中高雅 654/639 -K5)
Vocabulary: future
(once / 40 pages)
nadj
A time that hasn’t happened yet is the future. You're reading this in the present, and what you read by clicking on the link for the next screen will happen in the future, i.e., in the time ahead.
Future goes back to the Latin root futūrus "about to be," and it is a noun or an adjective referring to things to come. When we hope, we are often imagining what will happen in the future. You might dream of becoming a doctor in the future, or you're looking forward to the weekend, just days away but still in the future. Now is the present, yesterday is the past, and tomorrow is the future, the opposite of the past.
WORD FAMILY
future: futureless, futurely, futures, futurism, futurity+/futurism: futurisms, futurist, futuristic / futurist: futurists/ futuristic: futuristically/futurity: futurities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dear Amy: I appreciated your advice to “Worried Future Mother-in-Law,” whose daughter was marrying a guy whose mother was belligerent when drunk.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
But experts say it is the battle for dominance in innovation and science that is more likely to determine the economy of the future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
An additional 200,000 Israelis live in East Jerusalem, which Palestinians want as their future capital.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 将来的，未来的; [语法学]将来时的
n. 前途; [美国俚语]未婚妻; 期货
分布：将来(68%)，将来的(25%)，前程(4%)，期货(3%)
→来自拉丁语futurus, 将来，未来，来自bheue, 存在，是，词源同be, physic.
n.将来,未来;前途,前景a.将来的,未来的Furthermore, we gathered leather and feather for the future colder weather.而且,我们收集了皮革和羽毛以应付将来更冷的天气.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
TIME TO COME 将来
the future only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of time that is to come 将来；未来；今后
• Sometimes I worry about the future. 有时候我担心未来。
• I wonder what the future holds for (= what will happen to) you and me. 我不知道你和我未来会怎么样。
• I'm sure at some point in the future I'll want a baby. 我确信在未来的某个时候我会想要一个孩子。
• We need to plan for the future. 我们需要计划一下未来。
• Do you plan to leave London in the distant future or the near future? 你计划在较远的将来还是不久之后离开伦敦？
• I can see those two getting married in the not too distant future (= quite soon). 我看得出那两个人离结婚不远了。
 ESSENTIAL
■in grammar, the form of a verb which you use when talking about something that will happen or exist （文法上的）将来时，将来式
• In the sentence 'Who will look after the dog?' the verb phrase 'will look' is in the future. 句子 Who will look after the dog?中，动词短语 will look 用的是将来式。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■what will happen to someone or something in the time that is to come 将来的事；前途；前景
• Torn apart by war, its economy virtually destroyed, this country now faces a very uncertain future. 经过战争的蹂躏，这个国家的经济几乎遭到了根本性的破坏，前途未卜。
• She's a very talented young singer, Mike, and I personally think she's got a great future ahead of her! 她是个非常有天赋的年轻歌手，麦克，我个人认为她的前途一片光明。
• The future isn't looking too rosy for these companies. 这些公司的前途看起来不怎么妙。
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the chance of continuing success or existence for something 成功的可能性；继续存在的可能性
• With falling audiences, the future of this theatre is in doubt. 随着观众数量的下降，这家剧院的未来堪忧。
in future mainly UK (US usually in the future)
 ADVANCED
■used at the beginning or end of a sentence in which there is a decision about a plan of action or a warning （用于表示决定或警告的句子的句首或句尾）今后，从今往后
• Could you be more careful in future? 你以后能不能仔细些？
• In future I won't bother asking him out anywhere if he's just going to complain that he's bored! 从今往后如果他抱怨说无聊，我不会再邀他出去玩。
• In future I'm going to check every single piece of work that you do! 今后我要检查你做过的每项工作。
  Common Learner Errors  in future or in the future? Remember: in UK English, 'in future' is used to talk about what will happen starting from now. To talk about what will happen in a period of time that is to come, don't say 'in future', say in the future :
✗ I believe that in future all our clothes will be made of plastic. I believe that in the future all our clothes will be made of plastic.
UK ['fju:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
MONEY 钱
futures [plural]
■agreements for the buying and selling of goods, in which the price is agreed before a particular future time at which the goods will be provided 期货；期货交易
• the futures market 期货市场
• She works in futures. 她从事期货交易。
UK ['fju:.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] adjective [before noun]
■happening or existing in the future 未来的；将来的
• Of course we'll keep you up to date with any future developments. 当然我们会让你知道将来最新的进展情况。
• There's an old superstition that young girls going to bed on this night dream of their future husbands. 有这么一种古老的迷信，认为年轻姑娘们这天晚上睡觉会梦到未来的丈夫。
■In grammar, the future form of a verb is used when talking about something that will happen or exist （文法中）将来时的，将来式的
• How do you say that in the future tense ? 那句话用将来式怎么说？
for future reference
■used when you tell someone something so that it will be known about and can be used in the future 以后要记住
• For future reference, could you use the headed paper for any correspondence that leaves this office? 以后要记住，从这个办公室发出去的信都要用带有抬头的信纸。
n. 未来；前途；期货；将来时
 - tomorrow, prospect
adj. 将来的，未来的
 - prospective, ulterior

Word: cause
Front: cause
[kɔ:z] (中高研四六托雅 601/476 -K5)
Vocabulary: cause
(once / 18 pages)
nv
A cause makes an effect, and you're likely to hear the phrase "cause and effect" when people are trying to analyze how things happen.
Cause can also mean something worth fighting for — like social justice or animal rights. You might raise money for a good cause, like ending poverty. Once the doctor determines the cause of your illness, she might make it her personal cause to discover a cure. The verb cause is all about the action of producing an effect, like when you slice onions and it causes your eyes to water.
WORD FAMILY
cause: causal, causation, causative, caused, causeless, causes, causing+/ causal: causality, causally, noncausal/ causality: causalities/ causation: causations/causative: causatively, noncausative/caused: uncaused/causeless: causelessly/causing: causings/uncaused: uncausedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It caused some pain at halftime Sunday, and is something the Lakers are watching.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Brisley said the cause of the outage was still being evaluated.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 原因; 动机; 理由; 事业
vt. 成为…的原因; 导致; 引起; 使遭受
时态：caused, causing, causes
分布：引起(70%)，原因(11%)，理由(8%)，事业(7%)，使发生(4%)
→来自拉丁词causa, 原因，词源同because.
n.原因;事业,事件,奋斗目标v.使产生,引起The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
US [kɑ:z] noun
REASON 原因
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the reason why something, especially something bad, happens （尤指不好的事情发生的）原因，起因
• The police are still trying to establish the cause of the fire. 警方仍在努力调查失火的原因。
• She had died of natural causes. 她是自然死亡。
• I wouldn't tell you without (good)cause (= if there was not a (good) reason). 没有（正当的）理由，我是不会告诉你的。
• I believe we have/there is just cause (= a fair reason) for taking this action. 我认为我们采取这样的行动有正当的理由。
uncountable
■a reason to feel something or to behave in a particular way 理由；根据；缘故
• He's never given me any cause for concern. 他从未让我担心过。
UK [kɔ:z] US [kɑ:z] noun
PRINCIPLE 原则
 ADVANCED countable
■a socially valuable principle which is strongly supported by some people （为某些人所强烈支持的）原则，事业，目标
• They are fighting for a cause - the liberation of their people. 他们正为解放人民这一事业而战斗。
• I'll sponsor you for £10 - it's all in a good cause. 我资助你十英镑——这都是为了做正经事嘛。
UK [kɔ:z] US [kɑ:z] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make something happen, especially something bad 使（不好的事情）发生；造成，导致
• The difficult driving conditions caused several accidents. 艰难的驾驶条件引发了好几次意外。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The bright light caused her to blink. 明亮的光线刺得她直眨眼睛。
• Most heart attacks are caused by blood clots. 大多数心脏病都是由于血液凝块所致。
• [+ two objects] I hope the children haven't caused you too much trouble. 我希望孩子没有给你添了太多麻烦。
UK [kɒz] US [kɑ:z] conjunction informal
■because 因为，由于
• I'll host the party cause I've got plenty of room at my house. 因为我家地方大，所以将由我来举办宴会。
• I try to practise my French every day, cause I'm not very good at it. 我的法语不太好，所以我尽可能地天天练习。
realize, cause, effect, produce
这组词都有“产生、实现”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 着重指把过去的计划或意愿变成现实。
cause: 强调事物的因果关系。
effect: 侧重成功地完成一件要做的事情，强调结果或影响。
produce: 侧重有意或无意地产生出好的或坏的，实际可见的效果。
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
cause, reason, excuse
这组词都有“原因”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 指直接导致事情发生的原因，与所发生的事个有因果关系。
reason: 强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因，不是直接说明起因。
excuse: 指为自己辩解，希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由，是借口性的理由。
n. 原因；事业；目标
 - career, consideration, enterprise, matter, target
vt. 引起；使遭受
 - attract, produce, occasion, operate, induce

Word: family
Front: family
[ˈfæməli] (中高雅 147/200 -K5)
Vocabulary: family
(once / 20 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
If you say, "my family — they're crazy," you're probably talking about a group of people who are related to you by blood or marriage. Sometimes the word family specifically means a group of parents and children, so you could be referring to your crazy parents or kids.
Family is used many different ways. It can mean "household," or the people you live with, or it can refer to a partner and the children you are raising together. Your family can include people you've never met, like distant cousins, if you're using it to talk about the wider group of all of your relatives. There's also the scientific term family, which is a term that ranks the way different organisms are related to each other.
WORD FAMILY
family: familial, families, subfamily, superfamily+/subfamily: subfamilies/superfamily: superfamilies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Now 36 years old, she grew up in a family where office work was the norm, and attended college intending to become a teacher.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
After a year at cozy Williams, the empty dorm felt cavernous and overwhelming to the Robinson family.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mark Campbell was part of a group of Kurdish activists who visited Mr Lock's family.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 家庭; 家族; 孩子; 祖先
adj. 家庭的; 一家所有的; 属于家庭的; 适合全家人的
分布：家庭(62%)，家族(16%)，家庭的(8%)，家族的(5%)，子女(4%)，亲属(2%)，语族(2%)，适合于全家的(1%)
→来自拉丁语famulus, 仆人，家仆。原义为带仆人的大家庭或家族。进一步来自dhe, 做，建立，词源同do, fact.后词义通用化，也用于指三口之家的小家等。
n.家,家庭成员;氏族,家庭;族,科In the famine I got familiar with this famous family name/surname.在饥荒中,我熟悉了这个有名的姓.
noun
SOCIAL GROUP 社会群体
 ESSENTIAL [+ sing/pl verb] countable or uncountable
■a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a father, and their children 家，家庭
• A new family has/have moved in next door. 隔壁新搬来一户人家。
• I come from a large family - I have three brothers and two sisters. 我来自一个大家庭，有三个兄弟，两个姐妹。
• He hasn't any family. 他无亲无故。
• He's American but his family (= relatives in the past) come/comes from Ireland. 他是美国人，但他的祖籍是爱尔兰。
• This film is good family entertainment (= something that can be enjoyed by parents and children together). 这部电影是很棒的家庭娱乐片。
• How does family life (= being married, having children, etc.) suit you? 你对家庭生活还满意吗？
 IMPROVER [+ sing/pl verb] countable usually singular uncountable
■the children of a family 子女
• Women shouldn't have to choose between career and family (= having children). 在事业与家庭之间，女人不应该只能选择其一。
• Paul and Alison are hoping to start a family (= have children) soon. 保罗和爱丽森期待着不久能生个小孩。
• My dad died when we were small so my mum raised the family on her own. 我们很小的时候爸爸就去世了，因此是妈妈一个人把孩子养大的。
[+ sing/pl verb] countable
■a pair of adult animals and their babies 一窝（动物）
• We've got a family of squirrels living in our garden. 我们的花园里住着一窝松鼠。
['fæm.əl.i] noun
BIOLOGICAL GROUP 生物群
countable specialized
■a large group of related types of animal or plant （动植物的）科
• The lion is a member of the cat family. 狮子属猫科。
['fæm.əl.i] noun
be in the family way old-fashioned informal
■to be pregnant 怀孕
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
n. 家庭；家族；家属；子女；亲属；僚属
 - household, folk, race
adj. 家庭的，家族的
 - household, domestic, home

Word: energy
Front: energy
[ˈenədʒi] (中研四六雅 615/765 -K4)
Vocabulary: energy
(once / 93 pages)
1n 2n 3n
The general meaning of energy is the ability to be active. If you have a lot of energy, it means you like to be active. If you plan a low-energy day, it means a day of lounging around.
Energy is from Greek energeia "activity, operation," from energos "active, effective," from en "in" plus ergon "work." Specialized senses of the word energy include the power that comes from sources such as heat or electricity, and the ability of sources such as heat or light to do work. In physics, an erg is the centimeter-gram-second unit used to measure the amount of energy or the amount of work done.
WORD FAMILY
energy: energetic, energies, energise, energize +/ energetic: energetically, unenergetic, unenrgetic/energise: de-energise, energised, energiser, energises, energising/energiser: energisers/ energize: de-energize, energized, energizer, energizes, energizing/energizer: energizers/energizing: energizingly, energizings/unenergetic: unenergetically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
The woman told her the massage used energy to heal.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They brought us an energy and a toughness that we lack a lot of the times on the defensive end.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [物]能量; 活力; 精力; 精神
分布：能源(55%)，精力(31%)，活力(14%)
→en-, 进入，使。-erg, 做功，工作，词源同work, synergy.
能量;活力(en进入+erg+y→进入能量→能量)[erg=energy,work,表示"能量,活动"]
n.活力,精力;能,能量The shortage of energy is the problem.能源的缺乏是问题所在.
US [-ɚ-] noun
STRENGTH 力量
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the power and ability to be physically and mentally active 精力；活力；干劲
• Since I started eating more healthily I've got so much more energy. 自从更加注意饮食健康以来，我精力愈发充沛了。
• I was going to go out this evening, but I just haven't got the energy. 今晚我本打算出去玩的，可是实在没有力气了。
• [+ to infinitive] I didn't even have the energy to get out of bed. 我连下床的力气都没了。
• approving Her writing is full of passion and energy (= enthusiasm). 她的文章中充满热情和活力。
energies [plural]
■the total of all your power and ability to be mentally and physically active （全部）精力，力量
• I'm going to channel all my energies into getting a better job. 我要全力以赴去找个更好的工作。
UK ['en.ə.dʒi] US [-ɚ-] noun
POWER 能量
 ESSENTIAL
■the power from something such as electricity or oil, which can do work, such as providing light and heat 能，能量；能源
• The energy generated by the windmill drives all the drainage pumps. 风车产生的能量为所有的排水泵提供动力。
• energy conservation/efficiency. 节能／能源使用效率
• nuclear energy 核能
might, strength, power, vigour, force, energy
这组词都有“力”的意思，其区别是：
might: 多指巨大或超人的力量。
strength: 指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force。
power: 最普通用词，泛指一切力量或能力等。
vigour: 指由生命元气的存在所产生的活力、精力。
force: 着重指克服障碍，推动人或物朝所要求的方向运动或能产生明显效应的力量。
energy: 用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
n. [物] 能量；精力； [劳经] 活力；精神
 - vitality, spirit, soul, mind, spring

Word: crisis
Front: crisis
[ˈkraɪsɪs] (研四六雅 1206/1467 -K4)
Vocabulary: crisis
(once / 131 pages)
n
A crisis is a difficult or dangerous time in which a solution is needed — and quickly. For example, the crisis caused by a natural disaster might inspire you and your friends to make a donation.
The noun crisis comes from the Latinized form of the Greek word krisis, meaning "turning point in a disease." At such a moment, the person with the disease could get better or worse: it's a critical moment. Think of a celebrity whose recent antics generate headlines like "Rock Star in Crisis" — that person needs help that may or may not be sought. At the moment of crisis, things are unstable and maybe even dangerous.
WORD FAMILY
crisis: crises, crisises
USAGE EXAMPLES
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Capucci remained in the headlines following his release, attempting to mediate in the Iran hostage crisis.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Gov. Ricardo Rossello, 37, proposed several measures aimed at alleviating the crisis shortly after he was sworn in at midnight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 危机; 危难时刻; 决定性时刻，紧要关头; 转折点
分布：危机(99%)，危急关头(1%)
→krei, 区分，筛选，词源同crime, critic. 进一步来自sker, 砍，劈，词源同shear,carnal. 引申义区分，选择，危机。
危机(cris+is→需要作出判断的时刻→危机时刻)[crit,cris=judge,discern,表示"判断,分辨"]
n.(pl.crises)危机,紧要关头The critic's criticism is critical to the crisis.评论家的批评对这场危机至关重要.
['kraɪ.sɪs] (plural crises)
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a situation that has reached an extremely difficult or dangerous point; a time of great disagreement, uncertainty or suffering 危机；紧要关头，危急时刻
• crisis talks 解决危机的会谈
• The country's leadership is in crisis. 该国的领导层陷入了危机。
• an economic/financial crisis 经济／金融危机
• I've got a family crisis on my hands - my 16-year-old sister is pregnant. 我家里出了件大事要我来处理——我16岁的妹妹怀孕了。
• A mediator has been called in to resolve the crisis. 已请了一名调解人前来解决危机。
countable
■a moment during a serious illness when there is the possibility of suddenly getting either a lot better or a lot worse （疾病的）危险期，关键期
• He's passed the crisis - the fever's started to go down. 他已经渡过了危险期——开始退烧了。
crisis of confidence
■a sudden loss of confidence 信任危机
• With inflation at 500%, the country faces a crisis of confidence. 通货膨胀率已达到了500%，该国正面临着信任危机。
emergency, crisis, urgency
emergency: “紧急情况”，强调突如其来的事故或情况
crisis: “危机，危急”，着重某一事故或情况关系到生死存亡
urgency: “紧急，急迫（的状态）”，an emergency=a matter of urgency
n. 危机；危险期；决定性时刻
 - defining moment, critical stage

Word: centre
Front: centre
[ˈsentə(r)] (中高研四六雅 -/327 -K5)
Back: n. 中心; （市镇的）中心区; 中心点; 中枢
vt. & vi. 置于中央; 集中; 把…当作中心; （使）成为中心
时态：centred, centring, centres
分布：中心(83%)，中心的(13%)，居中(2%)，中央的(1%)，使集中(1%)
n.中心,中央,中间vt.集中vi.以..为中心The library is in the centre of the town.图书馆在市中心.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
MIDDLE 中间
 ESSENTIAL
■the middle point or part 中心点；中心，中央
• There was a large table in the centre of the room. 屋子中央有张大桌子。
• the town centre 市中心
centre of attention
■the person or thing that everyone is most interested in and pays most attention to 关注的中心；瞩目的焦点
• She's the centre of attention everywhere she goes. 她不论走到哪里都是众人瞩目的焦点。
be at the centre of sth
■to be most involved in a situation 处于…的焦点；处于…的中心
• Mark was at the centre of the argument. 马克处于争论的风口浪尖上。
• A social worker was at the centre of the scandal. 一位社工处于这桩丑闻的漩涡之中。
UK (ALSO US center) UK ['sen.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL
■a place or building, especially one where a particular activity happens （尤指某一活动的）中心
• a sports/leisure/health centre 体育／休闲／保健中心
• a garden/shopping centre 园艺／购物中心
• Grants will be given to establish centres of excellence (= places where a particular activity is done extremely well) in this field of research. 将会拨款在这个领域建立出色的研究中心。
UK (ALSO US center) UK ['sen.tər] US [-tˌɚ] noun only singular [+ sing/pl verb] adjective
■in politics, the people in a group who hold opinions which are not extreme but are between two opposites （政治上）中间立场（的），中间派（的）
• His political views are known to be left of/right of centre. 人们知道他的政治观点属于中间偏左／右。
• a centre left party 中左派（政党）
UK (ALSO US center) UK ['sen.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
■to put something in the middle of an area 将…放在中央，使置中
• Centre (= Put at equal distances from the left and right sides of the page) all the headings in this document. 把这份档中的所有标题置中。
UK (ALSO US center) UK ['sen.tər] US [-tˌɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  centre around/on sth
■to have something as the main subject of discussion or interest （话题或兴趣）以…为中心，围绕着
• The discussion centred around reducing waste. 讨论围绕着减少浪费而展开。
vi. 以…为中心
 - center around, center on
vt. 集中；将…放在中央
 - concentrate, localise
n. 中心
 - focus, hub
adj. 中央的
 - mid, ental

Word: budget
Front: budget
[ˈbʌdʒɪt] (高研四六托雅宝 1054/1062 -K4)
Vocabulary: budget
(once / 161 pages)
nv
A budget is a sum of money set aside and divided up to cover particular expenses. Like allotting certain amounts for food, rent, movies, and manicures every month to make sure you don't run out of cash.
From the Middle French bougette, the noun budget translated to “leather pouch” when it was first used in the early 15th century. Perhaps a leather pouch to hold gold coins? It wasn’t until 1733 that the word took on the more specific financial meaning it has nowadays. You can budget all sorts of things, including time, money, and energy. Every year, Congress tries to balance the Federal budget — but that's no easy task.
WORD FAMILY
budget: budgetary, budgeted, budgeting, budgets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Legislators will already face a $348 million budget shortfall when they return to Topeka on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dalrymple’s budget proposed transferring earnings to the general fund but leaving the principal untouched.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 预算; 预算案; 预算拨款; 一束
vt. & vi. 把…编入预算; 谨慎花钱
adj. 价格低廉的; 花钱少的; 收费合理的; 便宜的
vt. 在预算中拨款给; 按预算拨（款）; 按预算来计划（或安排）; 规划
vi. 做安排(for)
时态：budgeted, budgeting, budgets
分布：预算(97%)，廉价的(1%)，节省开支(1%)，编预算(1%)
→来自拉丁词bulga, 皮袋子，钱夹。词源同ball, 膨胀，鼓起，球。预算来自钱夹比喻义。比较 bourse, 钱夹，股票交易所。
n.预算v.做预算The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a plan to show how much money a person or organization will earn and how much they will need or be able to spend 预算
• The firm has drawn up a budget for the coming financial year. 公司草拟了下一财政年度的预算方案。
• Libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to remain within (their) budget. 图书馆感到想把支出维持在预算之内越来越难。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the amount of money you have available to spend 预算费
• an annual budget of £40 million 每年4000万英镑的预算
['bʌdʒ.ɪt] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to plan how much money you will spend on something 制订预算，计划（开支）
• An extra £20 million has been budgeted for schools this year. 今年学校预算增加了2000万英镑。
['bʌdʒ.ɪt] adjective [before noun]
■very cheap 低廉的
• a budget holiday/hotel/price 廉价旅行渡假／廉价旅馆／低廉的价格
n. [财政] 预算，预算费
 - spend
vt. 安排，预定；把…编入预算
 - place in, engage, settle
adj. 廉价的
 - low-cost, penny-a-line

Word: although
Front: although
[ɔ:lˈðəu] (中高研四 378/197 -K5)
Back: conj. 尽管; 虽然; 但是; 然而
分布：虽然(58%)，尽管(39%)，然而(2%)，可是(1%)
→来自复合词all though.
conj.尽管,虽然...但是Although he was ill, he went to work.他虽然生病,但还是去工作.
US [ɑ:l'ðoʊ] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■despite the fact that 虽然，尽管
• She walked home by herself, although she knew that it was dangerous. 她一个人步行回家，尽管她知道那样做很危险。
• He decided to go, although I begged him not to. 虽然我苦苦阻拦，他还是决定去。
 ESSENTIAL
■but 但是，然而
• He's rather shy, although he's not as bad as he used to be. 他很腼腆，但是比以前要好一些了。
• She'll be coming tonight, although I don't know exactly when. 她今晚要来，但具体时间我不知道。
UK [ɔ:l'ðəʊ] US [ɑ:l'ðoʊ] conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  althoughWarning: Check your spelling! Although is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
though, although, as
这些连词均可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
though: 和although在意义上几乎毫无区别，但文体上后者是较正式用词，语气比though强。此外，在习惯用法上这两个词仍有以下一些差异：1.though可引出倒装语序的让步状语从句，although 则不能。2.though可与even连用，although则不能；在as though结构中，只用though，不能用although。3.though可以置于从句末，而although则不能。4.引出省略句时，通常用though。
as: 引出让步状语从句只用于倒装语序结构中，语气强于上述两个连词。
conj. 虽然，尽管
 - while, though, as, albeit

Word: woman
Front: woman
[ˈwʊmən] (中高 111/130 -K5)
Vocabulary: woman
(once / 9 pages)
n
When a little girl grows up, she becomes a woman, otherwise known as an adult female.
When you're talking about a woman, you're talking about a girl who's all grown up. Just as man sometimes refers to all people or all men, woman can refer to all women, as in "What's next for today's woman?" You could say you're "hiring a woman" (meaning a cleaning woman), and sometimes a man will talk about "his woman" (meaning his wife) — but most women would agree that those terms are kind of outdated and offensive.
WORD FAMILY
woman: forewoman, womanhood, womanise, womanish, womanize, womanlike, womanly, women+/forewoman: forewomen/womanise: womanised, womaniser/womanish: womanishly, womanishness/womanize: womanized, womanizer, womanizes, womanizing/ womanizer: womanizers/womanliness: womanlinesses/womanly: unwomanly, womanliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reports said 1,500 policemen and women were deployed.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Italian state RAI radio said migrants were protesting the alleged delay in medical assistance for a 25-year-old woman from Ivory Coast.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Researchers photographed 210 kitchens to see whether countertop food reflects the weight of women in each home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 女人，妇女; 成年女子; 女拥人或女下属; 女人本能
分布：女人(66%)，妇女(29%)，女人的(5%)
→缩写自古英语wifman,女人，wif-,女人，词源同wife,man,人。
n.(pl.)women妇女,成年女子The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
['wʊm.ən] (/'wɪmɪn/ plural women)
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an adult female human being 成年女子，女人
• She's a really nice woman. 她真是个非常好的女人。
• A woman and two men were arrested on the day after the explosion. 爆炸后的第二天，一名妇女和两名男子被逮捕。
• Women first got the vote in Britain in 1918. 在英国，妇女于1918年首次取得投票权。
• She is Ireland's first woman (= female) president. 她是爱尔兰的第一位女总统。
countable informal
■a man's wife or partner 妻子；情人
• Apparently, Geoff's got a new woman. 显然杰夫又有女人了。
uncountable
■women in general 女性
• He is writing a book on the representation of woman in medieval art. 他正在写一本关于中世纪艺术如何表现女性的书。
⇒ See also womankind;womenfolk
female, woman, lady
这组词都有“女性”的意思，其区别是：
female: 与male“男(性)的，公的，雄的”相对，强调性别，可指人或动物，但除用于科学和统计上外，大多含贬义。
woman: 与man相对，侧重成年妇女的特点，系成年妇女的通称。
lady: 与gentleman相对，强调所谓高贵的气质、品德和教养等。也指对女性的礼貌称呼。
n. 妇女；女性；成年女子
 - gentle sex, weaker sex

Word: until
Front: until
[ənˈtɪl] (中高 270/382 -K5)
Back: prep. 到…为止; 在…以前
conj. 到…为止，在…以前; 直到…才
分布：直到…为止(30%)，在...之前(20%)，在...以前(20%)，直到...的程度(10%)，直到 ... 的时候(10%)，直到 ... 时候才 ...(10%)
→un-，直到，来自ant, 前面，词源同ante-, anterior, til-, 直到，词源同till,因此，该词实际上两个部分表达的是同一个意思。比较unto.
conj. & prep.直到...为止,在...以前;直到...The ill man had a pill and sat on the pillar in stillness until now.那个坏人吃了一颗药丸后静止不动地坐在柱子上直到现在.
[ən'tɪl] ['ʌn-] (also till)
preposition conjunction
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■up to (the time that) 到…时；直到…时
• I was up until three o'clock trying to get it finished! 为了完成工作，我一直干到三点！
• Hadn't we better wait until Antony's here? 我们是不是最好等到安东尼来？
not until
 ESSENTIAL
■not before a particular time or event 直到…才
• We didn't eat till past midnight. 直到过了午夜我们才吃东西。
• Once he starts a decorating job he won't stop until it's finished. 一旦开始一项装修工作，他就不会半途而废。
  Common Learner Errors  until now or so far? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Use 'until now' to talk about a situation that existed, but has just ended: The weather was lovely until now. I hope the rain stops soon. To talk about a situation that still exists and may continue to exist, don't say 'until now', say so far :
✗ The weather has been lovely until now. I hope it will continue. The weather has been lovely so far. I hope it will continue.
[ən'tɪl] ['ʌn-] (also till)
preposition conjunction
DISTANCE 距离
■as far as 直到…； 到…为止
• You should stay on the train until Manchester and then change. 你应该坐火车一直坐到曼彻斯特，然后再换车。
[ən'tɪl] ['ʌn-] (also till)
preposition conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  untilWarning: Check your spelling! Until is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has only one 'l'. You can also use till with the same meaning, but remember that it has two 'l's.
not…until, until
not…until: 直到…才（常跟点动词连用） He didn't come until 3:00.
until: 到…为止， I waited until 3:00.
conj. 在…以前；直到…时
 - before
prep. 在…以前；到…为止
 - by the end, ere

Word: begin
Front: begin
[bɪˈgɪn] (中高 164/193 -K5)
Vocabulary: begin
(once / 11 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To begin is to start. When it begins to snow, every flake looks pretty, drifting gently down from the dark sky.
When you begin something, you go ahead with its first part or stage — you can begin the day with a good attitude, or begin a very long book over and over again, always falling asleep before you get to chapter two. You also might begin a journey by lacing up your hiking boots. Things also begin when they have a specific element as a first part, as when a word begins with the letter T.
WORD FAMILY
begin: began, begining, beginner, beginning, begins, begun+/ beginner: beginners/ beginning: beginnings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Notre Dame’s Lindsay Allen began the game ranked No. 8 nationally with an average of 7.2 assists and finished the game with eight.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Iraq’s military, aided by air support from the U.S.-led coalition fighting Islamic State, in October began a long-awaited offensive on Mosul.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin’s first interrogation began about 2am that winter morning, as temperatures outside The Residence plunged to six degrees below zero.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 开始; 着手; 创始; 创办
vi. （从…）开始; 起始; 起初是; 开始讲话
时态：began, begun, beginning, begins
分布：开始(95%)，着手(5%)
→前缀be-, 强调。-gin, 打开。
v.(began,begun)开始,着手At the dawn on the lawn the yawning drowned man began to frown.拂晓时在草坪上,打呵欠的溺水者开始皱眉头.
[bɪ'gɪn] (beginning, began, begun)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to start to be, do, etc. 开始；开始进行（或存在）；着手（于）
• I began the book six months ago, but I can't seem to finish it. 我六个月前就开始看这本书，但似乎总是看不完。
• I have so much to tell you, I don't know where to begin. 我有很多话要跟你说，不知从何谈起。
• What time does the concert begin? 音乐会甚么时候开始？
• The bridge was begun five years ago and the estimated cost has already doubled. 这座桥五年前开始建造，到现在为止估计成本已经增加了一倍。
• The film they want to watch begins at seven. 他们要看的电影在七点开场。
• If you want to learn to play a musical instrument, it might be a good idea to begin on something simple. 如果你想学一种乐器，从简单的开始或许是个好主意。
• The word 'cat' begins with the letter 'c'. 单词 cat 以字母 c 开头。
• The meeting began promisingly , but then things started to go wrong. 会议开始时很不错，不过后来出了问题。
• [+ -ing verb] Jane has just begun learning to drive. 珍妮刚开始学驾驶。
• [+ to infinitive] After waiting for half an hour she was beginning to get angry. 等了半小时后，她开始生气了。
• [+ speech] "Well, " he began (= started by saying). "I don't quite know how to tell you this." “唉，”他开始说，“我真是不知道该怎么样跟你说这件事。”
to begin with
■at the start of a process, event or situation 原先，刚开始
• There were six of us to begin with, then two people left. 原先，我们有6个人，后来走了两个。
■used to give the first important reason for something 首先，第一
• The hotel was awful! To begin with, our room was far too small. 这间饭店太差了！首先是我们的房间太小。
[bɪ'gɪn] (beginning, began, begun)
verb intransitive or transitive
can't (even) begin
■If you can't (even) begin to do something, it is very difficult for you to do it 难以着手
• As a wealthy businessman, he couldn't even begin to imagine real poverty. 作为一个富商，他难以想像真正的贫穷是甚么样子。
[bɪ'gɪn] (beginning, began, begun)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  beginWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using begin in the past tense. The past simple of begin is began :
✗ He closed his eyes and begun to sing. He closed his eyes and began to sing. Begun is the past participle of begin : The town has begun to flourish.
inaugurate, commence, start, initiate, begin
这组词都有“开始”的意思，其区别是：
inaugurate: 指正式而隆重的开始。
commence: 可与begin换用，但commence系书面正式用词，语气庄重，特指有正式程序或一定仪式，或某种正式行动的“开始”。
start: 在许多场合可与begin通用，但start侧重动作的起点。
initiate: 指创始或发起，侧重某过程的第一步，不考虑结束，强调起始。
begin: 最常用词，含义广泛，其反义词是end，多用于行动、工作等的开始。
vt. 开始
 - institute, initiate, start in, lead off, to box
vi. 开始；首先
 - proceed, start in

Word: find
Front: find
[faɪnd] (中高 95/92 -K5)
Vocabulary: find
(once / 5 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4v 5v 6v
To find something means to discover it. When you're strolling through a green field, you might try to find a four-leaf clover.
You can find something deliberately, or by stumbling upon it, like when you find a five-dollar bill on the sidewalk. In this meaning, find means obtain, but it can also mean observe, such as when you find that reading in dim light gives you a headache. As a noun, find is the thing you discover, like your elephant costume, the best find in day of garage sale shopping.
WORD FAMILY
find: finder, finding, finds, found +/finder: finders/ finding: findings/ found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Edinburgh's Festivals are to benefit from £300,000 in extra funding to celebrate the 70th anniversary of their founding.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But he also found it difficult to get a scout-team guy to do exactly what he wanted.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
What is a good way to find a therapist?
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 发现; 找到; 查明; 发觉
n. 发现物; 被发现的人
时态：found, finding, finds
分布：找到(46%)，发现(41%)，觉得(6%)，认为(3%)，感到(2%)，裁决(1%)，判定(1%)
→来自pent, 走，来自pod的鼻音形式，脚，词源同foot.
v.(found,found)找到;发现;发觉;感到I found him at home.我发现他在家.
verb (found, found)
DISCOVER 发现
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to discover, especially where a thing or person is, either unexpectedly or by searching, or to discover where to get or how to achieve something （偶然）发现，碰上；找到，寻得；找出，查明
• I've just found a ten-pound note in my pocket. 我刚在口袋里找到了一张十英镑的钞票。
• I couldn't find Andrew's telephone number. 我找不到安德鲁的电话号码。
• You'll find the knives and forks in the left-hand drawer. 你会发现刀叉在左手边的抽屉里。
• Researchers are hoping to find a cure for the disease. 研究人员希望能找到治愈这种疾病的方法。
• [+ two objects] Has he found himself a place to live yet? 他找到地方住了吗？
• [+ obj + adj] She was found unconscious and bleeding. 人们发现她时她流血昏迷。
• [+ that] The study found that men who were married lived longer than those who were not. 这项研究发现已婚男人的寿命比未婚男人长。
• Do you think they'll ever find a way of bringing peace to the region? 你认为他们能找到办法为这个地区带来和平吗？
• We're really struggling to find (= get) enough money to pay the rent at the moment. 我们目前正想尽办法凑钱缴房租。
• After years of abuse from her husband, she eventually found the courage to leave him. 遭受丈夫多年的虐待之后，她终于鼓起勇气离开了他。
• I wish I could find (the) time to do more reading. 我希望自己能挤出时间多看一点书。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to realise that something exists or has happened 发现（存在或已发生）
• [+ (that)] We came home to find (that) the cat had had kittens. 我们回到家时发现我们的猫已经生下小猫了。
• I found (that) I could easily swim a mile. 我发现自己轻轻松松就能游一英里。
be found
 ESSENTIAL
■to exist or be present somewhere 存在于；见于
• Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests. 许多动植物物种只见于热带雨林。
• Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit. 柑橘类水果富含维生素C。
find your way
■to get somewhere you are trying to reach 设法到达（某处）
• I had a map but I still couldn't find my way back to the hotel. 我有一张地图，可还是找不到回饭店的路。
find fault with
■to criticize someone or something 挑剔；批评
• She's always finding fault with the way he works. 她总是批评他的工作方式。
find yourself
■to realise that you are in a particular situation or place, or doing a particular thing, when you did not intend to （不知不觉地）发现自己处于…中（或在…处，做…事）
• He'll find himself with no friends at all if he carries on behaving this way. 如果他继续这样行事，他会发现自己一个朋友都没有了。
• We fell asleep on the train and woke up to find ourselves in Calais. 我们在火车上睡着了，醒来时发现已经到了加莱。
■often humorous
■If you go somewhere or do something to find yourself, you go there or do it to discover your true character 发现真正的自我
• Simon spent a year in an ashram in India to find himself. 为了寻找真我，赛门在印度的一处静修所呆了整整一年。
  Common Learner Errors  find out or find? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about discovering where a thing or person is or how to obtain or achieve something, don't say 'find out', say find : We need to find a solution to this problem.
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
EXPERIENCE A FEELING 发觉
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to think or feel a particular way about someone or something 认为；发觉；感到
• [+ obj + noun/adj] Do you find Clive difficult to talk to? 你是否发觉和克莱夫讲话有些困难？
• I don't find him an easy person to get on with. 我觉得他这个人不好相处。
• She doesn't find it easy to talk about her problems. 她感到很难开口谈论自己的问题。
• [+ -ing verb] I find living in the city quite stressful. 我觉得城市生活压力很大。
  Common Learner Errors  findRemember: when find is followed by an adjective, it also needs an object noun or pronoun. To talk about feeling a particular way about something, don't say 'find easy/difficult etc.', say find it easy/difficult etc :
✗ I find difficult to understand his accent. I find it difficult to understand his accent.
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
JUDGE 判决
intransitive or transitive legal
■to make a judgment in a law court 作出（裁决）
• [+ obj + adj] In a unanimous verdict, the jury found him guilty/not guilty of the murder. 陪审团一致裁定对他的谋杀指控罪名成立／不成立。
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
find your feet
■to become familiar with and confident in a new situation 习惯于新环境；（在新的形势下）立足，站稳脚跟
• Did it take you long to find your feet when you started your new job? 你刚开始新的工作时适应过程长吗？
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
find it in your heart to do sth
■to be willing and able to do something unpleasant or difficult 愿意做，能够做（令人不快或困难的事）
• Could you find it in your heart to forgive her? 你肯原谅她吗？
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
find your tongue (US also find your voice)
■to become willing to talk 愿意开口
• Witnesses often find their tongues when they hear a reward has been offered. 听到有悬赏时目击证人往往就愿意开口了。
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] find (sth) out IMPROVER
■to get information about something because you want to know more about it, or to learn a fact or piece of information for the first time 找出，查明；得知
• How did you find out about the party? 你是怎么知道有这个派对的？
• The holiday was a complete surprise - I only found out about it the day before we left. 这次度假完全是个惊喜——我是在临行前一天才得知的。
• [+ question word] I'll just go and find out wh at's going on outside. 我现在就出去看看外面究竟在发生甚么事。
• [+ that] Too late, she found out that the train had been cancelled. 她发现这班火车已经取消了，不过已经太迟了。
[faɪnd] verb (found, found)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M usually passive] find sb out
■to discover that someone has done something wrong 发现（某人）的错事（或罪行）
• He lived in dread of being found out. 他终日惶恐不安，生怕东窗事发。
[faɪnd] noun countable
■a good or valuable thing or a special person that has been discovered but was not known about before 发现物，被发现的人（尤指有价值或有用者）
• This café's quite a find - I had no idea there was anywhere like it around here. 这家咖啡馆真不错——我完全不知道这附近还有个这样的地方。
• A recent find of ancient artefacts is on display at the local museum. 近期发现的一些古代手工艺品正在当地的博物馆展出。
detect, discover, ascertain, find
这组词都有“发现”的意思，其区别是：
detect: 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。
discover: 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。
ascertain: 较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。
find: 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西。强调动作的结果。
vt. 发现；认为；感到；获得
 - detect, earn, acquire, expect, count
n. 发现
 - discovery, occurrence, detection, anagnorisis

Word: car
Front: car
[kɑ:(r)] (中高 289/247 -K5)
Vocabulary: car
(once / 55 pages)
n
Your car is your automobile, your wheels, your vehicle. A car can also be another kind of moving compartment — such as a railroad car, a cable car, or a trolley car.
The word car has been around much longer than the automobile. It comes from the Latin carrus, a kind of wagon the Romans discovered from the Gauls, a European people the Romans conquered. It shows up in Italian and Spanish (carro, meaning "a car or a cart," and it also survives in various forms in modern Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, German, and other languages. When you’re listening to your engine purr, you can thank the Gauls. And the Romans.
WORD FAMILY
car: carful, cars+/carful: carfuls
USAGE EXAMPLES
Like driving a new car off a dealership forecourt, I just can’t bear to devalue them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He cut the use of personal state vehicles in half by creating the state motor pool to share cars among state agencies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police believe Morales fled to Attleboro, Massachusetts, and stole a car that was found Sunday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 汽车; 车厢; 轿车
分布：汽车(93%)，车厢(5%)，吊舱(2%)
→来自词根cur, 跑，词源同current, chariot。
n.汽车,车辆,车;(火车)车厢The married man carried the scarred car and carriage onto the carrier.已婚男子把有疤痕的汽车和马车带到了航母上.
US [kɑ:r] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a road vehicle with an engine, four wheels, and seats for a small number of people 汽车
• They don't have a car. 他们没有汽车。
• Where did you park your car? 你把车停在哪里了？
• It's quicker by car. 开车快一点。
• a car chase/accident/factory 汽车追逐／车祸／汽车厂
■a part of a train used for a special purpose （火车）车厢
• a restaurant/sleeping car 餐车／卧铺车厢
car, bus, truck, lorry, coach, automobile, jeep, carriage, waggon
这些名词都与“车”有关。
car: 多指乘坐人的小汽车或轿车。
bus: 一般指公共汽车或大型客车。
truck: 与lorry同义，都指卡车或货车，前者为美国用词，后者用于英国。
coach: 原义指四轮马车，现指轿式汽车，长途公共汽车，还可指火车设有卧铺的车厢。
automobile: 是汽车的总称。
jeep: 吉普车，指一种小型轻便、适合在崎岖路面或野外使用的车子。
carriage: 指马车，两匹或两匹以上马拉的四轮马。
waggon: 指四轮运货马车或牛车，也指铁路的无盖货车。
n. [车辆] 汽车；车厢
 - automobile, motor

Word: office
Vocabulary: office
(once / 11 pages)
1n 2n
If you have an office job, it means that you go to work in an office, or a professional business place, every day.
Your office is the place you work, meeting with colleagues, sitting at a desk, and wearing sneakers on Casual Friday. The President of the United States has an office too, but it's a different kind: his or her office is a position of power. All government officials can be described as holding or taking office, which is when they assume the control and responsibilities that come with their important jobs.
WORD FAMILY
office: officer, offices, official, officiate +/ officer: officered, officering, officers/ official: officialdom, officialise, officialize, officially, officials, semiofficial, unofficial/officialdom: officialdoms/officialise: officialised/officialize: officialized/ officiate: officiated, officiates, officiating, officiation/semiofficial: semiofficially/unofficial: unofficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among the signposts of progress that the front office is noting:
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A Virginia judge was found dead Sunday night in his courthouse office, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: police
Front: police
[pəˈli:s] (中高研四雅 468/328 -K5)
Vocabulary: police
(once / 63 pages)
nv
The word police refers to the members of a law enforcement organization, or to the organization itself. If you see a crime being committed, you should call the police.
The job of the police is to protect citizens and enforce laws. You might see police patrolling parks or maintaining order at large gatherings, like concerts and demonstrations. As a verb, to police is to enforce laws or keep a watchful eye on things. Actual police officers might police a political protest, while teachers are sometimes called upon to police school dances and parties.
WORD FAMILY
police: policed, polices, policing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe seems a credible candidate for the huge task of modernising Mumbai’s archaic traffic policing system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The ordeal causes issues between Nova and her boyfriend, a white police officer whose career is part of his family’s legacy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 警察部门; 警方; 警察; 治安
vt. （警察、军队等）巡查; 维护治安; （委员会等）监督; 管制
adj. 警察的; 有关警察的
时态：policed, policing, polices
分布：警察(69%)，警方(19%)，监督(7%)，管辖(3%)，维持治安(2%)
→来自拉丁语politia,城市管理，来自希腊语polis,城市，词源同policy,polity.该词为policy对词，后用于指警察。
警察(管理城市的人)[polic,polis,polit=state,city,表示"国家,城市"]
n.警察,警察机关a.警察的v.管辖By policy, the police impolitely sliced the politician's politics books.根据政策,警方不客气的把政客的政治书籍切成了薄片.
plural noun
 ESSENTIAL
■the official organization that is responsible for protecting people and property, making people obey the law, finding out about and solving crime, and catching people who have committed a crime 员警当局，警方
• I think you should call the police. 我认为你应该报警。
• The police are investigating fraud allegations against him. 警方在调查对他的欺诈指控。
 ESSENTIAL
■members of this organization 员警
• There should be more police patrolling the area on foot. 这一地区应该增加警力步行巡逻。
[pə'li:s] verb transitive
■to control or guard a public event or area by using members of the police or a similar force 维持…的治安，巡查；在…部署员警
• The march will be heavily policed by an anti-riot unit. 防暴员警将对示威游行进行严密警戒。
■to control the way in which a possibly dangerous substance is dealt with or a dangerous activity is done 控制；监督
• The use of these chemicals must be carefully policed. 这些化学药品使用时必须受到严格控制。
policeman, police
policeman: 指某个具体的警察
police: 警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词, The police are questioning everyone in the house.
n. 警察，警方；治安
 - pig, copper, bobby, finest
vt. 监督；管辖；维持治安；为…配备警察
 - oversee, to monitor
adj. 警察的；有关警察的
 - constabulary

Word: question
Front: question
[ˈkwestʃən] (中高 197/221 -K5)
Vocabulary: question
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
"How am I doing so far?" "What time is it?" These are questions, in other words — sentences designed to get information from someone. Do you understand this definition?
Question can also mean a doubt about the truth of something. If your college professor tells you he has a question about the originality of your term paper, for example, it means you might be getting busted for plagiarism. The act of raising such a doubt is also "to question" something. Finally, a question can be something that depends on a particular condition: "Reading dictionaries is a question of interest and intellect." There's no question you have both, clearly.
WORD FAMILY
question: questionable, questioned, questioner, questioning, questions+/ questionable: questionablest, questionably, unquestionable/questioned: unquestioned/ questioner: questioners/ questioning: questioningly, questionings, unquestioning/unquestionable: unquestionability, unquestionableness, unquestionably/unquestionably: unquestionablys/unquestioning: unquestioningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
One key question: Why is it called “science”?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 问题; 疑问; 怀疑; 议题
vt. 问（某人）问题; 对（某事物）表示[感到]怀疑
时态：questioned, questioning, questions
分布：问题(81%)，怀疑(11%)，疑问(4%)，询问(4%)
→来自quest,探索，疑问。引申词义问题。
疑问(quest+ion)[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
n.问题;询问v.询问;怀疑,对...表示疑问On my request the conqueror questioned the man who jumped the queue.根据我的请求,征服者质问了插队者.
【参】questionnaire（n 调查表）
【反】unimpeachable（adj 无可指责的）－Open to question（可以质疑的）
noun
ASKING 提问
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a sentence or phrase used to find out information 问题
• The police asked me questions all day. 员警盘问了我一整天。
• Why won't you answer my question? 你为甚么不回答我的问题？
• "So where is the missing money?" " That's a good question." (= I don't know the answer.) “那么遗失的钱在哪儿呢？”“问得好。”
• There will be a question -and-answer session (= a period when people can ask questions) at the end of the talk. 演讲结束前有一段问答时间。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■in an examination, a problem that tests a person's knowledge or ability 试题，题目
• Answer/Do as many questions as you can. 尽可能多做些题目。
['kwes.tʃən] noun
PROBLEM 问题
 ESSENTIAL countable
■any matter that needs to be dealt with or considered 问题，事情
• This raises the question of teacher pay. 这引出了关于教师薪水的问题。
• What are your views on the Northern Irish question? 你对于北爱尔兰的问题有甚么看法？
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■doubt or confusion 怀疑，疑惑，疑问
• There's no question about (= It is certain) whose fault it is. 关于谁的过错这一点毫无疑问。
• Whether children are reading fewer books is open to question (= there is some doubt about it). 人们怀疑孩子们是否书读少了。
• Her loyalty is beyond question (= There is no doubt about it). 她的忠诚不容置疑。
• There's no question that he's guilty. 毫无疑问他是有罪的。
sb/sth in question formal
■the person or thing that is being discussed 正被谈论的…，讨论中的…
• I stayed at home on the night in question. 那个晚上我留在家里没外出。
['kwes.tʃən] noun
be a question of doing sth
■to be necessary to do a particular thing 有必要做…
• It's simply/just a question of working hard for a month and then you can relax. 只需要努力工作一个月，然后你就可以休息了。
['kwes.tʃən] noun
be out of the question (also be no question of (doing) sth)
■to be an event which cannot possibly happen 不可能
• A trip to New Zealand is out of the question this year. 今年的纽西兰之旅不可能成行了。
• There's no question of agreeing to the demands. 这些要求是不可能被同意的。
['kwes.tʃən] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to ask a person about something, especially officially 问，盘问，审问
• Several men were questioned by police yesterday about the burglary. 警方昨天就盗窃案审问了几个人。
• 68% of those questioned in the poll thought noise levels had increased. 在这次的民意调查中有68%的被访者认为噪音增加了。
 ESSENTIAL
■to express doubts about the value of something or whether something is true 怀疑
• I questioned the wisdom of taking so many pills. 我怀疑吃这么多的药丸是否明智。
• [+ question word] Two months ago, results from a European study questioned wh ether early treatment with the drug really improved survival. 两个月前，欧洲的一项研究结果对于在发病早期使用该药进行治疗是否真的提高了病人存活率提出了质疑。
• She gave me a questioning look (= as if she wanted an answer from me). 她用疑惑的眼光看了我一眼。
matter, issue, problem, question
这组词都有“问题”的意思，其区别是：
matter: 含义不很具体，暗示人们考虑和关心的事和话题。
issue: 多指意见能达到一致的问题，着重争论或讨论中的问题。
problem: 指客观上存在的、难以处理或难以理解的问题。
question: 通常指用口头或书面提出来要求回答或有待讨论解决的问题。
inquire, question, ask, demand
这组词都有“问，询问”的意思，其区别是：
inquire: 较正式用词，指为得到真实情况而详细询问或调查了解。
question: 指因感到可疑或为了解情况，弄清究竟而发问，有时指一连串的发问。
ask: 最普通用词，可与demand, inquire和question换用，但ask用于口语中，指提出问题让人回答。
demand: 指根据自己的权利、职责或身份认为有必要弄清情况而正式发问，常隐含命令对方回答的意味。
n. [数] 问题，疑问；询问；疑问句
 - issue, doubt, query
vt. 询问；怀疑；审问
 - dispute, wonder, query
vi. 询问；怀疑；审问
 - wonder, query

Word: several
Front: several
[ˈsevrəl] (中高雅 310/389 -K5)
Vocabulary: several
(once / 23 pages)
adj
Two is a "couple" and more than two or three is several. If you eat four donuts you can say you had several but you may have had too many — especially if you get a stomach-ache.
Several is a word that shows size or number when you can’t be specific or when you want to summarize. If three, four, or five of you hang out, then you're spending time with several friends. Inviting 30 people over and telling your parents that several friends stopped by would be stretching the truth and you might get grounded. For how many weeks? Possibly several.
WORD FAMILY
several: severalise, severalize, severally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several media reports said the man was believed to be from a Central Asian nation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Looking east from his home, he sees the snowcapped Sierra peaks - a welcomed sight missing for several years.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
After several false starts, the filmmaker will decide in January whether to put his museum in San Francisco or Los Angeles.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 几个的; 专有的; 各自的; 分别的
pron. 几个，数个; 一些
分布：若干(41%)，几个的(27%)，各自的(27%)，若干的(5%)
→sever,切开，-al,形容词后缀。即切开的，引申词义切成几份的，一些的，几个的。
a.几个,若干,数个;各个的,各自的The chemist and the mistress insist that the mist consists of several chemicals.化学家和女教师坚持认为薄雾由几种化学物品构成.
US [-ɚ-] determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■some; an amount that is not exact but is fewer than many 一些；几个
• I've seen 'Gone with the Wind' several times. 我已经看过好几遍《乱世佳人》了。
• Several people have complained about the scheme. 已经有好几个人抱怨过这项计划了。
• Several of my friends are learning English at language schools in Cambridge. 我有几个朋友在剑桥的语言学校学英语。
UK ['sev.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective [before noun] formal
■separate; different; respective 各自的，分别的
• We are striving to reach an agreement which will satisfy the several interests of the parties concerned. 我们正在努力达成一个能满足有关各方各自利益的协议。
several, little, few
这组词都有“少量的”的意思，其区别是：
several: 修饰可数名词的复数形式，指至少有3个，但不会超过5、6个。
little: 只修饰不可数名词，含否定意义。
few: 只修饰可数名词的复数形式，侧重指数量非常少，给人一种模糊概念，含否定意义。
adj. 几个的；各自的
 - respective, each

Word: social
Front: social
[ˈsəʊʃl] (中高研四六雅 319/202 -K5)
Vocabulary: social
(once / 41 pages)
adjn
If you are social, you like to be around people. A social butterfly is someone who is social or friendly with everyone, flitting from person to person, the way a butterfly might.
The word social comes from the Latin socius meaning "friend." When you're being social, you're everyone's friend. Go to a social, or mixer, and you might make a lot of new friends. Stand in the corner pouting, however, and you're being anti-social. Humans are described as social beings — ones that tend to move or live in groups together, like penguins!
WORD FAMILY
social: antisocial, nonsocial, sociable, socialise, socialism, sociality, socialize, socially, socials, unsocial+/sociability: sociabilities/ sociable: sociability, sociableness, sociables, sociably, unsociable/socialise: socialisation, socialised, socialiser, socialising/ socialism: socialisms, socialist, socialistic/ socialist: socialists/socialistic: socialistically/sociality: socialities/ socialization: socializations/ socialize: socialization, socialized, socializer, socializes, socializing/socializer: socializers/unsociable: unsociability, unsociableness, unsociably/unsocial: unsocially
USAGE EXAMPLES
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The robot was a social experiment started by two Canadian professors.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I am a clinical social worker in private practice, and I deal with a different client every hour.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 社会的，社会上的; 交际的，社交的; 群居的; 合群的
n. 联谊会，联欢会; 社交聚会
分布：社会的(41%)，社会保障(13%)，社交的(12%)，社交聚会(10%)，群居的(10%)，社会阶层的(6%)，合群的(4%)，好交际的(4%)
→soc-,群体的，社会的，-al,形容词后缀。引申词义社交的，交际的。
社会的[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
a.社会的;交际的Man is a social animal.人是社会性的动物.
US ['soʊ-] adjective
GOING OUT 外向
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and which happen during the time when you are not working 社交的，交际的
• I had an active social life when I was at college. 念大学时，我的社交生活很丰富。
• I'm a social drinker - I only drink when I'm with other people. 我是个“应酬型”饮酒者——只在与人相聚时饮酒。
• Most British schools organize social events for the students. 大多数英国学校为学生组织社交活动。
• I've just become a member of the company's sports and social club. 我刚刚成为公司运动和社交俱乐部的成员。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl] US ['soʊ-] adjective
SOCIETY 社会
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■relating to society and living together in an organized way 社会的；群居的
• social classes/groups 社会阶级／团体
• social disorder/trends/change/equality/justice/differences 社会动乱／潮流／变化／平等／公正／差异
• Monkeys are highly social animals. 猴子是高度社会化的动物。
UK ['səʊ.ʃəl] US ['soʊ-] noun countable old-fashioned
■an occasion when the members of a group or organization meet informally to enjoy themselves 社交派对，联谊会
• a church social 教堂派对
adj. 社会的，社交的； [动] [植] 群居的
 - gregarious
n. 联谊会；联欢会
 - sodality, get-together

Word: chief
Front: chief
[tʃi:f] (高研四托雅 1446/1283 -K5)
Vocabulary: chief
(once / 24 pages)
nadj
A chief is a leader, often of a tribe or clan. Native American tribes are headed by chiefs, and sometimes we call the president our "commander in chief."
A chief is the head honcho, the big kahuna, the top dog. Tribes are lead by chiefs, but so are firefighters (fire chief), policeman (police chief), and companies (Chief Executive Officer or CEO). When used as an adjective, chief describes the most important element or main ingredient of something. You couldn't make mac and cheese without the chief ingredients: macaroni and cheese.
WORD FAMILY
chief: chiefest, chiefly, chiefs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such efforts, said Mr. Murphy, the system’s chief executive, will remain “highly relevant” even if the Affordable Care Act is repealed.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 级别最高的; 总的; 主要的; 最重要的
n. 族长; 酋长; 首领; 主管人员
分布：主要的(54%)，首领(36%)，首要的(10%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词源同captain, chef.
a.主要的,首要的n.首领,领袖The thief chief achieved the theft of a handkerchief for mischief.贼首领完成了偷手帕的恶作剧.
adjective [before noun]
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要的
 IMPROVER
■most important or main 首要的；最重要的；最主要的
• The chief problem we have in the area now is the spread of disease. 目前我们在这个地区面临的首要问题是疾病的蔓延。
• The weather was our chief reason for coming here. 天气是我们来这里的主要原因。
[tʃi:f] adjective [before noun]
PERSON IN CHARGE 负责人
■highest in rank 最高级别的；首席的
• the chief fire officer/accountant 消防局局长／首席会计师
[tʃi:f] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the person in charge of a group or organization, or the ruler of a tribe 领导人；首领；头目；酋长
• a police chief 警察局局长
• A new chief of the security forces has just been appointed. 刚刚任命了一位新的保安队队长。
• [as form of address] UK humorous Can you sign this form for me, chief? 长官，您能给我在这张表上签字吗？
[tʃi:f] noun countable
too many chiefs and not enough Indians informal
■too many managers and not enough people to do the work 官多兵少；将多兵少；动嘴的多，动手的少
boss, leader, head, chief
这组词都有“拥有权力或统治权的人”的意思，其区别是：
boss: 非正式用词，多作口语用，可指任何负责人，也可指经理、老板或工头。
leader: 指国家、民族、政党、组织等的领导或领袖。强调领导能力、含有能够引导、指导、控制被领导者并获得其支持的意味。
head: 多指一个机构或团体等的负责人或最高首长。
chief: 最广泛用词，上可指最高统治者，下可指顶头上司，即可指任何一级的头头。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
n. 首领；酋长；主要部分
 - leader, captain, boss
adj. 首席的；主要的；主任的
 - primary, major, central, leading, great
adv. 主要地；首要地
 - mainly, basically, largely, mostly, primarily

Word: open
Front: open
[ˈəʊpən] (中高 355/403 -K5)
Vocabulary: open
(once / 11 pages)
1adjvn 2adjvn 3adj
Something that's open allows you to move or see through it, like an open window or an open gate.
The adjective open describes something that's not closed or blocked up, like open curtains that provide a view of the garden outside. Open can also refer to something that's unfastened or parted — an open jar of peanut butter, an open eye, or an open book. Things that are vulnerable, straightforward, or uncovered are also open, and if you are open to suggestions, it means you are willing to consider new ideas.
WORD FAMILY
open: opened, opener, openest, opening, openingly, openly, openness, opens, reopen, unopen+/opened: unopened/opener: openers/ opening: nonopening, openings/openness: opennesses/reopen: reopened, reopening, reopens
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear how much the contract will be worth once the golf course opens and starts operating.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 敞开的，开着的; 公开的，公共的; 坦率的; 有议论余地的
vt. & vi. （打）开; 开始; 睁开; 启动
n. 户外，野外; 空旷; 公开
vi. 使打开; 展示，显现
vt. 张开; 开放; 开张营业; 为（建筑物）揭幕
时态：opened, opening, opens
分布：打开(58%)，公开(11%)，开放的(7%)，开着的(5%)，户外(4%)，营业(4%)，公开的(4%)，张开(3%)，展开(3%)，开张(1%)
→来自古英语open,打开，升起，来自Proto-Germanic*upana,向上，竖立，来自upo,向上，词源同up,over.
n.公开,户外a.开的,开放的v.开With one penny I had this peculiar pen opened.我花了一便士让人把这支奇特的钢笔打开了.
US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT CLOSED 未关的
 ESSENTIAL
■not closed or fastened 开着的，未关的
• an open door/window 开着的门／窗
• An open suitcase lay on her bed. 一个打开的手提箱摆在她的床上。
• You left the packet open. 你没把包装袋口封上。
• Someone had left the window wide (= completely) open. 有人把窗户敞开着。
• He had several nasty open wounds (= those which had not begun to heal). 他有几处严重的未愈合的伤口。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
READY 准备好的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■ready to be used or ready to provide a service 可用的；开放的；营业的
• The supermarket is open till 8.00 p.m. 这家超市一直营业到晚上8时。
• The road is open now, but it is often blocked by snow in the winter. 这条路现在可以通行，不过在冬天常被雪封住。
• The new hospital was declared open by the mayor. 市长宣布新医院开始启用。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT ENCLOSED 未围起来的
 IMPROVER
■not closed in or covered 没有围上的，敞开的；开阔的；无遮盖的
• From the garden there was a marvellous view over open countryside. 从花园望去，可以看到一片开阔的乡村美景。
• It's not a good idea to camp in the middle of an open field (= one which is not covered with trees, bushes, etc.). 在旷野之中宿营可不是个好主意。
• The survivors were adrift on the open sea (= far from land). 幸存者在外海漂流。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
COMPUTER 电脑
 IMPROVER
■If a computer document or program is open, it is ready to be read or used （电脑档或程式）打开的，已启动的
• Make sure the file you're copying to is open before you click 'Paste'. 在点击“贴上”时，一定要先打开你要复制到的文件夹。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
AVAILABLE 可用的
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■available; not limited 可利用的；可得到的；没有限制的
• There are still several possibilities open to you. 你还有几个不同的选择。
• The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen. 16岁以上的人都可以参加这场竞赛。
• Is the library open to the general public? 这座图书馆向公众开放吗？
• Their whole attitude to these negotiations is open to criticism (= can be criticized). 他们对这些谈判的整个态度应该受到批评。
• I'd like to think I'm open to (= willing to consider) any reasonable suggestion. 我认为自己是愿意接受任何合理的建议。
• An accident would lay the whole issue of safety open (= cause it to be considered). 一宗事故会使整个安全问题凸显出来。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT SECRET 不保密的
 ADVANCED
■not secret 不保密的；公开的；毫不掩饰的
• There has been open hostility between them ever since they had that argument last summer. 他们自从去年夏天争吵后，就一直处于公开的敌对状态。
 ADVANCED
■honest and not secretive 坦诚的；坦率的；毫不隐讳的
• He's quite open about his weaknesses. 他对自己的弱点毫不隐瞒。
• I wish you'd be more open with me, and tell me what you're feeling. 我希望你对我坦诚一点，把你的感受告诉我。
• She has an honest, open face. 她有一张真诚坦率的面孔。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
NOT DECIDED 未决定的
■not decided or certain 尚未决定的，正在考虑中的；不确定的
• We don't have to make a firm decision yet. Let's leave it open. 我们还不必作出明确的决定，先考虑考虑吧。
• We can leave our offer open for another week, but we must have your decision by then. 我们可以再给你一周时间考虑我们的出价，不过到时候我们必须知道你的决定。
• I want to keep my options open, so I'm not committing myself yet. 我想保留我的选择权，所以暂且不作决定。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] adjective
greet / welcome sb with open arms
■to show someone that you are very pleased to see them 张开双臂迎接（某人），热情地欢迎（某人）
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
BEGIN 开始
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) begin （使）开始
• I would like to open my talk by giving a brief background to the subject. 正式开始讲话之前，我想先简短介绍一下这个问题的来龙去脉。
• I'm going to open an account with another bank. 我打算在另一家银行开一个帐户。
• The Olympic Games open tomorrow. 奥运会明天开幕。
• A new radio station is due to open (up) next month. 一家新电台预定下个月开播。
• The film opens (= will be shown for the first time) in New York and Los Angeles next week. 这部电影下周将在纽约和洛杉矶开始上映。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
NOT CLOSED 未关的
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move something to a position that is not closed, or to make something change to a position that is not closed 开；开放；打开
• Could you open the window, please? 请打开窗户好吗？
• You can open your eyes now - here's your present. 你现在可以睁开眼睛了——这是你的礼物。
• The flowers open (out) in the morning but close again in the afternoon. 这种花早上开，但是到了下午又会合拢。
• From the kitchen there is a door which opens (out) into/onto the garden. 有一道门从厨房通向花园。
• informal "Open up (= Open the door) - it's the police!" shouted the police officer, banging on the door. “开门——员警！”员警一边猛敲门一边喊道。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to remove or separate part of a container or parcel so that you can see or use what it contains 开，开启，打开，揭开（包装或容器）
• Don't open a new bottle just for me. 不要为我一个人新开一瓶酒。
• I couldn't wait to open the letter. 我迫不及待要把信拆开。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
READY 准备好的
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If a shop or office opens at a particular time of day, it starts to do business at that time 开门，开始营业；开始办公
• The café opens at ten o'clock. 这家咖啡馆10时开门。
• He opens (up) his café (= makes it ready to provide a service) at ten o'clock. 他的咖啡馆10时开始营业。
 IMPROVER transitive
■If someone, usually someone important, opens a building or place or event, they officially state that it is ready to be used or to start operating （通常指要人）宣布开业，宣布投入运营，为…揭幕
• The new hospital will be officially opened by the mayor on Tuesday. 这家新医院将在星期二由市长正式宣布投入使用。
  Common Learner Errors  opened or open? Warning: do not confuse the past tense of the verb 'open', opened , with the adjective open :
✗ The supermarket is opened until 9pm on Thursday. The supermarket is open until 9pm on Thursday.
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
AVAILABLE 可用的
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make something available 提供；使有…；开放，取消限制
• This research opens (up) the possibility of being able to find a cure for the disease. 这项研究为找到医治这种疾病的方法带来希望。
• The country is planning to open (up) its economy to foreign investment. 该国正计划开放经济，欢迎外国投资。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
COMPUTER 电脑
transitive
■If you open a computer document or program, you make it ready to read or use 打开，启动（电脑档或程式）
• To open a new document, click 'File', then click 'New'. 建立新文件时，先点击“文件夹”，然后再点击“新增”。
• Click the desktop icon to open the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. 点击桌面图标，打开《剑桥高阶学习词典》。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
the Earth/ground/floor opens
■People say that they wish the Earth/floor/ground would open (up) if they are so embarrassed that they want suddenly to disappear （指尴尬得希望）地面裂开（使自己消失）
• At that moment the boss walked in and I just wanted the ground to open up and swallow me. 正在那时老板走了进来，我只希望地上裂条缝让我钻进去。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open sb's eyes
■to make someone realise something surprising or shocking, which they had not known about or understood before 使（某人）认清，使（某人）了解
• She really opened my eyes to how stupid I'd been. 她确实使我看清了自己过去多愚蠢。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open your heart to someone
■to tell someone about your problems and secrets 向（某人）敞开心扉
• She's very understanding - you feel you can really open your heart to her. 她十分善解人意——令你觉得确实可以向她敞开心扉。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open your mouth
■to speak or start to speak 开口，开始说话
• Don't look at me - I never opened my mouth. 别看着我——我一直就没开口。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
open the door to sth
■to allow something new to start 为（新事物）敞开大门，为（新事物）铺平道路
• The ceasefire has opened the door to talks between the two sides. 停火为双方的谈判打开了大门。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open sth out/up
■to make a space larger or less closed in 扩展，拓展；打开，开通 open 1 1. We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.
我们打算拆除几面墙，把厨房打通。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] open (sth) up
■to open the lock on the door of a building 打开（建筑物的门）
• The caretaker opens up the school every morning at seven. 看门人每天早晨七时开学校大门。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] open sth up
SITUATION
■to improve a situation by making it less limited 减少对…的限制
• The government has announced plans to open up access to higher education. 政府宣布了增加人们接受高等教育机会的计划。
SHOW
■to show something that was hidden or not previously known 公开；使…公之于众
• The security council debate could open up sharp differences between the countries. 安全委员会的辩论可能会公开两国之间的尖锐分歧。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open sb up informal
■to do a medical operation on someone to see inside their body 给（某人）动手术，给（某人）开刀
• When they opened her up, they couldn't find anything wrong with her. 他们给她开刀之后，查不出她有甚么毛病。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  open up
■to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings 倾吐心声；打开心扉
• I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you. 我从没有像对你一样，对任何人诉说过心事。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] noun only singular
NOT ENCLOSED 未围起来的
the open
■somewhere outside, rather than in a building 室外，户外；露天；野外
• It's good to be (out) in the open after being cooped up in an office all day. 在办公室里关了一整天后，来到户外感觉真好。
UK ['əʊ.pən] US ['oʊ-] noun only singular
NOT SECRET 不保密的
bring sth out into the open
■to tell people information that was secret 公开（秘密）； 把…公之于众
• It's time this issue was brought out into the open. 是该把这件事公开的时候了。
open, frank, sincere, blunt, honest, plain, straightforward
这组词都有“坦率，诚实”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指不隐瞒自己的秘密，愿意向他人表露自己或公开暴露自己的缺点。
frank: 强调毫无保留地畅所欲言，不受任何约束。
sincere: 侧重指一个人出自内心地对某人某事表示一种诚意。
blunt: 指讲话坦白直率、不客气，但隐含不得体、不顾及他人感情等意味。
honest: 指遵守正直等道德准则。
plain: 指直言不讳，毫不做作或故弄玄虚。
straightforward: 多用于答复、叙述等场合。指直截了当，不回避，或故弄玄虚。
open, blank, vacant, hollow, empty
这组词都有“空的”的意思，其区别是：
open: 指未被占有，从而可被别人得到的。
blank: 指上面没有写字、印刷或做记号的空白表面，或指上面留着准备被填写的空白处。
vacant: 普通用词，侧重某物或某个位置没有被占用。
hollow: 指物体中间是空的。
empty: 指空无一人或一物，或空洞无意义的。
open, unfold
这组词都有“打开”的意思，其区别是：
open: 普通用词，指把原来关起来或盖紧的东西打开。
unfold: 主要指把原来包好、卷好或叠好的东西再打开。
adj. [电] 公开的；敞开的；空旷的；坦率的；营业着的
 - honest, transparent
vi. 开始；展现
 - proceed, lie
vt. 公开；打开
 - crack, disclose
n. 公开；空旷；户外
 - publicity, daylight

Word: euro
Front: euro
[ˈjʊərəʊ] (10207/8309 -K)
Vocabulary: euro
(once / 371 pages)
n
The currency of money in most countries that belong to the European Union is called the euro. If you buy a cup of coffee in France, it may cost three euros.
When you travel to most parts of Europe, you'll have to exchange your dollars for euros.Since 2002, most of the countries in the European Union switched from their individual currencies to the euro as a common unit of money. There are still several EU members that haven't adopted the euro, so you may also have to stock up on British pounds and Polish zlotys. Euro, coined in 1996, is short for European.
WORD FAMILY
euro: euros
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those chosen will receive 560 euros every month, with no reporting requirements on how they spend it.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Those 2,000 unemployed chosen will receive 560 euros every month, with no reporting requirements on how they spend it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 欧元
分布：名词(54%)，形容词(46%)
→来自pan-European currency的缩写。
US ['jʊ.roʊ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the unit of money used in most European Union countries 欧元
• You can usually find a hotel for seventy euros a night. 你一般很容易找得到一家70欧元住一晚的饭店。
n. 欧元（欧盟的统一货币单位）
 - eur

Word: republican
Vocabulary: republican
(once / 803 pages)
1adjn 2adj
The adjective republican describes a government made up of representatives who are elected by the citizens. If you live in the United States, you’re part of a republican system of government.
In a republican government, citizens have a lot of power — their vote determines who is running the government. The word republican has a noun and an adjective form. The noun is for a person who supports that style of government, and the adjective describes something with those characteristics. But if you see republican with a capital letter “r” — “Republican” — then that refers to a specific type of republican, one who’s a member of the Republican Party.
WORD FAMILY
republican: republicanism, republicanly, republicans+/ republic: republican, republics/republicanism: republicanisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Our greatest obligation will be to defend democracy itself, along with republican norms for governing and the openness that free societies require.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The surveillance operation was part of a security drive on October 2014 against dissident Irish republican activity in the county, the court heard.
The Guardian(Dec 20, 2016)
The devices were found in an advanced state of preparation and in an area of dissident republican activity, police said.
BBC(Dec 20, 2016)
Republican
(once / 112 pages)
1n 2n
A Republican is a member of one of the two major political parties in the United States. George W. Bush, the forty-fourth US president, is a Republican.
Use the word Republican — with a capital R — when you're talking about a member of the more conservative of the main political groups in the US. Republicans are known for their conservative views on economic and social issues, as well as policies that reduce taxes and government services. If you spell the word with a lower-case r, it simply means someone who believes in a government by the people and their elected representatives.
WORD FAMILY
Republican: Republicans
USAGE EXAMPLES
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)

Word: attack
Front: attack
[əˈtæk] (高研四六雅 791/913 -K5)
Vocabulary: attack
(once / 34 pages)
1nv 2nv 3vn
When you attack, you charge or advance violently. It's scary to watch a big dog attack a smaller dog.
In the military, an attack is an advance of troops or the use of armed force against an enemy. When one little kid attacks another, there usually aren't any bombs or weapons involved, but the idea of force or hostility is the same. You might also attack an opponent in a game, or withstand a verbal attack from a classmate during a debate. The Italian source of attack is attacco, "an attack," from attaccare, "join battle."
WORD FAMILY
attack: attacked, attacker, attacking, attacks, counterattack, unattackable+/attacker: attackers/counterattack: counterattacked, counterattacking, counterattacks/unattackable: unattackably
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic State later claimed responsibility for the attack.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Polly Sheppard said Roof told her he wanted to leave her alive to tell the world why he attacked a historic African-American church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 攻击，进攻，抨击
n. 攻击; 抨击; （队员等的）进攻; （疾病）侵袭
vt. 抨击; 非难; 侵袭; 损害
时态：attacked, attacking, attacks
分布：攻击(88%)，抨击(11%)，发动攻击(1%)
→来自意大利短语attaccare battaglia, 即参与战斗。与attach 属对词。
v./n.攻击,抨击;着手,开始n.(病)发作The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
verb
HURT 伤害
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to try to hurt or defeat using violence 袭击；殴打；攻击；进攻
• He was attacked and seriously injured by a gang of youths. 他被一帮年轻人打成重伤。
• Army forces have been attacking the town since dawn. 从拂晓开始，军队就对这个城市展开了进攻。
• Most wild animals won't attack unless they are provoked. 大多数野生动物若非被激怒，是不会主动攻击的。
Compare defend
[ə'tæk] verb
CRITICIZE 批评
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to criticize someone strongly 抨击；责难
• She wrote an article attacking the judges and their conduct of the trial. 她写了一篇文章抨击法官以及他们的审案方式。
• The report attacks the idea of exams for 7- and 8-year-olds. 这篇报导抨击了对七八岁的孩子进行考试的计划。
[ə'tæk] verb
DAMAGE 破坏
 ADVANCED transitive
■If something, such as a disease or a chemical, attacks something, it damages it （疾病、化学品等）侵袭，侵害，侵蚀
• AIDS attacks the body's immune system. 爱滋病破坏人体的免疫系统。
• My rose bushes are being attacked by greenfly. 我的蔷薇花丛正在遭受蚜虫的侵害。
[ə'tæk] verb
SPORT 体育
intransitive or transitive
■If players in a team attack, they move forward to try to score points, goals, etc. （体育比赛中）进攻
[ə'tæk] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
transitive
■to deal with something quickly and in an effective way 迅速处理；高效解决；全力应付
• We have to attack these problems now and find some solutions. 我们必须现在就处理这些问题并寻找解决方案。
• The children rushed in and eagerly attacked the food (= quickly started to eat it). 孩子们冲进屋里狼吞虎咽地大吃起来。
[ə'tæk] noun
VIOLENT ACT 暴力行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a violent act intended to hurt or damage someone or something 袭击；攻击；进攻
• a racist attack 种族主义袭击
• Enemy forces have made an attack on the city. 敌军已经对这座城市发起了进攻。
• These bomb blasts suggest that the terrorists are (going) on the attack (= trying to defeat or hurt other people) again. 这些爆炸事件表明，恐怖主义分子又发起了进攻。
• The town was once again under attack (= being attacked). 这座城市再次遭受攻击。
[ə'tæk] noun
CRITICISM 批评
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you say something to strongly criticize someone or something 抨击；责难
• a scathing attack on the president 对总统的严厉抨击
• The government has come under attack from all sides for cutting education spending. 政府因为削减教育开支而受到各方面的强烈批评。
[ə'tæk] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
 ADVANCED countable
■a sudden and short period of illness （疾病的）突然发作
• an attack of asthma/flu/malaria 哮喘／流感／疟疾的突然发作
• figurative an attack of the giggles 突然一阵咯咯傻笑
[ə'tæk] noun
SPORT 体育
countable or uncountable
■the part of a team in some sports which tries to score points （球队中的）进攻（位置）
• The team has a strong attack, but its defence is weak. 这支球队攻击力强大，但防守很薄弱。
• The team is strong UK in / US on attack but useless in defence. 这支球队攻势凶猛，但防守不堪一击。
uncountable
■when you play a sport in a determined way and try hard to score points （体育运动中的）进攻
• The team needs to put some more attack into its game. 这支球队在比赛中需要加强攻势。
aggression, invasion, assault, attack, offensive
这些名词均有“进攻、侵略”之意。
aggression: 词义宽泛，既可指武装入侵别国领土，又可指文化、经济等方面的侵略。侧重敌意行动和征服的企图。
invasion: 多指具体的侵入或侵犯别国领土，也可用于指抽象事件。
assault: 主要指突然而猛烈的进攻。
attack: 普通用词，含义广，指事先不发警告，主动地向对方发起武力进攻或对言论等进行抨击。
offensive: 多指进攻的态势，常指大规模的协同军事行动。
n. [军] 攻击；抨击；疾病发作
 - attempt, push
vt. [军] 攻击；抨击；动手干
 - have at, come at
vi. [军] 攻击；腐蚀
 - eat, have at

Word: charge
Front: charge
[tʃɑ:dʒ] (高研四六托雅 923/675 -K5)
Vocabulary: charge
(once / 27 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5vn 6nv 7v
Charge can mean electricity received, as in the shock you’d feel if you put your finger in a wall socket. Charge is also what you do when you use your credit card instead of cash. Shopping can be electrifying too.
Charge has many meanings. Charge is what a cavalry does when it rushes towards enemy lines. A charge is also the cost of something. When you are “in charge,” it means that you are in command of everything. And when you are “in charge of,” it means that you have a specific responsibility. And when you are excited about something, you “get a charge out of it.” If you like power, you might get a charge out of being in charge.
WORD FAMILY
charge: chargeable, charged, charger, charges, charging, countercharge, discharge, overcharge, recharge, supercharge, undercharge+/chargeable: chargeably/charged: uncharged/ charger: chargers/countercharge: countercharges/ discharge: discharged, discharges, discharging/discharged: undischarged/ overcharge: overcharged, overcharges, overcharging/ recharge: rechargeable, recharged, recharges, recharging/supercharge: supercharged, supercharger, supercharges, supercharging/supercharger: superchargers/undercharge: undercharged, undercharges, undercharging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brewer ran for a full term as governor in 1970 but lost a racially charged Democratic runoff to George Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Tsang pleaded not guilty to three charges of bribery and misconduct, relating to a luxury flat in China.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 装载; 控诉; 使充电; 索（价）
vi. 索价; 向前冲; 记在账上; 充电
n. 费用; 指示; 掌管; 指责
时态：charged, charging, charges
分布：费用(35%)，充电(19%)，电荷(15%)，指控(13%)，照顾(4%)，要价(4%)，责任(3%)，控诉(3%)，记在账上(2%)，委以重任(1%)，给…充电(1%)
→来自拉丁词carrus, 马车，战车，词源同car, chariot, current.
v.索(价);控告;充电n.(pl.)费用,代价;电荷I'm in charge of discharging a large amount of charcoal and coal at the coal mine.我负责在煤矿卸一大堆木炭和煤.
US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity （尤指对某一服务或活动）收费，要价，开价
• How much/What do you charge for a haircut and blow-dry? 剪发和吹风要收多少钱？
• The bank charged commission to change my traveller's cheques. 银行兑现我的旅行支票收取了手续费。
• [+ two objects] They charge you $20 just to get in the nightclub. 进夜总会的门他们就收你20美元。
• The local museum doesn't charge for admission. 当地博物馆不收门票费。
charge sth to your account
■If you charge something you have bought to your account, the amount you have spent is recorded and you pay for it at a later time 把…记在你的帐上
• Charge the bill to my account, please. 请把帐单记在我帐上。
• Shall we charge the flowers to your account? 我们把买花的钱记到你的帐上，行吗？
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
ACCUSE FORMALLY 正式起诉
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■(of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime （警方）指控，控告
• She's been charged with murder. 她被控谋杀。
• She is charged with murdering her husband. 她被指控谋害了自己的丈夫。
transitive formal
■to publicly accuse someone of doing something bad 公开指责；批评，斥责
• The paper charged her with using the company's money for her own purposes. 报纸指责她把公司的钱挪作己用。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
MOVE FORWARD 前移
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to move forward quickly and violently, especially towards something which has caused difficulty or anger 猛冲；向…冲去
• The bull lowered its horns and charged. 公牛俯下牛角发动进攻。
• The violence began when the police charged (at) a crowd of demonstrators. 当员警冲向一群示威者时，暴力冲突就开始了。
 IMPROVER intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to hurry from one place to another 匆忙向（另一处）冲去
• I've been charging about/around all day and I'm exhausted. 我一整天跑来跑去，累坏了。
• He came charging up the stairs to tell me the good news. 他匆匆跑上楼来告诉我这个好消息。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
transitive
■to put enough explosive into a gun to fire it once 足够的炸药；弹药
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
ORDER 命令
transitive often passive formal
■to order someone to do something 指示，吩咐，命令
• He was charged with taking care of the premises. 他被吩咐去看管那些房屋。
transitive US legal
■When a judge charges a jury , the judge explains the details of the law to them. （法官）向（陪审团）解释法律细节
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] verb
SUPPLY ENERGY 补充能量
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to put electricity into an electrical device such as a battery 充电
• She drove the car round the block to charge (up) its batteries. 她开车绕过街区去给电池充电。
• It's not working - I don't think the battery is charging. 它不能运作——我觉得电池没在充电。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount of money that you have to pay for something, especially for an activity or service （尤指某一活动或服务的）收费，费用，价格
• Is there a charge for children or do they go free? 小孩要收费还是免费？
• There's an admission charge of £5. 要收五英镑的入场费。
• They fixed my watch free of charge. 他们免费修理了我的手表。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
FORMAL ACCUSATION 正式指控
 ESSENTIAL countable legal
■a formal police statement saying that someone is accused of a crime （警方正式的）控告，指控
• The 19-year-old will be appearing in court on Thursday where she will face criminal charges. 这位19岁的少女将于周四出庭，她将面临刑事指控。
• He has been arrested on a charge of murder. 他因被控谋杀而遭逮捕。
• The police brought a charge of theft against him. 警方指控他犯了盗窃罪。
• The police have had to drop (= stop) charges against her because they couldn't find any evidence. 警方因为找不到任何证据不得不撤销了对她的指控。
• He claimed he had been arrested on a trumped up (= false) charge. 他声称自己是受诬告而被捕的。
countable formal
■when you accuse someone of something bad 指责，责备，批评
• [+ that] The president responded angrily to the charge that she had lost touch with her country's people. 总统针对说她和自己的国民失去联系的指责作出了愤怒的回应。
• Her refusal to condemn the violence laid/left her open to the charge of positive support for the campaign (= allowed people to say that she supported it). 她拒绝谴责暴力，这很容易给人留下她支援那场运动的口实。
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
CONTROL 控制
in charge
 ADVANCED
■being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or something 负责管理，负责掌管
• Who will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves? 索菲离开后，谁来管理这个部门？
• I left Jack in charge of the suitcases while I went to get the tickets. 我去买票时让杰克看着箱子。
uncountable
■responsibility for controlling or looking after something 主管；照管；责任
• Her ex-husband has charge of the children during the week and she has them at the weekend. 她的前夫在工作日照顾孩子，她则在周末照顾孩子。
• His boss asked him to take charge of the office for a few days while she was away. 老板让他在她离开的这段时间负责办公室工作。
countable old-fashioned
■a person, especially a child, who is in your care and who you are responsible for 被照顾的人（尤指小孩）
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
EXPLOSIVE 炸药
countable
■the amount of explosive to be fired at one time, or the bullet or other explosive object shot from a gun （一定量的）炸药；弹药
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
MOVE FORWARD 前移
countable
■an attack in which people or animals suddenly run forwards 猛攻；冲锋
• a charge of buffalo/elephants 野牛／大象的猛冲
• a police charge 警方的突然袭击
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
ORDER 命令
countable formal
■an order to do something 指示，吩咐，命令
UK [tʃɑ:dʒ] US [tʃɑ:rdʒ] noun
SUPPLY ENERGY 补充能量
countable usually singular specialized
■the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores or that a substance carries （电器的）储电量；电荷
on charge UK
■If something is on charge, you are putting an amount of electricity into it 处于充电状态
• Is it all right to leave/put the battery on charge overnight? 让电池充一夜电可以吗？
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. [会计] 费用；电荷；掌管； [法] 控告；命令； [电] 负载
 - fee, instruction, cost, bidding, word
vt. [电] 使充电；使承担；指责；装载；对…索费；向…冲去
 - electrify, inflict on
vi. [电] 充电； [法] 控告；索价；向前冲；记在账上
 - law, sue for

Word: value
Front: value
[ˈvælju:] (中高研四六雅 499/367 -K5)
Vocabulary: value
(once / 32 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
When you value something, you consider it important and worthwhile. For example, if you value someone’s opinion, you will ask that person's advice before making a big decision.
Value has to do with how much something is worth, either in terms of cash or importance. As a verb, it means "holding something in high regard," (like "I value our friendship") but it can also mean "determine how much something is worth," like a prize valued at $200. The noun value also relates to worth, like a used car that is a good value, the value of good health, or the ideals we have, like "My values include honesty and fairness."
WORD FAMILY
value: devalue, overvalue, revalue, undervalue, valuable, valuate, valued, valueless, valuer, values, valuing+/devaluate: devaluated, devaluates, devaluating/devaluation: devaluations/ devalue: devaluate, devaluation, devalued, devalues, devaluing/ invaluable: invaluableness, invaluably/overvalue: overvaluation, overvalued, overvalueing, overvalues, overvaluing/revaluation: revaluations/revalue: revaluation, revalued, revalues, revaluing/undervaluation: undervaluations/undervalue: undervaluation, undervalued, undervalues, undervaluing/ valuable: invaluable, valuableness, valuables, valuably/valuate: valuating, valuation, valuator/valuation: valuations/valuator: valuators/valued: multi-valued, unvalued/valueless: valuelessness/valuer: valuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“That report offered no technical value for defenders,” Lee said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 价值，价格; 意义，涵义; 重要性; （邮票的）面值
vt. 评价; 重视，看重; 估价，给…定价
时态：valued, valuing, values
分布：价值(73%)，重视(10%)，评价(5%)，数值(4%)，价格(4%)，估价(2%)，重要性(2%)
→来自wal,强健的，勇敢的，引申词义有价值的，词源同valor,valiant,wield.
n.价格;价值;实用性v.评价,估价;尊重My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the amount of money which can be received for something 价值；价格
• She had already sold everything of value that she possessed. 她已经把自己所有值钱的东西都卖了。
• What is the value of the prize? 那个奖项有多少奖金？
• The value of the pound fell against other European currencies yesterday. 昨天英镑对其他欧洲货币的比价下挫。
• Property values have fallen since the plans for the airport were published. 建造机场的计划公布以来，房地产价格已经下跌。
• I thought the offer was good value (for money) / US alsoa good value (= a lot was offered for the amount of money paid). 我认为这个报价很合算。
['væl.ju:] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the importance or worth of something for someone 意义；价值
• For them, the house's main value lay in its quiet country location. 对他们来说，这座房子的主要优点是地处乡村，环境僻静。
• They are known to place/put/set a high value on good presentation. 众所周知，他们非常重视包装的精美。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■how useful or important something is 有用性；重要性
• The photos are of immense historical value. 这些照片极具历史价值。
• His contribution was of little or no practical value. 他的投稿没有多少或者说毫无实用价值。
• The necklace had great sentimental value. 这条项链很有纪念价值。
• It has novelty value because I've never done anything like it before. 我之前从未做过那样的事情，所以感觉很新鲜。
values [plural]
 ADVANCED
■the beliefs people have about what is right and wrong and what is most important in life, which control their behaviour 价值观
• family/moral/traditional values 家庭观念／道德观念／传统的价值观
['væl.ju:] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER UK (US appraise)
■to give a judgment about how much money something might be sold for 给…估价
• He valued the painting at $2000. 他给那幅画估价2000美元。
• The insurance company said I should have my jewellery valued. 保险公司说我应当把我的首饰进行估价。
['væl.ju:] verb transitive
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ADVANCED
■to consider something important 珍视，重视
• I've always valued her advice. 我对她的建议一向很重视。
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
value, worth
这组词都有“价值”的意思，其区别是：
value: 侧重指使用价值，着重人、物或事所具有的重要性、用途或优秀品质等。
worth: 与value近义，但前者强调事物本身的价值。
n. [数] 值； [经] 价值；价格；重要性；确切涵义
 - importance, significance, price, stress, weight
vt. 评价；重视；估价
 - score, rate, prize

Word: again
Front: again
[əˈgen] (中高 184/156 -K5)
Vocabulary: again
(once / 8 pages)
adv
When you repeat something or it happens more than once, it happens again. Every morning you wake up again.
When you return to something or somewhere, you go back again. If someone sees you every day, they might say "You again?" Some dogs bark again and again and again — they just keep barking. In sports, some teams keep wining again and again. If something happens just once, it doesn't happen again. Sometimes this word is used when you want someone to repeat information, as in "So how are you two related again?"
WORD FAMILY
again: agains
USAGE EXAMPLES
He will appear in court again on Thursday.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Shapira reprimanded the prime minister again that same year, saying living and hospitality expenses for both his official residence and private home were exorbitant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The figure was revived again in the 2016 presidential election.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 再一次; 再说; 此外; 不过
分布：又(75%)，再(25%)
→来自古英语ongean. 词根gegn, 朝后，相对。见gainsay, 否认。against, 对着的，相对的。again词义发生变化，比较前缀re-, 向后，再。
ad.再次,另一次;重新;除此,再,更,还The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
US [-'gen] adverb
ONE MORE TIME 再一次
 ESSENTIAL
■one more time 又，再一次
• Could you spell your name again, please? 请您再拼一次您的名字好吗？
• If he does it again I'll have to tell him. 如果他再这么做，我就不能不提醒他了。
• Deborah's late again. 黛博拉又迟到了。
• Throw it away and start again. 扔了它，重新开始。
 ESSENTIAL
■back to the original place or condition （回）到原处；复原
• We went to Edinburgh and back again all in one day. 我们去了爱丁堡，当天又回来了。
• Get some rest and you'll soon be well again. 休息一下，你很快就会康复的。
once again
■If something happens once again, it has already happened several times before （数次发生后）再次；再三
• You are reminded once again of the author's love of the sea. 你会再次感受到作者对大海的热爱。
Never again!
■said after an unpleasant experience to show that you do not intend to do it again （表示不愿再经历不愉快的事情）受够了！再也不做了！
• He drove me back home last night. Never again! 昨晚他开车把我送回家。以后再也不让他送了！
yet again
■If something happens yet again, it has already happened many times before （多次发生后）再次；屡次
• I'm afraid it's been delayed yet again. 恐怕这又给耽误了。
again and again
■repeatedly 一再，屡次
• I've told you again and again not to do that. 我一再告诉过你不要那样做。
all over again
■If you do something all over again, you start again from the beginning 重新做起，从头再来
• It's already taken me two hours - I don't want to have to do it all over again. 这已经花了我两个钟头了，我可不想从头再做一次。
  Common Learner Errors  againWarning: again usually goes directly after the object in a sentence. Don't say 'do again something', say do something again :
✗ I hope you will again visit us. I hope you will visit us again. If the sentence does not have an object, again usually goes at the end of the sentence: It's raining again.
UK [ə'gen/ UK [-'geɪn] US [-'gen] adverb
IN ADDITION 另外
■in addition to the amount we know about or have mentioned already 增加；多
• They are paid half as much again as we are. 他们的薪水比我们的多一半。
UK [ə'gen/ UK [-'geɪn] US [-'gen] adverb
then again (also there again)
■used when you have had a new thought that is different or opposite to what you have just said （用于表达与先前说法不同或相反的想法）话说回来，另一方面，然而
• I like to travel but, then again, I'm very fond of my home. 我喜欢旅游，可是另一方面我也很喜欢家里。
adv. 又，此外；再一次
 - moreover, besides, additionally, then, both

Word: campaign
Front: campaign
[kæmˈpeɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 640/956 -K5)
Vocabulary: campaign
(once / 76 pages)
1nv 2n
A campaign is any series of actions or events that are meant to achieve a particular result, like an advertising campaign of television commercials and Internet ads that tries to convince kids to buy bubble gum-flavored toothpaste.
The noun campaign describes any group of actions that are done with an ultimate purpose in mind. The goal of a political campaign is to put a candidate in office. The goal of a military campaign might be to take over a city, as in General Sherman's Civil War campaign to capture Atlanta. Campaign can also be used as a verb, like when an environmental organization campaigns to prevent a developer from building a shopping mall by asking people to sign petitions and soliciting their members of congress.
WORD FAMILY
campaign: campaigned, campaigner, campaigning, campaigns+/campaigner: campaigners/campaigning: campaignings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This covert action by the Nixon campaign,” he said, “laid the ground for the skulduggery of his presidency.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Being in constant pain is no way to run a re-election campaign,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During the campaign, Mr. Trump called the Iran accord “the worst deal ever negotiated.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运动; 竞选运动; 战役; 季节性竞赛
vi. 参加[发起]运动，参加竞选; 参战，参加战役; 作战
时态：campaigned, campaigning, campaigns
分布：运动(42%)，活动(38%)，战役(10%)，竞选运动(5%)，参加竞选(4%)，从事运动(1%)
→来自camp, 平地，战场。原指两军交战。
战役(camp+aign名词后缀→营地→战役)[camp=field表示"田野"]
n.战役;运动On the camp of the campus the campaign champion put the camera on the camel.在校园的营地上运动冠军将摄影机放在骆驼上.
【记】camp（n 田野，营地），aign名词后缀－营地－备战的地方
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a planned group of especially political, business or military activities which are intended to achieve a particular aim （尤指政治、商业或军事的）运动
• The protests were part of their campaign against the proposed building development in the area. 抗议是他们反对拟在该地区进行房地产开发的运动的一部分。
• This is the latest act of terrorism in a long-standing and bloody campaign of violence. 这是由来已久的血腥暴力运动中的最新一次恐怖活动。
• The endless public appearances are an inevitable part of an election campaign. 没完没了的公开露面是竞选活动不可或缺的组成部分。
• She's the campaign organizer for the Labour Party. 她是工党的竞选组织者。
• The government have just launched (= begun) their annual Christmas campaign to stop drunken driving. 政府刚刚展开其一年一度的制止酒后驾车的圣诞运动。
• a controversial new advertising campaign 备受争议的新的广告宣传活动
 IMPROVER
■a group of connected actions or movements that forms part of a war 战役，作战
• a bombing campaign 轰炸行动
[kæm'peɪn] verb intransitive
 IMPROVER
■to organize a series of activities to try to achieve something 从事活动；开展运动；发起运动
• [+ to infinitive] They've been campaigning for years to get him out of prison. 多年来为了让他出狱他们一直在积极活动。
• He's spending a lot of his time at the moment campaigning for/on behalf of the Conservative Party. 他目前将大量时间用于为／代表保守党奔走游说。
• They're busy campaigning against the building of a new motorway near here. 他们正积极发起行动，反对在附近新建高速公路。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
vi. 作战；参加竞选；参加活动
 - war, battle
n. 运动；活动；战役
 - movement, activity, exercise, sport, battle

Word: build
Front: build
[bɪld] (中高 408/415 -K5)
Vocabulary: build
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
To build is to construct or make something. When you build a house, you start at the very bottom, with the foundation, and work your way up.
You build a birdhouse using scraps of wood, a hammer, and nails, or you can build a career as a poet by writing daily and submitting poems to literary magazines. In both examples, you're constructing something yourself using materials and hard work. Another meaning is to make stronger: "I have to build my endurance if I'm going to finish that marathon." The Old English root of build, byldan, specifically means "build a house," from bold, "house."
WORD FAMILY
build: builder, building, builds, rebuild +/builder: builders/ building: buildings/ rebuild: rebuilding, rebuilds, rebuilt/rebuilding: rebuildings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fast-food chain’s plan to open a restaurant in a Vatican-owned building was met with derision when it was announced in October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s at least a building block leading into Tuesday’s rematch in San Jose.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 建造，构筑; 建立; 开发; 为…建立基础
vi. 建造，营造; 扩大，扩展; 发展，达到
n. 体格，构造; 〈俚〉优美的体型，肉体美
时态：built, building, builds
分布：建造(67%)，开发(12%)，体格(10%)，创建(5%)，身材(5%)，逐渐增强(1%)
→来自PIE *bheue, 存在，生长，居住。词源同booth, bothy.
vt.建造,建筑;建设,建立vi.增大,增强In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
verb (built, built)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make something by putting bricks or other materials together 建造，修建
• They're building new houses by the river. 他们正在河边建新房子。
• The birds built their nest in the small fir tree. 鸟儿们在小冷杉树上筑巢。
• These old houses are built (= made) of stone. 这些老房子是用石头砌的。
• Contractors have started building on waste land near the town. 承包商开始在离城镇不远的废弃土地上建房。
transitive
■to create and develop something over a long period of time 建立；发展；开辟
• We want to build a better future for our children. 我们想为孩子创造更美好的未来。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
build bridges
■to improve relationships between people who are very different or do not like each other 改善或加强不同（或敌对）人士或组群间的关系
• A local charity is working to build bridges between different ethnic groups in the area. 一家地方慈善机构正努力在这个地区不同的族群间架设友谊的桥梁。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
Rome wasn't built in a day. saying
■said to emphasize that you can not expect to do important things in a short period of time 罗马不是一天建成的；伟业非一日之功
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] build around sth
■to base something on an idea or principle 以…为基础
• The independence movement sought to unify the country with a national identity built around a common language. 独立运动谋求以建立在共同语言基础上的民族认同感来统一国家。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Phrasal Verbs  build sth in/into sth
■to include something as part of a plan, system or agreement （使）包括；使成为（计划、系统或协议的）组成部分
• When drawing up a contract it is vital to build in safety measures. 草拟合同时，将安全措施包括在内很重要。
• figurative Inequalities are often built into (= cannot be separated from) society. 社会中往往会存在不平等现象。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Phrasal Verbs  build on sth
■to use a success or achievement as a base from which to achieve more success 基于，依赖，以…为基础
• We must build on our reputation to expand the business. 我们必须依靠信誉来扩展业务。
• A good relationship is built on trust. 良好的关系建立在信任的基础上。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] build (sb/sth) up
■to increase or become larger or stronger, or to cause someone or something to do this 增强，加强；增大
• Tension is building up between the two communities. 两个社区之间的关系日趋紧张。
• They gave him soup to build up his strength /build him up. 他们给他喝汤以增强体质。
• It took her ten years to build up her publishing business. 她花了十年时间将她的出版事业发展壮大。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] build sth/sb up
■to praise something or someone in a way which will influence people's opinions 赞扬；吹捧
• For weeks the media has been building up the national basketball team. 媒体几周来一直在吹捧国家篮球队。
[bɪld] verb (built, built)
  Common Learner Errors  build up or build? To talk about making something by putting bricks or other materials together, don't say 'build up', say build :
✗ The new supermarket will be built up next to the park. The new supermarket will be built next to the park.
[bɪld] noun countable or uncountable
■the size and shape of a person's body 身材，体形
• She was of slim build with short, dark hair. 她身材苗条，一头黑色的短发。
put up, set up, build, found
put up: 临时搭建, put up a tent,
set up: 建成(内部的设施基本齐全), set up a school
build: 一般用语,建成,
found: 国家或组织的建成
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 建立；建筑
 - establish, found, constitute
vi. 建筑；建造
 - engineer, put up
n. 构造；体形；体格
 - formation, constructing, fabric, structure, figure

Word: online
Front: online
[ˌɒnˈlaɪn] (雅 2257/9396)
Vocabulary: online
(once / 264 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj
When you're online, you are using a computer or other device that's connected to the Internet. If someone asks if you're online, they're wondering whether you have Internet access.
You might say, "I need to go online and check my email," or "I don't know if she's still meeting me — she hasn't been online all day." Or you could describe something that's available or readable on the Internet, like a news story, as being online. While the adjective officially describes a connection to any computer network, it's almost always used these days to mean "on the Internet." The word online has been around since 1950.
WORD FAMILY
online
USAGE EXAMPLES
The CBP tweeted around 10:30 p.m. that all airports were back online.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Berger rose to Internet fame by creating bizarre videos about the presidential campaign for the online video network Super Deluxe.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The online reaction to the puzzle was swift, though it seemed more people were entertained than offended.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 在线的; 联网的; 联机的
分布：在线的(51%)，联机的(30%)，在线地(19%)
US [ˈɑːn.laɪn]
 ESSENTIAL
■describes products, services or information that can be bought or used on the Internet （产品、服务或信息）联网的，在线的，网上的
• an online newspaper/magazine/dictionary 网上报纸／网络杂志／在线词典
• online banking/shopping 网上银行服务／购物
(also on-line)
adverb UK [ˌɒnˈlaɪn] US [ˌɑːnˈlaɪn]
INTERNET 网际网路
 IMPROVER
■bought, used, etc. using the Internet 从网上，在网上，利用网际网路（购买、获得等）
• Have you ever bought anything online? 你在网上买过东西吗？
• This dictionary went online in 1999. 1999年开始提供这部词典的线上服务。
be online
■to be able to use email or the Internet 上（互联）网，在（互联）网上
• I'll send you my email address once I'm online. 我一上网就把我的电子邮箱地址发给你。
(also on-line)
adverb UK [ˌɒnˈlaɪn] US [ˌɑːnˈlaɪn]
CONNECTED 连接的
■connected to a system （与系统）联网地，联机地
• The new power station is expected to be online by July. 新发电站有望在7月份前实现联网。
• When will the new factory come online (= start production) ? 新工厂何时开始生产？

Word: fight
Front: fight
[faɪt] (中高研四六 676/917 -K5)
Vocabulary: fight
(once / 24 pages)
vn
When you fight, you dispute or argue. Everyone disagrees from time to time, but it's sad when close friends fight.
The verb fight means to engage in a struggle that involves conflict — and as a noun, fight is the conflict itself. A fight can take a physical form, like a boxing match or a playground skirmish, or it can happen with words, like a fight over politics. The ancient root of fight comes from the Proto-Indo-European prefix pek, meaning "to pluck out." Picture a hair-pulling fight, and this makes complete sense.
WORD FAMILY
fight: fighter, fighting, fights, fought+/ fighter: fighters/fighting: fightings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iraq’s military, aided by air support from the U.S.-led coalition fighting Islamic State, in October began a long-awaited offensive on Mosul.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Descendants of British soldiers who fought in the battle will be offered free tickets to the commemorations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And his “children” like how he fights for them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 战斗; 斗争; 打架; 吵架
n. 打架; 吵架; 战斗; 斗志
时态：fought, fighting, fights
分布：战斗(36%)，斗争(24%)，打架(16%)，奋斗(8%)，对抗(6%)，斗志(5%)，争吵(5%)
→来自pek,拔出，拔羊毛，引申词义战斗。词源可能同peig, *peik, 邪恶的，敌对的，词源同foe, feud.
v./n.打(仗),搏斗,斗争,战斗The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
verb (fought, fought)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use physical force to try to defeat another person or group of people 搏斗；打斗；打架
• There were children fighting in the playground. 当时操场上有些孩子在打架。
• The soldiers fought from house to house. 士兵逐家拼杀。
• They fought with (= on the side of) the North against the South. 他们协同北方与南方作战。
• The birds were fighting over (= competing for) a scrap of food. 一群鸟在争抢食物碎屑。
• They fight like cats and dogs (= fight or argue very angrily and violently). 他们吵得非常激烈。
• They fought to the bitter end/to the death (= until everyone on one side was dead or completely defeated). 他们进行了殊死搏斗。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something, or to stop something happening 努力击败（或争取）；（与…）作斗争
• He fought the disease bravely for three years. 他勇敢地与疾病搏斗了三年。
• We need the public's help in fighting crime. 打击犯罪行为，我们需要公众的协助。
• He fought against racism. 他与种族主义作斗争。
• Vitamin C is thought to help fight colds and flu. 人们认为维生素C可以帮助抵抗伤风和流感。
• They had to fight hard for improvements to the road system. 他们必须努力不懈改进公路系统。
• One of the passengers was fighting for her life (= so ill or injured that she might die) last night after receiving multiple injuries in the collision. 一名女乘客在相撞意外中多处受伤，昨晚努力与死神搏斗。
• With debts of over $2 million, the corporation is fighting for its life (= people are trying hard to stop it being destroyed) 公司负债高达两百多万美元，正力挽狂澜，员工都倾尽全力以求保住公司。
• I had to fight (back) (= tried hard not to show or produce) the tears when he said he was leaving. 他说他要离开时，我不得不强忍住眼泪。
• The bank fought off (= successfully prevented) a takeover by another bank recently. 这家银行最近成功抵住了另一家银行的兼并。
• I was getting a cold at the start of the week but I seem to have fought it off (= got rid of it). 本周初我有些感冒的症状，但是现在似乎已经打退了病魔。
intransitive informal
■to argue 吵架；失和；争吵
• I wish they wouldn't fight in front of the kids. 我希望他们不要在孩子面前争吵。
• I could hear them fighting about money again. 我听见他们又在为钱财的事情吵架了。
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
fight your corner UK
■to defend something that you believe in by arguing 奋力抗争，据理力争
• You'll have to be prepared to fight your corner if you want them to extend the project. 如果你想他们延长这个专案计划的期限，你必须做好极力争取的准备。
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
fight a losing battle
■to try hard to do something when there is no chance that you will succeed 打一场无望取胜的仗；虽必败无疑犹努力奋斗
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
fight fire with fire
■to use the same methods as someone else in order to defeat them 以其人之道还治其人之身，以牙还牙
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
fight it out informal
■to decide which of a group of people will get something good when there is only one or a few of that thing 争论出结果，打到分出胜负
• There's only one ticket so you'll have to fight it out between you. 只有一张票，所以你们两个商量吧。
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
fight shy of UK
■to try to avoid something 回避；躲避
• Before this course I'd always fought shy of technology. 在修这门课之前，我一直都竭力避开和科技有关的问题。
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
He who fights and runs away , lives to fight another day. saying
■used to say that it can be a good and acceptable decision to leave a difficult situation 好汉不吃眼前亏。
[faɪt] verb (fought, fought)
  Phrasal Verbs  fight back
■to defend yourself when someone attacks you or causes problems for you 反击，回击，抵抗
[faɪt] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an argument or an occasion when someone uses physical force to try to defeat someone 争吵；吵架；打架
• Jeff's always getting into/starting fights. 杰夫总是卷入／挑起争斗。
• The older boys broke up (= stopped) the fight. 较年长的男孩制止了打斗。
• UK I had a stand-up fight with her (= we argued strongly) about the telephone bill. 我和她为了电话账单大吵了一场。
• Have you got tickets for the big fight (= boxing competition) ? 你拿到拳击赛的票了吗？
• He put up a fight when the police tried to arrest him. 他在被员警逮捕时拒捕。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you use a lot of effort to defeat someone or achieve something, or to stop something happening 斗争
• We must continue the fight against homelessness. 我们必须继续努力消除无家可归的现象。
• He died last week after a long fight with cancer. 在与癌症进行了长期的搏斗后，他于上周去世了。
• They put up a good fight (= played well) against a more experienced football team. 他们与一支经验更为丰富的足球队对阵，表现很出色。
uncountable
■the wish or ability to fight or act energetically 斗志；战斗力
• The team came out on the field full of fight. 队员都斗志昂扬地进入了赛场。
[faɪt] noun
a fight to the finish
■when two groups or people intend to fight until one side has been defeated 打到分出胜负为止的斗争
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
strike, fight
strike: 打击，撞，猛然攻击或袭击
fight: 多指在战斗中用暴力对抗，打架
vi. 搏斗，斗争；打架；打仗
 - combat, war
vt. 打架；与…打仗，与…斗争；反对…提案
 - struggle with
n. 战斗，搏斗；打架；斗志
 - action, combat

Word: different
Front: different
[ˈdɪfrənt] (中高雅 237/177 -K5)
Vocabulary: different
(once / 16 pages)
adj
Something is different whether it is only a little or completely unlike something else. Not only are your two cats different breeds, but they are also different from your pet tiger.
Often followed by the word than or from, different describes something that contrasts with, or differs from, something else. With roots in the Latin differre, meaning “to set apart,” different can also describe something that belongs in a whole other category. More recently, the word has picked up an additional sense — for something that is special or unique, in an extraordinary or sometimes negative way. That tie your dad has with the different kinds of peppers on it is definitely... different.
WORD FAMILY
different: difference, differently, indifferent +/ differ: differed, different, differing, differs/ difference: differences, differential, differentiate / differential: differentially, differentials/ differentiate: dedifferentiate, differentiable, differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation, differentiator/differentiated: dedifferentiated, undifferentiated/ differentiation: dedifferentiation, differentiations/ indifference: indifferences/ indifferent: indifference, indifferenter, indifferently
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s in a different area, completely the other side. Hurt a lot less when it happened, so I’m definitely encouraged.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"I think they are really different shows," she said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In Australia, for example, different agencies regulate drones and counter-drone technologies.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 不同的; 各式各样的; 个别的; 不平常
分布：不同的(94%)，分别的(3%)，各不相同的(2%)，差异的(1%)
→来自differ, 不同。
a.差异的,差异的,不同的I infer that he is indifferent to differentiating the offers in different conferences.我推断他对区分不同会谈中的报价漠不关心.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not the same 不同的，不一样的，有差别的
• She seems to wear something different every day. 她似乎每天都穿不一样的衣服。
• He's different now that he's been to college. 他现在上了大学，与以前不一样了。
• We're reading a different book this week. 这周我们在读另一本书。
• Emily is very/completely/entirely different from her sister. 艾蜜莉与她姐姐截然不同。
• Emily and her sister are quite (= completely) different. 艾蜜莉和她姐姐完全不同。
• There are many different types/kinds of bacteria. 细菌有很多不同的种类。
■informal
■describes something or someone you think is unusual or shows bad judgment 不同寻常的，另类的；品位差的
• What do I think of your purple shoes? Well, they're certainly different. 我觉得你那双紫色鞋子怎么样？当然很另类啦。
UK ['dɪf.ər.ənt] US [-ɚ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  differentWarning: Check your spelling! Different is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
UK ['dɪf.ər.ənt] US [-ɚ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  different or difference? Warning: do not confuse the adjective different with the noun difference :
✗ Children need to learn the different between right and wrong. Children need to learn the difference between right and wrong.
UK ['dɪf.ər.ənt] US [-ɚ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  different Warning: when using different to refer to more than one thing, remember to use the plural form of the noun.
✗ The students all come from different country. The students all come from different countries. Remember: say 'a different kind of something', but many different kinds of something(s).
different, diverse, various
这组词都有“不同的”的意思，其区别是：
different: 普通用词，强调事物间的区别或本质的不同。有时侧重对比，不着重差别。
diverse: 语气较强，指性质完全不同，着重显著的区别。
various: 通常强调种类的数目。
different, indifferent
different: 跟……不一样，同from搭配。如：This book is different from that one.(这本书跟那本不一样。)
indifferent: 冷漠的，不关心的，同to搭配。如：He was indifferent to his personal appearance.(他从前不注意自己的外表。)
adj. 不同的；个别的，与众不同的
 - diverse, unlike, unusual, individual, varying

Word: politician
Front: politician
[ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn] (高研四六 1783/2049 -K4)
Vocabulary: politician
(once / 212 pages)
n
A politician is a person who campaigns for or holds a position in government. A politician may start a career by running for a local office, like mayor, but could eventually serve nationally — in Congress or even as President.
Politician can mean someone who identifies with a major political party. Sometimes voters prefer to elect candidates who aren't career politicians, with more allegiance to the party they represent than the people they serve. A general frustration with politicians has resulted in the use of politician to refer to people who act to gain an advantage for themselves. The office politician may lobby the boss to get preferential treatment, for example.
WORD FAMILY
politician: politicians+/ apolitical: apolitically/nonpolitical: nonpolitically/ political: apolitical, nonpolitical, politically, semipolitical, unpolitical/politicise: politicised, politicising/ politicize: politicized, politicizes, politicizing/ politics: political, politician, politicise, politicize
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This proves that politicians didn’t do a good job the first time and we need a better process.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He was the ‘most popular politician on Earth.’
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’ve been real estate developers and politicians. In my time, there’s never been an operating boss in charge of the M.T.A.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 政治家; 政客，玩弄权术者; <蔑>政客，<美>政治贩
分布：政治家(59%)，政客(41%)
→来自politic,政治的，-ian,人。
政客(polit+ician人→爱国家之人→政客)[polic,polis,polit=state,city,表示"国家,城市"]
n.政治家,政客By policy, the police impolitely sliced the politician's politics books.根据政策,警方不客气的把政客的政治书籍切成了薄片.
US [ˌpɑ:.lə-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a member of a government or law-making organization 从政者，政治家，政客
• a distinguished/disgraced politician 著名／失势的政治家
politician, statesman
这组词都有“政治家”的意思，其区别是：
politician: 指有才能的职业政治家或政坛人物。在美国英语中，多含贬义，特指玩弄阴谋、勾心斗角以谋以私利的政客、政治骗子。
statesman: 与politician相反，常用于褒义，指有远见，为国为民的正派的政治家，既着重才能，又侧重身居要职。
n. 政治家，政客
 - statesman

Word: continue
Front: continue
[kənˈtɪnju:] (中高研四六 293/323 -K5)
Vocabulary: continue
(once / 21 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To continue an activity is to keep it going, either with or without interruption. If you ask the newspaper to continue delivering your paper while you are on vacation, you want to receive all the news while you’re away.
The verb continue is related to the word continuous, from the Latin word continuare, meaning “join together” or “connect.” When anything goes on without a break, like the middle school variety show, it continues, uninterrupted. You can also continue something that was paused or set aside. You could, for instance, continue watching the movie that you paused when the pizza was delivered and then continue to drive your parents crazy by texting your friends while watching the movie with them.
WORD FAMILY
continue: continuance, continuation, continued, continues, continuing, discontinue +/continuance: continuances/continuation: continuations/ continuing: continuingly/discontinuance: discontinuances/discontinuation: discontinuations/ discontinue: discontinuance, discontinuation, discontinued, discontinues, discontinuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was there that Mr. Qarau realized future generations might never see or taste a turtle if harvesting continued.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The main event, a stronger storm system, is expected to move into the Los Angeles County area late Saturday and continue until Monday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 持续; 逗留; 维持原状
vt. 延期; 使延伸; 使持续; 继续说
时态：continued, continuing, continues
分布：继续(86%)，持续(11%)，连续(2%)，维持(1%)
→con-, 强调。-tin, 持，握，词源同tenable, continent.
继续(con全部+tin+ue→全部拿住→做事做到尾→继续)[tain,ten,tin=hold表示"拿住"]
v.继续,连续,延伸The continent continues to control the import of petrol and petroleum.大陆方面继续控制汽油和石油进口.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to keep happening, existing or doing something, or to cause something or someone to do this （使）继续，（使）持续，（使）延续
• [+ to infinitive] It's said that as the boat went down the band continued to play. 据说，船沈时乐队仍在继续演奏。
• [+ -ing verb] If she continues drinking like that, I'll have to carry her home. 如果她再继续那样喝下去，我就只好把她扛回家去了。
• Do you intend to continue (with) your studies? 你打算继续你的学业吗？
• If the rain continues, we'll have to cancel tonight's plans. 如果雨还下个不停，我们只好取消今晚的计划。
• Sally Palmer will be continuing as chairperson this autumn. 萨莉‧帕尔默今年秋天将继续担任委员会主席。
• The article continues/is continued on page ten. 这篇文章续载在第十页。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to start to do something again after a pause （中断后）再继续，又开始
• After stopping for a quick drink, they continued on their way. 停下来迅速喝了点水后，他们又继续赶路。
• [+ -ing verb] He paused for a moment to listen and then continued eating. 他停下来听了一会儿，又继续吃饭。
• The president continued by saying that his country was a free country and would always remain so. 总统接下来说他的国家是个自由国度，而且会一直保持下去。
• [+ speech] "I don't like your weather!" she shouted, "and I don't, " she continued, "like your food." “我不喜欢你们那里的天气！”她喊道，“还有，”她继续说道；“我不喜欢你们那里的食物。”
resume, succeed, continue, go on
这组词都有“继续”的意思，其区别是：
resume: 指中断后的继续。
succeed: 侧重指有规律地连续。
continue: 普通用词。或指持续而不停止，或有一段中断后又继续下去。
go on: 通俗用词，多用于口语中。go on+-ing表暂停后继续做原事，即后继续的内容与原来的内容相同。go on+不定式指做完某事后，接着做不同的另一件事。
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
vi. 继续，延续；仍旧，连续
 - run on, carry on with

Word: research
Front: research
[rɪˈsɜ:tʃ] (中高研四六雅 362/357 -K5)
Vocabulary: research
(once / 93 pages)
nv
In their spare time, teenagers LOVE doing extra research, by investigating the facts of a certain subject and studying and recording what they learn. And if you believe that, you need to do more research on the habits of teenagers.
Research comes from the Old French word recercher, meaning "seek out," or "search closely." When you do research, you are searching for knowledge and facts. Although you write plenty of research papers in college, on anything from the Industrial Revolution to the meaning behind a fur-lined teacup, the term is often used when talking about science, because scientists use step-by-step research to prove what is true, or not true, in their line of work.
WORD FAMILY
research: researched, researcher, researches, researching+/ researcher: researchers
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Even as the research proceeds, thousands of people are using CBD as medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 研究，追究; 探讨，探测; 调查; 探索
vi. 做研究; 探究; （从市场调研中）得出所预测的结果
vt. 从事…的研究，为…而做研究
时态：researched, researching, researches
分布：研究(95%)，调查(5%)
→re-,表强调，search,搜寻。引申词义研究，探索。
v./n.(into,on)研究,调查Early I searched through the earth for earthware so as to research in earthquake.早先我在泥土中搜寻陶器以研究地震.
US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ]
 ESSENTIAL (also researches [plural])
■a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding 研究；调查；探索
• scientific/medical research 科学／医学研究
• a research student/assistant/laboratory 研究生／助手／实验室
• They are carrying out/conducting/doing some fascinating research into/on the language of dolphins. 他们正在对海豚的语言展开／进行／做一些很有趣的研究。
• His researches in the field of disease prevention produced unexpected results. 他在疾病预防领域的研究取得了意想不到的成果。
noun uncountable UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    UK [ˈriː.sɜːtʃ] US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ/
  Common Learner Errors  researchWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make research', say do/carry out/conduct research :
✗ The company makes research into alternative energy sources. The company does research into alternative energy sources.
noun uncountable UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ/
    UK [ˈriː.sɜːtʃ] US [ˈriː.sɜ˞ːtʃ/
  Common Learner Errors  research In its main meaning, research cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of research , do not say 'a research', say research , some research or a lot of research :
✗ He has done an interesting research into animal behaviour. He has done some interesting research into animal behaviour. To talk about research in the singular, you can say a piece of research : I read a very interesting piece of research on the environment.
verb intransitive or transitive UK [rɪˈsɜːtʃ] US [-ˈsɜ˞ːtʃ]
 ADVANCED
■to study a subject thoroughly, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a (new) understanding 研究；调查；探索
• She's researching into possible cures for AIDS. 她正在对一些可能治愈爱滋病的疗法进行研究。
• Journalists were frantically researching the new Prime Minister's background, family and interests. 记者们在疯狂地调查新首相的背景、家庭和爱好等。
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 研究；调查
 - investigation, study, probe, indagation
vi. 研究；调查
 - probe, examine
vt. 研究；调查
 - examine, survey

Word: worry
Front: worry
[ˈwʌri] (中高 970/1537 -K4)
Vocabulary: worry
(once / 102 pages)
nv
The verb worry is an anxious word; it means to be concerned or nervous. If you sent your carrier pigeon out in the morning to deliver a message, you might worry if it hadn't returned by the afternoon.
When you worry, you feel uneasy — the way you might worry that you've got spinach in your teeth when you're at a job interview. When it's an animal doing the worrying, it takes on a different meaning: a dog will worry a bone — or gnaw on it and play with it, for hours. The word worry comes from the Old English wyrgan, which originally meant "strangle," and changed over the years to mean first "harass," and then "cause anxiety to."
WORD FAMILY
worry: worried, worrier, worries, worriment, worrisome, worrying+/unworried: unworriedly/ worried: unworried, worriedly/worrier: worriers/worriment: worriments/worrisome: worrisomely/worrying: worryingly, worryings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s probably only a cyst, and there’s nothing to worry about.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 烦恼，忧虑; 担心; 撕咬
vi. 担心，焦虑; 为…发愁; 撕咬
vt. 使烦恼; 烦扰; 撕咬
时态：worried, worrying, worries
分布：担心(67%)，忧虑(11%)，烦恼(11%)，发愁(6%)，撕咬(3%)，使烦恼(1%)，使焦虑(1%)
→来自wergh,弯，转，缠绕，词源同wring,wriggle。其原义为扭打，缠绕，后用于心理学揪心，担忧，烦扰。
v.烦恼;(about)对...感到烦恼n.烦恼,焦虑"Sorry, I'll borrow the lorry tomorrow," the sorrowful man said with worry in the corridor."对不起,明天我要借用这辆卡车."那个悲伤的人在走廊里担心地说.
US ['wɝ:-] verb
PROBLEM 问题
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to think about problems or unpleasant things that might happen in a way that makes you feel unhappy and afraid 担心；忧虑；发愁
• Try not to worry - there's nothing you can do to change the situation. 别发愁了——你没法改变这种局面。
• Don't worry, she'll be all right. 别担心，她会没事的。
• It's silly worrying about things which are outside your control. 为自己无法掌控的事发愁是很愚蠢的。
• [+ (that)] She's worried (that) she might not be able to find another job. 她担心自己无法再找到一份工作。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make someone feel unhappy and afraid because of problems or unpleasant things that might happen 使担忧；使焦虑
• You worried your mother by not writing. 你没有写信，这令你妈妈很担心。
• [+ that] It worries me that he hasn't phoned yet. 他还没有打电话，这令我有些担忧。
• The continued lack of rain is starting to worry people. 持续少雨开始令人们担忧起来。
  Common Learner Errors  worryRemember : the most usual preposition to use with worry is about : To refer to the thing that is making you worry, don't say 'worry for', say worry about : There's no need to worry about anything.
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
ANIMAL 动物
transitive
■If a dog worries another animal, it chases and frightens it and might also bite it （狗）追赶，撕咬（其他动物）
• Any dog caught worrying sheep in these fields will be shot. 这些牧场里只要发现有狗攻击羊只，狗就会被射杀。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
Don't worry your pretty little head. informal humorous
■used to tell someone not to worry 用以告诉某人不必担心
• "What about all the work that needs doing in the kitchen?" "I'll sort that out - don't worry your pretty little head about it!" “厨房里那些要做的工作怎么办？”“别担心，包在我身上！”
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
not to worry informal
■said to show that you are not worried or upset because something has gone wrong or something unexpected has happened 别担心；别发愁
• Not to worry - perhaps you'll be able to come next week instead. 别着急——或许你可以下星期再来。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  worry at sth
OBJECT
■to shake, pull at or touch something repeatedly 反复逗弄
• The dog was worrying away at its bone. 狗在反复撕咬着骨头。
PROBLEM
■to keep trying to find a way of solving a problem 不断努力；反覆尝试
• She'll worry at those figures until she's sure they've been worked out properly. 她会反覆验算那些数字，直到确定计算结果无误为止。
UK ['wʌr.i] US ['wɝ:-] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a problem that makes you feel unhappy and afraid 令人担心（或发愁）的事
• health/financial worries 健康／财务上的烦恼
• Keeping warm in the winter is a major worry for many old people. 冬天如何保暖对很多老年人来说是一件令人担忧的大事。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel unhappy and afraid about something 担忧；担心；发愁
• Unemployment, bad health - all sorts of things can be a cause of worry. 失业、健康状况不佳——各种各样的事都可能会产生烦恼。
• It was clear that Anna had no worries about her husband's attempts to flirt. 非常明显，安娜对她丈夫几次想与人调情并不感到忧虑。
fret, care, brood, worry
这组词都有“烦恼、担忧”的意思，其区别是：
fret: 通常指因悲哀、焦虑或忧愁等所困扰的心理状态。
care: 多指极强烈的关心和忧虑。常带纯客观的意味。
brood: 语气比worry强，多指沉思、沮丧或忧郁。
worry: 普通用词，着重使人焦虑、烦恼或深深不安。
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
n. 担心；烦恼；撕咬
 - trouble, fear
vt. 担心；发愁；折磨
 - harry, trouble, tear
vi. 担心；烦恼；撕咬
 - trouble, concern about/for/over

Word: live
Front: live
[lɪv] (中高雅 210/267 -K3)
Vocabulary: live
(once / 12 pages)
1vadj 2v 3v 4adjadv 5adj
The verb live means remain alive. If you hope to live until you're 100, start eating vegetables.
When live rhymes with give, it's a verb that has to do with existing — being or staying alive, or making your home in a particular place, like when you say, "I live on the planet Earth for the time being." When live rhymes with hive, it is an entirely different word with a very similar meaning, an adjective that means "not dead", or "living". So you could describe your two pet fish by saying, "The one on the left, floating upside down, is the dead fish, and the one on the right is the live fish."
WORD FAMILY
live: livable, liveable, lived, liveness, living, livingly, relive, unlive+/ livable: livably/ living: livings, non-living, nonliving/relive: relived, relives, reliving/unlive: unlivable, unliveable, unlived, unliving
USAGE EXAMPLES
They just think the beasts lived alongside humans on a planet that’s only about 6,000 years old.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
I am remembering how my mother lived with breast cancer for 14 years, through two mastectomies and repeated chemotherapy and radiation.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 生存; 居住; 生活，过活; 在生活中得到享受
vt. 经历; 度过
时态：lived, living, lives
分布：现场(46%)，居住(18%)，活的(12%)，活着(11%)，带电的(4%)，过着(3%)，直播的(3%)，当前的(1%)，现场的(1%)，燃烧着的(1%)
→来自life的动词形式。
v.活着,生活,居住a.活的,生动的,直播的He lived to the age of 70.他活到70岁.
verb[lɪv/
HAVE LIFE 活着
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■(to continue) to be alive or have life 生存；活着
• He only lived a few days after the accident. 出事后他只活了几天就死了。
• I hope I live to see my grandchildren. 我希望我能活到看见我孙儿女的那一天。
• [+ to infinitive] Her granny lived to the ripe old age of 94. 她祖母活到了94岁高龄。
• Can the right to live ever be denied to any human? 人的生存权可以剥夺吗？
• She lived on well into her nineties. 她一直活到了90多岁。
verb[lɪv/
HAVE A HOME 居住
live in/at, etc.
 ESSENTIAL
■to have your home somewhere 住，居住
• Where do you live? 你住在哪里？
• We live in London. 我们住在伦敦。
• Some students live on the University campus. 有些学生住在大学校园里。
• He lives with four other people in a shared house. 他和另外四个人同住在一所房子里。
intransitive informal
■to be kept usually in a particular place 放，放置，保存
• Where do the knives live in your kitchen? 刀具放在厨房的甚么地方了？
• I'm not sure where this bowl lives. 我不知道这只碗该放在哪里。
verb[lɪv/
SPEND LIFE 生活
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to spend your life in a particular way 生活，过活
• After a while you get used to living alone. 过一段时间你会适应一个人生活的。
• When you retire, you want to live a comfortable life. 退休的时候，大家都希望能过着舒适的生活。
• So the prince and princess got married, and lived happily ever after. 于是王子和公主成了亲，从此他们过着幸福的生活。
• He simply wants to live (out) (= experience) the rest of his days in peace. 他只想能安度余生。
• The TV's broken - we'll just have to live without (= not have) it for a while. 电视机坏了 ——这段时间我们只好不看电视了。
• She certainly lived her life to the full (= was always doing something interesting). 她当然活得非常充实。
• figurative The US is living beyond its means (= spending more than it earns). 美国人过的是借钱享乐的日子。
verb[lɪv/
STAY ALIVE 活着
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to stay alive, especially by getting enough money to pay for food, a place in which to stay, clothing, etc 活着；（尤指靠…）过活，生活
• For several years she lived by begging. 她以乞讨为生过了好几年。
• She has an inheritance to live off (US alsolive off of)so she doesn't need to work. 她可以靠遗产生活，不必工作。
• He only agreed to marry her so he could live off her (money). 他同意和她结婚只是为了她的钱。
verb[lɪv/
CONTINUE 继续
intransitive
■(of things which can not be alive) to exist or continue to exist （指逝去的事物）继续存在，留存
• The memory of those terrible days lives on. 对那些恐怖的日子的记忆挥之不去。
verb[lɪv/
INTERESTING LIFE 有趣的生活
intransitive
■to have an interesting life 享受生活的乐趣，尽情地享受生活
• I want to live a bit before I settle down. 在安定下来之前我要好好享受一下生活。
• If you haven't seen Venice, you haven't lived. 如果你没到过威尼斯，就等于白活了一场。
verb[lɪv/
live (on) in the memory
■If something lives (on) in the memory, it has such an effect that it is remembered for a long time. 留在记忆中
verb[lɪv/
live your own life
■to spend your life doing what you want usually because something is no longer stopping you from doing so 以自己的方式生活；自由自在地生活
• Now that the children have left home I can live my own life again. 现在孩子都不在家了，我终于能再次以我自己的方式生活了。
verb[lɪv/
live a lie
■to live in a way that is dishonest because you are pretending to be something that you are not, to yourself or to other people 过着骗人的生活；过着双面人的生活
• She doesn't know you're married? You have to stop living a lie and tell her. 她不知道你结了婚吗？你不能再骗人了，必须告诉她实情。
verb[lɪv/
live and breathe sth
■When a person lives and breathes something, it is extremely important to them 对待…像生命一样重要，视…为生命
• He lives and breathes music. 他视音乐为生命。
verb[lɪv/
live and let live
■said to mean that people should accept the way other people live and behave, especially if they do things in a different way 自己活也让别人活；互相宽容
verb[lɪv/
live by your wits
■to make money in a clever and usually dishonest way 靠耍小聪明赚钱，靠玩花招赚钱
verb[lɪv/
live in sin humorous
■to live with someone that you are having a sexual relationship with but are not married to （有性关系但并未结婚的人）一起居住；姘居；未婚同居
• Last I heard, they'd moved in together and were living in sin. 我听到的最新消息是，他们已经搬到一起同居了。
verb[lɪv/
live it up informal
■to have an exciting and very enjoyable time with parties, good food and drink 享乐，玩乐
• He's alive and well and living it up in the Bahamas. 他活蹦乱跳的，正在巴哈马群岛吃喝玩乐呢。
verb[lɪv/
live like a king/lord
■to have a luxurious (= spending a lot of money) way of life 过着奢华的生活
verb[lɪv/
live to fight another day
■to have another chance to fight in a competition 下次再分高低，还有机会较量
• We didn't win this time, but we live to fight another day. 这次我们没有获胜，但下回我们再论输赢。
verb[lɪv/
live to tell the tale
■to successfully deal with or continue to live despite a difficult situation or experience 熬过来，挺过来
• We had a horrific journey, but we lived to tell the tale. 这段旅程太恐怖了，但我们终于熬了过来。
verb[lɪv/
lived in
■regularly used and comfortable 常用的，舒适的
• I like a room to look lived in. 我喜欢房间里看上去像有人常住的样子，舒适惬意。
verb[lɪv/
never live sth down
■to be unable to stop feeling embarrassed about something you have done 对…感到尴尬不已，一直对…感到难堪
• I wish I'd never opened my mouth in the meeting - I'm never going to live it down! 我真希望自己在会上甚么都没说——我一辈子都会为此感到难堪的！
verb[lɪv/
within living memory
■If something has happened within living memory, it can be remembered by some people who are still alive 记忆犹新，依然留在记忆中
• There is possibly less chance of another World War while the last one is within living memory. 当人们对上一次世界大战还记忆犹新的时候，爆发新的世界大战的可能性会很小。
verb[lɪv/
you live and learn
■said when you hear or discover something which is surprising （表示对得知的东西感到惊讶）真想不到
• I had no idea they were related. Oh well, you live and learn. 我一点都没想到他们之间还有联系。唉，真是想不到啊。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live for sth/sb ADVANCED
■to have something or someone as the most important thing in your life 为…而活着
• She just lives for music. 她就是为音乐而活的。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live on sth
MONEY
 ADVANCED
■If you live on an amount of money, that is the money that you use to buy the things that you need 依靠（…钱）生活
• We lived on very little when we first got married. 我们刚结婚的时候日子过得很紧。
FOOD
 ADVANCED
■to only eat a particular type of food 靠（…食物）生存；只吃
• I more or less live on pasta. 我基本上只吃义大利面。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live together ADVANCED
■If two people live together, they share a house and have a sexual relationship but are not married （未婚）同居
• Nowadays many young people live together before they get married. 现在许多年轻人都婚前同居。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live up to sth ADVANCED
■to be as good as something 与…一样好
• The concert was brilliant - it lived up to all our expectations. 音乐会很棒——一点都没有让我们失望。
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live with sb ADVANCED
■to share a home with someone and have a sexual relationship with them although you are not married 与（某人）未婚同居
verb[lɪv/
  Phrasal Verbs  live with sth
■to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation 接受，容忍（困境或令人不快的情形）
• I can't change the situation so I'm going to have to learn to live with it. 既然无法改变这种状况，我只好试着去接受它。
adjective]laɪv/
HAVING LIFE 活的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■having life 活的
• Millions of live animals are shipped around the world each year. 每年有数百万只动物被运到世界各地。
• There was a tank of live lobsters in the restaurant. 餐厅里有一箱活龙虾。
adjective]laɪv/
AS IT HAPPENS 在其发生的同时
 IMPROVER
■(of a performance) broadcast, recorded or seen while it is happening 现场直播的，现场录制的；实况转播的
• This evening there will be a live broadcast of the debate. 今晚将现场直播这场辩论。
• a live recording 现场录音
adjective]laɪv/
ELECTRICITY 电
■(of a wire) carrying or charged with electricity （电线）带电的
• a live wire 火线
adjective]laɪv/
ABLE TO EXPLODE 可爆炸的
■able to explode 可爆炸的
• live rounds of ammunition 数发实弹
• live shells 实弹
adjective]laɪv/
BURNING 燃烧的
■(of a fire, coals or a match) still burning or able to burn （火、煤炭或火柴）燃烧的，可燃的
• There are live coals in the fireplace. 壁炉里的煤还在燃烧。
adverb
■broadcast as it happens or performing in front of an audience 直播地；现场播出地
• I've got two tickets to see them (perform) live. 我有两张看他们现场演出的门票。
go live live 1 * If a new system, especially a computer system, goes live, it starts to operate
（新系统，尤指电脑系统）开始运行；开始工作
• Our new payments system will go live at the beginning of next month. 下个月初我们新的付费系统将开始运作。
dwell, inhabit, reside, settle, lodge, live
这组词都有“居住、定居”的意思，其区别是：
dwell: 文学上的用词，口语中通常用live代替。
inhabit: 强调人或动物居住在某个地区并已适应某种特殊环境。
reside: 书面用词，指合法的永久性居住，也指在豪华的住宅里居住。
settle: 侧重指某人定居于城市、国家或地区，而不指居住的住所。
lodge: 指短时间或临时住宿。
live: 最普通用词，指固定的居住，可以是长期的，也可以是临时的。
lively, alive, living, live
lively: 意为活波的
alive: 活着的,定表均可,定语后置, all the people alive
living: 活着的,定表均可, all the living people
live: 活着的,只能做定语,
exist, live, be
这组词都有“存在”的意思，其区别是：
exist: 通常指可观察到的或众所周知的存在现象。
live: 多指有生命的东西的存在。指无生命事物时，强调可联想起生命的那些特点。
be: 指某时某地确存在的事物或现象，多与there连用。
adj. 活的；生动的；实况转播的；精力充沛的
 - telling, vivid, vigorous, energetic
vt. 经历；度过
 - spend, suffer, experience, undergo, last
vi. 活；居住；生存
 - exist, belong, room, harbor, dwell

Word: ever
Front: ever
[ˈevə(r)] (中高 280/355 -K5)
Back: adv. 永远; 曾经，这以前; 究竟，到底; 可能
分布：永远(55%)，曾经(19%)，一直(12%)，究竟(10%)，在任何时候(4%)
→来自古英语aefre, 永远，总是。来自词根ev, 永远，时期，词源同eon, longevity. -re词源存在争议，可能来自比较级后缀-er.
ad.曾经;永远;在任何时候;究竟Have you ever been to London?你到过伦敦吗?
US [-ɚ] adverb
AT ANY TIME 在任何时候
 ESSENTIAL
■at any time 在任何时候；从来
• Nothing ever happens here in the evenings. 这儿晚上从来没发生过甚么事儿。
• Have you ever been to London? 你去过伦敦吗？
• If you're ever/If ever you're in Cambridge, do give me a ring. 无论甚么时候你到了剑桥，一定要给我打个电话。
• He hardly ever (= almost never) washes the dishes and he rarely, if ever, (= probably never) does any cleaning. 他几乎从不洗碗碟，也难得打扫一次。
• When there's a James Bond film on TV, I never ever miss it. 只要电视上播出詹姆斯．庞德电影，我从不错过。
• If ever there was a cause for celebration, this peace treaty was it. 这项和平条约确实值得庆祝。
• The smell is worse than ever. 这气味更加难闻了。
• I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have ever heard of her. 我以为她很有名，但我的朋友中竟然从来没人听说过她。
better/bigger/more, etc. than ever
■better/bigger/more than at any time before 比以前任何时候都好／大／多等
• We are spending more than ever on education. 现在我们的教育开支之大是前所未有的。
as big/fast/good, etc. as ever
■as big/fast/good as at any time before 像往常一样大／快／好等
• The restaurants are as good as ever and no more expensive. 这些餐厅的饭菜仍像往常一样美味可口，但价格却不那么贵了。
UK ['ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
ALWAYS 总是
 IMPROVER
■continuously 不断地；总是，始终
• Manchester United's record in cup competitions grows ever more impressive. 曼彻斯特联队在杯赛中的成绩越来越引人注目。
• The ever -increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport. 增加对大众运输的投资或许可以遏制对私车日益增长的需求。
• nuclear devastation was an ever- present threat 核子毁灭是个永久存在的威胁。
• After nine years in Cambridge, Susannah and Guy moved to Watlington, where they lived happily ever after. 在剑桥住了九年后，苏珊娜和盖伊移居沃特林顿，此后一直在那里过着幸福的生活。
ever since
 IMPROVER
■continuously since that time 从那以后一直
• He's been depressed ever since he got divorced. 他离婚后一直很消沉。
as ever
■in the same way as always 同往常一样
• As ever, I was the last to find out. 像往常一样，我又是最后一个知道的。
Yours ever (also Ever yours) UK slightly formal
■used at the end of a letter as a way of saying goodbye to someone you know well （熟人之间通信时用于书信末尾署名前的套语）你永远的朋友
• Yours ever, Yvonne. 你永远的朋友，伊冯娜。
UK ['ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
EMPHASIS 强调
 IMPROVER
■used for emphasizing an adjective （用于强调形容词）
• The orchestra is to perform its last ever concert/last concert ever tomorrow night at the Albert Hall. 管弦乐队将于明晚在亚伯特音乐厅举行最后一次演出。
• Yesterday the company announced its first ever fall in profits. 昨天这家公司宣布其利润首次出现下跌。
• Was she ever a fast runner! (= She was a very fast runner!) 她以前跑得多快啊！
• "Are you looking forward to your vacation?" "Am I ever!" (= Yes, very much!) “你盼望休假吗？”“无时无刻都盼着！”
 ADVANCED
■in questions, used to emphasize the question word （用于疑问句中强调疑问词）究竟，到底
• How ever did he manage that? 他到底是怎么应付过去的？
• What ever have you done to him? 你究竟对他做了甚么？
• Why ever would anyone/Why would anyone ever want to hurt her? 究竟为甚么有人要去伤害她？
ever so/ever such a UK slightly informal
■very/a very 非常…的／一个很…的
• She's ever so pretty. 她貌美至极。
• She's ever such a pretty girl. 她是个很漂亮的女孩。
UK ['ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
if ever there was one (also if ever I saw one)
■used to emphasize that what you are saying is true （用于强调所说情况的真实性）不容置疑，确实，真正
• It was a brilliant performance if ever there was one. 毋庸置疑，这是一场非常精彩的演出。
adv. 永远；曾经；究竟
 - forever, always, once

Word: every
Front: every
[ˈevri] (中高 172/210 -K5)
Vocabulary: every
(once / 8 pages)
adj
Use the adjective every to talk about all examples of something or all the members of a group. If you invite every classmate to your party, you're asking all 30 of them to come.
When you plan a trip to visit every national park in the US, you are intending to travel to 59 different parks — all of them. When you talk about time, you can also use every to explain how often an event occurs: "I've been waking up every hour lately." Every was originally a contraction of æfre ælc, "each of a group" or "ever each" in Old English.
WORD FAMILY
every
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I felt like it was something I would use every day.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every governor after Brewer called on him to serve on various state commissions and task forces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: det. 每个; 每; 所有可能的; 充足的
分布：每个(65%)，所有可能的(13%)，每隔(9%)，一切的(9%)，最大的(4%)
→来自古英语aefre aelc的缩写，字面意思即ever each.
a.每一个的,每个的;每隔...的;全部的Jail life made the frail retailer avail every snail in the pail.监狱生命使脆弱的零售商在桶里有益于每只蜗牛.
determiner
ALL 所有的
 ESSENTIAL
■used when referring to all the members of a group of three or more （三个或三个以上的人或事物组成的群体中的）每一个，每个，全部，整体
• The police want to interview every employee about the theft. 警方想就窃盗案件与每位员工面谈。
• The show will be broadcast every weekday morning between 9 and 10. 这个节目将在星期一至五每日早上九点到十点播出。
• We're open every day except Sunday. 除了星期日， 我们每天都开门营业。
• I've been out every night this week. 这个星期，每晚我都会出去。
• Every time I go to London I get caught in a traffic jam. 每次我去伦敦都会遇到塞车。
• Ten pence is donated to charity for every bottle sold. 每卖出一瓶就会有十便士捐给慈善机构。
• These paintings may look like the real thing, but (each and) every one of them is a fake. 这些画看上去好像真的，但实际上全部都是冒牌货。
• That salmon was very expensive so make sure you eat up every (single) bit. 那鲑鱼很贵，一定要全部吃掉，一点也不能剩下。
every bit as
■equally as 也完全…，也同样…
• Opponents of the war are considered every bit as patriotic as supporters. 在人们心目中，这场战争的反对者和支持者都是一样爱国的。
every last
■every 每一
• We catch the majority of people, but hunting down every last tax dodger is impossible. 我们掌握了绝大多数人的情况，但要将所有逃税者都一一查出来是不可能的。
every which way US
■in all directions 四面八方；朝各个方向
• The game was hindered by a fierce wind that swept the ball every which way. 狂风猛烈，球被吹得四周乱扫，比赛无法正常进行。
in every way
■in all ways 无论从哪方面看；在各方面
• This movie is in every way a masterpiece of cinematography. 无论从哪方面来看，这出电影都是一部杰作。
(your) every need
■all the things that you need or want 所有需求；任何要求
• There'll be an assistant there to see to your every need. 将有一位助手到场来照顾你的一切需求。
  Common Learner Errors  every timeRemember: when every is followed by time , it is written as two words. Don't write 'everytime', write every time :
✗ I see him everytime I take the dog for a walk. I see him every time I take the dog for a walk.
['ev.ri] determiner
REPEATED 重复的
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is repeated regularly （表示有规律地重复发生）每，每隔，每…之中
• Computers can perform millions of calculations every second. 计算机每秒钟能进行数百万次的运算。
• Every four minutes a car is stolen in this city. 在这个城市，每四分钟就有一架汽车遭窃。
• Every day in the United States 25 people are murdered with handguns. 在美国，每一天就有25人被手枪射杀。
• Every few kilometres we passed a burnt out jeep or truck at the side of the road. 我们每走几公里，就可以在路边看到一架被烧毁的吉普车或货车。
• The conference takes place every other/second year. 会议每隔一年／两年召开一次。
every now and again/then
 ADVANCED
■sometimes but not often 间或，偶尔，有时
• Every now and again/then they'll have a beer together. 他们偶尔会聚在一起喝杯啤酒。
every so often
■sometimes but not often 间中，偶尔，有时
• Every so often I treat myself to a meal in an expensive restaurant. 偶尔我都会到高级餐厅慰劳一下自己。
['ev.ri] determiner
GREATEST 最好的
 ADVANCED
■the greatest possible or that can be imagined 最好的；最大的；最有可能的
• I'd like to wish you every success in your new job/happiness in your new home. 我衷心祝福你在新的工作中取得最大成功／在新家日子过得幸福美满。
• She has every reason to be unhappy after losing her job and her home. 她失业了，家也没有了，大有理由可以伤心。
• You had every opportunity to make a complaint. 你当时完全有机会去投诉。
• Every effort is being made to minimise civilian casualties. 正在尽最大努力把平民的伤亡降到最低程度。
• She has every right to be proud of her tremendous achievements. 她完全有权利为自己惊人的成就感到自豪。
['ev.ri] determiner
every minute
■describes the whole period that something lasted （全部时间阶段的）每一分钟；无时无刻不，从头到尾
• "Did you like the concert?" "Yes, I enjoyed every minute of it." “你喜欢这个音乐会吗？”“很喜欢，我觉得从头到尾每一分钟都很精彩。”
['ev.ri] determiner
(your) every move
■everything that you do 一举一动；做的每一件事
• I'd hate to be someone really famous with the press reporting my every move. 那种一举一动都被登上报纸的大名人我才不愿意当。
• After that, she was watching his every move. 自从那次之后，她就在监视着他的一举一动。
['ev.ri] determiner
(your) every word
■all the things that you say （所说的）所有的话，每一个字
• She's such a fascinating lecturer - I was hanging on to her every word. 她讲得实在太引人入胜了——她讲的每一个字我都听得很仔细。
['ev.ri] determiner
on/at every corner
■in many places along the streets of a town or city （城里街上）各个路口，各个街口，到处
• After the match, police were stationed on every corner. 比赛后，城里面的各个路口都有员警驻守。
each, every
这组词都有“每一个”的意思，其区别是：
each: 指两个或两个以上中的每一个，强调个别。
every: 指3个或3个以上的整体中的每一个，侧重于整体，与all接近。

Word: perhaps
Front: perhaps
[pəˈhæps] (中高研四六 435/249 -K5)
Vocabulary: perhaps
(once / 18 pages)
adv
Perhaps means about the same thing as maybe: things that perhaps could happen might happen, or they might not.
When someone asks if you want to do something and you say "Perhaps" — you haven't committed. It's another way of saying "I don't know" or "It's possible. Who knows?" People use perhaps when talking about things they aren't sure about, or things they don't want to answer in a decisive way. When a friend says, "Perhaps we'll go to that movie," don't count on it. He's keeping his options open.
WORD FAMILY
perhaps
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJ: "So the interpretation is perhaps different in England?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A path determined by these resolutions may lead to unexpected places, maybe not to a sty, but perhaps to a stable and a star.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 或许; （表示不确定）也许; （用于粗略的估计）或许; （表示勉强同意或其实不赞成）也许
n. 假定; 猜想; 未定之事
分布：也许(50%)，可能(50%)
→来自拉丁语per,凭借，依靠，hap,机会，运气，词源同happy,happen.
也许,可能(per全部+haps→全是机会[决定]→也许)[hap=chance,表示"机会,运气"]
ad.也许,大概,恐怕Perhaps they are already there by now.也许他们现在已经在那里了.
US [pɚ'hæps] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is possible or that you are not certain about something 或许，可能
• He hasn't written to me recently - perhaps he's lost my address. 他最近没写信给我——也许他把我的地址弄丢了。
• Perhaps the most important question has not been asked. 或许还没有人提出最重要的问题。
• We plan to travel to Europe - to Spain or Italy perhaps. 我们打算去欧洲旅行，也许去西班牙或义大利。
⇒ See also maybe
 ADVANCED
■used to show that a number or amount is approximate （指数量）大概，大约
• There were perhaps 500 people at the meeting. 大概有500人出席了会议。
■used when making polite requests or statements of opinion （用于礼貌地要求或陈述意见）或许，也许
• "I never remember people's birthdays." "Well, perhaps you should." “我从来就记不住别人的生日。”“也许你应该记住。”
maybe, possibly, probably, perhaps
这组词都有“或许，大概”的意思，其区别是：
maybe: 普通用词，美国英语多用。指某事也许如此，含不能确定意味。
possibly: 指客观上潜存着发生某种变化的可能。
probably: 一般指根据逻辑推理，估计有发生的可能，把握性较大，语气比possibly强。
perhaps: 普通用词，多用于英国，与maybe同义。
adv. 也许；可能
 - maybe, possibly, like
n. 假定；猜想；未定之事
 - assumption, presupposition

Word: young
Front: young
[jʌŋ] (中高 234/228 -K5)
Back: adj. 年幼的; 有朝气的; 年轻人的; 青年的
n. 年轻人; 幼小的动物，崽
级别：younger, youngest
分布：年轻的(66%)，青年人(16%)，幼崽(8%)，初期的(5%)，没有经验的(5%)
→来自yeu,生命力，年青的活力，词源同age,eon,juvenile.
a.年轻的,幼小的;没经验的n.青年人The young youths lounged in the south mouth of the cave for one month.无经验的青年们在南洞口闲荡了一个月.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■having lived or existed for only a short time and not old 幼小的；年轻的
• young adults/children 年轻人／幼儿
• His girlfriend's very young. 他的女朋友非常年轻。
• The trees in this part of the forest are still quite young. 森林中的这一片树木还没长大。
• Philippa is the youngest person in the family. 菲莉帕是家里最小的。
• Angela is two years younger than Clare. 安杰拉比克莱尔小两岁。
 ESSENTIAL
■suitable for young people （适合）年轻人的
• young fashion/ideas 年轻人的时尚／观念
• Be honest now - do you think this dress is a bit/too young for me (= is more suitable for someone younger) ? 说实话——你觉不觉得这件衣服对我来说有点／太年轻？
look young for your age
 ESSENTIAL
■to look younger than you really are 显得比实际年龄年轻
[jʌŋ] adjective
young at heart
■thinking and behaving as if you are younger than you really are 心态年轻
• Dad might be nearly ninety but he's still young at heart. 爸爸可能年近90了，但他心态依然很年轻。
[jʌŋ] adjective
young lady/man
■used when you are speaking angrily to a young person （用于气愤地对年轻人说话）
• Mind your language, young lady! 注意你的用词，小姐！
old-fashioned or humorous
■someone's girlfriend or boyfriend 女朋友；男朋友
• If you'd care to bring your young man along too, we should be delighted to meet him. 如果你愿意把男朋友带来，我们很高兴见见他。
[jʌŋ] adjective
young love
■love between young people 年轻人的爱情
[jʌŋ] plural noun
the young
 ESSENTIAL
■young people considered together as a group （总称）青年人，年轻人
• I have nothing against mini-skirts, but I think they're strictly for the young. 我并不反对穿迷你裙，但我认为它们只适合年轻人。
■the babies of an animal 幼鸟；幼兽；幼崽
• Meanwhile, the mother flies back to the nest to feed her young. 其间，母鸟会飞回巢中给雏鸟喂食。
adolescent, youthful, juvenile, young
这组词都有“年轻的，年幼的”的意思，其区别是：
adolescent: 指13至16岁左右处于青春期的人，尚不成熟。
youthful: 褒义或贬义均可用。指具有青年人的外貌或年轻人应具有的品格。
juvenile: 较正式用词，一般12岁以下的少年，着重其生理和智力上的不成熟。
young: 强调年龄小，处于生长的前期。
adj. 年轻的；初期的；没有经验的
 - earlier, youthful
n. 年轻人；（动物的）崽，仔
 - stripling, sapling

Word: sign
Front: sign
[saɪn] (高研四六雅 759/935 -K5)
Vocabulary: sign
(once / 21 pages)
1n 2nvadj 3nv 4v 5n 6n 7v
A sign is a clue something happened, or a display that communicates a message, like a stop sign that tells you stop. To sign also means to write your signature.
The word sign has many senses, but in a general, it usually has something to say. It may be a symptom that tells about a problem, or it may just be a symbol, like the plus and minus signs in math. Sign language uses hand signals to represent words and letters. And if thunder rumbles whenever you open that book, you may take it as a sign not to read it.
WORD FAMILY
sign: co-sign, countersign, signatory, signature, signed, signedly, signer, signify, signing, signs, undersign+/co-sign: co-signed/countersign: countersignature, countersigned, countersigning, countersigns/insignificance: insignificances/ insignificant: insignificance, insignificantly/ signatory: signatories/ signature: signatures/signed: unsigned/signer: signers/ significance: significances/ significant: insignificant, nonsignificant, significance, significantly /signification: significations/signifier: signifiers/ signify: significant, signification, signified, signifier, signifies, signifying/signing: signings/undersign: undersigned, undersigning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cousins likely won’t sign a long-term deal unless he receives top dollar.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Apart from signing Norman, McCloughan was restrained in free agency.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Back: n. 符号; 手势; 迹象; 指示牌
vt. & vi. 签名; 打手势
时态：signed, signing, signs
分布：签(66%)，签名(14%)，迹象(10%)，符号(3%)，手势(3%)，招牌(3%)，正负号(1%)
→来自拉丁语 signum,符号，标志，图章，可能来自 sekw,砍，切，词源同 segment,score,shear. 引申诸相关比喻义。
n.标记,招牌;征兆,迹象v.签名(于),署名(于)The signalman's signature sign is significant to the vacant vacation.信号员的签字符号对空假期具有重要意义.
verb
WRITE 写
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to write your name, usually on a written or printed document, to show that you agree with its contents or have written or created it yourself 签（名），署（名）；签署，签字
• to sign a letter/cheque/contract/lease/agreement 在信件／支票／合约／租约／协定上签名
• Sign here, please. 请在这里签名。
• He signed his name at the end of the letter. 他在信的末尾签上了自己的名字。
• [+ obj + noun] He signed himself 'Mark Taylor'. 他签上了自己的名字“马克‧泰勒”。
• She said the painting was by Picasso, but it wasn't signed. 她说这幅画是毕卡索创作的，但画上没有他的签名。
transitive
■in sport, to make a legal written agreement to employ a player （体育界）与（球员）签约
• The football club has just signed a new player. 足球俱乐部刚刚与一名新球员签约。
[saɪn] verb
BODY MOVEMENT 身体动作
intransitive or transitive
■to give an order or information, or make a request, using hand and body movements 打手势；示意
• [+ to infinitive] He signed for/to the waiter to bring him another drink. 他示意侍者再给他一份饮料。
• [+ that] He signed to the waiter that he wanted another drink. 他向侍者示意，想再要一份饮料。
intransitive or transitive
■to use sign language (= language used by people who cannot hear or talk) 使用手语
[saɪn] verb
sign your own death warrant informal
■to do something that is harmful to your own position 自我毁灭；自寻死路
• She signed her own death warrant by refusing to do what the boss demanded. 她拒绝了老板的要求，简直是自寻死路。
[saɪn] verb
sign on the dotted line informal
■to agree to do something, especially by signing an agreement 在签字处签名同意
• If you want to join the club, all you have to do is sign on the dotted line. 若想加入该俱乐部，仅需签名即可。
[saɪn] verb
signed and sealed (also signed, sealed and delivered)
■finished and definite because all the necessary documents have been signed 签名盖章完毕了的；已成定局的
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sign sth away
■to give up your rights to something by signing a legal document 签字放弃
• Under the treaty, both sides will sign away a third of their nuclear weapons. 根据该条约的规定，双方将签字放弃他们三分之一的核子武器。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign for sth
■to sign a form to show that you have received something 签收
• I had to sign for the parcel when I collected it from the post office. 从邮局领取包裹时，我得签字。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign for/with sb
■(in sport) to sign a formal agreement saying that you will play for a particular team 签约（某支运动队）
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign (sb) in
■to sign your name or the name of someone who is visiting you in a book on arrival at a building such as an office or hotel （替某人）签到，登记
• New security measures require all visitors to sign in at reception and wear a visitor's badge. 新安全措施要求所有访客都在接待处登记并佩戴访客证。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign (sth) off
■to give a final message at the end of a letter or when communicating by radio, or at the end of a television or radio programme 结束（写信、广播或电视节目）
• She signed off (her show) by wishing her listeners a Happy New Year. 她在结束广播时祝听众新年快乐。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign off
STOP WORK US informal
■to stop doing your work or a similar activity for a period of time 暂停工作（或类似活动）
• As it's Friday, I think I'll sign off early today. 今天是星期五，我想我会早点下班。
FINANCIAL SUPPORT UK informal
■to report to a government employment office that you now have a job and do not need to receive Jobseeker's Allowance （到政府就业服务处）登记取消（失业救济金）
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign on UK informal
■to sign a form at a government office to say that you do not have a job and that you want to receive Jobseeker's Allowance (= money paid by the government to unemployed people trying to find work) （到政府就业服务处）登记领取（失业救济金）
■mainly US (UK sign up)
■to agree to become involved in an organized activity 报名参加（某项有组织的活动）
• [+ to infinitive] mainly US I've signed on to help at the school fair. 我已报名要去学校博览会上帮忙。
■(also sign up) UK informal
■to sign a document saying that you will work for someone or do a particular job or activity 签约（受雇）；报名（参加活动）
• She's signed on with a temp agency. 她和一家临时机构签约了。
• Julie has signed up for courses on English and French this year. 茱莉已报名参加了今年开设的英语和法语课程。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign (sb) out
■to sign your name in a book on leaving a building such as an office or factory, or to write someone else's name in a book when they leave after visiting it （替某人）签退
• Don't forget to sign out before you leave. 离开前别忘了签退。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sign sth out
■to record when you take something away, usually by signing your name in a book 签字领取
• You have to sign books out when you borrow them from the library. 从图书馆借书时，必须签名。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sign sth over
■to give the legal rights to something or the ownership of something to someone else by formally signing a document 签字移交，签字转让
• Two years before her death she signed her property over to her children. 去世前两年，她签字把自己的财产转到自己孩子们的名下。
[saɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sign up
■to agree to become involved in an organized activity 报名加入（某项有组织的活动）
• [+ to infinitive] I've signed up to do the teas at the village fête. 我已报名在乡村游乐会提供茶水服务。
• She's signed up for evening classes at the community college. 她已经报名参加社区大学的夜间课程。
⇒ See also sign on
[saɪn] noun countable
NOTICE 通知
 ESSENTIAL
■a notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc. 告示；标志；警告
• a road sign 路标
• a shop sign 商店招牌
[saɪn] noun countable
BODY MOVEMENT 身体动作
 ESSENTIAL
■a movement of the body which gives information or an instruction 示意动作；手势
• She pointed to her watch as a sign that it was getting late and she wanted to leave. 她指着手表示意已经很晚了，她想离开。
• She made/gave a sign to her husband to stop talking. 她示意丈夫停止讲话。
• The priest made the sign of the cross (= made the shape of a cross by moving his hand between four points on his chest) when he entered the church. 牧师走进教堂时，在胸前画了个十字。
⇒ See also signal
[saɪn] noun countable
SHOWING 表现
 ESSENTIAL
■something showing that something else exists or might happen or exist in the future 迹象；征兆
• His inability to handle the situation is a sure sign of weakness. 他无法控制局面无疑是一种软弱的表现。
• [+ that] The fact that he's eating more is a sign that he's feeling better. 他能多吃东西表明他感觉好些了。
• I've searched for my hat, but there's no sign of it anywhere (= I can't find it). 我在找我的帽子，但到处都没有它的踪影。
• There was no sign of life in the building (= there seemed to be no one in it). 建筑物里看不到人影。
• Billy's work at school has shown signs of improvement this year. 比利的学业今年有进步的迹象。
• There is every sign that/All the signs are that the worst is over. 各种迹象显示，最糟糕的时期已经过去了。
⇒ See also signal
[saɪn] noun countable
MARK 标志
 IMPROVER
■a written or printed mark which has a standard meaning 记号，符号，标志
• + and - are mathematical signs. ＋和－是数学符号。
• £ is the sign for the British pound. £是表示英镑的符号。
[saɪn] noun countable
sign of the times usually disapproving
■something that is typical of the (bad) way things are now 时代特征；世道
• These riots in the north are a sign of the times. 北部地区所发生的这些骚乱是这个时代的一个写照。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
sign, groan, moan, sob
这组词都有“叹息声，叹息”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 多指无意识地发出表示沮丧、悲痛、悔恨或厌倦等情绪的深沉叹息。
groan: 侧重指因受到难忍受的精神负担或强烈的痛苦等而发出沉重的呻吟，也指显示强烈不满的叹息声。
moan: 语气比groan强，多指拉长的或连续的悲叹(声)或呻吟(声)。
sob: 指抽噎声或呜咽声，或边说边哭。
n. 迹象；符号；记号；手势
 - symbol, breath, evidence, mark, motion
vi. 签署；签名
 - subscribe
vt. 签署；示意
 - ink, endorse

Word: order
Front: order
[ˈɔ:də(r)] (中高雅 684/368 -K4)
Vocabulary: order
(once / 15 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv 5n
Order is the formal arrangement of things — putting that pile of paper on your desk into neat stacks of bills, papers, letters, to-do lists and napkin poems.
Order has many meanings. You can put a line of people in order from tallest to shortest, or from youngest to oldest. As a very, order also means command: Talk out of turn in court and the judge will order you to be quiet. In a restaurant you give the waiter your order, which is what you want to eat, not your idea of how to organize the pantry. An order is also a group, like the Freemasons or the Order of St. Benedict.
WORD FAMILY
order: disorder, ordered, orderer, ordering, orderly, orders, reorder, suborder, superorder+/ disorder: disordered, disordering, disorderly, disorders/disordered: disorderedly/ disorderly: disorderliness/ordered: unordered/orderer: orderers/ordering: orderings/ orderly: orderlies, orderliness/reorder: reordered, reordering, reorders/suborder: suborders
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Starship’s robots work this way: Customers use a mobile app to order an item.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 命令; 秩序; 规则，制度; 次序
vt. 命令; 订购; 整理
vi. 下订单
时态：ordered, ordering, orders
→来自拉丁语ordinare,安排，布置，指定，来自ord,安排，布置，词源同ordain,ornate.引申词义顺序，命令，点菜，定购等。
n.命令;次序;整齐;定货单;等级v.定制,订购No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a request to make, supply or deliver food or goods 点菜；订制；订购；订货；订单
• "Can I take your order now?" said the waiter. 侍者问：“现在可以点菜了吗？”
• I would like to place (= make) an order for a large pine table. 我想订制一张大松木桌。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a product or a meal which has been requested by a customer 所订的货；所点饭菜
• The shop phoned to say your order has come in. 商店来电说你订的货到了。
be on order
■If something is on order, you have requested it but have not yet received it 在订购中，在订制中
• The new drilling equipment has been on order for several weeks. 新的钻探设备已经订购有几星期了。
do/make sth to order
■to do or make something especially for a person who has requested it 订做，订制
• We make wedding cakes to order. 我们提供订做婚礼蛋糕。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the way in which people or things are arranged, either in relation to one another or according to a particular characteristic 顺序；次序
• The children lined up in order of age/height. 孩子们按照年龄／身高顺序排列成队。
• I can't find the file I need because they're all out of order (= they are no longer arranged in the correct way). 我找不到我需要的档，因为它们都给弄乱了。
• Put the files in alphabetical/chronological order. 把档按照字母／时间顺序放好。
• mainly UK Here's the running order for the concert (= the order in which each item will happen). 这是音乐会的节目程式单。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
INSTRUCTION 指令
 ESSENTIAL countable often plural
■something you are told to do by someone else and which you must do 指示；指令；命令
• Clean up this room immediately - and that's an order! 立刻清理好这房间——这是命令！
• The soldiers fired as soon as their commander gave the order. 指挥官一声令下，士兵立即开火。
• Soldiers must obey orders. 军人必须服从命令。
• What are your orders? 你接到了甚么指示？
• My orders are to search everyone's bag as they come in. 我接到的命令是搜查每个进来人士的袋子。
• The road was closed all day by order of the police. 按照警方的命令，这条路整天都封闭。
Compare request
be under orders
■to have been told that you must do something by someone in authority 命令就是命令，命令必须执行
• We are under orders not to allow anyone into the building. 我们接到命令，不许任何人进入该大楼。
countable
■an official instruction telling someone what they can or cannot do, or a written instruction to a bank to pay money to a particular person （官方的）指令；（银行）汇票
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
PURPOSE 目的
in order (for sb/sth) to also (in order that sth)
 IMPROVER
■with the aim of achieving something 为了，以便
• He came home early in order to see the children before they went to bed. 他早回家是为了在孩子们睡觉前看到他们。
• I agreed to her suggestion in order not to upset her. 为了不让她伤心，我同意了她的建议。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
TIDY 整齐的
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when everything is arranged in its correct place 整齐有序
• The house was so untidy that she spent the whole day trying to establish some sort of order. 这所房子很凌乱，她花了一整天的时间想把它收拾得整洁一些。
leave/put sth in order
■to organize something well 使整齐；使有条理；把…整理得井井有条
• I try to leave my desk in order when I go home. 我回家前想整理一下我的书桌。
• He put his affairs in order (= made special arrangements for his personal and business matters) before he went into hospital. 他住院之前把自己的事情都安排好了。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
STATE 状态
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of working correctly or of being suitable for use 正常工作状况；良好使用状况
• TV for sale in (good) working order. 出售性能良好的电视机。
• Are your immigration papers in order (= legally correct) ? 你的移民证件是否合法？
• The coffee machine is out of order (= not working). 咖啡机坏了。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
CORRECT BEHAVIOUR 恰当的行为
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a situation in which rules are obeyed and people do what they are expected to do 秩序
• The teacher found it hard to keep her class in order. 老师发现很难维持课堂秩序。
• As the demonstration began to turn violent, the police were called in to restore order. 当示威游行开始演变成暴力活动时，员警奉召到来恢复秩序。
• After some heated discussion, the chair called the meeting to order (= told everyone to stop talking so that the meeting could continue). 经过一轮热烈的讨论后，主席请与会人员安静下来继续开会。
• UK Is it in order (= allowed) for me to park my car outside the building? 我可以把汽车停在大楼外面吗？
Order! Order! formal
■an expression used in parliament or a formal meeting to get people's attention and make them stop talking, so that the meeting or discussion can start or continue 安静！安静！（用于议会或正式会议中）
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
SYSTEM 制度
countable
■a social or political system （社会或政治）制度，秩序
• The collapse of Communism at the end of the 1980s encouraged hopes of a new world order. 20世纪80年代末，共产主义的瓦解点燃了建立世界新秩序的希望。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
RELIGION 宗教
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who join together for religious or similar reasons and live according to particular rules （按照一定规范生活的）修道会；会社
• religious/holy orders 修道会／圣职
• monks of the Cistercian/Franciscan Order 西多会／方济各会的修道士
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
HONOUR 荣誉
only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group which people are made members of as a reward for services they have done for their country 被授勋的人；勋爵士团
• He was made a knight of the Order of the Garter. 他被封为嘉德勋爵士。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
TYPE 种类
uncountable
■the type or size of something 种类，类型；规模
• These were problems of a completely different order from anything we had faced before. 这些问题跟我们以前所遇过的完全不同。
• formal No successful business can be run without skills of the highest order (= great skills). 没有超群的才能是无法成功经营企业的。
of the order of (UK also in the order of)
■approximately 大约，大概
• Something in the order of £500. 大约500英镑就应该足够了。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
BIOLOGY 生物学
countable specialized
■(used in the classification of plants and animals) a group of related plants or animals （用于动植物分类的）目
• An order is below a class and above a family. 目低于纲，高于科。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
orders are orders
■said when you have to do something because someone in authority has told you to, and usually when you do not really approve of it （通常指虽然不赞成但）命令就是命令，命令必须执行
• Nobody wants to do it, but orders are orders, so let's start. 谁也不想做这事，但命令必须执行，所以我们开始吧。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
out of order informal
■If something someone says or does is out of order, it is unpleasant or not suitable and it is likely to upset or offend people 不妥的；惹人讨厌的
• His behaviour in the meeting was out of order. 他在会上的行为不妥。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
the lower orders UK old-fashioned disapproving
■the poorest social groups in society 下层阶级；底层社会
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] noun
the order of the day formal
■in parliament or in formal meetings, the list of matters to be discussed on a particular day （议会或正式会议的）当日议程 informal
■something that is very common or important 常见之物；盛行之物；重要之物
• On these TV channels, quiz shows and repeats are becoming the order of the day. 在这些电视台的节目中，智力问答节目和重播节目越来越多。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] verb
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to ask for something to be made, supplied or delivered , especially in a restaurant or shop （尤指在饭店或商店）点（饭菜），订购，订制，订货
• I ordered some pasta and a mixed salad. 我点了义大利面条和一份什锦沙拉。
• [+ two objects] There are no shirts left in this size but we could order one for you/order you one. 这个尺寸的衬衫没有了，不过我们可以为您订购一件。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] verb
INSTRUCT 指令
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If a person in authority orders someone to do something, or orders something to be done, they tell someone to do it 吩咐；命令；指示
• The management has ordered a cutback in spending. 管理层指示要减少开支。
• [+ speech] "Wait over there, " she ordered. “在那里等着。”她吩咐道。
• [+ to infinitive] They ordered him to leave the room. 他们命令他离开房间。
■ order 1 UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ]
verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive
■to arrange a group of people or things in a list from first to last 整理；安排；给…排序
• I've ordered the application forms into three groups. 我将申请表整理成三组。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] verb
order your thoughts
■to plan what you want to say or do 整理思路，理清思绪
• Just give me a moment to order my thoughts, and then I'll explain the system to you. 请给我一点时间让我理一理思路，然后我会把这个系统解释给你听。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  order sb about/around disapproving
■to tell someone what they should do in an unpleasant or forceful way, especially repeatedly （尤指不断地）支使，差遣，使唤（某人）
• You can't just come in here and start ordering people around. 你不能一到这儿就开始把人差来遣去。
UK ['ɔ:.dər] US ['ɔ:r.dɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] order sth in
■to order food that is ready to eat to be brought to your home or to the place where you work 叫（外卖）
• I think I'll stay home tonight, order in a pizza and watch a video. 我想今晚我要留在家里，叫披萨外卖，看录影带。
order, command, bid
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，多指上级对下级，主人对仆人以及教师对学生等发出的命令，也指态度专横地命令他人。
command: 话意强，指正式下令，强调下令者的权威性，要求必须服从。
bid: 与order同义，但较正式，文学意味强，多指口头直接下的命令。
order, direction, command, instruction
这组词都有“命令”的意思，其区别是：
order: 普通用词，侧重指具体的命令。
direction: 正式用词，指口头或书面的指示或命令。内容不一定详尽，语气较缓和，不太强调强制性。也可指指导性的说明。
command: 较正式用词，强调权威性、全局性和强制性。
instruction: 书面用词，指不容违反、不容推翻的命令。也多指包含具体说明的指示。
order, book
order: 货物，菜，衣等
book: 票，座，房间等；
n. [军] 命令；顺序；规则； [贸易] 定单
 - instruction, bidding, telling, regulation, word
vt. [军] 命令；整理；定购
 - require, command, arrange
vi. [军] 命令； [贸易] 定货
 - command

Word: very
Front: very
[ˈveri] (中高 105/80 -K5)
Vocabulary: very
(once / 5 pages)
adjadv
The word very is an intensifier, suggesting a high degree of a quality. Something great is very good.
This word adds intensity to statements and means something close to really or extremely. If you are tired, you might have some coffee. If you are very tired, you might need a nap. An 80 degree day is hot, but a 90 degree day is very hot. This word also means exact, as in "On this very day, I was born" or "That's the very book you were talking about."
WORD FAMILY
very: verily, veryer, veryest, veryly, verys+/ verily: verilys
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“His actors unfold the drama in their very appearances and, as the chic and malevolent plot thickens, so do their various attitudes.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I’m not very optimistic that the employment situation of transgender people will change as a result of this case,” Wang said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 很，非常; 恰好是，正是; 十足的; 特有的
adv. 很，非常; 充分，完全
分布：很(53%)，完全(15%)，正是(12%)，真正的(10%)，恰好的(4%)，同一的(4%)，最...的(2%)
→来自拉丁语verus,真实的，值得相信的，来自were,真实的，词源同verify,veracity。引申义非常（真实的），非常的。词义演变比较fair,even.
ad.很,非常;完全a.正是的;真正,真实的Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(used to add emphasis to an adjective or adverb) to a great degree or extremely （用于强调形容词或副词）很，非常
• The situation is very serious. 形势非常严峻。
• We're very, very sorry about what's happened. 对所发生的事我们感到非常难过。
• Think about it very carefully before deciding. 作决定之前要仔细考虑。
• How very childish of her to refuse to speak to me! 她竟然拒绝跟我说话，多么孩子气呀！
• "Are you tired?" "No, not very." “你累了吗?”“不，不太累。”
• Thank you very much. 非常感谢。
• "Did you enjoy the play?" "Very much so (= Yes)." “你觉得戏好看吗？”“非常好看。”
• I can't very well (= It would not be right for me to) say sorry when I didn't do anything wrong. 如果我没做错甚么，我可不会去道歉。
 ADVANCED
■used to add force to a superlative adjective or to the adjectives 'own' or 'same' （用于强调形容词最高级或 own，same 等）完全，最，正是
• This is the very best chocolate cake I've ever tasted. 这是我尝过的最好吃的巧克力蛋糕。
• She always leaves her homework to the very last moment. 她总是到最后一刻才做功课。
• We now have our very own post office in the village. 现在我们村子真正有了自己的邮局了。
• This is the very same (= exactly the same) place we sat in the last time we came. 这就是我们上次来的时候坐过的地方。
['ver.i] adverb
all very well/fine/good
■You say that something is all very well/fine/good if it seems good by itself but you think that there are problems connected with it 好像是不错（用来表示其中有问题）
• It's all very well to want to get rich quickly, but don't expect any sympathy from me if things go wrong. 想一下子发财倒是没甚么不对，但如果出了问题可别指望我同情你。
['ver.i] adverb
very good UK old-fashioned
■a way of saying yes to someone who is in a higher position or rank than you （用于和比自己级别高的人说话）好的，是
• "Higgins, you may go now." "Very good, sir." “希斯金，你现在可以走了。”“是，先生。”
['ver.i] adverb
very well formal
■a way of saying yes to someone or of agreeing to do what they ask （用于表示同意）那好吧
• "Can't I stay for five minutes longer?" "Oh, very well." “我不能再呆五分钟吗？”“噢，可以。”
['ver.i] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  very Use very to emphasize adjectives that do not have a strong meaning. If an adjective already has a strong meaning, don't say 'very', say really/absolutely : Their house is very big. Their house is really huge.
['ver.i] adjective [before noun]
EXACT 精确的
 ADVANCED
■(used to add emphasis to a noun) exact or particular （用于强调名词）同一的，恰好的，正是的
• This is the very book I've been looking for all month. 这正是那本我找了整整一个月的书。
• You're the very person we need for the job. 你正是我们这份工作的合适人选。
• The letter was sent on Monday from Manchester and arrived in London the very same/next day. 那封信星期一从曼彻斯特寄出，当天／第二天就到了伦敦。
• The very idea/thought of having her friends to stay fills me with dread. 一想到她的朋友们要住下我就心生恐惧。
['ver.i] adjective [before noun]
FURTHEST POINT 最远的点
■used to describe or emphasize the furthest point of something 最远端的；末端的
• He found the piece of paper he had lost at the very bottom of the pile. 他在那一大堆东西的最下面找到了自己丢了的那张纸。
• We were at the very end of the queue and so didn't manage to get any tickets. 我们排在队伍最后面，因此没能买到票。
['ver.i] adjective [before noun]
be the very thing
■to be exactly what is needed 正是所需的
• Why not take garlic? It's the very thing for preventing colds. 为甚么不吃些大蒜？这个预防感冒比甚么都好。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
just, very
just: 表强调时是副词,作状语, just the man
very: 表强调时是形容词,用作定语 the very man,
too, very
这组词都有“大，很”的意思，其区别是：
too: 指超过了承受能力或程度，即程度加到了不适当的地步。
very: 用于加强程度，可修饰褒义词和贬义词。
adj. 恰好是，正是；甚至；十足的；特有的
 - typical, characteristic, proper, own
adv. 非常，很；完全
 - badly, extremely, greatly, highly, too

Word: drug
Front: drug
[drʌg] (中高研四六 461/963 -K5)
Vocabulary: drug
(once / 122 pages)
nv
A drug is a medicine. Before you travel to India, your doctor may prescribe a drug to protect you from getting malaria.
A substance that makes a change in your body is a drug. Most often, a drug is medicine prescribed by a doctor to protect a patient from illness, cure them, or relieve their pain. Drug also means an illegal substance taken simply for the way it makes the user feel. Drug is also a verb that describes both taking illegal drugs and giving someone a drug secretly, such as slipping it into their food or drink.
WORD FAMILY
drug: drugged, drugging, druggist, drugless, drugs+/drugging: druggings/druggist: druggists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The EpiPen inquiry also revealed potential errors in how the government classifies drugs.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Baseball officials refused to confront the problem for years, then became more aggressive than other pro leagues in policing the use of illicit drugs.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 药物; 药剂; 麻醉药; 毒品
vt. （在食物或饮料中）投放麻醉药，下麻醉药; 掺麻醉药于; 使服麻醉药; 使服毒品
vi. 使服麻醉药，用药麻醉，使服兴奋剂
时态：drugged, drugging, drugs
分布：药(78%)，毒品(19%)，使服麻醉药(2%)，使服毒品(1%)
→词源同dry, 干。原指干草药，香料等物品。俚语义毒品，麻醉药。
n.药物;麻醉品;毒品;滞销货v.下麻药;吸毒The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
noun countable
MEDICINE 药
 ESSENTIAL
■any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a medicine 药，药物，药品
• anti-cancer/fertility/pain-killing drugs 抗癌／避孕／止痛药
• a prescription drug 处方药
• drug therapy 药物治疗
• He takes several drugs for his condition. 为了治病他要吃好几种药。
[drʌg] noun countable
ILLEGAL SUBSTANCE 非法物质
 ESSENTIAL
■any natural or artificially made chemical which is taken for pleasure, to improve someone's performance of an activity, or because a person cannot stop using it 毒品；兴奋剂
• illegal drugs 非法毒品
• a drug addict 吸毒成瘾者，瘾君子
• drug addiction/abuse 毒瘾／滥用毒品
• She began to suspect that her son was on/taking/doing drugs. 她开始怀疑儿子在吸毒。
• She was suspected of being a drug dealer / UK alsodrugs dealer (= someone who sells drugs). 她被怀疑是毒品贩子。
• His son died of a drug] UK alsodrugs overdose. 他的儿子因吸毒过量而死亡。
■any activity that you cannot stop doing 成瘾之事
• Work is a drug for him. 他是个工作狂。
[drʌg] verb transitive (-gg-)
■to give someone or something a chemical which causes a loss of feeling or unconsciousness 用药麻醉，对…施用麻醉剂
• The killer confessed that he often drugged his victims before he killed them. 那名杀手供认在杀人之前他通常对受害者使用麻醉剂。
• She was heavily drugged to ease the pain. 给她打了大量的麻醉剂来缓解疼痛。
• informal We visited her in hospital but she was drugged to the eyeballs (= had been given a lot of drugs) and I don't think she even knew we were there. 我们去医院看她时她已经打了大量的麻醉药，我想她都不知道我们去看过她。
medication, remedy, chemical, medicine, cure, drug
这组词都有“药”的意思，其区别是：
medication: 指医生开给病人用的一切药物，从最简单的阿斯匹林到最复杂的药物。
remedy: 普通用词，侧重指对恢复健康有效的药品或治疗方法。
chemical: 多指工业或化学中的药品，有时也指医药中的药品。
medicine: 普通用词，可指药物的总称，也指一切有利于健康的东西。
cure: 比remedy更强调使身体恢复健康的疗法或良药。
drug: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指任何用于预防或治疗肉体上或精神上疾病的药品。用复数形式，多指毒品。
n. [药] 药；毒品；麻醉药；滞销货
 - medicine, pharmacon
vi. 吸毒
 - hit the pipe, hop up

Word: top
Front: top
[tɒp] (中高研四六雅 678/776 -K5)
Back: n. 顶，顶部; （箱子）盖，（书页等的）上栏; 首席; 陀螺
adj. 最高的; 顶上的; 头等的; 最大的
vt. 形成顶部; 达到…的顶端; 处于…的最前头; 领导
vi. 总结; 超越; 高耸; 结束
时态：topped, topping, tops
分布：顶(67%)，上面(13%)，顶部(13%)，最高的(3%)，顶端的(2%)，陀螺(1%)，极点(1%)
→来自古英语 top,顶部，顶端，来自 Proto-Germanic*tuppaz,顶部，顶端，词源同 tip.引申诸相 关词义。
n.顶,顶端;首位;顶点a.最高的;顶上的The troop's stoop on the loop became the top topic at the bus stop.部队在环行道上的屈服在公共汽车站成了头等话题.
US [tɑ:p] noun
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the highest place or part 顶；顶端；顶部
• She waited for me at the top of the stairs. 她在楼梯梯顶位置等我。
• There were flags on the tops of many of the buildings. 许多大楼的楼顶都有旗子。
• There was a pile of books on top of (= on) the table. 桌上有一堆书。
⇒ See also clifftop;hilltop;mountaintop;rooftop;the treetops Compare bottom ; summit
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the flat upper surface of something 上表面
• The top of the table/desk was badly scratched. 桌面／课桌面划得很厉害。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
CLOTHES 衣服
 IMPROVER countable
■any piece of light clothing worn on the part of the body above the waist 上装，上衣
• a skimpy top 暴露的上装
• a pyjama top 睡衣上装
• I need a top to go with these trousers. 我需要一件上衣配这条裤子。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
LID 盖
 ADVANCED countable
■the cover or lid used to close a container or pen 盖，顶盖
• a screw-on top 螺旋盖
• a bottle top 瓶盖
• a pen top 笔帽
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要
the top
only singular
■the most important position in a group or organization 最重要的职位；最高的地位
• At forty, he was at the top of his profession. 40岁时，他处于职场生涯的顶峰。
• Life at the top is stressful. 身居高位压力很大。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
TOY 玩具
countable
■a spinning top
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
LEAVES 叶子
tops [plural]
■the leaves of a vegetable plant grown mainly for its roots 根菜植物的叶子，上部，盖子（主要为利用其根部而种植的植物的叶子）
• We fed the rabbit some beetroot tops. 我们拿一些甜菜叶子喂这只兔子。
• If you put carrot tops in water they start to grow. 胡萝卜叶子放在水中就会生长。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
EXCELLENT 极好的
the tops only singular old-fashioned
■the best 最好的人（或物）
• You're the tops, Linda! 琳达，你是最棒的！
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
at the top of your voice
■extremely loudly 扯破喉咙地，特别大声地
• She shouted his name at the top of her voice. 她大声呼喊他的名字。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
be on top of sth informal
■to be able to control a situation or deal with it 能控制；能应对
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
from top to bottom
■If you search, paint, etc. a building from top to bottom, you search, paint, etc. all parts of it 彻底
• They cleaned the house from top to bottom. 他们彻底打扫了房子。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
from top to toe (also from head to foot)
■(of the clothes a person is wearing, etc.) all in the same style, colour, etc （衣着等的样式、颜色等）从头到脚都一样
• A woman came into the room dressed in red from top to toe. 一名女子走进屋子，从头到脚穿了一身红。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
get on top of you
■If a difficult situation gets on top of you, it makes you feel so upset that you cannot deal with it 占主动，占你的上风；难以应付／招架（如果某一困难情况占你的上风，则你会感到极其烦恼，以致不能应付或难以招架）
• She's had a few financial problems and I think things have just been getting on top of her. 她有几个财政问题，我认为事情越来越令她难以招架。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
off the top of your head
■from the knowledge you have in your memory 凭既有知识；不假思索地
• "What's the capital of Mauritania?" "I couldn't tell you off the top of my head, but I could go and look it up." “毛里塔尼亚的首都是哪里？”“我不能马上告诉你，但我可以去查一查。”
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
on top of sth
■in addition to something, especially something unpleasant 除（尤指令人不快之事）之外（还）
• We missed the train, and on top of that we had to wait for two hours for the next one. 我们没赶上火车，而且下趟车还得再等两个小时。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
on top of the world
■extremely happy 极度幸福
• She was feeling on top of the world. 她感到自己是世界上最幸福的人。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] noun
over the top (abbreviation OTT) UK informal
■too extreme and not suitable, or demanding too much attention or effort, especially in an uncontrolled way 太过头；太过分
• I thought the decorations were way (= very) over the top. 我觉得这些装饰太过头了。
• The speech was a bit OTT. 这发言有点过分。
• I think he realised he'd gone over the top with the seating arrangements. 我觉得他意识到自己在座位安排上做得太过分了。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■at the highest part of something 顶端的；顶部的
• There's a dirty mark on the top left-hand corner of the photo. 照片的左上角有一处污迹。
• The offices are on the top floor of the building. 办公室在大楼的顶层。
• He was standing on the top rung of a ladder. 他站在梯子的最高一级。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective [before noun]
UPPER PART 上部
 ESSENTIAL
■in the part nearest to the highest part; in the upper part 上面的；顶上的
• The top few steps were damaged and broken. 上面几级梯级受损断了。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■(in the position of being) most important or successful; best 最重要的（地）；最成功的（地）；最好的（地）
• So what would be your top choice for a holiday? 那么你渡假的首选地是哪里？
• As a chess player he's among the top 10% in the country. 他的国际象棋水准居该国前10%之列。
 ESSENTIAL
■Top people, organizations or activities are the most important or successful ones （人、机构、活动）最重要的，最成功的
• top athletes/executives 头号选手／顶级经理人
• top jobs 高级职位
• top universities 一流大学
at top speed
■as fast as possible 全速
• The train thundered through the station at top speed. 火车全速隆隆地驶过车站。
be/come top
■to be the student with the best results 考第一名，成绩最好
• She came top of the class in English. 她在班里英语成绩最好。
• Sam was top at/in Science. 萨姆自科学课考了第一。
on top form UK (US in top form)
■feeling or doing things as well as possible 处于最佳状态
• Paul's back on top form after his illness. 保罗病愈后又恢复到了最佳状态。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] adjective exclamation UK informal
■excellent 极好的
• "How was your party?" "Top, mate." “你的派对怎么样？”“好得很，老兄。”
• "You coming, then? " "Yeah, top!" “这么说，你要来？”“是的，太好了！”
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
HIGHEST PART 顶部
 IMPROVER transitive (also top off)
■to be on the upper surface of something, especially as a decoration （尤指作为装饰）存在于…的上表面
• The dessert was topped off with cream and pieces of fruit. 这份甜点上涂了鲜奶油，放了几块水果。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
MOST IMPORTANT 最重要
 IMPROVER transitive
■to be the most important, most successful, etc 为…之首
• The record topped the charts (= sold the largest number of recordings) for five weeks. 这张唱片五周以来一直位居销售排行榜之首。
• She topped the bill (= was the most important act in the show). 她是主演。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BEST 最好的
transitive
■to do, pay, etc. more or better than anyone else 超过；高过；胜过
• "They've offered me £1000." "I'm afraid we can't top that." “他们给我开价1000英镑。”“恐怕我们不能再高过这个价了。”
• She topped my suggestion with an even better one of her own. 她自己提出了一个建议，甚至比我的还好。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
KILL 杀死
top yourself
[R] UK slang
■to kill yourself 自杀
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
top and tail
■to cut off the hard parts at each end of a fruit or vegetable when you prepare it for cooking 除去（水果或蔬菜）的两头
• Top and tail the beans. 摘去豆荚的两尖。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
to top it all (US Australian to top it all off)
■If you have been describing bad things which happened, and then say that to top it all something else happened, you mean that the final thing was even worse 更糟的是（如果你在谈及一些坏事后，用“更糟的是”来引出另一坏事，那表示你认为这个最终的事情更糟糕）
• The washing machine flooded, my car broke down, then to top it all I locked myself out of the house. 洗衣机淹水了，我的车出故障了，更糟的是我出门时把钥匙留在屋里了，现在进不了门。
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sth off
■to finish something in an enjoyable or successful way 顺利完成；圆满完成
• She topped off her performance with a dazzling encore. 她加演了一个令人陶醉的节目，给自己的表演画上圆满的句号。
§UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p/ top 1 verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sth up
LIQUID UK (US top sth off)
■to add liquid in order to fill to the top a container which is already partly full 注满，加满（未满的容器）
• Shall I top up your drink? 要给你的杯子加满吗？
• Mix together some lemon juice and sugar, then top it up with water. 把一些柠檬汁和糖混合起来，然后加满水。
MONEY
■to add more of something, especially money, to an existing amount to create the total you need 补足（尤指钱）
• Students are able to take out loans to top up their grants. 学生能够贷款以弥补助学金的不足。
• This is the easiest way to top up your mobile phone card. 这是给手机预付卡充值的最简便办法。
• top-up fees/payments 附加学费／支付款项
UK [tɒp] US [tɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] top sb up informal
■to put more drink into someone's glass or cup 向（某人）的杯子里添加饮料
• Your glass is nearly empty. Let me top you up. 你的杯子快空了，我给你倒满吧。
peak, sumit, climax, top
这组词都有“顶点”的意思，其区别是：
peak: 指山峰的全部或上部。
sumit: 书面用词，指山的最顶峰部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的，国家间的首脑最高级会谈。
climax: 指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，因此多含其后由盛而衰的意味。
top: 普通用词，可指包括人或物或其它任何的最高点或顶点。
n. 顶部，顶端；上部；首席；陀螺
 - roof, coping
vi. 高出，超越；结束；达到顶点
 - tower over, move beyond
vt. 超越，超过；给…加盖；达到…的顶端
 - better than, move beyond
adj. 最高的，顶上的；头等的
 - highest, supreme, maximum, peak, tallest

Word: voter
Front: voter
[ˈvəʊtə(r)] (托 1452/3263 -4)
Back: n. 选举人，投票人，选民
分布：投票人(63%)，选举人(37%)
US ['voʊ.tˌɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who votes or who has a legal right to vote, especially in an election 投票人；表决者；（尤指）选民
• Of course, tax cuts are usually popular with (the) voters. 当然，减税通常会很受选民们欢迎。
• Are you a Labour voter? 你投的是工党的票吗？
n. 选举人，投票人；有投票权者
 - elector, chooser

Word: itself
Front: itself
[ɪtˈself] (中高 556/396 -K5)
Back: pron. (it的反身形式); 它自己，它本身; 自身，本身
分布：它自己(100%)
pron.(it的反身代词)它自己,它本身The baby tripped and hurt itself.娃娃跌倒摔伤了.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the reflexive form of the pronoun 'it' 它自己，它本身
• The cat licked itself all over. 猫舔遍自己的身体。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to put emphasis on a word （表示强调）自身，本身
• The shop itself (= only the shop and nothing else) started 15 years ago but the mail order side of the business is new. 这家商店15年前就开业了，但邮购业务却是新增的。
• The dog managed to drag the box into the room by itself (= without help). 这只狗独自将盒子拖进了房间里。
• The animal had been left in the house by itself (= alone) for a week. 这个动物孤零零地在房子里关了一个星期。
• The plan wasn't illegal in itself (= there was nothing in the plan that was illegal) but it would lead to some doubtful practices. 这项计划本身并不违法，但具体实施起来会带来一些问题。
• The committee kept the results of the survey to itself (= did not tell anyone) , fearing a bad public reaction. 委员会担心会引发不好的公众反应，因此没有公开调查结果。

Word: exchange
Front: exchange
[ɪksˈtʃeɪndʒ] (高研四六托雅 1513/1084 -K4)
Vocabulary: exchange
(once / 82 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
To exchange means to trade one thing for another. If you and your friend both prefer what the other has brought for lunch, you should exchange lunches.
Exchange, which is both a noun and a verb, comes from the Latin ex-, meaning "out" and cambiare, for "change" or "substitute." If you're traveling in Europe, you exchange U.S. Dollars for Euros. If you get a really awful outfit for your birthday present, you can go to the store and exchange it for one you like better. The correspondence between you and your loved one is an exchange of love letters. An argument is an exchange of opinions.
WORD FAMILY
exchange: exchangeable, exchanged, exchanger, exchanges, exchanging+/exchangeability: unexchangeability/exchangeable: exchangeability, unexchangeable/exchanger: exchangers
USAGE EXAMPLES
As players arrived to collect their belongings from the team’s practice center, some exchanged goodbyes, unsure if they would be back here in the spring.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“After exchange w Trump transition team, changed my recommendation: stay away,” he tweeted on the morning of Nov. 15.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They are signing up through state and national exchanges in greater numbers than ever.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交换; 交易; 交易所; 兑换（率）
vt. 交换，互换; 兑换; 交换，调换
vi. 交换，替换; 进行易货贸易，作物物交换; [金融业]（货币）交换，兑换
时态：exchanged, exchanging, exchanges
分布：交换(68%)，兑换(22%)，交易所(9%)，交战(1%)
→ex-, 向外。change, 改变。
v./n.(for)交换,兑换;交流,交易;交换台In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you give something to someone and they give you something else 交换；互换；交流
• an exchange of ideas/information 思想／讯息交流
• They were given food and shelter in exchange for work. 他们帮人工作以换取食宿。
• She proposes an exchange of contracts at two o'clock. 她提议两点钟办理房屋产权过户手续。
• Several people were killed during the exchange of gunfire. 交火中有几个人丧生。
countable
■a short conversation or argument （短暂的）交谈，对话；争吵
• There was a brief exchange between the two leaders. 两位领导人进行了简短的交谈。
[ɪks'tʃeɪndʒ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to give something to someone and receive something from them 交换；互换；交流
• It's traditional for the two teams to exchange shirts after the game. 比赛后两队队员交换球衣，这是传统。
• I exchanged those trousers for a larger size. 我换了条大一点的裤子。
• Every month the group meets so its members can exchange their views/opinions (= have a discussion). 小组每个月都聚会一次，这样成员之间就可以互相交流看法／观点。
• We exchanged greetings before the meeting. 会前我们互相致意。
• We can exchange addresses when we see each other. 等我们见了面，可以互相交换位址。
• Exchanging houses (= going to live in someone else's house while they live in yours) for a few weeks is a good way of having a holiday. 与他人交换住所来住上几个星期也不失为一个渡假的好方法。
[ɪks'tʃeɪndʒ] verb transitive
exchange words
■to speak with someone 交谈；对话
• We exchanged words after the meeting. 我们在会后进行了交谈。
replace, substitute, exchange
这组词都有“换”的意思，其区别是：
replace: 的含义为“替换”，“取代”。如：George has replaced Edward as captain of the team.(乔石治已接替爱德华担任队长。)
substitute: 则表示“用……代替”。如：We substitute nylon for cotton.(我们用尼龙代替了棉花。)
exchange: 指“互相交换”。
n. [通信] [计] 交换；交流；交易所； [金融] 兑换
 - communication, conversion
vt. [通信] [计] 交换；交易； [金融] 兑换
 - turn, truck
vi. [通信] [计] 交换；交易； [金融] 兑换
 - trade, traffic

Word: legal
Front: legal
[ˈli:gl] (高研四六托雅 883/764 -K4)
Vocabulary: legal
(once / 76 pages)
adj
Legal means having to do with the law, or following the law. Attorneys work in the legal profession but may not always be so lucky as to find a legal parking spot near their office.
A legal scholar is someone who studies law. A legal search and seizure is when the cops come to you house with a warrant. A legal apartment is one that meets building code and is in an appropriately zoned neighborhood. Legal's opposite is illegal, which means against the law.
WORD FAMILY
legal: illegal, legaler, legalise, legalism, legality, legalize, legally, nonlegal+/ illegal: illegalise, illegality, illegalize, illegally/ illegality: illegalities/ illegalize: illegalized/legalise: legalisation, legalised, legalises, legalising/legalism: legalisms/ legality: legalities/legalize: legalization, legalized, legalizes, legalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although satisfied with the ruling, Chen vowed to continue legal challenges to force an apology.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Opposition leaders said they were not celebrating the prime minister’s legal struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 法律的; 合法的; 法定的; 法律（上）的
n. 法定权利; 依法必须登报的声明
分布：合法的(54%)，法律的(28%)，法定的(18%)
→来自拉丁语legis,法，法律，来自leg,选择，收集，词源同collect.引申词义收集的规则，法规，法律。
法律的(leg+al)[leg,legis=law,表示"法律"]
a.法律的,法定的;合法的,正当的When you are 18, you are a legal voter.当你满18岁的时候,你就是一个合法的投票者.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■connected with the law 法律的，法律上的，法律方面的
• legal advice 法律建议
• a legal obligation/requirement 法律义务／要求
• legal status 法律地位
• your legal rights 你的法定权利
• legal action/proceedings 法律行动／程式
• my legal representatives (= my lawyers) 我的法律代表
 ESSENTIAL
■allowed by the law 合法的，符合法律的
• Is abortion legal in your country? 堕胎在你们国家是否合法？
Opposite illegal
['li:.gəl] adjective
make legal history
■If you make legal history, the case you win in court or take to court is the first of its type and changes the way future cases will be dealt with. 开创法律历史，成为法律范例
legal, legitimate, lawful
legal: a. 法律所允许的任何行为都是legal（合法的） b. 与法律有关的，the legal profession；
legitimate: 指为法律、习俗和一般信仰所接受，译为“合法的，正当的”，the legitimate government
lawful: “根据法律而存在的”，并含有该法律具有道德和宗教约束力的意思 a lawful marriage；
adj. [法] 法律的；合法的；法定的
 - legitimate, lawful

Word: recently
Front: recently
[ˈri:sntli] (四六托 699/822 -K4)
Back: adv. 最近，近来; 不久以前; 近日; 新近
分布：最近(100%)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not long ago, or at a time that started not long ago 最近；近来
• Have you seen any good films recently? 你最近看过甚么好电影吗？
• Until very recently he worked as a teacher and he still shudders at the memories. 他一直做老师，直到最近才不做。现在他一想起那段经历还不寒而栗呢。
• Recently, I've been feeling a bit depressed. 近来我感到有点忧郁。
recently, lately
recently: 可用来指一段时间，也可指某一时刻
lately: 用来指一段时间，常用现在完成进行时；
adv. 最近；新近
 - newly, new, of late, last

Word: benefit
Front: benefit
[ˈbenɪfɪt] (高研四六托雅 812/656 -K4)
Vocabulary: benefit
(once / 72 pages)
nv
A benefit is something that helps you, whether in the form of health insurance provided by an employer, welfare given by the government to those in need, or the benefit of the doubt extended to you by a friend.
The Latin bene- "good" is at the heart of the word benefit, which derives from the Latin benefactum "good deed." When attendance at a party or an event raises money for a charity, the event is referred to as a benefit in that charity's honor.
WORD FAMILY
benefit: beneficent, beneficial, benefited, benefiting, benefits, benefitted, benefitting+/ beneficence: beneficences/ beneficent: beneficence, beneficently/ beneficial: beneficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Many floats honored the natural world and the benefits of science.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Slightly fewer than 29 million Americans remain uninsured, about half of whom would benefit from provisions of the ACA.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 利益，好处; 救济金，津贴; 义演，义卖; 恩惠，恩泽
vt. 有益于，有助于; 使受益; 得益，受益
时态：benefited, benefiting, benefits
分布：利益(45%)，得益(23%)，有益于(14%)，义演(9%)，津贴(5%)，借助(3%)，保险金(1%)
→来自法语。词根bene, 好。fit, 做，同fact,字母c脱落。原指做好处，善举，后也指个人利益，即善有善报。
好处,利益(bene+fit做→做事后的好处→利益)[bene-表示"善,好"]
n.利益,好处,恩惠v.有益于;(from,by)受益Chinese people benefit a lot from the open-up policy.改革开放政策让中国人民受益匪浅.
【记】bene好，fit做－做事后的好处
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a helpful or good effect, or something intended to help 利益，好处；优势
• The discovery of oil brought many benefits to the town. 石油的发现给该镇带来很多利益。
• One of the many benefits of foreign travel is learning how to cope with the unexpected. 学会如何应付突发事件是海外旅游的众多益处之一。
• He's had the benefit of an expensive education and yet he continues to work as a waiter. 他接受过昂贵的教育，但却继续当一名侍者。
• I didn't get/derive (much) benefit from school. 我从没在学校里学到（多少）东西。
• With the benefit of hindsight (= Helped by the knowledge since learned) it is easy for us to see where we went wrong. 透过事后反省，我们比较容易认清自己所犯的错误。
• slightly formal She drinks a lot less now, to the benefit of her health as a whole. 她现在酒喝得很少了，身体健康状况整体上也有所改善。
■the money given by the government to people who need financial help, for example because they cannot find a job 补助金，救济金
• mainly UK unemployment benefit 失业救济金
• I'm on benefit at the moment. 我目前靠救济金生活。
['ben.ɪ.fɪt] noun countable or uncountable
give sb the benefit of the doubt
■to believe something good about someone, rather than something bad, when you have the possibility of doing either 往好处想（某人）
• I didn't know whether his story was true or not, but I decided to give him the benefit of the doubt. 我不知道他说的是真是假，不过我决定姑且相信他这一次。
['ben.ɪ.fɪt] verb intransitive or transitive (-t-)
 IMPROVER
■to be helped by something or to help someone 得益，受惠；（使）受益；对…有帮助
• I feel that I have benefited greatly from her wisdom. 我觉得从她的睿智中我获益良多。
• How can we benefit those who most need our help? 我们如何帮助那些最需要帮助的人？
profit, benefit, avail
这组词都有“有益于，有益”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重于物质方面的受益，常用于财富或知识等方面的得益。
benefit: 通常既可指个人情况(如身体、智力或精神状态等)的好转或改善，又可指对实现某个目标等带来的好处。
avail: 较文雅，常见于历史小说、演说或讲道中，较少用于日常话语，侧重功效或效力。
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 利益，好处；救济金
 - behalf, sake, profit, advantage, plus
vt. 有益于，对…有益
 - profit, be good for

Word: level
Front: level
[ˈlevl] (中高研四六雅 338/241 -K5)
Vocabulary: level
(once / 65 pages)
1nadj 2n 3nadjv 4v 5v
A level is a position in a scale. Attaining a high level of unemployment is depressing, but getting to a high level on a video game is exciting.
The verb level also means to flatten or destroy. For example, a mighty wind will level a grove of trees or a wrecking ball can level a building. As a noun, level notes the position of something on a scale of intensity. You feel a rising level of temperature as the sun gets higher in the sky. As an adjective, level describes something that is even and flat. A level path is easy to walk on.
WORD FAMILY
level: leveled, leveler, leveling, levelled, levelling, levelly, levels, multilevel+/leveler: levelers/leveling: levelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Just before Christmas, the governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, warned about the high level of debt among UK households.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Dayton asked of a pivot to the federal level.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 水平，水准; 水平线，水平面; 水平仪; [物]电平
adj. 水平的; 同高度的; 平均的; 平稳的
vt. 使同等; 对准; 弄平
vi. 拉平; （用枪等）瞄准（与 at 连用）; 变得平坦; 将（话、批评等）对准目标
vi. 瞄准; 拉平; 变得平坦
时态：levelled, levelling, levels
分布：水平(74%)，平的(13%)，等级(5%)，弄平(2%)，对准(2%)，水平线(2%)，夷平(1%)，数量(1%)
→来自拉丁语libella,平衡，秤，词源同Libra,deliberate.引申词义水平，层级。
n.水平,水准,等级v.弄平,铺平a.水平的Elevate the eleventh level to relevant height.提高第11步到相关的高度.
noun countable
HEIGHT 高度
 ESSENTIAL
■the height of something 高度
• The water level in the lake is much higher after heavy rain. 暴雨过后这个湖的水位上升了很多。
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount or number of something 数目，数量
• Inflation is going to rise 2% from its present level. 通货膨胀率将比目前上涨2%。
• Chess requires a very high level of concentration. 下棋需要注意力高度集中。
• There is some danger of low level (= a continuing small amount of) radiation. 存在低剂量辐射的危险。
['lev.əl] noun countable
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL
■someone's ability compared to other people （与他人相比的）能力，水准，级别
• a course for advanced level students 面向高级别学生的课程
• Students at this level require a lot of help. 处于这种程度的学生需要大量的帮助。
• The exam can be taken at three levels. 这种考试分为三个级别。
['lev.əl] noun countable
FLOOR 楼层
 ADVANCED
■a floor in a large building 层，楼层
• The library has three levels, with a conference centre at ground level. 这个图书馆分三层，在一层有一个会议中心。
• The exhibition is on level three of the building. 该展览在大厦的四层。
['lev.əl] noun countable
RANK 等级
 ADVANCED
■a position within a system in which people are arranged according to their importance 层次，级别
• These are subjects for discussion at management level. 这些是管理层需要讨论的问题。
at local/national level
■relating to a particular area of the country/the whole of the country 在当地／全国
• These sorts of policies are made at local level. 这些政策由当地部门制定。
['lev.əl] noun countable
be on the level
■to be acting or speaking honestly 言行诚实；真心
• It seems too good to be true. Are you sure this guy's on the level? 这似乎好得有些让人不敢相信。你确定这家伙是真心的吗？
['lev.əl] noun countable
find your own level
■to find out how much ability you have and find a position which is therefore suitable 找到自己的位置，确定自己的水准
['lev.əl] noun countable
on one level...on another level
■something that you say when you are speaking about two opposite ways of thinking about or responding to a situation 一方面…另一方面
• On one level I quite like the attention but on another level, I suppose I find it a bit disturbing. 一方面我很喜欢这种关注，但另一方面我又觉得这种关注对我有些干扰。
['lev.əl] adjective
AT SAME HEIGHT 在同等高度
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■at the same height 高度相等的，等高的
• The top of the tree is level with his bedroom window. 那棵树的树顶和他睡房的窗户处于同一高度。
['lev.əl] adjective
FLAT 平的
 ADVANCED
■flat or horizontal 平的，水准的
• Make sure the camera is level before you take the picture. 拍照前要保证相机处于水准位置。
• Before I bang the nails in, would you say this picture was level? 在我把钉子敲进去之前，请帮我看看这幅画歪了没有？
level spoonful/cupful
■an amount of a liquid or substance which fills a spoon/cup but does not go above the edges, used as a measure in cooking （烹饪时用于计量的）一平勺／杯的量
['lev.əl] adjective
EQUAL 相等的
■having the same value, amount, number of points, etc 相等的；等量的
• The unions are fighting to keep wages level (US usuallyeven)with inflation. 工会正在争取工资与通货膨胀率保持同步增长。
• Chiappucci would have to win the next three stages in order to draw level with (= reach the same position as) Indurain in the Tour de France. 基亚普齐必须在此次环法自行车赛后面的三个赛段中取胜才能赶上因杜拉因。
['lev.əl] adjective
CONTROLLED 受控制的
[before noun]
■If you speak in a level voice or give someone a level look, you do it in a calm and controlled way （说话声或目光）平静的，平稳的
• In a level voice, he ordered the soldiers to aim and fire. 他语调平静地命令士兵们瞄准射击。
['lev.əl] adjective
do your level best
■to try as hard as you can 竭尽全力，全力以赴
• Tickets are hard to come by but I'll do my level best to get you one. 票很难弄到，但我会尽全力给你弄一张的。
['lev.əl] adjective
level pegging UK
■in an equal position in a competition or game （在竞赛或比赛中）难分伯仲，不分胜负
• Both teams are level pegging. 目前两队并驾齐驱。
['lev.əl] adjective
a level playing field
■a situation in which everyone has the same chance of succeeding 公平竞争的环境
• If the tax systems are different in each European country, how can industries start on a level playing field? 如果欧洲各国的税制不同，那么不同国家的各个行业怎能在均等机会下展开竞争呢？
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
MAKE FLAT 弄平
■to make a surface flat 弄平，使平整
• Level the wet cement before it sets. 在水泥凝固前把它抹平。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
DESTROY 破坏
■to completely destroy a building or area 将…夷为平地，彻底摧毁
• The bombing levelled the village. 那次轰炸已将村庄夷为平地。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level sth against/at sb
■to accuse someone in public of doing something wrong 公开谴责（某人），公开指责（某人）
• Criticism has been levelled at senior figures in the industry. 该行业的高层人物受到了公开谴责。
• Charges of corruption have been levelled against him. 有关腐败的指控纷纷指向了他。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level sth at sb
■to aim something such as a weapon at someone 用…瞄准（某人）
• She picked up the gun and levelled it at me. 她拿起枪用枪口指着我。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level off
■If a rate or amount levels off, it stops rising or falling and stays at the same level 保持稳定（不再波动）
• House prices now seem to be levelling off after the steep rises of the last few years. 房价经过这几年的窜升后目前似乎已趋于稳定。
• Unemployment rose to 10% and then levelled off. 失业率在上升至10%后一直处于稳定状态。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level off/out
■If an aircraft levels off/out, it starts to travel horizontally rather than going up or down 水准飞行
• The jet levelled off at 10, 000 feet. 飞机在一万英尺的高度水准飞行。
['lev.əl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  level with sb informal
■to tell someone the truth about something 告知（某人）真相，对（某人）说真话
• I'll level with you - the salary's not particularly good, and there's little chance of promotion. 我实话跟你说——工资并不太高，也没有多少晋升的机会。
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
n. 水平；标准；水平面
 - criterion, standard, norms, prototype
adj. 水平的；平坦的；同高的
 - horizontal, flat, even
vi. 瞄准；拉平；变得平坦
 - aim for, take aim at
vt. 使同等；对准；弄平
 - platten

Word: study
Front: study
[ˈstʌdi] (中高雅 240/270 -K5)
Vocabulary: study
(once / 21 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
It might seem as if you've gone catatonic, staring at a crack in the sidewalk for so long, but really you're observing it as closely as possible for your study of ant movement.
Study has many different senses related to learning or concentrating. You might make a drawing of something you'll paint later — the drawing's a study. Your boss might ask you to do a study of your office's energy use. As a verb, study is for the work you do in the library, or for the act of really taking something in, the way you study your friend's face to see if she really forgot your birthday or if she's just joking.
WORD FAMILY
study: student, studied, studies, studious, studying, understudy+/student: students, studentship/studentship: studentships/ studied: studiedly, unstudied/ studious: studiously, studiousness, unstudious/studying: studyings/understudy: understudied, understudies, understudying/unstudied: unstudiedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In a study of 1,200 shoppers, every minute spent in the produce section meant $1.80 more in fruit and vegetable sales.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In a comment added to the study, the journal’s editor described the number of gastrointestinal complaints as “alarming.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In Powers’s study, about 40 percent of people with community- acquired pneumonia ended up in the hospital.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 学习，研究; 课题; 书房; 结论
vi. 考虑; 沉思; 默想; 努力
vt. 想出; 详细地检查; 背诵（台词等）; 为…费心思
时态：studied, studying, studies
分布：研究(45%)，学习(39%)，努力(8%)，书房(4%)，读书(2%)，学科(1%)，练习曲(1%)
→来自拉丁语 studiare,学习，来自 studere,勤奋，勤勉，来自 steu,推，击，打，敲，词源 同 steep,type.引申诸相关词义。
vt.学习;研究;细看vi.读书n.学习;研究For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
verb
LEARN 学习
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to learn about a subject, especially in an educational course or by reading books 学习；攻读，研读
• to study biology/chemistry 攻读生物学／化学
• Next term we shall study plants and how they grow. 下个学期我们将学习植物及其生长过程。
• She's been studying for her doctorate for three years already. 她攻读博士学位已经有3年了。
['stʌd.i] verb
EXAMINE 检查
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to examine something very carefully 仔细研究；调查
• I want time to study this contract thoroughly before signing it. 签字之前，我需要时间把这份合约彻底研究一下。
• [+ question word] Researchers have been studying how people under stress make decisions. 研究人员一直在研究人们在压力下如何作决定。
['stʌd.i] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  study under sb
■to be taught by someone 师从（某人）
• As a young painter, he studied under Picasso. 那位画家年轻时师从毕加索。
['stʌd.i] verb
  Common Learner Errors  studyWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using study in the past tense. The past simple and past participle are studied. The -ing form is stud ying.
['stʌd.i] noun
EXAMINING 研究
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when someone examines a subject in detail in order to discover new information （专题）研究；调查
• a five-year study of the relationship between wildlife and farming 五年来对野生动物和农牧业关系的研究
• Some studies have suggested a link between certain types of artificial sweetener and cancer. 一些研究显示，某些人造甜味剂可能会致癌。
countable
■a drawing which an artist makes in order to test ideas before starting a painting of the same subject 习作；试作，试画
['stʌd.i] noun
LEARNING 学习
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you learn about a subject, usually at school or university 学习；攻读，研读
• the study of English literature 研读英国文学
studies [plural]
■studying or work involving studying 功课，课业；学业
• Adam doesn't spend enough time on his studies. 亚当在学业上花的时间不够。
■used in the names of some educational subjects and courses 用于学科名和课程名中
• the department of business/media studies 商学／传媒学系
countable
■a room, especially in a house, used for quiet work such as reading or writing 书房，书斋
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
learn, study
learn: 学习,侧重学习的结果,
study: 学习,侧重学习的过程,研究 study the problem
n. 学习，研究；课题； [建] 书房；学问
 - learning, knowledge, research, letter
vt. 学习；考虑；攻读；细察
 - analyse, view, regard, think of, think about
vi. 研究；用功
 - work over, research into

Word: strong
Front: strong
[strɒŋ] (中高 458/506 -K5)
Vocabulary: strong
(once / 20 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
Strong can describe anything with firmness or power. You could have a strong will and resist the distractions of the internet while writing a paper all day, or your paper could have a strong argument, convincing your reader of your wisdom.
Even if you spend hours every day lifting weights, if you don’t eat enough food and drink enough water, you won’t be strong enough to do anything with all that muscle power. If you ran a national bank, you would try to make your currency stronger than that of other countries. Or you might be a woodworker who builds a chair strong enough to hold a three-hundred pound man.
WORD FAMILY
strong: stronger, strongest, strongly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Stay strong Israel, January 20th is fast approaching!” Trump tweeted before the Kerry speech.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Use your judgment and gut to see if your emotions and behaviors are getting stronger.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 强的; 坚强的; 强烈的; 强壮的
adv. 强劲地; 猛烈地; 大大地; 坚强地
级别：stronger, strongest
分布：强烈的(36%)，强大的(13%)，强壮的(13%)，坚强的(8%)，强劲的(6%)，浓的(5%)，擅长的(5%)，坚挺的(4%)，结实的(4%)，坚定的(3%)，浓烈的(3%)
→来自古英语 strong,强壮的，强大的，狂暴的，暴力的，来自 Proto-Germanic*strangaz,紧的， 硬的，来自 streng,*strenk,紧的，拉紧，词源同 strict,string,stringent.引申诸相关词义。
a.强壮的,强大的;强烈的,浓的The strong man among us strongly hates the wrongdoing.我们当中的壮汉强烈憎恶这件坏事.
US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT WEAK 不弱的
 ESSENTIAL
■powerful; having or using great force or control 强有力的，强劲的；强壮的；强烈的
• She must be very strong to carry such a weight on her back. 她背着这么重的东西，一定很强健。
• It is surely the duty of the stronger members in a society to help those who are weak. 任何社会中，帮助弱者都是强者不可推卸的责任。
• My grandmother had a strong influence/effect on my early childhood. 我祖母在我幼年对我影响很大。
• Strong winds are forecast in the area for the next few days. 预计未来几天这地区将有大风。
• It's surprising what strong memories a photograph can produce. 一张相片可以引起如此深刻的记忆，实在令人惊讶。
• Get Carl to lift it - he's as strong as an ox (= very strong). 让卡尔来提起它吧-他像牛一样壮。
 ESSENTIAL
■effective; of a good quality or level and likely to be successful 有效的；有望成功的
• We will need strong policies if our economic problems are to be solved. 要解决我们的经济问题，需要采取强有力的政策。
• I can give you stronger pain-killing drugs if these aren't strong enough. 如果这些止痛药药效不够，我可以给你一些药效更强的。
• Strong trading links exist between us and many South American countries. 我们已和许多南美洲国家建立稳固的贸易关系。
 ADVANCED
■clever or good at doing things 精通的，擅长的；突出的
• Without a doubt, she's the strongest candidate we've interviewed for the post. 毫无疑问，在我们所面试的这个职位的求职者中，她是能力最强的。
• As a guitarist, he's strong on (= good at) technique but perhaps lacks feeling in some pieces. 作为一名吉他手，他的演奏技法很娴熟，不过也许在演奏某些曲子时缺乏感情。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
DETERMINED 坚决的
 ESSENTIAL
■difficult to argue with; firm and determined 坚决的，坚定的，不动摇的
• She has strong opinions about religion. 她有非常坚定的宗教主张。
• He has a strong personality , but don't let him bully you. 他个性很强，但别让他欺侮你。
• Most of the group have strong views on the subject of divorce. 大部分小组成员对于离婚的看法非常固执。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOTICEABLE 明显的
 IMPROVER
■If a taste, smell, etc. is strong, it is very noticeable or powerful （味道、气味等）浓的，重的，强烈的
• A strong light was shining straight in my eyes. 一道强光直刺进我的眼里。
• There's a really strong smell of bleach in the corridor. 走廊里有一股极为刺鼻的漂白粉味。
• I don't like coffee/tea if it's too strong. 我不喜欢味道太浓的咖啡／茶。
• The room was decorated in very strong colours. 房间装饰的色调非常亮丽。
• What a strong likeness there is between the brothers. 兄弟俩长得真像。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
DIFFICULT TO BREAK 难弄破的
 IMPROVER
■difficult to break, destroy or make ill, or able to support a heavy weight or force 牢固的，强健的；结实的；坚固的
• a strong box/chair 结实的盒子／椅子
• The window is made from very strong glass - it won't shatter. 窗户是用强化玻璃做的——不会碎。
• He's never been very strong, and I'm afraid all the excitement was too much for him. 他身体一直都不太好，我担心他受不了这样的刺激。
• He had such a strong will to live - he simply refused to die. 他的求生意志非常强——他根本不想死。
⇒ See also strength
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
LIKELY 有可能的
■very likely to happen 可能性很大的，很有可能的
• There's a strong possibility/likelihood of finding the child within the next few hours. 很有可能在随后的几个小时内找到孩子。
• The treatment's chances of success are stronger if it is started as soon as the disease is diagnosed. 该病诊断确定之后如果马上接受治疗，治愈的可能会大很多。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
IN NUMBER 在数目上
[after noun]
■having the stated number of people, members, etc. 多达…的，计有…的
• Our social club is currently about eighty strong. 我们的社交俱乐部目前大约有80人。
⇒ See also strength
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
CHEMISTRY 化学 specialized
■describes an acid, alkali or chemical base that produces many ions (= atoms with an electrical charge) when it is dissolved in water 强的（描述一种酸、碱或化学成分溶解于水中时，可由一个电荷产生多个离子）
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
be going strong
■to continue to exist and be successful or work well, after a long period 活跃依旧；长盛不衰；依然运行良好
• After two hundred years, the town's theatre is still going strong. 镇上的剧院历经两百年的风雨，依旧正常营运。
• His father is still going strong (= is alive and well) at 94. 他父亲94岁了，还很硬朗。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adjective
strong nerves (also a strong stomach)
■an ability to not be upset by unpleasant things 强大的心理素质；坚强的意志
• You need a strong stomach to work in the accident department. 在急诊室工作需要有很强的心理素质。
UK [strɒŋ] US [strɑ:ŋ] adverb informal
come on strong
■to behave in a way which makes it clear that you are sexually interested in a particular person, or to behave towards another person in a way which many people think is too severe 露骨地调情，挑逗；言行过分，过于苛刻
• He's always coming on strong to me - I wish he'd stop. 他老是挑逗我——我真希望他别这么做。
• You came on too strong then - she didn't do it deliberately. 你当时有些太过分——她又不是故意那么做。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
adj. 坚强的；强壮的；牢固的；擅长的
 - tough, firm, stable, steel
adv. 强劲地；猛烈地
 - heavily, hard

Word: ms

Word: profit
Front: profit
[ˈprɒfɪt] (高研四六托雅 1704/884 -K4)
Vocabulary: profit
(once / 68 pages)
nv
A profit is money you make, as opposed to money you lose. Also, anything good profits you — it benefits you.
When we talk about profits, we're talking about coming out ahead. Businesses need to make a profit — money — or they'll have to fire employees, cut expenses, and maybe go out of business entirely. If more money is coming in than going out, that's a profit. Profit also means a benefit. For example, you could profit from playing baseball even if you made no money from it. Getting exercise and fun would profit anybody quite a bit.
WORD FAMILY
profit: nonprofit, profitable, profited, profiteer, profiting, profitless, profits, profitting+/ nonprofit: nonprofits/ profitable: profitability, profitableness, profitabler, profitablest, profitably, unprofitable/ profiteer: profiteered, profiteering, profiteers/profitless: profitlessly/unprofitable: unprofitability, unprofitableness, unprofitably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was the face of the franchise and participated in the profits, but he was Mr. Burnett’s hired gun.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
At last, it seems, the race to turn CO2 into profit is really on.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The ride-sharing business is harder to turn a profit on than some people thought.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 收益，得益; 利润; 红利; 净值利润率
vt. 有益于…，对…有益的; 得益; 创利润
vi. 有益; 获利
时态：profited, profiting, profits
分布：利润(68%)，获利(11%)，利益(9%)，得益(6%)，收益(4%)，有益于(2%)
→pro-,向前，-fit,做，词源同benefit,effect.字母c脱落。即做事的收益，引申词义利润，报酬。
利润,收益(pro+fit做→做很多→做得好→利润)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
利润;利益(pro前+fit[=fict]→先做的好处→利益)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.利润,收益v.(by,from)得利,获益;有利于The situation is fit for profiting and beneficial to the shops situated nearby.这种形势适于获利且对坐落在附近的商铺有益.
US ['prɑ:.fɪt] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■money which is earned in trade or business, especially after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and services 利润，盈利
• She makes a big profit from selling waste material to textile companies. 她将废弃材料卖给纺织公司，从中赚取大笔利润。
• A year ago the Tokyo company had a pretax profit of 35 million yen. 一年前，东京公司的税前利润是3500万日元。
• Company profits are down on last year's figures. 从去年的统计数字看，公司的利润下降了。
• You don't expect to make much profit within the first couple of years of setting up a company. 你不要指望在创立公司的头几年里会赚取很多利润。
• He sold his house at a huge profit. 他卖掉自己的房子，赚了很多钱。
uncountable
■the good or advantage that can be achieved by a particular action or activity 好处，益处
• There's no profit to be gained from endlessly discussing whose fault it was. 没完没了地讨论谁是谁非是徒劳无益的。
UK ['prɒf.ɪt] US ['prɑ:.fɪt] noun
  Common Learner Errors  profitWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'get a profit', say make a profit :
✗ The company will get a big profit from this investment. The company will make a big profit from this investment.
UK ['prɒf.ɪt] US ['prɑ:.fɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  profit from sth
■to earn money from something 从…赚钱；从…获利
• A lot of companies will profit from the fall in interest rates. 利率降低，许多公司将从中获利。
■to achieve an advantage from something 得益
• I profited enormously from working with her. 和她一起工作，我获益匪浅。
profit, benefit, avail
这组词都有“有益于，有益”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重于物质方面的受益，常用于财富或知识等方面的得益。
benefit: 通常既可指个人情况(如身体、智力或精神状态等)的好转或改善，又可指对实现某个目标等带来的好处。
avail: 较文雅，常见于历史小说、演说或讲道中，较少用于日常话语，侧重功效或效力。
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. [会计] 利润；利益
 - behalf, margin, benefit, gain, sake
vi. 获利；有益
 - advantage, gain
vt. 有益于
 - benefit, be good for

Word: fear
Front: fear
[fɪə(r)] (中高研四六 985/1066 -K5)
Vocabulary: fear
(once / 20 pages)
1nv 2v 3nv
Does the sight of a snake fill you with panic and the desire to run away as quickly as possible? If so, you have a fear of snakes.
People have fear for many things: bugs, guns, heights, etc. Horror movies try to fill the audience with fear. Some fears make more sense than others. The fear of jumping out of planes makes a lot of sense, but the fear of public speaking isn't as logical: it won't kill you. Fear includes anxiety and can be very emotionally painful. If you're scared of anything, you know what fear is all about.
WORD FAMILY
fear: feared, fearful, fearing, fearless, fears, fearsome+/ fearful: fearfulest, fearfully, fearfulness/fearing: unfearing/fearless: fearlessest, fearlessly, fearlessness/fearsome: fearsomely, fearsomer/unfearing: unfearingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the survivors of the Istanbul nightclub attack says she feared she would "die in the bathroom".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That it appears ready to do so is a sign of China’s fear of the rapid emergence of groups like Youngspiration.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Family matriarch Carol Bundy is expressing fear that the government will ban grazing in the Gold Butte area — although the U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 害怕; 可能性; （对神等的）敬畏; 忧虑
vt. 畏惧; 害怕; 为…忧虑（或担心、焦虑）; 敬畏（神等）
vi. 害怕; 忧虑; 感到害怕; 惧怕
时态：feared, fearing, fears
分布：恐惧(38%)，害怕(32%)，担心(30%)
→来自per, 向前，尝试，词源同far, peril, experience. 由尝试引申词义风险，害怕。
n.害怕,恐惧;危险vt.畏惧,害怕,担心I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
US [fɪr] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or worried by something dangerous, painful or bad that is happening or might happen 害怕，惧怕；担忧
• Trembling with fear, she handed over the money to the gunman. 她吓得发抖，战战兢兢地把钱递给了持枪歹徒。
• Even when the waves grew big, the boy showed no (signs of) fear. 即使是浪大的时候，这个男孩也毫无惧色。
• I have a fear of heights. 我有惧高症。
• The low profit figures simply confirmed my worst fears. 这么低的利润完全证实了我最担心的事。
• [+ that] There are fears that the disease will spread to other countries. 有人担心这种疾病会传播到其他国家。
be in fear of your life
■to be frightened that you might be killed 害怕丧命；为生命安全担忧
• Lakisha sat inside, in fear of her life, until the police came. 拉基莎担心自己的安全，就坐在里面直到员警到来为止。
be no fear of sth informal
■to be no possibility that a particular thing will happen 不可能发生
• Malcolm knows the city well, so there's no fear of us getting lost (= we will not get lost). 马尔科姆很熟悉这座城市，所以我们不可能迷路。
for fear that/of sth
■because you are worried that a particular thing might happen 生怕，以免
• They wouldn't let their cat outside for fear (that) it would get run over. 他们不让猫到室外去，生怕它被车撞倒。
• I didn't want to move for fear of waking her up. 我当时不想动，生怕把她弄醒了。
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] noun countable or uncountable
have fears for sb/sth
■to be worried about someone or something 为…担心；为…忧虑
• The climbers are a day late returning from the mountain and we are beginning to have fears for their safety. 已经一天了，登山的人还没有回来，我们开始担心他们的安全。
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] noun countable or uncountable
No fear! UK slang
■certainly not 决不！当然不！
• "Are you coming to the concert?" "No fear!" “你会来听音乐会吗？”“当然不会。”
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] noun countable or uncountable
put the fear of God into you
■to frighten you a lot 恐吓（某人）
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] noun countable or uncountable
without fear or favour
■in an equal and fair way 公正地；不偏不倚
• The appointments are made without fear or favour. 各项任命都十分公正。
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] verb
 IMPROVER [T; not continuous]
■to be frightened of something or someone unpleasant 害怕，畏惧，惧怕
• Most older employees fear unemployment. 大多数上了年纪的雇员都害怕失业。
• What do you fear most? 你最怕甚么？
 IMPROVER [T; not continuous] formal
■to be worried or frightened that something bad might happen or might have happened 担心；担忧
• [+ (that)] Police fear (that) the couple may have drowned. 警方担心这对夫妻可能已溺水身亡。
• formal It is feared (that) as many as two hundred passengers may have died in the crash. 人们担心可能有多达两百名乘客在这次空难中丧生。
• We huddled together, fearing we might be killed. 我们挤作一团，担心会被杀掉。
• [+ to infinitive] Fearing to go herself, she sent her son to find out the news. 她自己不敢去，就派了儿子去探查消息。
I fear formal
■used to give someone news of something bad that has happened or might happen （用于告知坏消息）我恐怕
• [+ (that)] I fear (that) she's already left. 恐怕她已经离开了。
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] verb
never fear (also fear not) old use or humorous
■do not worry 别担心，别怕
• Never fear, I'll take good care of him. 别担心，我会好好照顾他的。
UK [fɪər] US [fɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  fear for sb/sth formal
■to be worried about something, or to be worried that someone is in danger 为…担心；为…忧虑
• Her parents fear for her safety. 父母担心她的安全。
alarm, fear, fright, horror, panic, terror, dread
这些名词均含“恐惧、惧怕、惊恐”之意。
alarm: 强调突然意识到有危险而产生的恐惧心理。
fear: 普通用词，侧重指面临危险或灾祸时内心所引起的恐惧心情。
fright: 通常指一阵突然的、令人震惊的短暂恐惧，有时含夸张意味。
horror: 侧重指因看到令人讨厌或危险的东西或情景而引起的厌恶情绪、极度恐惧心情或战栗的动作。
panic: 常指因突如其来的外界威胁使人群出现惊慌、恐惧或混乱。
terror: 指极大的恐惧和惊骇，语气最强。
dread: 可与fear换用，着重害怕的心理，但dread常指胆怯和丧失勇气。
n. 害怕； [心理] 恐惧；敬畏；担心
 - worry, afraid of
vt. 害怕；敬畏；为…担心
 - be nervous of, be afraid of
vi. 害怕；敬畏；为…担心
 - be nervous of, be afraid of

Word: effect
Front: effect
[ɪˈfekt] (高研四六托雅 427/262 -K5)
Vocabulary: effect
(once / 23 pages)
1n 2v
Effect is the result of an action, as in those “cause and effect” papers you might write in English class. Your topic could be how your late-night tuba playing (cause) has driven your roommate insane (effect).
Another noun use of effect describes an appearance or impression that’s created on purpose, such as the dramatic effect of the bright red walls in your kitchen, or sound effects from your favorite movie. Effect appears less often as a verb, but when it does, it means “produce.” Usually, it’s a noun. It can even refer to your belongings, like when you get kicked out and your former roomie begs you to get all of your personal effects.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
affect / effect
Choosing between affect and effect can be scary. Think of Edgar Allen Poe and his RAVEN: Remember Affect Verb Effect Noun. You can't affect the creepy poem by reading it, but you can enjoy the effect of a talking bird.
In everyday speech, affect is a verb. It means to influence something, such as in the headline from the Albuquerque News,
Downed Power Line Affects PNM Customers
The downed power line had an impact on some power customers: they were without electricity overnight.
Effect is mostly commonly used as a noun meaning the result or impact of something, an outcome. If there's "a/an/the" in front of it, it's an effect. The second sentence is from a story about the outcome of long-term sleeping trouble,
The Effect of Persistent Sleepiness
Adding to the confusion, effect can also be used as a verb to mean to produce or to cause to come into being. Here's an example that uses it correctly,
A government unable to effect any change is a government that will produce no surprises.
Put another way, a government that can't produce change won't be able to produce surprises; it will be predictable.
Most of the time, you'll want affect as a verb meaning to influence something and effect for the something that was influenced. The difference between affect and effect is so slippery that people have started using "impact" as a verb instead. Don't be one of them! Another trick is to remember that affect comes first alphabetically, and an action (to affect) has to occur before you can have a result (an effect).
WORD FAMILY
effect: effected, effecter, effecting, effective, effector, effects, effectuate +/effecter: effecters/ effective: effectively, effectiveness, effectivity, ineffective, uneffective/effector: effectors/ effectuate: effectuated, effectuates, effectuating, effectuation/ ineffective: ineffectively, ineffectiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The Anchorage Office of Emergency Management says the advisory will be in effect until 6 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The National Weather Service issued a winter storm warning Monday for the Sierra’s eastern front north of Reno in effect until 4 p.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 影响; 效果; 印象; 所有物
vt. 使发生; 引起; 产生（效果）
时态：effected, effecting, effects
分布：影响(52%)，效果(31%)，效应(10%)，结果(4%)，引起(1%)，印象(1%)，要旨(1%)
→ef-, 向外。-fect, 做，词源同fact, affect. 即做出来的效果。
实施;生效;效果(ef出+fect→做出来→生效;效果)[fac,fact,fect,fic,fig=make,do,表示"做,制作"]
n.结果;效果;影响;印象vt.招致;实现;达到His affection for the defects is affected by the infectious perfect effect.他对缺点的钟爱受到具有感染力的完美效果的影响.
noun
RESULT 结果
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the result of a particular influence 效果；影响；结果
• The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment. 核辐射外泄给环境带来了灾难性的影响。
• I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any effect. 我试着吃了几颗药片，但头痛一点都没有减轻。
• I think I'm suffering from the effects of too little sleep. 我觉得我睡眠太少，健康受到了影响。
• She has a lot of confidence which she uses to good effect (= to her advantage) in interviews. 她很自信，在面试时她充分利用这一点，占尽了优势。
⇒ See also after effects
take effect
 ADVANCED
■to produce or achieve the results you want 起作用；产生效果
• They had to wait ten minutes for the anaesthetic to take effect before they stitched up the cut. 他们不得不等了十分钟，在麻醉药起作用后才缝合伤口。
for effect mainly disapproving
■If you say or do something for effect, you intentionally do it to shock people or attract their attention 哗众取宠；危言耸听
• I get the impression that she uses bad language in meetings for effect. 我觉得她开会时说脏话是在故意引人注意。
in effect
■in fact, or in practice 实际上；事实上
• So in effect the government have lowered taxes for the rich and raised them for the poor. 所以呢，实际上政府是为富人减了税，而给穷人加了税。
to that effect (also to the effect that)
■used to express that what you are reporting is only a short and general form of what was really said 有…的意思；大意是…，意思是…
• She said she was unhappy, or words to that effect. 她说了一些她很不幸福之类的话。
• He said something to the effect that he would have to change jobs if the situation continued. 他话里的意思是说，如果这种情况再持续下去，他将不得不换个工作。
[ɪ'fekt] noun
USE 实用
 ADVANCED uncountable
■use 使用；实行；生效
• The present system of payment will remain in effect (= be used) until the end of the rental agreement. 在租期结束前，将会继续采用现行的付款方式。
• When do the new driving laws come into effect? 新的道路交通安全法规甚么时候开始实施？
• The new salary increases will take effect (= begin) from January onwards. 新的加薪标准将从一月份起正式实行。
[ɪ'fekt] noun
THEATRE, ETC 剧院等
effects [plural] (also special effects)
■lighting, sounds and objects which are specially produced for the stage or a film and are intended to make something which does not exist seem real 特技效果
• This is a movie worth seeing for its effects alone. 这部电影光凭其特技效果就值得一看。
[ɪ'fekt] noun
POSSESSIONS 财产
effects [plural] specialized
■a person's possessions, especially after their death （尤指死后遗留的）财产，财物，所有物
• It says on the form that the insurance covers all personal effects. 表上写明，所有个人财产都在该保险承保范围之内。
[ɪ'fekt] verb transitive formal
■to achieve something and cause it to happen 使发生；实现；完成
• As a political party they are trying to effect a change in the way that we think about our environment. 作为一个政治党派，他们正在试图改变我们关于环境的观念。
effect, validity, influence, efficiency
effect: 指某人或某事的影响产生特殊“效果”
validity: 有效性，合法性
influence: 强调“潜移默化”的影响
efficiency: 效率
effect, influenced
effect: 影响，功效 结果，效果，是cause的对应词。表示由于必然或间接因果关系所产生的事物（如身体状况，社会情况或心境）
influenced: 影响
realize, cause, effect, produce
这组词都有“产生、实现”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 着重指把过去的计划或意愿变成现实。
cause: 强调事物的因果关系。
effect: 侧重成功地完成一件要做的事情，强调结果或影响。
produce: 侧重有意或无意地产生出好的或坏的，实际可见的效果。
result, effect, outcome, consequence
这组词都有“结果”的意思，其区别是：
result: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不是眼前的结果。
effect: 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，着重持续稳定与其影响。
outcome: 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结局，而不是某种原因的直接结果。常可与result通用。
consequence: 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。
effect, influence, affect
effect: n. 功效，影响 v. 产生，实现（目的）等
influence: v. 潜移默化的影响人的行为，性格，观点
affect: v. 对…..产生不良影响
n. 影响；效果；作用
 - impression, influence, infection, affection, impact
vt. 产生；达到目的
 - form, inspire

Word: west
Front: west
[west] (中高雅 665/789 -K5)
Back: n. 西，西部，西方
adj. 在西方的; 西部的; 朝西的; （风）来自西面的
adv. 向西，朝西; 自西方; 向西方
分布：西(62%)，西方(18%)，西部(13%)，西方的(3%)，西方国家(2%)，西部的(2%)
→缩写wes-pero,黄昏，晚上，词源同vesper,来自we,下降，落下，引申义太阳落山的方向，即西方。
n./a.西,西方(的),西部(的)ad.向西A swallow flew west skimming the lake.一只燕子掠过湖面往西飞.
(also West) [west] (written abbreviation W)
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the direction in which the sun goes down in the evening, opposite to the east, or the part of an area or country which is in this direction 西，西方
• The points of the compass are North, South, East and West. 指南针上的方向有北、南、东和西。
• The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东方升起，在西边落下。
• Most of the country will be dry tomorrow, but the west will have some rain. 明天我国大部分地区气候干燥，但西部有雨。
• America is/lies to the west of Britain. 美国在英国的西边。
(the) West
 IMPROVER
■North America, those countries in Europe which did not have communist governments before the 1990s, and some other parts of the world 西方国家
• There has been concern in/throughout the West about the effects of this measure. 西方国家对这项措施造成的影响甚为关注。
• East-West relations 东西方国家的关系
■In the US, the West is the part of the country west of the Mississippi river which only became developed in the late 1800s （美国19世纪后期才开始发展的）西部
• the Wild West 蛮荒的西部
out west US
■to or in the west of the US 向（或在）美国西部
• Travis moved out west after college. 特拉维斯大学毕业后搬到美国西部。
(also West) [west] (written abbreviation W)
noun uncountable
go west UK informal
■If something goes west, it is lost, damaged or spoilt in some way （某物）丢失不见；被弄坏，被破坏
• I couldn't get a ticket - that's my last chance to see the show gone west. 我弄不到票——我最后一次看演出的机会也泡汤了。
(also West) [west] (written abbreviation W)
adjective
■in or towards the west 在西方的；向西方的
• West Africa 西非
• the west coast of Ireland 爱尔兰的西海岸
• Ireland is west of Britain. 爱尔兰在英国以西。
west wind
■a wind coming from the west （风）来自西方的
(also West) [west] (written abbreviation W)
adverb
■towards the west 在西方的；向西方的
• Go due (= directly) west until you see a lake. 一直向西走，直到看见一个湖。
• The balcony faces west. 阳台朝西。
n. [地理] 西； [天] 西方；西部
 - occident
adj. [天] 西方的；朝西的
 - hesperian

Word: real
Front: real
[ˈri:əl] (中高研四六 305/425 -K5)
Vocabulary: real
(once / 12 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adv 4n
Something real is genuine. If you inherit some jewelry, you'll have to take it to an expert to know if those diamonds are real or just cubic zirconia, which looks like a diamond but isn't worth nearly as much.
That seven footed monster your big brother used to tell you frightening stories about isn't real, and neither, sorry to say, is Santa Claus, because to be real, something has to actually exist. Real has roots in the Latin word res, meaning "thing." We also use real to mean "significant," like when we say something is a real problem, or when we say we're really, truly sorry about something. In old Spain or Brazil, a real is a coin.
WORD FAMILY
real: realer, reales, realest, realism, reality, really, realness, reals, reis, unreal+/irreality: irrealities/ realism: realisms, realist, realistic, unrealism/ realist: realists/ realistic: realistically, unrealistic/ reality: irreality, realities/ really: reallys/unreal: unreality, unreally/unrealism: unrealisms/unrealistic: unrealistically/unreality: unrealities
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a real stickiness. People are here for a reason. It’s a good place to do business,’ Gary Campkin said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
ABC’s night of sitcoms wraps up at 9:30 with “The Real O’Neals” and some self-doubt from Eileen, the family’s matriarch.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the real game-changing gadget here is not on the weight room floor.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 真的; 真实的，现实的; 事实上的; 真诚的
adv. 真正，实在; 确实地
n. 实在，现实; 实数
分布：真正的(37%)，真实(25%)，真实的(13%)，真的(8%)，现实的(6%)，非常(5%)，实际的(2%)，名副其实的(2%)，不动产的(1%)，正宗的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 realis,真实的，实际的，来自 res,事物，事实，事情。
a.真的,真实的;实际的,现实的I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
US [ri:.əl] adjective
NOT IMAGINARY 非想像的
 ESSENTIAL
■existing in fact; not imaginary 实际存在的，现实的；真实的
• Assuring the patient that she has a real and not imaginary problem is the first step. 使病人确信她真的有病，并非杯弓蛇影，这是对她进行治疗的第一步。
• There is a very real threat that he will lose his job. 他的确有失去工作的危险。
real earnings/income, etc.
■the value of earnings, etc. after the effect of rising prices is considered （把物价上涨因素考虑在内的）实际收入
• Wages rose by 2.9% last year, but real earnings still fell by 1.3%. 去年薪金增长了2.9%，但实际收入却仍然下降了1.3%。
in real terms
■existing in fact, despite what appears to be the situation 实际地；真实地；事实上
• A family man's earnings rose 5% in real terms after deducting income tax, etc. 在扣除收入所得税等项之后，一个家庭男主人的收入实际增加了5%。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adjective
NOT FALSE 并非假的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■not false; being what it appears to be; genuine 真的；真正的；天然的
• real leather/fur 真皮／真毛皮
• Is that a toy gun or the real thing ? 那是把玩具枪还是真枪？
[before noun] UK approving
■(especially of foods) produced using traditional methods and without artificial substances （尤指食物）正宗的，用传统手艺做的
• The pub sells several kinds of real ale (= traditional beer). 那间酒吧供应好几种正宗散装啤酒。
for real informal
■real, not pretended 真正的，真实的；认真的
• I thought it was just a fire practice but apparently it was for real. 我还以为是消防演习呢，但显然是真的失火了。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■the most important; the main 最重要的；主要的；真正关键的
• The real difficulty was the language, because my children don't speak English. 真正的困难是语言问题，因为我的孩子们不会说英语。
• Novelty value may be a part of it, but the real reason people like our paper is that it speaks the truth. 有创意或许是一个方面，但人们喜欢本报的最主要原因是它讲真话。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adjective
VERY GREAT 很好的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■used to emphasize a noun （用于强调名词）真正的，地道的，十足的
• He's a real gentleman. 他是位地道的绅士。
• She was a real help. 她真是个难得的好帮手。
• It's a real nuisance. 真是麻烦透顶。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adjective
Get real! informal
■used for telling someone that they should try to understand the true facts of a situation and not hope for what is impossible 现实一点！清醒清醒吧！
• Get real! He's never going to give you the money. 你清醒清醒吧！他永远都不会给你那笔钱的。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adjective
Is he/she for real? informal
■used when you think someone is silly or very surprising 一定是个玩笑；准不是真的（用于你认为某人愚蠢或非常令人吃惊的情况）
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adverb mainly US informal
■very 非常；很；十分
• I like this homemade lemonade, it's real good! 我很喜欢喝这种自制柠檬水，真是太棒了！
• It's real easy to do. 这真的很容易做。
UK [rɪəl] US [ri:.əl] adverb mainly US informal
  Common Learner Errors  realRemember: real is used as an adverb in informal US English but not usually in UK English. In UK English, don't use 'real' as an adverb, say really. I had a really good time at the barbecue.
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
adj. [数] 实际的；真实的；实在的
 - practical, actual, effective, sincere, honest
adv. 真正地；确实地
 - strictly, indeed, undoubtedly, authentically
n. 现实； [数] 实数
 - actuality, praxis

Word: short
Front: short
[ʃɔ:t] (中高雅 627/500 -K2)
Vocabulary: short
(once / 21 pages)
1adjadvn 2adjadv 3nv 4adjadvv 5adjadv 6adj 7adjadv 8adv
Short describes something that is not as long as usual. If your childhood bed is too short for you, your feet will dangle over the edge, and if a school day is short, you'll get out early.
The adjective short describes things that aren't long when you measure them, or have a small distance from one end to another, like your short hair or the short walk to the library. A small amount of time can also be described as short, like a short chat with your mom. As a verb, short can describe cheating someone out of money or not paying what is owed, like a friend who shorts you when the lunch bill arrives.
WORD FAMILY
short: shorted, shorten, shorter, shortest, shorting, shortish, shortly, shortness, shorts+/foreshorten: foreshortened, foreshortening, foreshortens/shorten: foreshorten, shortened, shortener, shortening, shortens/shortener: shorteners/shortening: shortenings
USAGE EXAMPLES
White’s passes, even the short ones, were often well off the mark.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
If Trump gets his way, maybe the “Age of Computer” will be shorter than we think.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 短的，短暂的; 矮的; 短缺的; 短期的
adv. 突然; 唐突地; 简短地; 横贯地
n. 短裤; 短路; 缺乏
vt. 故意少给…的零头，骗取
vi. 短路
时态：shorted, shorting, shorts
分布：短的(65%)，缺少(7%)，短期的(7%)，矮的(6%)，短缺的(6%)，未达到(3%)，简略的(3%)，电影短片(2%)，粗暴无礼的(1%)
→来自古英语 scort,短的，来自 Proto-Germanic*skurta,切短的，来自 sker,切，分开，词源 同 shear,share.引申诸相关词义。
a.短的,矮的;(of)缺乏,不足n.(pl.)短裤The external and internal interference interrupts my interpretation at short intervals.内部和外部干涉以很短的间隔打扰我翻译.
US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■small in length, distance or height 短的；矮的
• a short skirt 短裙
• Her hair is much shorter than it used to be. 她的头发比过去短多了。
• It's only a short walk to the station. 去车站只需走很短一段路程。
• I'm quite short but my brother's very tall. 我很矮，可我弟弟很高。
 ADVANCED
■describes a name that is used as a shorter form of a name （名字）简称的，缩略的
• Her name's Jo - it's short for Josephine. 她名叫乔，是约瑟芬的简称。
• Her name's Josephine, or Jo for short. 她名叫约瑟芬，或简称为乔。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■being an amount of time which is less than average or usual 短的，短暂的
• a short film/visit 短片／短暂的访问
• He's grown so much in such a short time. 他在如此短的时间里长高了这么多。
• I work much better if I take a short break every hour or so. 如果每小时我都休息一小会儿，我的工作效率会高很多。
 IMPROVER
■describes books, letters and other examples of writing that do not contain many words and do not take much time to read （书、信等）简短的
• It's a very short book - you'll read it in an hour. 这是一本篇幅很短的书——你一个小时就能读完。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
LACKING 缺乏的
be short (of sth)
 ADVANCED
■to not have enough of something 短缺的，缺乏的
• to be short of space/time 空间／时间不足
• We're a bit short of coffee - I must get some more. 我们的咖啡不多了——我必须去再买一些。
• The bill comes to £85, but we're £15 short. 账单是85英镑，但我们还缺15英镑。
• I'm a little short (= I do not have much money) this week - could you lend me ten dollars? 我这星期钱有点不够用——能借我十块美金吗？
short of breath
■unable to breathe very well, for example because you have been running or doing some type of energetic exercise 喘不过气，上气不接下气
• She's always short of breath when she climbs the stairs. 她爬楼梯时总是上气不接下气。
be in short supply
■to be few or not enough in number 不够用，数量不足
• Computers are in rather short supply in this office. 这个办公室里的电脑不够用。
go short mainly UK
■to not have something, especially when it is something you need in order to live 缺少，缺乏（尤指生存必需品）
• My parents didn't have much money, but they made sure we didn't go short (of anything). 我父母并没有多少钱，但他们总是确保我们衣食无缺。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
NOT PATIENT 不耐烦的
[after verb]
■saying little but showing slight impatience or anger in the few words that you say （说话时）简短不耐的，简短愠怒的
• I'm sorry if I was a bit short with you on the phone this morning. 我很抱歉今天早上我在电话里有点傲慢无礼。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
be caught/taken short UK informal
■to suddenly and unexpectedly need to go to the toilet, especially when it is not convenient for you to do so （尤指不便上厕所时）突然想上厕所；内急
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
be short notice
■to be very near the time when an event is expected to happen 临时通知；距离预定发生时间非常近
• I will have to cancel this afternoon's class - I'm sorry it's such short notice. 我将不得不取消今天下午的课——临时才通知大家非常抱歉。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
draw / get the short straw informal
■to have to do the least enjoyable of a range of duties, often because you have been chosen to do it （常因被选中而）不得不做最无趣的事情，做最苦的差事
• Colin, I'm afraid you've drawn the short straw - you're cleaning out the toilets. 科林，恐怕你得做最苦的差事了——去打扫厕所。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
get the short end of the stick US Australian
■to suffer the bad effects of a situation 倒楣，承受某情况的恶果
• The people who get the short end of the stick are those whose income is just too high to qualify for help from the government. 倒楣的是收入太高、没有资格取得政府援助的那些人。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
have (got) sb by the short and curlies (also have (got) sb by the short hairs) slang
■to have someone in your power 某人在掌握之中；抓住某人的辫子
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
have a short memory
■to forget things quickly 健忘，记性不好
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
in short
■used before describing something or someone in as few words and as directly as possible 简而言之，总之
• He's disorganized, inefficient, never there when you want him - in short, the man's hopeless. 他这个人既没有条理，又没有效率，你需要他的时候他从来不在——简而言之，这个人是不可救药了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
make short work of sth informal
■to finish or deal with something quickly 快速完成；快速解决
• Well you certainly made short work of the chocolate cake! There's none left for your dad. 你把巧克力蛋糕一下子就吃完了！没有留一点给你爸爸。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
not be short of a bob or two UK informal
■to be rich 非常富有
• Did you see his car? He's not short of a bob or two! 你看到他的车了吗？他真有钱！
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
short and sweet informal
■surprisingly short in a way that is pleasing 短得令人高兴的
• This morning's lecture was short and sweet. 今天早上的课时间很短，太让人高兴了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adjective
short sharp shock
■(describing or relating to) punishment that is quick and effective 快速而有效的惩罚；（惩罚）快速而有效的
• He's in favour of the short sharp shock treatment for young offenders. 他赞成对青少年罪犯施予快速而有效的惩戒。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
DRINK 饮料 UK informal
■a drink of spirits (= type of strong alcohol) without water or any other liquid added （未掺水的）纯烈酒
• She only drinks shorts, never wine or beer. 她只喝纯烈酒，从不喝葡萄酒或啤酒。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
FILM 电影
■a short film, especially one which is made for showing before the main film at a cinema （尤指正片播映之前播放的）电影短片
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] noun countable
ELECTRICITY informal for
■ short circuit 短路
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] verb intransitive or transitive informal for
■ short-circuit 短路
• The plumber's shorted the electric shower. 水电工把电热水器弄得短路了。
UK [ʃɔ:t] US [ʃɔ:rt] adverb
■before the arranged or expected time or place 早；提前
• We had to cut short our holiday (= finish it early) because Richard was ill. 我们不得不缩短假期，因为理查病了。
• We wanted to explain the plans fully, but the chairman stopped us short, as there were other important matters to discuss. 我们想完整地介绍这些计划，但是主席提前打断了我们的发言，因为还有其他重要的事情需要讨论。
adj. 短的；不足的；急速的；唐突的
 - insufficient, deficient, lacking
adv. 不足；突然；唐突地
 - pop, hardly more than
n. 短；缺乏；短路；短裤
 - deficiency, need, drought, want, default

Word: credit
Front: credit
[ˈkredɪt] (高托雅宝 1125/1262 -K4)
Vocabulary: credit
(once / 65 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v
The word credit can have many meanings — from giving someone the recognition they deserve, to providing goods or services for payment that comes at a later date.
The meanings of credit don't end with borrowing money to pay at a later date or giving someone your approval. Colleges offer credits for each course in which their students enroll. A volunteer who raises thousands of dollars each year is a credit — or source of pride — to his charitable organization. Add an -s to the end of the word, and you have the scroll of names at the end of a movie.
WORD FAMILY
credit: creditable, credited, crediting, creditor, credits, discredit +/creditable: creditably/ creditor: creditors/ discredit: discreditable, discredited, discrediting, discredits/discreditable: discreditably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Joan Cox, senior vice president of savings products at Navy Federal Credit Union, provided some tips for smart budgeting and saving in the new year.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are some incredibly generous credit card sign-up bonuses available now, including 100,000-point offers from certain Chase and American Express products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some older Taiwanese credit the Japanese for building much of today’s public infrastructure.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信誉，信用; [金融]贷款; 荣誉; 学分
vt. 相信，信任; 归功于; [会]记入贷方; 赞颂
时态：credited, crediting, credits
分布：信用(71%)，贷款(8%)，相信(5%)，荣誉(4%)，学分(3%)，贷方(2%)，赞扬(2%)，归功于(2%)，赊欠(1%)，存款(1%)，记入贷方(1%)
→来自词根cred, 相信，信任。-it, 过去分词，比较visit.
信任;学分(cred+it表名词)[creed,cred=believe,trust,表示"相信,信任"]
相信(cred相信+it)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
v./n.信用,信任n.信用贷款,赊欠;名誉,名望He bought the furniture on credit.他赊账买了这家具.
noun
PRAISE 表扬
 ADVANCED uncountable
■praise, approval or honour 赞扬；赞许；荣誉
• She got no credit for solving the problem. 她没有因为解决了这一问题而得到任何赞许。
• Her boss took credit for it/ took (all) the credit instead. 她的老板反倒为此赢得了声誉／把一切全归功于自己。
• To her (great) credit, she admitted she was wrong. 她承认自己错了，这（很）值得称赞。
• I gave him credit for (= thought that he would have) better judgment than he showed. 我高估了他的判断力。
be a credit to sb/sth
■to do something that makes a person, group or organization feel proud or receive praise 是…的骄傲；是…的光荣
• She is a credit to her family. 她给家里带来了荣耀。
do your family/parents/teacher, etc. credit
■to cause someone who has been or is responsible for you to receive praise by your good behaviour or successful actions 为家庭／父母／老师等增光
• She does her teachers credit. 她给她的老师们增了光。
all credit to sb
■used to show that you think a person deserves a lot of praise for something that they have done （某人）值得大加称赞
• All credit to her, she did it all herself. 她值得大加赞赏，一切都是她一个人干的。
['kred.ɪt] noun
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a method of paying for goods or services at a later time, usually paying interest as well as the original money 赊购，赊帐，信用贷款
• They decided to buy the car on credit. 他们决定用信用贷款的方法买那辆汽车。
• The shop was offering six months' (interest-free) credit on electrical goods. 这家店提供六个月期限的（免息）电器信用贷款服务。
Compare debit
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■money in your bank account 帐面余额，贷方余额
• I was relieved to see from my statement that my account was in credit. 看到对帐单上我的帐户仍有存款，我松了一口气。
['kred.ɪt] noun
COURSE UNIT 课程学分
countable
■a unit which represents a successfully finished part of an educational course 学分
• He's already got a credit/three credits in earth science. 他已经修了地球科学这个科目的1个／3个学分。
['kred.ɪt] noun
LIST OF NAMES 名单
the credits [plural]
■a list of people who helped to make a film or a television or radio programme, which is shown or announced at the beginning or the end of it （电影、电视或广播节目的）演职人员名单
['kred.ɪt] noun
credit where credit's due
■an expression which means that you should praise someone who deserves it, although you might dislike some things about them 该赞扬的就赞扬
• I don't especially like the woman but, credit where credit's due, she's very efficient. 我不是特别喜欢那个女人，不过，该说好的就说好，她办事效率很高。
['kred.ɪt] verb
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pay money into a bank account 把钱存进银行帐户
• They credited my account with $20 after I pointed out the mistake. 我指出错误后，他们给我的帐户上存入了20美元。
['kred.ɪt] verb
BELIEVE 相信
transitive not continuous
■to believe something which seems unlikely to be true 信任，相信（不大可能的事）
• He even tried to pretend he was a film star's son - can you credit it? 他甚至试图假装自己是电影明星的儿子——你信吗？
• It was hard to credit some of the stories we heard about her. 我们听过一些有关她的故事，难以令人置信。
['kred.ɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  credit sb with sth
■to consider that someone has a particular quality 相信（某人）具有（某种品质）
• I had credited them with more integrity than they showed. 我原以为他们很正直，其实不然。
■to say that someone is responsible for something good 将…归功于（某人）
• She is credited with making the business a success. 公司的成功归功于她。
belief, conviction, faith, trust, confidence, credit
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
belief: 普通用词，指单纯从主观上的相信，不着重这种相信是否有根据。
conviction: 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，侧重其坚定性。
faith: 语气较强，强调完全相信；有时也能仅凭感觉产生的相信。
trust: 强调相信、信任的完全可靠。
confidence: 指对某人某事有充分信心，断定不会使人失望，因而给予信任。
credit: 语气最弱，着重以声誉为信任的基础。
n. 信用，信誉； [金融] 贷款；学分；信任；声望
 - faith, reputation, honor, loan, confidence
vt. 相信，信任；把…归给，归功于；赞颂
 - put faith in, believe in

Word: lot
Front: lot
[lɒt] (中高宝 238/374 -5)
Vocabulary: lot
(once / 52 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6n
A lot is a plot of land. When you buy a house, you also buy the lot on which it sits.
If there's an empty lot in your neighborhood, it means there's a space covered with grass or pavement that's large enough for a house or building to fit there. Another kind of lot is a set or group of items. At an auction or estate sale, you might find a lot of antique silver spoons for sale, or a lot of comic books — in either case, the lot is a collection.
WORD FAMILY
lot: lots, lotted, lotting
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A lot of people face workplace discrimination but they don’t dare step forward,” Chen said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“But there are still a lot of hoops to jump through, a lot of hurdles to get over.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I’ve seen it work for a lot of my patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 份额; 许多; 命运; 阄
adv. （与形容词和副词连用）很，非常; （与动词连用）非常
pron. 大量，许多
vt. 分组，把…划分（常与out连用）; 把（土地）划分成块
vi. 抽签，拈阄
时态：lotted, lotting, lots
分布：很(47%)，许多(25%)，大量(13%)，抽签(3%)，命运(3%)，非常(2%)，签(2%)，批(2%)，一块地(1%)，拍卖品(1%)，划分(1%)
→来自hlot,用于抽签的小物件，骰子，草，木条等，词源不详。可能来自kel,砍，切，词源同clone,cleric,clastic.并引申诸多词义。常见于词组a lot of,即一块，一批，大量的。
n.许多,大量;签,抽签;命运;场地The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
US [lɑ:t] noun
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
a lot (of)
 ESSENTIAL
■informallots (of) a large amount or number of people or things 大量，许多
• She eats lots of fruit. 她水果吃得很多。
• There were a lot of people there. 那里有很多人。
• He does a lot of travelling in his job. 他在工作中要跑很多地方。
• I've got a lot to do today. 今天我有很多事要做。
• He earns lots of money. 他赚钱很多。
• There's lots of food. 食物很多。
a lot
 ESSENTIAL
■very much or very often 非常；经常
• Your sister looks a lot like you. 你妹妹长得非常像你。
• I'm feeling a lot better today. 今天我感觉好多了。
• He looks a lot older than his wife. 他看起来比妻子老很多。
• We used to go there a lot. 过去我们经常去那里。
have a lot to answer for
■to be the main cause of a problem or an unpleasant situation 是问题的主要原因；应负最大的责任
• People who sell drugs to kids have a lot to answer for. 卖毒品给儿童的人应负上重大责任。
the lot UK informal
■everything 一切，全部
• I made enough curry for three people and he ate the lot. 我准备了够三人吃的咖喱饭，结果都让他一个人吃光了。
• Have I got everything? Is that the lot? 都给我了吗？全在那里了吗？
• I'll sell you the whole lot for only £50. 只要出50英镑我就把这些都卖给你。
• I'm sick of the lot of them. 我讨厌他们所有人。
  Common Learner Errors  a lot Remember that a lot is always written as two words. Don't write 'alot', write a lot :
✗ I have heard alot of good things about that college. I have heard a lot of good things about that college.
  Common Learner Errors  a lot Warning: check your word order! When a lot is used with a verb, it does not usually come between the verb and its object. Don't say 'do a lot something', say do something a lot :
✗ I enjoy a lot visiting my grandmother. I enjoy visiting my grandmother a lot.
  Common Learner Errors  a lot of and lots of Remember: when lot is in the singular, a determiner always comes before it. Don't say 'lot of' something, say a lot of or lots of something:
✗ There are lot of places to visit in Dorset. There are a lot of places to visit in Dorset. There are lots of places to visit in Dorset.
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
GROUP 团体
countable UK
■an amount or set of things, especially when there are several of these amounts 一批；一组；一套
• I've already done one lot of washing. 我已经洗完了一批衣服。
• Another lot of visitors will be here this afternoon. 今天下午还有一批参观者要来这里。
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
SALE 销售
countable
■in an auction (= public sale) , an object or set of objects that are being sold 拍卖品
• Lot number 134 is a fine old walnut bureau. 134号拍卖品是一张精美的老式胡桃木写字枱。
⇒ See also job lot
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
LAND 土地
countable mainly US
■an area of land 一块地，场地
• an empty lot 一块空地
• a parking lot 停车场
• They're planning to build a house on a vacant lot on 35th Street. 他们正计划在35街的一块空地上建一所房子。
countable US
■a film studio and the land around it （电影）制片厂，摄影场
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
LIFE 生活
sb's lot/the lot of sb
■the quality of someone's life and the experiences that they have （某人的）生活状况，命运
• They should do something to improve the lot of the lowest-paid workers. 他们应该采取措施改善最低收入工人的生活。
• Do you think he's happy with his lot? 你认为他对自己的命运满意吗？
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
CHANCE 机会
draw lots
■to make a decision by choosing from a set of objects such as pieces of paper or sticks that are all the same except for one 抽签
• We drew lots to decide who would go. 我们抽签决定谁去。
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] noun
there's a lot of it about humorous
■said to mean that the stated thing is very common 这东西没甚么稀奇的，这东西多了去了
UK [lɒt] US [lɑ:t] plural noun UK informal
■a group of people 一群，一帮，一伙
• You're an ignorant lot! 你们这群无知的家伙！
• Are you lot coming to lunch? 你们这伙人来吃午饭吗？
• My lot (= children and family generally) won't eat spinach. 我们家不吃菠菜。
luck, lot, destiny, fortune, doom, fate
这组词都有“命运”的意思，其区别是：
luck: 普通日常用词，指好的或坏的运气，尤多指好运气，有时也指成功或愉快的结局。
lot: 多指偶然的运气或终身遭受的不幸命运。
destiny: 普通用词，侧重预先注定的命运，对未来命运的美好憧憬。
fortune: 普通用词，指由机会或运气来决定的一种命运，如暗示一种比fate好的运气或一种愉快的未来。
doom: 指最终的，常常是灾难性或毁灭性的命运，隐含不可避免的意味。
fate: 较庄严用词，多指不幸的命运，暗示不可避免，令人畏惧和人的意志无法改变，宿命论色彩较浓。
n. 命运；一块地；一堆；抽签；份额
 - fate, destiny, fortune, portion, crowd
vt. 划分
 - plot, to divide
vi. 抽签；抓阄
 - draw straws, draw cuts
adv. 非常；相当
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: believe
Front: believe
[bɪˈli:v] (中高 212/252 -K5)
Vocabulary: believe
(once / 12 pages)
v
If you believe something, you think it’s true. If you are easily duped then you might believe your little sister when she says a thief broke into the house and ate all your candy.
Believe comes from old German words meaning to have trust. Belief doesn’t require proof, just acceptance. If you’re on a jury and the prosecution and defense present two different versions of what happened, you have to decide which side you believe. To believe can also mean having confidence. If you believe in me, it doesn’t mean that you think I’m real (unless I’m a ghost). It means you think I can do what I set out to do.
WORD FAMILY
believe: belief, believable, believed, believer, believes, believing, disbelieve, misbelieve+/ belief: beliefs, disbelief, unbelief /believability: believabilities/ believable: believability, believably, unbelievable / believer: believers, nonbeliever, unbeliever/believing: believingly, believings, unbelieving/ disbelief: disbeliefs/disbelieve: disbelieved, disbeliever, disbelieves, disbelieving/disbeliever: disbelievers/disbelieving: disbelievingly/misbelieve: misbelieved, misbeliever, misbelieves, misbelieving/misbeliever: misbelievers/nonbeliever: nonbelievers/ unbelief: unbeliefs/ unbelievable: unbelievably/unbeliever: unbelievers/unbelieving: unbelievingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
If that happens, it is believed Robinson will be the first player from Williams College to play in the league.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’ve never paid attention to Tibet and these issues very much. “I just believe in the idea of self-determination.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Landlords believe the market will revive over time, however.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 信任; 料想; 笃信宗教
vt. 相信; 以为，认为; 对…信以为真; 信任
时态：believed, believing, believes
分布：相信(77%)，认为(23%)
→前缀be-, 强调。-lieve, 爱，同love. 因为爱所以相信。
vt.相信,认为vi.相信,信任,信奉I believe my brief words will relieve her grief.我相信我简短的话会减轻她的悲痛.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to think that something is true, correct or real 相信
• Strangely, no one believed us when we told them we'd been visited by a creature from Mars. 奇怪的是，当我们告诉他们曾有火星人来访时，居然没人相信。
• [+ that] He believes that all children are born with equal intelligence. 他相信孩子们出生时智商是一样的。
• She's arriving tomorrow, I believe. 我相信她明天会到的。
• "Is she coming alone?" "We believe not/so (= We think she is not/is)." “她一个人来的吗？”“我想不是的／是的。”
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I believe her to be the finest violinist in the world. 我相信她是世界上最出色的小提琴家。
• [+ obj + adj] All the crew are missing, believed dead. 机组人员全告失踪，据说都已遇难。
not believe a word of it
■to not believe that something is true 根本不相信
• He told me she was just a friend, but I don't believe a word of it! 他告诉我，她只是普通朋友而已，但我根本就不信！
believe it or not (also would you believe it?)
■said when telling someone about something that is true, although it seems unlikely 信不信由你
• He's upstairs doing his homework, believe it or not. 他正在楼上做功课，信不信由你。
if you believe that, you'll believe anything! informal
■something that you say to emphasize that something is obviously not true 用于强调某事不可能是真的
• He said the car in front backed into him, and if you believe that, you'll believe anything! 他说前面的车向后撞倒他。这根本就是胡说！
make believe
■to pretend or imagine 假装
• Let's make believe (that) we're pirates. 我们假扮海盗吧。
⇒ See also make-believe
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
believe sth when you see it
■If you say you will believe something when you see it, you mean you think it will not happen 直到亲眼看见才会相信
• "Hetty says she'll be here at 7.00." "I'll believe that when I see it." “赫蒂说她七点钟会来这里。”“除非我亲眼见到，否则我是不会相信的。”
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
not believe your eyes/ears
■to be so surprised by what you see or hear that you think you are imagining it 简直不敢相信自己的眼睛／耳朵
• I couldn't believe my ears when she said they were getting divorced. 当她说他们要离婚时，我简直不敢相信自己的耳朵。
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
not believe your luck
■to be very surprised and very pleased 简直不敢相信自己有如此好运
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  believe in sth
 ADVANCED
■to be certain that something exists 确信，信奉
• Do you believe in ghosts? 你相信有鬼吗？
 ADVANCED
■to be confident that something is effective and right 对…有信心；认为…有效（或正确）
• They don't believe in living together before marriage. 他们认为婚前同居不好。
• He believes in saying what he thinks. 他认为说出自己的想法是对的。
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  believe in sb
■to trust someone because you think that they can do something well or that they are a good person 信任（某人）
• [R] Gradually, since her divorce, she's beginning to believe in herself again. 自从离婚后，她渐渐开始对自己有信心了。
[bɪ'li:v] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  believeWarning: Check your spelling! Believe is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'ie'.
confide, rely, trust, believe
这组词都有“相信，信任”的意思，其区别是：
confide: 侧重忠诚可靠与可信赖。
rely: 指在相信的基础上可进一步依靠，着重可靠性。
trust: 指绝对相信或信赖某人。
believe: 普通用词，常表示一种缓和、不太肯定的口气。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vi. 信任；料想；笃信宗教
 - trust on, suppose
vt. 相信；认为；信任
 - expect, count, guess, find, feel

Word: away
Front: away
[əˈweɪ] (中高 269/237 -K5)
Back: adv. 离开，远离; 在远处; 消失
adj. 不在的; 遥远的; 客场比赛
分布：离开(28%)，消失(12%)，遥远的(12%)，在远处(12%)，不在的(10%)，远离(9%)，客场的(7%)，朝另一个方向(7%)，一直(3%)
→来自短语on way.
ad.在远处;离开;渐渐远去;一直;去掉Anyway, the prayer swayed by me always goes away by subway.不管怎样,受我支配的祈祷者总是从地铁走向远方.
adverb
SOMEWHERE ELSE 别的地方
 ESSENTIAL
■somewhere else, or to or in a different place, position or situation 去（或在）别处；向另一方向；向一边
• Ms Watson is away on holiday until the end of the week. 沃森女士渡假去了，要到周末才能回来。
• Keep/Stay away from him. 离他远点。
• Just go away and leave me alone! 走开，别管我！
• The sight was so horrible that I had to look/turn away. 这场面太可怕了，我不得不移开视线。
• The recent flood has swept away the footbridge. 最近爆发的洪水把人行桥冲垮了。
• I've given away all my old clothes to charity. 我已把所有的旧衣服都捐给了慈善机构。
• UK Would you like your burger to eat in or take away? 你的汉堡包是在店里吃还是带走？
[ə'weɪ] adverb
DISTANT 远的
 ESSENTIAL
■at a distance (of or from here) （距此）…远
• How far away is the station? 车站离这里有多远？
• The office is a half-hour drive away. 从这里开车到办公室要半小时。
• We live 5 km away from each other. 我们两人的住处相隔五公里。
• Life's so much quieter away from the city. 离开城市，生活清静多了。
• informal Oh, it's miles away (= a long distance from here). 哦，很远呢。
[ə'weɪ] adverb
INTO PLACE 放入空间里
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into the usual or a suitable place, especially one that can be closed 在老地方；在适当的地方；放到，放进（尤指封闭的空间）
• Would you put the ice-cream away in the freezer. 你把雪糕放到冰箱里好吗？
• My grandparents had £800 hidden away in an old shoe box. 我祖父母在一个旧鞋盒子里藏了800英镑。
[ə'weɪ] adverb
GONE 离去
 ESSENTIAL
■gradually until mostly or completely gone 逐渐消失；逐渐不存在
• All the snow had melted away. 雪已完全融化了。
• The music faded away as the procession moved slowly up the street. 随着街上的游行队伍渐渐远去，音乐声也渐渐听不见了。
• We used to while away (= spend time at) the weekends at my aunt's cottage in the country. 过去我们常常在我姑母的乡间农舍中度周末。
• We danced the night away (= until the night was over). 我们跳舞跳了个通宵。
[ə'weɪ] adverb
IN THE FUTURE 在将来
 IMPROVER
■in the future; from now 将来；（离现在）…长的时间
• My English exam's only a week away and I haven't even started to prepare. 再有一周就要考英文了，但是我还未开始温习呢。
[ə'weɪ] adverb
CONTINUOUSLY 持续地
 IMPROVER
■continuously or repeatedly, or in a busy way 连续不断地；一直；干劲十足地
• I was still writing away when the exam finished. 考试结束时我还在拼命写个不停。
• Chris has been working away in the garden all day. 克里斯在花园里一刻不停地工作了一整天。
• We were chatting away at the back and didn't hear what he said. 我们一直坐在后面聊天，没有听到他说甚么。
[ə'weɪ] adjective
■An away match or game is played at an opposing team's sports ground （比赛）客场的，在对方场地举行的
• We lost the away game but won both the home games. 我们输了客场的那场比赛，但是在主场的两场比赛都赢了。
adv. 离去，离开；在远处
 - aside, beyond

Word: fast
Front: fast
[fɑ:st] (中高宝 1096/1833 -K4)
Vocabulary: fast
(once / 46 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj 6vn
When you see fast, you might think of Olympic runner Usain "Lightning" Bolt or a Porsche 911 Turbo. Alternatively, and quite confusingly, fast also means to refrain from eating for a certain period, usually for religious reasons.
Fast is another of those deceptively simple words that have a number of other meanings beyond their most common usages. If something "sticks fast" it means it cannot be removed — like a leech or a stain. "To stand fast" means not to give up your point of view or to remain loyal. Then there's also the slang meaning of living beyond the constraints of normal behavior — as in "the fast life," "the fast track," or "the fast lane."
WORD FAMILY
fast: fasted, faster, fastest, fasting, fastingly, fastly, fastness, fasts+/faster: fasters/fastest: fastests/ fasting: fastings/fastness: fastnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
House prices grew much faster in eastern England and the West Midlands than in London, according to Zoopla.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s the fastest in the country, though it’s slower than a few places in the world.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
SpaceX plans to eventually change the design of the vessels to prevent buckles, which the company said will allow for faster loading operations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 快的; 走得快; 感光快的; 紧的
adv. （比准确的时间或宣布的时间）快; 迅速地; 紧紧地; 彻底地
vi. 禁食，（尤指）斋戒
n. 禁食期，斋戒期; 断食，节食
时态：fasted, fasting, fasts
分布：快的(37%)，禁食(22%)，斋戒(17%)，迅速的(7%)，紧紧地(6%)，快速地(4%)，紧的(3%)，放荡的(3%)，深深地(1%)
→来自past,固定，稳固，进一步来自pag, 固定，连接，词源同fang, pact.用于宗教术语斋戒，绝食。同时由稳固的衍生词义快速的。类似词义演变参照very, 原义真实的，fair, 原义美丽的，或汉语成语欲速则不达。
a.快的,迅速的;坚固的ad.紧紧地;迅速地Your watch is 10 minutes fast.你的表快了十分钟.
【记】fast绝食要慢慢来，不能fast
【参】fasting（adj 禁食的n 禁食）
【反】loosely attach（宽松的连接）
US [fæst] adjective
QUICK 快的
 ESSENTIAL
■moving or happening quickly, or able to move or happen quickly 快的；迅速的；敏捷的
• fast cars 速度快的汽车
• a fast swimmer 速度快的游泳者
• Computers are getting faster all the time. 电脑的速度不断提升。
• The fast train (= one that stops at fewer stations and travels quickly) to London takes less than an hour. 到伦敦的快车需时不到一小时。
■If your watch or clock is fast, it shows a time that is later than the correct time. （钟表）走得快的
■specialized
■describes photographic film which allows you to take pictures when there is not much light or when things are moving quickly （照相胶片）感光快的
fast and furious
■describes something that is full of speed and excitement 快速激烈的，充满速度与激情的
• It's not a relaxing film - it's pretty fast and furious. 这不是一部轻松的电影——它节奏很快，扣人心弦。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的 old-fashioned disapproving
■without moral principles 放荡的
• a fast crowd 一群生活放荡的人
• a fast woman 淫妇
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adjective
FIXED 固定的
■If the colour of a piece of clothing is fast, the colour does not come out of the cloth when it is washed. （衣服）不褪色的
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■quickly
• The accident was caused by people driving too fast in bad conditions. 意外是因在恶劣环境下车速过快造成的。
• You'll have to act fast. 你必须迅速行动。
• Children's publishing is a fast-growing business. 儿童出版是一个发展迅速的行业。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
as fast as your legs would carry you
■as quickly as possible 拚命地，尽快
• He scuttled back into the house as fast as his legs would carry him. 他匆忙地全速奔回屋里。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb
play fast and loose with sth/sb
■to treat something or someone without enough care 轻率地对待（某人或某事）
• Like many film-makers, he plays fast and loose with the facts to tell his own version of the story. 他和许多电影制作人一样，对事实不那么在乎，喜欢以自己的角度讲述故事。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb adjective
■firmly fixed 牢固地（的）
• The glue had set and my hand was stuck fast. 胶水凝固了，我的手被牢牢黏住。
• He tried to get away, but she held him fast. 他想逃走，但是她紧紧抓住了他。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] adverb adjective
hold/stand fast
■to firmly remain in the same position or keep the same opinion 屹立不动，不后退；坚持
• The rebels are standing fast and refuse to be defeated. 叛乱者拒不退让，坚持抵抗。
• He held fast to his principles. 他坚持自己的原则。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] noun countable
■a period of time when you eat no food 禁食期；斋戒期
• Hundreds of prisoners began a fast in protest about prison conditions. 数百名犯人开始绝食，抗议监狱条件太差。
UK [fɑ:st] US [fæst] verb intransitive
■to eat no food for a period of time 禁食；斋戒
• One day a week he fasts for health reasons. 他出于健康考量每周禁食一天。
fast, quickly
fast: 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点, run fast,
quickly: 侧重指某事完成或发生的快 answer the question quickly
hasty, quick, prompt, fast, instant, rapid, speedy, swift
hasty: 多指匆忙、草率或仓促的行动，着重缺乏深思熟虑。
quick: 特指瞬时动作，强调动作敏捷迅速；也指匆忙的行为，而不暗示速度很快。
prompt: 主要指动作迅速，毫不拖延，含“快得令人愉悦”的意味。
fast: 常指人或物持续地高速运动，强调运动的方式。
instant: 指某事很快发生或急待解决，含刻不容缓之意。
rapid: 比fast和quick正式，常指运动本身，侧重速度惊人。所指动作可能是短暂的，也可能是持续的。
speedy: 指人或物或其运动、活动时，着重极度的快捷，多含匆忙意味。
swift: 正式用词，强调非常迅速，往往含动作轻快敏捷之意。
adj. [摄] 快速的，迅速的；紧的，稳固的
 - rapid, sudden, tight, forward, ready
adv. 迅速地；紧紧地；彻底地
 - quickly, rapidly, thoroughly, entirely, completely, fully
n. 斋戒；绝食
 - apastia, starvation

Word: bill
Front: bill
[bɪl] (中高研四托雅 8026/837 -K4)
Vocabulary: bill
(once / 41 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
When thinking about all the many meanings of the simple word bill think of the bill you get in a restaurant. A piece of paper that someone pushes toward you, right?
In the legislature, laws draft form are called bills––pieces of paper being passed around. Dollar bills and advertising bills get passed around too. A bird will push the bill of their beak into things too, and the bill of your baseball hat is the part that sticks out in front of the rest of you. When an actor demands top billing, they want to come first on the billboard marquis in front of the theater (and everywhere else).
WORD FAMILY
bill: billed, billing, bills+/billed: billeder
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It's a great moment for Test cricket," said commentator Bill Lawry on Australia's Nine Network.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Pratt also vouched for the concealed carry legislation from Rep. Richard Hudson, the North Carolina Republican who introduced the bill in the House.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 账单; 钞票; 清单; 广告
vt. 安排; 给…开账单; 为…发提（货）单; 把…登录在账
vi. 鸟嘴相接触
时态：billed, billing, bills
分布：帐单(42%)，议案(28%)，清单(8%)，钞票(7%)，节目单(7%)，爱抚(3%)，开帐单(1%)，用海报宣传(1%)，帽舌(1%)，鸟喙(1%)，锚钩(1%)
→1.法案，词源同ball, 球，此处指小蜡球。指旧时官方文件通常用封蜡封印，代指官方文件。
n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票On the chilly hillside, he is unwilling to write his will on the ten-shilling bill.在寒冷的山坡上,他不愿意将遗嘱写在十先令的账单上.
noun
REQUEST FOR PAYMENT 要求付帐
 ESSENTIAL countable or only singular
■a request for payment of money owed, or the piece of paper on which it is written 帐单
• an electricity/gas/phone bill 电／煤气／电话费帐单
• They sent us a bill for the work they had done. 他们寄给我们索取工资的帐单。
• She ran up (= caused herself to have) a huge phone bill talking to her boyfriend for hours. 由于与男友在电话聊天数小时，她的电话费大增。
• They asked the waitress for the bill. 他们叫女侍者把帐单拿来。
• Could we have the bill, please? 请替我们结帐好吗？
• Her mother agreed to foot (= pay) the bill. 她母亲同意付帐单。
[bɪl] noun
LAW 法律
 IMPROVER countable
■a formal statement of a planned new law that is discussed before being voted on 议案，法案
• The bill was amended (= changed). 议案被修订了。
• When a bill is passed in parliament it becomes law. 一旦某项法案在议会通过，它便成为了法律。
• informal The bill was thrown out (= did not go past the first stage of discussion and will not become law). 这项议案被否决了。
[bɪl] noun
MONEY 钱
countable mainly US (UK usually note)
■a piece of paper money 钞票，纸币
• a dollar/one-dollar bill 一美元的钞票
• a ten-dollar bill 面值十美元的钞票
⇒ See also billfold
[bɪl] noun
BIRD 鸟
countable
■the beak of a bird 鸟嘴，喙
[bɪl] noun
NOTICE 通知
countable
■a notice giving information about especially an event or performance 招贴，海报，广告
be on the bill
■to be performing in a show 参加表演
• There were lots of big names (= famous people) on the bill. 有很多明星参与演出。
head/top the bill
■to be the most important actor in a show 领衔，主演
[bɪl] noun
fill/fit the bill
■to be exactly what is needed in a particular situation 符合需要，正适会
• That box will fill the bill nicely. 那个盒子正好合用。
[bɪl] verb
REQUEST PAYMENT 开立帐单
transitive
■to give or send someone a bill asking for money that they owe for a product or service 给…开立帐单；给…寄帐单
• Please bill me for any expenses you incur. 请把你的所有花费都记在我的帐上。
[bɪl] verb
ADVERTISE 广告
transitive usually passive
■to advertise something with a particular description 做（广告）；透过广告宣传
• The film was billed as a romantic comedy. 那出电影被宣传成浪漫喜剧。
[bɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] bill sb as sth
■to describe someone in a particular way in order to advertise them 把（某人）宣传为…
• The young author was billed as 'the new Beckett'. 这位年轻作家被吹捧为“新贝克特”。
fee, bill, fare
fee: (进入一个地方，如场馆、学校等)费用
bill: （用餐、电话等）账单
fare: (特指交通等)费用
n. [法] 法案；广告； [会计] 帐单；票据； [金融] 钞票；清单
 - advertisement, note, publicity, William, act
vt. 宣布； [会计] 开帐单；用海报宣传
 - declare on, to announce

Word: never
Front: never
[ˈnevə(r)] (中高 138/157 -K5)
Vocabulary: never
(once / 7 pages)
adv
The adverb never means "at no time," or "not at all." If you're never going to win a Monopoly game against your brother, you won't beat him next week, next year, or when you're both 80 years old.
Something that never happens didn't occur in the past and won't ever occur in the future, either. Never is a blunt, absolute kind of word. If you wonder whether your dad will let you drive his BMW some day, and he responds, "That's never going to happen," you can forget about it. The Old English root is næfre, a compound of ne, "not or no," and æfre, "ever."
WORD FAMILY
never: nevers
USAGE EXAMPLES
OVERREACTION: Chip Kelly will never coach in the NFL again.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
And that pointed up the truth that “The Apprentice” never really was Mr. Trump’s show.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 从不，从来没有; 一点也不，决不; <口>不会…吧，没有; 不曾
分布：从不(52%)，绝不(28%)，永不(17%)，未曾(3%)
→来自古英语naefre,绝不，从来不，来自ne-,无，没有，aefre,永远，现拼作ever.即永远不，永远没有。
ad.永不,从不,决不;从来没有;不,没有However, Lever never fevers; nevertheless, he is clever forever.无论如何,杠杆从未发烧;尽管如此,他始终机灵.
US [-ɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not at any time or not on any occasion 从不；从未；永不
• We've never been to Australia. 我们从未去过澳大利亚。
• I've never heard anything so ridiculous. 我从没听过如此荒谬的事情。
• Let us never forget those who gave their lives for their country. 让我们永远记住那些为国捐躯的人。
• Wars never solve anything. 战争绝不能解决任何问题。
• He threatened to shoot, but I never thought (= did not think) he would. 他威胁说要开枪，但我认为他根本不会那样做。
• I never realised you knew my brother. 我从不知道你认识我兄弟。
• It's never too late to start eating a healthy diet. 任何时候开始健康的饮食习惯都不算太晚。
• UK informal "He's never 61! (= It's difficult to believe he's 61!) He looks so young." “真是难以相信他61岁了！他看上去那么年轻。”
• UK not standard "You stole my drink!" "No, I never (= I didn't)." “你偷了我的饮料！”“没有，我没偷。”
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
as never before
■in a way that has never been possible before 前所未有地，空前地
• Satellite technology offers the opportunity, as never before, for continuous television coverage of major international events. 卫星技术为实现重大国际事件的不间断电视报道，提供了前所未有的机会。
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
Never fear! old-fashioned or humorous
■do not worry 别担心！
• Never fear! I'll have that leak fixed in a few moments. 别担心！我一会儿就把那处漏洞修补好。
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
never mind IMPROVER
■used to tell someone not to worry about something because it is not important 别担心，没关系
• "I'm afraid I've lost that wallet you gave me." "Well, never mind, I can easily buy you another one." “恐怕我把你给我的那个钱包弄丢了。”“哦，没关系，我再给你买一个就是了。”
never mind sth
■used as a way of emphasizing that, although a particular thing is true, the one you have just mentioned is more important or interesting （表示强调）更不用说…
• Midsummer House is one of the best restaurants in the country, never mind Cambridge. “仲夏客舍”是全国最好的饭店之一，更别说是在剑桥了。
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
never mind that informal
■despite the fact that 尽管
• He's going on holiday for the third time this year, never mind that he has hardly any money left. 尽管他的钱已经所剩无几，他今年却要第三次去渡假了。
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
Never the twain shall meet. saying
■said when two things or people are completely different, unsuitable for each other, or are unable to agree 毫无共同点（表示两者极不相同，互不适合或互不同意）
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
That will never do. old-fashioned
■said when you think that something is unacceptable 那绝对不行。
• "He promised to pay me back last week, but he didn't." "Dear me, that will never do!" “他本来答应上周还钱给我，可他没还。”“天啊！那怎么行！”
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
Well , I never (did)! old-fashioned
■said when you are very surprised at something 我简直无法相信！
• "Sophie's brother's been married seven times." "Well, I never (did)!" “苏菲的兄弟结了七次婚。”“哎呀…太难以置信了！”
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  neverWarning: check your word order! Never usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'never someone does something', say someone never does something :
✗ Never he tells me where he is going. He never tells me where he is going. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , never usually goes directly after it
✗ He never is here before 8pm. He is never here before 8pm.
UK ['nev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  never or ever? Warning: it is not usual to use two negative words in the same sentence. When using never in a sentence, don't say 'not'.
✗ You should not never give up studying. You should never give up studying. When using 'not' in a sentence, don't say 'never', say ever : You should not ever give up studying.
adv. 从未；决不
 - none, nothing

Word: israel

Word: form
Front: form
[fɔ:m] (中高雅 523/239 -K3)
Vocabulary: form
(once / 11 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n
The way something (or someone) is shaped or arranged is its form. You might use it to describe the way a person looks walking in the woods at dusk by saying, "Her form was almost lost between the shadowy trees."
Physical objects have a form, and so do less tangible things like music, movies, and stories. When form is used as a verb, it means "to give shape to," as when a filmmaker works to form the narrative of her movie so that it makes sense to the audience.
WORD FAMILY
form: biform, deform, formation, formative, formed, forming, formless, forms, multiform, preform, reform +/deform: deformation, deformed, deforming, deforms/deformation: deformational, deformations/deformed: deformedly, deformity / deformity: deformities/ formation: formations, re-formation/ formative: formatively, formatives/formed: ill-formed, re-formed, unformed/formless: formlessly/preform: preformation, preformed, preforms/preformation: preformations/ reform: reformable, reformation, reformative, reformatory, reformed, reformer, reforming, reformism, reforms/reformable: unreformable/ reformation: counterreformation, reformations, self-reformation/reformatory: reformatories/ reformed: reformedly, unreformed/reformer: reformers/reformism: reformist/reformist: reformists/unformed: unformedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
One little girl broke the school “ethnicity” form because her mother was Asian Indian and her father Wisconsin white.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But she seemed to find some form and confidence in the third game which included a booming winner from a crosscourt forehand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 形状，形式; 外形; 方式; 表格
vt. 形成; 构成; 组织; 塑造
vi. 形成，产生; 排队，整队
时态：formed, forming, forms
分布：形成(46%)，形式(35%)，表格(11%)，形状(4%)，建立(3%)，良好的健康状态(1%)
→来自拉丁语forma, 形式，模式，可能来自希腊语morphe, 形式，外表，词源同Morpheus, metamorphosis.
n.形状,形式;表格v.组成,构成;形成The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
US [fɔ:rm] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to begin to exist or to make something begin to exist （使）出现，（使）形成，（使）产生
• A crowd formed around the accident. 事故现场围起了一群人。
• A solution began to form in her mind. 她想到了一个解决办法。
• She formed the clay into a small bowl. 她把陶土捏成了一只小碗。
• I formed the impression (= the way she behaved suggested to me) that she didn't really want to come. 我形成了一种印象：她其实并不想来。
 ESSENTIAL [L only + noun]
■to make or be something 制作；成为
• The lorries formed a barricade across the road. 数辆货车横在路上，形成了路障。
• Together they would form the next government. 他们将共同组建下届政府。
• This information formed the basis of the report. 这些资讯奠定了报告的基础。
intransitive (also form up) slightly formal
■If separate things form, they come together to make a whole 形成；组成
• The children formed into lines. 孩子们排好了队。
• The procession formed up and moved off slowly. 游行队伍列好队，缓缓离去。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a paper or set of papers printed with spaces in which answers to questions can be written or information can be recorded in an organized way 表，表格
• an application form (= document used for asking officially for something, for example a job) 申请表
• an entry form (= document used to enter a competition) 报名表
• Please fill in/out the form with black ink. 请用黑色墨水填写表格。
• When you have completed the form, hand it in at the desk. 填完表格后，请交到这张桌子上来。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
TYPE 类型
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a type of something 类型；种类；形式
• Swimming is the best form of exercise. 游泳是最佳的锻炼方式。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
SHAPE 形状
 IMPROVER countable
■the shape or appearance of something 形状；外形；外表
• I could just about make out his sleeping form on the bed. 我只能隐约看出他在床上睡觉时的轮廓。
• The moon highlighted the shadowy forms of the hills. 月光凸显了山峦影影绰绰的轮廓。
• The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight. 草坪被设计成了八字形。
take form
■to gradually be seen or gradually develop 逐渐成形；渐渐发展
• Trees and hedges started to take form as the fog cleared. 随着雾气散去，树和篱笆开始渐渐显露。
• As they chatted, the idea of a holiday together gradually took form. 他们聊天时，逐渐形成了一起去度假的想法。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
ABILITY 能力
 ADVANCED uncountable
■A competitor's form is their ability to be successful over a period of time （参赛者的）竞技状态，良好状态
• Both horses have shown good form over the last season. 两匹马在上个赛季中都表现出了良好的竞技状态。
• After a bad year, she has regained her form. 经过一年的低迷后，她已恢复了竞技状态。
be on good/great, etc. form UK (US be in good/great, etc. form)
 ADVANCED
■to be feeling or performing well 感觉不错；状态良好
• Paul was on good form at the wedding and kept everyone entertained. 保罗在婚礼上情绪极佳，把大家都逗得乐呵呵的。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED countable
■a part of a verb, or a different but related word 词形；形式
• The continuous form of 'stand' is 'standing'. stand 的进行时形式是 standing。
• 'Stood' is an inflected form of 'stand'. stood 是 stand 的屈折形式。
• 'Hers' is the possessive form of 'her'. hers 是 her 的所有格形式。
• 'Isn't' is the short form of 'is not'. isn't 是 is not 的缩写形式。
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
SCHOOL GROUP 学校集体
countable
■in the UK, a class of school children or a group of classes of children of a similar age （英国的）班级，年级
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
BEHAVIOUR 行为
bad form old-fashioned
■rude behaviour 无礼的举动
• Was that bad form then, leaving so early? 那么，这么早离开失礼吗？
UK [fɔ:m] US [fɔ:rm] noun
SEAT 座位
countable old-fashioned
■a long thin seat, usually without a back 长板凳
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
figure, form, shape, outline
这组词都有“形式”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指轮廓、外形，尤指体态，相貌或身体。
form: 最普通用词，含义广，既可指客观物体的外形，又可用于抽象概念的“形”。
shape: 通常指由线和面所围成的外观上的形，侧重立体形状。
outline: 指任何形状的轮廓线。
n. 形式，形状；形态，外形；方式；表格
 - way of, manner, configuration, mode, profile
vt. 构成，组成；排列，组织；产生，塑造
 - constitute, arrange, organize, structure, mold
vi. 形成，构成；排列
 - arrange, shape into

Word: line
Front: line
[laɪn] (中高研四六雅 276/277 -K5)
Vocabulary: line
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5v
Line has many meanings, most stemming from the basic idea of something unbroken and often straight. It might be the line you wait in at the market, or just a connection of two points.
The original meaning of line came from the Latin word linea, or “linen thread.” Your career is also your "line of work." Since you're an engineer, you might say "that's not in my line" if you are asked to bake a cake. A "pick-up line" is something you might hear from a person at a party who's flirting with you. It will probably be corny.
WORD FAMILY
line: lineal, linear, lineation, lined, linelike, liner, lines, lining, reline, underline+/interlineal: interlineally/lineal: interlineal, lineally/ linear: interlinear, linearise, linearity, linearize, linearly, nonlinear/linearity: linearities/lineation: lineations/lined: unlined/liner: liners/ lining: linings/reline: relined, relining/underline: underlined, underlines, underlining
USAGE EXAMPLES
Your airways are lined with hairlike cilia that consolidate microbes and mucus and help move it toward the exit.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Maybe it’s the illustrations, simple black-and-white line drawings of slightly pudgy people in baggy T-shirts and pants doing really simple maneuvers.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 线条; 排; 行列; 界线
vt. 排队; 用线标出; 沿…排列成行; 给…安衬里
vi. 形成一层; 排队; 击出平直球
时态：lined, lining, lines
分布：线(63%)，行(22%)，排队(5%)，路线(2%)，界线(2%)，行业(1%)，绳子(1%)，台词(1%)，皱纹(1%)，家族(1%)，航线(1%)
→来自拉丁语linum,亚麻，词源同linen,linseed.引申词义麻绳，绳索，行业等诸多词义。
n.线;路线,航线;排;线路;界线v.排队;加衬The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
noun
LONG MARK 长长的标记
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a long thin mark on the surface of something 线，线条
• a straight line 直线
• Sign your name on the dotted line. 请在虚线处签名。
• She was very old and her face was covered with lines. 她已非常年迈，脸上布满了皱纹。
• My legs felt all wobbly when I stood up and I couldn't walk in a straight line (= walk without moving to the side while moving forward). 我站起来时觉得腿直打颤，走起路来左右摇晃。
[laɪn] noun
ROW 行
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of people or things arranged in a row 行，排，列
• a line of trees 一行树
• The prisoners formed a line against the wall. 犯人靠墙站成了一排。
 ESSENTIAL countable US (UK queue)
■a group of people standing one behind the other who are waiting for something （一群人排列等候所形成的）队，排
• Just get in line and wait your turn like everyone else. 和别人一样排队等着去。
• I had to wait/stand in line for three hours to get tickets. 我排了三个小时的队才买到票。
a long line of
■a series of people or things that follow each other in time （相继的）一系列
• She is the latest in a long line of controversial leaders. 她最近刚成为一系列颇具争议的领导者之一。
• He comes from a long line of doctors (= A lot of his relatives were doctors before him). 他出身医生世家。
[laɪn] noun
EDGE 边缘
 IMPROVER countable
■a long thin and sometimes imaginary mark that forms the edge, border or limit of something 边线，界线；界限
• That ball was definitely in! It was nowhere near the line! 那个球绝对是界内！离边线还远着呢！
• The police couldn't arrest him because he'd fled across the state line. 警方无法逮捕他，因为他已经逃过了国界。
• For many television viewers the dividing line between fact and fiction is becoming increasingly blurred. 在许多电视观众看来，事实与虚构之间的界限已经越来越模糊了。
[laɪn] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
 IMPROVER countable
■a connection to a telephone system 电话线（路）
• I'm afraid your line's been disconnected because your last bill hasn't been paid. 我估计你的电话线已经被切断了，因为上次的帐单你还没付呢。
• If you want to air your opinions live on the radio, the lines will be open (= you can telephone) from eight o'clock. 如果你想透过电台广播发表自己的看法，可从八点起拨打电话。
• I've got Chris Foster on the line for you. Do you want to take it now or call her back later? 克丽丝‧福斯特打电话找你。你想现在接电话还是过一会儿给她打回去？
• formal Please hold the line (= wait). I'll see if she's available. 请等一下。我看她在不在。
[laɪn] noun
RAILWAY 铁路
 IMPROVER countable
■(the route followed by) a railway track 铁轨；铁道；铁路线
• The train was delayed, apparently due to leaves on the line. 火车显然因为铁路线上的落叶而晚点了。
• The Northern Line is the worst on the London Underground. 北线是伦敦地铁最糟糕的线路。
• Main line services can be very quick, but travelling on the branch lines is much slower. 乘坐干线火车速度很快，但支线就慢得多了。
[laɪn] noun
APPROACH TO SUBJECT 方法
 IMPROVER countable
■a way of dealing with or thinking about something or someone 做法，方法；看法，立场
• The government's official line has always been to refuse to negotiate with terrorists. 政府的官方立场一贯是拒绝与恐怖分子谈判。
• The courts should take a tougher line with (= punish more severely) sex offenders. 法庭应对性犯罪者实施更加严厉的惩罚。
• Several Labour MPs disagree with their party's line on taxation. 几名工党议员对该党的税收政策持不同意见。
• What sort of line (= method of arguing) do you think we should take in the pay negotiations? 你认为我们在工资谈判中应采取哪种策略？
• The police are confident that this new line of inquiry will lead them to the murderer. 警方相信采用这种新的调查方法一定会找出凶手。
• It seems inevitable that the country will be divided along ethnic lines. 那个国家似乎无法避免民族分裂的命运。
[laɪn] noun
MILITARY 军事
 ADVANCED countable
■a row of positions used to defend against enemy attack, especially the ones closest to enemy positions 防线，战线
• They were taken prisoner while on a reconnaissance mission behind enemy lines. 他们是在敌后执行侦察任务时被俘的。
• figurative In a game of football, the goalkeeper is the last line of defence. 在足球比赛中，守门员是最后一道防线。
[laɪn] noun
SHAPE 形状
countable
■the shape of something that has been designed or created （设计或创造出的）轮廓，外形线条
• They have a reputation for designing cars with elegant aerodynamic lines. 他们以设计优雅的流线型汽车而享有盛誉。
[laɪn] noun
SUPPORT 支撑
countable
■a long strong thin piece of material, such as string, rope or wire, that is used to support something 绳，索
• I'd hung the washing out on the clothes line. 我会把洗好的衣物晾在晾衣绳上。
• Can you feel the fish tugging on the line? 你能感觉到鱼在钓线上挣扎吗？
[laɪn] noun
COMPANY 公司
countable
■a company that transports people or goods 客运公司；运输公司
• a shipping line 海运公司
[laɪn] noun
REMARK 话语
countable
■a remark that is intended to entertain, persuade or deceive （为达到逗乐、劝说或欺骗目的而说的）话语，词句，言语
• a speech full of memorable lines 令人难忘的讲话
• He keeps giving me that line about not being able to do any work because his computer isn't working properly. 他不停地跟我说因为电脑有问题他没法工作了。
• Who was it who came up with that famous line about "lies, damned lies and statistics"? “谎言，可恶的谎言和资料”这句名言是谁说的？
[laɪn] noun
WORDS 字词
countable
■a row of words that form part of a text （文本中的）字行
• We could get more lines on the page if we reduced the type size. 如果把字型大小调小一点，我们就可以在这一页上多加几行字。
• The computer screen displays eighty characters per line. 电脑萤幕每行可显示80个字元。
countable
■a short series of musical notes 一串音符
countable usually plural
■the words that an actor speaks when performing in a film, play etc （电影或话剧演员的）词，台词
• I only had two lines in the whole play. 在整出戏中我只有两句台词。
• She hasn't learned her lines yet, and we've got our first rehearsal tomorrow. 我们明天就要进行首次排练了，可她连台词还没记熟呢。
• I'm terrified of forgetting my lines. 我特别害怕忘词。
lines [plural] UK
■a punishment for school students in which a sentence has to be written repeatedly （学校里对学生作出的）罚抄写
• She got 200 lines for swearing at her teacher. 她因辱骂老师被罚抄写200遍。
[laɪn] noun
JOB 工作
countable usually singular
■the kind of job someone does 行业
• "What line of work are you in?" "I'm a teacher." “你是做哪一行的？”“我是老师。”
• You meet some very interesting people in my line of business. 做我这行可以遇到一些非常有趣的人。
[laɪn] noun
GOODS 商品
countable
■a range of similar things that are for sale （商品的）类，类别
• There are discounts on many items from our older lines. 我们这里的很多旧货都打折。
• I was shown all their new lines. 他们给我看了他们所有的新货。
[laɪn] noun
all along the line
■ever since the beginning of a relationship or process （关系或进程）一直，自始至终
• The project's been plagued with financial problems all along the line. 这个专案自始至终都受到资金问题的困扰。
[laɪn] noun
along the lines of sth (also along those lines)
■similar in type 类似于，与…近似
• I was thinking of doing a meal along the lines of that dinner I did for Annie and Dave. 我想做一顿类似那次给安妮和戴夫做的饭菜。
• They're campaigning for the electoral system to be reformed along the lines of (= so that it becomes similar to) the one in Germany. 他们在争取仿照德国的选举制度而对自己进行改造。
[laɪn] noun
be in line for sth
■to be likely to get something, especially something good 有可能获得（尤指好东西）
• If anyone's in line for promotion, I should think it's Helen. 如果有人会获得晋升，我觉得应该是海伦。
[laɪn] noun
be in line to do sth
■to have a very good chance of doing something 有做…的好机会，有干…的好时机
• Kim Bailey is next in line to replace Chris Finlay as managing director. 金．贝利有望接替克里斯‧芬利成为总经理。
[laɪn] noun
be in line to the throne
■to be the person who will become king or queen after the present ruler 是王位继承人
• Prince Charles is first in line to the British throne. 查理斯王子是英国王位的第一继承人。
[laɪn] noun
be in line with sth
■to be similar to, or at the same level as something 与…相似；与…处于同等水准
• The company's results are in line with stock market expectations. 公司业绩与股票市场预期一致。
• We're seeking a pay rise that's in line with inflation. 我们在努力争取使加薪幅度与通货膨胀相挂钩。
• The salaries of temporary employees ought to be brought into line with those of permanent staff. 临时工的工资应该与固定工的工资保持同等水准。
[laɪn] noun
be on the line
■to be at risk 面临危险，处于危险之中
• Almost 3 000 jobs have been lost recently, and a further 3 000 are on the line. 最近已有将近3000人失去了工作，另外还有3000人也面临着失业的危险。
[laɪn] noun
be out of line with sth
■to be different from something 与…不同，有别于
• Their predictions were hopelessly out of line with the actual results. 他们的预测与实际结果大相径庭。
[laɪn] noun
get a line on sb mainly US
■to find out information about someone that you do not know 弄清（陌生人）的情况
• I've been trying to get a line on the guy they've nominated with no luck. 我一直想了解那个他们称之为倒楣蛋的家伙的情况。
■ line 1 /laɪn/
noun
have a nice/good etc. line in sth UK informal
■to do something skilfully and successfully 善于做，擅长于
• He has a good line in anecdotes. 他很会讲趣闻轶事。
[laɪn] noun
in the line of duty
■Something which happens to you in the line of duty happens when you are doing your job 在工作中；在执行任务时
• This year alone eight police officers have been killed in the line of duty. 仅今年一年就有八位警官殉职。
[laɪn] noun
line of sight
■the direction in which a person must look in order to see a particular object 视线（某人看某物的方向）
• The cannon can be linked to the line of sight of the gunner so that it points in the same direction that he is looking in. 加农炮可与炮手的视线连成一线，因此它所瞄准的方向和炮手观察的方向一致。
[laɪn] noun
put/lay sth on the line
■to risk something 使…冒风险
• Firefighters put their lives on the line every working day. 消防队员每天上班都要冒着生命危险。
[laɪn] noun
somewhere along the line
■at some moment during a relationship or process （关系或进程的）某个时刻
• I don't know what went wrong with our relationship, but somewhere along the line we just stopped loving each other. 我不知道我们的关系出了甚么问题，只是不知从甚么时候开始我们已不再相爱了。
[laɪn] noun
step/be out of line
■to behave in an unsuitable way 犯错；行为不当
• It was made quite clear to me that if I stepped out of line again I'd be out of a job. 他们和我讲得很清楚，我如果再犯错就会丢饭碗了。
[laɪn] verb transitive
FORM ROW 形成一排
■to form a row along the side of something 沿着…形成一排
• Thousands of people lined the streets to watch the presidential procession pass by. 数千人站在街道两旁观看总统车队通过。
• Police lined the route of the demonstration. 员警站在游行路线的两侧。
• country lanes lined with trees 乡村林荫路
[laɪn] verb transitive
COVER 覆盖
■to cover the inside surface of something 衬；铺，垫
• I lined the drawers with old wallpaper. 我用旧墙纸垫抽屉。
• How much would it cost to have this jacket lined? 给这件外套做个内衬需要多少钱？
• Full-length mirrors lined each wall of the bathroom. 洗手间的每一面墙上都挂着全身镜。
[laɪn] verb transitive
line your pocket(s)
■to earn money using dishonest or illegal methods （以欺骗或非法手段）敛财，搞钱；中饱私囊
• Staff at the bank have apparently been lining their pockets with money from investors' accounts. 很显然，银行职员一直在挪用投资者帐户中的资金为自己赚钱。
[laɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] line (sb) up IMPROVER
■to arrange people or things in a row or to stand in a row 排列，排队；使（某人）排成行
• A fight broke out behind me as we lined up to receive our food rations. 我们排队领取配给的食物时，在我后面有人打起架来。
• The soldiers lined us up against a wall and I thought they were going to shoot us. 士兵们让我们靠墙排成一排，我以为他们要向我们开枪了。
[laɪn] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] line sth up
■to prepare, organize or arrange something 准备；组织；安排
• Have you got anything exciting lined up for the weekend? 这个周末你有甚么好安排吗？
• I've lined up a meeting with them for tomorrow morning. 我已经和他们约好明天上午见面。
• [+ to infinitive] Have you got anyone lined up to do the catering at the Christmas party? 你是否已经安排人承办圣诞晚会的餐饮服务了？
queue, rank, line, row
这组词都有“列、队、排”的意思，其区别是：
queue: 指人们为做某事而有顺序排成的队，在等的过程中不断向前移动。
rank: 和file常为军事用语，前者指肩并肩排列整齐的士兵横排，后者指纵队。
line: 指人或物排成的行列。
row: 指单独的一列，也可指平行的数行中的一行，而不论是横或纵。
rope, wire, thread, string, line, cord
这组词都有“线”的意思，其区别是：
rope: 指用于捆绑大物件的粗壮而坚固的绳子，一般用绵、毛、麻、金属或其它材料制成。
wire: 专指用金属制成的线。
thread: 普通用词，指用棉、毛、丝或纤维等纹成的很细的线，通常用于缝纫、纺织等。
string: 普通用词，指捆绑小件物品的细绳或细带子。
line: 普通用词，含义广泛，指任何一种线，常作引申用。
cord: 指比string粗，比rope细，较牢固，通常用于捆扎较小物品的线或绳。用作引申当约束讲。
n. 路线，航线；排；绳
 - vector, row, range, thread, rank
vi. 排队；站成一排
 - fall in, queue

Word: human
Front: human
[ˈhju:mən] (中高研四托雅 399/550 -K5)
Vocabulary: human
(once / 22 pages)
nadj
Unlike a pickle or a chipmunk, a human is a person. You can identify a human by the two legs it stands on, its upright stature, its high intelligence, and its speech that you'll understand if you're one, too.
Human was first recorded in the mid 13th century, and owes its existence to the Middle French humain “of or belonging to man.” That word, in turn, comes from the Latin humanus, thought to be a hybrid relative of homo, meaning “man,” and humus, meaning “earth.” Thus, a human, unlike birds, planes, or even divine spirits up above, is a man firmly rooted to the earth.
WORD FAMILY
human: humanise, humanism, humanity, humanize, humanlike, humanly, humanness, humans, inhuman, nonhuman, subhuman, superhuman, unhuman+/dehumanise: dehumanisation, dehumanised, dehumanising/dehumanize: dehumanization, dehumanized, dehumanizes, dehumanizing/humanise: dehumanise, humanisation, humanised, humanises, humanising/ humanism: humanist, humanistic / humanist: humanists/ humanistic: humanistically/ humanitarian: humanitarianism, humanitarians/ humanity: humanitarian, humanities / humanize: dehumanize, humanization, humanized, humanizes, humanizing/ inhuman: inhumanity, inhumanly/inhumanity: inhumanities/superhuman: superhumanly/unhuman: unhumanly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They just think the beasts lived alongside humans on a planet that’s only about 6,000 years old.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But “Lion” raises broader issues of identity — ethnic and otherwise — that are implicated in most human stories.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Together, in 2009, they founded China Action, a non-profit advocacy group dedicated to supporting human rights defenders in the one-party state.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人，人类
adj. 人的; 有人性的; 显示人类特有弱点的; 人本性的
分布：人(59%)，人类(27%)，人类的(7%)，人的(6%)，有人性的(1%)
→来自拉丁语homo,人，来自homus,土，词源同humus,humble.比喻用法，即相比于神的永恒而言，人类如同尘土一般卑微的存在。参照《圣经》上帝造人或中国神话女娲造人的传说。该词本身为形容词，其名词词义人缩写自human being.
人类(传说人是由土造出的)[hum=earth,表示"土,地"]
a.人的,人类的n.人Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
【参】humane[SAT]（adj 仁慈的；人道的）＝merciful
adjective
 IMPROVER
■of or typical of people 人的；人类的
• The human body is composed of about 60% water. 人体约60%由水组成。
• Early human remains were found in the Dordogne region of France. 在法国的多尔多涅地区发现了早期人类的遗迹。
• Victory in the war was achieved at the cost of great human suffering. 战争的胜利是以人类的巨大痛苦为代价换来的。
• The inspector declared the meat fit for human consumption (= in good enough condition for people to eat). 检查员宣布这种肉类适合人类食用。
• Of course I make mistakes, I'm only human (= I am not perfect). 我当然会犯错误，我只是个凡人。
• The fault was due to human error (= a person making a mistake). 这是人为的错误。
['hju:.mən] noun countable (also human being)
 ADVANCED
■a man, woman or child 人
• The greatest damage being done to our planet today is that being done by humans. 如今对地球的最大破坏来自我们人类。
adj. 人的； [人类] 人类的
 - demic, hominine
n. [人类] 人；人类
 - person, mankind, man, creature, homo

Word: opposition
Front: opposition
[ˌɒpəˈzɪʃn] (托 1876/1088 -K4)
Vocabulary: opposition
(once / 170 pages)
1n 2n
Opposition is something that goes against or disagrees with something or someone else. Just about any political view has opposition.
Chances are you know the word opposite: this means something similar. The opposition to something goes in the opposite direction. There is always opposition to raising taxes in this county. The Republicans are the opposition of the Democrats (and vice versa). If you're holding a meeting, you could say, "Is there any opposition to this idea?" In war, the enemy is the opposition, and in a debate, the other speaker is the opposition. Whenever there's disagreement or confrontation, there's opposition.
WORD FAMILY
opposition: oppositions+/ opponent: opponents/opposable: unopposable/ oppose: opponent, opposable, opposed, opposer, opposes, opposing, opposition / opposed: unopposed/opposer: opposers/opposing: opposingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was amid that heated and ugly rhetoric that the center announced its expansion plans — and promptly ran into a wall of opposition.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He was re-elected twice without opposition, serving as speaker of the House in his third term.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some people voiced strong opposition, while others support the band’s participation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （强烈的）反对，敌对; （政府的）反对党，在野党; 对抗，抵抗; 相对，对照
adj. 反对的，对抗的
分布：反对(94%)，敌对(3%)，在野党(3%)
→来自oppose,反对，-ion,名词后缀。
US [ˌɑ:.pə-] noun
DISAGREEMENT 反对
 IMPROVER uncountable
■strong disagreement （强烈的）反对，反抗，对抗
• There is a lot of opposition to the proposed changes. 对所提出的变革有很多反对意见。
• The unions are in opposition to the government over the issue of privatization. 工会在私有化问题上强烈反对政府。
UK [ˌɒp.ə'zɪʃ.ən] US [ˌɑ:.pə-] noun
SPORT 体育
the opposition
only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the team or person being played against in a sports competition （体育比赛中的）对方队；对手
• The opposition has/have some good players so it should be a tough match. 对方有一些不错的选手，所以要赢得这场比赛会很艰难。
n. 反对；反对派；在野党；敌对
 - recusation, objection to sth

Word: consumer
Front: consumer
[kənˈsju:mə(r)] (四六托雅 1052/1428 -K4)
Vocabulary: consumer
(once / 180 pages)
n
A consumer is someone who buys or consumes, or uses up, something. An economy could not keep functioning without consumers.
Long before smorgasbords, shopping malls, or eBay, people craved pretty and tasty things. So those who spoke Latin invented the word consumere, which meant to use up, eat, or waste. Being a consumer doesn't necessarily mean you are squandering. We're all consumers when we go through the checkout line at the grocery store, for instance.
WORD FAMILY
consumer: consumerism, consumers+/ consume: consumable, consumed, consumer, consumes, consuming, consumption, consumptive/consumed: unconsumed/ consuming: consumingly/ consumption: consumptions/consumptive: consumptively, consumptives/unconsumed: unconsumedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Consumers are supposed to report and pay sales tax on online purchases, but hardly anyone does.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If we are indeed entering a Trump-fuelled era of consumer activism, it’s bad news for companies.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 消费者，顾客; [生态]取食者，食物链中以其他生物为食物的生物
分布：消费者(84%)，消费品(11%)，用户(5%)
→来自consume, 消费.
消费者(consume消费+er人)[sum,sumpt=take表示"拿,取"]
US [-'su:.mɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who buys goods or services for their own use 消费者；顾客；用户
• The new telephone rates will affect all consumers including businesses. 新的电话费率会影响到所有用户，包括工商企业。
• consumer rights/advice 消费者权益／意见
n. [经] [生态] 消费者；用户，顾客
 - user, customer, client, guest

Word: middle
Front: middle
[ˈmɪdl] (中高 988/1360 -K5)
Vocabulary: middle
(once / 55 pages)
nadjv
The middle of something is its center, or the point where the two ends are the same distance away. If you're in the middle of a 26.2 mile marathon, you've reached the halfway mark, and you've run 13.1 miles.
A middle part in your hair is in the center of your scalp, and the middle of a tennis court has a net for hitting the ball over. Middle also means "belly" or "abdomen," as in the middle part of a body, or "between an earlier and later time." Your middle name is usually the second of three names. If someone says, "Patience is my middle name," they mean that it's their most distinct or strong characteristic.
WORD FAMILY
middle: middled, middlemost, middler, middles, middling, middlingly+/middling: middlings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said that he is supposed to begin his rehabilitation program towards the middle or end of January.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Then you hit that middle 25 games where it’s kind of that doldrums when you’ve got to be mentally strong,” Hornacek said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 中部，中间; 腰部; 中央; 正中
adj. 中部的; 中央的; 正中的; 中间的
vt. 把…放在中间; 把…对折
vi. 放在中间; 对折
时态：middled, middling, middles
分布：中间(68%)，中间的(16%)，中等的(6%)，放在中间(4%)，中期的(4%)，把 ... 对折(2%)
→来自古英语middel,来自Proto-Germanic*medjaz,来自medhyos,中间的，词源同medial,mezzo.可能来自med,测量，词源同measure,modal,*yos,比较级后缀，现-er原型，即精确测量的，引申词义中间的。
n./a.中间(的),当中(的)The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
noun
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the central point, position or part 中部，中间；中央；中心
• This is my class photo - I'm the one in the middle. 这是我的全班合照——中间的那个是我。
• He was standing in the middle of the road. 他正站在路中央。
• The noise woke us up in the middle of the night. 半夜吵闹声吵醒了我们。
countable usually singular informal
■waist 腰部
• Those trousers look a bit tight around your middle. 你的裤子看起来腰部有点紧。
['mɪd.l] noun
be in the middle of sth ADVANCED
■to be busy with an activity 正忙于
• Someone phoned when I was in the middle of bathing the baby. 我正忙着为孩子洗澡时，有人打电话来了。
['mɪd.l] noun
divide/split (sth) down the middle
■to separate, or to divide something, into two equal parts （把…）分成相等的两部分；平分
• Let's split the cost right down the middle. 费用我们各付一半吧。
• The family is split down the middle on this issue. 在这个问题上全家人分成了两派。
['mɪd.l] noun
(in) the middle of nowhere informal disapproving
■describes a place far away from any towns and cities and where few people live 在荒无人烟之处
• He lives in a tiny cottage in the middle of nowhere. 他住在荒郊野外的一间小屋里。
['mɪd.l] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■in a central position 中部的，中间的；中央的；正中的
• In the sequence a, b, c, d, e, the middle letter is c. 在 a，b，c，d，e 这一组字母中，中间的字母是 c。
• Jane sits at the middle desk, between Sue and Karen. 简坐在中间的桌子旁，在休和卡伦之间。
 ESSENTIAL
■neither high nor low in importance, amount or size 中等的；中级的
• middle income families 中等收入家庭
• a middle -sized (= average-sized) sheepdog 中等大小的牧羊犬
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a child who has the same number of older brothers and sisters as younger brothers and sisters （在兄弟姐妹当中）排行居中的
• She's the middle child of three. 她是三个孩子中的老二。
■describes a form of a particular language which existed between its origin and its present form （语言）中古的，介于古代与现代之间的
• 14th century Middle English 14世纪中古英语
• Middle French 中古法语
['mɪd.l] adjective [before noun]
follow / steer / take the middle course / way / path
■to act in a way that is not extreme and that you consider will cause least harm 走中间路线；采取折衷的办法；取中庸之道
• Most parents steer a middle course between strict discipline and letting their kids run wild. 大多数父母采取折衷的方法管教子女，对他们既不过分严格管束，也不放任自流。
midst, center, heart, core, middle
这组词都有“中心”的意思，其区别是：
midst: 书面语用词，指在一个群体的深处或在某活动的进程中。
center: 指三维空间的中心点，也可比喻抽象事物的中心。
heart: 指事物最内部或最重要的部分，表地理位置时可与center换用。
core: 指某事物固定的中心部分或最重要的核心部分。比喻意义指某物的精华。
middle: 一般指时间、空间或过程两端间等距的部分。
adj. 中间的，中部的；中级的，中等的
 - medium, mid, intermediary, secondary, moderate
n. 中间，中央；腰部
 - center, waist
vt. 把…放在中间，把…对折
 - double up, double back
vi. 放在中间，对折
 - double over

Word: army
Front: army
[ˈɑ:mi] (中高研四雅 1539/818 -K5)
Vocabulary: army
(once / 57 pages)
n
An army is an organized group of fighters, especially a country's official military force. When a country goes to war, it sends an army to fight.
An army is typically defined as fighting on land, while a navy battles at sea, and some countries make this even more clear by distinguishing their "Land Army" from their "Air Army." The 14th century meaning of army was "armed expedition," from the Old French armée and the Latin root armata, "armed, equipped, or in arms."
WORD FAMILY
army: armies
USAGE EXAMPLES
While his congregation is comparatively small, Jones said, “God never used big armies.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Early in her career, she was as an engineer for a research institute attached to the Chinese army’s Second Artillery Corps.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In all there were several dozen serious terrorist attacks in Turkey in 2016, often targeting the police and army but just as often hitting civilians.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 军队; 陆军; 团体; 野战军
分布：军队(86%)，陆军(13%)，一大批(1%)
→来自arm, 武器，装甲。
n.军队,陆军,军;大群,大批On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US ['ɑ:r-] noun
the army [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular country's fighting force （某国的）陆军，军队
• When did you join the army? 你甚么时候从军的？
• He has decided on a career in the British Army. 他已经决定投身英国军队。
• The army was/were called out to enforce the curfew. 出动了军队以实行宵禁。
countable
■a military force that has the training and equipment to fight on land 陆上作战部队；陆军部队
• Both the armies suffered heavy losses in the battle. 两军在此役中均伤亡惨重。
• The minister is believed to have been killed by the rebel army. 据信部长已被叛军杀害了。
countable usually singular
■a large group of people who share similar aims or beliefs 团体；队伍；大群
• She brought an army of supporters with her. 她带来一大群支持者。
army, force, troop
army: 军队，着重指军队这个整体，包括陆海空三军。当与navy和air force并列使用时，则指陆军。如：We will have not only a powerful army but also a powerful air force and a powerful navy.(我们不但要有强大的陆军，而且要有强大的空军和海军。)
force: 军队，部队，着重指武力，常用复数。如：Forces were sent out to stop the conflict.派出武装部队制止这场冲突。
troop: 部队，着重指构成军队的士兵成员，常用复数。如：They sent the troops to the front.他们把军队派往前线。
army, troops, forces
这些名词均含“军队、部队”之意。
army: 表军队的总称，与navy(海军)、air force(空军)并列时指陆军。
troops: 常用复数，多指陆军，着重构成军队的士兵成员，有时也指骑兵部队。
forces: 语体较正式，多用复数形式，既可指包括陆、海、空在内的一个国家的整个武装力量，也可指某一兵种。
n. 陆军， [军] 军队
 - battalion, heer

Word: sale
Front: sale
[seɪl] (中高研四六托雅 2234/1143 -K5)
Back: n. 卖，出卖; 销售额，销售; 销路; 拍卖
分布：出售(97%)，促销(3%)
→来自 sell 的名词形式，比较 tale,tell.
n.出售,上市;贱卖,廉价出售;销售额That house is for sale.那座房子待售.
noun
SELL 卖
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an act of exchanging something for money 卖，出售，销售
• The sale of cigarettes/alcohol is forbidden. 禁止出售香烟／酒。
• The building company get 10% commission on each house sale. 建筑公司每卖出一栋房子能获得10%的佣金。
• I haven't made a sale all morning. 我一个上午甚么都没卖出去。
• They'll drop the price rather than lose the sale. 他们将下调价格而不是停止销售。
for sale
 IMPROVER
■available to buy 待售，出售中
• Is this painting for sale? 这幅画有出售吗？
• Our neighbours put their house up for sale (= started to advertise that they want to sell it) last week. 我们的邻居上周开始登广告出售他们的房子。
sales uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the department of a company that organizes and does the selling of the company's products or services （公司的）销售部门； 门市部
• He works in Sales. 他在销售部门工作。
• the sales department/manager 销售部／销售部经理
sales [plural]
■the number of products sold 销售量
• Sales this year exceeded the total for the two previous years. 今年的销售量超过了前两年销售量的总和。
⇒ See also telesales
countable
■an occasion when things are sold, especially by an organization such as a school or church, in order to make money for the organization （尤指学校或教会等为自筹资金而进行的）义卖活动
• a charity/Christmas/book sale 慈善／圣诞节／图书义卖
countable
■an auction (= public sale) 公开拍卖
• a sale of antique furniture 古董家俱拍卖
• a cattle sale 家畜拍卖
on sale UK
■available to buy in a shop 上市，正在销售
• On sale at record stores now. 唱片行目前均有经售。
sale or return
■a system by which goods are supplied to shops and can be returned if they are not sold within a particular period of time 剩货包退，可退货销售
• We can supply goods on a sale or return basis. 我们可以依照剩货包退的条件供货。
  Common Learner Errors  sale or sell? Warning: do not confuse the noun sale with the verb sell :
✗ The shop sales items made by local artists. The shop sells items made by local artists.
  Common Learner Errors  sale or sales? Remember: to talk about the number of items sold, use the plural noun sales.
✗ The strike had a negative effect on this year's sale. The strike had a negative effect on this year's sales.
[seɪl] noun
CHEAP PRICE 便宜的价格
countable
■an occasion when goods are sold at a lower price than usual 廉价出售，降价销售
• a mid-season/end-of-season sale 季中／季末大特价
• a clearance/closing-down sale 清仓／歇业大拍卖
• I bought this in the January sales. 这是我在一月大减价时买的。
• sale goods/prices 特价商品／促销价
on sale mainly US (UK usually in the sale)
■reduced in price 减价的，降价出售的
• Can you tell me if this dress is in the sale? 你能告诉我这条裙子有特价吗？
n. 销售； [贸易] 出售；拍卖；销售额；廉价出售
 - marketing, sell, auction

Word: produce
Front: produce
[prəˈdju:s] (中高研四六托宝 542/296 -K5)
Vocabulary: produce
(once / 21 pages)
1v 2n
To produce is to create, manufacture, or cultivate. We rely on agriculture to produce food and artists to produce art.
As a noun, produce (accented first syllable) is the product of gardening: fruits and vegetables. The verb form of this word (accented last syllable) has several meanings, all related to making, creating, bringing forth, or raising. At the airport, you might be asked to produce (show) some identification. To produce results is to get a job done or to have something to show for your work. To produce children is to give birth to them or raise them.
WORD FAMILY
produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ production: productions/ productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Neither quarterback got much help from a running game that produced 218 yards in the first meeting with the Broncos.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some proponents see guaranteed incomes as a way to prepare for an economy that produces fewer jobs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This story was produced in collaboration with the Trace as part of a partnership to report on exclusive new gun ownership data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 生产; 产生; 制作; 创作
vt. 制造; 出示; 引起; [经济学]生利
n. 产品; 产量; 产额; 结果
时态：produced, producing, produces
分布：生产(52%)，产品(28%)，农产品(12%)，引起(5%)，提出(2%)，制片(1%)
→pro-,向前，-duc,拉，引导，词源同conduce,conduct.引申词义生产，制造。
生产N.农产品(pro向前+duce→引向前→生产)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.生产,制造,显示,演出,导致n.产品The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
【记】pro向前，duce引导－引导出的产品－农产品
【参】productive（adj 多产的）；productivity（n 生产力）
US [-ˈduːs]
MAKE 制造
 ESSENTIAL
■to make something or bring something into existence 生产；出产；制造
• France produces a great deal of wine for export. 法国生产大量葡萄酒供出口。
• Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. 红血球细胞在骨髓内生成。
• She works for a company that produces (= makes for sale) electrical goods. 她在一家生产电子产品的公司工作。
• I was wondering whether I could produce a meal out of what's left in the fridge. 我不知道能否用冰箱里剩的东西做一顿饭。
• She's asked me to produce a report on the state of the project. 她要求我就这项工程的状况写一份报告。
■When animals produce young, they give birth to them 生，生育
• Our cat produced four kittens during the course of the night. 我们的猫在夜里生了四只小猫。
• humorous All our friends seem to be busy producing offspring at the moment. 我们所有的朋友现在似乎都忙着生儿育女。
verb transitive UK [prəˈdjuːs] US [-ˈduːs]
CAUSE 引起
 ADVANCED
■to cause a reaction or result 引起；使产生
• The prime minister's speech produced an angry response from the opposition. 首相的发言招致了反对派愤怒的抨击。
• Her remarks produced an awkward silence. 她的讲话引起了一阵尴尬的沉默。
• If used on delicate skin, this cream may produce a stinging sensation. 这种润肤霜用在娇嫩的皮肤上会产生刺痛感。
verb transitive UK [prəˈdjuːs] US [-ˈduːs]
FILM/MUSIC 电影／音乐
■to organize the practical and financial matters connected with the preparation of a film, play or television or radio programme 制作 Compare direct to be in charge of making a musical recording and to be responsible for the arrangement of the music, the combination of the different instruments or voices and the general sound of it 制作（唱片）
verb transitive UK [prəˈdjuːs] US [-ˈduːs]
BRING OUT 拿出
■to bring something out from somewhere and show it 拿出；出示
• He produced a letter from his desk which he asked me to read. 他从书桌里拿出一封信叫我读。
• One of the men suddenly produced a knife from his pocket. 其中一名男子突然从口袋里掏出一把刀。
verb transitive UK [prəˈdjuːs] US [-ˈduːs]
RESULT IN 导致
■to result in or discover something, especially proof 引起，使产生
• A lengthy police investigation failed to produce any evidence on which the suspect could be convicted. 警方的长期调查并未发现任何能证明嫌犯有罪的证据。
noun uncountable UK [ˈprɒd.juːs] US [ˈprɑː.djuːs/
■food or any other substance or material that is grown or obtained through farming, especially that which is produced in large amounts （尤指大量生产的）食品，农产品
• agricultural/dairy/fresh produce 农产品／乳制品／新鲜的农产品
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
realize, cause, effect, produce
这组词都有“产生、实现”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 着重指把过去的计划或意愿变成现实。
cause: 强调事物的因果关系。
effect: 侧重成功地完成一件要做的事情，强调结果或影响。
produce: 侧重有意或无意地产生出好的或坏的，实际可见的效果。
manufacture, fabricate, make, produce
这组词都有“做，制造”的意思，其区别是：
manufacture: 正式用词，一般指用机器大规模地批量生产各种生活或生产用品。
fabricate: 特指按照标准样式制作或把材料或部件组合成一个整体。
make: 普通用词，很常用，含义广，既可指制造具体的东西，也可指完成一种行为。
produce: 普通用词，侧重大量地生产出各种生产用品和生活用品。强调结果。也用于引申。
product, manufacture, production, produce
这组词都有“产品，制品”的意思，其区别是：
product: 一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品。
manufacture: 一般指机器大量制造的产品。
production: 含义广泛，不同场合有不同的意思，可表示“产品，产物”，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。
produce: 多指农产品(尤指蔬菜水果等)。
vt. 生产；引起；创作
 - attract, cause, operate, occasion, induce
n. 农产品，产品
 - manufacture, work, agricultural products
vi. 生产，创作
 - turn out, bring in

Word: fail
Front: fail
[feɪl] (中高 808/616 -K5)
Vocabulary: fail
(once / 29 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
The verb fail describes something that stops working, like brakes in a car that fail, or is found to be unacceptable, like restaurants that fail their inspection for cleanliness.
The verb fail comes from the Old French word faillir, meaning “be lacking,” “miss,” or “not succeed.” You can fail an exam, which means you didn't get at least a minimum number of points to pass. You can fail to live up to your potential, meaning you aren't able to meet expectations. When businesses fail, it means financial problems force them to close.
WORD FAMILY
fail: failed, failing, fails, failure +/failing: failings, unfailing/ failure: failures/unfailing: unfailingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The company says its investigation of the Sept. 1 explosion found that a tank failed within the larger, second-stage liquid oxygen tank.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And while the win can’t be discredited, the fashion in which it happened failed to provide much confidence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The gas tax effort failed, earning the ire of the state chamber.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 失败，不及格; 倒闭，破产; 缺乏; 衰退
vi. 衰退; 失败，不及格; 破产; 不足
vt. 不及格; 使失望; 忘记; 舍弃
n. 失败，失误; 不及格; 不及格者; [商]期货交割失期
时态：failed, failing, fails
分布：失败(74%)，不及格(16%)，衰退(5%)，辜负(3%)，放弃(1%)，没做成某事(1%)
→来自拉丁语fallo, 欺骗，陷落，词源同fallacy, false, fault. 进一步来自ghwel, 欺骗。引申词义被骗，失败。
v.失败,不及格;衰退,减弱The sailor was nailed on the rail for he failed to trail the mail.水手被钉在横木上,因为他未能跟踪邮件.
verb
NOT SUCCEED 未成功
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to not succeed in what you are trying to achieve or are expected to do 失败；未能做到
• She moved to London in the hope of finding work as a model, but failed. 她搬到伦敦，希望找份模特儿的工作，但没找到。
• This method of growing tomatoes never fails. 这种种植番茄的方法屡试不爽。
• He failed in his attempt to break the record. 他未能打破纪录。
• [+ to infinitive] She failed to reach the Wimbledon Final this year. 今年她未能进入温布顿网球赛决赛。
• The reluctance of either side to compromise means that the talks are doomed to (= will certainly) fail. 双方均不愿让步意味着会谈注定要失败。
if all else fails
■if none of our plans succeed 如果计划均告失败
• If all else fails, we can always spend the holidays at home. 如果所有计划都无法成行，我们总还可以在家度假。
[feɪl] verb
EXAMINATION 考试
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be unsuccessful, or to judge that someone has been unsuccessful in a test or examination （使）不及格；（使）未能通过（考试）
• I passed in history but failed in chemistry. 我通过了历史考试，但化学考试不及格。
• A lot of people fail their driving test the first time. 许多人首次参加驾驶执照考试都通不过。
• The examiners failed him because he hadn't answered enough questions. 考官评他不及格，因为他没有答完规定的题数。
[feɪl] verb
NOT DO 未做
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to not do something which you should do 未做；未履行
• [+ to infinitive] He failed to arrive on time. 他未能准时到达。
• The club had been promised a grant from the council, but the money failed to (= did not) materialize. 委员会承诺给俱乐部拨一笔款项，但没有兑现诺言。
• You couldn't fail to be (= It is impossible that you would not be) affected by the film. 你不可能不被这部影片打动。
• I'd be failing in my duty if I didn't tell you about the risks involved in the project. 我如果不把这个企划案涉及的风险告诉你，就是失职。
fail to see/understand
■used when you do not accept something 不明白，不理解
• I fail to see wh y you can't work on a Saturday. 我不明白为甚么你星期六不能工作。
[feɪl] verb
STOP 停止
intransitive
■to become weaker or stop working completely 变弱；衰退；失灵
• If my eyesight fails, I'll have to stop doing this job. 如果视力衰退，我就必须放弃这份工作。
• The brakes failed and the car crashed into a tree. 煞车失灵，汽车撞到树上。
• After talking non-stop for two hours, her voice started to fail. 滔滔不绝地讲了两个钟头之后，她的声音开始沙哑了。
• The old man was failing fast (= He was dying). 老人奄奄一息。
intransitive
■If a business fails, it is unable to continue because of money problems. （公司）倒闭，破产
[feɪl] verb
NOT HELP 未帮助
transitive
■to not help someone when they expected you to 辜负；对…无能为力
• He failed her when she most needed him. 她最需要他的时候，他却辜负了她。
• When I looked down and saw how far I had to jump, my courage failed me (= I felt very frightened). 当我往下看，看到自己要跳多远时，就泄了气。
[feɪl] noun countable
■an unsuccessful result in a course, test or examination （课程的）未通过；（考试的）不及格
• John got three passes and four fails in his exams. 约翰考试三门及格，四门不及格。
[feɪl] noun countable
without fail
■If you do something without fail, you always do it 总是；必定
• I go to the gym every Monday and Wednesday, without fail. 我每逢周一和周三必定去健身房。
■used to tell someone that they must do something 务必；一定
• Be there at nine o'clock, without fail. 九点钟务必到那里。
vi. 失败，不及格；破产；缺乏；衰退
 - flag, founder, tube
vt. 不及格；使失望；忘记；舍弃
 - disappoint, let down
n. 不及格
 - flunk

Word: measure
Front: measure
[ˈmeʒə(r)] (高研四六雅 941/889 -K4)
Vocabulary: measure
(once / 39 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
To measure something is to figure out how much of it is there. A measure can also be a step toward a goal: take measures to ensure you don't flunk an exam by cracking the books.
You can take measures to improve your health: limit sweets, get enough rest, get some exercise, and wash your hands to avoid the spread of germs. The noun also means a standard for comparison. You can measure your time against the good you will do if you volunteer to help out a child via a mentoring program.
WORD FAMILY
measure: countermeasure, measurable, measured, measureless, measurement, measurer, measures, measuring+/countermeasure: countermeasures/ immeasurable: immeasurablest, immeasurably/measurable: immeasurable, measurability, measurably, unmeasurable/ measured: measuredly, unmeasured/measureless: measurelessly/ measurement: measurements/measurer: measurers/measuring: measurings/unmeasurable: unmeasurably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“They were using the wrong gauge to measure their progress.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Successful by their own measures, Karen and Matt live in a converted macaroni factory, spitting distance from several pretentious coffeehouses.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She was sent home two days later, diagnosed with a tumor in her left lung that measured almost 9 centimeters.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 测量，测度; 措施; 程度; 尺寸
vt. 测量; 估量
vi. 测量; 测量（大小，容量，尺寸等）
时态：measured, measuring, measures
分布：测量(53%)，措施(25%)，程度(7%)，尺寸(5%)，量度(5%)，办法(2%)，比较(1%)，权衡(1%)，给予(1%)
→来自古法语mesurer,测量，来自拉丁语mensurare,测量，检测，来自me,测量，词源同meter,commensurate.
测量,测定(meas+ure)[meter,metr,meas,mens=measure,表示"计量,测量等"]
v.测量,分派,权衡n.尺寸,量度器,措施,办法I can't endure the leisured man's measures for the treasures in the treasury.我不能容忍那个悠闲男子对金库财宝采取的措施.
US [-ɚ] verb
SIZE 大小
 ESSENTIAL [L only + noun] transitive
■to discover the exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular size 量，测量；计量
• "Will the table fit in here?" "I don't know - let's measure it." “这里放得下这张桌子吗？”“我不知道──我们来量一下吧。”
• This machine measures your heart rate. 这台机器可测量你的心率。
• He measured the flour into the bowl. 他量好面粉，倒入碗中。
• The area, measuring/which measures 5 kilometres by 3 kilometres, has been purchased by the army. 这个长5公里、宽3公里的区域已被军方购买下来。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
JUDGE 判断
transitive
■to judge the quality, effect, importance, or value of something 估量，衡量
• There is no way of measuring the damage done to morale. 对士气造成的负面影响无法估量。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  measure sb/sth against sb/sth
■to judge someone or something by comparing them against someone or something else 将…与…作比较
• She measured the shoe against the footprint, but it was smaller. 她将鞋子与脚印互相比较，但鞋子比较小。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] measure sth out
■to weigh or measure a small amount of something from a larger amount of something 量出，称出
• Measure out 250 grams of flour and sift it into a large mixing bowl. 量出250克的面粉，并将其筛入一个可供搅拌的大碗中。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  measure up
■to be good enough, or as good as someone or something else 符合，达到，与…相称
• She could never measure up to her mother's expectations. 她可能永远都无法满足她母亲的期望。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] measure sth/sb up
■to discover what size something or someone is by measuring them 量出…的尺寸
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a way of achieving something, or a method for dealing with a situation 方法，措施
• What further measures can we take to avoid terrorism? 我们该采取哪些进一步的措施来防范恐怖主义？
• These measures were designed to improve car safety. 这些措施旨在提高汽车的安全性。
• [+ to infinitive] Emergency measures to help the refugees are badly needed. 目前亟需采取一些紧急措施救助难民。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SIZE 大小
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■a unit used for stating the size, weight, etc. of something, or a way of measuring 计量单位；测量方法
• weights and measures 度量衡
• The sample's density is a measure of its purity. 样品的密度是其纯度的一个测量方法。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable formal
■amount 数量，程度
• There was a large measure of agreement between the candidates. 候选人之间有很大的共识。
• His success was in some measure due to his being in the right place at the right time. 他的成功一定程度上要归因于天时地利。
countable
■an exact amount, especially of alcohol （尤指酒的）标准量，固定量
• One unit of alcohol is equal to half a pint of beer or a standard measure of spirits. 一个单位的酒相当于半品脱的啤酒或一个标准量的烈酒。
countable US for * bar (MUSIC)
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
WAY OF JUDGING 判断的标准
 ADVANCED countable
■a way of judging something （估价、判断的）标准，尺度
• Record sales are not always a measure of a singer's popularity. 唱片销量并不总是衡量一名歌手受欢迎程度的标准。
• We have no accurate measure of the damage. 我们没有计算损失的准确方法。
UK ['meʒ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
have the measure of sb/sth slightly formal
■to understand what someone or something is like and to know how to deal with them 了解
• I don't think she's under any illusions about her husband - she's got the measure of him. 我认为她对她丈夫并没抱甚么幻想——她了解他。
measure, means, method, medium
measure: 结论，步骤
means: 方法
method: 方法
medium: 媒介，阶段
methods, measure, means, medium
methods: 指做某事的具体步骤或程序
measure: 手段，策略，为达到目的采取的行动
means: 标示借以成就某事达到某目的的某人或物
medium: （标示或传播）的媒介
criterion, measure, standard, gauge
这组词都有“标准”的意思，其区别是：
criterion: 较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。
measure: 与standard基本同义，但多用于比喻，指衡量某事物的质量准则。
standard: 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。
gauge: 专指测量物体大小、厚度、直径等的标准规格。
n. 测量；措施；程度；尺寸
 - extent, degree, survey, dimension, size
vt. 测量；估量；权衡
 - sound, scale, estimate
vi. 测量；估量
 - take stock of, weigh up

Word: nuclear
Front: nuclear
[ˈnju:kliə(r)] (高研四六托 1176/1221 -K4)
Vocabulary: nuclear
(once / 246 pages)
adj
Nuclear describes something that has to do with the nucleus — the central part — of an atom. If you're a nuclear physicist, you do a lot of work with that part of the atom.
Nuclear power, which comes from nuclear fission — the energy released when the nucleus of an atom is split — is a controversial source of renewable energy. The word nuclear is sometimes used broadly to refer to the core of something. Your nuclear family is you, your parents, and your siblings — in a sense, the central part of your world, kind of like the nucleus of an atom.
WORD FAMILY
nuclear: binuclear
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.,”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 原子核的，原子能的; [细胞]细胞核的
分布：原子核的(50%)，原子能的(40%)，核心的(10%)
→来自拉丁语nux, 果仁，核，词源同nut,nucleus,-ar,形容词后缀。引申词义原子核的，细胞核的。
a.核心的,中心的;原子核的,核能的With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US ['nu:.kli:.ɚ] adjective
POWER 能源
 ESSENTIAL
■being or using the power produced when the nucleus of an atom is divided or joined to another nucleus 核能的；使用核能的
• nuclear energy/power 核能／核动力
• a nuclear power plant 核电站
• the nuclear industry 核工业
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to weapons, or the use of weapons, which use the power produced when the nucleus of an atom is divided or joined to another nucleus 核武器的；使用核武器的
• a nuclear war/attack 核战争／核打击
• nuclear disarmament 核裁军
• How many nations have a nuclear capability (= have nuclear weapons) ? 有多少国家拥有核武器？
UK ['nju:.klɪər] US ['nu:.kli:.ɚ] adjective
PHYSICS 物理学 specialized
■relating to the nucleus of an atom 原子核的
• nuclear fission/fusion/physics 核裂变／聚变／物理学
adj. 原子能的； [细胞] 细胞核的；中心的；原子核的
 - central, atomic

Word: age
Front: age
[eɪdʒ] (中高托雅 386/363 -K5)
Vocabulary: age
(once / 22 pages)
1nv 2n
Your age is the number of years you've been alive. If your cat is six, you can say that he's "six years of age."
You can also talk about a stage of life or an era in history as an age: "School age kids need to get outside and play every day." Often when someone mentions age as a concept or idea, they mean old age, or being elderly. And the verb age means "grow older." The word comes from the Old French aage, "age or lifetime," from the Latin root aevum, "lifetime, eternity, or age."
WORD FAMILY
age: aged, ageing, ageism, ageless, ages, aging, agism, nonage, overaged, underage+/aged: ageder, agedest, agedly, agedness, nonaged, unaged/ageism: ageisms/ageless: agelessly, agelessness/underage: underager
USAGE EXAMPLES
Problem: Pneumonia kills 27,000 Ugandan children under the age of five every year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But the passage of time hasn’t been easy for the aging school.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials didn’t release any identifying information, including the children’s ages.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 年龄; 时代; 老年; 年龄段
vt. & vi. （使）长大; 使显老; 使变老; 使苍老
vi. [化学]老化; 陈化，熟化; （吸毒者随年龄增长而主动）戒毒，戒除毒品
vt. [化学]使老化; 使陈化; 使熟化; 估计，推测（马的年龄）
时态：aged, ageing, ages
分布：年龄(69%)，时代(25%)，时期(5%)，长时间(1%)
→来自PIE *aiw, 生命力。同词根ev, 见longevity, 长寿。
n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间v.(使)变老I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
noun
TIME SPENT ALIVE 活着的时间
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the period of time someone has been alive or something has existed 年龄，年纪；存在时间
• Do you know the age of that building? 你知道那座楼的历史有多久吗？
• What age (= How old) is your brother? 你弟弟多大了？
• I'd guess she's about my age (= she is about as old as I am). 我猜她和我年龄差不多。
• She was 74 years of age when she wrote her first novel. 她写第一本小说时是74岁。
• He left home at the age of 16. 他16岁时离开了家。
• I was married with four children at your age. 像你这么大的时候我已经结了婚并且有了四个孩子。
• She's starting to show/look her age (= to look as old as she is). 她开始看上去与实际年龄一般大。
• I'm really beginning to feel my age (= feel old). 我真的开始觉得老了。
• His girlfriend's twice his age (= twice as old as he is). 他的女朋友年龄比他大一倍。
Act your age!
■said to someone to tell them to stop behaving like someone who is much younger 别孩子气！成熟点吧！
the age of consent
■the age at which someone is considered by the law to be old enough to agree to have sex with someone 法定年龄（可发生性行为的法定年龄）
under age
■legally too young to do something 未到法定年龄
• He was prosecuted for having sex with a girl who was under age. 他因和未成年少女发生性行为而被起诉。
• under age drinking 未到法定年龄的非法饮酒行为
[eɪdʒ] noun
PERIOD 时期
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular period in time 时代；时期
• the Victorian age 维多利亚时代
• the modern age 现代
• the nuclear age 核子时代
[eɪdʒ] noun
LONG TIME 长时间
ages IMPROVER [plural] mainly UK informal (also an age only singular)
■a very long time 很长时间
• It takes ages to cook. 做饭要花很长时间。
• I've been waiting for ages. 我已经等了很长时间。
• It's been ages/an age since we last spoke. 我们好长时间没有交谈了。
[eɪdʒ] noun
BEING OLD 年老
uncountable
■the process of getting older 年老；衰老；老化；陈年
• Her back was bent with age. 随着年纪渐长，她的背驼了。
• This cheese/wine improves with age. 这种起司／酒放的时间越长越好。
• Her temper hasn't improved with age! 她的脾气一点没有随着年龄增长而变好！
[eɪdʒ] noun
come of age
■to reach the age when you are legally recognized as an adult and become old enough to vote 到达法定年龄；成年
■If something has come of age, it has reached its full successful development. 成熟；发达
[eɪdʒ] verb intransitive or transitive ( UK ageing or US aging, aged, aged)
 ADVANCED
■If someone ages or something ages them, they look older. 衰老，使…显得苍老
• She's aged since the last time we met. 她显得比我们上次见面时老了。
■to develop in flavour or leave something to do this （使）发酵，（使）变陈
• The brandy is aged in oak for ten years. 这种白兰地在橡木桶中陈酿了十年。
mature, age, develop, ripen
这组词都有“成熟、长成”的意思，其区别是：
mature: 指生物自然发育成熟或丰满或使其能起正常作用，还可指人获得智慧、经验或变得世故。
age: 一般指使人过早成熟，强调已走向衰老。
develop: 侧重使某一种类或个体潜在本能进化完全，词义比mature广泛。
ripen: 侧重已到长生成熟的顶点。
times, epoch, age, era, period
这组词都有“时期、时代”的意思，其区别是：
times: 侧重某一特定时期。
epoch: 正式用词，侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期。
age: 常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期。
era: 书面语用词，指历史上的纪元、年代，可与epoch和age互换，侧重时期的延续性和整个历程。
period: 最普通用词，概念广泛，时间长短不限，既可指任何一个历史时期，又可指个人或自然界的一个发展阶段。
n. 年龄；时代；寿命，使用年限；阶段
 - era, time, stage, phase, grade
vi. 成熟；变老
 - mature, flower
vt. 使成熟；使变老，使上年纪
 - grey, ripen

Word: further
Front: further
[ˈfɜ:ðə(r)] (研四六托雅 11239/696 -K5)
Vocabulary: further
(once / 33 pages)
1advadj 2adv 3v
If you ask your parents for money, they might say they need to think about it further and then ask you lots of questions. Further refers to figurative distance, like a thought you need more time on.
Further often gets confused with farther, but it's better to use further to mean an abstract distance, when two things are moving apart in terms of ideals, agreement, or thoughts, and farther when you're talking about physical distance. There's also a verb form of further that means "to promote the growth or progress of," which you might use in a sentence like, "These new gigs should help her further her career as a rock musician."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
farther / further
Use the word farther when you mean physical distance, like if you run farther than your friend. Use further for basically everything else. Further refers to abstractions like ideas or thoughts.
Farther is more restrictive because it refers to physical distance. It’s got the word "far" in there to help you remember. Here are some examples:
"In fact, on every measure, those who run farther, faster or more frequently recorded a lower death rate than non-runners." (New York Times)
"The pilots traveled farther and longer in a gas balloon than anyone in history." (Washington Times)
Furthermore, further refers to figurative distance. It’s not the kind you measure with a ruler but like when you think further about something. It’s the older word of the two, and often does double duty. Here are some examples:
"But the agency sought to go further, by exploring the reasons for those deficiencies." (New York Times)
"The app takes the Tinder model one step further by actually optimizing possible matches according to consumption preferences." (Time)
Some people use think farther and further are the same, but nothing could be further from the truth! (See what we did there?) Okay actually some say they are the same. Historically, they were interchangeable, but like friends growing further apart, they now each have their own meaning. Farther is used literally, and further is used figuratively.
WORD FAMILY
further: furtherance, furthered, furtherer, furtherest, furthering, furthermost, furthers+/ far: farly, farness, fars, farther, further / farther: fartherest, farthermost, farthers/furtherance: furtherances
USAGE EXAMPLES
No further league-wide vote of the owners is required since they already voted last January to award that option to the Chargers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And that adaptation leads to further adaptation, and it becomes a race.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A further four people were arrested in separate operations, the BBC reports.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 更远的，较远的; 更进一步的，深一层的; 更多的
adv. 进一步地; 更远地; 而且
vt. 促进，推动; 增进
时态：furthered, furthering, furthers
分布：更远的(29%)，促进(23%)，推动(23%)，进一步地(16%)，此外(9%)
→用做far的比较级。
ad./a.更远,更往前;进一步v.促进,增进I'll give you ten dollars, but I cannot go any further.给你十美元,但是我无法再多给了
US ['fɝ:.ðɚ] adverb
 IMPROVER
■comparative of far (DISTANCE) ; to a greater distance or degree; at a more advanced level （far 的比较级）更远地，在更大程度上；进一步地
• I'm afraid I never got further than the first five pages of 'Ulysses'. 恐怕我看《尤利西斯》从未超过开头的五页，之后就看不下去了。
• We discussed the problem but we didn't get much further in actually solving it. 我们讨论了这个问题，但在实际解决方面没有取得多大进展。
• The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse to speak to each other. 阿曼达和乔彼此拒绝说话，使得整个事件更加复杂了。
• Every day she sinks further and further into depression. 她一天天地消沉下去。
go further/take sth further
■If you go or take something further, you take it to a more advanced stage 促进；推进
• Before we go any further with the project I think we should check that there's enough money to fund it. 在我们推进这个计划之前，我觉得我们应该查证一下是否有足够的资金来支援它。
• If you wish to take the matter further, you can file charges against him. 如果你想采取进一步行动的话，可以对他提出指控。
UK ['fɜ:.ðər] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ] adverb
Nothing could have been further from my mind / thoughts.
■used to say that you certainly did not intend something 我当然不这样想；我根本就没有这样打算
• I certainly wasn't trying to get money off him - nothing could have been further from my mind! 我当然不是要从他身上弄钱——我根本就没有那样打算过。
UK ['fɜ:.ðər] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ] adjective
 IMPROVER
■at a greater distance 更远的
• It was much further to the town centre than I remembered. 去市中心的路比我印象中要长得多。
• Fourteen miles is further than you'd think once you start to run it. 一旦开始跑，14哩的路程会比你想像的要长。
• Is that her at the further (= other) end of the room? 房间另一头的那个人是她吗？
UK ['fɜ:.ðər] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ] adjective adverb
■more or extra 更多；另外
• Have you anything further to add? 你还有甚么要补充的吗？
• If you have any further problems do let me know. 如果你还有甚么问题，请一定让我知道。
• It cost me £50 a day and a further £60 for insurance. 花费为一天50英镑，再加上60英镑的保险费。
• This shop will be closed until further notice. 本店即将关闭，何时开业另行通知。
• We need to talk further about this. 我们需要就这一点进一步谈谈。
further to mainly UK formal
■used in business letters to state the subject that you are referring to or which conversation or letter you are answering （用于商业信函中）参照，关于
• Further to your letter of March 11th, I should like to inform you of a number of recent developments regarding the Saffron Hill site. 关于你3月11日的来信，我们想通知你关于藏红花山工地最近的一些进展情况。
UK ['fɜ:.ðər] US ['fɝ:.ðɚ] verb transitive
■to develop or make progres in something 改进；推进；增进
• He has probably done more to further the cause of interracial harmony than any other person. 在推进种族和谐方面他可能比其他人做的都要多。
• Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days. 如今额外的训练可能是推进你事业发展的最佳途径。
further, farther
这组词都有“更远(地)，进一步(地)”的意思，其区别是：
further: 也是far的比较级(作为副词，有人认为是fore或forth的比较级)，按传统的观点，further表抽象的程度或数量的更进一步，不表实际距离。但现代英语，尤其在非正式语体中，这两个词的意思实际上已没有区别，而且further用得更广泛一些。
farther: 是far的比较级，指距离、空间或时间上的较远；有时也可指数量上或抽象的程度上的进一步，但不如further普通。
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
adv. 进一步地；而且；更远地
 - moreover, besides, also
adj. 更远的；深一层的
 - farther
vt. 促进，助长；增进
 - facilitate, promote, boost, improve

Word: water
Front: water
[ˈwɔ:tə(r)] (中高雅 226/236 -K5)
Vocabulary: water
(once / 14 pages)
1nv 2nv
The liquid that is made up of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen is water. Water takes up over seventy percent of the earth’s surface. Your body is made of about sixty percent water.
Water can be a noun: it is the colorless, odorless liquid that all living things need to survive. Water can be a verb: as in watering the plants, getting teary, or urinating. When people talk about freezing and boiling, they are usually talking about the temperatures at which water freezes (32˚ F) and boils (212˚ F). Humans use water to bathe, cook, make fountains in the backyard, and mix with lemon juice and sugar to make lemonade.
WORD FAMILY
water: mid-water, underwater, watered, waterer, watering, waterless, waterring, waters, watery+/waterer: waterers/watering: waterings/waterless: waterlessness/watery: waterily, wateriness, wateryer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Water bottles, purses and keys were placed on the floor, leaving the large plastic tables smooth and uncluttered.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Baha told me that the buildings in that part of the camp had no water and that everyone was contacting him about it.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Some people say that deep water is finished,” BP’s head of exploration and production Bernard Looney said in a presentation this summer.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 水; 雨水; 海水; 海域
v. 给…浇水; 供以水; 加水稀释; 流泪
时态：watered, watering, waters
分布：水(96%)，海水(1%)，雨水(1%)，海域(1%)，加水稀释(1%)
→来自wed,水，湿的，词源同wet,undulate,otter.该词通常被语言学家认为是无生命的水，而ap则是有生命的水，词源同aquatic,Punjab.参照fire,ignite.
n.水vt.浇灌;给...饮水vi.流泪,加水I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a clear liquid, without colour or taste, which falls from the sky as rain and is necessary for animal and plant life 水
• a bottle/drink/glass of water 一瓶／份／杯水
• bottled/mineral/tap water 瓶装／矿泉／自来水
• hot/cold water 热／冷水
• Can I have a drop of water in my whiskey, please? 请在我的威士卡里加一点水，好吗？
• Is the water hot enough for a bath? 这水洗澡够不够热？
• The human body is about 50% water. 人体约50%是水。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an area of water, such as the sea, a lake or a swimming pool 水域；大片的水
• The water's much warmer today - are you coming for a swim? 今天的水暖和多了——你来游泳吗？
• I like swimming but I don't like getting my head under (= in) water. 我喜欢游泳，但不喜欢把头浸在水里。
• Dad, I swam a whole length of the pool under water (= with the whole head and body below the surface of the water) ! 爸爸，我潜泳游完了游泳池的一个全程！
uncountable
■the level of an area of water 水位
• High water this morning at Portsmouth is at 11.17 a.m. 朴茨茅斯港今天的高水位出现在上午11时17分。
waters [plural]
■the area of sea near to and belonging to a particular country （某个国家的）领海，海域
• St Lucia depends on its clean coastal waters because fishing and tourism provide much of its income. 圣露西亚岛靠的是它清洁的近海水域，因为它的很大部分收入都来自渔业和旅游业。
■the water contained in a particular lake, river or section of sea （某一湖泊、河流或海洋的）水域
• In the shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico, oil rigs attract shoals of fish, and fishermen too. 在墨西哥湾的浅海水域，石油钻塔吸引了大量鱼群，当然也吸引了渔民。
■UK (US water)
■the liquid that surrounds a baby inside a pregnant woman's womb 羊水
• At 3 a.m. her waters broke, and the baby was born soon after. 凌晨3点，她的羊水破了，婴儿也很快就出生了。
the waters [plural] old use
■water from a spring, especially when used for drinking or swimming in, in order to improve the health 泉水
• People used to come to this city to take (= drink and swim in) the waters. 人们过去常来这座城市享用这里的泉水。
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
water off a duck's back mainly disapproving
■criticisms of or warnings to a particular person that have no effect on that person （批评或警诫对某人）像水过鸭背，毫无影响，不起作用
• I've told him that he's heading for trouble, but he doesn't listen - it's just water off a duck's back. 我已经告诉过他他会有麻烦，可是他不听——说了也白说，根本毫无作用。
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
water under the bridge
■problems that someone has had in the past that they do not worry about because they happened a long time ago and cannot now be changed 已成往事，不可改变的既成事实
• Yes, we did have our disagreements but that's water under the bridge now. 是的，我们确实曾经不和，但那已是陈年往事了。
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
murky/uncharted waters
■a situation which is not familiar and which may be dangerous 陌生的领域；可能会有危险的情况
• In the last two chapters of the book, she enters the murky waters of male sexuality. 在该书的最后两章，她提到了男性性行为这陌生话题。
• After the Wall Street crash, the American economy moved into uncharted waters. 在华尔街股市暴跌之后，美国经济进入了一个前途未卜的时期。
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] verb
GIVE WATER 灌溉
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pour water on to plants or the soil that they are growing in 给…浇水；灌溉
• I've asked my neighbour to water the plants while I'm away. 我已经请邻居在我不在的时候帮忙给那些植物浇水了。
transitive
■to give an animal water to drink 给（动物）喂水；饮（动物）
• The horses had been fed and watered. 已经给马喂过饲料饮过水了。
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] verb
PRODUCE LIQUID 流眼泪
intransitive
■When your eyes water, they produce tears but not because you are unhappy （并非因为难过而）流眼泪
• How do you stop your eyes from watering when you're cutting up onions? 切洋葱时你是如何使眼睛不流泪的？
intransitive
■If your mouth waters, it produces a lot of saliva, usually because you can see or smell some food that you would like to eat 流口水
• Ooh, the smell of that bread is making my mouth water! 噢，那种面包的香味令我直流口水！
UK ['wɔ:.tər] US ['wɑ:.tˌɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] water sth down
DRINK
■to add water to a drink, usually an alcoholic drink, in order to make it less strong 在（酒精饮料）中掺水，稀释
IDEA
■to intentionally make an idea or opinion less extreme or forceful, usually so that other people will accept it 使（观点等）弱化；使缓和
• The party has watered down its socialist ideals in order to appeal to the centre ground. 为了吸引中间力量，该党已经淡化了其社会主义理想。
watered down
adjective [before noun]
• They have returned with a watered down and more acceptable version of the proposal. 他们又提了那个建议，这回有所折衷，更容易让人接受。
n. 水；海水；雨水；海域，大片的水
 - seawater, eau
vi. 加水；流泪
 - shed tears, pipe one's eye

Word: whose
Front: whose
[hu:z] (中高 527/501 -K5)
Back: pron. 谁的; 那个人的，那些人的; 他的，他们的
分布：谁的(100%)
→来自who的属格。
pron.谁的;哪(个)人的,那些(人)的Whose books are these?这些书是谁的?
pronoun determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■used especially in questions when asking about which person owns or is responsible for something 谁的
• Whose is this bag? 这是谁的袋子？
• Whose bag is this? 这个袋子是谁的？
[hu:z] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■used for adding information about a person or thing just mentioned （用于附加所提及的人或物的资讯）
• Cohen, whose contract expires next week, is likely to move to play for a European club. 科恩的合约下周到期，他有可能到一家欧洲球会效力。
• There was a picture in the paper of a man whose leg had been blown off. 报纸上有一张照片，照片中那个男人的腿被炸掉了。
• They meet in an old house, whose basement has been converted into a chapel. 他们在一所旧房子里见面，那所房子的地下室已经被改建成一个小礼拜堂。
• Fraud detectives are investigating the company, three of whose senior executives have already been arrested. 反诈骗侦探正在调查那家公司，该公司的三名高级管理人员已被拘捕。

Word: military
Front: military
[ˈmɪlətri] (研四六托 474/922 -K5)
Vocabulary: military
(once / 44 pages)
nadj
Ten, hut! So you'd like the definition of military? Yes, Sir! The adjective military is used to describe anything related to the armed forces or soldiers.
Stemming from the Latin word for "soldier," military is a word that goes hand in hand with war. It's the military that protects a country's interests, lead by generals and powered by brave soldiers. When used as an adjective, military describes anything that's related to, well, the military: salutes, campaigns, uniforms, etc.
WORD FAMILY
military: militaries, militarily, militarise, militarism, militarize, nonmilitary, unmilitary+/demilitarise: demilitarised/demilitarize: demilitarized, demilitarizes, demilitarizing/militarise: demilitarise, militarisation, militarised, remilitarise/ militarism: militarisms, militarist, militaristic/militarist: militarists/militaristic: militaristically/militarize: demilitarize, militarization, militarized, militarizes, militarizing, remilitarize/remilitarise: remilitarisation/remilitarize: remilitarization, remilitarized, remilitarizes, remilitarizing/unmilitary: unmilitarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The military training is the only part of their activities that is still really active,” Verkhovsky said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s military conquered the West Bank in a matter of days 50 years ago this June in a war against neighboring Arab states.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 军事的; 军用的; 讨厌的; 好战的
n. 军人; 军队; 武装力量
分布：军队(83%)，军事的(17%)
→来自拉丁语militaris,战士的，战争的，来自miles,战士，可能来自希腊语homilos,集会人群，队伍，来自sem,一，一起，词源同same,assembly.
军人的,军队的(milit+ary)[milit=soldier,表示"兵"]
a.军事的,军用的,军队的In the library, arbitrary the librarian wrote the auxiliary diary about military literature.在图书馆,武断的图书管理员写下了有关军事文学的辅助日记.
【记】mili米粒，吃米粒长大的人－军人
【参】militia（n 民兵）
US [-ter.i] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or belonging to the armed forces 军事的；军用的
• foreign military intervention 外国军事干预
• military targets/forces 军事目标／力量
• military uniform 军装
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a characteristic that is typical of the armed forces 富有军队特点的
• military precision 军事行动般的精确
UK ['mɪl.ɪ.tri] US [-ter.i] noun
the military
 IMPROVER
■the armed forces 武装部队；军方
• The military has opposed any cuts in defence spending. 军方反对任何裁减国防开支的举措。
adj. 军事的；军人的；适于战争的
 - martial, soldierly
n. 军队；军人
 - force, soldier, battalion

Word: develop
Front: develop
[dɪˈveləp] (中高托 484/400 -K5)
Vocabulary: develop
(once / 35 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v
When something develops, it grows. And if you develop something, you create it. Your cold might develop into a rare disease, and you might just develop the vaccine to stop its spread.
Develop is a verb that means to build up, grow, or improve gradually over time. A developer is someone who develops land into shopping malls, schools, and skyscrapers. The process can take months, but eventually they will transform a pile of dirt into a building. Many years ago, people would develop photographs by dipping them into various chemicals. As the pictures developed, an image would gradually appear.
WORD FAMILY
develop: developed, developer, developing, development, develops, redevelop, underdevelop+/ developed: undeveloped/developer: developers/ development: developmental, developments, nondevelopment/ developmental: developmentally/redevelop: redeveloped, redeveloping, redevelopment/underdevelop: underdeveloped, underdeveloping, underdevelopment
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
“North Korea just stated that it is in the final stages of developing a nuclear weapon capable of reaching parts of the U.S.,”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s areas I need to develop and grow,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 发展; 生长; 形成; 发达
vt. 发展; 开发; 研制; 冲洗（胶片）
时态：developed, developing, develops
分布：发展(62%)，开发(33%)，发育(5%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-velop, 裹，围住，词源同envelop,wind. 即去除限制使发展。
发展[velop=cover(盖上)]
v.发展,开发,研制;显现,显影;发育,生长Several industries are developing in this area.几种工业正在这个地区发展.
verb
GROW 生长
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) grow or change into a more advanced, larger or stronger form （使）发展；（使）发育；（使）成长
• It became clear that he wasn't developing like all the other little boys. 显然他没有像其他小男孩那样正常生长发育。
• The fear is that these minor clashes may develop into all-out confrontation. 人们担心这些小小的冲突可能会演变成全面的对抗。
• Over time, their acquaintance developed into a lasting friendship. 随着时间的推移，他们的泛泛之交变成了巩固的友谊。
• This exercise is designed to develop the shoulder and back muscles. 这项练习旨在锻炼肩部和背部的肌肉。
• I'm looking for a job which will enable me to develop my skills/talents. 我在寻找一份可以提高自己技能／才能的工作。
[dɪ'vel.əp] verb
START 开创
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to invent something or bring something into existence 开发；制定
• We must develop a new policy/strategy to deal with the problem. 我们必须制定一项新政策／策略来处理这个问题。
• The company is spending $650 million on developing new products/technology. 该公司将斥资6.5亿美元用于新产品／技术的开发。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to start to happen or exist 发生；出现
• Large cracks began to develop in the wall. 墙上开始出现了一些很大的裂缝。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If you develop an illness or problem, or if it develops, you start to suffer from it 患上，患（病）；逐渐形成（疾病或问题）
• The study showed that one in twelve women is likely to develop breast cancer. 这项研究表明约有十二分之一的妇女可能会患乳腺癌。
• She's developed some very strange habits lately. 她近来养成了一些怪习惯。
transitive
■to build houses, factories, shops, etc. on a piece of land 开发，建设
• They're planning to develop the whole site into a shopping complex. 他们计划把这一整片地皮开发，建设成购物中心。
[dɪ'vel.əp] verb
PROCESS FILM 显影
intransitive or transitive
■to make photographs or negatives from a film （使）显影；冲晒
• I haven't had my holiday photos developed yet. 我的渡假相片还未冲晒出来。
[dɪ'vel.əp] verb
  Common Learner Errors  developWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using develop in the past tense. The past simple and past participle have 'p'. Don't write 'developped', write developed. The -ing form is developing.
mature, age, develop, ripen
这组词都有“成熟、长成”的意思，其区别是：
mature: 指生物自然发育成熟或丰满或使其能起正常作用，还可指人获得智慧、经验或变得世故。
age: 一般指使人过早成熟，强调已走向衰老。
develop: 侧重使某一种类或个体潜在本能进化完全，词义比mature广泛。
ripen: 侧重已到长生成熟的顶点。
vt. 开发；进步；使成长；使显影
 - exploit, open up
vi. 发育；生长；进化；显露
 - grow, flower

Word: average
Front: average
[ˈævərɪdʒ] (高研四托雅 1299/1527 -K4)
Vocabulary: average
(once / 93 pages)
1nadjv 2adj
If something is average, it's ordinary and not very special. You might say a movie was average if you thought it was just okay.
Average can describe what's true most of the time, as in, “The average rainfall in Seattle is fifty-two inches.” It can also be used in a mathematical and more precise way. On his English tests, Dylan received grades of 92%, 85% and 94%. His average grade was 90%, or the sum of the test scores divided by the number of tests taken.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
mean / median / average
Wordsmiths sometimes dislike numbers, or at least have a hard time grasping them. These words offer us an opportunity to better understand numbers and use their terms more precisely in writing and speaking.
Let's say we have a set of numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 56
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, of this set is 33. The mean is the sum of all the numbers in the set (167) divided by the amount of numbers in the set (5).
The median is the middle point of a number set, in which half the numbers are above the median and half are below. In our set above, the median is 30. But what if your number set has an even number of, er, numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 52
- 56
To calculate the median here, add the two middle numbers (30 + 47) and divide by 2. The median for our new list is 38.5.
So far, so good. But what about average? The average of a set of numbers is the same as its mean; they're synonyms.
Let's see our terms in action:
Performance is calculated by the arithmetic mean of the returns in an equally weighted portfolio of individual stocks, on a quarterly basis.
The median single-family homeowner in town will pay $175 more in property taxes this year.
Average retail gas prices in California fell 1.3 cents in the last week, putting the average tank of gas at $3.13 per gallon.
While we wordy types may still struggle to understand what an "equally weighted portfolio" is, wonder whether we are median single-family homeowners, or continue to look for lower-than-average gas prices, at least we know how the mean, median, and average were calculated.
WORD FAMILY
average: averaged, averagely, averageness, averages, averaging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though he averaged more than 300 yards off the tee, Walker ranked 183rd in driving accuracy, hitting 48 percent of his fairways.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Notre Dame’s Lindsay Allen began the game ranked No. 8 nationally with an average of 7.2 assists and finished the game with eight.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The average private sector income in Finland is €3,500 per month, according to official data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 平常的; 平均的; 典型的; （价值、比率等的）平均数的
n. 平均水平; （速度等的）平均率; 平均估价
vt. [数学] 计算…的平均值; 调和，拉平; 分摊; 按比例（或平均）分配（利润等）
vi. 平均：作为或达到一个中间值; 维持（有利的）平均价格
时态：averaged, averaging, averages
分布：平均水平(33%)，平均数(30%)，平均的(16%)，一般的(14%)，达到平均水平(3%)，通常的(2%)，取平均值(2%)
→来自阿拉伯语，指海损货品，在古时没有保险机构的情况下，各货主按各自货品价值共同承担损失，后词义转为平均，原义见保险行业术语general average, 共同海损。
n.平均,平均数a.平均的;普通的v.平均If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
US [-ɚ-] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts 平均数；平均
• The average of the three numbers 7, 12 and 20 is 13, because the total of 7, 12 and 20 is 39, and 39 divided by 3 is 13. 7、12和20这三个数的平均数是13，因为7、12和20的和是39，而39除以3是13。
• Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year. 物价与去年相比平均上涨4%。
• My income's rather variable, but I earn £73 a day on average. 我的收入很不稳定，但是平均每天赚73英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] noun
USUAL STANDARD 一般标准
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a standard or level which is considered to be typical or usual 一般水准；一般水准；平均水准
• The audience figures were lower than average for this sort of film. 对于这种类型的电影而言，这样的观众人数是低于一般水准的。
• In western Europe, a 7- to 8-hour working day is about the average. 在西欧，一天工作七到八小时基本是平均水准。
• On average, people who don't smoke are healthier than people who do. 一般而言，不抽烟的人比抽烟的人身体健康。
• The quality of candidates was (well) below/above average. 这些候选人的素质（大大）低于／高于一般水准。
• I expect to spend an average of $15 to $20 on a meal in a restaurant. 我去餐厅吃饭，一般一顿饭也就想花15到20英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to reach a particular amount as an average 平均数是；平均为
• Enquiries to our office average 1000 calls a month. 我们办公室每个月平均接到1000个询问电话。
• Many doctors average (= work an average of) 70 hours a week. 很多医生每周平均工作70个小时。
• Trainee accountants average (= earn an average of) £12 000 per year. 实习会计师平均每年收入12 000英镑。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] average sth out
■to calculate the average of a set of numbers or amounts 算出…的平均数
• If I average out what I earn a month, it's about one and a half thousand pounds. 如果要算算我每月平均赚多少钱的话，大约是1500英镑吧。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  average out
■to be or become equal in amount or number 数量相当；达到平衡
• The highs and lows of life tend to average out in the end. 人生一世，往往起起落落，到头来还算公道。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  average out at sth
■to have a particular number or amount as the average 算出的平均值是；平均为
• My annual holiday varies, but it averages out at five weeks a year. 我每年的假期时间长短不等，但是平均算来是每年5周。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■An average number is the number you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts. 平均的
• average earnings/income/rainfall 平均工资／收入／降雨量
• The average age of the US soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War was 19. 参加越南战争的美国士兵平均年龄是19岁。
UK ['æv.ər.ɪdʒ] US [-ɚ-] adjective
USUAL 一般标准
 ESSENTIAL
■typical and usual 普通的；平常的；中等的；一般的
• The average person in the street is a lot better off than they were forty years ago. 再普通再一般的人也要比40年前富裕多了。
• a student of average ability 才智平平的学生
• The food was fairly average (= not excellent, although not bad). 那里的食物很一般。
mean, average
mean: 中间，中数
average: 平均数，一般水平
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
medium, median, average
这些形容词均含“中等的，平均的，适中的”之意。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
mediam, average, medium
这组词都有“中等的，平均的，适中的”的意思，其区别是：
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
n. 平均； [数] 平均数； [保险] 海损
 - evenness, typical value
adj. [数] 平均的；普通的
 - mean, ordinary, general

Word: themselves
Front: themselves
[ðəmˈselvz] (中高 449/394 -K5)
Back: pron. 他[她，它]们自己; 他们亲自; “himself”的复数; “herself”的复数
分布：他/她/它们自己(34%)，指性别不详的人时用以代替himself或herself(33%)，他/她/它们亲自(33%)
pron.他(她,它)们自己;他(她,它)们亲自They made themselves tired.他们把自己弄得很累.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■reflexive form of 'they', sometimes used for emphasis （they 的反身形式）他们自己，她们自己，它们自己
• Did they enjoy themselves at the theatre? 他们在戏院里开心吗？
• They asked themselves where they had gone wrong. 他们在反省自己哪里出错。
• formal They themselves had no knowledge of what was happening. 她们自己对于正在发生的事一无所知。
• They collected the evidence (all by) themselves (= without help). 他们（完全）靠他们自己收集证据。
• They had the whole campsite to themselves (= They were alone and did not have to share it with anyone). 整个宿营营地就只有他们自己。
• These facts are unimportant in themselves (= when considered alone) , but if you put them together, they may mean more. 这些事实孤立来看并不重要，但一旦放在一起可能就会说明更多问题。
[ðəm'selvz] pronoun
keep (themselves) to themselves
■If people keep (themselves) to themselves, they do not socialize with other people 自我封闭，不与他人来往
• Our neighbours keep (themselves) to themselves. 我们的邻居不和别人来往。
[ðəm'selvz] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  themselvesRemember: plural reflexive pronouns end in -selves. Don't write 'themselfs' or 'theirselfs, write themselves :
✗ The children really enjoyed themself at the zoo.

Word: break
Front: break
[breɪk] (中高雅 494/519 -K5)
Vocabulary: break
(once / 16 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4vn 5vn 6vn 7vn 8n 9n 10v 11v
When you break something, you ruin it. When you take a break, you stop and rest. If you play catch during your lunch break, try not to break any windows.
The verb break means to fracture or crack or destroy something while the noun refers to an interruption or a little time off. To "break the ice" is to warm up a conversation that's a little awkward or cold because the people involved don't know one another. In theater, the superstitious saying "break a leg" is a way of wishing "good luck" without jinxing someone — strange, but true.
WORD FAMILY
break: breakable, breakage, breaker, breaking, breaks, broke, broken+/breakable: breakability, breakableness, breakables, unbreakable/breakage: breakages/breaker: breakers/breaking: breakings/broke: brokest/broken: brokenest, brokenly, unbroken/unbreakable: unbreakableness, unbreakably/unbroken: unbrokenly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Resnais was a director of documentaries about art, whose turn to fiction filmmaking coincided with the breaking of the New Wave.
The New Yorker(Jan 03, 2017)
Today, Fletcher Bowron Square, at the mall’s north end, is frequented primarily by homeless people who seem untroubled by its broken pavement and dying landscaping.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“If a mob breaks in, they will do terrible things,” Swani said he told her and her mother.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. （使）破; 打破（纪录）; （常指好天气）突变; 开始
vi. （嗓音）突变; 突破; 破晓; （价格）突然下跌
n. 破裂; 中间休息; 间断; 短假
时态：broke, broken, breaking, breaks
分布：休息(62%)，中断(13%)，破裂(8%)，折断(6%)，好运(3%)，打碎(2%)，透露(2%)，结束(1%)，违背(1%)，解决(1%)，变弱(1%)
→来自PIE *bhreg, 破开，同fraction, 碎片。
vt.打破;中止;违反vi.破(裂)n.休息时间Let's have a break.让我们休息一会儿.
verb (broke, broken)
DAMAGE 损坏
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) separate suddenly or violently into two or more pieces, or to (cause something to) stop working by being damaged 破碎，破裂；打破；打断；损坏，弄坏
• The dish fell to the floor and broke. 碟子掉到地上摔碎了。
• Charles is always breaking things. 查尔斯老是打碎东西。
• She fell and broke her arm (= broke the bone in her arm). 她摔断了胳膊。
• I dropped the vase and it broke into pieces. 我把花瓶掉在地上摔碎了。
• I think I've broken your cassette player. 我想我弄坏了你的卡式录音机。
• I picked it up and the handle broke off. 我把它捡了起来，可是手柄断了。
• We heard the sound of breaking glass. 我们听见玻璃破碎的声音。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
END 结束
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to destroy or end something, or to come to an end 毁坏，打破；结束，终结
• Eventually someone spoke, breaking the silence. 最后终于有人开口打破了沉默。
• She laughed and that broke the tension. 她大笑起来，打破了紧张气氛。
• The enemy were unable to break the code (= understand it and so make it useless). 敌人无法破译密码。
• Outside workers were brought in in an attempt to break (= end) the strike. 外面的工人被调进来以结束罢工。
break a/the record
■to do something better than the best known speed, time, number, etc. previously achieved 打破纪录
• She broke the record for the 5000 metres. 她打破了5000米的纪录。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
NOT OBEY 违背
 ADVANCED transitive
■to fail to keep a law, rule or promise 破坏；违反；违背
• He didn't know he was breaking the law (= doing something illegal). 他不知道自己的行为是犯法的。
• She broke her promise/word to me (= did not do what she promised she would). 她违背了对我的诺言。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
DIVIDE 分开
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to (cause something to) divide into two or more parts or groups 打乱；打破；分散；分开；分解
• These enzymes break down food in the stomach (= cause food to separate into smaller pieces). 这些酵素在胃中分解食物。
• I asked her to break her expenses down into food, accommodation, travel and personal costs. 我叫她把日常开支细分为食品、住宿、旅行和个人花费。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
INTERRUPT 打断
transitive
■to interrupt or to stop something for a short period 打断；中断，中止
• We usually break for lunch at 12.30. 我们通常12点半休息吃午餐。
• I needed something to break the monotony of my typing job. 我需要做点甚么来打发打字工作的单调。
• The phone rang, breaking my concentration. 电话响了，打断了我的注意。
• UK They decided to break their journey in Singapore. 他们决定在新加坡稍作停留。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
USE FORCE 用力
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to go somewhere or do something by force 急冲；猛闯；突破
• He threatened to break the door down (= enter using force). 他威胁要砸门进来。
• The horse tried to break free from its stable. 那匹马想从马厩里挣脱出去。
• In the storm the boat broke loose from its moorings. 暴风雨中船脱开了缆绳。
• The thieves broke the safe open and stole the diamonds. 盗贼撬开保险箱偷走了钻石。
• The police broke up the fight (= ended it forcefully). 警方强行制止了打斗。
• She broke his grip and ran away. 她用力挣脱了他的手，跑开了。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
EMOTION 情绪
intransitive or transitive
■to lose your self-control, confidence, determination, etc., or to make someone do this （使）（自控能力、信心、意志等）崩溃
• He thought she would break under the strain. 他觉得她在压力之下会崩溃的。
• They tried to break his will (= make him lose his control) but he resisted. 他们企图使他失去自控，但他顶住了。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
BECOME KNOWN 泄漏
intransitive or transitive
■to come or bring to notice; to (cause to) be known 暴露，泄漏；透漏；传开
• When the scandal broke (= came to the public's attention) , the company director committed suicide. 丑闻曝光后公司主管自杀了。
• It was the local newspaper which first broke the story (= told the public). 是当地的报纸首先披露了这件事。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
WAVES 波浪
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of waves) to reach and move over the beach, hit a cliff or wall, etc. （波浪）拍岸，迸溅
• A huge wave broke on/against the shore/ over the boat. 一个大浪拍打岸边／冲上轮船。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
DAY 黎明
dawn/day breaks
■When dawn or day breaks, the sun starts to appear in the sky early in the morning （晨光）初现；（天）破晓
• Dawn broke over the city. 城市上空，天光破晓。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
VOICE 嗓音
intransitive
■If someone's voice breaks, it changes from one state to another （嗓音）改变
• When a boy's voice breaks it begins to sound like a man's. 男孩子变声之后，听起来就开始像成年人了。
• Her voice was breaking with emotion as she pleaded for her child's return. 当她苦苦哀求让她的孩子回来时激动得嗓音都变了调。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
SPORT 体育
break serve
■(in tennis) to win a game in which another player is serving (= hitting the ball first) （网球中）破发球
• Sampras broke Ivanisevic's serve in the second set. 森柏斯在第二盘中破了伊万尼塞维奇的发球局。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break your back informal
■to work extremely hard 拼命干活
• He broke his back to get the project done on time. 为了能按时完成企划案他拼命工作。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break sb's heart
■to make someone who loves you very sad, usually by telling them you have stopped loving them 使（某人）伤透了心
• He's broken a lot of girls' hearts. 他令许多女孩伤心欲绝。
■If an event or situation breaks your heart, it makes you feel very sad 使（某人）忧伤，使（某人）难过
• She really broke her mother's heart when she left home. 她离家出走真的伤了她母亲的心。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break bread old use
■to eat a meal 吃饭，进餐
■to take Holy Communion 领圣餐
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break cover
■When an animal or person breaks cover, they run out of their hiding place. 从隐蔽处突然出来，冲出躲藏处
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break down barriers
■to improve understanding and communication between people who have different opinions 扫除障碍，打破藩篱
• The talks were meant to break down barriers between the two groups. 谈判旨在消除双方意见的分歧。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break even
■to have no profit or loss at the end of especially a business activity 收支平衡；（尤指商业活动）不赚不赔
• After paying for our travel costs, we barely (= only just) broke even. 在付完旅行费用后我们刚好收支平衡。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break fresh/new ground
■to do or discover something new 开辟新天地，创新；作出新发现
• This recovery technique breaks new ground. 这种康复技术是一项创新。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break it up informal
■said to stop people fighting 散开，住手，别打架啦
• Break it up, you two! 你们俩别打了！
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break it/the news to sb
■to tell someone about something unpleasant which will affect or upset them 把不好的消息告诉（某人）
• Come on, what happened? Break it to me gently (= in a kind way). 究竟发生了甚么事？好好地告诉我吧。
• I didn't want to be the one to break the news to him. 我可不想把这种消息告诉他。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break ranks
■to publicly show disagreement or criticism of the group that you belong to 与（同一阵营的人）意见不合；与…分道扬镳
• His medical colleagues advised him not to break ranks by talking about the hospital's problems to the newspapers. 他的医院同事劝他不要公开表示不满，向报纸谈论医院的问题。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break the back of sth UK
■to get most or the worst part of a particular task done 完成绝大（或最艰难的）部分
• We've broken the back of it now and we should be finished by Friday. 我们现在已经完成了绝大部分，星期五之前应该能全部完成。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break the bank humorous
■to cost too much 太贵，花钱太多
• It only costs £2. That's not going to break the bank. 只花了两英镑，不算太贵。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break the ice informal
■to make people who have not met before feel more relaxed with each other 打破冷场
• Someone suggested that we play a party game to break the ice. 有人建议我们玩一个集体游戏来打破沉默。
⇒ See also ice-breaker
§/breɪk/ break 1 verb (broke, broken)
break the mould UK (ALSO US break the mold)
■to be new and different 打破常规
• Their approach to sports teaching broke the mould. 他们的体育教学方法打破了常规。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
break wind
■to release gas from the bowels through the bottom 放屁
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
breaking and entering
■illegally forcing your way into a house, especially to steal something （尤指为偷窃）非法破门侵入
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break away
ESCAPE
■to leave or to escape from someone who is holding you 逃跑；挣脱
• He grabbed her, but she managed to break away. 他抓住她，可她设法挣脱了。
• figurative One or two of the tourists broke away from the tour group. 有一两个游客退出了旅游团。
NOT AGREE
■to stop being part of a group because you begin to disagree with them 脱离；决裂
• In the early 1980s some members of the British Labour Party broke away to form the Social Democratic Party. 20世纪80年代早期，英国工党中的一些人脱离出来成立了社会民主党。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break down
MACHINE
 ADVANCED
■If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working （机器或车辆）出故障，损坏
• Our car broke down and we had to push it off the road. 我们的汽车抛锚了，我们只好把它推到路旁。
COMMUNICATION
■If a system, relationship or discussion breaks down, it fails because there is a problem or disagreement. （系统或关系）崩溃，瓦解；（讨论）失败
CRY
■to be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry 忍不住哭了起来
• When we gave her the bad news, she broke down and cried. 当我们告诉她这个坏消息时，她忍不住哭了起来。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] break sb in
■If you break someone in, you train them to do a new job or activity 训练（某人）；培训（某人）
• The boss did not believe in breaking his staff in gently. 老板并不认可逐步训练员工使之逐渐适应工作的方式。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] break sth in
■to wear new shoes or use new equipment for short periods to make them more comfortable 使（新物件经使用后）逐渐合用；磨合
• My new hiking boots will be great once I've broken them in. 我的新爬山靴穿合脚后将会很棒的。
■* US for run sth in
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break in/break into sth
 ADVANCED
■to get into a building or car using force, usually to steal something 闯入，破门而入；强行进入
• The burglars broke in through the kitchen window. 盗贼从厨房的窗户翻了进来。
• My car's been broken into twice this month. 这个月我车上的东西两次被盗。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break in
■to interrupt when someone else is talking 打断谈话，插嘴
• As she was talking, he suddenly broke in, saying, "That's a lie". 她正在说话时，他突然插嘴道：“撒谎！”
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break into sth
■to suddenly begin to do something 突然开始做…
• He felt so happy that he broke into song (= suddenly began to sing). 他高兴得突然唱了起来。
• She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run (= starting to run). 她快步走着，时而跑几步。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] break sth off
SEPARATE
■to separate a part from a larger piece, or to become separate 折断；（使）断开；分开
• He broke off a piece of chocolate. 他掰了一块巧克力。
RELATIONSHIP
■to end a relationship 绝交；终止（某种关系）
• They've broken off their engagement. 他们终止了婚约。
• The governments have broken off diplomatic relations. 这些政府断绝了外交关系。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break (sth) off
■to suddenly stop speaking or doing something 突然停顿；突然中断
• She broke off in the middle of a sentence. 她话说了一半突然打住了。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break out
START
 ADVANCED
■If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks out, it suddenly starts 突然发生；爆发
• War broke out in 1914. 战争于1914年爆发。
• Fighting has broken out all over the city. 战斗在全城打响了。
break out in a rash/spots/sweat
■to suddenly have spots or sweat appear on your skin 突然开始出现斑点／红疹／冒汗
• She broke out in a rash after eating some strawberries. 她吃完草莓后身上突然开始出红疹。
• It didn't take much exercise to make him break out in (a) sweat. 他还没怎么运动就开始出汗了。
• When I heard the noise I broke out in a cold sweat. 我听见那个声音冒出了一身冷汗。
ESCAPE
■to escape from prison 逃出；越狱
• They broke out of prison and fled the country. 他们越狱逃到了国外。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break through sth
■to force yourself through something that is holding you back 突破；克服，打破
• Protesters broke through the barriers. 抗议者突破了障碍物。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] break sth up
■to divide into many pieces, or to divide something into many pieces （把…）分成小块；拆开；分解
• The company has been broken up and sold off. 公司已经被拆分卖掉了。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] break (sth) up
■If an occasion when people meet breaks up or someone breaks it up, it ends and people start to leave 解散；散开
• The meeting broke up at ten to three. 二时五十分散会。
• I don't want to break up the party but I have to go now. 我不想离开大家，可我确实得走了。
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break up
END RELATIONSHIP
 ADVANCED
■If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their marriage or their relationship ends （婚姻）破裂；离婚；分手
• Jenny and George have broken up. 珍妮和乔治已经分手了。
• She's just broken up with her boyfriend. 她刚和男朋友分手。
STOP CLASSES UK
■When schools and colleges, or the teachers and students who go to them break up, their classes stop and the holidays start （学校）放假
• We broke up for the holidays in June. 我们六月份放假。
STOP BEING HEARD
■If someone who is talking on a mobile phone is breaking up, their voice can not fully be heard. （打电话）听不清
[breɪk] verb (broke, broken)
  Phrasal Verbs  break with sth
■to intentionally not continue doing something that is normal, expected or traditional 打破，破除（传统、习惯做法等）
• We decided to break with tradition and not spend Christmas with our family. 我们决定打破传统，圣诞节不和家人一起过。
• The country's leadership is determined to break with past practices and to solve urgent economic problems. 国家的领导层决心打破以前的做法，着力解决迫在眉睫的经济问题。
[breɪk] noun
INTERRUPTION 中断
 IMPROVER countable
■an interruption 中止，中断
• Finally there was a break in the rain and we went out. 雨终于停了，我们都出来了。
 IMPROVER countable mainly UK
■the short period of advertisements between television programmes 广告时间
• I'll make us a cup of tea in the next break. 下次插播广告时我去替大家泡杯茶。
 IMPROVER countable
■a short period of rest, when food or drink is sometimes eaten 休息；（用茶点的）休息时间
• a coffee/ UKtea break 喝咖啡的休息时间／茶歇
• a lunch/dinner break 午／晚餐时间
• We'll take another break at 3.30. 我们三点半再休息一次。
• They worked through the night without a break. 他们连续工作了一个晚上。
• Do you usually take a morning/afternoon break? 你通常上午／下午中间休息吗？
uncountable mainly UK (also breaktime)
■the regular time in the middle of the morning or afternoon, for school students to talk or play, and sometimes have food or drink 课间休息
• We were talking about it at break. 我们课间休息时还在谈论这件事。
countable
■a time away from work or your regular activity, or a holiday （中断工作或日常活动的）休息时间；假期
• Take a couple of weeks off - you need a break. 请几个星期的假吧——你需要休息。
• How long is the Christmas break this year? 今年的圣诞假期有多长？
• We decided to have a short/spring/winter/weekend break in Paris. 我们决定在巴黎停留一下／休春假／休寒假／度周末。
• I'll read your report over (= during) the Easter break. 我将在复活节休假期间看你的报告。
• I need a break from typing. 我需要休息一段时间，不打字。
give sb a break
■to allow someone some time away from their work or regular activities 给…一些休息时间；让…有机会搁下日常的活动或工作
• I babysit every Friday to give her a bit of a (= small) break. 每周五我都负责照顾孩子，好让她能休息一下。
■informal break 2 * to stop criticizing, annoying or behaving in an unpleasant way to someone
停止批评（某人）；饶恕（某人）
• Give her a break - she's only a child and she didn't mean any harm. 饶了她吧——她还只是个孩子，况且她并无恶意。
[breɪk] noun
OPPORTUNITY 机会
countable
■an opportunity for improving a situation, especially one which happens unexpectedly 机会；机缘；好运
• Her big break came when she was offered a role in a Spielberg film. 她在史帝芬．史匹柏执导的影片中得到了一个角色，她的机会来了。
[breɪk] noun
DAMAGE 损坏
countable
■where something has separated in an accident 破裂，裂口，裂缝
• There's a break in the pipe. 管子上有道裂缝。
[breɪk] noun
END 结束
countable
■when you end a relationship, connection or way of doing something 毁坏；打破；结束，终结
• Their decision to not call their daughter Jane was a break with family tradition. 他们决定不给女儿起名为简，这违背了家族传统。
make a break (also make the break)
■to stop having a close relationship with someone, especially stop living with them, or to change a course of action that you have had for a long time 与…结束关系（尤指不再住在一起）；改变（一贯的行为）
• You've been in your job for years - it's time you made a break. 那份工作你已干了多年了——是时候改变一下了。
• When a relationship ends, it's often best to make a clean/complete break (= suddenly and completely stop seeing each other). 结束一段感情最好是一刀两断。
■See also make a break (from/for)
[breɪk] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■in tennis, a game won by the player who was not serving (= hitting the ball first) （网球中的）破发，接发球得分
• Rafter must get another break (of serve)to win. 拉夫特必须再破对方一个发球局才能赢。
countable
■in snooker and billiards , the number of points that a player gets during one turn at hitting the balls （桌球和撞球中的）一杆得分，一次连续得分
[breɪk] noun
ESCAPE 逃避
make a break (from/for)
■to escape from/towards somewhere or something, often by force （常指用暴力）逃离，逃脱
• A group of prisoners made a break from the jail some years back. 几年前一群犯人越狱逃跑了。
• The cat made a break for the door. 那只猫飞快地跑向门口。
• When he let go, I made a break for it (= escaped quickly). 他一放开我，我马上就遛了。
⇒ See also breakout
[breɪk] noun
MORNING 黎明
break of day literary
uncountable
■when the sun rises in the morning 破晓
• We set out at break of day. 我们破晓时分出发。
⇒ See also daybreak
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
break, crush, crack, shatter, smash, burst, fracture
这组词都有“打破、弄碎”的意思，其区别是：
break: 常用词，含义广泛，多指猛然用力将坚硬物打破或损坏。
crush: 指用力把东西压破或变形。
crack: 多指因长期使用或经受压力，物体表现呈现裂纹、裂口或破裂、裂开，但一般没成碎片。
shatter: 指破裂为许多支离破碎的碎片，多用指易碎事物。
smash: 指突然而猛烈地重击某物，使之破碎或完全变形。
burst: 指某物因内部外部压力过大而出现严重破裂、爆开或账破。
fracture: 比crack的破裂程度更深更严重，常指断裂，医学上指骨折。
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
n. 休息，中断；破裂处
 - rest, interruption
vt. 打破，弄破；中断；弄坏；削弱
 - smash in, cut off

Word: despite
Front: despite
[dɪˈspaɪt] (研四六 742/686 -K4)
Vocabulary: despite
(once / 115 pages)
n
Despite is used as a preposition when something happens even though it might have been prevented by something else. You might go see a movie despite hearing a review calling it worse than "Showgirls" and "Ishtar" combined.
Despite is just one letter away from despise, and they actually share a root: the Latin verb despicere, meaning "to look down on scornfully." Despite came to mean "contempt" or "scorn" in English, though that use as a noun has mostly dropped out of use. The phrase "in despite of" gradually got shortened to the preposition despite and lost its scornful quality. If you accomplish something despite the obstacles in your way, there's no need to feel spiteful about it.
WORD FAMILY
despite: despites
USAGE EXAMPLES
Despite the complaints, the Vatican agency that oversees its real estate holdings approved a lease, and the restaurant quietly opened last week without public protests.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite his stubborn refusal to be alarmist, Mass admits there’s climatological drama on our horizon.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Strawberry played despite learning of his maternal grandfather’s death earlier Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 不管; 尽管（自己）不愿意; 不在乎; 虽有
n. 侮辱; 憎恨; 怨恨; 轻蔑的拒绝或不承认
分布：尽管(89%)，不管(8%)，憎恨(2%)，轻视(1%)
→词源同despise,鄙视，-t, 过去分词后缀。用于引申义，尽管（鄙视），仍然。
prep.不管,不顾I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■without taking any notice of or being influenced by; not prevented by 不管；尽管；无论
• I still enjoyed the week despite the weather. 不管天气如何，这一周我过得还是很愉快的。
• Despite repeated assurances that the product is safe, many people have stopped buying it. 尽管已反覆保证了该产品的安全性，很多人还是不再购买。
• [+ -ing verb] He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous breakfast. 尽管早餐吃了很多，他午饭还是大吃了一顿。
  Common Learner Errors  despite Remember that despite is never followed by 'of'. Don't say 'despite of something', say despite something:
✗ She is an excellent assistant, despite of her lack of computer skills. She is an excellent assistant, despite her lack of computer skills. Note that in spite has a similar meaning but is always followed by 'of' In spite of her lack of computer skills, she is an excellent assistant.
[dɪ'spaɪt] preposition
despite yourself
■If you do something despite yourself, you do it although you do not want to or although you know you should not 不由自主地，忍不住地
• He laughed despite himself. 他忍不住笑了起来。
• She took the money from her mother's purse, despite herself. 她忍不住从母亲的银包里拿了钱。
regardless of, in spite of, despite
regardless of: regardless of=without considering or take notice of(有意识的行为，notice: 无意识的行为)
in spite of: in spite of/despite+n=although+clause
despite: despite=in spite of, 因此despite不再与of连用
in spite of, notwithstanding, despite
这组词都有“虽然，尽管”的意思，其区别是：
in spite of: 在这些词中语气最强，可与despite换用，口语或书面语中均可使用。
notwithstanding: 语气最弱，仅表示一种障碍的存在。
despite: 书面用词，指不受某事或某种原因的阻碍，语气轻于in spite of。
prep. 尽管，不管
 - in spite of, for all that
n. 轻视；憎恨；侮辱
 - hate, hatred, contempt

Word: side
Front: side
[saɪd] (中高雅 249/212 -K5)
Back: n. 面，边; 方面; 侧面; 旁边
adj. 侧面的; 旁边的; 次要的，枝节的; 副的
vi. 支持，同意; 偏袒; 附和; 站在…一边
时态：sided, siding, sides
分布：边(44%)，侧(24%)，方面(8%)，支持(7%)，一方(6%)，侧面(5%)，旁边(3%)，次要的(1%)，边缘(1%)，旁的(1%)
→来自古英语 side,边，侧翼，腹部，来自 Proto-Germanic*sido,边，侧，来自 sei,投掷，发 送，悬垂，垂落。
n.旁边,侧面;坡,岸;一边/侧/方vi.支持Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
noun
SURFACE 表面
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat outer surface of an object, especially one that is not the top, the bottom, the front or the back 面；（尤指）侧面
• The names of ships are usually painted on their sides. 船的名字通常漆在船的侧面。
• My room is at the side of the house. 我的房间在这栋房屋的侧面。
• Please write on one side of the paper only. 请只在纸的一面书写。
• I've already written four sides (= pages of writing) for my essay. 我的论文已经写了四页纸了。
• Canadian coins have a picture of the Queen's head on one side. 加拿大硬币的一面有女王的头像。
• Please use the side entrance. 请走侧门。
[saɪd] noun
EDGE 侧边
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an edge or border of something 边；边缘
• A square has four sides. 正方形有四条边。
• There are trees on both sides of the road. 公路两旁都有树。
• They were surrounded on all sides] on every side by curious children. 他们被好奇的孩子们团团围住。
[saɪd] noun
NEXT TO 相邻
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a place next to something 旁边，附近
• I have a small table at/by the side of (= next to) my bed. 我的床边有一张小桌子。
• He stayed at/by her side (= with her) throughout her long illness. 在她久病期间，他一直陪伴着她。
⇒ See also alongside;aside;beside
side by side
■next to each other 肩并肩地；一个挨一个地
• The children sat side by side on the sofa watching television. 孩子们肩并肩地坐在沙发上看电视。
[saɪd] noun
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a part of something, especially in relation to a real or imagined central line 一边；一侧
• He likes to sleep on the right side of the bed. 他喜欢睡在床的右边。
• In Britain, cars drive on the left side of the road. 在英国，汽车靠左侧行驶。
• There is no money on my mother's side (of the family). 我娘家那边没有钱。
• I could just see Joan on the far/other side of the room. 我能看见琼在房间的另一边。
• Children came running from all sides (= from all directions). 孩子们从四面八方跑来。
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the part of the body from under the arm to the top of the leg 肋，肋部
• I have a pain in my side. 我的肋部疼痛。
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a television channel 电视频道
• What side is 'Coronation Street' on? 哪家电视台在播出《加冕街》？
from side to side
■from left to right and from right to left 左右，来回
• The curtains were swinging from side to side in the breeze. 窗帘在微风中来回摆动。
countable usually singular
■half of an animal's body, considered as meat （动物的）肋肉
• She bought a side of lamb from the butcher's shop. 她从肉店里买了半扇羔羊肉。
[saɪd] noun
OPPOSING GROUP 对立方
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■one of two or more opposing teams or groups （多个相互对立的团队中的）一方
• This is a war which neither side can win. 这是一场双方都无法打赢的战争。
• Our side (= team) lost again on Saturday. 我们队星期六又输了。
• Whose/which side are you on (= which team are you playing for/supporting) ? 你是哪个队的？
• Don't be angry with me - I'm on your side (= I want to help you). 不要生我的气——我是为了你好。
take sides
■to support one person or group rather than another, in an argument or war （在争论或战争中）表明立场，支持一方
• My mother never takes sides when my brother and I argue. 我和弟弟吵架时，我母亲从不偏袒任何一方。
take sb's side
■to support someone in an argument （在争论中）支持（某人）
• My mother always takes my father's side when I argue with him. 我和父亲争论时，母亲总是站在他一边。
[saɪd] noun
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED countable
■an opinion held in an argument; a way of considering something （争论中的）观点；考虑的角度
• There are at least two sides to every question. 每个问题至少有两个方面。
• I've listened to your side of the story , but I still think you were wrong to do what you did. 我已经听过你对此事的说法，但我仍然认为你的所作所为是错误的。
[saɪd] noun
CHARACTER 性格
countable
■a part of someone's character （性格的）方面
• She seems quite fierce, but actually she has a gentle side. 她看起来很凶，但实际上她也有温柔的一面。
[saɪd] noun
be two sides of the same coin (be different/opposite sides of the same coin)
■If two things are two sides of the same coin, they are very closely related although they seem different 一枚硬币的两面；一个问题的两个方面（如果两件事物是“一枚硬币的两面”，表示两者看起来虽然不同，但关系非常密切）
• Violent behaviour and deep insecurity are often two sides of the same coin. 暴力行为和深层次的不安全感，常常是一个问题的两个方面。
[saɪd] noun
come down on one side of the fence or the other
■to make a decision between two opposing points of view 在两个相反的观点中作出选择
• The election is next week, so you'll have to come down on one side of the fence or other by then. 下周就要选举了，因此你到时必须在两者中作出选择。
[saɪd] noun
get on the right/wrong side of sb
■to make someone pleased/annoyed with you （讨某人）喜欢／令（某人）厌恶
• As a teenager, Clare was always getting on the wrong side of her mother. 克莱尔十几岁的时候总是惹母亲生气。
[saɪd] noun
have sth on your side
■If you have something on your side, it gives you an advantage when you are trying to achieve something 有…的优势
• I thought I would get the job, but the other person who was being considered for it had experience on his side. 我觉得我能得到那份工作，但另外那个人有经验方面的优势。
[saɪd] noun
keep on the right side of sb
■to try to make certain that someone is pleased with you 避免得罪（某人）； 争取（某人）的好感
• Paul kept on the right side of his teachers by doing masses of work. 保罗透过做大量的杂事来获得老师的好感。
[saɪd] noun
on the large / small , etc. side
■too large, small, etc. for a particular purpose 太大／太小等
• This dress is rather on the large side for me. 对我来说，这件裙子太大了。
[saɪd] noun
on the right / wrong side of 40/50, etc.
■looking younger/older than a particular age 看起来比某一年龄小／大
• She looks to me as if she's on the wrong side of 50. 在我看来，她看起来不只50岁。
[saɪd] noun
on the right / wrong side of the law
■obeying/not obeying the law 遵守／违反法律
• After coming out of prison, he tried to stay on the right side of the law. 出狱后，他努力遵规守法。
[saɪd] noun
on the side
■in addition to your main job 兼职
• He makes a little money on the side by cleaning windows in his spare time. 他靠业余时间兼职清洗窗户赚些零用钱。
■secretly 秘密地
• I think he has another woman on the side (= a relationship with a woman who is not his wife). 我认为他还有别的女人。
mainly US (of food in a restaurant) served on another plate, or not on part of the meal （餐馆中的食物）装在另一个盘子里；作为配菜
• I'd like a salad with the dressing on the side (= with the dressing served separately from the salad) , please. 我要一盘沙拉，调味酱单独盛盘。
• I'll have a omelette with fries on the side, please. 我要一个煎蛋饼，另要一盘炸薯条。
[saɪd] noun
the other side of the coin
■a different way of considering a situation, making it seem either better or worse than it did originally 事情的另一面
• I like having a white car, but the other side of the coin is that it soon gets dirty. 我想要一辆白色的轿车，但从另一方面考虑，白色的车不耐脏。
[saɪd] noun
put/lay sth on/to one side
■to not use something, especially an amount of money, in order to keep it for later use 把（尤指钱）存起来以便日后使用
• We have put some money on one side for next year's summer holiday. 我们已经为明年的暑假存了一些钱。
[saɪd] noun
put/leave sth on/to one side
■to stop talking about a particular subject 停止谈论，把…放到一边
• Can we leave the issue of pay on one side for the moment? 我们能不能暂时不谈工资的事情？
[saɪd] noun
take/lead sb on/to one side
■to have a private talk with someone 和（某人）私下交谈
• Bill's father took him to one side and told him to stop behaving so badly. 比尔的父亲和他私下进行了交谈，让他别再那么无礼了。
[saɪd] noun
this side of sth
■before reaching a particular age, date, place, etc. 不到（某年龄）；在（某日期）之前；在（某地方）之外
• I can't believe she's this side of 50. 我无法相信她还不到50岁。
• We don't expect to see Gideon this side of Christmas. 我们不指望在圣诞节前见到吉迪恩。
• This is the best pizza I've eaten this side of (= anywhere other than) Rome. 这是我在罗马以外的地方吃到的最好的比萨。
• Parenting is the most rewarding thing I will do this side of the grave (= in life). 为人父母将是我一生中最值得一做的事。
[saɪd] noun
the wrong / other side of the tracks
■a part of a town that is considered poor and dangerous 贫民区（城镇中被视为贫困和危险的区域）
• Her boyfriend came from the wrong side of the tracks. 她的男朋友来自贫民区。
[saɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  side with sb
■to support one person or group in an argument （在争论中）支持（某人或某方），站在（某人）一边 side 1 1. If ever there was any sort of argument, she'd always side with my father against me.
只要有争论，她就总是站在我父亲一边反对我。
[saɪd] adjective [before noun]
■not in or at the centre or main part of something 边；边缘
• We parked the car on a side street/road (= a small road, especially one that joins on to a main road). 我把汽车停在小路上。
• I think that's a side issue (= a subject which is separate from the main one) which we should talk about later. 我认为这是个次要问题，我们应该以后再讨论。
• I'd like a side dish / mainly USside order of potatoes, please (= some potatoes on a separate plate). 我想要盘马铃薯作为配菜。
aspect, side, phase, angle
这组词都有“方面”的意思，其区别是：
aspect: 着重以特定观点对事物进行观察或考虑。
side: 可与aspect和phase换用，但更着重构成事物全貌的一个或多个方面。
phase: 指可以对事物进行观察或描述或考虑的任何方面。
angle: 专指从某一角度去观察、考虑事物的某个方面。
n. 方面；侧面；旁边
 - aspect, respect
vi. 支持；赞助；偏袒
 - support of, root for
vt. 同意，支持
 - undertake, encourage, carry, second, back

Word: region
Front: region
[ˈri:dʒən] (研四六雅 793/713 -K4)
Vocabulary: region
(once / 66 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A region is an area. A region can be geographic — like a part of a country. A region can be intellectual — like a region of the mind. There are also bodily regions — like abdominal, thoracic, and posterior.
A region is any space that is distinct from another area. The word region is from the Latin regionem which means “direction, boundary, district.” When you go to California you may want to travel north to the wine region, which will stimulate the taste-receptor region of your brain. After that, if you go south to the filmmaking region of Hollywood, you will excite the “movie-and-entertainment” region of your mind.
WORD FAMILY
region: regional, regions+/ regional: regionalism, regionally/regionalism: regionalisms
USAGE EXAMPLES
Across the region, health clubs and fitness studios are preparing for peak season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back then the establishment view was that a two-state solution was the key to unlocking stability for the region.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He was scheduled later to travel to the country’s self-governing northern Kurdish region to meet French troops and local officials.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地区，地域，地带; 行政区，管辖区; （大气，海水等的）层，界，境; （学问等的）范围，领域
分布：地区(87%)，范围(4%)，地带(4%)，领域(3%)，地域(2%)
→来自拉丁语 regere,统治，管理，词源同 regulate.即管理区域。
n.地区,地带,行政区,(科学等)领域They explored this desert region in 1923.他们于1923年在这荒漠地区探险.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a particular area or part of the world, of the body, etc., or any of the large official areas into which a country is divided 区域，地区；（身体）部位；（国家的）行政区
• the semi-desert regions of Australia 澳大利亚的半沙漠地区
• the Birmingham region 伯明罕地区
• He said he had sharp pains in the stomach region/the region of the stomach. 他说他的胃部剧痛。
in the region of
■approximately 大约；接近；差不多
• They estimate that the temperature yesterday was (somewhere) in the region of -30°C. 他们估计昨天的气温在零下30摄氏度左右。
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, setting, realm
region: 地区
setting: 场所，背景，环境
realm: 王国，领域
region, vicinity, area, district, zone
这组词都有“区域”的意思，其区别是：
region: n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区"；身体部位。
 • The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.   美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity: n.周围地区，附近地区。
 • The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.   警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
area: n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专业领域。
 • The New York area has high rents.   纽约地区房租很高。
district: n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
zone: n.指特定的地方、地带。
 • The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.   市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. [地理] 地区；范围； [医] 部位
 - area, extent, boundary, zone, spectrum, territory

Word: quarter
Front: quarter
[ˈkwɔ:tə(r)] (中高托雅 1401/1085 -K4)
Vocabulary: quarter
(once / 49 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n 7v
A quarter is one-fourth of something. If you cut a pizza into four pieces and share it with three friends, each of you will eat a quarter of the pizza.
A quarter is the same thing as twenty-five percent of something. Many sporting events are divided this way, and you'll often hear sports commentators saying things like, "Here is the score at the end of the first quarter." The Latin word quartus, "fourth," is at the root of quarter, and the earliest — and goriest — use specifically referred to a form of execution that involved dismembering a prisoner's body into four pieces, or quarters.
WORD FAMILY
quarter: forequarter, quartered, quartering, quarterly, quarters +/forequarter: forequarters/quartering: quarterings/quarterly: quarterlies
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We held this team to 101 points on their home floor, and I thought our offense in that third quarter was the difference.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Only about a quarter of the city is back under government control, and the presence of more than 1 million civilians is complicating the effort.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 四分之一; 一刻钟; 地区; （美式足球的）一节
vt. 把…四等分; 供…住宿; 使（士兵）驻扎
时态：quartered, quartering, quarters
分布：四分之一(38%)，一季(26%)，区(14%)，一刻钟(10%)，四分之一的(7%)，方向(2%)，25美分(2%)，四等分(1%)
→来自拉丁语quartus,四分之一，词源同four,quadrille.引申词义季度，刻钟。后用于指城区的部分，营房，住宿区等。
n.四分之一;季;一刻钟;(pl.)方向;(pl.)住处The quarrelsome general quarreled about a quarter quart of oil in the headquarters.好争吵的将军在司令部为四分之一夸脱油而争吵.
US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
FOURTH PART 四分之一
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of four equal or almost equal parts of something; ¼ 四分之一；¼
• He cut the orange into quarters. 他把橘子切成了4块。
• Under a quarter of people questioned said that they were happily married. 不到1/4的受访者表示他们的婚姻很幸福。
• My house is situated a mile and three-quarters from here. 我的房子距离这里1.75英里。
a quarter of an hour
 ESSENTIAL
■15 minutes 十五分钟，一刻钟
• I waited a quarter of an hour and then went home. 我等了十五分钟然后就回家了。
• I was there three-quarters of an hour. 我在那里逗留了四十五分钟。
• an hour and three-quarters 1小时45分钟
a quarter to two/three/four etc. (also US a quarter of two/three/four, etc.)
 ESSENTIAL
■ 15 minutes before two/three/four, etc 差十五分钟两点/三点/四点等
• It was a quarter to six when I left. 我离开时差十五分钟到六点。
a quarter past two/three/four etc. (also US a quarter after two/three/four, etc.)
 ESSENTIAL
■also US after two/three/four, etc. 15 minutes after two/three/four, etc 两点/三点/四点等过十五分钟
• I'll meet you at a quarter past five. 我们五点十五分见。
countable
■one of four periods of time into which a year is divided for financial calculations, such as for profits or taxes 季度
• There was a fall in unemployment in the second quarter of the year. 今年第二季的失业率有所下降。
• I get an electricity bill every quarter. 我每季都会收到一份电费帐单。
countable
■one of four periods in a game of American football and other ball sports （橄榄球赛或其他球赛的）一节，一局
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable
■in the US and Canada, a coin worth 25 cents （美国和加拿大的）25分硬币
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
AREA 地区
countable
■an area of a town where a particular group of people live or work or where a particular activity happens （城镇的）区
• This is the bustling commercial quarter of the city. 这里是该城繁华的商业区。
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
PEOPLE 人
countable
■one or more people who provide help, information or a particular reaction to something but who are not usually named （提供帮助、讯息或作出反应的）个人，群体
• Help came from an unexpected quarter. 伸出援手的是个意料之外的人。
• There is a feeling in certain/some quarters (= Some people consider) that a change is needed. 有些人认为有需要进行一次变革。
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
PLACE TO LIVE 住处
quarters [plural]
■a room or house that has been provided, especially for servants or soldiers and their families, to live in （尤指）仆人的住处，部队的营房
• The army's married quarters are just outside the town. 已婚军人的营房就在城外不远地方。
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] noun
FORGIVENESS 宽恕
uncountable literary
■a show of kindness and forgiveness towards a person that you have defeated, especially in allowing them to live （对败者的）宽恕，仁慈，（尤指）饶命
• We can expect no quarter from our enemies. 我们不能指望敌人会饶恕我们。
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] verb
CUT INTO FOUR 切成四部分
transitive often passive
■to cut something into four parts 把…切成四部分
UK ['kwɔ:.tər] US ['kwɑ:.tˌɚ] verb
SOLDIER 士兵
transitive usually passive [+ adv/prep]
■to send especially soldiers to live in a place 使（尤指部队）驻扎
• The soldiers were quartered with (= they lived with) local villagers during the war. 在战争期间，士兵们住在当地村民的家里。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 季度； [数] 四分之一；地区；一刻钟；方向；两角五分
 - region, area, direction, orientation, aspect
vi. 驻扎；住宿
 - room, stop at

Word: asset
Front: asset
[ˈæset] (研六托雅宝 2094/1498 -4)
Vocabulary: asset
(once / 315 pages)
n
An asset is something you have that is positive. It can mean a piece of property, a piece of equipment, an ability, or even a quality.
"Her facility with math is an asset when it comes to figuring out the restaurant tab. She is an asset to the group." A person's overall financial picture is determined by lining up everything they own in the asset column, and everything they own in the liability (or debit) column.
WORD FAMILY
asset: assets
USAGE EXAMPLES
But growth did slow slightly more than expected, in a sign that government measures to rein in soaring asset prices are affecting the broader economy.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“We urge you to preserve this critical U.S. strategic asset,” the letter read.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
During downturns, businesses typically cut capital investment—spending that increases or improves physical assets like buildings, equipment and computers.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 资产，财产; 有价值的人或物; 有用的东西; 优点
分布：资产(95%)，优点(4%)，有用的东西(1%)
n.(pl.)资产,财产;有价值的物品;天赋Good health is a great asset for me.对我来说,健康是最大的财富.
【反】liability（n 负债）
noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a useful or valuable quality, skill or person 优点，长处；有用的人
• He'll be a great asset to the team. 他将会成为球队的得力主将。
• Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature). 她的眼睛是她最迷人的地方。
• Knowledge of languages is a real asset in this sort of work. 做这项工作，通晓数种语言确实是一种优势。
 IMPROVER countable usually plural
■something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts 资产；财产
• A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software. 一间公司的资产可包括现金、投资、房屋、机器设备、专业技术以及诸如音乐、电脑软体之类的版权物。
• liquid assets (= money or things which can easily be changed into money) 流动资产
Compare liabilities at liability
n. [经] 资产；优点；有用的东西；有利条件
 - substance, virtue, advantage, finances

Word: executive
Front: executive
[ɪgˈzekjətɪv] (研四六托雅 863/1094 -K4)
Vocabulary: executive
(once / 92 pages)
nadj
An executive is a powerful person who is responsible for making things run smoothly. If you become an executive, you might be in charge of an organization, a business, or even an entire country.
The executive of a company has the best office and works on ways to make their business more successful. The Medieval Latin root of executive is exsequi, which means “carry out,” and so an executive carries out plans and actions. Executive is also an adjective that describes having the power to make decisions. The president of the United States is the executive branch of the government and is responsible for executing laws that will improve the country for its citizens.
WORD FAMILY
executive: executively, executives+/executable: executability/executant: executants/ execute: executable, executant, executed, executes, executing, execution, executive, executor / execution: executioner, executions/ executioner: executioners/ executor: executors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Such efforts, said Mr. Murphy, the system’s chief executive, will remain “highly relevant” even if the Affordable Care Act is repealed.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Utah’s constitution requires such action to maintain continuation of executive authority in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 总经理; 行政部门; [计算机]执行指令
adj. 执行的; 管理的; 政府部门的
分布：行政部门(42%)，行政主管(20%)，行政的(20%)，经营的(10%)，决策者(4%)，决策的(4%)
n.总经理,董事,行政负责人a.执行的,实施的He had an amusing excuse for executing the executive.对于处决决策人,他有一个可笑的理由.
US [-jə.tˌɪv] noun countable
 IMPROVER (informal exec)
■someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action （尤指商业机构中的）行政主管，经理
• She is now a senior executive, having worked her way up through the company. 她现在是高级行政主管，这是她在公司中一步一脚印爬上来的。
the executive
■the part of a government that is responsible for making certain that laws and decisions are put into action （政府）行政部门
■a group of people who run a business or an organization （公司或组织的）执行委员会，领导阶层
• The executive of the health workers' union accepted the proposed pay increase on behalf of their members. 医疗工会执行委员会代表其会员接受了加薪的提议。
UK [ɪg'zek.jʊ.tɪv] US [-jə.tˌɪv] adjective [before noun]
■relating to making decisions and managing businesses, or suitable for people with important jobs in business 决策的，管理的；给重要的人使用的
• His executive skills will be very useful to the company. 他的管理能力对公司将会非常有用。
• executive cars 豪华汽车
• an executive suite 贵宾套房
adj. [计] 行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的
 - administrative, front-office
n. 经理；执行委员会； [计] 执行者；经理主管人员
 - manager, gerente

Word: ten
Front: ten
[ten] (中高 838/469 -5)
Back: num. 十，十个; 第十
n. 十个人; 十点钟; 十岁; 十元纸币
分布：十(100%)
→来自古英语 ten,来自 Proto-Germanic*tehun,来自 dekmt,十，词源同 dean,December,进一 步来自*de,二，词源同 di-,二，*kmt,手。字面意思即两只手。
num.十pron./a.十(个,只...)On the chilly hillside, he is unwilling to write his will on the ten-shilling bill.在寒冷的山坡上,他不愿意将遗嘱写在十先令的账单上.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 10 （数字）10
• We have hired a minibus to take ten people to the party on Friday. 我们租了一辆小巴士在星期五带十个人去参加聚会。
• Her father died ten years ago. 她的父亲在十年前去世了。
[ten] number
ten to one
■If you say ten to one something will or will not happen, you mean it is very likely that it will or will not happen 十之八九
• Ten to one he won't be there tonight. 他今晚十之八九不会去那里。

Word: today
Front: today
[təˈdeɪ] (中高 214/350 -K5)
Back: adv. （在）今天; 现在; 现今; 现代，当代
n. 今天，今日; 现代，当代; 现今
分布：今天(83%)，当今(12%)，现在的(5%)
ad.在今天;现今,在当代n.今天;现在Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
adverb noun
 ESSENTIAL
■(on) the present day （在）今天，（在）今日
• What's the date today? 今天几号？
• He's going to ring you at some point today. 他今天某个时候要给你打电话。
• Today is even hotter than yesterday! 今天甚至比昨天还热！
• Is that today's paper? 那是今天的报纸吗？
• He left today, which is a Tuesday, so he should be back today week /a week today (= on the Tuesday of next week). 他是今天走的，今天是星期二，所以他该在下星期二回来。
 ESSENTIAL
■used more generally to mean the present time 现在，目前，现今
• Today, people are much more concerned about their health than they were in the past. 现在人们比过去更关心自己的健康。
• With today's technology almost anything seems possible. 有了今天的技术，似乎万事可达。
• The youth of today don't know how lucky they are. 如今的年轻人不知道他们有多幸运。
[tə'deɪ] adverb noun
today North America , tomorrow the world
■used to express the hope that success already achieved in one place will be continued in other places in the future 今日北美，明日世界；今日中国，明日世界（用于表达这样的希望，即已在一个地方取得成功之后，日后在其他地方还能继续取得成功）
• "We've just about cornered the market in Europe." "Well, today Europe, tomorrow the world". 我们几乎占领了欧洲市场。“好，今日欧洲，明日世界！”
adv. 今天；现今
 - nowadays

Word: history
Front: history
[ˈhɪstri] (中高研四六雅 350/496 -K5)
Vocabulary: history
(once / 21 pages)
n
A history is a chronicle of events, like the history of the United States’ mission to put a man on the moon, or the world history class that you have to memorize all those dates for.
History is a noun to describe past events, or an account of something, like the history of New York City. When you describe something as having a history, you’re implying it has an intriguing past. For example, a necklace that’s been passed down through generations has a history. But when you say something's history, what you mean is not that it no longer exists. Your fear of the water is history now that you know how to swim.
WORD FAMILY
history: historian, historic, historical, historicism, histories, prehistory +/ historian: historians/ historical: ahistorical, historically, historicalness, prehistorical/ prehistoric: prehistorically/ prehistory: prehistoric
USAGE EXAMPLES
If Mr. Robinson is to render an opinion, it should be informed by history.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“At one time we saw a possibility of changing history,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But Mr. Trump would do well to look back toward these teachings from history too.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 历史，历史学; 发展史; 履历，经历; （某地的）沿革
分布：历史(96%)，历史学(2%)，过去的事(1%)，对过去事情的记载(1%)
→来自拉丁语historia,叙述，告知，讲述过去发生的事，来自希腊语histor,智者，见证者，评论者，来自wid-tor,看，知道，了解，词源同visit,vision.其原义更偏重于讲故事，含有个人的主观色彩，后来从14世纪开始才逐渐确立为对过去发生事件的真实记录，而于1842年才确立为一门学科，即我们现在所理解的历史学。比较其与同源词story的区别。
n.历史,历史学;来历,经历The story about the six-storeyed dormitory tells a glorious history.关于六层楼宿舍的故事讲述一段光荣历史.
US [-tˌɚ-] noun
PAST EVENTS 过去的事件
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(the study of or a record of) past events considered together, especially events of a particular period, country or subject 历史；历史学
• I studied modern European history at college. 我在大学里学的是欧洲现代史。
• American history 美国历史
• Annie's decided to write a history of electronic music. 安妮已经决定写一本关于电子音乐历史的书。
• I only asked him for a cigarette, but two hours later he'd told me his whole life history. 我只是跟他要支烟抽而已，可是两小时之后他把他的整个身世都告诉了我。
uncountable informal
■something that happened or ended a long time ago and is not important now, or a person who is not important now, although they were in the past 过去的事，过去的人（现已不再重要）
• Last year's report is ancient history and totally irrelevant to the current situation. 去年的报告已经是老早以前的事了，与当前的情况毫无关系。
• "What about Dan - are you still seeing him?" "Oh, he's history." ｢那么丹呢──你还在和他交往吗？｣｢噢，他已经成为历史了。｣
UK ['hɪs.tər.i] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
PARTICULAR RECORD 特别的记录
countable usually singular
■something that has been done or experienced by a particular person or thing repeatedly over a long period 经历，履历；沿革
• Her family has a history of heart problems. 她的家族有心脏病史。
• There's a long history of industrial disputes at the factory. 那家工厂有很长劳资纠纷的历史。
• He has a good credit history (= a good record of paying money that he owes). 他的信用记录很好。
UK ['hɪs.tər.i] US [-tˌɚ-] noun
make history
■to do something important which has not been done before and which will be recorded publicly and remembered for a long time 创造历史；载入史册
• Margaret Thatcher made history when she became the first British woman Prime Minister. 玛格丽特‧戴卓尔成为英国首位女首相时创造了历史。
n. 历史，历史学；历史记录；来历
 - story, herstory

Word: clear
Front: clear
[klɪə(r)] (中高雅 563/390 -K5)
Vocabulary: clear
(once / 20 pages)
1adjvnadv 2adv 3v
Clear means clean and uncluttered, without distractions or confusion. If your explanation of relativity is clear, it's easy to understand. If the sky’s clear, there isn't a cloud to be seen.
As a verb, clear implies getting rid of obstacles. You can clear your head (get rid of anxiety and upsetting thoughts); clear the way (remove obstacles in your path); or clear the trees to make a clearing where you can pitch your tent. If you own your car "free and clear," it's all yours — you don't owe anything on it. When you arrive in a country, you clear customs when officials check your papers and belongings and send you on your way.
WORD FAMILY
clear: clearance, cleared, clearer, clearest, clearing, clearly, clearness, clears, unclear+/clearance: clearances/cleared: uncleared/ clearing: clearings/clearness: clearnesses/unclear: unclearly, unclearness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And some were hoping to see Mars and even Neptune if the skies remained clear.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s not immediately clear how many people were aboard the small jet at the time of landing gear collapse.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 清楚的，明白的; 清晰的，明亮的; 清澈的; 明确的
adv. 完全地; 清晰地; 整整
vi. 变明朗; 变清澈
vt. 扫除，除去; 消除（嫌疑）; 使清楚; 使干净
n. 空隙，空间
时态：cleared, clearing, clears
分布：清除(40%)，清晰的(11%)，明确的(10%)，清楚的(9%)，清楚地(7%)，清澈的(6%)，澄清(6%)，晴朗的(4%)，放晴(3%)，空地(2%)，清空(2%)
→来自kele,呼喊，大叫，词源同call,claim.词义由声音的清晰外延到光线的清晰。
a./ad.清晰的(地)vt.清除;使清楚vi.变清澈With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [klɪr] adjective
ABLE TO BE UNDERSTOOD 能被理解的
 ESSENTIAL
■easy to understand, hear, read or see 明白的；清楚的；易懂的；清晰的
• clear instructions/directions 清楚易懂的说明／指示
• Can we make the sound any clearer? 我们能把声音再调清晰一点吗？
• These books have lovely clear print. 这些书印刷得清晰可人。
• Our new television has a very clear picture. 我们的新电视影像十分清晰。
Do I make myself clear? (also Is that clear?)
■something you say in order to emphasize what you have just said, or to express your authority （强调刚说的话或表达自己的权威）我讲清楚了吗？听明白我的意思了吗？
• I will not tolerate this behaviour any longer. Do I make myself clear? 我不会再容忍这样的行为了。我的话你明白吗？
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ESSENTIAL
■certain, having no doubt, or obvious 确定的；无可置疑的；明白无误的；明显的
• He isn't at all clear about what he wants to do with his life. 他根本不清楚自己想过怎样的生活。
• [+ (that)] It is rapidly becoming clear (to me) (that) I'm not suited to being a teacher. 我很快明白到我不适合当老师。
• [+ question word] It isn't clear how long the strike will go on for. 不知这次罢工会持续多久。
• It's a clear case of corruption. 这明显是一宗贪污案。
• You've made your position quite clear (= there is no doubt about what you think). 你的立场已经十分明确了。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
PURE 纯的
 ADVANCED
■not cloudy, foggy or with any marks, but pure or easy to see through 晴朗的；纯净的；透明的；清澈的
• clear glass 透明的玻璃
• The water in the lake is so clear that you can see the bottom. 湖水清澈见底。
• We could see hundreds of stars in the clear desert sky. 沙漠上明朗的天空中可以看到数以百计的星星。
• She has a beautifully clear skin/complexion (= with no marks or spots). 她肤色光洁美丽。
• The weather is expected to remain clear for the next few days. 预计今后几天天气会持续晴朗。
• You can see the mountains from here on a clear day. 天气晴朗的时候，从这里可以看到层层山峦。
■describes a pleasant, pure sound （指声音）清亮的
• the clear sound of the flute 嘹亮的笛声
■describes something that you remember easily （指记忆）清楚的，清晰的
• I have clear memories of visiting my grandfather's farm as a child. 我清楚记得小时候去爷爷的农场时的情景。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT BLOCKED 无障碍的
■not covered or blocked by anything 无遮盖的；无阻碍的；畅通的
• We have a clear view of the ocean from our hotel window. 从饭店的视窗我们可以一览无遗地看到大海。
• The journey was quite quick because the road was clear (= there was not much traffic on it). 因为交通顺畅，所以路上走得很快。
• I always like to leave my desk clear (= with no work on it) at the end of the day. 每天工作结束时，我总是喜欢把桌面收拾得干干净净。
■not busy or filled by any planned activity 不忙的，空闲的；没有安排的
• The only time I have clear next week is Tuesday afternoon. 下星期我只有周二下午有空。
• We've got two clear (= whole) weeks in which to finish the decorating. 我们有整整两周时间来完成装修。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT GUILTY 无罪的
■without being or feeling guilty 无罪的，清白的
• to have a clear conscience 问心无愧
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT CONFUSED 不糊涂的
■free from confusion; able to think quickly and well 头脑清醒的；思维清晰的；思维敏捷的
• Marie is good at making decisions because she's a very clear thinker. 玛丽擅长作决断，因为她思维清晰。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT TROUBLED 无麻烦的
[after verb]
■not troubled; without difficulties 没有麻烦的；无困难的
• This is the first time in his life that he's been clear of (= without) debt. 这是他生平第一次偿清了债务。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
LEFT 剩下的
■describes a sum of money that is left after all necessary payments have been made （支付各种费用后）净的，纯的
• The school summer fair made a clear profit of £500. 学校的夏季义卖会净赚了500英镑。
• Bill earns a clear $200 a week/earns $200 a week clear. 比尔每星期净赚200美元。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
NOT TOUCHING 不接触的
■not touching something, or away from something 不接触的；分离的
• Only one competitor made a clear jump of the highest fence (= jumped over it without touching it). 只有一位骑手俐落地跨过了最高的障碍物。
• When we're clear of the main road, we'll stop for our picnic. 等我们离开大路后再停车野餐。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as a bell
■very easy to hear （声音）像钟声一样清晰洪亮
• Clear as a bell, from the back of the theatre came a child's voice saying, "I want to go home". 从戏院的后面传来一个小孩清脆响亮的声音：“我要回家。”
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as day
■very easy to understand 显而易见；容易理解
• The instructions were as clear as day. 使用说明上写得清清楚楚。
■certain 肯定的
• It's as clear as day that the government is going to win the election. 政府肯定会赢得选举。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adjective
(as) clear as mud humorous
■very difficult to understand 极难理解，难懂
• His instructions were as clear as mud. 他的指示让人稀里糊涂。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
REMOVE BLOCK 移走
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to remove or get rid of whatever is blocking or filling something, or to stop being blocked or full 移走；清除；清理；清扫；疏通
• It took several hours to clear the road after the accident. 意外发生后，用了好几个小时来清理道路。
• I'll make the coffee if you'll clear the table. 你要是去收拾桌子，我就去煮咖啡。
• If you use this nasal spray, your nose should clear a bit. 用了这种鼻腔喷剂，你的鼻塞就会好一点。
• After my aunt died, we arranged for her house to be cleared (= for the furniture to be removed from it). 我姑妈过世后，我们安排清理了她的房间。
• If you press this key, the computer screen will clear (= the text and pictures will be removed from it). 按这个键可以清除电脑萤幕上的文档和图片。
• Shops are currently holding sales to clear their summer stock (= get rid of goods by selling them cheaply). 现在商店都在搞特价促销来清理夏季库存。
• Paul helped his elderly neighbour by clearing her path of snow/clearing snow from her path. 保罗帮助那位上了年纪的邻居清扫她家门前路上的积雪。
• Could you clear your things off/from the sofa? 把你的东西从沙发上拿走好吗？
• I never leave work until I've cleared my in-tray (= have finished the work that needs to be done). 我总是完成手头的工作才下班。
clear your throat
■to give a small cough 清喉咙
• She cleared her throat nervously before she began to speak. 她讲话前紧张地清了清喉咙。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
PROVE INNOCENCE 证明…无罪
 ADVANCED transitive
■to prove that someone is not guilty of something that they were accused of 证明…无罪；洗脱…的嫌疑
• After many years in prison, the men were finally cleared of the bombings. 在被监禁多年之后，这些人终于洗清了罪名，证明自己与爆炸事件无关。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
GIVE PERMISSION 许可
transitive
■to give official permission for something 批准，许可
• Despite local opposition, the plans for the new supermarket have been cleared by the council. 议会不顾当地居民的反对，批准了建新超市的计划。
• Ladies and gentlemen, air-traffic control has now cleared the plane for take-off. 各位女士，各位先生，飞机已得到空中管制的起飞许可。
• I don't know if I can get the car tonight - I'll have to clear it with Mum. 我不知道今晚能否拿到车——我需要得到母亲的同意。
transitive
■to satisfy the official conditions of something 符合…条件
• Before you can enter the country, you have to clear customs. 进入该国必须先通过海关检查。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
MAKE PURE 变得清楚
intransitive or transitive
■to become or make something pure or easy to see through （使）变清楚，（使）变清晰
• The children enjoyed stirring the mud at the bottom of the pond, then watching the water slowly clear again. 孩子喜欢搅动池底的淤泥，然后看着水重新慢慢变清。
• Your skin would clear (= become free of spots) if you had a healthier diet. 饮食更健康的话，你的皮肤就会变光洁的。
• After the thunderstorm, the sky cleared (= stopped being cloudy). 雷雨过后，天放晴了。
• The fog is expected to have cleared (away) (= gone) by midday. 到正午时分雾有望散去。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
NOT CONFUSED 不糊涂的
transitive
■to make your mind free from confusion so that you can think quickly and well 使…头脑清醒；使…思维清晰
• I need to get some fresh air to clear my head (= to make me able to think well). 我需要呼吸点新鲜空气来清醒一下头脑。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
GET RID OF 使摆脱
clear your debts/clear yourself of debts
■to pay back all the money that you owe 偿清债务
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
HAVE LEFT 净下
transitive clear 1 * to have a sum of money left from your earnings after any necessary payments, charges, taxes, etc.
（支付各种费用后）净的，纯的
• Bill clears $200 a week. 比尔每星期净赚200美元。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
CHEQUE 支票
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a cheque to) go from one bank to another through a central organization, so that money can be paid to the person it is owed to （支票）过户，兑现，结算
• It usually takes four to five working days for a cheque to clear. 支票过户一般需要四到五个工作天。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
NOT TOUCH 不接触的
transitive
■to jump or go over something without touching it （无接触地）跃过，越过，通过
• The horse cleared the fence with inches to spare. 马腾空越过篱笆，还高出了好几英寸。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the air
■to make the air cooler, fresher and more comfortable 使空气清新
• The rain has helped clear the air. 这场雨使空气变得清新了。
■to remove the bad feelings between people 消除怨愤；消除隔阂
• I had a massive argument with Sue, but at least it has cleared the air. 我和休大吵了一场，不过这至少消除了误解。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the decks informal
■to remove unnecessary things so that you are ready for action 清除障碍准备行动
• Let's clear the decks and then we can start cooking dinner. 我们先收拾一下，然后才能开始做饭。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
clear the way
■to make it possible for something to happen 扫清道路；做好准备
• We've got a loan from the bank which has cleared the way for us to buy a house. 我们从银行得到贷款，这样就能买一所房子了。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth away
■to make a place tidy by removing things from it or putting them where they should be 清除；清理；整理
• I want you to clear all these toys away before bedtime. 我要你在睡觉前把所有的玩具都收拾好。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear sb off sth
■to make someone go away from somewhere 将（某人）从…清除
• The police used dogs to clear the campers off the village green. 员警用警犬来驱走在乡村绿地上露营的人。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear off
■used to tell someone to go away in a rude way （粗鲁地要求他人）走开，离开
• "Clear off or I'll call the police!" “快走开，不然我报警了。”
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth out
■to tidy a place by getting rid of things that you do not want 清理；收拾
• If we clear out the spare room, you can use it as a study. 要是我们清理好这个空房间，你可以把它当书房用。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear out informal
■to leave a place 离开，走开；滚开
• I hear Daphne's finally told her husband to clear out (= to leave home). 我听到黛芬妮最后叫她丈夫滚出家门。
• My landlord's given me a week to clear out of my flat. 我的房东给了我一周时间搬出公寓。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear (sth) up
TIDY
[M] mainly UK
■to make a place tidy by removing things from it or putting them where they should be 清除；清理；整理
• Dad was clearing up in the kitchen. 爸爸正在收拾厨房。
• I'm tired of always having to clear up after you (= tidy your things). 我厌烦了老是要替你整理东西。
ILLNESS
■If an illness clears up, or if medicine clears an illness up, the illness goes away （疾病）消失，治愈
• You won't be able to go swimming tomorrow if your cold hasn't cleared up. 如果感冒还不好，明天你就不能去游泳了。
• These pills should clear your rash up. 这些药丸会让你的疹子消掉。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] clear sth up
■to give or find an explanation for something, or to deal with a problem or argument 把…解释清楚；搞清楚；弄明白；解决
• They never cleared up the mystery of the missing money. 他们一直没搞清楚钱是怎么不翼而飞的。
• After twenty years, the case has finally been cleared up. 20年后，这个案子终于真相大白。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  clear up informal
■If the weather clears up, the cloud and rain disappears （天气）转晴，放晴
• I hope it clears up in time for the picnic. 我希望到野餐时天气会放晴。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] adverb
■not touching, or away from 不接触地；不靠近地；离开
• Stand clear of the doors, please. 请远离门口。
• Make sure you park clear of the kerb. 千万不要贴着路缘停车。
• The children were saved from the fire only because a neighbour pulled them clear. 孩子能从火灾中幸存下来，多亏了一位邻居把他们拉出火场。
steer/stay/keep clear
■to avoid something or someone 避开，躲开
• His parents warned him to steer clear of trouble. 父母告诫他不要惹麻烦。
UK [klɪər] US [klɪr] noun
be in the clear
■to not be guilty of a crime 无罪，清白
• The police breathalysed Andy last night, but he was in the clear. 员警昨晚对安迪进行了呼气酒精测试，不过他没有问题。
■to have no problems after being in a difficult situation 没有问题；身体健康，没有疾病
• The X-rays showed that she's in the clear. Ｘ光检查显示她身体健康。
clear, transparent
这组词都有“透明的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 指视力不受阻碍，强调清晰透澈。
transparent: 指某物完全透明状态，通过它能清楚看到其它东西。
scrub, clear, clean, dust, wipe, mop, sweep
这组词都有“使干净”的意思，其区别是：
scrub: 指用硬刷、肥皂或水用力地擦洗某物。
clear: 指清除不要的东西。
clean: 是这些动词中最常用的词，指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉，弄干净。
dust: 指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保干净。
wipe: 多指用布、纸等物把东西擦净，也指擦掉某物。
mop: 侧重指用拖把擦洗地板，有时也指擦干净或擦去。
sweep: 指用扫帚等进行清扫，也用作比喻。
clear, obvious, evident, apparent, manifest, definite, plain, distinct
这组词都有“清楚的，明白的，明显的”的意思，其区别是：
clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。
obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。
evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。
apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。
manifest: 语义较强，书面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。
definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。
plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。
distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。
adj. 清楚的；清澈的； [气象] 晴朗的；无罪的
 - distinct, liquid, fair, fine, crystal
vt. 通过； [计] 清除；使干净；跳过
 - track, jump
adv. 清晰地；完全地
 - totally, entirely, completely, absolutely, thoroughly, strictly, fully
n. [计] 清除；空隙
 - removel, liquidation

Word: agree
Front: agree
[əˈgri:] (中高 514/401 -K5)
Vocabulary: agree
(once / 26 pages)
v
When you agree with someone, you share the same opinion, feeling, or purpose, like when you agree on the movie you will go see on Saturday afternoon.
If we were living in 12th century France, we might use the phrase a gré to describe things that are favorable or go well for us. This positive outcome is still part of the verb agree, because if people agree with you, your plan or idea is the one that will be used. In grammar, subjects and verbs agree when they are both singular or both plural. For example, "everyone is here" agrees but "everyone are here" does not.
WORD FAMILY
agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree +/agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ agreement: agreements/ disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses/ disagreement: disagreements
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson agreed to let the care manager contact him, and to return for a follow-up visit in two months.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The conservancy then appealed to the state Supreme Court, which agreed to review the case.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
They agreed that claims of the “absolute character” of scientific truth, and the supposed triumph of Enlightenment reason, needed to be challenged.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 同意，赞同
vi. [语]一致，符合; 商定，约定; 意见相合; （气候、食物等）适宜
vt. 同意，承认; 使和谐一致; 认为正确无误
时态：agreed, agreeing, agrees
分布：同意(72%)，一致(18%)，赞成(6%)，承认(2%)，符合(2%)
→前缀a- 同ad-,去，往。-gree, 同词根grat,满意，见gratify, 使满意的。
vi.答应,赞同;适合,一致;商定,约定I don't agree with Philips on many things.我和非力浦在许多事情上意见不一致.
verb
SAME OPINION 相同意见
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have the same opinion, or to accept a suggestion or idea 持相同意见；赞成，赞同
• Ann and I never seem to agree. 安和我好像从来都没有意见一致过。
• I agree with you on this issue. 在这个问题上我赞同你的意见。
• My father and I don't agree about/on very much. 在很多问题上，父亲和我意见都不一致。
• [+ that] I agree that he should be invited. 我同意邀请他。
• [+ question word] Experts seem unable to agree wh ether the drug is safe or not. 对于这种药物是否安全，专家好像没能达成一致意见。
• [+ speech] "You're absolutely right," agreed Jake. “你说得完全正确，”杰克赞同地说。
• I suggested that we should meet, and they agreed (= said yes). 我建议我们见一面，他们也同意了。
• [+ to infinitive] The bank has agreed (= is willing) to lend me £5000. 银行同意贷给我5000英镑。
 ESSENTIAL transitive UK
■to accept something 对…表示同意；对…达成协议；批准；认可
• We finally agreed a deal. 最终我们达成了协议。
[ə'gri:] verb
BE THE SAME 相同的
intransitive
■If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. agree, they are the same or very similar 一致，相符，相同；极相似
• We've got five accounts of what happened and none of them agree. 对于所发生的事情我们手头有五种各不相同的说法。
[ə'gri:] verb
GRAMMAR 文法
intransitive specialized
■When two words agree, or one word agrees with another word, they have the same grammatical form. For example, the words may both be singular or plural, masculine or feminine , etc. （在文法上的数、性等方面）呼应，一致
[ə'gri:] verb
agree to differ
■If two people agree to differ, they accept that they have different opinions about something and stop trying to persuade each other that they are right. 同意各自保留不同意见
[ə'gri:] verb
couldn't agree more/less
■If you say you couldn't agree more/less, you mean you completely agree/disagree. 完全同意／不同意
[ə'gri:] verb
not agree with sb
■If a type of food or drink does not agree with you, it makes you feel slightly ill （饮食）不对（某人）的胃口，使（某人）难受
• Those onions I ate didn't agree with me. 吃了那些洋葱，我胃里很不舒服。
[ə'gri:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  agree to sth ADVANCED
■to agree something 应允，答应，同意
• Both sides in the conflict have agreed to the terms of the peace treaty. 冲突双方都同意接受和平协议的条件。
[ə'gri:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually in negatives] agree with sth
■to think that something is morally acceptable 认为…符合道义
• I don't agree with hunting. 我认为狩猎行为不人道。
[ə'gri:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  agree with sb
■If a situation or new conditions agree with you, they make you feel healthy and happy （情况、环境等）适合（某人），与（某人）相宜，对（某人）有益
• You look well - the mountain air must agree with you. 你气色真好，这一定是山里空气的功劳。
conform, correspond, accord, coincide, agree
这组词都有“符合、一致”的意思，其区别是：
conform: 强调在形状、性格以及主要特点等方面的相似或一致。
correspond: 指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。
accord: 着重指性格、精神、语气或质量等方面的完全一致。
coincide: 多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符。偶尔用于人，强调意见或观点完全相同。
agree: 侧重指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。
approve, conform, conceive, agree
approve: 赞同 ~ of
conform: 符合，与……相一致 ~ to
conceive: 设想，一位，怀有 ~ of
agree: 同意 ~with/to/on
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vt. 同意；赞成；承认
 - undertake, accept, recognize, side, grant
vi. 同意；意见一致
 - accept, grant

Word: conservative
Vocabulary: conservative
(once / 319 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
If you are conservative, you aren’t necessarily a card-carrying member of the Republican party (though you might be); it means you resist change.
Conservative has the word conserve in it, which means to hold on to, or save. In a drought, you want to be conservative in your water use. If you don’t get paid that much and don’t want to use credit cards, you’d better be conservative with your money. When we talk about environmental conservation, we mean the protection of natural resources.
WORD FAMILY
conservative: conservatively, conservatives, conservativism, neoconservative+/neoconservative: neoconservatives
USAGE EXAMPLES
The headline-grabbing arch conservative from Spartanburg County faced a trio of opponents in his primary battle to win a third term in the Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Netanyahu, the leader of the conservative Likud Party, is serving his third consecutive term in office, and his fourth overall.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We recently watched the excellent documentary “Minimalism,” which is either the obverse of Hallmark’s conservative messaging or runs parallel to it.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: ask
Front: ask
[ɑ:sk] (中高 131/141 -K5)
Vocabulary: ask
(once / 9 pages)
v
To ask is to pose a question or request something. If you say "What time is lunch?", then you're asking a question.
You've probably heard people say "Can I ask you a question?" That pretty much sums up what asking is: trying to get information or make a request. A teacher asks students to answer questions, but a student has to ask the teacher for permission to use the bathroom. In business, the asking price is the amount the seller wants you to pay. Asking is how you find things out and get what you need.
WORD FAMILY
ask: asked, asker, asking, asks+/asked: unasked/asker: askers/asking: askings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maker asked his former boss to screen tape of Robinson and perhaps consider him as a walk-on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Electrodes were attached to the activist’s fingertips and small cameras trained on his pupils while he was asked questions.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Dr. Michael E. Busha, a primary care physician at IU Health in Indianapolis, asked quietly as he updated Mr. Johnson’s electronic record.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 问，询问; 需要; 要求，请求; 邀请
vt. 邀请; 请求允许; 要价; 询问
vi. 请，邀请; 询问; 要求
时态：asked, asking, asks
分布：要求(43%)，询问(26%)，请求(17%)，邀请(11%)，开价(2%)，期待(1%)
→来自PIE *ais, 希望，愿望。
vt.问,询问;请求,要求;邀请,约请The man in mask asked me for a task; I let him put the basket on the desk in the dusk.戴面具的人向我要任务,我让他在黄昏时把篮子放到桌子上.
US [æsk] verb
QUESTION 问题
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put a question to someone, or to request an answer from someone 问，询问；请求，征求
• [+ two objects] She asked me a question. 她向我问一个问题。
• Can I ask you a favour?/ formalCan I ask a favour of you? 你可以帮我一个忙吗？
• She asked a question about Welsh history. 她问了一个关于威尔士历史的问题。
• She asked me about Welsh history. 她问我有关威尔士历史的问题。
• She asked about Welsh history. 她问了有关威尔士历史的问题。
• [+ question word] I've no idea what time the train leaves. Ask the guard wh ether he knows. 我不知道火车甚么时候开，问问车长是否知道。
• I asked the guard the time of the train's departure. 我问了问车长火车的离站时间。
• I asked wh en the train would leave. 我问了问火车甚么时候开。
• [+ speech] "What time does the train leave?" I asked. “火车甚么时候开？”我问道。
• If you need any help, please don't hesitate to ask. 如果有需要帮忙的地方，请尽管说。
• You should ask (your accountant) for some financial advice. 你应该（向你的会计师）征求财务方面的建议。
• [+ to infinitive] You should ask your accountant to give you some financial advice. 你应该向你的会计师查询一些财务方面的建议。
• I asked to see my accountant. 我要求见我的会计师。
• I'd like to ask your advice/opinion on a financial matter. 我遇到一个财务方面的问题，想听听你的建议／意见。
• You have to ask permission to leave. 你必须征得许可方能离开。
• [+ that] formal The solicitor asked that her client (should) be allowed to make a telephone call. 律师要求允许她的当事人打个电话。
• formal We ask that any faulty goods (should) be returned in their original packaging. 我们要求凡有质量问题的货物都装回原包装内退回。
  Common Learner Errors  ask for sthWarning: when the object of ask is the thing that is wanted, remember to use the preposition for : Don't say 'ask something', say ask for something :
✗ I think you should ask more information about the course. Remember: you ask a question, but you ask for an answer.
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
INVITE 邀请
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to request or invite someone to go somewhere with you or to come to your home 请；邀请；约请
• UK I've asked David to the party. 我已经邀请了大卫来参加派对。
• [+ to infinitive] US I've asked David to come to the party. 我已经邀请了大卫来参加派对。
• "Are you going to Muriel's party?" "No, I haven't been asked." “你会参加缪里尔的派对吗？”“不，我没有接到邀请。”
■4. Ian's asked us over for dinner next Friday.
• UK Ian's asked us round to/for dinner next Friday. 伊恩请我们下周五去吃晚饭。
• In fact they've asked us to stay for the whole weekend. 实际上他们请我们过去逗留一整个周末。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
EXPECT 希望
 ADVANCED transitive
■to expect or demand something 期望；索要；要求（得到）
• Greg's asking (= expecting to be paid) £250,000 for his house. 葛列格的房子要价25万英镑。
• He asks too much of me - I can't always be there to help him. 他对我的要求太过分了——我不能总在那里帮他吧。
• It 's asking a lot when your boss wants you to work weekends as well as evenings. 如果你的老板要求你晚上加班，周末也工作，那就太过分了。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
be sb's for the asking
■If something is someone's for the asking, they only have to ask for it and it will be given to them 只要提出要求；只需开口要
• With three years' experience behind her, the promotion was Kate's for the asking. 凯特已有三年的资历，只要她提出来，晋升的机会就是她的。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
be asking for it/trouble
■to be behaving stupidly in a way that is likely to cause problems for you 自找麻烦；自讨苦吃
• Drinking alcohol before driving is really asking for trouble. 酒后驾驶完全是在自找麻烦。
• I'm not surprised she lost her job - she was really asking for it. 她丢了工作我一点都不觉得奇怪——这是她自找的。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
don't ask me informal
■said when you do not know the answer to a question 别问我（我不知道）
• Don't ask me where you've left your glasses! 我哪知道你把眼镜放在哪里了！
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
I ask you! informal
■something that you say in order to show your surprise or anger at something someone has done 这到底是甚么回事？（对别人所做的事表示惊讶或愤怒）
• They stayed for a month and left without even saying thank you! Well, I ask you! 他们住了一个月，却连句谢谢都没说就走了。这到底是甚么回事？
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
if you ask me
■said when giving your opinion on something 我认为；依我看
• If you ask me, people should go on a training course before they become parents. 依我看，想要孩子的人应该先去修读一个培训班。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
you may well ask (also well may you ask) humorous
■it would be very interesting to know （表示…耐人寻味）你觉得出奇吧
• How could Jonathan afford to buy a new suit? You may well ask. 乔纳森怎么买得起一套新西装的呢？你感到出奇吧？
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ask after sb UK (US ask about) (Scottish ask for)
■to ask for information about someone, especially about their health 探问；（尤指）问起（某人）的健康情况，问候
• Tell your father I was asking after him. 代我向你父亲问好。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ask around
■to ask a lot of different people in order to get information or help 四处打听；多方询问
• Our babysitter's just moved away, so we're asking around for a replacement. 我们的临时保姆刚刚搬走，我们正在到处打听想另找一个。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ask for sb
■to say that you would like to see or speak to someone 找（某人）
• A young man was here asking for you this morning. 今天上午有个年轻人到这里找你。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  ask for sth
■If you say you couldn't ask for someone or something better, you mean that that person or thing is the best of their kind 找得到（更好的）
• She's great to work for - I really couldn't ask for a better boss. 为她工作是件乐事——我真觉得再也找不到比她更好的老板了。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ask sb in
■to invite someone to come into a building or room, especially your home 请（某人）进来；（尤指）把（某人）请进家
• I'd ask you in for a coffee but I have to get up early for work in the morning. 我很想请你上家里喝杯咖啡，但是我明天要早起工作。
UK [ɑ:sk] US [æsk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] ask sb out
■to invite someone to come with you to a place such as the cinema or a restaurant, especially as a way of starting a romantic relationship （尤指为了开始与某人建立恋爱关系）请（某人）外出（或吃饭、看电影等）
• She's asked Steve out to the cinema this evening. 她请了史蒂芬今晚出去看电影。
• You should ask her out sometime. 你甚么时候应该约她出来。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
inquire, question, ask, demand
这组词都有“问，询问”的意思，其区别是：
inquire: 较正式用词，指为得到真实情况而详细询问或调查了解。
question: 指因感到可疑或为了解情况，弄清究竟而发问，有时指一连串的发问。
ask: 最普通用词，可与demand, inquire和question换用，但ask用于口语中，指提出问题让人回答。
demand: 指根据自己的权利、职责或身份认为有必要弄清情况而正式发问，常隐含命令对方回答的意味。
vt. 问，询问；要求；需要；邀请；讨价
 - invite, lack, question, desire, exact
vi. 问，询问；要求
 - question, query

Word: emerge
Front: emerge
[iˈmɜ:dʒ] (研四六托雅 1300/1252 -K4)
Vocabulary: emerge
(once / 98 pages)
1v 2v
To emerge means to come out into view or come forth. You might hope to emerge from an epic perming session looking like a beauty queen, but chances are it will just look like you got electrocuted.
From the Latin emergere, meaning to “rise out or up, bring forth, bring to light,” emerge is an intransitive verb that might bring to mind the image of a whale rising up from the depths of the sea, or of a person popping out from a dark corner to spook you. Appear and peep are synonyms, while dip and sink are antonyms.
WORD FAMILY
emerge: emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging, emersion, re-emerge+/ emergence: emergences/ emergency: emergencies/ emergent: emergency / emersion: emersions/re-emerge: re-emerged, re-emerging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two days later, on 12 January, the first reports of Dahlin’s detention began to emerge in the international media.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Hanman focused on the recent test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine as proof of this emerging capability for the North.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 出现，浮现; 暴露; 摆脱
时态：emerged, emerging, emerges
分布：浮现(100%)
→e-, 向外。-merge, 浸没，词源同immerse, submerge.
浮现(e+merge投入;淹没→淹没的东西出现→浮现)[e-,ef-表示"出,出来"]
浮现,出现(e出+merge→沉的东西出现→浮现)[merg,mers=sink,表示"沉,没"]
vt.显现,浮现;暴露;形成;The sun soon emerged from behind the clouds.太阳不久从云朵后钻出.
【记】merge（v 吞没；合并）
【参】submerge（v 潜水）；emergence（n 浮现；露出；出现）
【区】emergency（n 紧急情况；突然事件）
US [-'mɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive
APPEAR 出现
 IMPROVER
■to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something 出现，浮现；露出
• She emerged from the sea, blue with cold. 她浮出了海面，浑身冻得发青。
 IMPROVER
■to come to the end of a difficult period or experience （从困境中）摆脱出来，存活下来
• The Prince emerged unscathed from the scandal. 王子安然走出了丑闻。
UK [ɪ'mɜ:dʒ] US [-'mɝ:dʒ] verb intransitive
BECOME KNOWN 为人所知
 ADVANCED
■to become known, especially as a result of examining something or asking questions about it （尤指经过审查或讯问后）为人知晓，显露，暴露
• The facts behind the scandal are sure to emerge eventually. 丑闻背后的真相最终一定会水落石出。
• [+ that] It has emerged that secret talks had been going on between the two companies before the takeover was announced. 现在已经真相大白，原来在接管计划宣布之前，两家公司一直在进行秘密会谈。
• She's the most exciting British singer to emerge on the pop scene for a decade. 她是十年来在流行乐坛崭露头角的英国歌手中最令人兴奋的一位。
appear, show, emerge, loom
这组词都有“出现”的意思，其区别是：
appear: 强调公开露面，被看见。
show: 语气较强，强调“露出来”。
emerge: 侧重缓缓出现的过程。
loom: 指朦胧出现，好像从雾中浮现出来一样。
vi. 浮现；摆脱；暴露
 - ray, cast off

Word: march
Vocabulary: march
(once / 79 pages)
1vn 2nv
To march is to walk with deliberate, short steps that fall in a regular rhythm. You can take your time walking into school in the morning, or you can march right up the steps and through the door.
People can march just about anywhere they walk, although the verb brings to mind military processions of soldiers who march in unison. Marching bands are another example of people who march together this way. You can also use the word when you're talking about a group of demonstrators who decide to march in protest or support of a particular cause. March comes from the Middle French word marcher, which originally meant "to trample," and later came to mean "to walk."
WORD FAMILY
march: countermarch, marched, marcher, marching+/countermarch: countermarched, countermarches, countermarching/marcher: marchers/marching: marchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Jimmy Carter watched haplessly as the Soviets marched into Afghanistan and the Iranians held America hostage for 444 days.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The marching bands were the very soul of diversity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Tuesday, march organizers announced that Gloria Steinem and Planned Parenthood would be official partners of the march.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: play
Front: play
[pleɪ] (中高 200/224 -K5)
Vocabulary: play
(once / 13 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4vn 5vn 6v
A play is a dramatic work that's written to be staged in a theater and in front of an audience. Your city might offer a free Shakespeare play in the park every year.
If you take part in a game or a sport, you play it. You might love to play charades, but no one is going to want to play with you if you keep forgetting the rules. The verb play also means to make music, like when you play your ukulele. And if you toy with a concept — like forming a ukulele orchestra — you play around with the idea.
WORD FAMILY
play: counterplay, foreplay, interplay, misplay, overplay, playable, played, player, playful, playing, playlet, plays, replay, underplay+/interplay: interplays/misplay: misplayed, misplaying, misplays/overplay: overplayed, overplaying, overplays/playable: unplayable/ player: players/ playful: playfully, playfulness, unplayful/ playfulness: playfulnesses/playing: playings/playlet: playlets/ replay: replayed, replaying, replays/underplay: underplayed, underplaying, underplays/unplayful: unplayfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Auburn’s offense was often run-heavy this season, even when White was playing well.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
OVERREACTION: The Falcons are the team nobody wants to play in the playoffs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
USC trailed 49-35 with nine minutes to play, but persevered to win one of the greatest Rose Bowls of all time.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 比赛; 游戏; 戏剧; 赌博
vt. & vi. 玩; 演奏; 演出; 参加比赛
vt. 扮演; 担任，充当…的角色; 演出; 装扮
vi. 玩耍，游戏; [游戏] 参加游戏; 赌博; 闹着玩
时态：played, playing, plays
分布：玩(37%)，游戏(15%)，比赛(9%)，扮演(7%)，踢(7%)，演奏(6%)，上演(6%)，戏剧(5%)，播放(4%)，带(2%)，假装(2%)
→来自古英语plegan,忙于，从事，演奏音乐，玩耍，来自West Germanic*plegan,忙于，从事于，来自dlegh,忙于，从事于，来自del,长的，词源同long,indulgent,pledge.并引申诸相关词义。
v.玩,做游戏;参加比赛n.游戏;玩耍;剧本The children were playing with a ball.孩子们在玩球.
【参】playwright（n 剧作家）
verb
ENJOY 享受
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■When you play, especially as a child, you spend time doing an enjoyable and/or entertaining activity （尤指儿童）玩，玩耍
• The children spent the afternoon playing in the garden. 孩子们下午在花园里玩耍。
• My daughter used to play with the kids next door. 我女儿以前常跟隔壁的孩子们玩。
[pleɪ] verb
GAME 比赛
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to take part in a game or other organized activity 参加（游戏、比赛等）
• Do you want to play cards/football (with us)? 你想（和我们）打牌／踢球吗？
• Irene won't be able to play in the match on Saturday. 爱琳星期六不能参加比赛。
• Which team do you play for ? 你效力于哪支球队？
• Luke plays centre-forward (= plays in that position within the team). 卢克踢中锋。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to compete against a person or team in a game 与…比赛
• Who are Aston Villa playing next week? 下星期阿斯顿维拉队和哪支队伍比赛？
transitive
■to hit or kick a ball in a game 踢（球），击打（球）
• He played the ball back to the goalkeeper. 他把球踢回给守门员。
• A good snooker player takes time deciding which shot to play. 一个优秀的司诺克选手会从容考虑击哪颗球。
transitive
■to choose a card, in a card game, from the ones you are holding and put it down on the table 出（牌）
• She played the ace of spades. 她出了一张黑桃 A。
[pleɪ] verb
ACT 表演
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to perform an entertainment or a particular character in a play, film or other entertainment 扮演，演出
• In the film version, Kenneth Branagh played the hero. 在电影版中，肯尼斯‧布拉那扮演主人翁。
• North-West Opera played to full houses every night. 西北歌剧院每晚演出都爆满。
• I didn't realize that 'Macbeth' was playing (= being performed) at the Guildhall. 我没想到《马克白》正在伦敦市政厅上演。
transitive
■to behave or pretend in a particular way, especially in order to produce a particular effect or result 假装，装扮
• to play dead/dumb 装死／哑巴
• Would you mind playing host (= entertaining the guests) ? 你来招待客人好吗？
play a joke/trick
 ADVANCED
■to deceive someone to make them laugh or in order to get an advantage over them 开玩笑；搞恶作剧
• She loves playing practical jokes on her friends. 她喜欢对她的朋友们恶作剧。
play a part
■to help to achieve something （在…中）起作用
• My thanks to everyone who has played a part in saving the hospital. 我向参与拯救这家医院的每一个人表示感谢。
[pleɪ] verb
PRODUCE SOUNDS/PICTURES 产生声音／图像
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to perform music on an instrument or instruments 演奏，弹拨，吹奏（乐器）；播放
• He learned to play the clarinet at the age of ten. 他十岁就开始学习吹奏单簧管。
• [+ two objects] Play us a song!/Play a song for us! 给我们奏支曲子吧！
• On Radio London they play African and South American music as well as rock and pop. 伦敦广播电台不仅播放摇滚和流行音乐，还播放非洲和南美洲的音乐。
• They could hear a jazz band playing in the distance. 他们可以听到远处的爵士乐队在演奏。
• Play up a bit (= play louder) - I can hardly hear you! 演奏的声音再大一点——我几乎听不见你演奏！
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a machine to) produce sound or a picture （使）演奏；（使）播放
• Play the last few minutes of the video again. 把录影带的最后几分钟再放一遍。
⇒ See also playback
[pleɪ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive or transitive
■to direct or be directed over or onto something （使）发射（或喷射、照射）
• Firefighters played their hoses onto the base of the fire. 消防队员把水龙头对准火源。
• A fountain was playing (= sending out water) in the courtyard outside. 外面院子里有个喷泉在喷水。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■(of something you see, such as light) to move quickly or be seen for a short time （光等）快速移动，闪现，浮现
• A smile played across/over/on his lips. 他的唇角闪过一丝微笑。
[pleɪ] verb
RISK MONEY 投机
transitive
■to risk money, especially on the results of races or business deals, hoping to win more money 赌，投机
• He plays the horses / the stock market. 他玩赌马／炒股。
[pleɪ] verb
be playing at sth UK
■If you ask what someone is playing at, you are angry because they are doing something stupid 乱搞，瞎弄
• What on Earth/the hell were you playing at? - You could have got us all killed! 你到底在瞎搞甚么？你差点把我们都害死了！
[pleɪ] verb
Go play with yourself ! offensive
■a rude way of telling someone to go away and stop annoying you 滚蛋！
• Oh, go play with yourself! 嘿，滚蛋！
[pleɪ] verb
have sth to play with informal
■If you have a particular amount of time or money to play with, that amount is available for you to use 有（…时间或金钱）可供支配
• Having only £200 to play with, they bought a second-hand piano. 他们只有200英镑可用，就买了一架二手钢琴。
[pleɪ] verb
play sb at their own game UK Australian
■to try to get an advantage over someone by using the same methods as them 以其人之道，还治其人之身；用某人的方法打败某人
• If women want to succeed in business, they have to play men at their own game. 如果女人想在业务上取得成功，她们必须用男人的方法和男人周旋。
[pleɪ] verb
play sth by ear
■to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops, rather than acting according to plans made earlier 见机行事
• I don't know how long I'll continue touring with the band. We've always said we'll just play it by ear. 我不知道还要和乐队一起巡演多久。我们总是说要见机行事。
[pleɪ] verb
play your cards right
■to behave in the right way so that you get an advantage or succeed in something 办事高明，处理得当
• If you play your cards right, you could make quite a lot of money out of this. 如果经营得法，你会从中赚很多钱。
[pleɪ] verb
play (merry) hell with sth informal
■to seriously damage or confuse something 破坏；毁坏；损害；给…制造麻烦
• The power cuts played hell with our computers. 停电使我们所有的电脑受损。
[pleɪ] verb
play (it) safe
■to be careful and not take risks 谨慎行事，不冒险
• To play safe, I'd allow an extra ten minutes, just in case. 为了谨慎起见，我会再多留出十分钟，以防万一。
[pleɪ] verb
play a joke/trick on sb
■to confuse someone or cause problem for them 迷惑；捉弄
• I thought I heard something - my ears must have been playing tricks on me. 我好像听到了甚么声音——我的耳朵一定是在捉弄我。
• Fate played a cruel trick on him when he was injured in his first game. 命运跟他开了一个残忍的玩笑，他在第一场比赛中就受了伤。
[pleɪ] verb
play ball informal
■to agree to work with or help someone in the way they have suggested （与…）合作
• The family wanted him to be looked after at home, but the insurance company refused to play ball. 家里人希望他留在家里并得到照顾，但保险公司拒绝合作。
[pleɪ] verb
play both ends against the middle
■to try to get opposing people or groups to fight or disagree so that you will get an advantage from the situation 使对立双方相争以从中得利；使鹬蚌相争
[pleɪ] verb
play fair
■to act in a fair and honest way 办事公正合理；行为光明正大
• It wasn't really playing fair not to tell her the job was already filled. 不告诉她这份工作已经有了人选，对她来说是不公平的。
[pleɪ] verb
play footsie
■to touch someone's feet with your own under the table, usually in order to show sexual interest in them 在桌底下（与某人）碰脚调情
• She kicked off her shoes and started playing footsie with him. 她踢掉鞋，用脚在桌子底下和他调情。
[pleɪ] verb
play for time
■to delay until you are ready 拖延时间
• We can't sign the agreement yet - we'll have to play for time. 我们现在还不能签协议——我们得采用拖延战术。
[pleɪ] verb
play games
■to try to deceive someone 欺骗，耍花招
• Don't play games with me! 别跟我耍花招！
[pleɪ] verb
play God
■to act as if you are in total control of something 扮演上帝的角色；表现得好像是全权在握
• Genetic engineers should not be allowed to play God, interfering with the basic patterns of Nature. 不应该允许遗传工程学家充当上帝，随便干预自然的基本法则。
[pleɪ] verb
play hard to get
■to pretend that you are less interested in someone than you really are as a way of making them more interested in you, especially at the start of a romantic relationship （尤指恋爱之初）故作冷淡；装出矜持之态
• Why won't you call him back? Are you playing hard to get? 你为甚么不给他回电话？你是在故作矜持吗？
[pleɪ] verb
play hardball mainly US informal
■to be firm and determined in order to get what you want 采取强硬方式
• He's a nice guy, but he can play hardball when he needs to. 他是一个和气的人，但在必要时他也会变得很强硬。
[pleɪ] verb
play it cool
■to behave in a calm, controlled way, often intentionally appearing not to be interested in the thing that you very much want to get 故意装作无所谓，故作洒脱
• Play it cool - don't let them know how much you need the money. 要故意装作无所谓——别让他们知道你很缺钱。
[pleɪ] verb
play possum
■to pretend to be dead or sleeping so that someone will not annoy or attack you 装死或装睡
• I don't think he's really asleep. He's playing possum. 我认为他并没有睡，他只是在装。
[pleɪ] verb
play second fiddle
■to be less important or in a weaker position than someone else 居于次要地位 play 1 1. I'm not prepared to play second fiddle to Christina any more - I'm looking for another job!
我再也不愿意给克莉丝蒂娜当副手了——我要另找一份工作！
[pleɪ] verb
play silly buggers UK slang
■to behave in a silly, stupid or annoying way 做蠢事
• There'll be a serious accident sooner or later if people don't stop playing silly buggers. 如果人们继续做蠢事，迟早会发生严重事故。
[pleɪ] verb
play the field
■to hold an interest in a number of people or things, especially to become romantically or sexually involved with a number of partners 兴趣广泛；（尤指）乱搞男女关系，用情不专，脚踏多条船
• Becky's not ready to settle down with one man - she enjoys playing the field too much. 贝姬不愿意专情于一个男人——她太喜欢同时和几个人谈情说爱了。
[pleɪ] verb
play the game
■to behave fairly 办事公正；为人正直
• You should have told them - it wasn't playing the game to keep it secret. 你早该告诉他们——对这件事保密是不公平的。
[pleɪ] verb
play to the gallery
■to behave in a way intended to make people admire or support you 哗众取宠
• Politicians these days are more interested in playing to the gallery than exercising real influence on world events. 现在的政客更关心的是如何哗众取宠，而不是怎样才能对全球大事做出实质性的影响。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play along
■to do what someone asks you to do, for a limited period of time 假意顺从
• I know you don't like Jack's idea, but just play along with him for a while. 我知道你不喜欢杰克的想法，但就暂且假装同意吧。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play around
BE SILLY (UK also play about) informal
■to behave in a silly way 乱搞，瞎闹
• Stop playing around and get on with your homework! 别瞎闹了，赶紧做你的功课吧！
• I wish you wouldn't play about with that - you'll break it. 我希望你不要乱搞那个东西了——你会把它弄坏的。
SEX (UK also play about) informal disapproving
■If someone who is married or has a serious relationship plays around, they have sex with another person or people 搞不正当性关系；（和…）乱来
• If she finds out he's been playing around with his secretary, there'll be trouble. 如果她发现他一直在和秘书乱搞的话，那就麻烦了。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play around/about with sth
■to try out different methods or different things, before deciding which one to choose 试验，尝试（不同的方法或事物）
• We've been playing around with ideas for a new TV show. 我们一直在尝试制作一个新的电视节目。
• Why don't you play about with the different fonts on the computer and see which one you want to use? 你为甚么不在电脑上试试各种不同的字体，看看你想用哪一种？
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play at sth
 ADVANCED
■to pretend to be a particular person or to do a particular thing, usually as a game 假扮…玩；玩，做（通常指游戏）
• The children were playing at Batman and Robin. 孩子们在玩《蝙蝠侠与罗宾》的游戏。
■to do something for enjoyment or interest, or without much care and effort, not in a serious way or as a job 儿戏似地做，敷衍应付
• She's only playing at being an actress - she's going off to law school next year. 她当演员只是玩玩而已——明年她就要上法学院了。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] play sth back
■If you play back something that has been recorded, you put it through a machine so that you can listen to it or watch it 放，播放，放送（录音或录影）
• The message I recorded for the answering machine sounded terrible when I played it back. 我为电话答录机录制的留言播放出来后听起来糟糕透了。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] play sth down
 ADVANCED
■to make something seem less important or less bad than it really is 对…作低调处理；淡化…的重要性（或糟糕程度）
• Military spokespeople tried to play down the seriousness of the disaster. 军方发言人竭力淡化灾难的严重程度。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play off
■to play a game, in a team sport, to decide which side will win （集体项目比赛中）加赛一场以决胜负
• United and Rangers are playing off for the championship. 联队和流浪者队将加赛决定冠军归属。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] play sb/sth off against sb/sth
■to encourage one person or group to compete or argue with another, hoping to get some advantage from this situation （为渔利而）使相斗，挑拨离间
• Management policy seemed to be to play one department off against another. 管理阶层的政策似乎在有意激起各部门之间的竞争。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play on/upon sth
■If you play on/upon someone's feelings, you encourage and make unfair use of these feelings in order to get an advantage for yourself 利用（感情）
• I hate marketing strategies that play on people's fears and prejudices. 我讨厌那些利用人们的恐惧和偏见的行销策略。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] play sth out
■to pretend that an imaginary situation or event is really happening 宣泄（情绪）
• In the psychotherapy group, patients were free to play out their fantasies. 在心理治疗小组里，病人可以尽情地沉浸于自己的幻想中。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play itself out
■If a situation plays itself out, it develops until nothing more can happen and it is no longer very important 耗尽；逐渐式微；逐渐减弱
• We were forced to stand back and let the crisis play itself out. 我们被迫置身事外，让危机自行消退。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play out mainly US
■When a situation plays out, it happens and develops 发生；出现
• The debate will play out in the meetings and in the media over the next week or two. 近一两个星期内，辩论将在会议中进行，透过媒体播出。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] play sth up
 ADVANCED
■to emphasize a particular quality or part of something, or make it seem more important than it really is, usually for your own advantage （通常指为个人利益而）强调；提升…的重要性；大肆宣传
• The official report plays up the likely benefits of the scheme, but glosses over the costs. 这份官方报告过分强调这项计划可能带来的好处，却掩盖了所要付出的代价。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play (sb) up UK informal
■to cause someone pain 使（某人）痛苦
• His knee's been playing him up again. 他的膝盖又痛起来了。
• My stomach was playing up so I had to go home. 我的胃很难受，所以只得回家。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play up
CHILD UK When children play up, they behave badly （孩子）调皮不听话，惹麻烦
• The boys have been playing up at school again. 这些男孩子又在学校里调皮捣蛋了。
MACHINE
■If a machine plays up, it does not work as it should 出故障
• The starter motor was playing up again. 启动马达又出故障了。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play up to sb
■to try to make someone like you and treat you well by behaving in a way you think will please them 讨好，巴结（某人）
• Julia knows how to play up to the supervisors - she can always get time off work when she wants it. 茱莉亚懂得如何讨好上司——这样她随时都能请假。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  play with sth
IDEA
■to consider an idea or plan 考虑（想法或计划）
• Patricia and I were playing (around)with the idea/possibility of moving to Glasgow. 派翠夏和我正在考虑／是否有可能搬到格拉斯哥去。
TOUCH disapproving
■to keep touching and moving something around with no purpose or interest 拨弄，玩弄
• Stop playing with your hair! 不要再拨弄你的头发了！
• She was just playing with her food - she didn't eat a mouthful. 她只是一个劲地拨弄她的那份食物——她一口也没吃。
[pleɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] play with yourself offensive
■ masturbate
[pleɪ] noun
ACTING 表演
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of writing that is intended to be acted in a theatre or on radio or television 剧本；戏剧
• a radio play 广播剧
• "Did you see the play (= the performance of the play) on Thursday?" "No, I went on Wednesday night." “你星期四去看的那出戏吗？”“不，我星期三去的。”
[pleɪ] noun
GAME 比赛
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the activity of taking part in a sport or a game 比赛
• Rain stopped play during the final of the National Tennis Championship. 下雨使全国网球锦标赛的决赛中断了。
countable US
■a plan or a small set of actions in sport 打法；比赛中的动作
• The new pitcher made a great play on that throw to first base. 新投手向一垒投出了精彩的一球。
in/out of play
■describes a ball that is/is not in a position where it can be hit, kicked, etc （球）处于可／不可比赛状态，在非死球／死球区域
• The ball had gone out of play. 这个球成了死球。
• She managed to keep the ball in play. 她成功地把球救了回来。
[pleɪ] noun
ENJOYMENT 玩
uncountable
■activity that is not serious but done for enjoyment, especially when children enjoy themselves with toys and games 玩，玩耍
• The kids don't get much time for play in the evenings. 孩子们晚上没有多少时间玩。
• We watched the children at play in the park. 我们看着公园里的孩子们玩耍。
[pleɪ] noun
MOVEMENT 动作
uncountable
■movement 移动，活动；变幻；闪现
• the play of moonlight across the water 水面上月光闪烁
play 2 2. the play of emotion across/on his face
他面部表情的变化
■uncountable
■when a rope or a structure is free to move, especially a small distance （尤指小幅度的）伸缩余地；间隙；活动空间
• Aircraft wings are designed to have a certain amount of play in them. 飞机的机翼设计得有一定的弹性空间。
[pleɪ] noun
come into play (also bring sth into play)
■If something comes into play, it starts to have a use or an effect in a particular situation, and if it is brought into play, it is given a use or an effect 开始活动；投入使用；起作用
• In the summer months a different set of climatic factors come into play. 在夏季的几个月中，一系列不同的气候因素开始起作用。
• All the resources and staff available were brought into play to cope with the crisis. 所有可用的资源和人力都被投入进来处理这场危机。
[pleɪ] noun
give / allow sth full play (also give/allow full play to sth)
■to develop and use emotions or ideas completely 充分发挥
• The move from stage to films allowed Gildit to give full play to his sense of the fantastic. 从舞台转到电影界，吉尔迪可以充分发挥他的幻想灵感。
[pleɪ] noun
make a play for sth/sb
■to try to get something, or start a relationship with someone, sometimes by using a plan 想方设法得到（某物）；千方百计追求（某人）
• I wouldn't have made a play for him if I'd known he was married. 我如果知道他已结婚的话，就不会苦苦追求他。
[pleɪ] noun
play on words
■a humorous use of a word with more than one meaning or that sounds like another word 文字游戏
• The name of the shop - 'Strata Various' - is a play on words, because it sounds like 'Stradivarius', the famous violin maker. 商店的名字 Strata Various 是一个文字游戏，因为它听起来像著名的小提琴制作师 Stradivarius 的名字。
vt. [动] 游戏；扮演；演奏；播放；同…比赛
 - sport, broadcast
vi. 演奏；玩耍；上演；参加比赛
 - put on, perform on
n. [动] 游戏；比赛；剧本
 - game, competition, drama, sport, tournament

Word: us
Front: us
[əs] (中 113/614 -K5)
Back: pron. 我们
分布：代词(85%)，名词(15%)
→来自nes,我们，词源同nostalgia,harness.
pron.我们(we的宾格形式)A few of us speak French.我们中间有几个人讲法语.
pronoun
GROUP 集体
 ESSENTIAL
■(used as the object of a verb or a preposition) me and at least one other person （用作动词或介词的受词）我们
• Thank you for driving us to the station. 谢谢您载我们去车站。
• Many of us in the editorial department disagree with the changes that are happening. 我们编辑部里大部分人对所进行的变革持反对态度。
[strong form ʌs] [weak form əs] pronoun
ME 我 UK not standard
■(especially used in spoken English) me （尤用于口语）我，咱
• Give us a light, mate. 借个火，老兄。
• Give us it here and I'll see if I can mend it. 拿到我这里，看看我能不能修。
[strong form ʌs] [weak form əs] determiner Northern not standard
■our 我们的
• Where've you parked us car? 你把我们的车停在哪里了？

Word: poll
Front: poll
[pəʊl] (研四六托宝 1623/2272 -4)
Vocabulary: poll
(once / 259 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5n
A poll is an election, or a survey of people's opinions. When people go to the polls, they vote.
If you poll your classmates about their favorite foods, you survey them and take note of their opinions — in other words, they each cast a vote. This is also what happens when voters go to the polls, although they're voting for political candidates and their votes are anonymous. The original fourteenth century meaning of poll was "hair on the head" or just "head." This gradually evolved into "person," and the idea of "counting heads."
WORD FAMILY
poll: polled, polling, polls, pollster +/ pollster: pollsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 民意调查; 投票选举; 投票数; 头部
vt. 得到（一定数目的）选票; 对…进行调查; 修剪; 修剪
vi. 投票; 作民意调查
时态：polled, polling, polls
分布：投票(50%)，民意测验(45%)，票数(3%)，获得 ... 票(1%)，做民意测验(1%)
→来自中古英语polle,头皮，头部，头，来自中古德语pol,头，顶点，顶部，来自Proto-Germanic*pullaz,头，头顶，圆形物体，来自boul,圆形物体，鼓起，泡沫，来自beu,吹，膨胀，鼓起，词源同ball,pouch,.引申词义数人头，投票，投票选举，民意调查以及动词词义剪头，剪枝，修剪等。
n.民意测验;(pl.)政治选举v.获得...选票The enrolled jolly stroller polled on the trolley.被招收的快乐的散步者在无轨电车上投票.
US [poʊl] noun
 IMPROVER countable
■a study in which people are asked for their opinions about a subject or person 民意测验，民意调查
• We're carrying out/conducting a poll to find out what people think about abortion. 我们正在进行一项民意调查，了解人们对堕胎的看法。
• The latest opinion poll puts the Democrats in the lead. 最新的一项民意调查显示民主党领先。
the polls [plural]
■the places where people vote in a political election 投票处
• The TV stations agreed not to announce the projected winner until after the polls closed. 电视台同意等到所有的投票点都关闭后再宣布预测的获胜者。
go to the polls
■to vote 投票，去投票
• The country will go to the polls on September 13th. 该国将于9月13日举行投票。
UK [pəʊl] US [poʊl] verb transitive
ELECTION 选举
■When a person or a political party polls a particular number of votes in an election, they receive that number 获得（若干选票）
• With nearly all the votes counted, Mr Soto had polled 67% of the vote. 统计了几近所有选票后，索托先生获得了67%的选票。
UK [pəʊl] US [poʊl] verb transitive
OPINION 观点
■to ask a person for their opinion as part of a general study of what people think about a subject 对…进行民意调查
• Half the people polled said they would pay more for environmentally-friendly food. 半数受调者说他们愿意多花钱买环保食物。
n. 投票；民意测验；投票数；投票所
 - vote, referendums
vt. 投票；剪短；对…进行民意测验；获得选票
 - crop, cast one's vote
vi. 投票
 - cast one's vote, ballot
adj. 无角的；剪过毛的；修过枝的
 - hummel, hornless

Word: matter
Front: matter
[ˈmætə(r)] (高 528/370 -K5)
Vocabulary: matter
(once / 16 pages)
nv
Matter is everywhere: anything that has mass and takes up space is matter. Air? Donuts? People? Buildings? Melted butter? All of these, and much, much more, are matter.
Other kinds of matter don't have a physical form, like a concern, problem, or even something that people think about, like a worrisome money matter, a personal matter, or a movie with a particular subject matter. Matter can also be a verb, meaning "to be important," as in: "Good health matters to me."
WORD FAMILY
matter: antimatter, mattered, mattering, matters
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Here, though, such nitpicky assessments served only as distractions from the issues that matter in the weeks and months — and years? — ahead.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 事件; （讨论、考虑等的）问题; 重要性; 物质
vi. 要紧，重要; 化脓; 有重大影响; 有重要性
分布：问题(36%)，物质(19%)，事情(18%)，有关系(11%)，要紧(10%)，重要性(3%)，事态(2%)，关于...的事情(1%)
→来自拉丁语mater,母亲，词源同mother.引申词义来源，源头，问题的实质，事实，事情等。
n.物质,物体;毛病,麻烦;事情v.有关系,要紧The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SITUATION 情况
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a situation or subject which is being dealt with or considered 事情，事件
• Could I talk to you about a personal matter? 我能和你谈件私事吗？
• Alois denied any knowledge of the matter. 阿洛伊斯否认对此事知情。
• Will you phone me back - it's a matter of some importance. 可否回电话给我——有比较重要的事。
• Talking about the world's problems is one thing, but solving them is another matter altogether (= is completely different). 谈论世界所面临的问题是一回事，而将之解决却完全是另一回事。
matters [plural]
■the situation being dealt with or being discussed （正在处理或考虑的）问题
• Her resignation is not going to help matters. 她的辞职无助于解决问题。
to make matters worse
■used to say that something has made a bad or difficult situation worse 使情况更糟的是
• Three of our players were ill, and to make matters worse, our main scorer had broken his ankle. 我们的三名队员病了，更糟的是，主要得分手摔断了脚踝。
be a matter of confidence/luck/waiting, etc.
■If something is a matter of confidence/luck/waiting, etc. that is all you need for it to happen 只需信心／运气／等待等
• Baking a cake isn't difficult - it's just a matter of following the recipe. 烤蛋糕并不难——只需照着食谱做就行。
be no laughing matter
■to be very serious and not a situation that people should joke about 须严肃对待的事，不是闹着玩的
• Being arrested by the police is no laughing matter. 被警方逮捕可不是闹着玩的。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
PROBLEM 问题
the matter only singular
 IMPROVER
■the reason for pain, worry or a problem 麻烦事，问题；毛病
• What's the matter? Why are you crying? 怎么了？你为甚么哭？
• What's the matter with your hand? It's bleeding. 你的手怎么了？都流血了。
• Is anything the matter? 有甚么麻烦吗？
• I don't know what the matter is with the car, but it won't start. 我不知道汽车出了甚么毛病，就是开不动。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SUBSTANCE 物质
uncountable
■physical substance in the universe 物质
• Some scientists believe that there is about ten times as much matter in the universe as astronomers have observed. 有些科学家认为，宇宙中的物质约是天文学家所观测到的物质的十倍。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
TYPE 类型
uncountable
■a substance or things of a particular type （某一类）物品
• advertising/ printed matter 广告材料／印刷品
• Do you find the subject matter of the book (= the subject that the book deals with) interesting? 你觉得这本书的题材有趣吗？
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
only singular
■used in expressions describing how small an amount or period of time is （表示数量或时间之少）大约，左右
• The interview was over in a matter of minutes. 采访约几分钟就结束了。
• She complained he had short-changed her, but it was only a matter of a few pence. 她抱怨说他少找了钱，其实只差了几便士而已。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
as a matter of course
■If something is done as a matter of course, it is a usual part of the way in which things are done and is not special 作为理所当然的事
• Safety precautions are observed as a matter of course. 采取安全防范措施被认为是理所当然的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be (only) a matter of time
■If it is (only) a matter of time until something happens, it is certain to happen but you do not know when it will happen （只）是个时间问题，是迟早的事
• It's only a matter of time before he's forced to resign. 他被迫辞职只是迟早的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of life and/or death
■to be very serious 是生死攸关的事
• And if you miss the bus, well, it's not a matter of life and death. 如果你错过了公车，也不是甚么大不了的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of opinion
■If something is a matter of opinion, different people have different opinions about it 看法因人而异，见仁见智
• Both performances were excellent, it's simply a matter of opinion as to whose was better. 两场演出都很精彩，哪一场较好不过是见仁见智的事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
be a matter of record
■If a fact is a matter of record, it is generally known to be true. 是有案可查的事情，是公认的事
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
for that matter
■used to show that a statement is true in another situation （表示递进）而且
• Ming's never been to Spain, or to any European country for that matter. 明从未去过西班牙，而且没去过欧洲任何国家。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
the matter in hand UK (US the matter at hand)
■the subject or situation being considered 处理中的事，手头上的事
• Do these figures have any bearing on the matter in hand? 这些数字和手头上的事情有关系吗？
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
no matter mainly UK
■it is not a problem 不要紧，无关紧要
• "I haven't got that form with me." "No matter - here's another." “我没带那张表格。”“不要紧──这里还有一张。”
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
no matter what/when/why, etc.
■used to emphasize that something can not be changed 不管甚么／何时／为甚么等
• I never seem to lose any weight, no matter how hard I try. 不管我怎么努力，体重似乎都减不下来。
• Anyway, we've got to get to the airport on time, no matter what. 总之，我们必须按时到机场，不管用甚么办法。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
take matters into your own hands
■to deal with a problem yourself because the people who should have dealt with it have failed to do so 亲自处理问题
• When the police failed to catch her son's murderer, she decided to take matters into her own hands. 警方未能抓到杀害她儿子的凶手，于是她决定自己来解决此事。
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] noun
That's a matter of opinion.
■said to show that you do not agree with something that has just been said （用于表示不同意他人观点）个人看法会有所不同
• "Anyway, she's a wonderful mother." "That's a matter of opinion." “不管怎么说，她都是个很棒的母亲。”“那是你个人的看法。”
UK ['mæt.ər] US ['mætˌ.ɚ] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important, or to affect what happens 要紧，重要，有关系
• We were late but it didn't seem to matter. 我们迟到了，不过看来不要紧。
• "What did you say?" "Oh, it doesn't matter." “你说甚么？”“哦，没甚么要紧的。”
• [+ question word] It doesn't matter wh at you wear - just as long as you come. 只要你来，穿甚么都没关系。
• [+ that] It didn't matter that our best player was injured after 10 minutes - we still won. 我们最好的球员比赛开始后10分钟就受伤了——但这无碍大局，我们还是赢了。
• I know Charles doesn't think this project is important, but it matters to me. 我知道查尔斯并不看重这个专案计划，但这对我来说很重要。
matter, issue, problem, question
这组词都有“问题”的意思，其区别是：
matter: 含义不很具体，暗示人们考虑和关心的事和话题。
issue: 多指意见能达到一致的问题，着重争论或讨论中的问题。
problem: 指客观上存在的、难以处理或难以理解的问题。
question: 通常指用口头或书面提出来要求回答或有待讨论解决的问题。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
substance, stuff, matter, material
这组词都有“物质，东西”的意思，其区别是：
substance: 多指某一种形式的物质，既可指元素也可指化合物。
stuff: 多用于日常生活中，非正式用词。常指构成整体的所有部分、物体或项目。有时指劣等材料，含轻蔑意味。
matter: 通常指构成实物的物质，与精神相对立。在科学上，指占有空间，并能以某种方式被感官觉察的一切东西。
material: 通常指组成客观存在物的部分或其原料。
n. [物] 物质；原因；事件
 - substance, event, consideration, circumstance, occurrence, scene
vi. 有关系；要紧
 - to be related, make a difference

Word: easy
Front: easy
[ˈi:zi] (中高 549/502 -K5)
Vocabulary: easy
(once / 22 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj
The adjective easy can describe anything that comes without too much effort, like your baseball team's easy win, or your dad's easy recipe for nachos.
Something that's easy isn't at all difficult — it just seems to fall into place. There's also a sense of slowness, casualness, and a lack of worry, like getting an easy "A" in your History of Hip Hop class. Easy comes from the Old French word aisie, "comfortable, rich, well-off," an easy way to live indeed. The only thing about easy that's less than simple is remembering to change the y to an i for variations like easier and easiest.
WORD FAMILY
easy: easied, easier, easiest, easily, easiness, easyly, uneasy +/easiness: easinesses/uneasiness: uneasinesses/ uneasy: uneasily, uneasiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Because the sign is 45 feet high, it’s extremely easy to slip and fall,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It will not be easy for the gardeners employed by cities to turn to more sustainable methods.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The report said there was "no easy solution" on Brexit for the party.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 容易的; 舒适的; 宽裕的; 从容的
adv. 容易地; 不费力地; 悠闲地; 缓慢地
vi. 停止划桨（常用作命令）
vt. 向（水手或划手）发出停划命令
级别：easier, easiest
分布：容易的(68%)，舒适的(11%)，安逸的(8%)，轻松的(7%)，不费力的(3%)，无约束的(1%)，轻微的(1%)，随和的(1%)
a.容易的,不费力的,安逸的,宽裕的It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
adjective
NOT DIFFICULT 不难的
 ESSENTIAL
■not difficult; needing little effort 容易的；不费力的
• an easy exam 容易的考试
• Would a ten o'clock appointment be easier for you? 会面定在十点是不是对你更方便一点？
• [+ to infinitive] It 's easy to see why he's so popular. 不难看出他为何会那么受欢迎。
• She's very easy to talk to. 她平易近人，跟她很容易谈得来。
• The easiest thing to do would be for us to take the train home. 对我们来说，最简单的做法莫过于坐火车回家。
• It isn't easy being a parent. 为人父母，殊非易事。
• Getting into the film business is no easy matter. 要跻身电影业可不是件容易事。
• I don't trust that easy (= relaxed) charm of his. 他那副从容自如的潇洒风度倒是让我信不过。
• slang My car can do 250kph, easy. 我的车每小时能跑250公里，轻而易举。
  Common Learner Errors  easy or easily? Warning: do not confuse the adjective easy with the adverb easily.
✗ You can easy find a job if you speak English. You can easily find a job if you speak English.
['i:.zi] adjective
COMFORTABLE 舒适的
■comfortable or calm; free from worry, pain, etc 舒适的；安逸的；安心的
• They both retired and went off to lead an easy life in the Bahamas. 他们两个都退休了，一起到了巴哈马群岛过安逸生活去了。
• I don't feel easy about leaving him alone in the house all day. 把他一个人留在家里一整天，我可不放心。
• With the harvest finished, I was able to relax with an easy mind/conscience. 收割结束了，我可以安心地／心安理得地放松一下了。
['i:.zi] adjective
(as) easy as pie/ABC/anything/falling off a log informal
■extremely easy 极容易；不费吹灰之力
['i:.zi] adjective
easier said than done informal ADVANCED
■said when something seems like a good idea but it would be difficult to do 说得比做的好听；说说容易
• "Why don't you just ask Simon to pay?" "That's easier said than done." “你为甚么不让赛门付钱？”“说得倒容易。”
['i:.zi] adjective
the easiest thing in the world informal
■extremely easy 极容易；不费吹灰之力
• Making bread is the easiest thing in the world. 没有比做面包更容易的了。
['i:.zi] adjective
easy come, easy go informal
■said when something, especially money, is easily got and then soon spent or lost （尤指钱）来得容易去得快
• I lost £500 in a card game last night, but that's life - easy come, easy go. 昨晚我赌牌输了500英镑，但是人生就是这样子——钱这东西来得容易去得也快。
['i:.zi] adjective
Easy does it! informal
■used to tell someone to do something slowly and carefully 小心些！别着急！慢慢来！
['i:.zi] adjective
be easy game/meat UK (US be an easy mark) slang
■to be easily deceived 容易上当；易受骗
• Old ladies living alone are easy game for con-men. 孤身独居的老年女性是骗子们最容易得手的目标。
['i:.zi] adjective
easy on the eye/ear
■pleasant to look at/listen to 悦目／耳的
• Her paintings are very easy on the eye. 她的画赏心悦目。
['i:.zi] adjective
go easy informal
■to not take or use too much of something 节省使用；对…有节制
• Go easy on/with the cream - I haven't had any yet. 鲜奶油别放那么多——我还没吃呢 。
■to treat someone in a gentle way and not criticize them or punish them 温和地对待；宽容对待
• Go easy on the new students. 对新生不要那么严。
['i:.zi] adjective
I'm easy. informal
■used to say that you do not mind which choice is made （指无论哪种选择都可以）我随便；我无所谓
• "Shall we go to the Indian restaurant, or would you prefer Chinese food?" "I'm easy." “你是想吃印度菜呢还是吃中国菜?”“我无所谓。”
['i:.zi] adjective
on easy street old-fashioned informal
■rich 生活优裕；富有
['i:.zi] adjective
take it/things easy
■to relax and not use too much energy 不拼命工作；放松；休息
• I wasn't feeling too good, so I thought I'd take it easy for a couple of days. 我感到不太舒服，所以我想还是休息几天吧。
easy, simple
这组词都有“简单的，轻易的”的意思，其区别是：
easy: 普通用词，指不需要花费太多精力的工作或事，在实际运用中常与simple换用。
simple: 普通用词，指不复杂、不难懂，从而容易被理解的事物。
adj. 容易的；舒适的
 - pleasant, comfortable, light, easiest
adv. 不费力地，从容地
 - lightly, painlessly

Word: building
Front: building
[ˈbɪldɪŋ] (中高雅 501/420 -K5)
Vocabulary: building
(once / 43 pages)
1n 2n
Building is the process of making something. Building Lego cities and towns is the favorite activity of many kids.
When a construction company is building a structure like a grocery store or a school, you can say it's building a building. Anything from a small house to a skyscraper can be called a building, and both meanings of the word come from the verb build, with its Old English root byldan, "build or construct a house."
WORD FAMILY
building: buildings+/ build: builder, building, builds, rebuild /builder: builders/ rebuild: rebuilding, rebuilds, rebuilt/rebuilding: rebuildings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fast-food chain’s plan to open a restaurant in a Vatican-owned building was met with derision when it was announced in October.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s at least a building block leading into Tuesday’s rematch in San Jose.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 建筑物; 楼房; 房屋; 建筑（艺术或行业）
v. build的现在分词
分布：建筑物(100%)
建筑物(build建造)[-ing 1.表名词"状态"2.表名词"行业"3.表形容词"正…的","令人…的"]
n.建筑(物),房屋,大楼[同]structureCitizens in the city's civil buildings are all civilized.城市民用建筑内的市民全都得到教化.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a structure with walls and a roof such as a house or factory, or the business of making these 建筑物；房屋；建筑；建筑业
• The once-empty site was now covered with buildings. 一度空荡荡的地方现在布满了建筑物。
• He started off in the building trade before opening his own restaurant. 在开餐馆以前他做建筑生意起家。
structure, building
这组词都有“建筑物”的意思，其区别是：
structure: 侧重建筑物的构造形式。
building: 普通用词，指任何建筑物，但不涉及建筑物的大小、风格以及所用材料。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
n. [建] 建筑；建筑物
 - construction, fabric, structure, bldg
v. [建] 建筑；建立；增加（build的ing形式）
 - establishing, adding, increasing

Word: within
Front: within
[wɪˈðɪn] (高研四六 352/190 -K5)
Vocabulary: within
(once / 22 pages)
adv
Use the adverb within when you need to say that something is on the inside. If you find that the door to your brother’s room is locked from within, that means it’s locked from the inside and he really doesn't want you to enter.
Within often refers to something on the inside of an object or structure — like those screams coming from within the haunted house. You can also use the word more figuratively to describe something that’s in your soul or mind — something that’s internal. For example, you might feel a fire within you as you start getting excited about playing in the big game.
WORD FAMILY
within
USAGE EXAMPLES
Within months, he also authorizes airstrikes against Isis positions in Syria.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The deal, while still imperfect, was signed and ratified within a year.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 在内，在里面; 在屋内; 在心中，心里是
prep. 不超过，在…的范围内; 在…能达到的地方; 在…内，在…里面
n. 内部，里面
分布：内部(74%)，在…里面(26%)
→with,和，与，in,在里面。
prep.在...里面,在...以内ad.在内The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■inside or not further than an area or period of time 在…里，在…内；不超过
• Two-thirds of Californians live within 15 miles of the coast. 三分之二的加州人居住在离海岸15英里以内的地区。
• In 1992 cross-border controls within the EU were dismantled. 1992年，欧盟内部取消了边境通行管制。
• For orders within the UK, please enclose £2.50 for post and packing. 英国国内的订货，请附上2.5英镑的邮资及包装费用。
• The resort lies within easy reach of (= not far from) the ski slopes. 该景点距离滑雪坡道不远。
• We recommend that this wine should be consumed within six months. 我们建议该酒在六个月内饮用完毕。
• Within hours of the tragedy happening, an emergency rescue team had been assembled. 悲剧发生后几小时之内，就集结起来一支紧急救援队伍。
• The tickets should reach you within the week (= before the end of this week). 票将在本周内送到你处。
• He's very highly regarded within his profession. 他在业内得到很高的评价。
• She managed to complete her last film well within budget. 她设法在预算内拍完她的最新电影。
• The target was now within range and so she took aim and fired. 当时目标正处于射程范围内，于是她瞄准并开火。
• He could sense that his goal was within reach (= it could be reached). 他可以感觉到他的目标能够实现。
• The cathedral spire was now within sight (= it could be seen). 已经可以看到教堂的尖顶了。
• I was acting within the law (= legally). 我在法律允许范围内行事。
• We came within five points of beating them (= We would have beaten them if we had had five more points). 我们要是再多拿五分就可以击败他们了。
[wɪ'ðɪn] preposition adverb
from within
■by the people who belong to an organization and not by people from outside it 从内部
• If things are to change, the company must be reformed from within. 如果要改变现状，这家公司必须从内部进行改革。
prep. 在…之内
 - in, inside
adv. 在内部
 - interiorly, inwardly
n. 里面
 - inside

Word: your
Front: your
[jɔ:(r)] (中高 69/66 -K5)
Back: pron. 你的，你们的; 尊; 玉; 乃
分布：你的(54%)，你们的(46%)
→来自you的所有格形式。
pron.[you的所有格]你的,你们的Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US [jʊr/ UK [jər] US [jɚ] determiner
PERSON/PEOPLE ADDRESSED 所称呼的一个人／多个人
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging or relating to the person or group of people being spoken or written to 你的；您的；你们的
• Is this your bag? 这是你的袋子吗？
• It's not your fault. 这不是你的错。
• Your mother is driving me crazy. 你母亲快把我逼疯了。
• What's your problem? 你怎么了？
UK [jɔ:r] US [jʊr/ UK [jər] US [jɚ] determiner
PEOPLE GENERALLY 泛指人
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging or relating to people generally （泛指）你的，任何人的
• Of course you want the best for your children. 当然人人都希望给自己的孩子们最好的。
• Garlic is good for your blood. 大蒜对血液有益。
 ESSENTIAL informal
■said before a typical example of something is given （用在典型事例前）（你们）常说的
• This isn't your usual science-fiction novel, but then Brinkworth isn't exactly your typical author. 这并非我们常说的科幻小说，而布林克沃思也不完全是我们说的那种典型作家。
UK [jɔ:r] US [jʊr/ UK [jər] US [jɚ] determiner
  Common Learner Errors  your or yours? Warning: do not confuse the determiner your with the pronoun yours :
✗ Your sincerely, M. Henderson. Yours sincerely, M. Henderson.

Word: current
Front: current
[ˈkʌrənt] (研四六托雅 652/755 -K5)
Vocabulary: current
(once / 52 pages)
1adj 2n
If it's in the past, it's not current. If it's out of date, out of style, or out of time, it's not current. If it's up-to-the-minute, right now, and in the present, it is current.
Origins of the word current all point to the meaning "present." Things that are current are happening now; they are part of the present time. News reporting looks at "current affairs" because past affairs are no longer news; they are history. Expressions like "staying current" or "keeping up with current events" show a need or desire to know what's popular, important, or relevant now. As a noun, a current can be a flow of water, electricity, or ideas.
WORD FAMILY
current: countercurrent, currency, currently, currentness, currents, noncurrent, undercurrent+/countercurrent: countercurrents/ currency: currencies/undercurrent: undercurrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is why the current job discrimination situation is so grim.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The current 10-year moratorium is scheduled to expire next year.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 现在的; 最近的; 流行的; 流传的
n. 趋势; 电流; 水流; 涌流
分布：现在的(60%)，趋势(28%)，流通的(12%)
→来自kers, 跑，词源同car,course.
流动的,n.潮流(currr+cnt→跑的→流动的)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.电流,水流;潮流,趋势a.当前的;流通的The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.现行的倾泻事件驱使他买毛皮衣服和硫磺.
US ['kɝ:-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■of the present time 现时的，当前的；现行的
• Have you seen the current issue of (= the most recently published) Vogue magazine? 最新一期《时尚》杂志你看过了吗？
• The word 'thou' (= you) is no longer in current use. thou 这个单词现在已不再使用了。
UK ['kʌr.ənt] US ['kɝ:-] noun countable
FLOW 流动
■a movement of water, air or electricity, in a particular direction 水流；气流；电流
• to swim against / with the current 逆流／顺流而游
• He was swept out to sea by the strong current. 他被急流冲到了海里。
• Switch off the electric current before touching that machine. 触摸那台机器前先把电源切断。
UK ['kʌr.ənt] US ['kɝ:-] noun countable
FEELING 思潮
■a particular opinion or feeling that a group of people have 思潮；潮流
• There is a growing current of support for green issues among voters. 投票者对环境问题的支援呈增长趋势。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
trend, tendency, current
这组词都有“趋势，倾向”的意思，其区别是：
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
adj. 现在的；流通的，通用的；最近的；草写的
 - recent, now, universal, late, present
n. （水，气，电） [流] 流；趋势；涌流
 - tendency, direction, tide, trend, set

Word: stop
Front: stop
[stɒp] (中高 329/359 -K5)
Vocabulary: stop
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
You know that red octagonal traffic sign that says STOP? It's telling you to stop moving and to stay put.
You're familiar with stop as a word meaning "quit moving," but the word's original meaning is "to plug up a hole," like when you stop the hole in your bucket with oakum (or napkins). In English, stop came to mean "arrest" for any kind of movement. Stop crime! Stop that check! Stop that thief! Stop writing commands with stop! A stop can also be a place to rest, and the period at the end of this sentence is a "full stop."
WORD FAMILY
stop: nonstop, stoping, stoppable, stoppage, stopped, stopper, stopping, stops+/ nonstop: nonstops/stoppable: unstoppable/stoppage: stoppages/stopper: stoppered, stoppering, stoppers/stoppered: unstoppered/stopping: stoppings/unstoppable: unstoppably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truck was stopped in a roadway near the entrance to the driveway of Gratton’s Georgia home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But the judge stopped short of forcing the company to apologise and did not say Chen’s dismissal was related to his gender identity.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“Stop with the unnecessary questions. What about my breast?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vi. 停止; 中断; 逗留; （使）停止工作
vt. 塞住; 堵塞; 阻挠; 止付
n. 停止; （管风琴的）音栓; 停车站; （管风琴的）音管
时态：stopped, stopping, stops
分布：停止(43%)，车站(31%)，阻止(18%)，停留(4%)，逗留(4%)
→来自古英语 stoppian,关闭，塞住，来自 Proto-Germanic*stuppona,关闭，塞住，可能来自 steup,扩大形式自 steu,推，击，打，词源同 stoop,type,stuff.引申诸相关词义。
v.停止;塞住;阻止,阻挠;逗留n.停车站;停止The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FINISH 完成
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to finish doing something that you were doing （使）停止；（使）停下；中断
• Once I start eating chocolate, I can't stop. 我一开始吃巧克力，就停不了嘴。
• [+ -ing verb] Stop shouting - you're giving me a headache! 别再叫了——你搞得我头都痛了！
• I couldn't stop laughing. 我忍不住笑个不停。
• Stop it!/Stop that! 住手！
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to not continue to operate （使）停止工作，（使）停止运作
• My watch must have stopped. 我的手表一定是停了。
• The air conditioner has stopped working. 空调不动了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to not move any more or to make someone or something not move any more （使）停止，（使）停下
• Stop the car, I want to get out! 把车停下来，我要下去！
• I heard him shout "Stop, or I'll shoot!" 我听到他大叫：“停下，否则我就开枪！”
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + -ing verb
■to finish doing something that you do regularly or as a habit 戒除，停止（常做的事或习惯）
• Apparently she's stopped drinking. 显然，她戒酒了。
• I stopped seeing him last year. 去年我和他分手了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to pause in a journey or an activity for a short time 中途暂停；逗留
• Does this train stop at Finsbury Park? 这班列车会停靠芬斯伯里公园吗？
• Why don't you just stop somewhere and ask for directions? 为甚么你不找个地方停一下问问路呢？
• [+ to infinitive] I stopped to pick up a letter that I'd dropped. 我停下脚步，捡起我掉在地上的信。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
PREVENT 阻止
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to prevent someone from doing something 阻止，阻拦
• If she really wants to leave, I don't understand what's stopping her. 如果她真的想走，我不明白有甚么事绊住了她。
• [+ -ing verb] They've put barriers up to stop people (from) getting through. 他们筑起了路障，阻止人们通行。
• Something must be done to stop the fighting. 必须做点甚么来制止争斗。
stop a cheque UK (US stop payment on a check)
■to tell your bank not to deal with a cheque which you have written, so that the money is not paid from your bank account 通知银行止付支票
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
STAY 停留
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to stay in a place 停留，逗留
• Are you coming with me or are you stopping here? 你是和我一起走，还是留在这里？
• I can't stop - Malcolm's waiting for me outside. 我不能再留了——马尔科姆在外面等着我呢。
• UK Now that you're here, why don't you stop for some tea? 既然你已经来了，为甚么不留下来喝杯茶呢？
• UK I've been out every night this week, so I thought I'd stop in (= stay at home) tonight. 这个星期，我每个晚上都在外面，所以今晚想留在家里。
• UK We stopped up (= did not go to bed) until two o'clock last night watching the late film. 我们昨晚看晚场电影，一直熬到两点才睡。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BLOCK 堵塞
transitive
■to block a hole 堵塞，塞住
• We stopped (up) the gap with some rags. 我们用些破布塞住了裂口。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
stop at nothing
■If you stop at nothing to achieve something, you are willing to do anything in order to achieve it, even if it involves danger, great effort or harming other people 不择手段；不顾一切
• She'll stop at nothing to get her revenge. 为了复仇，她会不择手段。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
stop short of sth
■If you stop short of doing or saying something, you decide not to do or say it although you almost do 差一点没（做或说）；险些（做或说）
• I stopped short of telling him the brutal truth, but only just. 我差点把残酷的真相告诉他，就差那么一点点。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop by (somewhere)
■to visit someone for a short time, usually on the way to another place 顺便拜访
• I was passing your house, so I thought I'd stop by for a chat. 我路过你家，所以我想可以顺便找你聊一会儿。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop in informal
■to visit a person or place for a short time, usually when you are going somewhere else 顺便拜访；中途停留
• I stopped in at work on the way home to check my mail. 我回家的路上顺便去办公室收邮件。
■UK informal
■to stay at home, especially in the evening （尤指晚上）留在家里，不出去
• I've had my tea and I'm stopping in now. 我已经喝过茶了，现在打算留在家里不出去。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop off somewhere
■to visit or stay at a place for a short time when you are going somewhere else 中途拜访，中途停留（在某处）
• I'll stop off at the shops on my way home and get some wine. 我回家的路上会顺便去一下商店，买些酒。
• We're going to stop off in Paris for a couple of days before heading south. 我们去南部之前要在巴黎停留几天。
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  stop over
■to stay at a place for one night or a few nights on the way to somewhere else or before returning home 中途停留过夜
• They're stopping over in Malaysia for a couple of nights on the way to Australia. 他们在去澳大利亚的途中要在马来西亚逗留几个晚上。
• UK Come round for dinner one night and you can stop over. 找个晚上来我家吃饭吧，你可以住下。
⇒ See also stopover
UK [stɒp] US [stɑ:p] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you stop an activity or journey, or a period of time when you stop 停止，终止；逗留，停留；停留时间
• Please remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop. 在飞机停妥前请留在自己的座位上。
• We'd have been here sooner, but we made several stops along the way. 我们本来可以早点到这里的，但我们中途停了好几次。
• At the beginning of the project there were a lot of stops and starts. 专案计划刚开始的时候，常常停停走走，时断时续。
⇒ See also doorstop
 ESSENTIAL
■a place where vehicles, especially buses, stop in order to allow passengers to get off and on （尤指公共汽车的）车站
• a bus stop 公车站
• I'm getting off at the next stop. 我下一站下车。
• Is this our stop (= where we must get off) ? 我们是这一站下吗？
UK short form of * full stop
put a stop to sth
■to stop an unpleasant, unwanted activity or habit from continuing 制止；使停止
• He used to smoke in bed when I first got to know him, but I soon put a stop to that! 我刚认识他的时候，他总是躺在床上抽烟，但我很快就让他改掉了！
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
stop, terminal, station
这组词都有“站”的意思，其区别是：
stop: 多指公共汽车站，尤指中途停车站。
terminal: 指火车、公共汽车或飞机的终点(总)站。
station: 普通用词，一般指火车站或汽车站。
pause, stop, cease, halt, quit
这组词都有“停止”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指暂时的、瞬间的停顿，隐含有再进行之意。
stop: 指动作、运行、进展等被停下来，含突然、断然的意味。
cease: 指逐渐、徐徐中止某种状态的存在。书面用词。
halt: 侧重突然地、决定性地终止、停止某一活动。
quit: 指最终彻底停止某事，有时暗示遭到失败或面临挫折。
vt. 停止；堵塞；断绝
 - cheese, quit
vi. 停止；中止；逗留；被塞住
 - remain, desist from
n. 停止； [交] 车站；障碍；逗留
 - visit, bar, stay, obstacle, dam

Word: reduce
Front: reduce
[rɪˈdju:s] (高研四六托 701/567 -K4)
Vocabulary: reduce
(once / 69 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v 7v
You reduce something when you lessen its volume, size, or degree. That's why we say when someone goes on a diet, it's because they want to reduce; it's a polite way of suggesting they need to drop pounds and become a smaller size.
The word reduce first appeared in Old French during the 14th Century, when it meant "bring back." From the Latin re, which meant "back," coupled with ducere, meaning "bring or lead" — we ended up with reduce. The current meaning, "to lessen," appeared in the late 1700's, drawn from the word's military use, "reduce to ranks," which meant break into smaller units. Cooks use the word reduce when they reduce a liquid, boiling it down until it has less volume and is thicker.
WORD FAMILY
reduce: reduced, reducer, reduces, reducible, reducing, reduction, reductive +/ irreducible: irreducibly/ reduced: unreduced/reducer: reducers/reducible: irreducible / reduction: reductionism, reductions/ reductionism: reductionist / reductive: reductively, reductivism
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe admits that his digital drive is only like to reduce deaths by a small fraction.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The bullying remained, but the joy faded, and the comedy was often reduced to nasty zingers and schoolyard-quality taunts.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 减少; 缩小; 使还原; 使变弱
vi. 减少; 节食; 蒸发; （液体）浓缩变稠
时态：reduced, reducing, reduces
分布：减少(90%)，缩小(6%)，简化(2%)，还原(1%)，使落魄(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-duc,拉，词源同 deduce,deduct.即拉回，引申词义减少，缩小。
降低,减少(re回+duce→往回引→减少)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
v.减少,缩小;简化,还原The conductor is reluctant to reduce the conductivity of the semiconductor.导演不情愿降低半导体的导电率.
US [-'du:s] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make something smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc 减少；减小；降低；缩小
• Do nuclear weapons really reduce the risk of war? 核武器真的可以减小战争爆发的危险吗？
• The plane reduced speed as it approached the airport. 当飞临机场时，飞机减慢了速度。
• My weight reduces when I stop eating sugar. 我停止吃糖时体重就会下降。
• We bought a television that was reduced (from £500 to £350) in the sales. 我们在大减价时，以（从500英镑减至350英镑）很便宜的价格买了台电视。
• To make a thicker sauce, reduce the ingredients by boiling for 5 minutes. 为了使调味汁更浓一些，煮5分钟将配料中的水分蒸发掉。
• I reduced the problem to a few simple questions. 我把这个难题简化为几个简单的小问题。
UK [rɪ'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb intransitive or transitive
reduce , reuse , recycle
■said to encourage people to waste less, by using less and using things again, in order to protect the environment 减用，重用，再利用（这个说法鼓励人们透过少用物品或再次使用物品来减少浪费，保护环境）
UK [rɪ'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  reduce sb to sth
■to make someone unhappy or cause them to be in a bad state or situation 使（某人）（情绪）低落；使（某人）沦落，使（某人）陷入困境
• His comments reduced her to tears (= made her cry). 他的话把她气哭了。
• The sergeant was reduced to the ranks (= made an ordinary soldier) for his cowardice. 中士因为贪生怕死被降为士兵。
■If you are reduced to doing something, you are forced to do it because you have no other choice 使（某人）被逼无奈做…；使（某人）不得不做…
• I'd run out of cigarettes and was reduced to smoking the butts left in the ashtrays. 我烟抽光了，无奈只好抽烟灰缸中的烟头。
UK [rɪ'dju:s] US [-'du:s] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  reduce sth to sth
■to cause something, especially a large structure, to be destroyed and broken into pieces 将（尤指大型建筑物）彻底摧毁；将…夷为平地
• Allied bombing reduced the city to ruins/rubble. 联军的轰炸使这座城市沦为一片废墟／瓦砾。
diminish, dwindle, lessen, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，变少”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: 侧重大小数量和重要性的不断减小，强调减小的部分。
dwindle: 与decrease同义，指逐渐减小，但强调变得越来越少终至全无。
lessen: 普通用词，与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。
decrease: 指逐渐地、不断地减少。
reduce: 普通用词，含义广。指数量、程度的降低或减少。
induce, deduce, reduce
这是一组形近易混词。
induce: v.引诱，劝；引起，导致。
 • We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.   我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。
deduce: v.推断，推理，演绎。
 • My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.   我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默，今天他很沉默，所以我推断她生气了。
reduce: v.减轻，减小；降低。
 • He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.   他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
vt. 减少；降低；使处于；把…分解
 - shorten, weaken
vi. 减少；缩小；归纳为
 - to cut down, fall off

Word: september

Word: across
Front: across
[əˈkrɒs] (中高 377/448 -K5)
Vocabulary: across
(once / 29 pages)
1adv 2adv
Across describes something that's situated on the opposite side or the direction you have to go to get from one side to another.
Thinking about swimming across the English Channel? It's 23.7 miles across from England to France, so you might want to take a boat instead. The phrase "across the board" means that all parts of something are affected. But it originally came from horse racing, to describe when someone bet equal amounts of money on a horse to come in first, second, or third place. The "board" was the blackboard where bookmakers chalked up the odds for each horse.
WORD FAMILY
across: acrosss
USAGE EXAMPLES
The sluggishness is expected to spread across the U.S., hitting markets from Nashville, Tenn., and Dallas to Los Angeles and Atlanta.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Who is talking about it: It won an award for the best apps across Africa in November.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In response, governments are trying to impose their laws across the whole of cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: prep. 穿过; 横穿，横过; 与…交叉; 在…对面
adv. 横过，越过; 在对面; 交叉; 斜对面
分布：穿过(57%)，横过(25%)，在对面(12%)，朝向特定的方向(2%)，在…各处(2%)，横写地(2%)
prep.横过,越过;在的对面ad.横过,穿过Let's go for a run across the fields.咱们去跑步,跑过那片田野吧.
US [-'krɑ:s] adverb preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■from one side to the other of something with clear limits, such as an area of land, a road or river 从一边到另一边；穿过；横过
• She walked across the field/road. 她穿过田野／横过马路。
• They're building a new bridge across the river. 他们正在河上修建新桥。
• When I reached the river, I simply swam across. 到河边后，我便直接游了过去。
UK [ə'krɒs] US [-'krɑ:s] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■on the opposite side of 在…的另一边；在…的对面
• The library is just across the road. 图书馆就在马路对面。
 IMPROVER
■in every part of a particular place or country 在…各处；在整个…；遍及
• Voting took place peacefully across most of the country. 在这个国家大部分地区，选举进行得井然有序。
over, through, along, across
这组词都有“横过、穿过”的意思，其区别是：
over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。
along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
across: 指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
prep. 穿过；横穿
 - through
adv. 横过；在对面
 - opposite

Word: name
Front: name
[neɪm] (中高 298/271 -K5)
Vocabulary: name
(once / 10 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
Your name is what you are called: Bill or Jennifer or whatever. Parents name their children, and children name their pets.
Most of us have our first given name and our family name or surname. But name is also used more broadly: people who have made a name for themselves are well-known. Someone who calls us names makes fun of us. If you do something wrong that others find out about, you could give yourself a bad name — hurt your reputation. Someone can be named in a lawsuit or named to a committee. Naming is about identity — who you are.
WORD FAMILY
name: forename, misname, named, nameless, namer, names, naming, rename, unnameable+/forename: forenames/misname: misnamed, misnames, misnaming/named: unnamed/ nameless: namelessly, namelessness/namer: namers/names: nameses, namess/naming: namings/rename: renamed, renames, renaming/unnameable: unnameably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should projects bearing his name receive additional security?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“They didn’t even say her name,” one inmate angrily says after overhearing the news conference.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: n. 名字; 名声; 有…名称的; 著名的人物
vt. 确定; 决定; 给…取名; 说出…的名字
adj. 著名的; 据以取名
时态：named, naming, names
分布：名称(56%)，命名(26%)，姓名(10%)，取名(2%)，名义(2%)，名人(2%)，名誉(1%)，著名的(1%)
→来自nomn,姓名，称呼，词源同nominate,anonymous,cognomen.
n.名字(称/声/义)vt.给...取名;列举;提名In the famine I got familiar with this famous family name/surname.在饥荒中,我熟悉了这个有名的姓.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by 名字，名称
• "Hi, what's your name?" "My name's Diane." “嗨！你叫甚么名字？｣ “我叫戴安娜。｣
• Please write your full (= complete) name and address on the form. 请在表格上填写全名和地址。
• What's the name of that mountain in the distance? 远处那座山叫甚么名字？
• We finally agreed on the name Luca for our son. 最终我们一致同意给儿子取名卢卡。
• The students were listed by name and by country of origin. 学生按照姓名和国籍登记入册。
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■the opinion or reputation that someone or something has 名誉，名声
• She went to court to clear her name (= prove that the bad things said about her were not true). 为了澄清名誉，她走上法庭。
• Their actions gave British football a bad name in Europe at that time. 他们的行为令当时的英国足球在欧洲背上了恶名。
• They're trying to restore the good name of the manufacturer. 他们在努力挽回制造商的声誉。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■someone who is famous or has a good reputation 名人；声誉好的人
• It seemed like all the big names in football were there. 看来好像足球界的大人物都聚集在那里。
by the name of sth formal
■called 被叫作…，名叫…
• I've got to talk to a professor by the name of Bin Said. 我得和一位叫宾．赛义德的教授谈谈。
go by the name of sth
■to give yourself a name which is not your real name 自称为…
• In the business world he goes by the name of J. Walter Fortune. 在商界他使用 J‧沃尔特．福琼这个假名。
in the name of sb (also in sb's name)
■for someone or belonging to someone 以（某人）的名义；在（某人）名下
• I've come to collect my tickets - I reserved them by phone yesterday in the name of Tremin. 我来取票——昨天我打电话来用特雷曼的名字订的。
• The house is in my wife's name. 这房子归于我妻子名下。
[neɪm] noun
be a name to conjure with UK
■to be a very important name, or an interesting name which gives you a mental picture of something pleasant or exciting 鼎鼎大名；名字会令人产生美妙联想
• In those days Churchill was still a name to conjure with. 那时丘吉尔还是一个如雷贯耳的名字。
• The House of the Blue Lagoon - now there's a name to conjure with! 《蓝色环礁湖的小屋》——这是一个让人浮想联翩的标题！
[neɪm] noun
in all but name
■existing as a fact but not officially described that way 实际存在但未获正式认可；只缺正式名分
• She is vice-president in all but name. 虽然没有正式任命，但事实上她已经是副总裁了。
[neɪm] noun
in God/heaven's name (also in the name of God/heaven)
■used to add force to something which is said, although some people might find the use of 'God' offensive （用于加强语气）看在上帝的份上
• What in God's name caused that outburst? 老天，究竟是甚么引发了这次情绪大爆发？
• Why in the name of God didn't you tell me sooner? 天啊，你为甚么不早点告诉我？
[neɪm] noun
in name only
■If a situation exists in name only, it is officially described that way, although that description is not true 只在名义上
• A large percentage of the population is Catholic, though many are so in name only. 大部分人口都是天主教徒，虽然其中许多是有名无实。
[neɪm] noun
in the name of sth (also in sth's name)
■(said or done) in order to help a particular thing succeed （言行）以…的名义
• Much blood has been spilled in the name of religion. 以宗教的名义流的血已经够多了。
[neɪm] noun
in the name of sb/sth (also in sb's/sth's name)
■doing something as a representative of someone or something 代表…；用…的名义
• In old movies the police shouted "Open up in the name of (= by the right of) the law" before they broke the door down. 旧电影中，员警在破门而入之前会大喊“我们要依法撞门了。｣
• They were arrested in the name of the king. 国王授权将他们逮捕。
• As members of the union, we have the right to know what action the union is taking in our name. 作为协会成员，我们有权知道协会以我们的名义将采取甚么行动。
[neɪm] noun
make a name for yourself
■to become famous or respected by a lot of people 扬名，成名
• He's made a name for himself as a talented journalist. 他为自己赢得天才记者的名声。
[neɪm] noun
your name is mud informal
■If your name is mud, other people are angry with you because of something you have said or done 名誉扫地
• If he doesn't turn up tonight, his name will be mud. 如果他今晚不出现的话，他将声名狼藉。
[neɪm] noun
the name of the game informal
■the most important part of an activity, or the quality that you most need for that activity （活动）最重要的部分，最需要的素质
• People say that in politics the name of the game is making the right friends. 人们说，在政界最重要的就是交对朋友。
[neɪm] noun
take sb's name in vain UK humorous
■to criticize someone or talk about someone without respect, especially when they are not there （尤指在背后）肆意批评（某人），说（某人）的闲话
[neɪm] noun
to your name
■If you have nothing or very little to your name, you own very little or have no money 在自己名下，属于自己所有
• He had arrived in America without a cent to his name. 他到美国的时候身无分文。
[neɪm] noun
under the name of
■using the false name of 用…的假名
• Her detective stories were written under the name of Kramer. 她写侦探小说用的是笔名克雷默。
[neɪm] verb transitive
GIVE/SAY NAME 取名
 ESSENTIAL
■to give someone or something a name 给…取名，为…命名
• [+ two objects] We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'. 我们给狗分别取名为“山迪｣和“美女｣。
• A man named Dennis answered the door. 一个名叫邓尼斯的男子来开了门。
 ESSENTIAL
■to say what something or someone's name is 说出…的名称（或姓名）
• In the first question you had to name three types of monkey. 在第一题中，你必须说出三种猴子的名称。
• He couldn't name his attacker. 他说不出攻击自己的人的名字。
[neɪm] verb transitive
CHOOSE 选择
 IMPROVER
■to choose someone or something 指定，选择
• Just name the time and I'll be there on the dot. 你说时间好了，我一定准时到那里。
• Name your conditions/terms/price. 开出你的条件／条款／价钱。
• Ms Martinez has been named (as) (= she will be) the new Democratic candidate. 马丁内斯女士已被选定为新的民主党候选人。
[neɪm] verb transitive
name and shame UK
■to publicly say that a person, group or business has done something wrong 公开指责
• The report names and shames companies that are not doing enough to fight industrial pollution. 这篇报道公开抨击那些未尽力制止工业污染的公司。
[neɪm] verb transitive
name names
■to tell someone in authority the names of people involved in a secret or illegal activity （供出参与秘密或非法行动者的）姓名
[neɪm] verb transitive
name the day
■to decide the date on which you are going to get married 确定婚期
• When are you going to name the day? 你们甚么时候选定结婚吉日？
[neɪm] verb transitive
you name it
■used to say there are many things to choose from 凡是你说得出的；应有尽有
• Gin, vodka, whisky, beer - you name it, I've got it. 杜松子酒、伏特加、威士卡、啤酒——随你点，我这儿都有。
• I've tried every diet going - you name it, I've tried it. 我尝试过各种节食方法——只要你说得出的，我都试过。
[neɪm] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  name sb/sth after sb/sth (US also name sb/sth for sb/sth)
 IMPROVER
■to give someone or something the same name as another person or thing 用…的名字给…命名
• Paul was named after his grandad. 保罗的名字跟他爷爷一样。
• She told us about his brother, Apollo, born in 1969 and named for the U.S. astronauts' mission to the moon. 她告诉我们，他哥哥阿波罗的事，他出生于1969年，是以美国太空人的登月行动来命名的。
title, name
这组词都有“名称”的意思，其区别是：
title: 指书名、剧目或其他文艺创作作品名称，也指附在姓名前的职称或头衔。
name: 最普通用词，指人、动物或事物的姓名、名称或名字，也指在特定情况下给予人或事物的特殊名称以体现其内在特点。
call, designate, name
这组词都有“命名，称呼”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指给某人或某物取名字以某人或某物的特征称呼。
designate: 指用特别的名字、符号或词句来称某人或某物。
name: 含义最泛，指给人或物命名以示区别或便于记忆。
assign, designate, name, appoint, nominate
这组词都有“任命，委派”的意思，其区别是：
assign: 常指给一群人或个人分配、分派、指派或委派任务。
designate: 书面用语，侧重当权者或机构的选拔或任命，有时含强行指定的意味。
name: 普通用词，着重任命的结果，而不是过程。
appoint: 通常指不经过选择的官方委任。
nominate: 通常指为某一公职选择候选人，并将其提交给有决定权的人作最后决定。
n. 名称，名字；姓名；名誉
 - reputation, Bezeichnung
vt. 命名，任命；指定；称呼；提名；叫出
 - install, constitute, place, style, call

Word: opportunity
Front: opportunity
[ˌɒpəˈtju:nəti] (研四六托雅 625/618 -K4)
Vocabulary: opportunity
(once / 54 pages)
n
Seize the noun, opportunity, if you're talking about circumstances that allow you do to something you'd like to do. Wouldn't you love to have the opportunity to meet your favorite musician?
When the situation is right for you to do something you're interested in doing, you have the opportunity to do it. The word comes from the Latin phrase, ob portum veniens "coming toward a port" which refers to a favorable wind blowing ships into the harbor. Think of an opportunity as something a good wind blew your way.
WORD FAMILY
opportunity: opportunism, opportunities+/ inopportune: inopportunely, inopportuneness/ opportune: inopportune, opportunely, opportuneness, opportunity / opportunism: opportunist, opportunistic / opportunist: opportunists/ opportunistic: opportunistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Explaining this research is clearly within the mandate of the Labor Department, whose mission statement includes a pledge to “advance opportunities for profitable employment.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“The ivory trade is a great opportunity for China to show its commitment to its global responsibilities,” he wrote in an email.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think the magnitude and the opportunity, I think he pressed a little bit,” Del Rio said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 机会; 适当的时机良机; 有利的环境，条件
分布：机会(97%)，时机(3%)
→来自opportune,适当的，有机会的，-ity,名词后缀。
n.机会After a fortnight's torture, the unfortunate man got an opportunity to escape the misfortune.经过两星期的拷打后那个不幸的人得到了逃脱不幸的机会.
US [ˌɑ:.pɚ'tu:.nə.tˌi] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an occasion or situation which makes it possible to do something that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something 机遇；时机；机会；可能性
• Everyone will have an opportunity to comment. 每个人都有机会发表意见。
• I was never given the opportunity of going to college. 我从没有得到过上大学的机会。
• [+ to infinitive] The exhibition is a unique opportunity to see her later work. 这次展览是欣赏她后期作品的难得机会。
• An ankle injury meant she missed the opportunity to run in the qualifying heat. 脚踝受伤意味着她失去了参加跑步资格赛的机会。
• formal Please contact us at the earliest opportunity (= as soon as possible). 请尽快和我们联系。
• He goes fishing at every opportunity (= as often as possible). 他一有机会就去钓鱼。
• I used to enjoy going to the theatre, but I don't get much opportunity now. 我过去喜欢去剧院，但现在我没有甚么机会去。
• He had a golden (= an extremely good) opportunity to score in the first half but squandered it. 他在上半场时有一个绝佳的射门得分机会，可是给浪费掉了。
 IMPROVER countable
■the chance to get a job 就业机会
• employment/job opportunities 就业机会
• opportunities for young graduates 年轻大学毕业生的就业机会
• There are far more opportunities now for school leavers than there were fifty years ago. 现在中学毕业生的就业机会比50年前要多得多。
UK [ˌɒp.ə'tju:.nə.ti] US [ˌɑ:.pɚ'tu:.nə.tˌi] noun
  Common Learner Errors  opportunityWarning: Check your spelling! Opportunity is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'pp'.
opportunity, occasion, chance
opportunity: 主要指能够去做某事，尤其是达到自己目的，实现某种愿望的好机会。如：You should make the most of your opportunities of seeing the country and learning the language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家，学习它的语言。)
occasion: 主要指“时机”，“场合”，也含有“机会”的意思。如：The flags are hung out on the occasion of the National Day.(每逢国庆节，国旗都悬持出来了。)
chance: 多指偶然的机会，意外的机会，带有侥幸的意味。如：Even so, it was a lucky chance that he could do it.(即使如此，那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
n. 时机，机会
 - occasion, chance, opening, room

Word: staff
Front: staff
[stɑ:f] (高研四六托雅 784/423 -K5)
Vocabulary: staff
(once / 103 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
Staff means everyone who works at a particular place. You might suspect that the town library's not a very fun place to work if its staff is always incredibly cranky every time you visit.
Staff refers to all of the employees at a business, or especially a school, where the teachers as a group are called "the staff." A completely different meaning of staff is a long wooden stick or rod, particularly one that has a specific purpose — like a walking stick or a weapon. This is the original meaning of staff, from the Old English stæf. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that the word staff was used to mean "group of employees."
WORD FAMILY
staff: staffed, staffer, staffing, staffs, understaffed+/staffer: staffers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gaskin is an employee of G2 Secure Staff, a United vendor based in Texas, airline officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Bowles would not comment on his coaching staff, although changes are anticipated there as well.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dozens of staff and volunteers participated in the rescue.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 参谋; 全体职员; 管理人员; 权杖
adj. 行政工作的; 参谋的; 职员的; 作为正式工作人员的
v. 在…工作; 为…配备职员; 任职于
时态：staffed, staffing, staffs
分布：员工(77%)，全体职员(6%)，拐杖(5%)，五线谱(4%)，棒(3%)，杆(2%)，全体人员(2%)，配备员工(1%)
→来自古英语 staef,棍棒，木柱，拐杖，来自 Proto-Germanic*stabaz,棍棒，柱子，来自 stebh, 棍子，柱子，支撑，来自 sta,站，站立，词源同 stand,staple.引申词义旗杆，并引申比喻 义军事参谋，即司令官的助手，后词义通用化为工作人员，全体职员等。
n.全体职工;杠,棒;参谋部v.配备工作人员The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
US [stæf] noun
PEOPLE 人
 ESSENTIAL only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people who work for an organization 全体员工，全体雇员
• There is a good relationship between staff and pupils at the school. 学校里教职员工和学生的关系很融洽。
• The staff are not very happy about the latest pay increase. 员工们对最近一次加薪不太满意。
• There are over a hundred staff in the company. 公司有100多名员工。
• He is on (= a member of) the editorial staff of the magazine. 他是该杂志的一名编辑人员。
  Common Learner Errors  staffWarning: Group noun! Staff always refers to a group of people. It does not have a plural form with 's'. Don't write 'staffs', write staff.
✗ The company employs around 150 staffs. The company employs around 150 staff. If you want to refer to a single person who is part of the group, don't write 'staff', write a member of staff.
✗ Is there a staff who can speak Spanish? Is there a member of staff who can speak Spanish?
UK [stɑ:f] US [stæf] noun
STICK 棍
countable formal
■a long strong stick held in the hand which is used as a support when walking, as a weapon or as a symbol of authority 拐杖；棍棒；权杖
countable (also flagstaff) formal
■a flagpole 旗杆
UK [stɑ:f] US [stæf] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable US for
■ stave 五线谱
UK [stɑ:f] US [stæf] noun
the staff of life literary
■bread, considered as one of the most important foods we eat 主食，面包
UK [stɑ:f] US [stæf] verb transitive
■to be or provide the people who work for an organization 成为员工，（为机构）提供人员
• Many charity shops in Britain are staffed by/with volunteers. 英国很多慈善商店的工作人员全都是义工。
staff, stick, cane
这组词都有“手杖”的意思，其区别是：
staff: 多指走路爬山时用作支持或防卫使用的长木棒。
stick: 普通用词，指木制的细长手杖。
cane: 多指用藤或竹制成的细长的手杖。
n. 职员；参谋；棒；支撑
 - rod, bar

Word: democrat
Vocabulary: democrat
(once / 160 pages)
n
A democrat is a person who believes in the rule of the people. If you think students should have a say in what courses they take in school, then it's very likely that you're a democrat.
A democrat was a word that originally referred to a republican in the French Revolution, or someone who opposed the aristocracy. The prefix demo- means "common people." Democracy is a political system promoting the rule of the common people over the rich or elites. It presumes that every person should have a say in choosing who gets to represent him in government, and should be involved in promoting his own rights. A democrat is a person who believes in democracy.
WORD FAMILY
democrat: democracy, democrats+/ democracy: democracies, democratic, democratise, democratize / democratic: democratically, undemocratic/democratise: democratisation, democratised, democratising/ democratize: democratization, democratized, democratizes, democratizing/undemocratic: undemocratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Establishment democrats that supported Hillary Clinton were enraged.
The Guardian(Dec 23, 2016)
Back then, the HDP was regarded as a source of hope by many Turkish liberals and democrats.
The Guardian(Dec 17, 2016)
And I’d ask social democrats more widely and Marxists to question it as well.
New York Times(Dec 16, 2016)
Democrat
(once / 102 pages)
n
A Democrat is a member of one of the two main political parties in the United States. Barack Obama, the forty-fourth US president, is a Democrat.
Voters in both national and local elections often register as either a Republican or a Democrat, while others are unaffiliated with either party, or may join a much smaller political party. Traditionally, Democrats believe in an active federal government, especially for helping those in need, and tend to be more liberal on social issues than Republicans. If you're a Democrat, you're a member of the oldest political party in the US. The Greek root is demokratia, "popular government."
WORD FAMILY
Democrat: Democratic, Democrats
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Senate’s margin is 34 Republicans and 16 Democrats.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Democrats, despite being in the minority in both the House and Senate, will be more than bit players in the new Washington environment.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
O’Farrell is a Democrat who represents the 13th district, which includes parts of Hollywood, Silver Lake and Echo Park.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: stand
Front: stand
[stænd] (中高托雅 281/273 -K5)
Back: n. 台，看台; 立场; 停止; 抵抗
vi. 站立，起立; 竖直放置; 保持看法; 停滞
vt. 使站立; 忍受; 抵御; 承担责任
vt. & vi. 站立，（使）直立，站着
时态：stood, standing, stands
分布：站立(36%)，忍受(20%)，看台(20%)，货摊(8%)，停滞(7%)，位于(6%)，停顿(3%)
→来自古英语 standan,站立，站起，来自 Proto-Germanic*standana,站立，来自 sta,站，站 立，词源同 stable,state.引申诸相关词义。
vi.站立;位于;经受n.台,座;货摊;立场I can't stand that man; he talks too much.这个人真叫我受不了,他的话太多.
verb (stood, stood)
VERTICAL 直立的
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be in a vertical state or to put into a vertical state, especially (of a person or animal) by straightening the legs （使）直立；（使）站立；竖放；（尤指）站起来
• Granny says if she stands (up) for a long time her ankles hurt. 奶奶说她站久了脚踝会痛。
• As a sign of politeness you should stand (up) when she comes in. 她进来时你应该站起来以示礼貌
• Stand still and be quiet! 站好了，不要出声！
• After the earthquake not a single building was left standing in the village. 地震之后，村子里所有的房子都倒了。
• Stand the bottles on the table over there. 把瓶子放在那边的桌子上。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
STATE 状态
 ESSENTIAL intransitive [L only + adj]
■to be in, cause to be in or get into a particular state or situation （使）处于，进入（特定状态或境况）
• How do you think your chances stand (= are) of being offered the job? 你认为你得到那份工作的机会有多大？
• The national debt stands at fifty-five billion dollars. 国家债务达550亿美元。
• The house stood empty for years. 这栋房子空置多年了。
• Martina is currently standing second in the world listings. 马丁纳目前世界排名第二。
• [+ to infinitive] Our firm stands to lose (= will lose) a lot of money if the deal is unsuccessful. 如果这笔交易不成的话，我们公司会损失一大笔钱。
• We really can't allow the current situation to stand (= to exist in its current form). 我们确实不能允许目前的状况再继续下去了。
• Newton's laws of mechanics stood (= were thought to be completely true) for over two hundred years. 牛顿力学定律曾经无人撼动达200多年之久。
• Mix one sachet of paste into two litres of water, then leave the mixture to stand (= do not touch it) for at least fifteen minutes before use. 将一小袋面糊加入两升水调匀，然后静置至少15分钟待用。
• It would be difficult for her to stand much lower/higher in my opinion (= for me to have a worse/better opinion of her) after the way she behaved at the party. 她在派对上的表现让我对她的印象不能再差／再好了。
• formal You stand accused of murder, how do you plead? 你被控谋杀，你如何申辩？
stand trial
■to be put on trial in a court of law 受审
• Two other men are to stand trial next month for their part in the bombing. 另外两名男子因涉嫌参与这宗爆炸案将于下个月接受审判。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
PLACE 放
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to be in, cause to be in or put into a particular place 在；位于；放
• The room was empty except for a wardrobe standing in one corner. 房间里除了墙角有个衣柜外，别无他物。
• Stand the paintings against the wall while we decide where to hang them. 先把画靠墙放好，我们来看看挂在哪里好。
• The photograph shows the happy couple standing beside a banana tree. 照片上那对幸福的夫妇站在香蕉树旁。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■Vehicles that are standing are waiting （车辆）停，停靠
• The train now standing at platform 8 is the 15.17 for Oxford. 现在停靠在八号月台的是15点17分开往牛津的列车。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
ACCEPT 接受
 IMPROVER transitive usually in negatives
■to successfully accept or bear something which is unpleasant or difficult 承受住，经受住
• I can't stand her voice. 我受不了她的声音。
• Our tent won't stand another storm like the last one. 我们的帐篷承受不起像上次那样的风暴了。
• [+ -ing verb] I can't stand hearing her cry. 我受不了听她哭。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
POLITICS 政治
intransitive UK (mainly US run)
■to compete, especially in an election, for an official position 参加竞选
• The president has announced she does not intend to stand for re-election. 总统宣布她无意参加竞选寻求连任。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand a chance
■to have a chance of success 有成功的希望
• She stands a good chance of passing her exam if she works hard. 她努力学习的话，通过考试的希望很大。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
HEIGHT 高度
[L only + noun]
■to be a stated height 高度为，高达
• Even without his shoes he stood over two metres tall. 即便不穿鞋，他身高也超过了两公尺。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
BUY 买
transitive + two objects
■to buy something, especially a meal or a drink, for someone 请（某人）客；请（某人）吃饭
• I couldn't get to the bank, so could you stand me lunch? 我没办法去银行，你能请我吃午饭吗？
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
OPINION 立场
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to have as an opinion 想，认为；有…观点或看法
• How/Where does he stand on foreign policy issues? 他在外交政策问题上是甚么立场？
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
can't stand the sight of sb/sth
■to hate someone or something 受不了，见不得；讨厌
• Aunt Gloria can't stand the sight of cats. 格洛丽亚阿姨一看到猫就受不了。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
from where sb stands
■being in a particular position and having your particular experience, beliefs and responsibilities 从（某人）的立场来看，站在（某人）的立场上
• You can see why they refused her demand for a pay rise, but from where she stands it probably seemed perfectly reasonable to ask. 你能明白他们为甚么拒绝她加薪的要求，但从她的立场来看，提出这个要求似乎是完全合理的。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
I stand corrected. formal
■used to admit that something you have said or done was wrong 我承认错了
• I stand corrected - the date of foundation was 1411, and not 1412 as I had written. 我弄错了——创立的年代是1411年，而不是我写的1412年。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
it stands to reason
■said when something is obvious or clear from the facts 不言而喻，显而易见
• If 20% of the Earth's population has 80% of its resources, then it stands to reason that 80% of the population has only 20% of the resources. 如果地球上20%的人口占有了80%的资源，那么不言而喻地，80%的人口只拥有20%的资源。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
know where you stand
■to know what your opinion or situation is 知道自己的立场；清楚自己的情况
• I know where I stand on this issue - I'm against the war. 我很清楚自己在这个问题上的立场——我反对战争。
• When we've paid all our debts we'll know where we stand. 等我们偿清债务后，就清楚自己的情况如何了。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand (up) and be counted
■to make your opinions known even if doing so might cause you harm or difficulty （不顾后果）公开表明立场
• Those who did have the courage to stand up and be counted were arrested and imprisoned. 那些有勇气站出来表明自己立场的人都被捕入狱了。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand your ground
■to refuse to be pushed backwards, or to continue in your beliefs in an argument 坚守阵地；坚持立场，拒不让步
• The battalion stood its ground in the face of repeated attacks. 这个营面对一轮轮进攻始终坚守阵地。
• Clare stood her ground in the meeting and refused to be intimidated even when Michael got angry. 克莱尔在会上坚持她自己的立场，即使麦克生气也绝不退让。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand sb in good stead
■If an experience stands a person in good stead, it is or will be of great use to them （经历）对（某人）很有用，对（某人）大有好处
• Getting some work experience now will stand you in good stead (for) when you apply for a permanent job. 现在积累些工作经验，等到应征正职时会大有裨益。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand sth on its head
■If something new stands something established on its head, then the truth of the established thing or the beliefs on which it is based are doubted 使（已确立的事物）发生动摇，动摇…的根基
• New data has stood the traditional explanation of the island's origin on its head. 新的资料撼动了关于该岛起源的传统说法。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
Stand and deliver!
■said in the past by highwaymen when they stopped a carriage (= vehicle pulled by horses) on a road to demand objects of value from the travellers （旧时拦路强盗用语）站住，留下买路财！
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand bail
■to pay money temporarily to a court so that someone can be released from prison until the date of their trial 保释，缴纳保释金
• She can't be released from police custody until someone stands bail for her. 必须在有人为她缴纳了保释金之后，警方才能解除对她的羁押。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand fast/firm
■to be determined 下定决心
• Stand firm on your decision and you're more likely to get the result you want. 坚持你的决定，你才更有可能得到想要的结果。
§/stænd/ stand 1 verb (stood, stood)
stand in the way of sth/sb (also stand in sb's way)
■to try to stop or prevent 试图阻止，力图阻挠
• You know I won't stand in your way if you want to apply for a job abroad. 我跟你说，如果你想应征国外的工作，我是不会阻拦你的。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand on your dignity usually disapproving
■to demand to be shown the respect which you think you deserve 要求受到自认应有的礼遇，摆架子
• The Director didn't stand on her dignity; she helped clear up after the party. 主管没有摆架子，派对后她也跟着帮忙收拾东西。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand on your hands/head
■to support yourself only on your hands, or only on your head and hands, with your feet up as high as possible 手倒立／头手倒立
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand on your own (two) feet informal
■to be able to provide all of the things you need for living without help from anyone else 自立，自食其力
• She'll have to get a job and learn to stand on her own two feet sooner or later. 她迟早得找份工作，学会自食其力。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand on ceremony
■to behave in a formal way 讲究礼节；拘礼
• Please sit down and make yourself comfortable, we don't stand on ceremony here. 请坐，随便一点，我们这里不必拘礼。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand or fall by sth
■to depend completely on something for success 成败完全取决于
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
stand the test of time
■If something stands the test of time, it is still popular, strong, etc. after a long time 禁得起时间的考验
• Which songs from the last year will stand the test of time? 去年有哪些歌将禁得起时间的考验呢？
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
standing on your head informal
■If someone can do something standing on their head, they can do it very easily 轻而易举，易如反掌
• It's the sort of program Andrew could write standing on his head. 写这种程式对于安德鲁而言是易如反掌。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand about/around
■to spend time standing somewhere and doing very little 无所事事地站着
• We stood around in the cold for about an hour, waiting for the demo to start. 我们在严寒中枯站了约一个小时等示范表演开始。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand aside
■to leave a job or position so that someone else can have it instead 让位，退居一旁
• It's time he stood aside and let a more qualified person do the job. 他该让位了，让更称职的人来做这份工作。
■slightly formal
■to step sideways to make a space for someone else 让开，闪开
• Stand aside, please, so the doctor can get through. 请靠边站，让医生过去。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand back
 ADVANCED
■to move a short distance away from something or someone 退后，往后站
• Please stand back - then all of you will be able to see what I'm doing. 请往后站——这样你们就都能看清我的动作了。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand by sb
■to continue to support or help someone who is in a difficult situation 站在（某人）一边，继续支持（或帮助）
• She has vowed to stand by her husband during his trial. 她发誓在丈夫受审期间会一直支持他。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand by
BE READY
 ADVANCED
■to be waiting and ready to do something or to help 做好准备（行动或提供帮助）
• Cabin crew, please stand by for takeoff. 机组人员，请做好起飞准备。
⇒ See also standby
DO NOTHING
■to allow something unpleasant to happen without doing anything to stop it 袖手旁观
• We can't stand by while millions of people starve. 数百万人在忍饥挨饿，我们不能袖手旁观。
⇒ See also bystander
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand by sth
■to continue doing what you said you would when you made a decision, agreement or promise 继续遵守，信守（决定、协定或承诺）
• Despite its financial problems, the company is standing by the no-redundancy agreement. 公司尽管遇到了财务问题，但仍然信守不裁员的协定。
■to continue to believe that something you have said before is still true 仍然坚信，坚持（先前的说法）
• I stand by the statement I made earlier - there is no reason for the minister to resign. 我坚持早些时候的表态——部长没有理由必须辞职。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand clear
■to move a short distance away from something so that you are safe 闪开
• "Stand clear!" shouted the policewoman, "It might fall any minute." “闪开！”女警官大吼道，“它随时都可能倒下。”
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand down UK
■to give up your official job or position 离职，退职；下台
• He's decided to stand down after fifteen years as managing director. 当了15年总经理后，他决定退位。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand for sth
ACCEPT
 ADVANCED
■If you will not stand for something, you will not accept a situation or a particular type of behaviour 容忍，忍受
• I wouldn't stand for that sort of behaviour from him, if I were you. 我要是你的话，就不会容忍他那样的行为。
REPRESENT
 ADVANCED
■to support or represent a particular idea or set of ideas 支持，主张；代表
• This party stands for low taxes and individual freedom. 这个政党支持低税率，主张个人自由。
 ADVANCED
■If one or more letters stand for a word or name, they are the first letter or letters of that word or name and they represent it （字母）是…的缩写，代表
• 'GMT' stands for Greenwich Mean Time. GMT 是 Greenwich Mean Time（格林威治标准时间）的缩写。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand in (US usually fill in)
■to do the job that another person was going to do or usually does, or to take their place at an event, because they cannot be there 顶替，代替
• Paula stood in for Jane, while Jane was on holiday. 简休假期间，宝拉接替了她的工作。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand out
■to be very noticeable 显眼，突出
• The black lettering really stands out on that orange background. 黑色的字体在橙色的背景下非常醒目。
■to be much better than other similar things or people 出众
• We had lots of good applicants for the job, but one stood out from the rest. 我们这个职位有很多不错的应征者，但有一个人相当出众。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand out against sth/sb
■to openly oppose something or someone 公开反对
• More and more people are standing out against what is a very unpopular piece of legislation. 越来越多的人站出来反对一项非常不得人心的法案。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand over sb
■to stand close to someone and watch what they are doing 就近从旁观察（某人）做事
• Don't stand over me all the time - it makes me nervous. 别一直站在旁边盯着我——搞得我神经紧张。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand together
■If a group of people stand together on a particular matter, they agree strongly about it and take action together about it. 团结一致
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand up
■If an idea or some information stands up, it is proved to be true or correct （观点或资讯）站得住脚，验证属实
• Their evidence will never stand up in court. 他们的证据在法庭上根本站不住脚。
• Their argument won't stand up to detailed criticism (= when it is studied critically). 他们的论点禁不起仔细推敲。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] stand sb up informal
■to intentionally fail to meet someone when you said you would, especially someone you were starting to have a romantic relationship with 故意对（某人，尤指刚开始相处的恋人）失约，放（某人）的鸽子
• I don't know if I've been stood up or if she's just late - I'll wait another half hour. 我不知道她是故意放我的鸽子，还是只是迟到了——我会再等半个小时。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand up for sth/sb (also stick up for sth/sb) stand 2 ADVANCED
* to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked 支持，维护（想法、遭受指责或攻击的人）
• It's high time we all stood up for our rights around here. 我们大家现在亟须行动起来，维护我们在这里的权利。
• [R] Don't be bullied, learn to stand up for yourself and what you believe in. 不要任人欺侮，要学会捍卫自己的权利和信仰。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  stand up to sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you unfairly 面对（强有力的人或组织）勇敢抵抗，奋起反抗…的不公平对待
• He wasn't afraid to stand up to bullies. 他毫不惧怕，勇敢地对抗恶霸。
[stænd] verb (stood, stood)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] stand up to sth
■to not be changed or damaged by something 经得起，承受得住
• Will the lorries stand up to the journey over rough roads? 那些卡车能经得起旅途的颠簸吗？
[stænd] noun
SPORT 体育
countable UK
■a large structure at a sports ground, usually with a sloping floor and sometimes a roof, where people either stand or sit to watch a sports event 看台 Compare grandstand
stands [plural]
■a stand
• Fighting broke out in the stands five minutes before the end of the match. 比赛结束前五分钟看台上发生了打斗。
[stænd] noun
OPINION 观点
countable
■an opinion, especially one which is public （尤指公开的）观点，立场，态度
• What's her stand on sexual equality? 她对男女平等持甚么态度？
[stænd] noun
COURT 法庭
countable US for
■ witness box
• The witness took the stand (= went to the place in a court where you stand and answer questions). 目击者出庭作证。
[stænd] noun
SHOP 商店
countable
■a small shop or stall or an area where products can be shown, usually outside or in a large public building, at which people can buy things or get information 货摊；摊位；展台
• a hotdog stand 热狗摊
• Over three thousand companies will have stands at this year's microelectronics exhibition. 今年的微电子产品展览会上将会有3000多家公司参展。
⇒ See also newsstand
[stænd] noun
FRAME 框架
countable
■a frame or piece of furniture for supporting or putting things on （支撑或摆放物品的）架，座，台
• a music stand 乐谱架
• a hatstand 衣帽架
[stænd] noun
OPPOSITION 反对
countable usually singular
■an act of opposition, especially in defence 反对；抵抗，抵制；（尤指）捍卫
• Environmental groups are making a stand against the new road through the valley. 环保团体正在采取行动，反对修建穿过山谷的新公路。
⇒ See also stand out against
[stænd] noun
PERFORMANCES 表演
countable usually singular US
■a particular number or period of performances 停留演出
• The Orioles will be in town for a three-game stand. 黄鹂队将来城里进行三场比赛。
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
situate, stand, lie
这组词都有“位于”的意思，其区别是：
situate: 通常用过去分词作表语，指某城镇、乡村或某物等的地理位置与环境的关系，即在何处。
stand: 多指建筑物等被想象为主体的物体立于某处。
lie: 最常用词，不及物，指国家、城镇、道路、湖海等所处的位置。
withstand, bear, tolerate, stand, endure
这些词都表忍受，忍耐。
withstand: 经受，承受，指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如：They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。)
bear: 忍受，容忍，指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如：It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。)
tolerate: 容忍，容许，指自我克制的态度，对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如：I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话，我决不会容忍他。)
stand: 忍受，与bear同义，但较口语化。如：She can’t stand having nothing to do.(没事干，她受不了。)
endure: 忍耐，书面语，指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如：It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。)
position, attitude, stand
这组词都有“态度、立场”的意思，其区别是：
position: 指对看法有分歧的问题所表示较冷静和节制的态度，常常是经认真考虑后决定的。
attitude: 普通用词，指对于事情的看法和采取的行动，多带不很显确或不便说明的感情色彩。
stand: 常指某人对某一问题的看法或立场，有时含个人感情色彩。
vi. 站立；位于；停滞
 - sit, lie on
vt. 使站立；忍受；抵抗
 - stomach, go, tough, abide, sustain
n. 站立；立场；看台；停止
 - stop, stay

Word: bond
Front: bond
[bɒnd] (高研四六托雅 1880/2385 -4)
Vocabulary: bond
(once / 211 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
You and your best friend have a bond that allows you to trust each other with all your thoughts and secrets. A bond is a connection between two things.
Bond can refer to a physical or emotional restraint as in a prisoner who might tear off his bonds and escape to freedom. If you are arrested, your parents will have to pay a bond to get you released from jail. If you don't show up to court, they will lose that money. A certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation is also called a bond. When you cash in the bond on a set date, you get your money back plus interest. In its meaning of "connection," bond can be used as a verb. Have you ever met someone and felt an instant connection? You can say that you bonded.
WORD FAMILY
bond: bondable, bonded, bonding, bonds+/ bonding: bondings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gap between northern and southern European government bond spreads compressed.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
As European stocks climbed, a rally in risk appetite also pushed down the yields on lower-rated government bonds in the euro zone to multi-week lows.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Her allies were delighted that Trump raised the precedent of Ronald Reagan’s bond with Margaret Thatcher in his first phone call with May.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 纽带; 联系; 债券; 保释金
v. 使结合; 建立互信关系; 与…紧密联系; 与…黏合
时态：bonded, bonding, bonds
分布：债券(73%)，结合(11%)，粘合(5%)，联系(4%)，使结合(2%)，情谊(1%)，协定(1%)，连结(1%)，黏合剂(1%)，为 ... 作保(1%)
→词源同bind, 绑。
n.结合(物),粘结(剂),联结;公债,债券,契约The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [bɑ:nd] noun
CONNECTION 联系
countable
■a close connection joining two or more people （亲近的）联系，关系
• the bond(s) of friendship/love 友谊／恋爱关系
• There has been a close bond between them ever since she saved him from drowning. 他溺水被她救了以后他们之间一直来往密切。
• In societies with strong family bonds (= relationships) , people tend to live longer. 在家庭关系牢固的社会中，人们的寿命往往更长。
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] noun
FINANCIAL DOCUMENT 金融档
countable
■an official paper given by the government or a company to show that you have lent them money that they will pay back to you at an interest rate that does not change 公债，债券
• I invested some money in savings bonds. 我在储蓄债券上投了一些钱。
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] noun
PROMISE 承诺
countable
■a written agreement or promise 契约，合同，合约
• They have entered into a solemn bond. 他们已经缔结了一项正式契约。
countable US legal
■a sum of money that is paid to formally promise that someone accused of a crime and being kept in prison will appear for trial if released 保证金，保释金
• The judge ordered that he post a $10 000 bond pending his appeal of the verdict. 法官判令他在判决上诉期缴纳一万美元的保释金。
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] noun
GLUE 黏合
countable usually singular
■a place where single parts of something are joined together, especially with glue, or the type of joint made 黏合处
• When the glue has set, the bond formed is watertight. 胶水凝固之后，黏合处是防水的。
• a strong/weak/permanent bond 强力黏合／轻微黏合／永久黏合
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] noun
ROPES 绳索
bonds
[plural] literary
■the ropes or chains that hold prisoners and prevent them moving around or escaping （捆绑犯人用的）绳索；镣铐，枷锁
• Loose his bonds and set him free. 松开他的镣铐放了他吧。
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] verb intransitive or transitive
GLUE 黏合
■to stick materials together, especially using glue （尤指用胶水）（使）黏合；结合
• This new adhesive can bond metal to glass. 这种新的黏合剂可将金属和玻璃粘在一起。
UK [bɒnd] US [bɑ:nd] verb intransitive or transitive
MAKE CONNECTION 连接
■to develop a close connection or strong relationship with someone 联合，团结，建立关系
• The aim was to bond the group into a closely-knit team. 其目的在于使整个团体紧密团结在一起。
• The hospital gives mothers no quiet private time in which to bond with their babies. 医院没有给妈妈们提供安静的私人时间来与自己的宝宝亲近。
n. [金融] 债券；结合；约定；粘合剂
 - combination, convention, coupling, wedding, adhesive
vi. 结合，团结在一起
 - couple, become one, combine
vt. 使结合；以…作保
 - combine, tie in

Word: internet
Vocabulary: internet
(once / 255 pages)
n
The internet is a huge computer network made up of smaller computer networks. You're on the internet right now!
When you visit a website for news, videos, social networking, email — or even this definition — you’re on the internet. The internet — which is usually, though not always, capitalized — connects computers, allowing you to send and receive information. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, email, and many other forms of communication could not exist without the internet, which uses TCP/IP network protocols. People get on the internet using computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices. The Internet is also called cyberspace and the net.
WORD FAMILY
internet
USAGE EXAMPLES
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This story begins a long, long time ago, so long ago, the internet wasn’t really invented.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The spread of the right to be forgotten is part of a wider trend towards the fragmentation of the internet.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)

Word: street
Front: street
[stri:t] (中高雅 554/380 -K5)
Back: n. 大街，街道
分布：街道(65%)，马路(28%)，街道的(7%)
→来自古英语 straet,街道，大路，来自 Proto-Germanic*strato,街道，来自拉丁语 via strata,路面， 铺好的路，阴性格于 stratus,展开的，铺开的，过去分词格于 sternere,展开，铺开，词源同 stratum,structure.
n.街,街道;行车道She met me in the Fleet Street and greeted me with a sweet smile.她在舰队街上遇见我,并对我致以甜甜的一笑.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a road in a city, town or village which has buildings that are usually close together along one or both sides 街，街道，大街
• The streets were strewn with rubbish after the carnival. 狂欢节过后，街上到处是垃圾。
• a street map 街道图
• Our daughter lives just across the street from us. 我们的女儿就住在街对面。
• Diane's house is UKin / USon Cherrywood Street. 戴安娜的房子在切里伍德街上。
• Builders jeer at us even when we're just walking down the street. 即便我们只是从街上走过，建筑工人也会嘲笑我们。
• Be sure to look both ways when you cross the street. 过马路时一定要看两边。
• The town's streets were deserted by dusk. 夜幕降临时，镇里街上便空无一人。
• At five in the morning, there were still crowds of people roaming the streets. 清晨五点，仍有人群在街头游荡。
• I bought these sunglasses from a street vendor in Florence. 我在佛罗伦斯的一个街头小贩那里买了这副太阳眼镜。
take to the streets
■When people take to the streets, they express their opposition to something in public and often violently 上街游行示威，走上街头
• Thousands of people have taken to the streets to protest against the military coup. 数千人走上街头抗议军事政变。
[stri:t] noun countable
be streets ahead UK informal
■to be much better or much more advanced than another thing or person （比另一物或人）好得多，明显领先
• The latest sales figures show that we're streets ahead of the competition. 最新销售数字显示，我们在竞争中遥遥领先。
[stri:t] noun countable
be up your street UK (US be up your alley)
■to be the type of thing that you are interested in or that you enjoy doing 对（某人）的胃口，在（某人）的兴趣范围内
• Carpentry isn't really up my street. I'd rather pay someone else to do it. 木匠工作我做不来。我宁愿花钱请人来做。
• I've got a little job for you which is right (= exactly) up your street. 我有些非常适合你的工作给你做。
[stri:t] noun countable
the man/woman/person in/on the street
■an ordinary, average person whose opinions are considered to represent most people 平民百姓，市井小民
• To win the election he needs to appeal to the typical man in the street. 他想在选举中获胜就需要迎合普通百姓。
[stri:t] noun countable
on the streets (US also on the street)
■without a home 无家可归的，流落街头的
• Some of these people have been living on the streets for years. 这些人中有一些已经流落街头好几年了。
[stri:t] noun countable
the streets are paved with gold literary
■said about a place where it is easy to get rich, or where people imagine that it is （某个地方）遍地黄金
• Many asylum seekers appear to be economic migrants, convinced that the streets of Europe are paved with gold. 许多寻求庇护的人其实都是经济移民，他们确信欧洲遍地都是黄金。
[stri:t] noun countable
the whole street informal
■everyone living along a particular road 整条街的人
• Keep your voice down, we don't want the whole street to hear us! 小声点，我们不想叫得让整条街都听见！
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [公路] 街道
 - row, calle, treet, public thoroughfare

Word: arm
Front: arm
[ɑ:m] (中高 491/491 -K5)
Vocabulary: arm
(once / 16 pages)
1n 2nv
An arm is a limb on the upper part of a person's body. You can call the front limb of any animal an arm, though they're more often called "legs."
Starfish have five arms, while humans have two. The sleeves of your shirt are arms too, and an excellent baseball pitcher is said to have "an arm," meaning a powerful throw. When arm is a verb, it means "supply with weapons." These meanings have two different roots: an arm with a hand on the end comes from the Old English earm, while the weapon arm is rooted in the Latin arma, or "weapons."
WORD FAMILY
arm: armament, armed, armful, arming, armless, armlet, armlike, armor, arms, disarm, forearm, overarm, re-arm, rearm, unarm, underarm+/ armament: armaments/ armful: armfuls/arming: armings/armlet: armlets/ armor: armored, armorer, armoring, armors/armored: unarmored/armorer: armorers/ disarm: disarmament, disarmed, disarmer, disarming, disarms/disarmament: disarmaments/disarmer: disarmers/ disarming: disarmingly, disarmings/forearm: forearmed, forearming, forearms/rearm: rearmament, rearmed, rearming, rearms/rearmament: rearmaments/unarm: unarmed, unarming, unarms/underarm: underarms
USAGE EXAMPLES
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials say Morales may be armed and is considered extremely dangerous.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An armed forces medical examiner categorized the death as a homicide.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 臂; 武器; [复数]战事; 权力
vi. 准备（斗争），准备行动（against）
vt. 装备（防御工事）; 准备（攻击或迎击）; 配备; 防护
时态：armed, arming, arms
分布：臂(77%)，武装(5%)，扶手(5%)，武器(4%)，装备(4%)，袖子(2%)，军种(1%)，纹章(1%)，兵役.(1%)
→词根ar, 连结，同art. -m, 插入鼻音字母。武器即手臂所持。
n.手臂,扶手,臂状物v.武装;配备n.武器On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [ɑ:rm] noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■either of the two long parts of the upper body which are fixed to the shoulders and have the hands at the end 臂，手臂；上肢
• My arms ache from carrying this bag. 提这个袋子累得我胳膊疼。
• She put/threw her arms round me, and gave me a hug. 她伸出双臂拥抱我。
• He took/held her in his arms (= held her closely). 他把她搂进怀中。
• Bill arrived at the party with his new girlfriend on his arm (= her hand resting on his arm). 比尔挽着新女友一起来到聚会上。
countable
■The arm of a piece of clothing or furniture is a part of it that you put your arm in or on （衣服）袖子；（椅子等家俱的）扶手，靠手
• the arm of a jacket 夹克袖子
• the arm of a chair 椅子扶手
arm in arm
■When two people are arm in arm, they both have one arm bent at the elbow and passing around and supporting, or being supported by, the arm of the other person 臂挽着臂
• We walked arm in arm along the river bank. 我们臂挽着臂沿着河岸漫步。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
WEAPONS 武器
arms [plural]
 ADVANCED
■weapons and equipment used to kill and injure people 武器；军火；军备
• They have been charged with supplying arms to the guerillas. 他们被指控向游击队提供军火。
• An arms cache was discovered in South Wales. 在南威尔士发现了一个秘密军火库。
• The minister has called on the terrorists to lay down their arms (= stop fighting). 部长要求恐怖分子放下武器。
• They are willing to take up arms (= prepare to fight) (against the government) if they have to. 在必要时，他们会随时拿起武器（对抗政府）。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
PART OF AREA 部分地带
countable
■An arm of land or water is a long, thin part of it that is joined to a larger area. 狭长地带；狭长港湾
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
PART OF GROUP 部分部门
countable
■An arm of an organization is a part of it that is responsible for a particular activity or place 职能部门；分支机构，分部
• The British company is one arm of a large multinational. 这家英国公司是一家庞大的跨国公司的分部。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
an arm and a leg informal
■a lot of money 一大笔钱
• These shoes cost me an arm and a leg. 这双鞋花了我一大笔钱。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
keep sb at arm 's length
■to not allow someone to become too friendly with you 与（某人）保持距离；疏远（某人）；不与（某人）过于亲近
• I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length. 我总觉得她有意疏远我。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
under arms
■provided with weapons and willing to fight 处于备战状态；严阵以待
• The rebels now have thousands of people under arms. 叛乱分子已经征召了几千人，荷枪实弹，严阵以待。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] noun
be up in arms informal
■to be very angry 愤怒；发火
• They're up in arms about/over the new management scheme. 对于新的管理体制他们感到非常愤怒。
UK [ɑ:m] US [ɑ:rm] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to provide yourself or others with a weapon or weapons 为…提供武器装备；武装
• Nobody knows who is arming the terrorists. 没有人知道谁在给这些恐怖分子提供武器装备。
• [R] I armed myself with a baseball bat and went to investigate the noise. 我抄起了一根棒球棒，走过去看看是甚么发出的声响。
• They are currently arming for war. 他们正在武装起来，为战争做准备。
Opposite disarm
transitive
■to provide yourself or others with equipment or knowledge in order to complete a particular task 提供；配备；装备
• [R] She armed herself for the interview by finding out all she could about the company in advance. 为准备面试，她事先尽其所能地了解了那家公司的情况。
• I went to the meeting armed with the relevant facts and figures. 去开会时，我准备好了有关的资料数据。
n. 手臂；武器；袖子； [军] 装备
 - weapon, equipment, setup
vt. 武装；备战
 - war preparation

Word: especially
Front: especially
[ɪˈspeʃəli] (中高研四六 515/570 -K4)
Vocabulary: especially
(once / 43 pages)
adv
Especially describes something that can be singled out as better or more than. An especially tall building is extremely tall.
Behind many good adverbs is a good adjective; this is especially true for the word especially, which is built from the common adjective special. This means something close to particularly and can be used to describe something that is more than something else. Basketball players are especially tall. Puppies and kittens are especially cute. The President is an especially important person. If you win first place in a piccolo contest then you are especially good at playing piccolo.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
especially / specially
The words especially and specially, have just a hair's breadth of difference between them. Both can be used to mean "particularly." Especially tends to be more formal, while specially tends to be more informal:
Barney Frank can be ruthless in debate, especially when laying into opponents who try to evade the historical record.
This season, Essie Cosmetics is commemorating 2010 Breast Cancer Awareness month with specially created We Can Do It Pink!
But our words have finer points to them that are worthy of being understood. Especially carries with it a sense of something exceptional, implying that there is something else that is of lesser quality:
We came to win the game and I thought we played especially well in the first half.
Charlotte Daw Paulsen, a mezzo-soprano, as Jephtha's wife, was especially fine in her harrowing "Scenes of horror, scenes of woe."
Specially can refer to something with a distinct purpose, someone who stands apart from the rest, without insinuating that there is something or someone who is lesser:
Specially trained dogs may be useful in helping to calm autistic children.
Value Village's specially trained costume consultants will showcase the hottest costumes.
Now that you know the finer points, you can choose your words particularly/especially/specially carefully.
WORD FAMILY
especial: especially
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Especially in remote areas, it is unlikely to happen.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams’ backhand especially suffered, though she looked to move around the court freely.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harper might be the best, especially if he approaches his 2015 MVP production over the next two years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 尤其地; 主要地，格外地; 显著地; 异常地
分布：特别(56%)，尤其(44%)
ad.特别,尤其,格外;专门地,主要地The specialist specifically specified a special pacific means especially.专家特地明确指定了一种和解的特殊方法.
[ɪ'speʃ.əl.i] (also specially)
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■very much; particularly; for a particular reason 特别，尤其，格外；专门，特地
• She's not especially interested in sport. 她对体育运动不是特别感兴趣。
• I chose this especially for your new house. 我特地为你的新家挑选了这个。
• They invited her to speak especially because of her experience in inner cities. 他们邀请她来发言，主要是因为她有在旧城区生活的经历。
[ɪ'speʃ.əl.i] (also specially)
adverb
  Common Learner Errors  especiallyWarning: Check your spelling! Especially is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
[ɪ'speʃ.əl.i] (also specially)
adverb
  Common Learner Errors  especially or in particular? Warning: do not use especially at the beginning of a sentence. When it refers to the subject of the sentence, especially usually comes directly after the subject:
✗ Especially I enjoyed the boat trip on the Thames. I especially enjoyed the boat trip on the Thames. At the beginning of a sentence, don't say 'Especially', say In particular : In particular, I enjoyed the boat trip on the Thames.
particularly, especially, specially
这组词都有“特别地”的意思，其区别是：
particularly: 往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如：The visitors admired his paintings, but particularly the portrait of his daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画，特别是他女儿的画像。)
especially: 一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如：I love Italy, especially in summer.(我喜欢意大利，尤其在夏天。)
specially: 多表示“专门地”，“为特别目的的地”，如表“不寻常”，“过分”等，可与especially通用。如：I made chocolate cake specially for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力 蛋糕。)
adv. 特别；尤其；格外
 - peculiarly, notably

Word: programme
Front: programme
[ˈprəʊgræm] (中高研 -/360 -K5)
Vocabulary: programme
(once / 428 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
Programme is the British spelling of program, which is a plan or system. You are constantly reminding the daydreaming Betty to get with the programme.
Programme can mean plan, curriculum, or an episode of a larger plan. Your school has a programme for your education. In college your major will determine which programme you follow. The TV show you especially like is your favorite programme. Programme is also a verb. You programme your alarm clock to wake you at 6, or programme a series of musicians to play at the local pub. If you think society brainwashes you with advertising, then you feel programmed.
WORD FAMILY
programme: programmed, programming+/programming: multiprogramming, programmings
USAGE EXAMPLES
To be performed in English, it will kick off the citywide “Seattle Celebrates Shakespeare” programming.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Univision shook up its programming team and is ordering more shows from outside suppliers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He told the Today programme ticket prices are rising because they "need to invest more to provide more and better journeys".
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （演出或活动的）程序; 计划; 节目; 课程
vt. 计划; 训练; 培养; 预调
vi. 编程序; 制作节目
时态：programmed, programming, programs
分布：节目(41%)，计划(34%)，方案(11%)，课程(5%)，规划(5%)，编程(1%)，制作节目(1%)，培养(1%)，预设(1%)
n.(program)节目,计划,规划,程序v.编程序My favourite serial is on the programme.节目单上有我喜爱的连播节目.
US ['proʊ-] UK
noun countable (ALSO US program)
BROADCAST 播放
 ESSENTIAL
■a broadcast on television or radio （电视或广播中的）节目
• It's one of those arts programmes late at night. 这是深夜播放的艺术类节目之一。
• It's my favourite TV programme - I never miss an episode. 这是我最喜欢的电视节目——我一集都没错过。
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] UK
noun countable (ALSO US program)
THIN BOOK 薄册
■a thin book or piece of paper giving information about a play or musical or sports event, usually bought at the theatre or place where the event happens 节目单
• I looked in the programme to find out the actor's name. 我看了看节目单，想找出那个演员的名字。
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] UK
noun countable (ALSO US program)
PLAN 计划
■a plan of activities to be done or things to be achieved 计划，方案
• The school offers an exciting and varied programme of social events. 学校组织了一个激动人心、丰富多彩的社会活动计划。
• The rail system is to put twenty million pounds into its modernisation programme. 铁路系统的现代化专案准备投入两千万英镑。
• I'm running three mornings a week - it's all part of my fitness programme. 一星期晨跑三次——这是我健身计划的一部分。
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] UK
noun countable (ALSO US program)
get with the programme informal
■to accept new ideas and give more attention to what is happening now 接受新的思想；对现在的情况多加关注
• They've been playing the same old music for ten years now - it's time to get with the programme. 他们播这首老歌都播了十年了，是革新的时候了。
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] UK
noun countable (ALSO US program)
  Common Learner Errors  programme or program? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk about the set of instructions to make a computer work, don't say 'programme', say program :
✗ There is a special computer programme to help you find your perfect job.
UK ['prəʊ.græm] US ['proʊ-] UK
verb [T + obj + to infinitive] (ALSO US program (-mm-))
■to tell a device or system to operate in a particular way or at a particular time 为…制定计划；由…安排
• I've programmed the video to start recording at 10 o'clock. 我已经把录影机设定成十点钟开始录影。
be programmed to do sth
■to always do or think a particular thing, although you do not try to 按某种方式行事
• I'm programmed to wake up at seven. 我习惯在七点醒来。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 计划，规划；节目； [计] 程序
 - plan, scheme, procedure, routine, formulation
vt. 规划；拟…计划
 - formulate, mark out

Word: add
Front: add
[æd] (中高研四 340/330 -K5)
Vocabulary: add
(once / 16 pages)
v
When you add, you join two or more things together. If you add on to your summer cottage, you build an extra room that's connected to your existing house.
If your boss adds ten dollars to your paycheck, she gives you the money in addition to, or on top of, your salary. And when you add a column of numbers, you combine each one in the list until you get a final answer. You might verbally add something by making one last statement: "I'd like to add that I can't wait to visit again!" The Latin root is addere, "add to, join, or attach."
WORD FAMILY
add: addable, added, adder, addible, adding, addition, additive, adds+/adder: adders/ addition: additional, additions/ additional: additionally/additive: additively, additives
USAGE EXAMPLES
It added there is a chance Chung, an equestrian competitor who trained in Germany, may choose to return to South Korea voluntarily.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He added two more touchdowns via rushing and special teams.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They would restore a more working market in pharmaceuticals,” he added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 增加; 补充; 附带说明; 把…包括在内
vi. 增加; 做加法; 累积而成; 扩大
n. 加法，加法运算; （一篇报道的）补充部分
时态：added, adding, adds
分布：加(82%)，增加(14%)，补充(4%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。-d同词根don, 给予，见donate.
vt.加;增加(进);进一步说/写vi.(to)增添The odd man added an additional riddle to the middle of the saddle.那个怪人把一个额外的谜语添加到鞍座中间.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something with something else to increase the number or amount or to improve the whole 加，相加；增加，添加；补充说，继续说
• If you add (= calculate the total of) three and four you get seven. 三加四等于七。
• Beat the butter and sugar together and slowly add the eggs. 把奶油和糖搅拌在一起，再慢慢把鸡蛋打进去。
• She's added a Picasso to her collection. 她的收藏中增添了一幅毕卡索的画作。
• Her colleagues' laughter only added to (= increased) her embarrassment. 她的同事笑了起来，这使她更加难堪了。
• [+ that] She was sad, she said, but added (= said also) that she felt she had made the right decision. 她说她很伤心，但是接着又说她觉得自己作出的决定是正确的。
• [+ speech] "Oh, and thank you for all your help!" he added as he was leaving. “噢，谢谢你的帮助！”他在离开时补充道。
• It's $45 - $50 if you add in (= include) the cost of postage. 45美元——加上邮费共50美元。
• Don't forget to add on your travelling expenses/add your expenses on. 不要忘了把你的旅费／花费算进去。
[æd] verb intransitive or transitive
not add up informal
■If a situation does not add up, there is no reasonable or likely explanation for it 说不通，不合情理
• Why would she disappear the day before her holiday? It just doesn't add up. 她为甚么会在假期的前一天不见踪影了呢？这不合情理呀。
[æd] verb intransitive or transitive
to add insult to injury
■said when you feel that someone has made a bad situation worse by doing something else to upset you 雪上加霜；往伤口上撒盐
• They told me I was too old for the job, and then to add insult to injury, they refused to pay my expenses! 他们说我太老了，干不了这项工作。更让人受不了的是，他们还拒绝支付我的费用！
[æd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] add (sth) up
 IMPROVER
■to calculate the total of two or more numbers （把…）加起来，求（…的）和
• If you add those four figures up, it comes to over £500. 这四个数字加起来总额超过500英镑。
• She added the bill up. 她合计了一下帐单。
• I'm not very good at adding up! 我不大擅长加法！
[æd] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  add up to sth
AMOUNT 数量
 ADVANCED
■to become a particular amount 总共是；合计为
• The various building programmes add up to several thousand new homes. 各项住宅建设计划总共将为人们提供几千个新住所。
• We thought we'd bought lots of food, but it didn't add up to much when we'd spread it out on the table. 我们还觉得自己买了不少吃的东西呢，可一摆到饭桌上，还真是没有多少。
RESULT 结果
■to have a particular result or effect 结果是；表示；意味着
• It all added up to a lot of hard work for all of us. 结果这给我们所有人都添了一大堆工作。
• Their proposals do not add up to any real help for the poor. 他们的建议没给穷人带来任何实质性帮助。
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
vi. [数] 加；增加；加起来；做加法
 - improve, gain, accelerate
vt. 增加，添加；补充说；计算…总和
 - enhance, boost, jack, mount, hot
n. 加法，加法运算
 - addition

Word: effort
Front: effort
[ˈefət] (中高研四六 454/745 -K5)
Vocabulary: effort
(once / 39 pages)
n
Effort has to do with how much work you're putting into something. A great achievement can also be considered a great effort.
Effort has to do with how hard you're trying. If something is easy, it doesn't take much effort. If it's hard, it takes a lot of effort. Effort is about trying to get something done, even if it doesn't always work out. In sports, coaches don't like losing, but they really hate it when the players aren't giving much effort. There are also large scale, collective efforts, like the effort to cure cancer or the effort to legalize marijuana.
WORD FAMILY
effort: effortful, effortless, efforts+/effortful: effortfully, effortfulness/ effortless: effortlessly, effortlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her early efforts “looked so bad,” she says.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 努力，尝试; 工作; 成就; 杰作
分布：努力(96%)，努力的成果(4%)
→ef-, 向外。-fort, 力量，词源同fort, fortify.
努力,奋发(ef出＋fort→出力→努力)[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
n.努力;成就;艰难的尝试I got this sort of comfortable soft shorts with no efforts.我不费吹灰之力弄到了这种柔软舒适的短裤.
US [-ɚt] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■physical or mental activity needed to achieve something 气力；精力；努力
• [+ to infinitive] If we could all make an effort to keep this office tidier it would help. 如果我们都努力保持整洁，那么办公室的面貌肯定会大有改观。
• You can't expect to have any friends if you don't make any effort with people. 如果不努力去和人们交往，你就别想有朋友。
• In their efforts to reduce crime the government expanded the police force. 为了减少犯罪，政府扩充了警力。
• He's jogging round the park every morning in an effort to get fit for the football season. 为了调整好身体状况迎接这个赛季的足球赛，他现在每天早晨都绕着公园慢跑。
• It takes a long time to prepare the dish but the results are so good that it's worth the effort. 做这道菜很费时间，但结果大家都很爱吃，工夫真没白费。
countable
■the result of an attempt to produce something, especially when its quality is low or uncertain （尤指不理想的或难以确定的）结果
• Do you want to have a look at his exam paper? It's a fairly poor effort. 你想看看他的试卷吗？成绩可不太好。
UK ['ef.ət] US [-ɚt] noun
  Common Learner Errors  effortWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do an effort', say make an effort :
✗ We must do an effort to improve our English. We must make an effort to improve our English.
trouble, struggle, pains, effort, endeavour
这组词都有“努力”的意思，其区别是：
trouble: 和pains均侧重在面临困难或阻力时所作的努力，但强调在努力时的细心和谨慎，相比之下，pains更适合表示尽力的努力。
struggle: 指为克服困难或阻力所作的努力，也指因决心、意志或干劲而产生的极大努力。
effort: 通常指完成某特定任务所需付出的或大或小的努力，可指一次的努力，也可指坚持不懈的努力。
endeavour: 指持久的，坚持不懈的，甚至是终身的努力，强调努力的认真与决心。
n. 努力；成就
 - achievement, success, pain, struggle, trial

Word: require
Front: require
[rɪˈkwaɪə(r)] (中高研四六 446/321 -K4)
Vocabulary: require
(once / 33 pages)
v
Require means to need. You require food, water, and shelter to live, but do you really require that new pair of high-fashion shoes?
The verb require comes from Latin root words re, meaning repeatedly, and quaerere meaning to ask. The word lost the sense of asking and came to mean needing, demanding or insisting upon something. The law requires that you attend school until you're sixteen; your parents probably require you to finish high school. If you're a waiter in a fancy restaurant and the food has been served, as if your customers require anything else.
WORD FAMILY
require: required, requirement, requires, requiring, requisition +/ requirement: requirements/ requisition: derequisition, requisitioned, requisitioning, requisitions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
When authorities issue red alerts, some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 要求; 需要; 想要; 命令
vi. 要求，规定
时态：required, requiring, requires
分布：需要(70%)，要求(25%)，命令(3%)，规定(2%)
→re-,表强调，-quir,要求，询问，词源同 query,question.
请求,命令(re再+quire→再寻求→请求)[Quest,quir,quis,quer=seek,search,表示"寻求,询问"]
v.需要;(of)要求,命令Some business disputes require litigation.有些商业争端需提出诉讼.
US [-'kwaɪr] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to need or make necessary 需要；有赖于；要求；规定
• Please telephone this number if you require any further information. 如需更多资讯请拨此电话号码垂询。
• Skiing at 80 miles per hour requires total concentration. 以每小时80英里的速度滑雪需要全神贯注。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Bringing up children often requires you to put their needs first. 抚养孩子常要把他们的需要放在首位。
• You are required by law to stop your car after an accident. 法律规定，发生事故后必须停车。
• [+ that] The rules require that you bring only one guest to the dinner. 按照规定，你只能带一位客人出席晚宴。
UK [rɪ'kwaɪər] US [-'kwaɪr] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  require or request? Warning: choose the right word! To say that someone has politely or officially asked for something, don't use 'require', use request :
✗ I am sending you the information you required in your letter.
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
inquire, acquire, achieve, require
inquire: 打听，询问。如：inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
acquire: 取得，获得，学到。如：acquire knowledge (获得知识)
achieve: (成功地)完成，实现。如：He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作，将会一事无成。)
require: 需要。如：We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。)
need, require, lack, want
这组词都有“缺少、短少”的意思，其区别是：
need: 语气较重，指需要必不可少的东西，强调急需。
require: 使用广泛，语气较轻。强调急需时可与need换用，但有时暗示所需的人或物是完成某一任务必不可少的。
lack: 指完全短缺或数量不足。
want: 侧重缺少某种必需之物，或个人渴望得到的东西。
vt. 需要；要求；命令
 - lack, exact, desire, order, command

Word: federal
Front: federal
[ˈfedərəl] (研四六托 493/2320 -K4)
Vocabulary: federal
(once / 154 pages)
1adj 2adj
Federal refers to the national government. The voting age is determined by the federal government while the driving age is decided on a state by state basis.
Before the Constitution was ratified, the United States was a loose confederation of states, with no real federal government. The Constitution created a stronger federal government but to this day, there is a conflict between those who want power to go to the states and those who support federal control. States don't seem to mind federal subsidies though.
WORD FAMILY
federal: federalise, federalism, federalize, federally+/Federalist: Federalists/federalise: federalisation, federalised, federalising/ federalism: Federalist, federalisms/federalize: federalization, federalized, federalizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
What’s up next in the federal trial of Dylann Roof?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 联邦（制）的; 同盟的
n. 联邦主义者; 同盟盟友
分布：联邦政府的(51%)，同盟的(18%)，联邦主义者(11%)，同盟盟友(11%)，联邦制的(9%)
→来自federation, 联盟。
联盟的,联邦的[fader=league,表示"联盟"]
a.联邦的;联邦制的;联合的;同盟的Several severe federal generals drank the mineral water on the miner's funeral.好几个严厉的联邦将军在矿工的葬礼上喝了矿泉水.
US [-ɚ.əl] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to the central government, and not to the government of a region, of some countries such as the United States 联邦政府的
• the federal government 联邦政府
• a federal agency/employee 联邦政府机构／雇员
■A federal system of government consists of a group of regions that is controlled by a central government. 联邦（制）的
adj. 联邦的；同盟的
 - confederal, fed.

Word: inflation
Front: inflation
[ɪnˈfleɪʃn] (研六托雅 3197/2030 -4)
Vocabulary: inflation
(once / 322 pages)
n
Think of inflation as expansion, usually from being filled with air, like a balloon. This also refers to rising prices.
Think of a balloon puffing up, getting fuller and fuller — that's inflation. The word has a bunch of related meanings. We can say people a little too full of themselves are suffering from inflation: they are full of hot air. When the cost of living is ballooning, that's economic inflation. When the universe was born in the big bang, there was a huge inflation, as matter spread out, creating galaxies, stars, and planets.
WORD FAMILY
inflation: disinflation, inflationary, inflations+/ inflate: inflatable, inflated, inflater, inflates, inflating, inflation, inflator/ inflated: inflatedly/inflator: inflators
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the streets below, ordinary citizens wrestle with 41% inflation and chronic shortages of staples such as sugar, cooking oil and medicine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Gas prices will now fluctuate, something that hasn't been seen in Mexico since the government started fixing prices in 1992, ostensibly to control inflation.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
In 2019 and beyond the minimum wage will be tied to the rate of inflation.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 膨胀; 通货膨胀; 夸张; 自命不凡
分布：膨胀(51%)，通货膨胀(49%)
→来自inflate,膨胀。用于经济学术语通货膨胀。
充气;通货膨胀[flat=blow,表示"吹"]
通货膨胀(inflate充气,膨胀;in+flate气)[-ion 1.表名词"动作或状态“2.表示"某种物,用品"]
n.通货膨胀The inflated balloon indicates a latent inflation on the plateau.膨胀的气球对高原指示潜在的通货膨胀.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a general, continuous increase in prices 通货膨胀
• high/low inflation 高／低通货膨胀
• the rate of inflation 通货膨胀率
• 3% inflation 3%的通货膨胀率
Compare deflation
n. 膨胀； [金融] 通货膨胀；夸张；自命不凡
 - expansion, bulking

Word: project
Front: project
[ˈprɒdʒekt] (高研四六托雅 534/509 -K4)
Vocabulary: project
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4v
A project is a piece of work that is planned or intended. Plan a little extra time for your gingerbread house project — gluing the walls and roof can take a while.
If you call a person your project, pronounced PRAH-jekt, it means you are trying to improve them by telling them how to behave, etc. As a verb, pronounced pro-JEKT, it means to jut out literally — The fireplace projects into the dining room — or figuratively — Try to project your ideas forcefully. If you assume another person is feeling the same things you are, you are projecting you feelings onto them.
WORD FAMILY
project: projected, projecting, projection, projector, projects+/ projection: projections/projectionist: projectionists/ projector: projectionist, projectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
The “Star Wars” creator is financing the project himself.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Should projects bearing his name receive additional security?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 放映; 计划; 发射; 展现，使突出
vi. 伸出，突出
时态：projected, projecting, projects
分布：项目(58%)，工程(20%)，计划(11%)，设计(5%)，投射(2%)，课题(1%)，突出(1%)，放映(1%)，投掷(1%)
→来自pro-,向前，朝向，-ject,投掷，扔，词源同abject,conjecture.引申诸相词义。
投射出;工程项目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→投射;引申为工程项目)[pro-①表示"向前,在前"②表示"很多…"③表示"赞同,亲..."]
投射n.设计;目标(pro向前+ject→向前扔→目标;项目)[ject=throw,cast,表示"投掷,扔"]
n.方案,工程,项目v.投射,放映;设计,规划The projector is subject to rejection and may be ejected from the project.投影机有遭到否决的倾向并可能被逐出工程.
US [ˈprɑː.dʒekt]
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of planned work or an activity which is finished over a period of time and intended to achieve a particular aim 项目；方案；工程；专案计划
• the Kings Cross housing project 国王十字路口的住宅专案
• a scientific research project 科学研究专案
• Her latest project is a film based on the life of a nineteenth-century music hall star. 她最近计划拍摄一部关于某位19世纪歌厅歌星一生的影片。
• My next project is decorating the kitchen. 我下一步计划整修厨房。
 IMPROVER
■a study of a particular subject done over a period of time, especially by students （尤指学生做的）课题，研究
• He's doing a class project on pollution. 他正在做一个有关污染的学校作业。
• In our third year at college everyone had to do a special project. 大学三年级时，每个人必须做一项专题研究。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
CALCULATE 估计
transitive usually passive
■to calculate an amount or number expected in the future from information already known 预计，推算
• [+ to infinitive] Government spending is projected to rise by 3% next year. 明年政府的支出预计将增加3%。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
THROW 投掷
transitive
■to throw or direct something forwards, with force 投掷；发射
• Ninety percent of the projected missiles will hit their target. 发射的飞弹90%将命中目标。
project your voice
■to sing or speak loudly and clearly 扯开喉咙；放声
• It's a big theatre so you really have to project your voice if you're going to be heard at the back. 这是一个大剧院，所以如果你想让后排的人听见就必须扯开你的喉咙。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
MAKE AN IMAGE 产生图像
transitive
■to cause a film, image or light to appear on a screen or other surface 放映；投射（影、像或光）
• Laser images were projected onto a screen. 雷射图像被投射到了萤幕上。
transitive specialized
■to wrongly imagine that someone else is feeling a particular emotion or desire when in fact it is you who feels this way 投射（自己的感觉给别人）
• I suspect he's projecting his fears onto you. 我猜他是把他的恐惧投射到你身上了。
transitive
■If you project a particular quality, that quality is what most people notice about you 向别人表现（某种品质）
• Recently the president has sought to project a much tougher image. 最近这位总统努力塑造一个更强硬的形象。
verb[prəˈdʒekt/
STICK OUT 突出
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to stick out over an edge or from a surface 伸出，突出
• The hotel dining room projects out over the water. 这家旅馆的餐厅突出到水面上方。
project, inject, eject
这是一组形近易混词。
project: v.伸出，突出；预计，预报；投射，放映。
 • The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.   阳台从房子的墙壁上突出来。
 • The government projects that the defence budget will increase by 20% .   政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
inject: v.注射。
 • The nurse injected some medicine into the patient with a needle.   护士用注射器给患者打针。
eject: v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
 • The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.   飞行员从坠落的飞机中弹射出去。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
vi. 设计；计划；表达；投射
 - design, engineer
vt. 设计；计划；发射；放映
 - design, schedule, engineer, style, frame
n. 工程；计划；事业
 - engineering, career, enterprise, plan, scheme

Word: economics
Front: economics
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪks] (研四六托雅 3186/2785 -4)
Vocabulary: economics
(once / 667 pages)
n
Economics studies the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management. People get jobs, they make things, they sell those things, they get paid, they use that money to buy other things. Economics makes the world go round.
Economics is a branch of social science. Like dueling political parties, economists also support different theories about how to best regulate the economy with government policies. Since it relates to the financial health of countries and how countries interact through trade, the relevance of economics is enormous and often the subject of the evening news. "Home Economics" is the somewhat antiquated yet still relevant notion of the management of money, food, laundry, and cleaning that keep a house running smoothly.
WORD FAMILY
economics: econometrist, microeconomics+/microeconomics: microeconomist/microeconomist: microeconomists
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was the product of a system of economics in which I did not believe, and I wanted no part.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Uniquely, too, this is a book whose subject is economics but whose message is geopolitical.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况
分布：经济学(100%)
经济学(economy经济+ics)[-ics表名词、,"学科,学术"]
n.经济学,经济情况He has written three books in economics.他已写了三本经济学方面的书.
US [-'nɑ:.mɪks] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the way in which trade, industry or money is organized, or the study of this 经济状况；经济因素；经济学
• Their ideas sound fine in principle but they haven't worked out the economics behind the policies. 他们的计划理论上听起来不错，但是他们没有搞清楚这些政策背后的经济因素。
• She's in her third year of economics at York University. 她在约克大学主修经济学，现在上大三。
n. [经] 经济学；国家的经济状况
 - plutonomy

Word: test
Front: test
[test] (中高研四六雅 575/627 -K5)
Vocabulary: test
(once / 69 pages)
1nv 2n
If your boss tells you not to test her patience, she means don't push her today, because she might just snap.
Surely you're familiar with vocabulary tests? In this case, someone is giving you difficult questions to see how much you know. Test more generally means "trial." If you test a soap on your skin, you use it on one small patch, to see if you'll have an allergic reaction. A drug test looks for the presence of drugs in your system. A difficult time in life is sometimes called "a test," because it's testing your strength to persevere.
VOCABULARY SHOUT-OUT
Would You Prefer a "Quiz," "Diagnostic," "Test," or "Evaluation"?
Recently a math teacher and Facebook friend of Vocabulary.com posted to her Facebook page: "Would you rather take a 'quiz,' 'diagnostic,' 'test,' or 'evaluation?'"
Responses were clear. One commenter wrote, "Quiz sounds fun. The others are all waiting to judge me." Another weighed in, "Quiz, of course. the others are work."
Why are three of these synonyms seen as negative while another is a clear favorite? A quick look at just the first paragraph of the blurbs for these words in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary explains. Let's start with the traditional test.
Here's the more generalized evaluation.
Diagnostic, our blurb explains, suggests you might be sick.
And finally, here's quiz, the clear favorite. Why? Because, as our blurb explains, it's fun!
Negative and positive associations with words are important. Learning them is just one more reason to look up a word you already know to learn more before you use it.
They can even help you do better on standardized tests such as the SAT. Here, we explain what to do when you know the positive or negative association, but not the meaning of a word in a test-taking situation.
WORD FAMILY
test: sub-test, tested, testee, tester, testing, tests+/tested: untested/testee: testees/tester: testers/ testing: testings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some tips are gimmicks, and some may not work as well for you as they did in tests.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The first pesticide to be tested will be propoxur, which is commonly used against fleas and other insects.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While some suppliers and dispensaries test the CBD and THC levels of their products, many do not.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 试验; 考验; 测验; 化验
vt. 测验; 考查; 考验; 勘探
vi. 受试验; 受测验; 受考验; 测得结果
时态：tested, testing, tests
分布：测试(77%)，试验(14%)，考验(8%)，接受测验(1%)
→来自古法语 tester,见证，证实，来自拉丁语 testari,作证，证实，来自 tri-st,第三人，来自 tri,三，词源同 three,*st,站立，词源同 stand.字母 r 脱落，词义演变比较 umpire,裁判，字 面意思为第三人。test 陶器，测验，检验，测试，试验
n./vt.试验;检验;测验I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a way of discovering, by questions or practical activities, what someone knows, or what someone or something can do or is like 测验，考查
• The class are doing/having a spelling test today. 今天班里有一个拼写测验。
• She had to take/do/sit an aptitude test before she got the job. 她先接受了能力测试后才得到这份工作。
 ESSENTIAL
■a medical examination of part of your body in order to find out how healthy it is or what is wrong with it （体格）检查；化验
• a blood/urine test 验血／尿检
• an eye test 视力检查
• a pregnancy test 妊娠检查
• The doctors have done some tests to try and find out what's wrong with her. 医生做了一些检查，想查出她的问题出在哪里。
 ESSENTIAL
■an act of using something to find out whether it is working correctly or how effective it is 试验
• The new missiles are currently undergoing tests. 新导弹目前正在进行试验。
 ADVANCED
■a situation which shows how good something is 检验；考验
• Driving on that icy road was a real test of my skill. 在那条结了冰的路上驾车是对我驾驶技术的一次真正考验。
■a test match 锦标赛
• Australia won the test by 197 runs. 澳大利亚以197分赢得了这次锦标赛。
[test] noun countable
put sth to the test
■to find out how good something is 使经受考验；检验；试验
• Her constant questions really put my patience to the test! 她无休止的提问实在是对我耐性的考验！
[test] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to do something in order to discover if something is safe, works correctly, etc., or if something is present 试验；检验；试用；检测
• The manufacturers are currently testing the new engine. 生产厂家目前正试验这种新的引擎。
• They tested her blood for signs of the infection. 他们验了她的血，看看是否有感染的迹象。
 ESSENTIAL
■to give someone a set of questions, in order to measure their knowledge or ability 测验，测试；考查；考试
• Will you test me on the chemical formulae I've been learning? 你要考那些我一直在学的化学方程式吗？
 ADVANCED
■If a situation tests someone, it proves how good, strong, etc. they are 考验
• That lecture really tested my powers of endurance, it was so boring. 那个讲座简直是在考验我的忍耐力，实在太枯燥了。
 ADVANCED
■to do a medical examination of part of someone's body or of a particular physical ability （身体某个部位的）检查，化验
[test] verb transitive
test the water(s)
■to find out what people's opinions of something are before you ask them to do something 试探（人们对某事的意见）
[test] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] test sth out
■to test something, especially a theory or an idea, to find out how it works in a practical situation or how people react to it 检验，试验（尤指理论或想法）
• The students tested out their cost-cutting ideas in several companies. 学生在几家公司试验了他们降低成本的构想。
examination, test, quiz, exam
这组词都有“考试”的意思，其区别是：
examination: 通常指为检查学生知识或能力而举行的正式考试，有时也指临时考试。
test: 多指有具体目的的临时性考试或小考。
quiz: 指时间较短，随时进行的口头或书面的非正式测验。
exam: 系examination的缩略形式，口语用词，通俗。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
n. [化验] 试验；检验
 - monitoring, experiment, proof, try
vt. [化验] 试验；测试
 - proof, try out
vi. [化验] 试验；测试
 - try out, try on

Word: data
Front: data
[ˈdeɪtə] (高研四雅 559/552 -K4)
Vocabulary: data
(once / 175 pages)
n
Data is information such as facts and numbers used to analyze something or make decisions. Computer data is information in a form that can be processed by a computer.
Data is the plural of Latin datum "something given." In scientific use, the word data is often considered to be a plural noun meaning "pieces of information": The data are reliable. But most people think of data as a mass noun meaning "information" and use the word with a singular verb and pronoun: The data is reliable because it was tested by experts.
WORD FAMILY
datum: data
USAGE EXAMPLES
The average private sector income in Finland is €3,500 per month, according to official data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The average private sector income in Finland is 3,500 euros per month, according to official data.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 资料，材料; datum的复数; [计算机]数据，资料; 从科学实验中提取的价值
分布：数据(83%)，资料(16%)，名词datum的复数形式.(1%)
→来自拉丁语datum, 给予。-a, 拉丁语复数后缀。
n.(datum的复数)资料,数据The fateful up-to-date data of the gate have a fatal error.大门的决定性最新数据有一个致命错误.
US [-tˌə] noun uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■information, especially facts or numbers, collected to be examined and considered and used to help decision-making, or information in an electronic form that can be stored and processed by a computer 信息，数据
• The data was/were collected by various researchers. 这些资讯是由各类研究人员收集起来的。
• Now the data is/are being transferred from magnetic tape to hard disk. 现在这些数据正从磁碟转存到硬碟。
message, information, data
这组词都有“资料、信息”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指通过书写、谈话和信号等方式所进行的通讯“信息”。
information: 和data作“资料”解时，前者仅指所获得、提供或描述的慨况，而不指具体的数据或资料，后者则指具体的资料。
data: 是datum的复数形式，本义指作为计算和测量基础的资料。

Word: food
Front: food
[fu:d] (中高雅 366/466 -K5)
Vocabulary: food
(once / 41 pages)
n
Food is anything that you can eat and digest. Your body needs food to grow and live.
Some people love pizza, others love Thai food, and many can't get enough fruits and vegetables. Everything served at a restaurant is some kind of food — you eat it, digest it, and poop it out. Just because you can chew and swallow something doesn't make it food — try eating a crayon. To be food, it has to have nutritional value. Along with water and shelter, food is something you need to survive.
WORD FAMILY
food: foodless, foods
USAGE EXAMPLES
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
They were warm-blooded, large animals who already required a lot of food and expended a lot of energy.
Science Magazine(Jan 02, 2017)
There are so few staff that Studdard, the superintendent, helps scrape food from lunch trays and mop the bathroom floors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 食物，食品; 粮食; 养料; 资料
分布：食物(71%)，食品(29%)
→来自pa, 喂食，喂养，词源同fodder, pasture, company.
n.食物,粮食,养料I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that people and animals eat, or plants absorb, to keep them alive 食物；食品；（供植物生长的）养料
• baby food 婴儿食品
• cat food 猫粮
• plant food 促进植物生长的养料
• There was lots of food and drink at the party. 派对上供应了大量的食物和饮品。
• I'm allergic to certain foods. 我对某些食物过敏。
[fu:d] noun countable or uncountable
be off your food
■to not want to eat, usually because you are ill （通常因生病）不想吃东西，没有食欲
[fu:d] noun countable or uncountable
give sb food for thought
■to make someone think seriously about something 引起（某人）深思
provisions, diet, food
这组词都有“食物”的意思，其区别是：
provisions: 指即时应用或储藏备用的食物或粮食。
diet: 指规定的或惯常的食物，尤指维持健康的定量或定质食物，也指疗养时规定的食物。
food: 普通常用词，泛指一切能充饥和补充人或动物身体消耗的食物。
n. [食品] 食物；养料
 - diet, eating, nourishment

Word: tell
Front: tell
[tel] (中高 103/107 -K5)
Back: vt. 告诉，说; 辨别; 吩咐; 讲述
vt. & vi. 分辨，辨别; 告诉，吩咐; 泄漏; 保证
vi. 泄密，告发; （颜色、声音等）显示; 识别
n. [考古学]（古代村落遗址堆积而成的）台形土墩; [方言]讲的话; 谈话; 传闻
时态：told, telling, tells
分布：告诉(81%)，讲述(4%)，吩咐(4%)，辨别(3%)，产生效果(2%)，告发(2%)，判断(2%)，表达(1%)，泄露(1%)
→来自古英语 tellan,计算，数数，思考，来自 Proto-Germanic*taljan,计算，来自 del,计算， 词源同 tale,talk.引申词义告诉，告知。原词义见 teller,会计，出纳。
vt.告诉,讲述;告诫;吩咐,命令;辨/区别It was difficult to tell his exact age.很难判断他到底多大岁数.
US [-ˈɑːf] noun countable usually singular
(plural tellings-off)
• He gave me a good telling-off for forgetting the meeting. 由于忘了会议，我被他狠狠地训了一顿。
[tel] (told, told)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tell on sb
INFORM informal
■to give information about someone, usually something bad that they have said or done, especially to a person in authority （尤指向当权者）告发（某人）
AFFECT BADLY
■to have a bad effect on someone's health or behaviour 损害（某人）的健康；对（某人）产生不良影响
• A succession of late nights had begun to tell on him and his work was suffering. 连续的熬夜开始令他的身体吃不消，他的工作也受到了影响。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vt. 告诉，说；辨别；吩咐；断定
 - quo, talk, observe, bid
vi. 讲述；告发，泄密；识别
 - beef, discourse

Word: anti
Front: anti
[ˈænti] (14880/14616)
Vocabulary: anti
(once / 6031 pages)
adjn
To be anti is to be opposed to or against something, like an action, political party, or government. If you are anti love scenes, you might prefer an action flick.
The word anti comes from the prefix anti-, which means “against” or “opposite,” and is still used in English words, such as antibodies and anti-hero. As a word on its own anti is an adjective or preposition describing a person or thing that is against someone or something else. In a casual sense anti is sometimes used as a noun for a person who is against something — if you’re not on the pro side, you’re an anti.
WORD FAMILY
anti: antis
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why am I doing all these “anti” campaigns?
New York Times(Dec 10, 2016)
“We think of ourselves as virulently anti-establishment, particularly ‘anti-’ the permanent political class,” Bannon told The Washington Post in January.
Washington Post(Nov 22, 2016)
Mainly state and federal judges, their pro-life, pro–Second Amendment, pro–voting rights restrictions, and anti–gay rights bona fides won uniform praise from Republicans.
Slate(Nov 21, 2016)
Back: n. & adj. 反对者，反对论者反对的
分布：反对(55%)，反对者(29%)，反对的(16%)
US [-tˌi] informal
adjective preposition
■opposed to or against a particular thing or person 反对的，对抗的
• We've received a lot of anti letters about that newspaper article. 我们收到了很多信，都表明反对报纸上的那篇文章。
• Just because I won't join you, it doesn't mean that I'm anti you. 我不加入你们，但这丝毫不意味着我反对你们。
UK ['æn.ti] US [-tˌi] informal
noun countable (plural antis)
■a person who is opposed to something or someone 反对者
• So what do you think about smoking in public places - are you a pro or an anti? (= do you support or oppose it) ? 那么你对在公共场所吸烟的看法是甚么——赞成还是反对？
adj. 反对的
 - averse, opposing
n. 反对者，反对论者
 - opponent, objector

Word: soon
Front: soon
[su:n] (中高 610/615 -K5)
Back: adv. 立刻，马上; 一会儿，不久; 快; 宁愿
分布：不久(35%)，很快(25%)，早(20%)，快(20%)
→来自古英语 sona,立即，马上，来自 Proto-Germanic*seno,立即，马上，来自 so,指示代词 词干，词源同 so,sic.
ad.不久,即刻;快,早By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in or within a short time; before long; quickly 不久，很快
• She'll soon be here./She'll be here soon. 她很快就到。
• It will soon be impossible for foreigners to enter the country. 不久以后，外国人就不能进入这个国家了。
• The sooner we leave, the sooner we'll get there. 我们出发得越早，到那里也就越早。
• Soon after agreeing to go, she realized she'd made a mistake. 同意前去之后不久，她就意识到自己犯了一个错误。
• How soon (= When) can we sign the contract? 我们甚么时候能签订合约？
• "When would you like to meet?" " The sooner the better." “你想甚么时候见面？”“越快越好。”
• I couldn't get out of that place soon enough. 我恨不得马上离开那个地方。
as soon as
 IMPROVER
■at the same time or a very short time after 一…就
• As soon as I saw her, I knew there was something wrong. 我一看到她就知道出事了。
as soon as possible
 IMPROVER
■If you do something as soon as possible, you do it as quickly as you can 尽快
• We need the repairs done as soon as possible. 我们需要尽快修好。
[su:n] adverb
no sooner... than
■used to show that one thing happens immediately after another thing 刚…就…；一…就…
• No sooner had I started mowing the lawn than it started raining. 我刚开始修剪草坪就下起了雨。
[su:n] adverb
no sooner said than done
■used to say that you will do something immediately 马上就做，说干就干
[su:n] adverb
sooner or later ADVANCED
■used to say that you do not know exactly when something will happen, but you are certain that it will happen 迟早
• Sooner or later she's going to realize what a mistake she's made. 她迟早会意识到她犯了一个多么严重的错误。
[su:n] adverb
would (just) as soon (also would sooner)
■If you would (just) as soon do something or would sooner do something, you would prefer to do it rather than something else which is possible 宁可，宁愿
• "Would you like to go out for dinner?" "I'd just as soon stay in - I'm not feeling very well." “出去吃饭怎么样？”“我宁愿待在家里——我有些不舒服。”
instantly, right away, directly, soon, at once, shortly, presently, immediately
这组词都有“立刻，马上”的意思，其区别是：
instantly: 指恰恰就在此刻，一秒钟也没耽误。
right away: 主要用于美国英语，语气稍弱于at once，强调动作迅速。
directly: 和immediately同义，指毫无迟疑。
soon: 常用词，指行动快，完成速度快。
at once: 口语中常用，语气强烈，指时间紧迫，一刻也不能耽误。
shortly: 和soon同义，指动作发生或完成的速度之快。
presently: 指不久、即将。
immediately: 指做完一件事后，立即就做另一件事，中间一般没有明显的时间间隔。
adv. 快；不久，一会儿；立刻；宁愿
 - immediately, rather, now, first, quick

Word: view
Front: view
[vju:] (高研四六雅 485/311 -K5)
Vocabulary: view
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A view is a scene or vista that's visible from a certain point. If you think your hotel room has a view of the ocean, it'll be disappointing to open the blinds and discover your view of a Dumpster instead.
The range of what you can see is also called your view. When you're keeping an eye on kids at the beach, you try to keep them in your view. As a verb, view means to watch. It might be hard for you to sit still while you view a really scary movie, or even to keep from screaming out loud.
WORD FAMILY
view: interview, overview, preview, review, viewable, viewed, viewer, viewing, viewless, views+/ interview: interviewed, interviewee, interviewer, interviewing, interviews/interviewee: interviewees/interviewer: interviewers/ overview: overviews/ preview: previewed, previewing, previews/ review: reviewed, reviewer, reviewing, reviews/reviewer: reviewers/viewer: viewers/viewing: viewings/viewless: viewlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This view, shared by Trump’s incoming National Security Adviser, General Michael Flynn, plays directly into Islamist militants’ own narrative of a clash of civilizations.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Johnson: "What was your view of the red card for Fernandinho?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
That’s why comparative findings should be viewed only as a first step to more investigation, she said.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 看法; 风景; 视域; [建筑学]视图
vt. 看; 看待
时态：viewed, viewing, views
分布：看(86%)，视野(3%)，风景(3%)，考虑(3%)，方法(2%)，见解(1%)，检查(1%)，把 ... 视为(1%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语videre,看，词源同visit,evident.
n.视野;风景;观察;见解;照片vt.观察;认为What are your views on the subject?你对这一问题有何高见?
noun
OPINION 意见
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an opinion or belief or idea, or a way of thinking about something 观点；见解；看法
• Do you have any views about/on what we should do now? 对于我们现在该做甚么你有甚么看法？
• In my view, her criticisms were completely justified. 在我看来，她的批评完全在理。
• [+ that] It's my view that the price is much too high. 在我看来，这个价格太高了。
• Many people have/hold/share/take the view that children should not be smacked. 很多人都认为不应该扇孩子耳光。
• Everyone will have a chance to make their views known at the meeting. 每个人都有在会上表达自己看法的机会。
• We had a friendly exchange of views (= discussion). 我们友好地交换了意见。
• I take a very dim/poor view of this kind of behaviour (= think that this type of behaviour is unacceptable). 我认为这种行为让人无法接受。
world view
■a way of thinking about the world 世界观
• Our world view is quite different from that of writers in the fourth century BC. 我们的世界观与西元前四世纪那些作家们的大不相同。
[vju:] noun
SIGHT 景象
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■what you can see from a particular place, or the ability to see from a particular place 景象；视野；视域
• The view from the top of the mountain is breathtaking/magnificent/spectacular. 从山顶上望去，景色令人叹为观止／美不胜收／壮观极了。
• The rooftop restaurant affords a panoramic view (= allows you to see a wide area) across the bay. 从这家屋顶餐厅可以看到海湾的全貌。
• Don't stand in front of me - you're blocking/obstructing my view of the stage. 别站在我前面——你挡着，我看不见舞台了。
• The cloud lifted, and the tops of the mountains suddenly came into view (= could be seen). 云层散去，群山的顶峰突然出现在眼前。
• She turned a corner, and disappeared from view] out of view. 她转了个弯，消失不见了。
countable
■a picture of a particular place 风景画；风景照片
• He paints rural views (= pictures of the countryside). 他画的是乡村风景。
in view UK
■close enough to be seen 看得见；在视野范围内
• I always make sure I keep the children in view whenever we're in a public place. 在公共场所我总是要确保孩子们在我的视线之内。
on view
■If something is on view, it is arranged so that it can be seen by the public 在展出
• The plans for the new road will soon be on view to the public in the library. 修建新公路的计划将很快在图书馆公示。
[vju:] noun
in view of sth
■because of a particular thing, or considering a particular fact 因为；考虑到
• In view of what you've said, I think we should reconsider our proposed course of action. 考虑到你刚才所说的，我认为我们应该重新考虑拟订的行动计划。
[vju:] noun
with a view to doing sth
■with the aim of doing something 目的是，为了
• These measures have been taken with a view to increasing the company's profits. 采取这些措施的目的是为了增加公司的利润。
[vju:] verb
HAVE OPINION 有意见
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have a particular opinion or way of thinking about someone or something 看待；考虑
• The journalist asked the minister how he viewed recent events. 记者问部长如何看待最近发生的那些事件。
• She is viewed as a strong candidate for the job. 她被认为是那个职位的有力争夺者。
• We view these latest developments with concern/suspicion/satisfaction. 我们对这些最新进展表示关注／怀疑／满意。
• If we view the problem from a different angle , a solution may become more obvious. 如果我们从不同的角度看这个问题，可能更容易找到解决办法。
• How do you view your prospects/chances (= What do you consider your chances to be) in tomorrow's race? 你觉得明天比赛的把握有多大？
[vju:] verb
SEE 看
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to watch something 看；观看
• There's a special area at the airport where you can view aircraft taking off and landing. 机场里有一个特定的区域，在那里你可以看到飞机起落。
• Viewing figures (= the number of people watching programmes) for the show were very low. 这个节目的收视率非常低。
intransitive or transitive
■to look at something in a complete or careful way 查看；审视
• I haven't had a chance to actually view the house yet. 实际上我还没有机会仔细看过那所房子。
• The extent of the flooding can only be fully appreciated when viewed from the air. 只有从空中观察才能全面了解洪水的严重程度。
sight, scene, scenery, view, landscape
这组词都有“景色、风景”的意思，其区别是：
sight: 侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。
scene: 指具体的、局部的或一时的景色，可以是自然形成的，也可人工造成的。
scenery: 指一个国家或某一地区的整体自然风景。
view: 普通和词，多指从远处或高处所见的景色。
landscape: 多指在内陆的自然风光。
advice, opinion, progposal, suggestion, recommendation, view
这些名词均含“意见、建议”之意。
advice: 普通用词，侧重依据个人经验、学识和正确判断而提出的忠言。
opinion: 日常用词，泛指对某事物的想法和意见。
progposal: 指正式提出来供研究、采纳或实行的建议。
suggestion: 普通用词，语气比advice婉转客气，也不如proposal正式。着重为改进工作、解决困难等提出的建议，有时含所提建议不一定正确，仅供参考的意味。
recommendation: 指在自己经历的基础上而提出的有益建议、意见或忠告。
view: 侧重指对重大的或引起公众关注的问题所持的看法和态度。
sentiment, idea, opinion, view
这组词都有“意见，看法，见解”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。
idea: 普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。
opinion: 普通用词，使用广泛。多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。
view: 侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。
n. 观察；视野；意见；风景
 - observation, opinion, scenery, scope, comment
vt. 观察；考虑；查看
 - watch, study, regard, think of, think about

Word: fact
Front: fact
[fækt] (中高研四 235/201 -K5)
Vocabulary: fact
(once / 17 pages)
n
You can't argue with facts: a fact is something proven to be true. It's important to distinguish between fact and fiction.
When someone says, "Is that a fact?" they're asking "Is that really true?" When a detective says, "Give me the facts," he only wants information that is rock solid and confirmed. The job of science is to study things and figure out what the facts are in every field. Theories and opinions are not facts: you need to have proof for something to be a fact.
WORD FAMILY
fact: factoid, facts+/ factoid: factoids
USAGE EXAMPLES
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The distinction between fact and fiction was erased, creating a sprawling universe of competing claims.
New York Times(Dec 27, 2016)
In fact, 2016 marked the third year in a row that record global temperatures were set.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 事实，实情; 实际; 真相，证据; 犯罪行为
分布：事实(88%)，实际(8%)，真相(4%)
→来自dhe, 做，放置，语源同do, face. 即做出来的事。
n.事实,实际It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.吸烟危害健康,这是事实.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something which is known to have happened or to exist, especially something for which proof exists, or about which there is information 现实，实际情况；（尤指）事实，真相
• No decision will be made till we know all the facts. 了解全部事实前我们不会作任何决定。
• I don't know all the facts about the case. 这个案子的情况我不完全了解。
• I'm not angry that you took my car - it's just the fact that you didn't ask me first. 我生气并不是因为你用了我的车，而是你事先没征求我同意。
• He knew for a fact that Natalie was lying. 他肯定纳塔莉在撒谎。
• It's sometimes hard to separate fact from fiction. 有时很难区分事实和虚构。
as a matter of fact ADVANCED (also in (actual) fact)
 ESSENTIAL
■used to add emphasis to what you are saying, or to show that it is the opposite of or different from what went before 其实，实际上
• No I don't work. In fact, I've never had a job. 不，我不工作。事实上，我从来没工作过。
• "Have you always lived here?" "As a matter of fact (= The truth is) I've only lived here for the last three years." “你一直住在这里吗？”“其实我在这里才住了三年。”
a fact of life
■something unpleasant which cannot be avoided 无法逃避的现实
• Going bald is just a fact of life. 秃头是无法逃避的现实。
facts and figures
■exact detailed information 翔实的资料；准确的资料
• We are getting some facts and figures together and we will then have a full board meeting. 我们将把一些详细资料汇集，然后开一个全体董事出席的董事大会。
the facts of life
■details about sexual activity and the way that babies are born 性知识；生育常识
[fækt] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  in factRemember: in fact is not written as one word. Don't write 'infact', write in fact :
✗ It didn't rain at all. Infact, the weather was perfect.
n. 事实；实际；真相
 - truth, reality, actuality

Word: boss
Front: boss
[bɒs] (中高研四 2324/2227 -K4)
Vocabulary: boss
(once / 239 pages)
1n 2nv 3adj
A boss is an authority figure, often the person who tells you what to do at work. If you work as a waiter, your boss might be the restaurant manager.
A boss at a job might hire you, give you feedback on your work, or tell you what your responsibilities are. If someone is in charge of a group, you could describe that person as a boss as well: "She's the boss of the French club — she tells everyone what to do." To boss someone is to do just this, order them around. Boss comes from a Dutch root, baas, "master."
WORD FAMILY
boss: bossed, bosses, bossing, bossy, underboss+/ bossy: bossier, bossiest, bossily/underboss: underbosses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maker asked his former boss to screen tape of Robinson and perhaps consider him as a walk-on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’ve been real estate developers and politicians. In my time, there’s never been an operating boss in charge of the M.T.A.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I was told by my boss that I will no longer be working with Rex,” Whaley told reporters.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 老板，上司; 领袖，首领; [机]轴套，套筒
vt. 当…的首领; 管理，指挥
vi. 当首领; 发号施令
adj. <俚>很好的，一流的
时态：bossed, bossing, bosses
分布：老板(86%)，上司(8%)，指挥(3%)，管理(2%)，首脑(1%)
→1.老板，来自荷兰语baas, 叔叔。代替过于正式的master.
n.老板,上司vt.指挥,控制,发号施令The gross grocer crossed his legs before the boss.粗鄙的杂货商在老板面前叉起腿子.
US [bɑ:s] noun countable
MANAGER 经理
 ESSENTIAL
■the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells others what to do 老板；上司；头儿
• She was the boss of a large international company. 她是一家大型跨国公司的老板。
• I started up my own business and now I'm my own boss (= I work for myself and no one tells me what to do). 我开办了公司，现在自己当老板。
• informal Who's the boss (= the person who makes all the important decisions) in your house? 你们家谁做主？
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] noun countable
DECORATION 装饰
■a raised rounded decoration, such as on a shield or a ceiling 圆形装饰物；浮雕装饰
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal disapproving
■to tell someone what to do all the time 对…发号施令；把…差来遣去
• I wish he'd stop bossing me around/about. 但愿他不再把我差来遣去的。
UK [bɒs] US [bɑ:s] adjective slang
■very good or excellent 出色的
• It was a boss party. 那个派对棒极了。
boss, leader, head, chief
这组词都有“拥有权力或统治权的人”的意思，其区别是：
boss: 非正式用词，多作口语用，可指任何负责人，也可指经理、老板或工头。
leader: 指国家、民族、政党、组织等的领导或领袖。强调领导能力、含有能够引导、指导、控制被领导者并获得其支持的意味。
head: 多指一个机构或团体等的负责人或最高首长。
chief: 最广泛用词，上可指最高统治者，下可指顶头上司，即可指任何一级的头头。
n. [劳经] 老板；首领；工头
 - leader, employer, chief, captain, landlord
vt. 指挥，调遣；当…的领导
 - officer, captain, lead
vi. 当首领，发号施令
 - call the shots

Word: cannot
Front: cannot
[ˈkænɒt] (-K)
Back: =can not; 未可; 不能; 不可
US [-ɑ:t] modal verb
 ESSENTIAL
■can not; the negative form of the verb 'can' （can 的否定形式）不能，不可以
• I cannot predict what will happen next year. 我预料不到明年会发生甚么事。
cannot but formal
■used to say that something will certainly happen 一定能，必定会
• If we persevere, we cannot but succeed. 如果我们坚持不懈，就一定会胜利。
UK ['kæn.ɒt] US [-ɑ:t] modal verb
  Common Learner Errors  cannotCannot is always written as a single word. Don't write 'can not', write 'cannot'
✗ I can not imagine life without my computer. I cannot imagine life without my computer.
v. 不能；无法
 - couldn't, be incapable of

Word: asia

Word: commission
Front: commission
[kəˈmɪʃn] (研四六托雅宝 2379/898 -K4)
Vocabulary: commission
(once / 63 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4nv 5n 6n
The word commission has several very different meanings, but in its most basic meaning, commission is the act of passing a responsibility to someone else. If you receive a government commission, that means you have been assigned a task by the government.
Another common meaning of commission is the amount of money an employee earns when they sell something: In addition to his salary, he gets a 1% commission on each sale. A commission is also an order for someone to do something and get paid: The artist received a commission for a new painting to hang in the building lobby. And a commission is a high-ranking position in the armed forces, or a special committee that controls or investigates something.
WORD FAMILY
commission: commissioned, commissioner, commissioning, commissions, decommission+/commissioned: noncommissioned/ commissioner: commissioners/decommission: decommissioned, decommissioning
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He is the chairman of the Global Commission on Internet Governance, a group of experts which in June published a report on online policy.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 委员会，委员; [商]佣金，手续费; 任命，委任; 委任状
vt. 委任，授予; 使服役; 使（船）服役
时态：commissioned, commissioning, commissions
分布：委员会(59%)，佣金(25%)，委任(6%)，委托(5%)，使服役(2%)，犯罪(2%)，授予(1%)
→com-, 强调。-miss, 派遣，词源同mission.
委员会;委任(com共同＋miss+ion→共同送出［选出］的人→委员会)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.委员会;委任,委托(书),代办;佣金,手续费The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
【记】com共同，miss＝mit送－共同送东西到指定处－委托com共同，mission（n 使命，任务）－受了别人的委托，说明你得到了别人的信任，所以这是一种使命。
verb
WORK 工作
 ADVANCED transitive
■to formally choose someone to do a special piece of work （正式地）安排（某人）做，委托（某人）做
• The newspaper commissioned a series of articles on the worst excesses of the fashion industry. 报社请人撰写了一系列针砭时装界放肆行为的文章。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] verb
MILITARY 军事的
transitive usually passive
■to give someone the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces 委任（或任命）…为军官
• Grandfather was commissioned as Group Captain in the RAF just before the war. 就在战争爆发前夕祖父获任命为皇家空军上校。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists （负责调查问题真相或原因的）委员会
• a commission on alcohol abuse/racial tension 酗酒问题／种族间紧张关系调查委员会
• The government have set up / established a commission to investigate the problem of inner city violence. 政府设立了专门委员会来调查市中心区的暴力问题。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
PAYMENT 报酬
countable or uncountable
■a (system of) payment to someone who sells goods which is directly related to the amount of goods sold 佣金；回扣
• Is she paid a regular wage or is it on/by commission only? 她拿正式工资还是只拿佣金？
• She gets a 15% commission on every machine she sells. 她每卖出一台机器就拿15%的佣金。
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
WORK 工作
countable
■a request to do a special piece of work 委托；请求
• [+ to infinitive] She's just got a commission to paint Sir Ellis Pike's wife. 她刚刚受托为艾理斯‧派克爵士的夫人画像。
• Do you do/take commissions? 你接受委托吗？
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
CRIME 罪行
uncountable formal or legal
■the act of committing a crime 犯罪
• the commission of the crime/offence/murder 犯罪／犯法／犯杀人罪
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
MILITARY 军事的
countable
■the official authority to be an officer in the armed forces 军官的职务（或职权）
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
in commission
■If something, such as a machine or a military ship, is in commission it is working and ready for use. （机器、军舰等）在使用中的，在服役的
[kə'mɪʃ.ən] noun
out of commission
■If something, such as a machine or a military ship, is out of commission it is broken or not available to be used. （机器、军舰等）坏了的，不可使用的，退役的
committee, commission
这组词都有“委员会”的意思，其区别是：
committee: 既用作普通名词，也用作集体名词，指通过选举或其它方式而成立的一般委员会。
commission: 指为了某项任务专门成立的委员会。
n. 委员会； [会计] 佣金；犯；委任；委任状
 - council, soviet, brokerage, authorization
vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作
 - depute, authorise

Word: century
Front: century
[ˈsentʃəri] (中高研四六雅 605/407 -K5)
Vocabulary: century
(once / 41 pages)
n
100 years is called a century. The computer, the television, and video games were all invented in the twentieth century. People are now wondering what the twenty-first century holds for us.
The noun century comes from the Latin word centuria, which was a group of 100, particularly a group of 100 Roman soldiers (one of 16 such groups in a Roman legion). The word today still can refer to 100 of something. In sports, a century is a score of 100 in a game of cricket. A race of 100 yards or 100 miles is also sometimes called a century. In slang, century can also mean a 100 dollar bill.
WORD FAMILY
century: centuries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sunday afternoons in Century Link Field are akin to Sunday mornings in church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For most of the 20th Century the pub's official name was The York Minster.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This regular season finale provided fresh torture for a franchise that hasn’t found consistent success in a quarter century.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 百年，一世纪; 百个; （板球）一百分; <美>百元钞票
分布：世纪(95%)，百年(4%)，百年的(1%)
→一自词根cent, 百。-ury, 名词后缀。
n.世纪,(一)百年"Ten percent of the cents are made in recent centuries," he said with strong accent."百分之十的分币是最近几个世纪制造的,"他带着浓重的口音说.
US [-tʃɚ-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of 100 years 一百年
• The city centre has scarcely changed in over a century. 一百多年来市中心几乎没有变化。
• This sculpture must be centuries old. 这座雕塑一定有好几百年历史了。
• Her medical career spanned half a century. 她的从医生涯长达半个世纪。
Compare millennium
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of 100 years counted from what is believed to be the year of the birth of Jesus Christ 世纪
• Rome was founded in the eighth century BC (= before Christ). 罗马建于西元前8世纪。
• He's an expert on fifteenth century Italian art. 他是研究15世纪义大利艺术的专家。
■a score of 100 runs in cricket （板球）100分
the turn of the century
■the time when one century ends and another begins 世纪之交
• Queen Victoria died at the turn of the century. 维多利亚女王逝世于世纪之交。

Word: important
Front: important
[ɪmˈpɔ:tnt] (中高雅 266/218 -K5)
Vocabulary: important
(once / 26 pages)
adj
If you have to pass a test to graduate, the test is important. It is vital, necessary, crucial.
The President is the most important person in the country. Children are important to parents, and parents are certainly important to their children. Different people think different things are important: a new movie might be important to you because you care about it a lot, even if it's not important in the same way as food and water. People often say "Good study habits are important" or "Communication is important." Important things matter.
WORD FAMILY
important: importance, importantest, importantly, self-important, unimportant+/ importance: importances, self-importance/unimportance: unimportances/unimportant: unimportance, unimportantly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Protecting patients from harm is the most important charge for any hospital,” said Binder.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Size is an important consideration with plants, says Mr. Hancock, who notes that the plants should complement the furnishings and space, not dominate it.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
The important thing is that they are honest with you about it if you ask.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 重要的; 权威的; 有势力的; 有地位的
分布：重要的(93%)，重大的(7%)
→来自import,重要性。
a.重要的,重大的;有地位的,有权力的By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [-'pɔ:r.tˌənt] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■necessary or of great value 必需的；重要的；珍贵的
• I think his career is more important to him than I am. 我觉得对他而言，我不如他的事业重要。
• It 's important for children to learn to get on with each other. 孩子必须学会彼此友好相处。
• The important thing is to keep the heat low or the sugar will burn. 重要的是热度要低，否则糖就会烧焦。
• He's not amazingly handsome, but he's nice and that's more important. 他并不十分英俊，但他人很好，那才是更重要的。
Opposite unimportant
 ESSENTIAL
■having great effect or influence 重大的；很有影响力的
• He was one of the most important writers of that period. 他是那个时期最具影响力的作家之一。
• an important person/decision 重要人物／决定
UK [ɪm'pɔ:.tənt] US [-'pɔ:r.tˌənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  importantRemember: important must have a noun or pronoun that it refers to. Don't say 'the important is', say the important thing is :
✗ The important is that nobody was injured. The important thing is that nobody was injured.
UK [ɪm'pɔ:.tənt] US [-'pɔ:r.tˌənt] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  important Remember: important is an adjective. It must refer to a noun or pronoun. To talk about something that is more important than anything else, don't say 'the most important', say the most important thing :
✗ The most important is to like the language you are learning. The most important thing is to like the language you are learning.
momentous, significant, important
这组词都有“重要的，重大的”的意思，其区别是：
momentous: 指极其重要的。
significant: 指某事物由于特别优秀或特别有意义而显得重要与突出。
important: 最普通用词，指有权威、有影响的人或值得注意的、有价值的事物。
adj. 重要的，重大的；有地位的；有权力的
 - crucial, considerable, material, big, significant

Word: something
Front: something
[ˈsʌmθɪŋ] (中高 142/167 -K5)
Back: pron. 某物，某事; 重要的事物[人]，有一定意义的事物
n. （表示不确切的描述或数量）大致，左右
adv. 非常; 有点; 大约
分布：有点(44%)，非常(22%)，某事物(14%)，左右(8%)，大致(8%)，有价值或重要的人或事物(4%)
pron.某事,某物;被视为有意义的事物I have something to ask you.我有事情要问你.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■an object, situation, quality or action which is not exactly known or stated 某物；某事；某个东西
• There's something sharp in my shoe. 我的鞋子里有个尖物。
• Something in the cupboard smells odd. 碗柜里甚么东西有股怪味。
• We thought there must be something wrong because we hadn't heard from you. 我们失去你的消息，还以为出了甚么事呢。
• There's something wrong with the engine - it's making strange noises. 引擎出了甚么问题——它发出奇怪的噪音。
• Something's happened to upset him but we don't know what it is. 一定发生了甚么事让他烦躁不安，可我们不知道究竟是甚么事。
• I heard something rather worrying at work this morning. 今天早上一上班我就听说了一件令人十分担心的事。
• Is there something you'd like to say? 你有甚么话要说吗？
• Don't just stand there, do something. 别光在那里站着，做点事吧。
• There's just something odd about him. 他有甚么地方不对劲。
■a situation or an event for which you are grateful, especially because an unpleasant thing has also happened 还算幸运的事
• We were given five hundred pounds in compensation which isn't much but at least it's something. 我们得到了500英镑的赔偿，虽然不多，但至少还算幸运。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
be (really) something informal
■to be very special or admired 了不起，不简单，有几下子
• Imagine England winning the World Cup - now that would be something. 想像一下，英格兰赢得了世界杯——那将是很了不起的。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
be something of a sth informal
■used to describe a person or thing in a way that is partly true but not completely or exactly 有些像，在某种程度上是
• It came as something of a surprise. 这件事多少有些让人感到意外。
• He has a reputation as something of a troublemaker. 在某种程度上，他是一个制造麻烦的人，这可是出了名的。
• I have a biology question for you - I gather you're something of an expert. 我有个生物学问题要问你——我觉得你像是这方面的专家。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
be/have something to do with sth informal
■to be related to something or a cause of something but not in a way that you know about or understand exactly 与…有关系
• I'm not sure what he does exactly - it's something to do with finance. 我不知道他到底是做甚么的——好像和财务有关。
• It might have something to do with the way it's made. 那可能和它的制造方式有关。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
have got something there
■If you say that a person has got something there, you mean they have said or discovered an important or interesting thing. 说得有道理；发现很重要（或很有意思）
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
have something going with sb informal
■If you have something going with someone, you are involved in a sexual relationship with them 和（某人）有性关系，和（某人）有染
• Didn't he have something going with one of his students? 他不是和一个学生关系很暧昧吗？
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
or something (like that) informal
■used to show that what you have just said is only an example or you are not certain about it 诸如此类的，…之类的东西
• She works for a bank or something. 她为一家银行或类似的机构工作。
• Why don't you go to a movie or something? 你为甚么不去看电影或做点类似的事呢？
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
something a little stronger humorous
■a drink containing alcohol 含酒精的饮料，酒
• We have fruit juice but perhaps you'd like something a little stronger? 我们喝果汁，但或许你想来点酒？
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
something for nothing
■If someone gets something for nothing, they get something they want, such as money, without having to work or make any effort. 不劳而获
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
something like 96%/half, etc.
■approximately, when talking about an amount or number 大约96%／一半等等
• Something like sixty percent of all married men will have an affair at some point in their marriage. 大约60%的已婚男子会在婚姻生活中的某个时候发生婚外情。
• He paid something like ninety pounds for a T-shirt. 他花了大概90英镑买了一件T恤。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
there's something in sth
■used to admit that there is some value or truth in what someone does or says, although you do not completely approve of it 有一定道理，有点价值
• I don't go along with all his theories but there's probably something in it. 我不同意他所有的理论，但其中也许还是有点道理的。
['sʌm.θɪŋ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  something or anything? Warning: choose the correct pronoun! After a negative word like 'not' or 'nobody', don't say 'something', say anything :
✗ I have never seen something more amazing than the Grand Canyon. I have never seen anything more amazing than the Grand Canyon.
adv. 非常；有点；大约
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, too

Word: working
Front: working
[ˈwɜ:kɪŋ] (雅 2819/1556 -K5)
Back: adj. （涉及）工作的; （人）有工作的; （时间）用于工作上的; （想法等）可作为基础的
v. （使）工作( work的现在分词); （使）运作; 运转; （使）产生效果
n. 工作; 活动; 制作; 操纵
分布：工作上的(21%)，劳动的(12%)，矿(12%)，初步的(10%)，暂定的(10%)，作业区(10%)，基本够用的(10%)，做工作的(5%)，起作用的(5%)，工作方法.(5%)
US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
JOB 工作
 IMPROVER
■relating to work 工作的
• a 37-hour working week 一周工作37小时
• Working conditions/practices in the mill have hardly changed over the last twenty years. 过去20年来，这家磨坊的工作条件／方式几乎没有改变。
• She has a difficult working relationship with many of her staff. 她与很多员工的工作关系都不好。
 IMPROVER
■having work 有工作的
• These tax changes will affect 90% of the working population. 这些税收的变化将会影响到90%的工作人口。
UK ['wɜ:.kɪŋ] US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
MACHINE 机器
 IMPROVER
■operating 运行着的
• It has taken about five years to restore the aircraft to (full) working condition/order. 大约花了五年时间才令这架飞机完全恢复正常运作。
 IMPROVER
■describes the parts of a machine which move and make it work （零件）运作的
• It is essential that all working components are properly lubricated. 给所有运作部件适时上润滑油是非常重要的。
UK ['wɜ:.kɪŋ] US ['wɝ:-] adjective [before noun]
USEFUL 有用的
■describes a plan, idea or knowledge that is not complete but is good enough to be useful 初步的；暂定的，基本够用的
• We have a working theory/hypothesis about what caused the crash, which we shall test. 我们有了一个关于坠机原因的初步设想／假设，还待进一步验证。
• She's fluent in French and English and has a working knowledge of Spanish. 她法语和英语说得都很流利，西班牙语也能应付。
adj. 工作的；操作的；可行的
 - operational, feasible, handling
n. 工作；活动；制作；操纵
 - activity, movement, job, pursuit, management
v. 工作；影响；受雇用（work的ing形式）
 - influencing, affecting

Word: write
Front: write
[raɪt] (中高 228/211 -K5)
Vocabulary: write
(once / 10 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To write is to put pen to paper or fingers to keyboard. If you have trouble falling asleep, write down all the thoughts swimming around your head before getting into bed as a way to clear your mind.
Write is the modern day spelling of the Old English writan, meaning “to score, outline, draw the figure of.” Now it has the sense of “to set down in writing.” You can write music, a short story, or computer code. You can write a letter, or write in cursive. You can write up an account of a burglary, or write down your feelings in a journal. Write on!
WORD FAMILY
write: overwrite, rewrite, underwrite, writer, writes, writing, written, wrote+/overwrite: overwrites, overwriting, overwritten, overwrote/ rewrite: rewriter, rewrites, rewriting, rewritten, rewrote/rewriter: rewriters/rewriting: rewritings/ underwrite: underwriter, underwrites, underwriting, underwritten, underwrote/underwriter: underwriters/writer: writers/ writing: writings/written: unwritten
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Pope, writing on Twitter, pegged the air quality index, a measure of the pollution, above 400 around the time of the video.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
This is a comedy, but one with “a steady undertow of anxiety, dread and anger,” Stephen Holden wrote in The Times.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“Life experience was only half the equation,” she writes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 写; 写信; 写作; 作曲
时态：wrote, written, writing, writes
分布：写(91%)，书写(4%)，填写(3%)，作曲(2%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*writan,撕，刮，引申词义写，划，比较scribe,carve.可能进一步来自wer,弯，转，引申词义刻，划，刮，比较sker,砍，劈，刻，写，弯，转，词源同scar,shear,scribe,carve,ring,curve.
v.写,书写,写字;写作;写信(给),函告The child is learning to write.这个孩子在学写字.
US [-ţɑːf] noun countable usually singular UK 2. She wasn't hurt, but the car's a complete write-off. 她没有受伤，但那辆车却完全报废了。
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] write sb/sth off
■to decide that a particular person or thing will not be useful, important or successful 认为…无用；认定…失败
• A lot of companies seem to write people off if they're over 50. 很多公司似乎认为员工一超过50岁就无所作为了。
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  write off/away for sth
■to write a letter to an organization asking them to send you something 写信索取
• Did you write off for tickets? 你写信索取门票了吗？
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  write sb out of sth
■to change the story of a regular television or radio programme so that a particular character is not in it any more 去掉（电视或广播系列剧中的）角色
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] write sth up
■to write something in a complete or final form using notes that you have made （根据笔记）详细写出
• Have you written up that report yet? 你把那篇报道整理成文了吗？
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] write sb up US
■to report someone for not obeying a law or rule 写传票传唤（某人）
• The cop said he'd have to write me up for not stopping at the red light. 那位员警说，因为我冲红灯，他只得给我开罚单。
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  writeWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using write in the past tense. The past participle has 'tt'. Don't write 'writen', write written. The -ing form is writing.
[raɪt] (wrote, written or old use writ)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  write Remember to use the correct grammar after write. write to someone Pamela wrote to me last week. write someone a letter Pamela wrote me a letter last week. write someone (American English) Rachel wrote me last week.
vi. 写，写字；写作，作曲；写信
 - compose, drive the quill
vt. 写，书写；写信给；著述
 - pen

Word: lower
Front: lower
[ˈləʊə(r)] (研四 2052/2932 -3)
Vocabulary: lower
(once / 47 pages)
1vn 2v
To lower is to move something downward. When you go to sleep at night, you lower your head onto your pillow (unless you are a horse; in that case, you don't lower anything and sleep standing up).
After cleaning your house's gutters, you'll climb down, lower the ladder, and put it away. After you've raised your hand in class and been called on, you will lower your hand again. Another way to lower something is to decrease the volume: "Will you please lower the sound on the TV? It's way too loud!" A less common meaning of lower is to scowl or glower, or to look stormy and dark.
WORD FAMILY
lower: lowered, lowering, lowermost, lowers+/ low: lowed, lower, lowest, lowing, lowness, lows/lowering: loweringly, lowerings/lowest: lowests/lowness: lownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 下方的; 在底部的; 较低级的
v. 降低; 减少; 缩小
时态：lowered, lowering, lowers
分布：降低(73%)，低的(21%)，减弱(2%)，跌落(2%)，下级的(1%)，下层的(1%)
→来自low的比较级。lower 天空变昏暗，变阴沉
a.较低的,下级的,下游的v.降下,放低I lowered flowing flowers below the table.我把飘垂的花降低到桌子之下.
US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
MOVE 移动
 IMPROVER
■to move something into a low position 降低，使下降
• They lowered the coffin into the grave. 他们把棺材放入了墓穴。
• [R] Heavily pregnant by now, she lowered her self carefully into the chair. 因为现在重孕在身，她小心翼翼地在椅子上坐下。
• He lowered his eyes (= looked down) in embarrassment when he saw me. 他看到我后尴尬地垂下了双眼。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
REDUCE 减少
 IMPROVER
■to reduce something 减少，降低
• Interest rates have been lowered again. 利率又降了。
• Boil for 5 minutes, then lower the heat and simmer for half an hour. 煮上五分钟，然后调到小火再炖半小时。
• Please lower your voice (= speak more quietly). 请说话小声点。
 IMPROVER
■to make something worse than it was before 使下降，降低
• a lowering of standards 标准的降低
• humorous Dale lowered the tone of the evening (= made it less socially acceptable) by telling a dirty joke. 戴尔讲了一个黄色笑话，破坏了晚会的气氛。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] verb transitive
BEHAVE BADLY 举止不端
lower yourself
[R]
■to behave in a way that makes people lose respect for you 降低身份
• [+ to infinitive] I wouldn't lower myself to respond to his insults if I were you. 我要是你就不会贬低自己的身份，理睬他的辱骂。
UK ['ləʊ.ər] US ['loʊ.ɚ] adjective
■positioned below one or more similar things, or of the bottom part of something 下面的；底部的，底层的
• the lower deck of a ship 轮船的下甲板
• Her lower lip trembled as if she was about to cry. 她的下嘴唇颤抖着，好像要哭的样子。
• I've got a pain in my lower (= the bottom part of my) back. 我的后背下方有点痛。
Opposite upper
vt. 减弱，减少；放下，降下；贬低
 - take the edge off, feather out
vi. 降低；减弱；跌落
 - bring down, play down
adj. 下游的；下级的；下等的
 - junior, inferior

Word: income
Front: income
[ˈɪnkʌm] (高研四六 1138/744 -K4)
Vocabulary: income
(once / 149 pages)
n
What could be simpler than to remember that income basically refers to money that "comes in," or is earned. Your income is the money you make in a given time period, for example weekly, monthly, or annually.
Your income might come from many sources — salary, investments, interest or annuities. Today income is used as a noun, but the Old English word incuman was first a verb that meant "to come in," and referred to the money earned through one's labor or business dealings. The first income tax was attempted in Britain in 1404, but was so unpopular it was ended. In the United States, the Federal Income Tax became law in 1913, and, unfortunately, is still in effect.
WORD FAMILY
income: incomes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Most residents’ income is from catching and selling fish.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The average private sector income in Finland is €3,500 per month, according to official data.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 收入，进款; 进来的动作; 进入
分布：收入(81%)，所得(14%)，收益(5%)
→in,进入，里面，come,来。引申词义收入，收益。
n.收入,收益,所得Low-income families need government's help.低收入家庭需要政府帮助.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■money that is earned from doing work or received from investments 收入；收益
• Average incomes have risen by 4.5% over the past year. 人均收入比去年上升了4.5%。
• More help is needed for people on low incomes. 低收入人士需要更多的帮助。
• I haven't had much income from my stocks and shares this year. 今年我在股票上没有多少收益。
income, revenue
这组词都有“收入”的意思，其区别是：
income: 主要指个人收入，包括劳动所得和利润。
revenue: 专指国家或企业的收入，主要指国家的税收。
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
n. 收入， [会计] 收益； [经] 所得
 - revenue, proceeds, earning, yield, receipt

Word: site
Front: site
[saɪt] (研四六托雅 532/646 -K4)
Vocabulary: site
(once / 94 pages)
nv
A site is a location. The leader of a Zombie Army might remind his underlings: “Your web site is just a collection of pages at one address on the Web. Your burial site is where you find more soldiers!”
Site can also refer to a specific parcel of land, such as a building site or a burial site. Although a website has no physical location, it does have a virtual one, which is reached the same way a physical location is: by going to an address.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
cite / site / sight
All are good for research papers: cite is short for citation, site is a place, and sight is what your eyeballs are for. The Web has a lot to answer for, good and bad. One item in the minus column is the increased popularity of site and people throwing these sound-alikes all over the place!
Cite is a verb to mean to quote, to summon officially, to mention formally, or even to compliment. It's also the noun form of the same things: a formal summons, or an official mention. You have to cite your sources when you write a paper, but it's also a nod to wherever you got your idea. Check out what cite can do:
The band, formed in Ohio 10 years ago, cite numerous influences in different genres from hip-hop to rock and blues. (Reuters)
He was taken to his residence in Bellevue, cited and released. (Seattle Times)
A site is a specified place, such as a building site, but it's also short for Website, which is a collection of Web pages that are found within the same URL. Either way it's somewhere you can go:
It's taken nearly nine years, but large-scale commercial redevelopment of the World Trade Center site is tantalizingly close to taking off. (New York Post)
The death also was reported on the singer's web site. (Seattle Times)
Sight, of course, is vision or something that can be seen. If something is outta sight then it's fabulous whether you can see it or not. Here's an example of sight:
Visually impaired servers who have some sight wear blindfolds. (New York Times)
Though cite, site, and sight were confused before the Internet, we are more likely to use site for all of them because we use it so often for Website. If you can remember cite is short for citation and site is a location, whether it's online or off, you'll have the sight to use the words correctly.
WORD FAMILY
site: sited, sites
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October, Lucas unveiled similar but competing designs for Los Angeles and San Francisco sites, turning the project into a public competition.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At a monitoring site in Kavewa Island, no turtle nests were found in 2010; almost 70 were identified four years later.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The inn on this site was first built in 1520 - on the north bank of the Thames to the east of the City.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地点，位置，场所; [计算机]网站; 遗址; 地皮
vt. 使坐落在; 安放，设置; 给…造址; 为…提供场所
时态：sited, siting, sites
分布：现场(48%)，地点(28%)，位置(22%)，使 ... 位于(2%)
→来自拉丁语 situs,位置，地方，地点，过去分词格于 sinere,放置，放下，来自 tkei,建立， 安置，安家，来自*kei,躺下，卧下，词源同 home,city.引申词义站点，网站等。
n.位置,场所,地点On the exciting kite site, the excited reciter cited my verse.在激动人心的风筝现场,激动的朗诵者应用了我的诗句.
noun countable
PLACE 地点
 IMPROVER
■a place where something is, was, or will be built, or where something happened, is happening, or will happen （建筑物的）地点，位置；建筑工地；（某事发生的）地点，现场
• a building site 建筑工地
• The council haven't yet chosen the site for the new hospital. 市政会尚未选定新医院的院址。
• This is the site of the accident. 这就是事故现场。
on site
■inside a factory, office building, etc. 在（工厂、办公楼等的）内部
• There are two restaurants on site. 内部有两家餐厅。
• The office complex has an on-site nursery. 这群办公大楼有一个内部托儿所。
[saɪt] noun countable
INTERNET 网路
 IMPROVER
■a website 网址
[saɪt] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition formal
■to exist or be built in a particular place 使坐落于
• The company head office is sited in Rome. 该公司的总部设在罗马。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
n. 地点； [自] 位置；场所
 - location, spot, situation, where, lie
vt. 设置；为…选址
 - intercalate, instal

Word: development
Front: development
[dɪˈveləpmənt] (中高雅 448/234 -K5)
Vocabulary: development
(once / 78 pages)
n
Development is the act of improving by expanding, enlarging, or refining. The merging of two university departments might lead to the development of a new curriculum.
There are many other definitions for this noun, too. Real estate development is the conversion of land or property to a specific use, like housing or retail space. To grow up, we pass through many stages of development, from infancy to old age. Breaking news is often followed by developments, that is, recent events or information that's relevant to the story.
WORD FAMILY
development: developmental, developments, nondevelopment+/ develop: developed, developer, developing, development, develops, redevelop, underdevelop/ developed: undeveloped/developer: developers/ developmental: developmentally/redevelop: redeveloped, redeveloping, redevelopment/underdevelop: underdeveloped, underdeveloping, underdevelopment
USAGE EXAMPLES
He started the Alabama Development Office to recruit industry to the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Trump said in May that he would enter direct talks with Mr. Kim as a way to try to deter its nuclear-weapon development.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 发展，进化; 被发展的状态; 新生事物，新产品; 开发区
分布：发展(69%)，开发(25%)，进展(4%)，生长(1%)，新开发区(1%)
noun
GROWTH 成长
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced 成长，发育；发展
• healthy growth and development 健康的成长发育
• The programme traced the development of popular music through the ages. 这个节目回顾了各个年代流行音乐的发展历程。
• The region suffers from under-/over-development (= having too little/much industry). 该地区苦于发展不足／过度。
• a development project (= one to help improve industry) in Pakistan 旨在促进巴基斯坦工业发展的开发项目
[dɪ'vel.əp.mənt] noun
THING THAT HAPPENS 进展
 IMPROVER countable
■a recent event which is the latest in a series of related events 动态，进展
• an important development in the fuel crisis 燃料危机中的一个重要进展
• Phone me if there are any new developments. 如果有甚么新动态就给我打电话。
[dɪ'vel.əp.mənt] noun
START 开始
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of developing something new 开发，研制
• Mr Berkowitz is in charge of product development. 伯克维茨先生负责产品开发。
[dɪ'vel.əp.mənt] noun
BUILDINGS 建筑物
countable
■an area on which new buildings are built in order to make a profit 开发的房地产
• a housing development 新建住宅区
development, evolution
这组词都有“发展”的意思，其区别是：
development: 强调通过一系列自然过程或人工方法使某物潜在或隐藏的可能性显露出来，得以实现。
evolution: 侧重指事物由简到繁，由低级到高级的连续发展，强调变化或演变。
n. 发展；开发； [生物] 发育； [建] 住宅小区（专指由同一开发商开发的）； [摄] 显影
 - exploitation, growth, making, advance, progress

Word: land
Front: land
[lænd] (中高托雅 566/472 -K5)
Vocabulary: land
(once / 26 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v
Use the noun land to talk about the solid ground under your feet. It's nice to put your feet on dry land after a long trip in a sailboat.
People who are afraid of flying are usually overjoyed to land on the land after hours in the sky — land is also a verb meaning "to settle down on the ground." You can use the word land, as well, to describe a government or ruler's territory: "He rules over the land between those mountains and the rocky coast." The words for land are the same in English, German, and Dutch, as the root is the Germanic landom.
WORD FAMILY
land: foreland, landed, lander, landing, landless, lands, midland, overland+/foreland: forelands/lander: landers/landing: landings/midland: midlands/overland: overlander
USAGE EXAMPLES
So as soon as that throw landed in the arms of Giants defensive back Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, the decision-making process began.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
She landed on the Facebook profile for the most vile of her harassers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sunday and landed at Dulles International Airport about 90 minutes later.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 陆地; 国家; 地产; 土地
vt. & vi. （使）登岸; 降临; 使陷于（困境）; 使不得不应付
vt. 自船上卸下; 获得; 捕到; 钓到（鱼）
vi. 跳落，跌落，被抛落（地面）
时态：landed, landing, lands
分布：土地(71%)，陆地(12%)，着陆(7%)，国土(3%)，得到(3%)，靠岸(1%)，使靠岸(1%)，使着陆(1%)，跌落地面(1%)
→来自landh,土地，荒野，词源同lawn.
n.陆地,土地,国家v.(使)靠岸(登陆,降落)The landlord's land on the highland of the mainland expanded a lot.地主在大陆高原上的土地扩张了很多.
noun
DRY SURFACE 干燥的表面
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the surface of the Earth that is not covered by water 陆地，地面
• It is cheaper to drill for oil on land than at sea. 在陆地上钻探石油比在海上更经济。
• The treaty has led to a dramatic reduction in the number of land -based missiles in Europe. 该条约的签订导致了欧洲陆基导弹的数量大幅减少。
• The military commanders won't deploy their land forces until they're satisfied that the air attacks have done their job. 军队指挥官们将一直等到他们觉得空中打击奏效了之后才会开始部署地面部队。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an area of ground, especially when used for a particular purpose such as farming or building 地，土地
• This sort of land is no good for growing potatoes. 这种地不适合种马铃薯。
• I always prosecute people who trespass on my land. 对擅自闯入我的领地的人我一律都要告上法庭。
• We want to buy a plot of land to build a house. 我们想买一块地盖房子。
the land
■farms, farming and the countryside 农场；务农；农村
• Most of the families lived off the land (= grew their own food etc.). 大多数家庭靠种田过活。
• My parents worked (on) the land. 我父母都务农。
[lænd] noun
COUNTRY 国家
 ADVANCED countable literary
■a country 国家
• a land of ice and snow 冰雪的国度
• The group want to promote their ideas in schools throughout the land. 该团体到全国各地的学校去宣传他们的理念。
⇒ See also fatherland;homeland;motherland
[lænd] noun
be in the land of nod old-fashioned informal
■to be sleeping 正在睡觉，在睡梦中
• Jamie's in the land of nod at last. 杰米终于睡着了。
[lænd] noun
be in the land of the living humorous
■to be awake or to be alive 醒着；活着
• She was partying till the early hours, so I don't imagine she'll be in the land of the living before lunchtime. 她在晚会上一直玩到后半夜，所以我想午饭之前她是不会睡醒的。
[lænd] noun
find out / see how the land lies
■to wait until you have all the available information about a situation before you take any action （采取行动之前）弄清情况，摸清形势
[lænd] noun
land of milk and honey
■a country where living conditions are good and people have the opportunity to make a lot of money 鱼米之乡，富饶的国度
• Many Mexicans regard the United States as a land of milk and honey. 许多墨西哥人把美国看作是富裕的乐土。
[lænd] noun
the land of the midnight sun
■the part of Norway, Sweden and Finland inside the Arctic Circle where the sun is in the sky very late at night in the summer 午夜太阳国（指挪威、瑞典、芬兰等国位于北极圈内的国土）
[lænd] noun
the Land of the Rising Sun
■Japan 日不落国（指日本）
[lænd] verb
ARRIVE 到达
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) arrive at a place after moving down through the air （使）着陆，（使）落地，（使）降落
• We should land in Madrid at 7am. 我们将于早上7点钟飞抵马德里。
• You can land a plane on water in an emergency. 紧急情况下飞机可以迫降在水上。
• figurative The report first landed on my desk this morning. 这份报告最初是在今天早上出现在我的桌上。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to arrive in a boat 到岸，到港
• We landed at Port Said in the early evening. 傍晚时分我们乘船抵达赛伊德港。
[lænd] verb
UNLOAD 卸下
transitive
■to unload people or things from a ship or aircraft onto the ground 使上岸；使下飞机；（从船或飞机上）卸下（货物）
• The general's plan involved landing troops behind enemy lines. 将军的计划包括向敌人后方空投部队。
[lænd] verb
CATCH 抓住
transitive
■to catch a fish with a hook (= curved piece of wire) or net and remove it from the water 钓到，网到（鱼）
• He landed a huge salmon. 他钓到了一条很大的鲑鱼。
[lænd] verb
ACHIEVE 取得
transitive
■to get or achieve something good, especially in a way which seems easy or unexpected （尤指轻而易举或意外地）获得，得到，赢得
• He's just landed a senior editorial job. 他刚刚轻而易举地得到了一份资深编辑的工作。
[lænd] verb
land on your feet
■to return to a good situation after experiencing problems, especially because of good luck rather than skill or hard work 时来运转，峰回路转，柳暗花明
• She's really landed on her feet with this new job. 她找到这份新工作后真是时来运转了。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land sb in sth
■to cause someone to be in a difficult situation 使（某人）陷入困境
• Revealing confidential information to a rival company could land you in serious trouble with your boss. 向竞争对手泄露公司秘密的话，你的老板不会轻饶了你。
• The demonstration outside the embassy landed some of the protesters in jail overnight. 在使馆外举行抗议示威活动导致一些抗议者被拘留了一夜。
• He landed himself in deep/hot water (= in a very difficult or unpleasant situation) by lying to the tax office about his earnings. 他因向税务部门谎报收入而惹上了大麻烦。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land up informal
■to finally be in a particular place, state or situation, especially without having planned it （尤指在事先未作计划的情况下）最终到达（某位置）；结果处于（某种处境）
• When we accepted that lift in Paris, we never expected to land up in Athens. 我们在巴黎搭那趟便车时根本没想到会来到雅典。
• He'll land up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that. 如果他继续那么喝酒，他最终准会被送进医院。
[lænd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  land sb with sth
■If someone or something lands you with something, they cause problems for you 给（某人）惹下（麻烦），给（某人）出（难题）
• I hope you don't mind me landing you with the children at such short notice. 希望你不会介意我这么急着把孩子们交给你来照顾。
• Alan's gone off on holiday and I've been landed with the job of sorting out his mistakes. 艾伦去渡假了，结果改正他的差错的差使就落到了我头上。
land, state, power, nation, country
这组词都有“国家”的意思，其区别是：
land: 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。
state: 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家，即由政府所代表的国家。
power: 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。
nation: 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。
country: 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 国土； [地理] 陆地；地面
 - floor, continent
vi. 登陆；到达
 - come in, get in

Word: send
Front: send
[send] (中高 404/366 -K5)
Back: vt. 送; 使作出（某种反应）; 派遣; 使进入（某状态）
vt. & vi. 用无线电波发送，发出信息
vi. 派遣，发出，派人
adj. [仅用作定语]用于发送的
时态：sent, sending, sends
分布：发送(55%)，发出(17%)，派遣(12%)，传送(6%)，差遣(6%)，运输(2%)，放出(1%)，使处于...的状态(1%)
→来自古英语 sendan,送出，扔出，来自 Proto-Germanic*sandijan,送出，扔出，来自 sent, 走，离开，朝向。引申诸相关词义。
v.(sent,sent)1.打发;派遣2.送;寄出The draft for aircraft is sent to the airline by airmail.订购航空器的汇票用航空邮件寄给了航空公司.
noun countable informal 2. He does a brilliant send-up of the President. 他模仿总统模仿得维妙维肖。
transmit, send, forward, deliver, ship, dispatch
这组词都有“送出，发送，传送”的意思，其区别是：
transmit: 指将文件、消息等的内容或类似的东西发至某地或传达给他人。
send: 普通最常用词，含义广。指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容或 送的方式。
forward: 指经过其他人或手段把东西转送给某人。
deliver: 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。
ship: 把通过水运、陆运或空运等方式运送东西。现常指商业上的运货，或将物品托运。
dispatch: 指为特殊目的而发送或派遣，强调紧急或快速。
vt. 发送，寄；派遣；使进入；发射
 - beam, release, mission, project, let go
vi. 派人；寄信
 - to post a letter
n. 上升运动
 - ascending motion, upward movement

Word: instead
Front: instead
[ɪnˈsted] (中高 994/1274 -K4)
Vocabulary: instead
(once / 40 pages)
adv
The adverb instead means in place of or as a substitute for something else. If your best friend has a temper tantrum every time you play miniature golf, maybe next time you should go to the movies instead.
The adverb instead was originally two words, "in stead," with "stead" coming from stede, the Old English word for place. The adverb instead can also mean rather than, and in this context it's usually followed by "of." Instead of worrying about the weather for your vacation, which is beyond your control, you should worry about whether you packed everything you need.
WORD FAMILY
instead: insteads
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the culture of political Washington, this will instead be the year of the chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead they were arrested and detained for unspecified reasons.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 代替，顶替; 反而; 反倒
分布：代替(59%)，反而(41%)
→in-,进入，使，-st,站立，词源同stand,stead.引申词义替代位置的 ，代替。
ad.代替,顶替The misleader let me use the lead instead of the unsteady metal.误导者让我用铅代替不稳定的金属.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in place of someone or something else 作为替代
• There's no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead? 没有咖啡——来杯茶好吗？
• You can go instead of me, if you want. 如果你愿意，你可以代替我去。
instead of, instead
instead of: 是介词短语,放在句中 He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
instead: 是副词,放在句首或句末,He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV.

Word: probably
Front: probably
[ˈprɒbəbli] (中高四六 398/333 -K5)
Vocabulary: probably
(once / 36 pages)
adv
If something probably will happen, it's likely. If it probably won't happen, don't get your hopes up.
This is a word for things that are likely to happen or just believable. If your dinner is gone and your dog looks guilty, the dog probably jumped on the table to eat it. If someone moved all the furniture around while you were sleeping, you probably would have noticed. Given all the billions of stars in the sky, there's probably life out there, but who knows if we'll ever meet it. You probably like some foods better than others.
WORD FAMILY
probably: probablys+/improbability: improbabilities/ improbable: improbability, improbableness, improbably/probabilism: probabilistic/probabilistic: probabilistically/ probability: probabilities/ probable: improbable, probabilism, probability, probables, probably
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s probably only a cyst, and there’s nothing to worry about.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But Russian and Chinese hackers are probably better.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And Mr. Putin’s idea of a tough leader probably looks more like a Spetsnaz commando than a former beauty pageant impresario.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 大概; 或许; 很可能; 备不住
分布：或许(34%)，很可能(33%)，大概(33%)
可能性(probable可能的)[-ly 1.表形容词,通常加在名词后2.表副词,通常放在形容词后]
US ['prɑ:.bə-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean that something is very likely 很可能；大概
• I'll probably be home by midnight. 我很可能半夜到家。
• I'm probably going - it depends on the weather. 我很可能会去——这要看天气怎么样。
• He probably didn't even notice. 他很可能都没有觉察到。
• Probably the best thing to do is to call them before you go. 可能最好还是在你走之前打个电话给他们。
UK ['prɒb.ə.bli] US ['prɑ:.bə-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  probablyWarning: check your word order! Probably usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence.
✗ I probably will go to Greece this summer. I will probably go to Greece this summer. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , probably usually goes directly after it
✗ She probably is tired after the journey. She is probably tired after the journey.
maybe, possibly, probably, perhaps
这组词都有“或许，大概”的意思，其区别是：
maybe: 普通用词，美国英语多用。指某事也许如此，含不能确定意味。
possibly: 指客观上潜存着发生某种变化的可能。
probably: 一般指根据逻辑推理，估计有发生的可能，把握性较大，语气比possibly强。
perhaps: 普通用词，多用于英国，与maybe同义。
adv. 大概；或许；很可能
 - possibly, maybe, presumably

Word: act
Front: act
[ækt] (中高研四 837/371 -K5)
Vocabulary: act
(once / 10 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
When you do something, you act. A commercial that says "Act now!" means "Get up from the couch and order me! This minute!"
Act is both a noun and a verb. You can perform an act of kindness or violence. Or, you can act in a play. People who take on roles and perform them are actors. Likewise, plays, operas, and ballets are broken down into acts. You may have seen references to Shakespeare's plays, such as "Act I, Scene IV." Comedians refer to their shows as acts. Other performers, from magicians to lion tamers, sometimes do the same: a magic act is a magician's show.
WORD FAMILY
act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact+/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among her most damaging acts, she passed information on the location of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This needs to be repeated since one of the human ways of talking oneself into inhuman acts is to cite the supposed cruelty of nature.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A poll this fall by the Kaiser Family Foundation found only 37 percent believe repealing the Affordable Care Act should be a top priority.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 行动; 表现; 表演; 起作用
n. 行为; 行动; 法案，法令; 短节目
时态：acted, acting, acts
分布：行为(42%)，行动(30%)，表演(9%)，充当(6%)，扮演(4%)，法案(4%)，假装(2%)，举止(2%)，有效果(1%)
→来自词根ag, 做，见agenda. -t, 过去分词后缀。
行为[act=to do,to drive表示"行动,做"]
v.表演;举动;起作用n.行为,法令;一幕In the reaction, the fraction acts as an agent.在反应中,这些碎片起一种媒剂的作用.
verb
DO SOMETHING 做某事
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to do something for a particular purpose, or to behave in the stated way 做事；行动；起作用，见效；举止，表现
• [+ to infinitive] Engineers acted quickly to repair the damaged pipes. 技师马上采取行动维修损毁的管道。
• She acted without thinking. 她不加思索就采取了行动。
• The anaesthetic acted (= had an effect) quickly. 麻醉剂很快起了作用。
• Who is acting for/on behalf of (= who is representing) the defendant? 谁是被告的代理律师？
• He acted as if he'd never met me before. 他摆出一副好像以前从没见过我的样子。
• Don't be so silly - you're acting like a child! 别傻了——你的行为简直就像个孩子！
• He never acts on other people's advice (= does what other people suggest). 他一意孤行，从不听取别人的建议。
• Acting on impulse (= without thinking first) can get you into a lot of trouble. 意气用事，后患无穷。
[ækt] verb
PERFORM 表演
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to play a part; to perform in a film, play, etc 演出；扮演，饰演
• Ellis Pike was chosen to act the part of the lawyer in the film. 艾理斯‧派克被选中在影片中扮演律师这个角色。
• Have you ever acted in a play before? 你以前演过戏剧吗？
act the fool/martyr, etc.
■to behave in a particular, usually bad, way （通常指装腔作势地）装傻／作出一副假圣人的样子等
• Why are you always acting the fool? 你为甚么老装傻？
[ækt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  act as sth ADVANCED
■to do a particular job, especially one that you do not normally do （尤指临时）担当，担任，充任
• He was asked to act as an advisor on the project. 他被请去担任那个企划案的顾问。
■to have a particular effect 有…效果；起…作用
• Some people say that capital punishment acts as a deterrent. 一些人认为死刑有威慑作用。
[ækt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] act sth out
■to perform the actions and say the words of a situation or story 把…表演出来
• The children acted out their favourite poem. 孩子把他们最喜爱的诗歌表演出来。
■to express your thoughts, emotions or ideas in your actions 用行动来表现（想法、感情等）
• Children's negative feelings often get acted out in bad behaviour. 儿童的消极情绪常会透过不良行为表现出来。
[ækt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  act up
■If a person, especially a child, acts up, they behave badly （尤指孩子）捣乱，表现不好
• Sophie got bored and started acting up. 索菲心中感到烦闷，就开始调皮捣蛋起来。
■If a machine or part of the body acts up, it does not perform as well as it should （机器）运转不正常；（身体部位）出毛病
• My car always acts up in cold weather. 天冷时，我的车老出故障。
• Her shoulder was acting up (= hurting because of injury). 她的肩伤发作。
[ækt] noun
THING DONE 做完的事
 IMPROVER countable
■something that you do 行为，作为，所做之事
• an act of aggression/bravery/madness/terrorism 侵略行为／英勇行为／疯狂的举动／恐怖主义活动
• a kind/thoughtless/selfish act 善举／轻率的举动／自私的行为
• The sexual act itself meant little to her. 性行为本身对她来说无所谓。
• The simple act of telling someone about a problem can help. 就算是仅仅将问题对他人倾吐也会对自己起到帮助。
• Primitive people regarded storms as an act of God. 原始人认为风暴是神的所为。
[ækt] noun
PERFORMANCE 表演
 IMPROVER only singular
■behaviour which hides your real feelings or intentions 装模作样；装腔作势；假装
• Was she really upset or was that just an act? 她是真的生气还是只装装样子？
countable
■a person or group that performs a short piece in a show, or the piece that they perform 一段表演的表演者（或表演组合）；一段表演
• a comedy/juggling/trapeze act 一段喜剧／杂耍／高空秋千表演节目
• Our next act is a very talented young musician. 表演下一个节目的是一位元才华横溢的年轻音乐家。
countable
■a part of a play or opera （戏剧或歌剧的）幕
• Shakespeare's plays were written in five acts. 莎士比亚的戏剧是按五幕剧格式创作的。
• The hero does not enter until the second act/Act Two. 男主角直到第二幕才出场。
[ækt] noun
LAW 法律
countable legal
■a law or formal decision made by a parliament or other group of elected law-makers 法案；法令
• an act of parliament 国会法案
• the Betting and Gaming Act 《赌博法》
• Almost two hundred suspects were detained in Britain last year under the Prevention of Terrorism Act. 根据《防止恐怖主义法》，去年英国有将近200名嫌疑犯被拘留。
• The state legislature passed an act banning the sale of automatic weapons. 州议会透过了一项禁止销售自动武器的法令。
[ækt] noun
be a hard / tough act to follow informal
■to be so good it is not likely that anyone or anything that comes after will be as good 很难超越；难以企及；无法媲美
• His presidency was very successful - it'll be a hard act to follow. 他的总统生涯成就辉煌，这让其继任者难望其项背。
[ækt] noun
do a disappearing/vanishing act
■to go away, usually because you do not want to do something or meet someone （通常指因为不想做某事或躲避某人而）溜走，隐藏踪迹
• Tim always does a vanishing act when my mother comes to stay. 我妈一到这儿来住，蒂姆就溜之大吉。
[ækt] noun
get your act together informal
■to start to organize yourself so that you do things in an effective way 有条理地行事；合理安排
• She's so disorganized - I wish she'd get her act together. 她做事很没有条理——我希望她能够做到有条不紊。
[ækt] noun
get/muscle in on the act informal
■to take advantage of something that someone else started 前来分一杯羹；（为获利）参与，插一手
• We did all the hard work of setting up the company, and now everyone wants to get in on the act. 我们千辛万苦创立了公司，现在谁都想来分一杯羹。
[ækt] noun
put on an act informal
■to behave or speak in a false or artificial way 装模作样；装腔作势；做戏
• He's just putting on an act for the boss's benefit. 他做戏只是为了给老板看。
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
operation, deed, performance, action, act
这组词都有“行为、行动”的意思，其区别是：
operation: 多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
deed: 较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
performance: 主要指行动的方式方法。
action: 普通用词，着重行动的过程。
act: 一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
vt. 扮演；装作，举动像
 - play, take a part of
vi. 行动；扮演，充当；表现，举止；假装，演戏；起作用，见效
 - operate, bear oneself, conduct oneself
n. 行为，行动； [法] 法令，法案；（戏剧，歌剧的）一幕，段；装腔作势
 - behavior, dealing, action, going, bill

Word: congress
Front: congress
[ˈkɒŋgres] (研四六托雅 638/1695 -K2)
Vocabulary: congress
(once / 359 pages)
1n 2n
A congress is a formal meeting where people come together to discuss issues or questions. It often refers to the legislative branch of a nation's government, such as the US Congress, but it can also refer to any important meeting or official organization.
While the word congress inevitably brings to mind the governing Congress with a capital C, there are many different kinds of congresses. The potato farming community, for example, convened the first World Potato Congress in 1993, and the United States Bowling Congress formed in 1995 when the men's and women's bowling organizations joined forces. Congress comes from the Latin congressus, which fittingly means both "friendly meeting" and "hostile encounter."
WORD FAMILY
congress: congresses, congressional +/ congressional: congressionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr Temer has promised to send a draft reform bill to congress this year.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Mr Martelly governed without a functioning congress for nearly a year before stepping down last February.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
In the 166-member lower house, opponents of the agreement abstained from voting and walked out of the congress in protest.
Washington Post(Nov 30, 2016)
Congress
(once / 112 pages)
n
Use the proper noun Congress when you're talking about the legislative branch of the United States government, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
When you're talking about the legislature, Congress has to start with a capital C to distinguish it from other meanings of the word. The U.S. Congress is made up of elected senators and representatives from all fifty states who vote on and enact new laws. In late Middle English, congress meant a "meeting during battle," from the Latin congressus, which means both "a friendly meeting" and "a hostile encounter," both of which, in fact, describe the United States Congress.
WORD FAMILY
Congress: Congresses
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress," Pelosi said in a statement.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
She added: “Evidently, ethics are the first casualty of the new Republican Congress.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 国会; 代表大会; （用于某些国家的政党名称）国民大会; 社交
vi. 开会，集合
分布：代表大会(80%)，议会(15%)，立法机关(5%)
→con-, 强调。-gress, 走，词源同grade, aggressive.原义指一群人走到一起。
国会,代表大会(con共同+gress→走到一起→代表大会)[gress=go,walk表示"行走"]
n.(代表)大会;(美国等国的)国会,议会Congress has approved a new publication law.国会已通过一项新的出版法.
US ['kɑ:ŋ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ADVANCED
■a large formal meeting of representatives from countries or societies at which ideas are discussed and information is exchanged 代表大会
• an international/medical congress 国际／医学代表大会
• the congress of the Australian Council of Trade Unions 澳大利亚工会委员会代表大会
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
parliament, congress
这组词都有“国会，议会”的意思，其区别是：
parliament: 指英国或加拿大等国的议会，通常用大写形式。
congress: 指美国等国的国会，也可指代表大会。
n. 国会；代表大会；会议；社交
 - session, conversation, meeting, parliament

Word: let
Front: let
[let] (中高雅 159/320 -K5)
Vocabulary: let
(once / 16 pages)
1v 2v 3n
To let is to allow or permit. If you don't prevent your little brother from jumping off the roof into a pile of leaves, you let him do it.
Your boss might let you take a few days off work, and the friendly city bus driver might let you ride for free when you forget your wallet. Another way to let is to allow someone or something to pass in a certain direction, like a window that lets in the morning sunshine. The word can also mean "lease" or "rent," so a landlord might let a room over his garage to a college student.
WORD FAMILY
let: lessor, lets, letted, letting+/lessor: lessors/letting: lettings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It would be foolish to let Cousins walk.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Let me start with a much-maligned sector that is near and dear to my heart: the news media.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: 允许，任由; 让，随; 假设; 出租
时态：let, letting, lets
分布：让(87%)，出租(6%)，假设(3%)，允许(3%)，阻碍(1%)
→来自le,松开，松手，容许，词源同late,lenient,lassitude.
v.让,允许,听任;设,假设;出租,租给Let him in at once.让他立刻进来.
verb (letting, let, let)
ALLOW 允许
 ESSENTIAL [T + infinitive without to]
■to allow something to happen or someone to do something by not doing anything to stop an action or by giving your permission 让；允许；准许
• She wanted to go but her parents wouldn't let her. 她想走，但父母不让。
• He decided to let his hair grow long. 他决定把头发留起来。
• Let your shoes dry completely before putting them on. 让鞋子干透以后再穿。
• I'm letting you stay up late, just this once. 我允许你开夜车，但仅此一次。
• Don't let it worry you. 不要让它惹你心烦。
• If he needs money, let him (= he should) earn it! 如果他需要钱，就让他去赚吧！
 IMPROVER [T + obj + infinitive without to] [not in past tenses]
■used to show that you accept what is going to happen, although you do not like it 任由
• Let it rain - it won't spoil our afternoon. 随它下吧——下雨不会影响我们下午的活动。
  Common Learner Errors  letLet is followed by a verb in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'let someone to do something', say let someone do something.
✗ My parents don't let me to watch television after 9pm. My parents don't let me watch television after 9pm.
  Common Learner Errors  let or leave? Warning: Do not confuse 'let' and 'leave' To talk about not taking someone or something with you when you go, don't say 'let' say leave :
✗ People should let their cars at home and go to work by bus. People should leave their cars at home and go to work by bus.
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
SUGGEST 建议
let's
 ESSENTIAL
■also formallet us used to express a suggestion or request which includes you and the other person or people （表示建议或请求）让我们
• Let's go out to dinner. 我们出去吃晚饭吧。
• Let us consider all the possibilities. 让我们来考虑一下各种可能性吧。
• Let's not argue/ UK alsoDon't let's argue. 我们别争了。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
RENT 出租
transitive mainly UK (mainly US rent)
■to allow your house or land to be lived in or used by someone else in exchange for a regular payment 租出去，出租
• They are letting their house (out) for the summer. 他们准备夏天把房子租出去。
• He's let his flat to a young couple. 他把公寓房租给了一对年轻夫妇。
• She has a room to let in her house. 她的房子里有一个房间要出租。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sb be
■to stop criticizing or annoying someone 随（某人）去；不打扰（某人）
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let yourself go informal
■to allow yourself to become less attractive or healthy 放任自流；不修边幅；放纵自己
• It's easy to let yourself go when you've got small kids. 有了小孩后很容易就不注意打扮了。
■to relax completely and enjoy yourself 完全放松，尽情享受
• It's a party - let yourself go! 这是个派对——尽情地玩吧！
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sth go/pass
■to not correct or argue with something that a person says or does that is wrong 不理睬，不反驳，不追究
• I know what he said wasn't strictly accurate but I let it pass anyway. 我知道他说的并不十分准确，但不管怎样，我没有去追究。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let your hair down old-fashioned informal
■to allow yourself to behave much more freely than usual and enjoy yourself 放开些，尽情享受
• Oh let your hair down for once! 尽情地玩一次吧！
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sb have it slang
■to attack someone with words or physically 抨击（某人）；攻击（某人）
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sb in on a secret
■to allow someone to know something that you have not told anyone else 向（某人）透露秘密
• Shall I let you in on a little secret? 要我告诉你一个小秘密吗？
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sb know ADVANCED
■to tell someone something 告知，通知
• Let us know wh en you get there. 你到那里后告诉我们一声。
• Let me know if you need any help. 如果需要帮助就告诉我。
• Thank you for coming to the interview - we'll let you know (= tell you whether we are going to offer you a job) in the next week. 谢谢你来参加面试——下周我们会告诉你结果。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let sth slip
■to tell people about something without intending to 说漏了嘴，无意中泄漏
• He let it slip that he hadn't actually read the report. 他无意中透露出他根本就没有看过那个报告。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let go IMPROVER
■to stop holding something 放开，松手
• Hold on tight and don't let go! 抓紧，别松手！
• Let go of my hand, you're hurting me! 放开我的手，你弄痛我了！
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let it all hang out old-fashioned slang
■to behave freely without being shy or feeling worried about what other people will think of you 不拘礼节，自由随意
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let it be known formal
■to make certain that people know something 让大家都知道，到处宣扬
• I let it be known that I was not happy about the decision that had been made. 我公开表示我对作出的决定不满意。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let it lie (also let things lie)
■to take no action about something 对…不闻不问，对…置之不理，对…听之任之
• Instead of going to the police they let things lie for a couple of months. 他们没去报警，好几个月对此都不闻不问。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let rip/fly informal
■to behave in an angry and emotional way 发怒；失去理智
• She let rip about the state of the kitchen. 她对厨房的状况大发雷霆。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let the side down mainly UK informal
■to behave in a way that embarrasses or causes problems for a group of people that you are part of 使自己人难堪；拆自家人的台
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let's face it
■said before stating something that is unpleasant but true 我们面对事实吧
• Let's face it, we're not going to win. 我们面对事实吧，我们不会赢的。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
let's see (also let me see/think)
■used when you want to think carefully about something or are trying to remember 让我想想看，让我想一想
• Next Saturday, let's see, that's when we're going to the theatre. 下周六，让我想想，那天我们要去看戏。
• The last time I spoke to her was, now let me think, three weeks ago. 我上一次和她说话是，让我想想，三个星期以前。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sb down ADVANCED
■to disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do 辜负（某人），使（某人）失望
• You will be there tomorrow - you won't let me down, will you? 明天你会去那里的——你不会让我失望，对吧？
• When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had let my parents down. 我入狱的时候真觉得对不起我的父母。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sth down
CLOTHES
■If you let down a piece of clothing, you make it longer 把（衣服）放长一些，将（衣服）加长
• My trousers shrank in the wash so I let them down. 我的裤子洗过后缩水了，所以我把裤腿放长了。
AIR UK
■If you let down something filled with air, you cause the air to go out of it 给…放气，放出…中的空气
• Someone let my tyres down while I was at the gym. 我在健身房时有人把我的车胎给放了气。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sb/sth in ADVANCED
■to allow someone or something to enter 允许…进入
• She opened the door and let me in. 她打开门让我进去。
• These shoes are starting to let water in. 这双鞋子开始进水了。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let yourself in for sth
■to become involved in a difficult or unpleasant situation without intending to 使自己陷入，使自己卷入
■1. Do you realize how much extra work you're letting yourself in for? let 1 你意识到你在给自己增加多少额外的工作吗？
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let sb in on sth
■to tell someone about something that is secret, or to allow someone to become involved in something which only very few people are involved in 向（某人）公开；允许（某人）参与（秘密的事情）
• Debbie agreed to let me in on her plans. 黛比同意让我知道她的计划。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let sth into sth UK
■to put something into a flat surface so that it does not stick out 镶嵌（把某物嵌入平坦的表面，使之不突出）
• A skylight had been let into the roof. 屋顶嵌上了一扇天窗。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sb off ADVANCED
■to not punish someone who has committed a crime or done something wrong, or to not punish them severely 宽宥（某人）；从轻处罚（某人）
• Instead of a prison sentence they were let off with a fine. 他们没有被判刑，只是被罚了款而已。
• You won't be let off so lightly (= you will be punished more severely) the next time. 下一次就不会这样轻饶你了。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sth off
■to fire a gun or make something such as a bomb or fireworks explode 放（枪）；开（炮）；引爆
• Don't let off fireworks near the house. 不要在房子附近放烟火。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let on informal
■to tell other people about something that you know, especially when it is a secret 透露，泄露（秘密）
• I suspect he knows more this than he's letting on. 除了透露出的那些情况外，我怀疑他对这件事还知道更多。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sb/sth out ADVANCED
■to allow someone or something to leave a place, especially by opening a closed or fastened door 允许…离开，放开，放走
• I heard a voice from the cupboard shouting "Let me out!" 我听到橱柜里有人喊：“放我出去！”
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] let sth out
ESCAPE
■to cause something to come out 放出，发出
• He let the air out of the balloon. 他把气球里的空气放了出来。
• She let out a scream (= She made this noise). 她发出一声尖叫。
CLOTHES
■to make a piece of clothing wider by removing the sewing from the sides and sewing closer to the edge of the material 把（衣服）放宽
• These trousers are too tight - I'm going to have to let them out. 这条裤子太紧了——我准备把它放宽一些。
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let out US
■When something that people go to, such as school or a show, lets out, it ends and everyone leaves 结束；（学校）放假，放学；（演出）散场
• When does school let out for the summer? 学校甚么时候放暑假？
[let] verb (letting, let, let)
  Phrasal Verbs  let up informal
IMPROVE
■If bad weather or an unpleasant situation lets up, it stops or improves 改善，好转；停止
• When the rain lets up we'll go for a walk. 等雨一停我们就出去散步。
STOP
■to stop doing something that you have been doing continuously or in a determined way 停止，终止
• Neil spent the entire evening moaning about his job - he just wouldn't let up. 尼尔一整晚都在抱怨他的工作——说起来没完没了。
• The police insist that they are not letting up on their campaign against drugs. 警方坚称不会停止打击毒品犯罪的行动。
[let] adverb
let alone
■used after a negative statement to emphasize how unlikely a situation is because something much more likely has never happened （用于否定句后表示强调）当然不会，更不用说
• Some people never even read a newspaper, let alone a book. 有些人从不看报纸，更不用说读书了。
[let] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■(in tennis or similar games) a situation in which the ball touches the net as it crosses it, so that you have to play the point again （网球等运动专案的）发球擦网，发球触网
[let] noun
LAW 法律
without let or hindrance specialized
■without being prevented from doing something 无障碍地，自由地
• People will be able to travel from country to country without let or hindrance. 人们将能够在各国之间自由往来。
[let] noun
RENT 出租
countable UK
■the act of allowing someone to use your house, land, etc. in exchange for regular payments 出租，租赁
• a five-year let on a flat 为期五年的公寓租赁
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
charter, let, lease, rent, hire
这组词都有“租，租用”的意思，其区别是：
charter: 指承租大型运输工具，如飞机、轮船、大客车以及火车等。
let: 尤指出租房屋或地产等。
lease: 指按照租约租出或租用房屋、土地或其它不动产。
rent: 在英国指较长时间租出或租入房屋、商店或土地；而在美国指长时间或短时期租用各种资产以及日用东西。
hire: 多指短期租用。在英国一般指租用车、船。
vt. 允许，让；出租；假设；妨碍
 - have, say, grant, rent, suppose
vi. 出租；被承包
 - rent, lease out
n. 障碍；出租屋
 - obstacle, bar, dam, stop

Word: education
Front: education
[ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn] (中高研四托雅 376/353 -K5)
Vocabulary: education
(once / 103 pages)
n
Whenever you learn something new, you are getting some amount of education. You might get your education in school, where you're learning to speak French, or in your garage, where you're learning how to repair your bike.
Back in the 1500s, the word education meant "the raising of children," but it also meant "the training of animals." While there are probably a few teachers who feel like animal trainers, education these days has come to mean either "teaching" or "the process of acquiring knowledge."
WORD FAMILY
education: coeducation, educational, educationalist, educationist, educations, self-education+/coeducate: coeducated/ coeducational: coeducationally/ educate: co-educate, coeducate, educated, educates, educating, education, educative, educator/ educated: self-educated, undereducated, uneducated/ educational: coeducational, educationally/educationalist: educationalists/educationist: educationists/educative: educatively/educator: educators
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The school is one of about 70 elementary-only, mostly rural, single-school districts in Missouri that receive little attention in the education arena.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But questions remain about Gov. Nathan Deal’s education agenda and how a new presidential administration will affect this year’s legislative session.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 教育; 教育学; 培养; 训练
分布：教育(95%)，教育学(4%)，修养(1%)
→e-, 向外。-duc, 引导，词源同duke, conduct,
教育(educate+ion)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
n.教育,培养,训练I had twelve years of good education.我受过十二年的良好教育.
noun [S or U]
 ESSENTIAL
■the process of teaching or learning in a school or college, or the knowledge that you get from this 教育；受教育获得的知识
• As a child he received most of his education at home. 童年时他主要在家中接受教育。
• It's a country which places great importance on education. 这是个非常重视教育的国家。
• She lectures in education (= the study of education) at the teacher training college. 她在教师培训学院讲授教育学。
• It's important for children to get a good education. 孩子得到良好的教育是非常重要的。
n. 教育；培养；教育学
 - cultivation, training, pedagogy

Word: product
Front: product
[ˈprɒdʌkt] (高研四六雅 569/451 -K5)
Vocabulary: product
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2n
When you start making something, the result is a product. Most products are offered for sale, like dairy products at the grocery store or kitchen products at Macy's.
The word product is often a synonym for "merchandise" — the stuff for sale on the racks and shelves at a store. But a product can also simply be the result or consequence of someone's efforts or a set of circumstances. A good report card is the product of hard work. You are the product of your parent's relationship. And an aging hippie who still wears bell bottoms may be described as a product of the sixties.
WORD FAMILY
product: products
USAGE EXAMPLES
While some suppliers and dispensaries test the CBD and THC levels of their products, many do not.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Inspectors detect the larvae by looking for the powdery product of their wood boring, which looks like sawdust.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 产品; 结果; 乘积; 作品
分布：产品(87%)，产物(7%)，结果(3%)，乘积(2%)，某种影响下产生的人或物(1%)
→pro-,向前，-duct,拉，引导，词源同conduce,conduct.引申词义生产，产品，制品。
产物,产品(pro+duct→引出的东西→产品)[duc,duct=lead,bring,表示"引导,带来"]
n.产品,产物;乘积The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
US ['prɑ:.dʌkt] noun
THING MADE 产品
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something that is made to be sold, usually something that is produced by an industrial process or, less commonly, something that is grown or obtained through farming 产品；产物
• They do a range of skin-care products. 他们生产一系列的护肤品。
• The product is so good it sells itself. 这种产品非常好，不需要促销。
• I'm trying to cut down on dairy products. 我正设法减少乳制品的食用量。
⇒ See also by-product
a/the product of sth
■a/the result of something …的结果
• A figure like that is usually the product of many hours spent in the gym. 那样的体形通常是在健身房花了很长时间锻炼的结果。
• She had a very happy childhood, and I guess her confidence is a product of that. 她的童年非常幸福，我想正是那段时光培养了她的自信。
UK ['prɒd.ʌkt] US ['prɑ:.dʌkt] noun
MATHEMATICS 数学
countable specialized
■the result you get when two or more numbers are multiplied together （乘）积
• The product of six and three is eighteen. 6乘3的积为18。
product, manufacture, production, produce
这组词都有“产品，制品”的意思，其区别是：
product: 一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品。
manufacture: 一般指机器大量制造的产品。
production: 含义广泛，不同场合有不同的意思，可表示“产品，产物”，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。
produce: 多指农产品(尤指蔬菜水果等)。
n. [经] 产品；结果； [数] 乘积；作品
 - outcome, event, result, manufacture, writing

Word: white
Front: white
[waɪt] (中高 301/475 -K5)
Back: adj. 白色的，纯洁的; 无色的，透明的; 白衣的; 白种人的
n. 白色; 白种人; 空白; 白色颜料
vt. （书写，印刷等）留出空白处; 使变白色，刷白; 漂白
时态：whited, whiting, whites
分布：白色(70%)，白色的(25%)，白种人(2%)，纯洁的(2%)，白种的(1%)
→来自kweit,白色，照耀，词源同wheat.
a.白色的;苍白的;白种的n.白色;白种人The writer writes the white book quite quietly in quilt.作家在被子里十分平静地写白皮书.
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■of a colour like that of snow, milk or bone 白色的；雪白的；乳白的
• a white T-shirt 白色的T恤衫
• white walls 白墙
• a black and white dog 黑白相间的狗
• He's white-haired now. 他现在头发都已经白了。
• "How do you like your coffee?" "White (= With milk or cream) and no sugar, please." “你想要甚么样的咖啡？”“请加奶但不要加糖。”
 ADVANCED
■used in the names of various food and drink products, many of which are not pure white but slightly cream, yellow, grey or transparent （用于食品名称中）白…
• white bread 白面包
• white chocolate 白巧克力
• white flour 白面粉
• white sugar 白糖
• white wine 白葡萄酒
[waɪt] adjective
PEOPLE 人
 ESSENTIAL
■of a person who has skin that is pale in colour 白人（的）；白种人（的）
• He had a black mother and a white father. 他的母亲是黑人，父亲是白人。
• a predominantly white neighbourhood 以白人为主的社区
[waɪt] adjective
(as) white as a sheet
■If someone is (as) white as a sheet, their face is very pale, usually because of illness, shock or fear. （指某人的脸色）苍白的，面无血色的
[waɪt] adjective
whiter than white
■never doing anything wrong 从没做错事的，清白的
• I was never convinced by the image of the whiter than white princess depicted in the press. 我从不相信报刊杂志上描写的清纯公主的形象。
[waɪt] noun
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a colour like that of snow, milk or bone 白色；雪白；乳白
• In some countries it is traditional for a bride to wear white. 在某些国家的传统中，新娘要穿白色礼服。
whites [plural]
■white clothes, either worn for sports or put together to be washed at the same time 白色衣服
• There was a group of men in cricket whites in the pub. 酒吧里有一群穿著白色板球运动服的男人。
white of the eye
■the part of the eye that is white 眼白，白眼珠
• Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes (= until the people are very close to you). 直到他们离你很近才开枪。
egg white/white of an egg
■the transparent part of an egg which surrounds the yolk and becomes white when cooked 蛋清，蛋白
• Whisk four egg whites into stiff peaks. 搅打四个蛋清，直到打得稠稠地耸起来为止。
[waɪt] noun
PERSON 人
countable
■a person who has skin that is pale in colour 白人
• The neighbourhood is populated mainly by whites. 这个社区里住的主要是白人。
adj. 白色的；白种的；纯洁的
 - stainless, pure
n. 白色；洁白；白种人
 - leuko, chalkiness

Word: trouble
Front: trouble
[ˈtrʌbl] (中高托雅 981/1005 -K4)
Vocabulary: trouble
(once / 29 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Trouble is anything that causes difficulty, worry, and inconvenience, or that prevents you from doing something. If you have trouble getting along with a classmate, it is hard to be friendly with him or her.
Whether you have trouble finding your shoes, you're in trouble with your teacher, or you go to a lot of trouble buying the kind of tea your sister likes, you face an annoying — and possibly distressing — difficulty. When you use trouble as a verb, it tells who or what is making life hard for you, like a headache that troubles you or childhood memories of encounters with scary clowns that probably trouble you even more deeply.
WORD FAMILY
trouble: troubled, troubler, troubles, troublesome, troubling, troublous+/troubled: troubleder, troubledly, untroubled/troubler: troublers/ troublesome: troublesomely, troublesomeness, troublesomest/ troubling: troublingly/troublous: troublously/untroubled: untroubledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
She scrolled through hundreds of aggressive messages, searching for the one that troubled her the most.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sanders wins the New Hampshire Democratic primary, followed — in what some observers see as a troubling sign — by Vladimir Putin.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He was limited to 12 minutes after the break with foul trouble, however.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 麻烦; 烦恼; 故障; 动乱
vi. 费心; 烦恼
vt. 麻烦; 使烦恼; 折磨
时态：troubled, troubling, troubles
分布：麻烦(68%)，困难(16%)，烦恼(9%)，苦恼(3%)，使烦恼(2%)，费神(2%)
→置换自古法语 truble,麻烦，混乱，来自拉丁语 turbidus,混乱的，骚乱的，来自 turbare,混乱， 骚乱，词源同 turbid.引申诸相关词义。
n.烦恼;动乱;疾病;故障;辛苦v.(使)烦恼I debated that the debtor was doubtless in double troubles.我争论说债务人很可能处在双重困境中.
noun
DIFFICULTIES 困难
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■problems or difficulties 问题，困难，麻烦
• The form was terribly complicated and I had a lot of trouble with it. 这张表格十分复杂，我填起来很费劲。
• Their problems seem to be over for the moment, but there could be more trouble ahead. 他们的问题眼下看起来是完结了，但以后可能会有更多麻烦。
• The trouble started/began when my father came to live with us. 父亲来和我们一起住之后，麻烦就开始了。
• [+ -ing verb] Parents often have trouble finding restaurants that welcome young children. 做父母的常常难以找到愿意招待小孩子的餐馆。
• You'll only be storing up trouble for the future if you don't go to the dentist now. 如果你现在不去看牙医，就是在给将来找麻烦。
• I should get it finished over the weekend without too much trouble. 我周末应该可以不费太大力气就能完成它。
• She thought her troubles would be over once she'd got divorced. 她原以为一旦离了婚，她的麻烦就会结束。
• My Christmas shopping is the least of my troubles at the moment - I haven't even got enough money to pay the rent. 眼下我根本顾不上圣诞购物——我连付租金的钱都不够。
• Most of the current troubles stem (= are caused by) from our new computer system. 目前大部分的问题归根于我们的新电脑系统。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a characteristic of someone or something that is considered a disadvantage or problem 缺陷；缺点
• The trouble with this carpet is that it gets dirty very easily. 这种地毯的缺点是易脏。
• It's a brilliant idea. The only trouble is that we don't know how much it will cost. 这个想法非常好。唯一的问题是我们不知道这样要花多少钱。
• Ron 's trouble is that he's too impatient. 罗恩的缺点是太没有耐心。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badly 窘境，困境；险境
• He's never been in trouble with his teachers before. 他以前从来没有受过老师的批评。
• She'll be in big trouble if she crashes Sam's car. 如果撞坏了萨姆的汽车，她就会倒大霉。
• He got into financial trouble after his divorce. 离婚后，他在经济上陷入了困境。
• I hope you won't get into trouble because of what I said to your dad. 我希望你不会因我对你爸爸说了那些话而受罚。
• The camp is a great way of getting kids off the street and keeping them out of trouble. 让小孩子去渡假营是个很好的办法，这样可以让他们远离街头，不会惹是生非。
• I hope I haven't landed you in trouble with your boss. 我希望你没有因为我而受到老板的训斥。
• The marriage ran into trouble because of her husband's heavy drinking. 由于丈夫酗酒，她的婚姻陷入了危机。
• The company will be in serious/real trouble if we lose this contract. 如果我们失去这份合约，公司将陷入严重困境。
• He's stayed out of trouble since he was released from jail last year. 他自去年出狱以来，一直没有再惹麻烦。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■problems or difficulties caused by something failing to operate as it should 故障，毛病
• The plane developed engine trouble shortly after takeoff. 飞机起飞不久，引擎就出现了故障。
• They have a good reputation for building reliable trouble -free cars. 他们制造的汽车耐用、无故障，口碑很好。
• Her knee trouble is expected to keep her out of the game for the rest of the season. 由于膝伤，她可能无法参加本赛季余下的比赛。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■problems in the form of arguments, fighting or violence 争吵；骚乱；打斗
• Listen, I don't want any trouble in here, so please just finish your drink and leave. 听着，我可不想这里出甚么乱子，请你赶快喝完离开。
• You can only go to the match if you promise to leave at the first sign of trouble. 你要答应一看见出了乱子就马上离开，才可以去看比赛。
• My little brother's always trying to stir up (= create) trouble between me and my boyfriend. 我的小弟总是想挑起我和男朋友之间的争吵。
  Common Learner Errors  trouble or problem? Problem means 'a situation that causes difficulties and that needs to be dealt with'. You can talk about a problem or problems. Tell me what the problem is. There's a problem with the engine. He's having a few problems at work. Trouble means 'problems, difficulties, or worries' and is used to talk about problems in a more general way. Trouble is almost always uncountable so do not use the determiner 'a' before it. We had some trouble while we were on holiday. He helped me when I was in trouble. I had trouble with the car last night.
✗ I had a trouble with the car last night. Troubles is used in a small number of particular phrases to talk about all of the problems that someone has or that a country/organization has. You should not use troubles unless you are sure that it is correct.
✗ The report outlines the troubles caused by unemployment. The report outlines the problems caused by unemployment.
['trʌb.l] noun
INCONVENIENCE 不便
 IMPROVER uncountable
■slight problems or effort 不便，麻烦；工夫，力气
• I didn't mean to cause you any trouble. 我并不想给你添任何麻烦。
• "I'd love some more tea, if it isn't too much trouble." "Oh, it's no trouble at all." “如果不太麻烦的话，我还想要些茶。”“噢，一点也不麻烦。”
• I don't want to put you to any trouble (= create any work for you). 我不想给你添任何麻烦。
• [+ to infinitive] If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, you'd know what I was talking about. 如果你用心听我讲，你就会明白我讲的是甚么。
• They went to a lot of trouble (= made a lot of effort) for their dinner party, but half the guests didn't bother to turn up. 他们费了很大的劲准备晚宴，可是竟有半数客人没来。
• It's annoying, but I don't think I'll go to the trouble of making an official complaint. 这太令人心烦了，可我觉得我不会特意去提出正式投诉。
['trʌb.l] noun
be asking for trouble ADVANCED
■to be likely to cause problems or difficulties for yourself 自找麻烦，自讨苦吃
• Giving him such a powerful car when he's only just learned to drive is asking for trouble. 他刚学会开车就给他开这么大马力的车，简直就是在自找麻烦。
['trʌb.l] noun
get sb into trouble old-fashioned
■If a man gets a woman or girl who is not married into trouble, he makes her pregnant 使（某人）未婚先孕
• When he got his girlfriend into trouble, they had to choose between marriage and an abortion. 他使女友未婚先孕，他们要么结婚，要么只能堕胎。
['trʌb.l] noun
more trouble than it's worth (also not worth the trouble) informal
■If something is more trouble than it's worth or is not worth the trouble, it is not important or useful enough to make an effort doing it 不值得费力去做；不值得这么麻烦
• It's more trouble than it's worth to take it back to the shop and ask for a replacement. 把它拿回商店重换不值，太麻烦了。
• It's not worth the trouble (of) applying for that job. You've no chance of getting it. 不值得费力去申请那份工作，根本就没有可能得到。
['trʌb.l] noun
spell trouble
■to suggest that there may be problems in the future 预示着麻烦
• The latest opinion polls spell trouble for the government. 最新的民意调查预示政府将有麻烦。
['trʌb.l] verb
WORRY 担心
transitive
■to cause someone to be worried or nervous 使烦恼，使苦恼；使忧虑
• What's troubling you, dear? You look ever so worried. 亲爱的，你是不是有甚么烦心事？你看上去很不安。
• formal Many of us are deeply troubled by the chairman's decision. 我们许多人对主席的决定深感不安。
• [+ (that)] It troubles me (that) you didn't discuss your problems with me earlier. 你没有早点与我讨论你的问题，这使我感到不安。
['trʌb.l] verb
CAUSE DIFFICULTIES 使有麻烦
transitive often passive
■to cause someone to have a problem or difficulties 折磨，使有麻烦
• He has been troubled by a knee injury for most of the season. 本赛季的大部分时间，他都受到膝伤困扰。
['trʌb.l] verb
CAUSE EFFORT 使费神
transitive slightly formal
■to cause someone a small amount of effort 麻烦；使费神
• May I trouble you for (= Please could you give me) some more wine, please? 麻烦您再给我些葡萄酒好吗？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Could I trouble you to open that window? I'm afraid I can't reach it. 麻烦你把那扇窗户打开好吗？恐怕我不够高。
• [R] Let's not trouble ourselves (= make the effort to think) about the precise details at the moment. 我们目前不要费神去考虑细节问题。
vex, trouble, annoy, disturb, bother, irritate
这组词都有“使人不安或烦恼”的意思，其区别是：
vex: 侧重指因不断的干扰而引起的烦恼，有时含激怒的意味。
trouble: 指给人在行动上带来不便或在身心上造成痛苦。
annoy: 强调因被迫忍受令人不快、讨厌的事而失去平静或耐心，多指一时的打拢或恼怒。
disturb: 较正式用词，多用被动态。指拢乱，使人不能平静或妨碍别人工作、思维或正常秩序，是程度较深的烦恼。
bother: 指使人烦恼而引起的紧张不安或感到不耐烦。
irritate: 语气比annoy强得多，指激怒，使发怒，多指一种短时间的反应。
trouble, struggle, pains, effort, endeavour
这组词都有“努力”的意思，其区别是：
trouble: 和pains均侧重在面临困难或阻力时所作的努力，但强调在努力时的细心和谨慎，相比之下，pains更适合表示尽力的努力。
struggle: 指为克服困难或阻力所作的努力，也指因决心、意志或干劲而产生的极大努力。
effort: 通常指完成某特定任务所需付出的或大或小的努力，可指一次的努力，也可指坚持不懈的努力。
endeavour: 指持久的，坚持不懈的，甚至是终身的努力，强调努力的认真与决心。
n. 麻烦；烦恼；故障；动乱
 - worry, fault, headache
vt. 麻烦；使烦恼；折磨
 - harry, worry, tear
vi. 费心，烦恼
 - worry, bother about

Word: care
Front: care
[keə(r)] (中高雅 434/505 -K5)
Vocabulary: care
(once / 14 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
To care is to feel concern, and care is attention given, tending, or upkeep. If you care about how your garden grows, you will take care to water it often, remove weeds, and talk to your plants about the weather.
Care can be a noun or a verb. As a noun, it originally had the sense of “sorrow, anxiety” or “serious mental attention,” and now means “oversight, protection.” If you have a fragile package, you might write "handle with care" on the box. As a verb, care means “to feel concern or interest” — as in, "If you care about your health you'll put down that cigarette!" If someone says she "couldn't care less," then she does not care at all.
WORD FAMILY
care: cared, careful, careless, cares, caring +/ careful: carefuler, carefulest, carefully, carefulness, overcareful/carefulness: carefulnesses/ careless: carelesser, carelessest, carelessly, carelessness/carelessness: carelessnesses/ caring: caringly, carings, uncaring/overcareful: overcarefully/uncaring: uncaringly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A: No. I never imagined anyone would care all these years later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To visit IU Health, the largest health care provider in Indiana, with 15 hospitals and 8,700 doctors, is to see those changes up close.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the last two minutes of NBA games, the Caps’ playoff performance is all we care about.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 关心; 担心; 照顾; 喜爱
n. 照顾; 小心; 忧虑
时态：cared, caring, cares
分布：关心(34%)，照顾(24%)，小心(10%)，在乎(9%)，护理(7%)，注意(5%)，照料(4%)，忧虑(3%)，介意(2%)，愿望(1%)，喜爱(1%)
→来自PIE *gar, 叫喊，尖叫，关切，词源同garrulous，拟声词。
n.小心;关怀,照料v.(about)关心,介意,计较The careful man is scarcely scared by the scarce parcel.细心男子勉强被罕见的包裹吓了一下.
US [ker] noun
PROTECTION 保护
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of protecting and looking after someone or something 保护；照顾；照料
• The standard of care at our local hospital is excellent. 我们当地医院的护理水准很出色。
• Mira's going to be very weak for a long time after the operation, so she'll need a lot of care. 手术后，米拉在很长一段时间内会十分虚弱，所以她需要多加照顾。
• Nurseries are responsible for the children in their care. 托儿所要对他们照顾的孩子负责。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■used as a combining form （用作构词成分）…护理
• skin care/healthcare/childcare 皮肤护理／医疗保健／儿童保育
take care of sb/sth IMPROVER
■to look after someone or something 照顾，照料
• Take good care of that girl of yours, Patrick - she's very special. 派翠克，照顾好你的女朋友——她很特别。
• Don't worry about me, I can take care of myself (= I do not need anyone else to protect me). 别担心我，我能照顾好自己。
in care (also take/put into care) UK
■Children who are in care or who have been taken/put into care are not living with their natural parents but instead with a national or local government organization or another family （儿童）由收养所（或其他家庭）收养
• Both children were taken into care when their parents died. 父母死后两个孩子都被送进了收养所。
care in the community UK
■when people with mental illness or reduced mental ability are allowed to continue living in their own homes, with treatment and help, and are not kept in hospital （对精神疾病患者或弱智人群的）社区关怀
  Common Learner Errors  take care The correct preposition to use after take care is of. Don't say 'take care about/for something', say take care of something :
✗ Please take care about my plants while I am on holiday. Please take care of my plants while I am on holiday.
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
ATTENTION 关注
 IMPROVER uncountable
■serious attention, especially to the details of a situation or something 仔细；小心；谨慎
• She painted the window frames with great care so that no paint got onto the glass. 她漆窗框时极为小心，因此没有一点油漆弄到玻璃上。
• You need to take a bit more care with your spelling. 你要多注意一下你的拼写。
• The roads are icy, so drive with care. 道路结冰，小心驾驶。
• Take care on these busy roads (= Drive with attention so that you do not have an accident). 在这些交通繁忙的道路上要小心驾驶。
• [+ to infinitive] Take care not to (= Make certain that you do not) spill your coffee. 小心别把咖啡洒出来了。
• [+ that] Take care (= Make certain) that you don't fall. 小心别摔着。
• The parcel had a label on it saying ' Handle with care'. 包裹上有个标签，上面写著「小心轻放”。
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
DEAL WITH 处理
take care of sth ADVANCED
■to deal with something 处理；负责
• If you can sort out the drink for the party, I'll take care of the food. 如果你能安排好聚会所需的饮品，那我就负责食物。
• All the travel arrangements have been taken care of. 所有的旅行安排都处理好了。
• No, you paid for dinner last time, let me take care of (= pay for) it. 不，上次的晚餐是你付的，这次让我来吧。
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
WORRY 担心
countable or uncountable
■a feeling of worry or anxiety 担心；烦恼；忧虑
• She seemed weighed down by all her cares. 她好像忧心忡忡，焦虑不安。
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
have a care UK old-fashioned
■used to tell someone to be more careful 小心，留神
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
have all the cares of the world on your shoulders
■to be very worried by many different problems 心事重重；忧心忡忡
• You look as if you have all the cares of the world on your shoulders. 你看上去好像烦恼一大堆似的。
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
take care (of yourself)
■used when saying goodbye to someone （用于告别时）保重
• "Bye, Melissa." "Goodbye Rozzie, take care." “再见，蒙莉莎。”“再见，罗齐，多保重。”
UK [keər] US [ker] noun
without a care in the world (also not a care in the world)
■without worrying about anything 无忧无虑
• Look at her, not a care in the world! 看看她，多么无忧无虑！
UK [keər] US [ker] verb intransitive
WORRY 担心
 ESSENTIAL
■to think that something is important and to feel interested in it or upset about it 在乎，关心，介意
• She's never cared very much about her appearance. 她对自己的外表从不很在意。
• [+ question word] I really don't care wh ether we go out or not. 我们出不出去我真的不在意。
• I don't care how much it costs, just buy it. 我不在乎它要价多少，就买了吧。
• "Was Lorna happy about the arrangements?" "I don't know and I don't care." “洛娜对安排满意吗？”“我不知道，也不关心。”
• Your parents are only doing this because they care about (= love) you. 你父母之所以这么做全是因为他们爱你。
I couldn't care less informal
■used to emphasize rudely that you are not interested in or worried about something or someone （表示强调）我一点也不在乎
• "Mike's really fed up about it." "I couldn't care less." “迈克被这件事烦透了。”“我根本不在乎。”
for all I care informal
■used to say that you are not interested in or worried about what someone else is doing 我一点不关心；我根本不在乎
• You can go to the match with Paula, for all I care. 你可以跟宝拉一起去看比赛，我一点也不在乎。
as if I care informal
■used to say that you are not interested in or worried about something that has happened or that someone has said 好像我会在乎似的，我才不在乎呢
• He said he didn't approve of what I'd done, as if I cared. 他说他对我的所作所为不赞同，我才不在乎呢。
Who cares? informal
■used to emphasize rudely that you do not think something is important （表示强调）谁会在意？管它呢！
• "It looks as if Scotland are going to win." "Who cares??. “看来似乎苏格兰队会羸。”“谁在乎呢？”
UK [keər] US [ker] verb intransitive
WANT 想要 formal
■used in polite offers and suggestions （用于礼貌地提议或建议）想要，喜欢
• Would you care for a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？
• [+ to infinitive] Would you care to join us for dinner? 你愿意和我们共进晚餐吗？
UK [keər] US [ker] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  care for sb
LOOK AFTER
 ADVANCED
■to look after someone or something, especially someone who is young, old or ill 照顾，照料，护理（尤指幼、老、病者）
• The children are being cared for by a relative. 孩子由一位亲戚照料着。
• She can't go out to work because she has to stay at home to care for her elderly mother. 她不能出去工作，因为她得呆在家里照料年迈的母亲。
• It's good to know that the dogs will be well cared for while we're away. 得知我们外出期间那些狗会得到妥善照顾真是太好了。
LIKE formal
■to love someone and feel romantic towards them 喜欢，喜爱（某人）
• You know I care for you, Peter. 彼得，你知道我喜欢你。
UK [keər] US [ker] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  not care for sb/sth
■to not like something or someone 不喜欢
• I have to say I don't much care for modern music. 我必须说我不太喜欢现代音乐。
• Your father thought she was nice but Camille and I didn't care for her. 你父亲认为她很好，可是卡米尔和我不喜欢她。
care, mind
这组词都有“介意，在乎”的意思，其区别是：
care: 指对某事感到关切、操心或忧虑，主要用于否定句或疑问句。
mind: 通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。也可用在答复询问的肯定句中。指因某事打扰、感到不满而表示反对。
fret, care, brood, worry
这组词都有“烦恼、担忧”的意思，其区别是：
fret: 通常指因悲哀、焦虑或忧愁等所困扰的心理状态。
care: 多指极强烈的关心和忧虑。常带纯客观的意味。
brood: 语气比worry强，多指沉思、沮丧或忧郁。
worry: 普通用词，着重使人焦虑、烦恼或深深不安。
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
n. 关怀；照料；谨慎；忧虑
 - disturbance, worries
vi. 照顾；关心；喜爱；顾虑
 - tend, attend, think of

Word: standard
Front: standard
[ˈstændəd] (中高研四六托雅 806/653 -K4)
Vocabulary: standard
(once / 87 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n 4n
A standard is an ideal or set of criteria that you use to judge things against. Colleges have certain standards for applicants, like a minimum SAT score or an above average grade point average.
If you complain that the soup isn't up to your standard, you're comparing it to an ideal and finding it lacking. (Just don't be surprised if the chef then "accidentally" spills it in your lap.) The economy used to work by the gold standard, where one dollar equaled a fixed amount of gold. A standard can also be a military flag or banner on a pole. Or a popular old song that's considered a classic.
WORD FAMILY
standard: nonstandard, standardise, standardize, standards, substandard +/standardise: standardisation, standardised, standardiser, standardising/standardization: standardizations/ standardize: standardization, standardized, standardizer, standardizes, standardizing/standardizer: standardizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Under international standards, construction companies in the Gulf are not only responsible for how they treat their direct employees,” Lynch said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He is on standard administrative leave, the agency said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 标准，规格; 旗，军旗; 度量衡标准; 直立支柱
adj. 标准的，合格的; 普遍的，一般的; 公认为优秀的
分布：标准(79%)，标准的(15%)，水准(2%)，规格(1%)，普通的(1%)，规范的(1%)，军旗(1%)
→来自古法语 estandart,军旗，旗帜，等同于 stand hard,字面意思即稳固站立。引申词义标准， 规范等。
n.标准,规则a.标准的Standing under the outstanding rock I misunderstood his standard standpoint.站在突出的岩石下,我误解了他的标准立场.
US [-dɚd] noun
QUALITY 品质
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a level of quality 标准，水准，水准
• This essay is not of an acceptable standard - do it again. 这篇文章未达标准——重新写。
• This piece of work is below standard/is not up to standard. 这工作做得不合要求。
• We have very high safety standards in this laboratory. 我们这个实验室有很高的安全标准。
• Not everyone judges success by the same standards - some people think happiness is more important than money. 每个人衡量成功的标准不尽相同——有些人认为快乐比金钱更重要。
• Her technique became a standard against which all future methods were compared. 她的技术成了后来所有方法的比照标准。
 ADVANCED countable usually plural
■a moral rule which should be obeyed 道德准则，行为标准
• Most people agree that there are standards (of behaviour) which need to be upheld, but agreeing on them is rather more difficult. 大多数人认同人们需要遵守一定的（行为）准则，但要就这些准则达成共识却难得多。
UK ['stæn.dəd] US [-dɚd] noun
USUAL 通常的
countable usually singular
■a pattern or model that is generally accepted 通用模式
• This program is an industry standard for computers. 这个程式是电脑的一个行业标准。
countable
■a song or other piece of music which has been popular and often played over a long period of time （经常演唱或演奏的）标准曲目，保留曲目
UK ['stæn.dəd] US [-dɚd] noun
CAR 汽车
countable US
■a car with gears that are changed by hand 手排汽车
UK ['stæn.dəd] US [-dɚd] noun
FLAG 旗
countable
■a flag, especially a long narrow one ending with two long points 旗；（尤指）末端有两个尖的窄长旗
• the royal standard 王室旗
UK ['stæn.dəd] US [-dɚd] adjective
 IMPROVER
■usual rather than special, especially when thought of as being correct or acceptable 标准的；规范的；通常的
• White is the standard colour for this model of refrigerator. 白色是这种型号的冰箱的标准色。
• These are standard procedures for handling radioactive waste. 这些是处理放射性废料的标准程式。
• The metre is the standard unit for measuring length in the SI system. 公尺是国际单位制中衡量长度的标准单位。
• mainly UK Your new TV comes with a two year guarantee as standard. 你的新电视机按照行业规范附有两年的保修服务。
⇒ See also substandard
■Language described as standard is the form of that language which is considered acceptable and correct by most educated users of it （语言）标准的，规范的
• Most announcers on the BBC speak standard English. 英国广播公司的大多数播音员说的都是标准英语。
• In Standard American , 'gotten' is used as a past participle of 'get'. 在标准的美国英语中，get 的过去分词为 gotten。
[before noun]
■A standard book or writer is the one that is most commonly read for information on a particular subject （书或作者）权威性的
• Her book is still a standard text in archaeology, even though it was written more than twenty years ago. 虽然她的著作成书于20多年前，但时至今日仍被奉为考古学的权威读本。
criterion, measure, standard, gauge
这组词都有“标准”的意思，其区别是：
criterion: 较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。
measure: 与standard基本同义，但多用于比喻，指衡量某事物的质量准则。
standard: 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。
gauge: 专指测量物体大小、厚度、直径等的标准规格。
n. [标准] 标准；水准；旗；度量衡标准
 - criterion, norms, level, prototype, Canon
adj. [标准] 标准的；合规格的；公认为优秀的
 - normal, par

Word: press
Front: press
[pres] (高研四六宝 1178/961 -K5)
Vocabulary: press
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4vn 5vn 6n 7v 8n
To press something is to push it, like if you press an elevator button or press your friend to tell you a secret. If you get that secret, don’t leak it to the press, which is another word for news media.
Press is also a noun, meaning a machine that uses pressure, either to squeeze liquid out of something (like an apple cider press), or to stamp a design or text on something (like a printing press). There's also a press of people, or a crowd of folks so close they press against each other; and "the press," or the news media, which got the name because newspapers are printed using a press.
WORD FAMILY
press: pressed, presses, pressing, pressure +/depressurize: depressurized, depressurizes, depressurizing/overpressure: overpressures/pressed: unpressed/ pressing: pressingly, pressings/ pressure: overpressure, pressured, pressures, pressuring, pressurise, pressurize/pressurise: depressurise/pressurize: depressurize, pressurized, pressurizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 压，按; 逼迫; 紧抱
vi. 压; 逼迫; 重压
n. 强迫征兵; 新闻报道，出版物; 压榨; 印刷机（厂）
时态：pressed, pressing, presses
分布：按(50%)，压(23%)，新闻界(15%)，报刊(3%)，印刷机(3%)，出版社(3%)，逼迫(1%)，新闻舆论(1%)，熨烫机(1%)
→来自拉丁语pressare,按，压，来自premere,按，压，-ss,过去分词格或表反复，来自per,击，打，捶，词源同print.由按，压引申词义印刷，报纸等相关词义。
v.压;压榨;紧迫,催促n.报刊,通讯社;压榨机The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
【参】pressing（adj 紧迫的）
【反】withdraw（v 收回；撤消）
verb
PUSH 推
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to push something firmly, often without causing it to move permanently further away from you 按，压；推；挤
• Press the button to start the machine. 按下按钮，启动机器。
• He pressed his face against the window. 他把脸贴在窗户上。
• Can you press a bit harder on my shoulders, please? 你按压我的肩膀时能再用力一点吗？
• The crowd pressed against the locked doors trying to get into the building. 人群推挤着上锁的门想进到屋里。
• Press down firmly on the lever. 用力压下杠杆。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make clothes smooth by ironing them 熨平，烫平
• I'll just press these trousers. 我正要把这些裤子熨平。
transitive
■to put a weight on fruit in order to remove the juice 挤取，榨取（果汁）
• to press grapes 榨葡萄汁
transitive
■to make a record or CD 制作，录制（唱片）
• Over 3000 copies of the CD were pressed and sent out to college radio stations. 录制了超过3000张雷射唱片并送到各个大学的广播电台。
transitive
■to make something flat and firm by putting it under something heavy 把…压平，压扁
• The children pressed some flowers. 孩子们把一些花压平了。
• pressed turkey breast 压紧的火鸡胸肉
[pres] verb
PERSUADE 劝说
transitive
■to try hard to persuade someone to do something 敦促；逼迫；催促
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The committee pressed him to reveal more information. 委员会敦促他透露更多资讯。
• He's pressing me for an answer. 他逼着我作出答覆。
• Can I press you further on (= persuade you to say more about) this issue? 我能否要求你对这件事作进一步说明？
press charges
■to complain officially about someone in a court of law 提起诉讼
• The family have decided not to press charges against him. 这家人决定不对他提出诉讼。
press a case/claim
■to continue to try to make people accept your demands 坚持，竭力要求
• Once again he tried to press his case for promotion. 他又一次竭力要求升职。
[pres] verb
press sth/sb into service
■to use something or someone that is not completely suitable because nothing or no one more suitable is available 将就使用，临时凑合用
• The car's broken down so I've had to press my old bike back into service. 汽车坏了，我只好将就骑自己的旧脚踏车了。
[pres] verb
press home your advantage
■to use an advantage that you already have in order to succeed 充分利用本身的优势以取得胜利
[pres] verb
press the flesh informal
■to shake hands with a lot of people 与许多人握手
• Politicians have to press the flesh. 政客们不得不和很多人握手。
[pres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  press on/ahead
■to start or continue doing something in a determined way, often despite problems 奋进；（不顾困难地）继续进行
• It was pouring with rain, but we pressed on regardless. 尽管下着倾盆大雨，但我们还是继续前进。
• The government is pressing ahead with its plans to reorganize the health service. 政府在努力推行公共医疗卫生服务的改革计划。
[pres] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  press sth on sb
■to give something to someone and not allow them to refuse to accept it 迫使（某人）接受，把…硬塞给（某人），把…强加于（某人）
• All the children had sweets and presents pressed on them by the visitors. 所有孩子都被来访者硬塞了一堆糖果和礼物。
[pres] noun
NEWSPAPERS 报纸
the press only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■newspapers and magazines, and those parts of television and radio which broadcast news, or reporters and photographers who work for them 报刊；报道；新闻界；记者，新闻工作者
• The incident has been widely reported in the press. 报刊大幅报道了此事。
• press reports/coverage 媒体报道
• press reporters/photographers 新闻记者／摄影师
• the local/national press 地方性／全国性报刊
• The charity invited the press (= reporters and photographers) to a presentation of its plans for the future. 这家慈善机构邀请新闻界参加其未来计划的介绍说明会。
• The press was/were out in force at the awards ceremony. 记者倾巢出动去采访颁奖仪式。
• The freedom of the press (= the right of newspapers to publish news and opinions without being controlled by the government) must be upheld. 新闻自由必须得到捍卫。
[S or U]
■the judgment that is given of someone or something in the newspapers or on radio or television 新闻舆论，媒体评论
• What kind of press did his play get? 报刊对他的剧本评论如何？
• UK The play has had a good/bad press. 媒体对这部戏的评论很好／不好。
• US The play has had good/bad press. 媒体对这部戏的评论很好／不好。
[pres] noun
BOOKS 书
countable
■a business which prints and produces books and similar things 出版社；印刷厂
• Cambridge University Press 剑桥大学出版社
[pres] noun
PRINTING MACHINE 印刷机
countable
■a machine that is used for printing 印刷机
• a printing press 印刷机
go to press
■to start to be printed 付印，开印
• The newspaper will go to press at midnight. 报纸将在午夜付印。
[pres] noun
PUSH 推
countable usually singular
■a firm push against something using the fingers 按，压，推，挤
• To start the machine, just give this button a press. 要启动机器，按一下这个按钮就可以了。
only singular
■when you make cloth smooth with an iron 熨烫
• Can you give this shirt a quick press? 你能快速熨一下这件衬衫吗？
countable
■a piece of equipment which is used to put weight on something in order to crush it, remove liquid from it or to make it flat 压平器；压榨机；熨烫机
• a garlic/trouser/wine press 压蒜器／烫裤机／葡萄酒压榨机
compress, press, squeeze, squash, jam
这组词都有“压、挤”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把某些东西压在一起或使占有较小空间。
press: 普通用词，指一个物体在另一个物体上加压力。
squeeze: 多指从两面或多面施加压力来压紧、压碎或压出水来。
squash: 指某物受力被压偏或压碎。也指塞挤。
jam: 专指四面八方都压紧或塞满。
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
vt. 压；按；逼迫；紧抱
 - push, hug
n. 压；按；新闻；出版社； [印刷] 印刷机
 - clic, news bulletin

Word: record
Front: record
[ˈrekɔ:d] (中高研四六雅 516/507 -K5)
Vocabulary: record
(once / 41 pages)
1n 2v
Record started off meaning "to register," with a record being something written down. With the invention of the phonograph, record came to mean to capture sound––and a record was something that stored that sound.
Bands record songs. If you record (re-CORD) your thoughts in a diary, you are making a record (REC-urd) of your life. If you get caught stealing, you'll find yourself with a criminal record, but if you're under eighteen, the theft will not appear on your permanent record. We look to the historical record to learn what happened in the past.
WORD FAMILY
record: prerecord, recorded, recorder, recording, records+/prerecord: prerecorded, prerecording/ recorded: unrecorded/ recorder: recorders/ recording: recordings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
They finished by winning their record 25th Rose Bowl, the most victories by any college team in any bowl.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And some people are tech geeks, absorbed in new ways to record or quantify or manipulate data.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 记录，记载; 档案，履历; 唱片; 最高纪录
时态：recorded, recording, records
分布：记录(76%)，纪录(10%)，唱片(7%)，记载(4%)，前科(1%)，显示(1%)，经历(1%)
→re-,再，重新，-cord,心，词源同 cordial,heart.即再次想起，记住，引申诸相关词义。
记录(re一再＋cord→一再放在心上→记录)[card,cord=heart,表示"心脏,一致"]
n.记录;最高记录;履历;唱片v.记录;录音According to the record, the cord was the oldest recorder the people could afford.据记载,绳子是人们用得起的最古老的记录器.
US [-ˈkɔːrd]
STORE ELECTRONICALLY 电子储存
 ESSENTIAL
■to store sounds or moving pictures using electronic equipment so that they can be heard or seen later 录制；录（音）；录（像）
• Cliff Richard has recorded more number one hit songs than any other British pop star. 在英国流行乐歌星中，克利夫．理查录制的荣登排行榜榜首的歌曲数量最多。
• We recorded their wedding on video. 我们给他们的婚礼录了像。
• I tried to phone her, but all I got was a recorded message saying that she was away for the weekend. 我每次给她打电话听到的都是电话答录机中说她外出度周末的录音。
• Was the concert live or was it recorded (= made before being broadcast) ? 音乐会是直播还是录播的？
verb transitive UK [rɪˈkɔːd] US [-ˈkɔːrd]
STORE INFORMATION 储存资讯
 IMPROVER
■to keep information for the future, by writing it down or storing it on a computer 记录；记载；记下…备案
• She records everything that happens to her in her diary. 她把发生在自己身上的一切事情都记在了日记里。
• Unemployment is likely to reach the highest total that has ever been recorded. 失业总人数很可能会创下有史以来的最高纪录。
• [+ that] In his journal, Captain Scott recorded that he and his companions were weakened by lack of food. 在日志中，斯科特船长写道，因缺少食物他和同伴们身体虚弱不堪。
• legal The coroner recorded (= decided) a verdict of accidental death. 验尸官判定是意外死亡。
 ADVANCED
■If a device records a measurement, it shows that measurement （仪器）显示，记录，标明
• The thermometer recorded a temperature of 30 degrees Celsius. 温度计显示温度是30摄氏度。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
STORED INFORMATION 储存资讯
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a piece of information or a description of an event which is written on paper or stored on a computer 记录；记载
• The weather centre keeps a record of the weather. 气象中心对天气情况都备有记录。
• This summer has been the hottest on record (= the hottest summer known about). 今年夏天是有史以来最热的。
 ADVANCED countable
■information about someone or something which is stored by the police or by a doctor 前科；病历
• A person's medical records are confidential. 一个人的病历是保密的。
• He is well known to the police and has a long criminal record (= a list kept by the police of his previous crimes). 他是警察局的常客，有一大堆的犯罪前科。
countable
■the facts that are known about a person or a company and the actions they have done in the past 履历；历史；经历
• I won't fly with an airline that has a bad safety record (= whose aircraft have often had accidents). 我可不愿意搭乘安全纪录很差的航空公司的航班。
for the record
■something that you say before you tell someone something important that you want them to remember （用于对听话人强调所说之话的重要性）为记录在案目的
• And, just for the record, we were never any more than good friends. 而且，我郑重声明，我们一直是好朋友，仅此而已。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
STORED ELECTRONICALLY 电子储存
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a flat plastic disc on which music is recorded 唱片
• Would you like to listen to some records? 你想听些唱片吗？
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a song or music which has been recorded and which is available for the public to buy （录制的）歌曲，单曲，乐曲
• The Beatles' first hit record was 'Love Me Do'. 披头四乐队的第一首走红歌曲是《请爱我》。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
BEST 最好的
 IMPROVER countable
■the best or fastest ever done 最高纪录；最佳成绩
• He ran the 100 metres in 9.79 seconds and broke/smashed the world record. 他以9.79秒的成绩跑完了100米，打破了世界纪录。
• She set/established a new European record in the high jump. 她创造了欧洲跳高的新纪录。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
go on record (also be on record)
■If you go on record or if you are on record as saying something, you state it publicly and officially and it is written down. 公开发表（意见等）；公开表明（观点）
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
off the record
■If someone says something off the record, they do not want it to be publicly reported 私下说的；不供发表的
• She made it clear that her comments were strictly off the record. 她说得很清楚，她的这些评论绝不许对外公布。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
on the record
■If you say something on the record, you state it publicly 公开发表；公开表明
• None of the company directors were prepared to comment on the record yesterday. 昨天，公司董事中谁也没有准备公开发表意见。
noun UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d]
set / put the record straight
■to write or say something in order to make the true facts known 陈述真相；澄清是非
• She's decided to write her memoirs to set the record straight once and for all. 她决定撰写回忆录以彻底澄清事实。
adjective UK [ˈrek.ɔːd] US [-ə˞d/
■at a higher level than ever achieved before 创纪录的；空前的
• The long hot summer has led to a record harvest this year. 这个夏天漫长而又炎热，使得今年成为一个创纪录的丰收年。
• Inflation has reached record levels. 通货膨胀已创历史最高水准。
• We finished the work in record time (= faster than had ever been done before). 我们以最短的时间完成了工作，这是以前从没有过的。
record, document, file
record: 记录；
document: 文件，文献
file: 档案，文件；
vt. 记录，记载；标明；将...录音
 - register, keep track of
vi. 记录；录音
 - keep track of, make notes of
n. 档案，履历； [电子] 唱片；最高纪录
 - disk, file, resume, disc

Word: process
Front: process
[ˈprəʊses] (高研四六托雅 391/343 -K5)
Vocabulary: process
(once / 64 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v
A process is a procedure, something you do in order to achieve a certain result. Some people try to carefully follow all the steps in a process. Other people just wing it.
You hear this word being used a lot to describe work. "I am in the process of drafting a memo, even if I kill myself with late nights in the process." The related word procession describes people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly way — a wedding opens with the bridal procession.
WORD FAMILY
process: processed, processes, processing, processor, reprocess+/microprocessor: microprocessors/ processed: semi-processed, unprocessed/ processing: multiprocessing/processor: microprocessor, multiprocessor, processors/reprocess: reprocessed, reprocesses, reprocessing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Expect delays in passenger processing until the system is restored.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
The inventors of the new process are two young chemists at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But there was no way to quantify that process, other than by weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 过程; 工序; 做事方法; 工艺流程
vt. 加工; 处理; 审阅; 审核
vi. 列队行进
adj. 经过特殊加工（或处理）的
时态：processed, processing, processes
分布：过程(58%)，处理(33%)，加工(7%)，工序(1%)，列队前进(1%)
→来自proceed,行进，进行，-ss,过去分词格。词性由形容词转名词及动词，引申诸相关比喻义。
过程;进行[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.过程,进程;工序,制作法;工艺v.加工,处理During the procession, the microprocessor finished the processing procedure.在队伍行进时,微处理器完成了加工过程.
US [ˈprɑː-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result 过程；步骤
• the peace process 和平进程
• Increasing the number of women in top management jobs will be a slow process. 增加高级管理职位女性的人数将是一个缓慢的过程。
• This decision may delay the process of European unification. 这一决策可能会延后欧洲一体化的进程。
• The party has begun the painful (= difficult) process of rethinking its policies and strategy. 该党开始了重新审视其政策和战略的艰难历程。
• Going to court to obtain compensation is a long process. 起诉要求赔偿是一个漫长的过程。
• She arrived at the correct answer by a process of elimination (= by deciding against each answer that was unlikely to be correct until only one was left). 她使用排除法找到了正确答案。
 ESSENTIAL
■a series of changes that happen naturally 变化过程；进程
• the digestive process 消化过程
• the ageing process 衰老的过程
• It's all part of the learning process. 这完全是学习过程的一部分。
 ADVANCED
■a method of producing goods in a factory by treating raw materials 制作方法，加工方法
• They have developed a new process for extracting aluminium from bauxite. 他们创造出一种从铁矾土中提炼铝的新方法。
noun countable UK [ˈprəʊ.ses] US [ˈprɑː-]
be in the process of doing sth ADVANCED
■to have started doing something 在…的进程中
• We're still in the process of decorating the house. 我们还在装修房子。
noun countable UK [ˈprəʊ.ses] US [ˈprɑː-]
in the process
■If you are doing something, and you do something else in the process, the second thing happens as a result of doing the first thing 同时，在…的过程中
• I stood up to say hello and spilt my drink in the process. 我站起来打招呼时把饮料弄翻了。
verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to deal with documents in an official way 处理；办理
• Visa applications take 28 days to process. 办理签证申请需要28天的时间。
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■If a computer processes information, it performs a particular series of operations on the information, such as a set of calculations. （电脑）处理（资料）
 ADVANCED UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to prepare, change or treat food or raw materials as a part of an industrial operation 加工（食品或原料）
• a waste processing plant 废物处理厂
■UK ['prəʊ.ses] US ['prɑ:-] transitive
■to make pictures from photographic film 冲洗加工（底片）；印
• I need to get those films processed. 我得把那些底片洗出来。
verb
WALK 走 /prə'ses] intransitive + adverb or preposition formal
■to walk slowly 缓慢地走
• We watched them process down the aisle. 我们看着他们沿着走廊慢慢走了过去。
vt. 处理；加工
 - manufacture, cope with
n. 过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移
 - going on, course, system, method, approach

Word: appear
Front: appear
[əˈpɪə(r)] (中高研四托 395/290 -K5)
Vocabulary: appear
(once / 11 pages)
v
If something appears, it comes into view. Rub a magic lamp and a genie will appear. If that's the case, she will grant you three wishes.
Appear comes from the Latin apparere meaning "to appear, come in sight, make an appearance." Whether literally materializing or seeming to be true, the word appear is used to describe something coming into sight or presenting itself. The word can also be used to describe an actor appearing in a play. Julie Andrews appeared in the musical "Victor Victoria." When someone looks happy, he appears to be happy. When a detail seems true, it appears to be true.
WORD FAMILY
appear: appearance, appeared, appearing, appears, disappear, reappear +/ appearance: appearances, nonappearance/appearing: appearings/ disappear: disappearance, disappeared, disappearing, disappears/disappearance: disappearances/disappearing: disappearings/ reappear: reappearance, reappeared, reappearing, reappears/reappearance: reappearances
USAGE EXAMPLES
Cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins is to swap two wheels for two skis after signing up to appear on Channel 4's winter sports show The Jump.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The climb to the top appears as steep as ever.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He will appear in court again on Thursday.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 出现，显现; 出庭，出场; 演出; 似乎
时态：appeared, appearing, appears
分布：出现(82%)，显得(8%)，出版(5%)，好像(4%)，登场(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根par, 出现，见appear.
vi.出现;出场;问世;仿佛;出版,发表She swears to wear the pearls that appear to be pears.她发誓要戴那些看起来像梨子的珍珠.
US [-'pɪr] verb
BE PRESENT 在场
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to become noticeable or to be present 出现；呈现；显现
• He suddenly appeared in the doorway. 他突然出现在门口。
• We'd been in the house a month when dark stains started appearing on the wall. 墙上开始出现一些深色的斑迹时，我们在这幢房子里已经住了一个月。
• His name appears in the film credits for lighting. 他作为灯光师出现在电影演职人员名单中。
• If she hasn't appeared (= arrived) by ten o'clock I'm going without her. 她要是十点钟还到不了，我就自己去了。
• The film, currently in the States, will be appearing on our screens (= we will be able to see it) later this year. 这部正在美国上映的电影今年稍后将在我国播映。
• I've noticed that smaller cars are starting to appear (= be produced or sold) again. 我注意到小型轿车又开始出现了。
intransitive
■If you appear in court, you are there officially because you are involved in a trial 出庭
• Both women will be appearing before magistrates later this week. 本周稍后这两位妇女都将在地方法院出庭。
UK [ə'pɪər] US [-'pɪr] verb
SEEM 好像
 ESSENTIAL [L or I] [not continuous]
■to seem 看来好像；似乎
• You've got to appear (to be)calm in an interview even if you're terrified underneath. 在面试时，即使内心很怕，也要显出很镇定的样子。
• To people who don't know him he probably appears (to be)rather unfriendly. 在不了解他的人看来，他可能很不友善。
• Things aren't always what they appear to be. 事情并不总像表面看上去的那样。
• [+ to infinitive] She appears to actually like the man, which I find incredible. 她好像真的很喜欢那个男的，这让我觉得难以置信。
• There appears to be some mistake. 好像出了甚么错误。
• [+ (that)] It appears (that) she left the party alone. 好像她独自离开了聚会。
• It appears to me (that) (= I think that) we need to make some changes. 在我看来，我们要作些变动。
• formal It would appear (that) (= It seems that) nobody on board the aircraft actually had a licence to fly it. 事实上好像飞机上的所有人都没有飞行执照。
• [+ adv/prep] It appears as if/as though I was wrong. 好像我错了似的。
• Everything was not as it appeared - secret deals had been done. 一切并非看上去的那样——实际上有暗箱交易。
• I know how it must appear, but it's not really as bad as it looks. 我知道看起来会是个甚么样子，但实际上也并不像看上去的那么糟糕。
• "Has he left?" " It appears not/so." “他走了吗？”“好像没有／是的。”
• [after so] "I think we're late." " So it appears." “我想我们迟到了。”“看来是的。”
UK [ə'pɪər] US [-'pɪr] verb
PERFORM 表演
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to perform publicly in a play, film or dance 登台；演出；表演
• Dave Gilmore is currently appearing as Widow Twanky in the Arts Theatre's production of "Puss in Boots". 艺术剧院正在上演的《穿靴子的猫》中，戴夫•吉尔摩饰演寡妇特温吉。
• She appears briefly in the new Bond film. 她在新的007电影中有几个镜头。
UK [ə'pɪər] US [-'pɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  appear for sb
■If a lawyer appears for someone, he or she acts for and represents the person （作为律师）出庭为（某人）辩护
• Ms Hawley was appearing for the defence. 霍利女士将担任被告的辩护律师。
appear, show, emerge, loom
这组词都有“出现”的意思，其区别是：
appear: 强调公开露面，被看见。
show: 语气较强，强调“露出来”。
emerge: 侧重缓缓出现的过程。
loom: 指朦胧出现，好像从雾中浮现出来一样。
look, appear, seem
look: 指从外表上看, look like his father
appear: 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,
seem: 指内心的判断,
vi. 出现；显得；似乎；出庭
 - occur, figure, offer, come out

Word: authority
Front: authority
[ɔ:ˈθɒrəti] (高研四六托雅 832/285 -K5)
Vocabulary: authority
(once / 41 pages)
n
If you have the authority to do something, you have the right or power to do it. You are the big cheese. Or, if you know more about a topic than most, you are an authority on that topic.
Giving someone authority grants them the power to make important decisions or have accepted opinions. When you leave your kids with a babysitter, you give her the authority to put them to bed at 7 p.m., no matter how much they insist you let them stay up until midnight. You'll feel more confident leaving the babysitter in charge of bedtime decisions if she's written two books on the subject and is an authority, or renowned expert, on children's sleep habits. Being an authority on children's sleep habits helps your babysitter enforce that 7 p.m. bedtime, but it may not convince the kids.
WORD FAMILY
authority: authorise, authoritarian, authoritative, authorities, authorize +/authorisation: authorisations/authorise: authorisation, authorised, authoriser, authorises, authorising/authorised: unauthorised/ authoritarian: antiauthoritarian, authoritarianism, authoritarians/ authoritative: authoritatively/ authorization: authorizations/ authorize: authorization, authorizer, authorizes, authorizing/authorizer: authorizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 权威; 权力; 学术权威; [复数]当权者
分布：权威(50%)，权力(24%)，当局(14%)，职权(8%)，官方(4%)
→来自author.
n.权力,权威;权威人士;(pl.)官方,当局In the autumn the authorities automatically authorize me to buy highly mobile automobiles.秋天,当权者自动授权我买高机动性的汽车.
【反】hegemony（n 霸权）-lack of authority（缺乏权力）
US [ə'θɔ:r.ɪ.tˌi] noun
POWER 权力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the moral or legal right or ability to control 威信；权力；管辖权
• The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to restore peace in the area. 联合国行使其权力以恢复该地区的和平。
• We need to get the support of someone in authority (= an important or high-ranking person). 我们需要得到一个有实权的人的支持。
• They've been acting illegally and without authority (= permission) from the council. 他们的行动都是非法的，而且没有得到市政委员会的授权。
• [+ to infinitive] I'll give my lawyers authority (= permission) to act on my behalf. 我将授权我的律师代表我处理。
• He's got no authority over (= ability to control) his students. 他在学生面前没有威信。
• She spoke with authority (= as if she was in control or had special knowledge). 她说话时一副权威的口吻。
countable
■a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity 当局；官方；当权者
• the health authority 卫生当局
• the local housing authority 当地住房管理机构
the authorities [plural]
■the group of people with official legal power to act or enforce the rules in a particular area, such as the police or a local government department 官方；当局
• I'm going to report these holes in the road to the authorities. 这条路路面坑坑洼洼，我要把这一情况报告给有关部门。
UK [ɔ:'θɒr.ɪ.ti] US [ə'θɔ:r.ɪ.tˌi] noun
EXPERT 专家
countable
■an expert on a subject 权威人士；专家；泰斗
• She's a world authority on 19th-century Irish history. 她是19世纪爱尔兰历史方面的国际权威。
UK [ɔ:'θɒr.ɪ.ti] US [ə'θɔ:r.ɪ.tˌi] noun
have something on good authority
■to be able to believe a piece of information because you trust the person who told you it 有可靠的根据
• I have it on good authority that she's getting married. 根据可靠的资讯，她就要结婚了。
n. 权威； [法] 权力；当局
 - rod, jurisdiction

Word: our
Front: our
[ɑ:(r)] (中高 79/93 -K5)
Back: pron. 我们的，we的所有格形式; <口>我们家; 敝
分布：我们的(100%)
→来自古英语ure,我们的，来自Proto-Germanic*ons,来自nes,我们的第一人称复数斜格，词源同us,nostalgia,nostrum.
pron.[we的所有格]我们的He is our trainer.他是我们的教练.
UK [ɑ:r] US [aʊɚ] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■of or belonging to us 我们的
• We bought our house several years ago. 我们的房子是几年前买的。
• He walked off and left us on our own. 他拂袖而去，丢下我们不管。
• Drugs are one of the greatest threats in our society. 毒品是对我们社会最大的威胁之一。
• There's no point in our buying a new car this year. 我们今年买辆新车没有意义。

Word: reach
Front: reach
[ri:tʃ] (中高研四六 422/404 -K5)
Vocabulary: reach
(once / 19 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
To reach is to stretch toward something, arrive at a destination, or contact someone. You might reach for a bottle of water after you reach the finish line, then reach out to a friend who can give you a ride home.
Tall people often have a really long reach – they can practically grab something from across the room. If you do what your dad says long after he’s gone, his reach is long lasting. You can reach for a glass on a high shelf or reach the age you can get your driver's license. When people reach out, they try to make a connection, like an old phone company’s slogan: “Reach out and touch someone.”
WORD FAMILY
reach: overreach, reachable, reached, reaches, reaching+/overreach: overreached, overreaches, overreaching/reachable: unreachable/reached: unreached/reaching: reachings/unreachable: unreachably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He added 3 more yards afterward to reach 4,122.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He never reached 100 yards in a game.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
They lost four of their final six regular-season games before reaching the Super Bowl.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 到达，走到; 够…，抓…; 完成
n. 手脚能够到的范围; 范围，区域; 影响的范围，管辖的范围
时态：reached, reaching, reaches
分布：到达(39%)，达成(20%)，范围(15%)，伸出(11%)，延伸(7%)，河段(4%)，影响力(2%)，取得联系(1%)，等级(1%)
→来自古英语 reccan,伸出，来自 Proto-Germanic*reig,伸出，来自 reig,*reg,伸出，拉直， 词源同 regulate,rack.引申词义到达，抵达及诸相关词义。
v.抵达;(out)伸手,够到n.能达到的范围I cannot reach so high.我的手伸不了那么高.
verb
ARRIVE 到达
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to arrive at a place, especially after spending a long time or a lot of effort travelling （尤指经过很长时间或费很大气力旅行后）到达，抵达
• We won't reach Miami till five or six o'clock. 我们得五六点钟才能到达迈阿密。
• They finally reached the coast after five weeks sailing. 他们经过五个星期的航行终于靠了岸。
• News of his accident had only just reached us. 我们刚刚得到他出事的消息。
reach a decision/agreement/conclusion, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to make a decision/agreement, etc. about something 作出决定／达成协定／得出结论等
• She reached the conclusion that there was no more she could do. 她得出结论，她再也没有甚么可做的了。
• We'll inform you when a decision has been reached. 作出决定后我们就通知你。
• The jury took four days to reach a verdict. 陪审团花了四天时间才作出裁决。
  Common Learner Errors  reach or achieve? Warning: choose the right word! To talk about reaching an aim, especially after a lot of work or effort, don't say 'reach', say achieve :
✗ What are the qualities a person needs to reach success? What are the qualities a person needs to achieve success?
[ri:tʃ] verb
LEVEL 水准，水准
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to get to a particular, especially high level, etc 达到，发展到，提升到（尤指高的水准等）
• The temperature is expected to reach 30°C today. 今天的气温预计会达到30℃。
• He's just reached the grand old age of 95. 他刚到95岁高龄。
• I've reached the point where I'm not going to put up with her criticisms of me any more. 我已经受够了，我再也不能忍受她这样非难我了。
[ri:tʃ] verb
STRETCH 伸出
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to stretch out your arm in order to get or touch something 伸出手臂（去拿或触摸），伸手及到
• She's grown so tall that she can reach the door handle now. 她个子长高了，能够着门把手。
• He reached for the phone and knocked over a glass. 他伸手去拿电话时，碰倒了一个杯子。
• The child reached down/out/over and picked up the kitten. 那个孩子弯腰伸手／伸出手／把手伸过去抱起那只小猫。
• He reached his hand out for the money. 他伸手去拿钱。
• [+ two objects] UK Can you reach me (down) that book? 你能帮我把那本书拿下来吗？
intransitive or transitive
■If an object reaches something, the top or bottom of it touches that thing （顶端或底部）达到，及到，延伸
• The ladder won't quite reach the top of the wall. 这架梯子够不着墙头。
• She was wearing a dress that reached (to)her ankles. 她身穿一件长及脚踝的连衣裙。
[ri:tʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 联系
transitive
■to communicate with someone in a different place, especially by telephone or post （尤指透过电话或信件）和…联系，与…取得联系
• The only way to reach them in the place where they're staying is by mail. 他们住的那个地方太偏僻，只有写信才能和他们取得联系。
• I've been trying to reach you on the phone all day. 我一整天都在打电话试图和你联系。
transitive
■to understand and communicate with someone 理解；与…交流；与…沟通
• He's a strange child and his teachers find it difficult to reach him. 这个孩子很奇怪，老师们感到很难跟他沟通。
[ri:tʃ] verb
reach for the stars
■to want or try to get something that is difficult or impossible to get 追求难以实现的东西；要做比登天还难的事情；心比天高
[ri:tʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reach out to sb
■to try to communicate with a person or a group of people, usually in order to help or involve them （通常指为了帮助或加入其中而）与（某人）沟通，与（某人）打成一片，走进（某些人）中间
• The new mayor is reaching out to the local community to involve them in his plans for the city. 新市长正努力和当地的社团打成一片，以便使他们加入进来，支援他的城市规划。
■to offer help and support to someone 向某人伸出援手；给某人支援
• She set up her charity to reach out to the thousands of homeless on the streets. 她创建了慈善团体，向数以千计流落街头的人们提供帮助。
[ri:tʃ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  reach Remember that in all meanings except 'stretch', reach is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'reach to something', say reach something :
✗ Our advertising income reached to $90 million in 1999. Our advertising income reached $90 million in 1999.
[ri:tʃ] noun
DISTANCE 距离
 IMPROVER uncountable
■Someone's reach is the distance within which they can stretch out their arm and touch something 伸手可及的距离
• I like to keep a notebook and pencil within (arm's) reach. 我喜欢把笔记本和铅笔放在随手可及的地方。
• The top shelf is within/out of (his) reach. 架子最高层的隔板（他）够得着／够不着。
• Make sure that you keep all dangerous substances out of the reach of the children. 一定要把所有危险物品放在孩子拿不到的地方。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the distance that can be travelled, especially easily （尤指轻易地）可到达的距离
• We live within (easy) reach of the station. 我们家离车站很近。
only singular
■the length of your arm when you stretch it out 手臂伸开的长度；臂展
• You've got quite a long reach - can you get that box down from the top shelf for me? 你手臂长——能替我从最高的架子上把那个盒子拿下来吗？
countable usually singular
■an act of stretching out your arm （手臂的）伸出
• He made a sudden reach for his gun. 他突然伸手去拿枪。
[ri:tʃ] noun
LIMIT 范围
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the limit within which someone can achieve something （某人能力等的）所及范围
• An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond/out of (my) reach (= I would not have enough money to pay for it). 像那种花费大的旅行（我）完全承受不了。
• After years of saving, the car was at last within (her) reach (= she had enough money to pay for it). 存了好几年钱，（她）终于能买得起那辆汽车了。
[ri:tʃ] noun
PART 地段
reaches [plural]
■a part of a river or part of an area of land （河流的）一段流域；地带；地段
• The expedition set out for the upper reaches of the Amazon. 探险队动身向亚马逊河上游进发。
• There was little snow on the lower reaches of the ski run. 滑雪道下面的一段几乎没有雪。
• We know very little about the farthest/outermost reaches of the universe. 我们对宇宙最远处／最周边空间知之甚少。
■the highest or lowest levels of an organization （一个组织中最高或最低的）层次，等级
• The news has shocked the upper reaches of the government. 这个消息震动了政府高层。
[ri:tʃ] noun
a reach of the imagination
■when you have to try very hard to imagine something 大胆的想像
• It takes (quite) a reach of the imagination to believe that story. 没有很好的想像力真是难以相信那个说法。
arrive, reach, get
arrive: 不及物动词,后接in (大地点),at(小地点), arrive in Beijing,
reach: 及物动词 reach Beijing
get: 不及物动词后接to, get to Beijing,
arrive, attain, reach, achieve
这组词都有“达到”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 指得出结论，达成某项协议或作出某一决定等。
attain: 侧重指在抱负或雄心的激励下，以最大的努力去达到一般所不及或不敢追求的目的。
reach: 常用词，指到达某一空间、时间、目标或发展过程中的某一点。
achieve: 侧重为达到目的所需的技巧、忍耐和努力。
attain, reach, calculate, score
attain: 活得，赢得，达到（某年龄、级别等）
reach: 达到（某水平、标准），实现（目标）
calculate: 计算核算
score: （在游戏、竞赛中）得分
arrive, reach, come
这组词都有“到达”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 侧重到达目的地或达到某一目标。也可用作比喻。
reach: 既可指到达目的地，又可指到达途中的中间站。强调经过的周折或付出的努力。
come: 普通用词，含义广泛。强调到达的动作或进程，不侧重是否到达目的地。也可用于比喻意义。
vi. 达到；延伸；伸出手；传开
 - go, range, arrive at
vt. 达到；影响；抵达；伸出
 - accomplish, affect, extend, influence, impact of
n. 范围；延伸；河段；横风行驶
 - extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum, territory, range

Word: network
Front: network
[ˈnetwɜ:k] (高研四六雅 882/1102 -K4)
Vocabulary: network
(once / 174 pages)
nv
A network is any interconnected system. The Internet is a network of computers all talking to one another. A subway is a network of interconnected train lines running underneath the city.
A wise man once said that if the atom was the symbol of the 20th century, the network should be the symbol of the 21st. Increasingly our world relies on networks, the vast interconnected systems of people, electronics, ideas and even resources. To put pressure on any one part of a network is to put pressure on all parts, because, by definition, a network is interconnected. Whether the network is a television network, a cellular network, or a social network — each is a vast system of interconnected parts.
WORD FAMILY
network: networked, networking, networklike, networks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Berger rose to Internet fame by creating bizarre videos about the presidential campaign for the online video network Super Deluxe.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After years of allowing the militant networks to crisscross Turkey, he said, “it’s very difficult to shut that down.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The nation’s electrical grid is not a physical entity, but rather a series of networks that generate, transmit and distribute electricity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 网; （电视与计算机）网络; 网状物; 广播网
vt. & vi. 将…连接成网络; 建立工作关系
vt. 把（地方节目）编排到广播网（或电视网）联播; 使（全国）联播; （如）用网覆盖; 广泛分布
vi. 沟通，互助
时态：networked, networking, networks
分布：网络(98%)，网状系统(1%)，网点(1%)
→比喻用法。
n.网状物;广播网,电视网;网络TV networks.电视网.
US [-wɝ:k] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a large system consisting of many similar parts that are connected together to allow movement or communication between or along the parts or between the parts and a control centre 网路，网状系统
• a television network 电视网路
• a road/rail network 公路／铁路网
• a computer network 电脑网路
• Massive investment is needed to modernise the country's telephone network. 全国电话网路实现现代化需要巨额投资。
• We could reduce our costs by developing a more efficient distribution network. 我们可以透过发展更为高效的分销系统来降低成本。
• a network of spies/a spy network 间谍网
UK ['net.wɜ:k] US [-wɝ:k] verb
COMPUTERS 电脑
transitive
■to connect computers together so that they can share information 使（电脑）连网
• Our computer system consists of about twenty personal computers networked to a powerful file-server. 我们的电脑系统由大约20台个人电脑组成，这些电脑与一台功能强大的档服务器连网。
UK ['net.wɜ:k] US [-wɝ:k] verb
MEET PEOPLE 关系网
intransitive
■to meet people who might be useful to know, especially in your job （尤指工作中）建立关系网，建立人脉
• I don't really enjoy these conferences, but they're a good opportunity to do some networking. 我其实并不喜欢参加这些会议，不过这倒是建立人脉的好机会。
n. [计] [通信] 网络；广播网；网状物
 - net, meshwork

Word: strike
Front: strike
[straɪk] (高研四六托雅 1145/1294 -K4)
Vocabulary: strike
(once / 45 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
At its most basic, strike means to hit. If you strike someone, you hit them with your hand or a weapon. If lightning strikes, it makes contact. If you strike out on a trip, you're "hitting" the road. If you strike gold, you've "struck it rich"!
Strike can also mean not to hit, as in miss –– as in "three strikes and you're out." That meaning might have evolved from strike meaning to cross off, as in "If you don't come to practice, coach will strike your name from the starting lineup." It might also have led to the idea of a labor strike. If employees want to protest their work conditions, they go on strike, or refuse to work until conditions improve.
WORD FAMILY
strike: counterstrike, stricken, striker, strikes, striking +/counterstrike: counterstrikes/ stricken: strickenly/striker: strikers/ striking: strikingly, strikingness, strikings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The strike started December 28 after Pacific Choice Seafood in Humboldt County, California, offered to pay $2.75 a pound for the tasty crustacean.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr Sadeghi is one of eight prisoners said to be on hunger strike in Iran.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Its visible geothermal features are nowhere near as striking as Yellowstone’s geysers and consist mainly of above-ground, pungent smelling sulphur springs.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 罢（工、课等）; 撞; 攻击; 来到
vi. 罢工; 打击; 朝某一方向前进
n. 攻击; 罢工[课，市]; 发现
时态：struck, striking, strikes
分布：罢工(73%)，打(19%)，打击(5%)，撞(1%)，殴打(1%)，划燃(1%)
→来自古英语 strican,轻触，抚摸，刮，来自 Proto-Germanic*strikana,轻触，刮，来自 streig, 刮，磨，轻触，词源同 streak,stroke.后词义由轻触过渡到猛击，踢打等。
n./vi.罢工vt.打,击;攻击;给...深刻印象Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
【参】striking（adj 惹人注目的；打击的；罢工的）主要背惹人注目的，源于strike人心的－惹人注目的
verb
STOP WORK 停止工作
 IMPROVER intransitive (struck, struck)
■to refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels or job losses 罢工
• Democratization has brought workers the right to strike and join a trade union. 民主化赋予工人罢工和加入工会的权利。
• We're striking for a reduction in the working week and improved safety standards. 我们举行罢工，要求减少每周工作时间并提高安全标准。
[straɪk] verb
CAUSE SUFFERING 使受苦
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken)
■to cause a person or place to suffer severely from the effects of something very unpleasant that happens suddenly 突然侵袭；使受折磨；使遭受重创
• I've got a life insurance policy that will look after my family if disaster strikes. 我有人寿保险，这样即使灾难降临，我的家人也会有保障。
• The disease has struck the whole community, sometimes wiping out whole families. 疾病袭击整个社区，有时整个家族都无一生还。
• They predict that a large earthquake will strike the east coast before the end of the decade. 他们预测这十年内东海岸就会发生一场大地震。
[straɪk] verb
HIT 击打
intransitive or transitive (struck, struck)
■to hit or attack someone or something forcefully or violently 击，打；撞击；碰撞；攻击
• Her car went out of control and struck an oncoming vehicle. 她的汽车失控，撞上了迎面开来的一辆车。
• The police have warned the public that the killer could strike again. 警方提醒民众，杀手可能会再次下手。
• The autopsy revealed that his murderer had struck him on the head with an iron bar. 尸体解剖显示，杀手用一根铁棍猛击他的头部。
• Have you ever been struck by lightning? 你被闪电击中过吗？
• My golf was terrible today - I just didn't strike the ball well. 我今天高尔夫打得很糟糕——我就是打不好球。
intransitive or transitive (struck, struck)
■When a clock strikes, its bells ring to show what the time is （时钟）敲，鸣，报时
• The clock was striking ten as we went into the church. 我们走进教堂时响起了十点的报时钟声。
intransitive (struck, struck)
■When a particular time strikes, a clock's bells ring to tell people what time it is （时间）鸣报
• Midnight had just struck when I went upstairs to bed. 我上楼睡觉时，时钟刚刚敲过午夜12点。
transitive (struck, struck)
■If you strike a match, you cause it to burn by rubbing it against a hard rough surface 擦，划（火柴）
• She struck a match and lit another cigarette. 她划了根火柴，又点燃了一支香烟。
• He lent down and struck a match on the sole of his boot. 他俯下身，在靴底上擦亮了一根火柴。
[straɪk] verb
REMOVE 移走
transitive usually + adverb or preposition (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken) formal
■to remove something officially from a document （正式从档中）删除，取消
• Please strike my name from your mailing list immediately. 请立即将我的名字从你的邮件列表中删除。
• Several unreliable dealers have been struck off our list of authorized suppliers. 几个不可靠的供应商已从我们的许可供应商名单中去除掉了。
strike camp (struck , struck)
■to take down your tents in preparation for leaving the place where you have been camping （离开营地时）拆除帐篷
• We woke up late and it was ten o'clock before we struck camp. 我们起床晚了，撤营离开时已经十点钟。
[straɪk] verb
DISCOVER 发现
transitive (struck, struck)
■to discover a supply of oil, gas or gold underground 发现，探测到（地下石油、天然气或黄金矿藏）
• The first person to strike oil in the US was Edwin Laurentine Drake. 第一个在美国发现石油的人是埃德温‧劳伦廷‧德雷克。
[straɪk] verb
AGREE 同意
transitive (struck, struck)
■to reach or make an agreement 达成，制定（协议）
• Do you think the government should try to strike a deal with the terrorists? 你认为政府应该尝试与恐怖分子达成协议吗？
[straɪk] verb
FEEL/THINK 感觉／想法
transitive (struck or ESP. US stricken, struck or ESP. US stricken)
■to cause someone to have a feeling or idea about something 给人以…感觉；让…觉得；使产生…想法
• Doesn't it strike you as rather odd that he never talks about his family? 他从来都不谈他的家人，难道不让你感到奇怪吗？
• I was immediately struck by the similarities between the two murders. 我立即感到这两宗谋杀案有相似之处。
• So how does my proposition strike you (= What do you think of it) ? 那你觉得我的建议如何？
• [+ (that)] It strikes me (that) you'd be better off working for someone else. 我觉得你换个老板会好一点。
transitive (struck, struck)
■If a thought or idea strikes you, you suddenly think of it （想法或主意）突然闪现在…的脑海；猛然意识到
• [+ that] It 's just struck me that I still owe you for the concert tickets. 我突然想起来，我还没给你音乐会门票的钱。
• Sitting at her desk, she was struck by the thought that there must be something more to life. 她坐在书桌前，突然意识到生活一定还意味着更多东西。
[straɪk] verb
MOVE BODY 移动身体
strike a pose/attitude (struck, struck) formal
■to move your body into a particular position 摆出姿势
• She may be 67, but Joan Collins can still strike a sexy pose. 琼‧柯林斯可能都67岁了，但她仍然能摆出非常性感的姿势。
• Bainbridge pulled up his sagging trousers and struck the pose of a fearless sea captain. 斑布里奇提起松松垮垮的裤子，摆出一副无所畏惧的远洋船长的架势。
[straɪk] verb
MAKE COINS 铸币
transitive (struck, struck)
■to make a metal disc-shaped object such as a coin with a machine that quickly presses a picture into a piece of metal 铸造；压出，冲制
• When was the first pound coin struck? 第一枚一英镑的硬币是何时铸造的？
• A special medal has been struck to celebrate the end of the war. 铸造特殊纪念章是为了纪念战争结束。
[straɪk] verb
be struck dumb
■to be so surprised by something that you cannot say anything 震惊得哑口无言
• We were struck dumb when she announced she was pregnant. 她宣布怀孕的消息时，我们都吓得目瞪口呆。
[straɪk] verb
strike a balance
■If you strike a balance between two things, you accept parts of both things in order to satisfy some of the demands of both sides in an argument, rather than all the demands of just one side （在争论中）找到折衷办法，求得平衡
• It's a question of striking the right balance between quality and productivity. 问题在于要在品质和生产力之间求得适当的平衡。
[straɪk] verb
strike a blow against/at sth
■to do something which harms something severely 严重伤害，沉重打击
• Her resignation has struck a blow against the company's plans for expansion. 她的辞职对于公司的扩张计划是个沉重的打击。
[straɪk] verb
strike a blow for sth
■to do something which supports or defends something 维护，支持，捍卫
• The judge's ruling has struck a blow for racial equality. 法官的裁决捍卫了种族平等。
[straɪk] verb
strike a chord
■If something strikes a chord, it causes people to approve of it or agree with it 引起共鸣，得到赞同
• The party's policy on childcare facilities has struck a responsive chord with women voters. 该党在儿童保育设施方面的政策赢得女性选民的热情支持。
• Her speech struck a sympathetic chord among business leaders. 她的演讲博得商界领袖的共鸣。
■If something strikes a chord, it causes people to remember something else because it is similar to it. 拨动心弦；使触景生情
[straɪk] verb
strike a note
■to express and communicate a particular opinion or feeling about something 表达看法，传达感觉
• I find it really difficult to strike the right note when I'm writing job applications. 我发现写求职信时很难说到重点上。
• At the end of her speech, she struck a note of warning about the risks involved in the project. 演讲的最后，她就这个专案计划所潜藏的风险发出警告。
[straɪk] verb
strike at the heart of sth
■to damage something severely by attacking the most important part of it 攻击…的要害，沉重打击
• By its nature, terrorism is designed to strike at the heart of our democratic values. 从本质上讲，恐怖主义意欲破坏我们民主价值观的核心。
[straɪk] verb
strike attitudes
■to speak or act in ways that make it very clear what you want others to think you believe or support 装腔作势；装模作样（说话或行动的方式，使你想要其他人认为你相信或支持甚么等，是非常明显的）
• Some politicians prefer to strike attitudes on the world stage rather than deal with problems in their own countries. 一些政治家喜欢在国际舞台上装腔作势，而不是处理他们本国的问题。
[straɪk] verb
strike fear/terror into sb
■to make someone extremely frightened 使（某人）极度恐惧
• The brutal military regime has struck terror into the whole population. 残暴的军事政权使全体人民惊恐万分。
[straɪk] verb
strike gold literary
■to win a gold medal in a sports competition （在体育比赛中）夺金
• She is the favourite to strike gold in the 400 metres hurdles. 她是400公尺跨栏的夺金热门选手。
■to make large profits or to become rich 获利丰厚，赚大钱；发财
• A few lucky people have struck gold by investing in this company. 少数幸运儿投资这家公司赚了大钱。
[straɪk] verb
strike home
■to hit the intended place or have the intended effect 命中预定目标；达到预期效果
• The laser guidance system dramatically increases the likelihood that the missile will strike home. 雷射导航系统大大增加了飞弹的命中率。
• The government's message about the dangers of smoking seems to have struck home. 政府对吸烟有害健康的宣传似乎达到了预期效果。
[straɪk] verb
strike it lucky (UK also strike lucky)
■to suddenly have a lot of unexpected luck 突然意外得到好运
■1. What would you do if you struck it lucky in the national lottery? strike 1 如果你在全国彩券中了好运，你打算做甚么？
[straɪk] verb
strike it rich
■to become rich suddenly and unexpectedly 一夜致富，发横财
• His father struck it rich in the diamond business. 他父亲做钻石生意发了大财。
[straɪk] verb
strike while the iron is hot
■to take advantage of an opportunity as soon as it exists, in case the opportunity goes away and does not return 打铁趁热
• He doesn't often make such offers - I'd strike while the iron is hot if I were you. 他不常主动提出这样的提议——我要是你就打铁趁热，赶紧答应。
[straɪk] verb
within striking distance
■near 距离很近
• We live within striking distance of both Baltimore and Washington. 我们家离巴尔的摩和华盛顿都很近。
■very near to getting or achieving something 近在咫尺；唾手可得
• His victory in the Brazilian Grand Prix puts him within striking distance of the world championship. 他在巴西汽车大奖赛上获胜，使他距离世界冠军只有一步之遥。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike back
■to attack someone who has attacked you 反击，回击
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] strike sb down
■If someone is struck down, they die suddenly or start to suffer from a serious illness 使（某人）猝然死去；使（某人）病倒
• It's a tragedy that these young people were struck down in their prime. 这些年轻人英年早逝，真令人痛心。
• He was struck down by polio when he was a teenager. 他十几岁时得了小儿麻痹症。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sth down US legal
■to rule that a law is illegal and should not be obeyed 裁定非法（规定某一法律条文非法，不应遵守）
• The courts struck down local segregation laws because they violated the federal constitution. 法庭裁决当地的隔离法非法，因为该隔离法违反宪法。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sb off (sth) UK
■If someone with a responsible job such as a doctor or lawyer is struck off, they are officially not allowed to continue in that work because they have done something seriously wrong. 取消（医生、律师等）的执业资格
• A solicitor who insulted two officials from the Law Society was struck off for abusive behaviour. 一名诉讼律师辱骂律师公会的两位官员，这谩骂行为令他被取消了执业资格。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike on/upon sth
■to discover or think of something 发现；想起
• She struck on the idea for her novel while she was travelling in Russia. 她在俄罗斯旅行途中萌生了该小说的创作灵感。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike out (somewhere)
■to start on a long or difficult journey in a determined way 毅然出发，坚定地启程
• In heavy rain, we struck out across the field. 我们在大雨中毅然动身穿过田野。
• She struck out for the opposite bank. 她奋力向对岸游去。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike out
START
■to start doing something new, independently of other people 独立开创新事业；自立谋生
• After working for her father for ten years, she felt it was time to strike out on her own. 她为父亲工作了十年之后，感到是时候该自己独立开创一番事业。
FAIL US informal
■to be unsuccessful 失败，砸锅
• I really struck out with her - she wouldn't even kiss me goodnight. 我确实得罪她了——她连吻我道声晚安都不肯。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike (sb) out
■to fail three times to hit the ball successfully in baseball and therefore to lose one of your team's chances to score, or to cause someone to do this （使）（某人）三振出局
• The pitcher struck out both batters in the ninth inning and saved the game. 投手在第九局让两名打者三振出局，挽救了比赛。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] strike sth out/through
■to draw a line through text in a document to show that it does not relate to you or is not correct 划掉，删去（文件中无关或错误之处）
• Please strike out whichever option does not apply to you. 请将不适用的选项划掉。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike up (sth)
■to start to play or sing something 开始演奏；开始唱
• When the applause had died down, a regimental band struck up the national anthem. 掌声渐渐平息之后，军乐队奏响了国歌。
[straɪk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  strike up sth
■to start a relationship or conversation with someone 建立（关系）；开始（交谈）
• He gets really jealous if his girlfriend strikes up a friendship with another man. 如果他的女友和其他男性建立起友谊的话，他会很嫉妒。
• It can be difficult to strike up a conversation with a complete stranger. 和完全陌生的人攀谈会是件很困难的事。
[straɪk] noun countable
STOP WORK 停止工作
 IMPROVER
■when workers refuse to continue working because of an argument with an employer about working conditions, pay levels or job losses 罢工
• After last year's long and bitter strike, few people want further industrial action. 经历去年那场漫长而艰苦的罢工之后，没甚么人再想发起劳工运动了。
• Most of the workers have ignored their union's call for strike action. 大多数劳工对工会要求进行罢工的呼吁置之不理。
• Some miners are calling for a nationwide strike in support of their sacked colleagues. 一些矿工呼吁举行全国性罢工，以声援那些被解雇的同事。
• They have voted to stage lightning/wildcat (= sudden and short) strikes in pursuit of their demands. 为了使自己的要求得到满足，他们表决通过举行闪电罢工。
• We've voted to stage a series of one-day strikes. 我们已表决通过举行一系列为期一天的罢工。
• A wave of strikes swept the country. 罢工风潮席卷全国。
• The result of the strike ballot will be known tomorrow morning. 罢工投票的结果明天早上就能知道。
on strike (UK also out on strike)
 IMPROVER
■taking part in a strike 参与罢工
• The city's bus drivers have been on strike for three weeks. 城里的公车司机已经进行了三个星期的罢工。
go on strike
■to start to strike 开始罢工，举行罢工
• All 2 500 employees went on strike in protest at the decision to close the factory. 2500名员工全部参加了罢工，以抗议关闭工厂的决定。
[straɪk] noun countable
HIT 击打
 ADVANCED
■when something hits or attacks with force 击，打；撞击；袭击
• Lightning conductors protect buildings and tall structures from lightning strikes. 避雷针保护大楼和高层建筑物免遭雷击。
⇒ See also strike force
 ADVANCED
■a sudden short military attack, especially one by aircraft or missiles 军事攻击，突袭；（尤指）空袭，飞弹袭击
• The United Nations has authorized the use of air strikes. 联合国授权采取空中攻击。
• The violence is unlikely to stop without military strikes against terrorist bases. 不对恐怖分子的基地采取军事攻击，暴力袭击就不可能休止。
• Would you support a nuclear strike to bring an end to a war? 你支持采用核子攻击来结束战争吗？
• We have no intention of launching a pre-emptive strike, but we will retaliate if provoked. 我们无意发动先发制人的攻击，但若遇挑衅，我们定会还以颜色。
[straɪk] noun countable
DISCOVERY 发现
■when a valuable substance is discovered underground （地下贵重物质的）发现
• The population and settlement of Colorado expanded after the gold strike of 1858. 1858年发现黄金后，科罗拉多的人口和定居户数大幅成长。
[straɪk] noun countable
FAILURE 失败
■Iin baseball) a ball that has been thrown by the pitcher and not been hit successfully when it should have been 挥棒落空
• A batter is out after three strikes. 打者遭到三振出局。
■US
■a failure, mistake or disadvantage 失败；错误；不利之处
• California's "three strikes and you're out" bill means that from now on criminals found guilty of three crimes are jailed for life. 加州的“三振出局”的法案意味着： 从现在起罪犯若三次被判有罪，就会被终身监禁。
• One strike against him as a candidate is his perceived lack of charisma. 作为候选人，他的不利之处之一在于人们认为他缺乏个人魅力。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
strike, fight
strike: 打击，撞，猛然攻击或袭击
fight: 多指在战斗中用暴力对抗，打架
vi. 打，打击； [劳经] 罢工；敲，敲击；抓；打动；穿透
 - grasp, beat upon
vt. 打，击； [劳经] 罢工；撞击，冲击；侵袭；打动；到达
 - impact, beat upon
n. [劳经] 罢工；打击；殴打
 - stroke, shock, hit, hiding

Word: pass
Front: pass
[pɑ:s] (中高雅 441/480 -K5)
Vocabulary: pass
(once / 10 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vnadj 4vn
A document that lets you go somewhere or do something is a pass. You can have a backstage pass at a concert, a three-day pass from a military base, or a hall pass for using the restroom during class.
If you hand something to someone, you can use the verb pass, like when your dad asks you to pass the mashed potatoes. If the hand off is more of a throw or toss, then you are probably referring to a sports pass. You can't complain that no one will pass you the ball if you always stay on the opposite end of the court from where the action is.
WORD FAMILY
pass: overpass, passable, passage, passed, passer, passes, passing, underpass+/ impassable: impassably/overpass: overpasses, overpast/ passable: impassable, passably, unpassable/ passage: passages/passer: passers/ passing: passinger, passings/underpass: underpasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
White’s passes, even the short ones, were often well off the mark.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 走过; 通过; 批准; 度过
vt. 传球; 及格; 发生; 不要
n. 通道; 通行证; 关口; 越过
时态：passed, passing, passes
分布：通过(43%)，经过(11%)，传球(10%)，传递(10%)，通行证(10%)，及格(10%)，发生(3%)，度过(2%)，乘车券(1%)
→来自法语passer,走过，经过，来自拉丁语*passare,走过，经过，来自passus,脚步，步伐，来自pete,展开，伸展，词源同 pace,feather,compete.引申诸相关词义。
v.经/通/穿/度过;传递n.通行证;考试及格The police had blocked the road and would not let the cars pass.警察封锁了道路,不让汽车通过.
US [pæs] verb
GO PAST 经过
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go past something or someone or move in relation to it or them 经过，路过
• I passed him on the stairs this morning. 今天早上我在楼梯上与他擦肩而过。
• You should only pass a slower vehicle if it is safe to do so. 只有在安全的情况下，你才应该超越较慢的车辆。
• If you pass a supermarket, could you get me some milk? 你若是路过超市的话，帮我买些牛奶好吗？
• I was just passing by (= going past the place where you are) , so I thought I'd drop in for a chat. 我正好路过，所以想进来聊聊。
• A momentary look of anxiety passed across his face. 他脸上闪过一丝焦虑的神情。
• A cloud passed over the sun. 一朵云飘过，遮住了太阳。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to go past a particular point in time （时间）过去，流逝
• Don't buy goods which have passed their sell-by date. 不要购买过了销售期限的商品。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If you say a state or feeling will pass, you mean it will disappear （某一状态或感情）消失
• Don't worry, his depression is only temporary - it'll soon pass. 别担心，他的消沉只是暂时的——很快就会过去。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
SUCCEED 成功
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be successful in an examination, course, etc 通过（考试、课程等）
• Guess what? I've passed my driving test! 你猜怎么了？我通过驾驶考试了！
• The exam is so hard that only 5% of all applicants pass. 考试太难了，所有考生中只有5%通过。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
GIVE 给
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give something to someone 传递，传送
• Could you pass the salt please? 你能把盐递给我吗？
• I asked if I could see the letter, so she passed it to me reluctantly. 我问能不能看看那封信，她就很不情愿地把信递给我。
• [+ two objects] Gerald passed me the note./Gerald passed the note to me. 杰拉尔德把便条递给我。
• Genes are the instructions by which parents' characteristics are passed on to their children. 基因是一系列的遗传指令，父母的特征透过它们遗传给子女。
intransitive or transitive
■In several sports, if you pass the ball, you kick, throw or hit it to someone in your team. 传（球）
transitive
■If you pass money, you give someone false or stolen money without telling them 使用（假钞或偷来的钱）
• [+ two objects] I haven't trusted him since he passed me a forged £5 note. 自从他给了我一张五英镑的假钞后，我就不信任他了。
• She was arrested for passing stolen cheques. 她因使用偷来的支票而被捕。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
TIME 时间
 IMPROVER intransitive
■When time passes, it goes past （时间）推移，流逝
• Time seems to pass (by) so slowly when you're bored. 百无聊赖时，时间似乎过得很慢。
• I was a bit worried about the party, but the evening passed without any great disasters. 我有点为晚会担心，但是一个晚上过去了，并没有出甚么大纰漏。
 IMPROVER transitive
■If you pass time, you do something to stop yourself being bored during that period 消磨，打发（时间）
• The visitors pass their days swimming, windsurfing and playing volleyball. 游客藉游泳、玩风浪板和打排球来消磨时间。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
APPROVE 批准
 ADVANCED transitive
■(of an official group of people) to give approval to something, especially by voting to make it law 通过，批准
• The government passed a law to restrict the sale of guns. 政府通过了一项限制枪械买卖的法律。
• UK The restaurant was serving meat that had not been passed as fit for human consumption. 该餐厅供应的肉食并未通过是否适合食用的检验。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
JUDGE 评价
pass judgment/comment, etc.
■to express a judgment or opinion about something, especially someone else's behaviour 作出评判／评论等
• As a convicted criminal, he's in no position to pass judgment (on the rest of us). 他是已定罪的罪犯，没资格（对我们其他人）品头论足。
pass sentence
■to state, as a judge, what a criminal's official punishment will be 宣判
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
EXCRETE 排泄
transitive formal
■to pass waste out of the body 排泄，分泌
• to pass urine 排尿
pass blood formal
■to pass blood in your urine or faeces (= solid waste) 有便血
• If you pass blood, you should go and see your doctor. 如果你有便血的话就应该就医。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
NOT PLAY 不玩
intransitive
■to choose not to play in a part of a card game or not to answer a question in a quiz （纸牌游戏中不出牌或竞赛中不回答问题时的用语）过
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
CHANGE 变化
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to change from one state to another （状态）变化，转化
• Wax passes from solid to liquid when you heat it. 蜡受热后会从固体变成液体。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass (all) belief UK
■to be (extremely) difficult to believe 难以置信
• It passes all belief that he could have been so selfish. 他竟然那么自私，真是难以置信。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass muster
■to reach an acceptable standard 达到标准，符合要求
• New teams won't be admitted to the league if their stadiums don't pass muster. 如果他们的体育馆达不到标准的话，新队是不能参加联赛的。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass the hat around/round
■to try to collect money by asking people or organizations 凑钱；募捐
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass the time of day
■to have a short informal conversation 说几句话
• I was just passing the time of day with her. 我当时只是和她聊了几句。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
pass water polite expression for
■ urinate
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth around US for pass [sth] round 物品
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass as/for sth/sb
■to appear to be someone or something else, or to cause people to believe that they are 看起来像；被当作
• I really want to go and see the film, but I don't think I'd pass for 18. 我很想去看那部电影，但我想我看起来不像满18岁。
• Do you think this jacket and trousers will pass as a suit? They're almost the same colour. 你觉得这件夹克和这条裤子看起来像一套吗？它们的颜色几乎一样。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass away/on polite expression for
■ die (STOP LIVING)
• She's terribly upset because her father passed away last week. 她非常难过，因为她父亲上周去世了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass sb by
■If an event or opportunity passes you by, you do not notice it, or get pleasure or an advantage from it （某人）未从中获益；与（某人）失之交臂
• Do you ever feel that life is passing you by? 你有时会不会觉得自己未受到生命的眷顾？
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] pass sth down
■to teach or give something to someone who will be alive after you have died 把…传给后人，把…往下传
• His is a family trade, passed down from generation to generation. 他从事的是家传手艺，是一代一代传下来的。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [+ adverb] pass off UK (US come off)
■to happen 发生，进行，举行
• The pop festival passed off peacefully, despite the fears of local residents. 尽管当地居民忧惧担心，流行音乐节还是平安顺利地举行了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth/sb off as sth/sb
■to pretend that something or someone is a particular thing or person when they are not 拿…假冒，用…冒充
• The dealer was trying to pass off fakes as valuable antiques. 那个商人试图用假货冒充贵重的古董。
• It's hard to believe anyone would try to pass this nonsense off as literature. 很难相信有甚么人会试图把这种毫无意义的文章当作文学。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth on
TELL
 ADVANCED
■to tell someone something that another person has told you 告诉
• If he provided us with any information, no one passed it on to me. 如果他向我们提供了甚么资讯的话，没有人告诉过我这件事。
GIVE
■to give someone something that another person has given you 传递
• Could you pass it on to Laura when you've finished reading it? 你看完后能把它传给萝拉吗？
DISEASE
■to give a disease to another person 传染，传播（疾病）
• It's possible to pass on the virus to others through physical contact. 这种病毒可能会透过身体接触传染给其他人。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  pass out
BECOME UNCONSCIOUS
■to become unconscious for a short time, for example when ill, badly hurt or drunk （因病痛、受伤或醉酒）昏迷，失去知觉
• I was hit on the head and passed out. 我的头部被击中，一下就昏过去了。
LEAVE COLLEGE UK
■to leave a military college after successfully finishing the course （从军校）毕业
• The new officers passed out from Britannia Royal Naval College on Thursday 1 August. 新军官8月1日星期四从不列颠皇家海军学院毕业了。
passing out
noun only singular UK 2. His parents attended the passing-out ceremony. 他父母参加了毕业典礼。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth out US
■to give something to each person in a group of people 分发，分配
• The teacher passed out the test booklets. 老师分发了考试手册。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb pass 1 Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sb/sth over
* to ignore or to not give attention to someone or something 忽略，对…不予考虑
• The woman alleges that her employers passed her over for promotion because she was pregnant. 这个妇女声称，由于她怀孕了，老板根本没有考虑帮她升职。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth round UK (US pass sth around)
 ADVANCED
■to offer something to each person in a group of people 分发
• Could you do me a favour and pass these sandwiches round? 你能帮我把这些三明治分给大家吗？
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pass sth up
■to fail to take advantage of an opportunity 放过，放弃，错过（机会）
• I can't believe she passed up the chance to go to South America. 我不敢相信她放弃了去南美的机会。
• He's never one to pass up a free meal. 他那种人绝不会放弃白吃一顿的机会。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
EXAMINATION RESULT 考试成绩
 ADVANCED countable UK
■a successful result in an examination （考试）及格，通过
• Jonathon Hill achieved grade A passes at A-level. 乔纳森‧希尔在高级证书考试中取得了 A 等成绩。
 ADVANCED countable US
■a mark given to a student to show that they have successfully finished a course or an examination that they will not be given a grade (= numbered mark) for 及格分数；考试及格
• I got a pass in my World Lit course. 我修习的世界文学课程考试及格了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
BALL 球
 ADVANCED countable
■a movement of the ball from one player to another member of the same team in a team sport 传球（动作）
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
 ADVANCED countable
■an official document or ticket which shows that you have the right to go somewhere or use a particular form of transport 通行证，出入证；乘车证
• a bus pass 公共汽车乘车证
• a boarding pass 登机证
• My guest pass allows me to use the club's facilities free of charge. 我有贵宾证，可以免费使用该俱乐部的设施。
countable mainly US
■a document which allows a student to leave a class for a particular reason 免课证（允许某一学生因为特殊原因而离开课堂的一种证件）
• She had a pass to go to the library. 她有去图书馆的证件。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
PATH 小路
countable
■a path or road between or over mountains 山路，山口；要隘
• a mountain pass 山口
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
BAD SITUATION 糟糕的境况
only singular
■a difficult or unpleasant condition 困境，令人不快的境遇
• If I'd been aware things had reached such a pass, I'd have told the police. 我要是知道事情已到了这步田地，早就报警了。
• UK It's come to a pretty pass (= It's a bad situation) when you can't even have a few quiet drinks with some friends. 当你连和几个朋友安静地喝几杯也不行时，处境就真是糟透了。
UK [pɑ:s] US [pæs] noun
SEXUAL ACTION 性行为
make a pass at sb informal
■to speak to or touch someone in a way that shows you would like to start a sexual relationship with them 与（某人）调情；勾引（某人）
elapse, pass
这组词都有“过去，消逝”的意思，其区别是：
elapse: 书面用词，指时间等不知不觉地逝去，含义比pass窄，常常侧重从某一特定时间到另一特定时间的过去。
pass: 最普通常用词，指岁月的流逝，某些自然现象或事情的过去。侧重其结果。
n. 经过；及格；途径；护照
 - mechanism, protection, approach, transit
vi. 经过；传递；变化；终止
 - determine, drop, finish, vary, transit
vt. 通过；经过；传递
 - clear, track, hand, transfer

Word: sort
Front: sort
[sɔ:t] (中高研四六托雅 835/421 -K5)
Back: n. 分类，类别; 品质，本性; 方法; 一群
vt. & vi. 分类; 整顿，整理; 适合
vt. 挑选; 把…分类; 将…排顺序
vi. 分类; 交往; 协调
时态：sorted, sorting, sorts
分布：分类(41%)，整理(32%)，种类(15%)，处理(9%)，某一种人(2%)，安排妥当(1%)
→来自古法语 sorte,种类，类别，来自拉丁语 sors,类别，分类，命运，抽签，来自 ser,安 排，排列，词源同 series,insert.
n.种类,类别v.分类,整理I got this sort of comfortable soft shorts with no efforts.我不费吹灰之力弄到了这种柔软舒适的短裤.
US [sɔ:rt] noun
TYPE 类型
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of things which are of the same type or which share similar qualities 种类，类型
• We both like the same sort of music. 我们俩喜欢同一类音乐。
• I'm going to have a salad of some sort. 我想吃某种沙拉。
• What sort of shoes will I need? 我需要甚么样的鞋子呢？
• We saw all sorts (= many types) of animals in the park. 我们在公园里看见了各种各样的动物。
• Many sorts of bacteria are resistant to penicillin. 有很多种细菌能抵抗盘尼西林。
• This sort of camera is very expensive. 这种照相机很贵。
• Plants of this sort need shady conditions. 这种植物需要在阴凉的环境下生长。
your sort
■the type of thing or person that you like （某人）喜欢的类型
• Hmm, this is my sort of wine! 嗯，这是我喜欢的葡萄酒！
• I'd have thought these black trousers were more your sort of thing. 我本以为这条黑色裤子才是你喜欢的那种。
• I wouldn't have thought he was your sort (= was the type of man you would be attracted to). 我没想到你喜欢他这种人。
(and) that sort of thing informal
■used to show that what you have just said is only an example from a much larger group of things …之类，等等
• They sell souvenirs, postcards, that sort of thing. 他们卖纪念品、明信片之类的东西。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular slightly old-fashioned
■a person having the stated or suggested character 某一种人
• He seemed like a decent sort to me. 在我看来，他似乎是很正派的那种人。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
be out of sorts slightly old-fashioned
■to be slightly ill or slightly unhappy 有些不舒服；有点不高兴
• I've been feeling tired and headachy and generally out of sorts. 我一直感到疲劳和头痛，整体来说有些不舒服。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
It takes all sorts (to make a world). saying
■said to emphasize that people have different characters, opinions and abilities, and that you should accept this 世界之大，无奇不有；一样米养百样人
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
of sorts (also of a sort)
■used to describe something which is not a typical or good example of something 勉强称得上的，凑合的
• He managed to make a curtain of sorts out of an old sheet. 他用一条旧床单凑合做了个窗帘。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
(a) sort of informal IMPROVER
■used to describe something approximately 有点像，近似于
• It's a sort of pale orange colour. 那近乎浅橙色。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] noun
sort of informal IMPROVER
■in some way or to some degree 有几分；在某种程度上
• I was sort of hoping to leave early today. 我今天有点想早一点离开。
• It's sort of silly, but I'd like a copy of the photograph. 这可能有点傻，但这张照片我想要一张。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
ORDER 秩序
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to put a number of things in an order or to separate them into groups 把…分类；整理；拣选
• Paper, plastic and cans are sorted for recycling. 纸张、塑胶和罐子分开归类以便回收。
• I'm going to sort these old books into those to be kept and those to be thrown away. 我打算把这些旧书分成要留下的和要丢掉的两类。
• You can use the computer to sort the newspaper articles alphabetically, by date, or by subject. 你可以用电脑把这些报刊文章按字母顺序、日期或主题进行排列。
• She found the ring while sorting (through) some clothes. 她在整理衣服时找到了那枚戒指。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 IMPROVER transitive UK informal
■to deal with something by repairing or organizing it 修理；整理好，安排妥当
• Can you sort the car by tomorrow? 你明天能把汽车修好吗？
• We must get the phone sorted soon. 我们必须马上找人把电话修好。
• I must get this paperwork sorted before I go on holiday next week. 我下星期度假之前必须把这些文书工作处理完。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sth out
■to separate one type of things from a group of things 分拣出，挑出
• Sort out any clothes you want to throw away and give them to me. 把你打算丢掉的衣服拣出来给我。
⇒ See also sort-out
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sth/sb out
 IMPROVER
■to deal satisfactorily or successfully with a problem, a situation, or a person who is having difficulties 解决，处理好
• We've sorted out the computer system's initial problems. 我们已经解决了电脑系统的初始化问题。
• [+ question word] It'll be difficult to sort out how much each person owes. 要弄清楚每个人都欠多少钱会很不容易。
• Most of the job involves sorting customers out who have queries. 这项工作的主要内容是处理好顾客们提出的问题。
UK [sɔ:t] US [sɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sort sb out UK informal
■to punish or attack someone, usually to make them understand that they have behaved badly 惩罚（某人）；收拾（某人）
• Has he been bothering you again - do you want me to sort him out? 他是不是又在烦你了——是否需要我教训教训他？
arrange, classify, sort, organize
这组词都有“使有条理，安排”的意思，其区别是：
arrange: 指按计划、秩序、需要和可能等进行安排。
classify: 指按照事物类型、质量或是否相似进行分类。
sort: 通常指根据类型或种类分类或整理选择。
organize: 指按计划或需要把人或物安排组织成一个整体。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. 种类；方式；品质
 - category, manner, way of, variety, kind, mode, nature
vi. [计] 分类；协调；交往
 - travel, company, mix, associate, concert
vt. 将…分类；将…排序；挑选出某物
 - systematize

Word: parliament
Front: parliament
[ˈpɑ:ləmənt] (研四六雅 5169/994 -K4)
Vocabulary: parliament
(once / 80 pages)
1n 2n
In some countries — Great Britain for example — the group of people who make the laws is called the parliament. It's the equivalent of Congress in the United States.
The most common meaning of parliament refers to a country's legislative (law-making) body. England's parliament is very famous. The word comes in part from the French verb parler, which means to speak, which makes sense since this group of people assemble to talk about laws and issues. Another meaning of parliament is the card game known as fan tan or sevens, where you lead with your sevens in a certain sequence and win by using up all your cards.
WORD FAMILY
parliament: Parliamentarian, parliamentarian, parliamentary, parliaments+/Parliamentarian: Parliamentarians/parliamentarian: parliamentarians/parliamentary: parliamentarily, unparliamentary/unparliamentary: unparliamentarily
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Park was impeached by parliament early last year, a decision that must be upheld or rejected by the Constitutional Court.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Sun’s portrait still hangs in schools and government offices, and looks serenely down on the frequent fisticuffs in Taiwan’s parliament.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 议会，国会
分布：议会(75%)，国会(24%)，一届议会的会期(1%)
→来自古法语parler,说话，词源同parley,parlor.引申词义说话的地方，后用于指议会，国会。
国会(parlia[=parley会谈]+ment→会谈状态→国会)[parl=speak,表示"说话"]
n.国会,议会The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US ['pɑ:r.lə-] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■in some countries, the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country 议会；国会
• On Tuesday the country's parliament voted to establish its own army. 该国议会于周二投票决定建立自己的军队。
• She was elected to Parliament in 1997. 她于1997年获选为国会议员。
countable
■a particular period of time during which a parliament is operating, between either holidays or elections 议会会期
parliament, congress
这组词都有“国会，议会”的意思，其区别是：
parliament: 指英国或加拿大等国的议会，通常用大写形式。
congress: 指美国等国的国会，也可指代表大会。
n. 议会，国会
 - congress, house

Word: population
Front: population
[ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn] (中高研四六雅 642/683 -K4)
Vocabulary: population
(once / 71 pages)
1n 2n
Population means the number of people in a geographic area. It can also be used for subgroups of people or animals. The city's population has passed 8 million––who knows what that means for the rat population living off their garbage? Ugh.
The word population––and also the word populace––derive from the Latin populus, "people." To remember that population is connected to people, think about the words popular, populist, pop culture, pop music. Don't think about pop corn––unless you're thinking about the movie-going population that lives on it.
WORD FAMILY
population: populations, subpopulation+/depopulate: depopulated, depopulates, depopulating, depopulation/depopulation: depopulations/overpopulate: overpopulated, overpopulating, overpopulation/overpopulation: overpopulations/populate: depopulate, overpopulate, populated, populates, populating, population /populated: underpopulated, unpopulated/subpopulation: subpopulations
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In other words: we’re surrounded by rubbish, and because our population is on the rise, the problem is set to get worse.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
According to the newspaper, Scales was being held in the general population area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 人口; 全体居民; 特定[生物]种群; [物]布居
分布：人口(97%)，群体(3%)
→来自populate,居住，构成人口，-ion,名词后缀。
[popul人民→居民,-ation名词字尾]全体居民,人口[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
人口(popul+ation)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
n.人口,(全体)居民This city has a population of more than 1,000,000.这个城市人口超过一百万.
【参】populace（n 平民）；popular（adj 流行的）；populous（adj 人口稠密的）
US [ˌpɑ:.pjə-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■all the people living in a particular country, area or place 人口；全体居民
• Ten per cent of the population lived in poverty. 10%的人口生活在贫困之中。
• In 1992 the population of Cairo was approximately 6 500 000. 1992年开罗的人口约为650万。
• a growing/shrinking population 增长／逐渐减少的人口
• Throughout the war, there were horrific casualties amongst the civilian populations of both countries. 整个战争期间，两国人民伤亡惨重。
• The UN is investigating new methods of population control (= limiting the growth of the number of people). 联合国正在研究控制人口的新方法。
• The country is facing a population explosion (= sudden growth in the number of people). 这个国家正面临着一场人口爆炸。
 ADVANCED
■all the people or animals of a particular type or group who live in one country, area or place （统称）（一定范围内的）人口，动物总数
• There's been a 9% rise in the prison population (= the number of people in prison). 监狱收押人数上升了9%。
• The dolphin population has been decimated by tuna fishing. 捕捞鲔鱼导致海豚的数量大大减少。
people, population
people: 具体的人 China has a large population.
population: 人口,人数,
n. 人口；种群， [生物] 群体；全体居民
 - syngen, species group

Word: non
Front: non
[nɒn] (-/6044)
Back: adv. 非，不
n. [法]反对票，投反对票的人
分布：不是(100%)
adv. 非，不
 - n't, not to be
n. 投反对票的人，反对票
 - con

Word: democratic
Front: democratic
[ˌdeməˈkrætɪk] (研四六 853/1605 -4)
Vocabulary: democratic
(once / 514 pages)
adj
Things that are democratic are ruled by the people, for the people. A basic democratic process involves letting everyone vote on what they think is best for the whole group.
Democratic government started thousands of years ago in ancient Greece, but it's still catching on all over the world. A dictatorship or monarchy is ruled by one person, but in a democratic society, or a democracy, the people rule. Even though there is a leader — a President in the United States — he or she is elected by the people. Anything that allows people more say in the government is democratic.
WORD FAMILY
democratic: democratically, undemocratic+/ democracy: democracies, democratic, democratise, democratize / democrat: democracy, democrats/democratise: democratisation, democratised, democratising/ democratize: democratization, democratized, democratizes, democratizing/undemocratic: undemocratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
That means Mr. Trump will be in office when Cuba is no longer ruled by the Castro family, regardless of the pace of democratic reforms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Communist telling, Sun is the “forerunner of the democratic revolution”.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Higher living standards would bolster democratic ideas and institutions.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 民主的; 民主政体的; 民主主义的; <美>民主党的
分布：民主的(85%)，民主党的(8%)，大众的(7%)
[见上,-ic...的]民主的,民主主义的;民主政体的[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
a.民主的They supported the Democratic Party.他们支持民主党.
US [-'krætˌ-] adjective
 IMPROVER
■based on the principles of democracy 民主的
• We must accept the results of a democratic election (= an election in which all people can vote). 我们必须接受民主选举结果。
• Do you think Australia is a more democratic country (= there is greater social equality there) than Britain? 你觉得澳大利亚比英国更民主吗？
adj. 民主的；民主政治的；大众的
 - popular

Word: previous
Front: previous
[ˈpri:viəs] (研四六托雅宝 1276/824 -K4)
Vocabulary: previous
(once / 60 pages)
adj
Previous means the one that just came before. For instance, the previous sentence explained the meaning of the word previous.
With previous, you first see that the prefix pre meaning "before." The second part of the word, vius, — think via — means "road," so you’re talking about the road, or thing, before. Previous, though, can be used with people, or anything else too. You will know right away if the previous tenants had cats. Do you ever wonder what you were in a previous life? Rivers are at flood stage from the previous two rain storms.
WORD FAMILY
previous: previously
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure also prohibits limits the OCE’s jurisdiction to the previous three Congresses, aligning its statute of limitations to the Ethics Committee’s.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
McEachin said the previous map “egregiously minimized the impact of certain voters,” and he applauded the change as a good start.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The previous high was 83, set by Oregon and Wisconsin in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 先前的; 以前的; 过早的; （时间上）稍前的
adv. 在先，在…以前
分布：以前的(96%)，先于(2%)，在 ... 之前(2%)
→pre-,在前，via,路，词源同way,trivia.比喻用法。
以前的(pne以前+vi路[引申为走]+ous→以前走过的→以前的)[vi,via,voy=way,表示"道路"]
a.先前的,以前的He has had no previous experience of this kind of job.他从前没有做这种工作的经验.
adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or existing before something or someone else 以前的，先前的
• The previous owner of the house had built an extension on the back. 这栋房子以前的主人对房子后部进行了扩建。
• Training is provided, so no previous experience is required for the job. 这项工作提供培训，因此不要求以前有相关经验。
• He has two daughters from a previous marriage. 他在前次婚姻中育有两个女儿。
previous, preceding, former, foregoing, prior
这组词都有“在前的”的意思，其区别是：
previous: 指时间上、顺序上较早的，或指正在谈论的某事的前一个。
preceding: 特指时间和地位上紧接在前。
former: 系latter的反义词，比prior更着重对比。
foregoing: 指前所述的，是following的反义词。
prior: 与previous同义，常可换用，但prior有时强调更大的重要性，对比意味强。
adj. 以前的；早先的；过早的
 - ago, fore
adv. 在先；在…以前
 - antecedently

Word: page
Front: page
[peɪdʒ] (中高 708/658 -K5)
Vocabulary: page
(once / 96 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v
A page is one sheet of a book, magazine, or other collection of papers. You can read a page in a children's picture book much faster than a page of "War and Peace."
If you read a book, turning its pages, you page through it, and if you write a number on each unnumbered page, you could say you page it. There are other pages too, including a medieval knight's assistant and an errand-runner in a legislative office. You can also page someone, or call for them over a speaker in a public place — this meaning comes from the idea of "sending a page to fetch someone."
WORD FAMILY
page: paged, pager, pages, paginate, paging+/pager: pagers/paginate: paginated, pagination / pagination: paginations/paging: pagings
USAGE EXAMPLES
County police are investigating but do not suspect foul play, according to a statement on the county’s Facebook page.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s no dysfunction. Everybody is on the same page,” Pegula said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tournament of Roses Rose Parade Facebook page posted this photo of Palmer in the wake of his death in September.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 页; （计算机的）页面; 年史; <文>重要事件
vt. 标记…的页数; 翻页; 喊出名字以寻找; （在公共传呼系统上）呼叫
vi. 翻书页; 浏览
时态：paged, paging, pages
分布：页(98%)，翻页(1%)，页码(1%)
→来自拉丁语pagina,书页，把书页固定成书，来自pag,固定，词源同fang,pact.page 门童，仆人，受训骑士，呼叫，传唤
n.页,记录,事件,专栏vt.给...标页码Now please turn to page ten.现在请翻到第十页.
noun countable
PAPER 纸
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation p)
■a side of one of the pieces of paper in a book, newspaper or magazine, usually with a number printed on it （书或报纸杂志的）页，面
• For details on how to enter the competition, see page 134. 关于如何参加比赛的细则，请参见第134页。
• The article appeared on the front page of the Guardian. 这篇文章刊登在《卫报》的头版。
 ESSENTIAL (written abbreviation p)
■one of the sheets of paper in a book, newspaper or magazine （书或报纸、杂志中纸的）一页，一张
• Several pages have been torn out of this book. 这本书有好几页被撕掉了。
[peɪdʒ] noun countable
COMPUTER 电脑 (also web page)
■one part of a website （网际网路的）网页
⇒ See also home page
[peɪdʒ] noun countable
BOY 男孩
■(in the past) a boy who worked as a servant for a knight and who was learning to become a knight （旧时骑士身边的）见习骑士 Compare pageboy
[peɪdʒ] noun countable
page in/of history literary
■an important part of the history of a place, time or group of people 历史上的一页
• The signing of the peace treaty will be seen as a glorious page in our country's history. 和平条约的签订将被视为我国历史上光辉的一页。
[peɪdʒ] verb transitive
■to call a person using a loudspeaker (= an electric device for making sounds louder) in a public place （用扩音器在公共场合）呼叫（某人）
• He was paged at the airport and told to return home immediately. 机场扩音器传出了呼叫他的广播，叫他立刻回家。
■to send a message to someone's pager (= small piece of electronic equipment that receives signals) 给某人的呼叫器留言
• Have you tried to page him? 你试过拨他的呼叫器吗？
n. [计] 页；记录；大事件，时期；男侍者
 - period, season, day, register, log
vi. 翻书页，浏览
 - leaf, glance through

Word: prove
Front: prove
[pru:v] (中高研四六 866/671 -K4)
Vocabulary: prove
(once / 33 pages)
1v 2v
When you prove something, you show that it's true. If you say you love eating raw eggs, you may have to prove it by chugging a few. When someone asks you to prove something, you need evidence, also known as proof.
Prove comes from the Latin root probare, "to test or prove worthy." The word’s meaning is clear in this quote from writer Ernest Holmes: "There was a time when a man was so convinced that the world was round that he was determined to prove it." As a transitive verb, prove requires an object to receive the action, as in "How can you prove your claim?" It can also be intransitive, as in "You might prove to be right."
WORD FAMILY
prove: disprove, provable, proved, proven, proves, proving+/ disprove: disproved, disprover, disproves, disproving/disprover: disprovers/provable: provability, provably, unprovable/proved: provedly, unproved/proven: unproven/unprovable: unprovably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it soon became clear that McCloughan hadn’t done enough to improve the defense, and it proved a liability all season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“This proves that politicians didn’t do a good job the first time and we need a better process.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If we must prove our worth, it is possible to be worthless.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 证明，证实; [法]验证，检定; 显示
vi. 显示出，证明是
时态：proved, proving, proves
分布：证明(95%)，检验(2%)，发酵(2%)，结果是(1%)
→来自拉丁语probare,检验，证明，测试，来自pro-,向前，-be,成为，是，词源同be.
v.证明,证实;检验;考验;鉴定;结果是,表明是It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
[pru:v] (proved, proved, MAINLY US proven)
verb
SHOW 表明
 ESSENTIAL transitive [L]
■to show a particular result after a period of time 证明是，结果是
• The operation proved a complete success. 这场手术结果是大成功。
• The dispute over the song rights proved impossible to resolve. 结果是，有关歌曲版权的争论根本无法解决。
• [L (+ to be)] The new treatment has proved to be a disaster. 这种新疗法的结果是一场灾难。
prove yourself
■to show that you are good at something 证明自己的实力
• I wish he'd stop trying to prove himself all the time. 但愿他别再不停试图证明自己的实力了。
[pru:v] (proved, proved, MAINLY US proven)
verb
SHOWING TRUTH 证实
 IMPROVER transitive
■to show that something is true 证明，证实
• [+ that] They suspected that she'd killed him but they could never actually prove that it was her. 他们怀疑她杀了他，但他们从来未能确切证明是她干的。
• [+ adj] They proved him innocent/guilty. 他们证明他是清白／有罪的。
• Under the present system, you're innocent until proven guilty. 在现行制度下，在被证明有罪之前你是清白的。
• [+ question word] "I spent thirty pounds in the pub last night." "That just goes to prove wh at an idiot you are!" “我昨晚在酒吧花了30英镑。”“那正好证明了你是个多么愚蠢的傻瓜！”
• Computers have been used to prove mathematical theorems. 电脑被用于证明数学定理。
• That theory was proved false. 那个理论被证实是错误的。
• He's so aggressive - it's as if he's always trying to prove something. 他好逞强——似乎他一直想证明些甚么。
prove, approve
prove: 和approve词形相似，prove是“证明”，“表明是”等。
approve: (1)赞成，同意。如：I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。) (2)批准，通过。如：The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。
certify, demonstrate, prove, testify, establish
这组词都有“证明、证实”的意思，其区别是：
certify: 较正式用词，多指有签字盖章的、合符法律程序的书面证明。
demonstrate: 指通过推理、辩论、实验或以实例来证明事物的正确与否。常用于理论、学说、定律等的证明上。
prove: 普通用词，指通过某种手段或方式提供证据以证实或证明某事物真实与否，某结论正确与否等情况。
testify: 较正式用词，既指出庭作证，提供证据，又指为某人或某事的是否真实提供证据或证明。
establish: 指证实事实或理论的真实性与正确性，使其能长期存在或为人们所接受。
vt. 证明；检验；显示
 - demonstrate, reveal, make clear, argue

Word: muslim

Word: six
Front: six
[sɪks] (中高 424/293 -5)
Back: n. 六; 六个; 六岁; 六点
num. 六; 六个
分布：六(100%)
→来自古英语 siex,来自 Proto-Germanic*sehs,来自 sweks,六，词源同拉丁语 sex,六。
num.六pron./a.六(个,只...)The story about the six-storeyed dormitory tells a glorious history.关于六层楼宿舍的故事讲述一段光荣历史.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 6 数字六
• Look for a bus with a number six on the front of it. 找一辆前面有数字六的公车。
• "How many grandchildren do you have now?" "I've got six (grandchildren)." “现在你有几个外孙了？”“我有六个（外孙）。”
[sɪks] number
at sixes and sevens informal
■in a confused, badly organized or difficult situation 乱七八糟，杂乱无章
• We've been at sixes and sevens in the office this week. 我们办公室这一周忙得不可开交。
[sɪks] number
be six feet under humorous
■to be dead and buried 入土，死去
• There's no point worrying about it - we'll both be six feet under by then. 不用为此担心——到时候我们俩都已经入土了。
[sɪks] number
six of one and half a dozen of the other informal saying
■said when you think that neither of two choices is better than the other 半斤八两；不相上下
• "Shall we go by car or train?" "I don't know, it's six of one and half a dozen of the other." “我们坐汽车还是火车去?” “不知道，都差不多。”
[sɪks] number
six of the best UK old-fashioned
■a beating, usually of six hits with a stick 一顿痛打（通常是用棍棒打六下）
[sɪks] noun countable
■in cricket, six points scored when the player hits the ball to the edge of the playing area without it touching the ground first （板球运动中的）六分球
• Richards hit a six. 理查兹击中了一个六分球。
n. 六，六个
 - hexa

Word: aid
Front: aid
[eɪd] (高研四六 1640/1096 -K5)
Vocabulary: aid
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Aid is what you do when you help someone — you come to their aid. Rich countries provide economic aid to poor countries, and if you cut your hand, you'll be looking in the first aid kit for a Band-Aid.
You can also use aid as a verb: "The librarian will aid you in your search." English has some words with meanings related to aid, but they're spelled with an -e on the end, because they come from the French. A nurse's aide is someone who assists a nurse. An aide-de-camp is a close assistant and confidant to a military officer, a word often shortened to just aide, to refer to an assistant to a political official.
WORD FAMILY
aid: aided, aiding+/aided: unaided
USAGE EXAMPLES
Previous searches aided by a bloodhound and a helicopter didn’t turn up any clues.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Tucson Fire Department also responded and began to administer aid to the victim, but he was pronounced dead at the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Naturally, it’s a down-to-earth widower with a precocious child and they require her aid.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 帮助; 助手; 外援; 辅助设备
vt. 帮助; 资助; 救助; 促进
vi. 帮助
时态：aided, aiding, aids
分布：援助(44%)，帮助(40%)，辅助(7%)，救援(4%)，助手(3%)，辅助物(1%)，接济(1%)
→来自古法语aide,辅助，帮助，缩写自拉丁语adjuta,帮助，过去分词格于adiuvare,帮助，来自 ad-,去，往，-juv,年青人，词源同adjutant,juvenile,young.
n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物vi.援助,救援Without my aid I'm afraid the maiden would have been raided.没有我的帮助我怕少女已遭到袭击.
noun
 IMPROVER uncountable
■help or support 帮助，援助
• He gets about with the aid of a walking stick. 他拄着拐杖到处走动。
• She went to the aid of a man trapped in his car. 她去帮助一个困在车中的男子。
• A woman in the street saw that he was in trouble and came to his aid. 街上的一位女士看到他遇上了麻烦，就过去帮他。
 IMPROVER countable
■a piece of equipment that helps you to do something 辅助物，辅助设施；辅助工具
• teaching aids, such as books and videos 书籍、录像等辅助教材
• A thesaurus is a useful aid to writing. 同义词词典是写作的好帮手。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■help in the form of food, money, medical supplies or weapons that is given by a richer country to a poorer country （向贫弱国家提供的食品、金钱、医疗物资、武器等）援助，救助
• The Vatican has agreed to donate $80 000 in humanitarian/emergency aid to countries affected by the war. 罗马教廷已经同意向饱受战祸的国家捐赠八万美元的人道援助金／紧急援助金。
• About a fifth of the country's income is in the form of foreign/overseas aid. 这个国家约1／5的收入靠国外／海外援助。
in aid of sb/sth UK
■in order to collect money for a group of people who need it 为帮助…，为救援…
• a concert in aid of famine relief 为救助饥民举办的音乐会
[eɪd] noun
What's sth in aid of? UK informal
■said when you want to know the reason for something …有甚么用？…是怎么回事？
• What's all this shouting in aid of? 这大喊大叫的到底怎么回事？
[eɪd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to help 帮助，援助
• Huge projects designed to aid poorer countries can sometimes do more harm than good. 旨在援助贫穷国家的庞大计划有时反而会弊大于利。
• His excuse for drinking brandy is that it's said to aid digestion. 他给自己喝白兰地找的借口是：据说它有助消化。
aid and abet sb legal or humorous
■to help someone to do something illegal or wrong 伙同（某人）作案，与（某人）同谋
• Three tax inspectors were accused of aiding and abetting the men charged with fraud. 有人告发三名税务稽查员与那些被控诈骗的人同谋作案。
help, assist, aid
这组词都有“帮助”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指一般性的或迫切需要的帮助，侧重积极地为他人提供物质、精神或其他方面的帮助。
assist: 强调在提供帮助时，以受助者为主，所给的帮助起第二位或从属的作用。
aid: 正式用词，指帮助他人脱离危险或战胜困难，着重强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助。
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
support, aid, assist（assistance）
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励
aid: 援助一群人（尤指金钱援助）
assist（assistance）: 协助（受助者能完成一部份工作）
n. 援助；帮助；助手；帮助者
 - assistance, friend, hand, help, boost
vt. 援助；帮助；有助于
 - facilitate, bolster up
vi. 帮助
 - lend a hand, to help

Word: model
Front: model
[ˈmɒdl] (中高研四雅 504/551 -K4)
Vocabulary: model
(once / 111 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nadj 4n
To model something is to show it off. To make a model of your favorite car is to create a miniature version of it. To be a model is to be so gorgeous that you’re photographed for a living.
The word model, which can be a noun, verb, or adjective, comes from the Latin word modulus, meaning “measure,” or “standard.” If you are a model student, you do everything as the school and teachers wish: you are the standard. If you model your life on your hero's, you try to do what he or she does. If you are a clothing designer you will need to hire a model to model your creations.
WORD FAMILY
model: modeled, modeler, modeling, modelled, modeller, modelling, models, remodel, supermodel+/modeler: modelers/ modeling: modelings/modeller: modellers/modelling: modellings/remodel: remodeled, remodeling, remodelled, remodelling, remodels/supermodel: supermodels
USAGE EXAMPLES
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This year, according to the models Mass trusts, looks like a “ La Nada year” — business as usual.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 模型; 模特儿; 模式; 典型
vt. & vi. 做模特儿
vt. 模仿; 制作模型，塑造; 将…做成模型
adj. 典型的，模范的
时态：modelled, modelling, models
分布：模型(88%)，模范(4%)，模特儿(2%)，模仿(2%)，模范的(1%)，塑造(1%)，做模型(1%)，作模型用的(1%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，方法。引申词义模型，模范，模特等。
模型(mod模式+el)[-el表名词"人或物"]
n.样式,型;模范;模型,原型;模特v.模仿The modest man moderately modified the model in this mode.谦虚者适度地用这种方式修改了模型.
US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
COPY 模仿
 ESSENTIAL
■something which a copy can be based on because it is an extremely good example of its type 模范，典型，榜样
• The educational system was a model for those of many other countries. 这种教育体制是许多其他国家学习的榜样。
• The council plans to build a model town on the site. 市政会计划在这个地点建设一个示范镇。
• Some groups want to set up an Islamic state on the Iranian model. 一些团体想按伊朗的模式建立一个伊斯兰国家。
• Even Chris, the very model of calmness (= someone who is usually extremely calm) , was angered by having to work such long hours. 就连一贯极为冷静的克里斯也为必须这么长时间工作而生气。
• She really is a model (= perfect) student. 她真是个模范学生。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER
■a person who wears clothes so that they can be photographed or shown to possible buyers, or a person who is employed to be photographed or painted 模特儿
• a fashion/nude model 时装／裸体模特儿
• She's going out with a male model. 她在和一个男模特儿谈恋爱。
• I worked as an artist's model when I was a student. 求学时，我曾为一个艺术家当过模特儿。
⇒ See also supermodel
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
MACHINE 机器
 IMPROVER
■a particular type of machine, especially a car, which is slightly different from machines of the same type （汽车等的）型号；特定型号的汽车
• a luxury/new model 豪华／新型汽车
• the latest model 最新车款
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] noun countable
REPRESENTATION 表现
 IMPROVER
■a representation of something, either as a physical object which is usually smaller than the real object, or as a simple description of the object which might be used in calculations 模型
• a plastic model aircraft 塑胶飞机模型
• By looking at this model you can get a better idea of how the bridge will look. 看这个模型，你就可以更清楚了解该桥的样子。
• to construct a statistical/theoretical/mathematical model 建构一个统计／理论／数学模型
• No computer model of the economy can predict when the next recession will be. 任何电脑经济模型都无法预测下次经济萧条会是甚么时候。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
CLOTHES 衣服
intransitive or transitive
■to wear fashionable clothes, jewellery, etc. in order to advertise them 当模特儿；穿戴…展示
• Tatjana is modelling a Versace design. 塔嘉娜在为范思哲的设计作模特展示。
• I used to model when I was younger. 我年纪较轻时当过模特儿。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
MAKE A REPRESENTATION 模拟
transitive
■to make a model of something 模拟；用模型展示
• to model animals out of clay 用黏土捏出动物造型
• to model clay into animal shapes 将黏土捏成动物形态
• The whole car can be modelled on a computer before a single component is made. 在一个零件也没制造出来前，整辆汽车可以在电脑上模拟出来。
UK ['mɒd.əl] US ['mɑ:.dəl] verb (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
  Phrasal Verbs  model yourself on sb
■to try to make yourself very similar to someone else 仿效（某人）；模仿（某人）
• Lots of young singers modelled themselves on Madonna. 很多年轻歌手都以玛丹娜为仿效对象。
model, facsimile, duplicate, reproduction, copy
这组词都有“复制品”的意思，其区别是：
model: 可指按某物式样制造、按比例缩小的模型，也可指某物未制成之前做出的模型。
facsimile: 含义与copy大体相同，但较文雅。
duplicate: 常指完全一模一样，可代替原件的复制品。
reproduction: 批按原物复制的产品，着重复制品与原物相似。
copy: 普通用词，含义广泛，指精确的或不精确的复制品。
n. 模型；典型；模范；模特儿；样式
 - matrix, former, shape, fashion, type
vt. 模拟；塑造；模仿
 - mold, simulate, pattern, form, imitate

Word: full
Front: full
[fʊl] (中高 503/309 -K5)
Vocabulary: full
(once / 15 pages)
1adjadvv 2adj 3vn 4v
Something that's full holds as much as it can. If your glass is full of root beer, it's up the brim — no more root beer will fit inside it.
When a trash bag is full, it's time to take it outside, and when your mouth is full of cake, you'd better swallow it before you take another bite. When you're full of pizza, you can't eat any more, but when you're full of self-confidence, you have plenty of that quality. When the moon is full, it appears as large and round as possible. When your skirt, hair, or body are full, they're wide or ample.
WORD FAMILY
full: fulled, fuller, fullest, fulling, fullness, fulls, fully, overfull+/fuller: fullers/fullness: fullnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“My life is full of miracles. Energy is everything,” she said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Dak Prescott isn't a wheelbarrow full of rusty plumbing supplies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 满的，装满的; 完全的，完整的; 丰富的; 详尽的
adv. 极其，十分; 充分地，完全地; 整整; 直接地
n. 充分，完全; 全部; 完整; 极盛时
v. 把衣服缝得宽大; 把裙子缝出皱褶; [印]蒸洗，漂洗
级别：fuller, fullest
分布：全部(39%)，满的(21%)，非常(11%)，完全的(11%)，直接地(7%)，充满的(5%)，极点(3%)，增厚(2%)，使衣服宽松(1%)
→来自pele, 装满，词源同fill, plenary.
a.(of)满的,充满的a./ad.完全,充分The boy went on eating till he was full.这孩子一直吃到饱.
adjective
CONTAINING A LOT 容纳很多的
 ESSENTIAL
■(of a container or a space) holding or containing as much as possible or a lot; filled （容器或空间）装满的，充满的
• This cup is very full so be careful with it. 这个杯子太满了，要当心。
• My plate was already full. 我的碟子已经满了。
• I tried to get in the cinema last night but it was full. 昨天晚上我想去看电影，但已经满座了。
• Don't talk with your mouth full! 嘴里尽是吃的东西时就别说话！
• The shelves were full of books. 那些架子上摆满了书。
• When she looked at him her eyes were full of tears. 当她看着他的时候，眼中饱含着泪水。
• I tried to get on the 8.45 train but it was full (up). 我想坐8：45的火车，可是已经满座了。
• Don't fill your glass too full or you'll spill it. 杯子别倒得太满，否则会洒的。
• The theatre was only half full. 剧场里只坐了一半的人。
 ESSENTIAL
■containing a lot of things or people or a lot of something 充满…的；有很多…的
• This sweater is full of holes. 这件毛衣上面都是洞。
• His essay was full of spelling errors. 他的论文里满是拼写错误。
• I'm full of admiration for you. 我对你充满敬仰。
• You're always so full of energy. 你总是如此精力充沛。
■involving a lot of activities 安排满的；有大量活动的
• I've got rather a full week next week - could we postpone our meeting? 下周我相当忙——我们能把会议延后吗？
• She has a very full life. 她的生活丰富充实。
be full of sth
■to be talking or thinking a lot about something that you have enjoyed or found exciting 对（感兴趣的事）兴奋地说个没完，念念不忘
• "Did the kids enjoy their trip to the zoo?" "Oh, yes, they were full of it when they got back this afternoon." “孩子们去动物园玩得高兴吗？”“高兴，今天下午回来他们还说个没完呢。”
be full of your own importance disapproving
■to think and act as if you are very important 自以为了不起
• Since he got his new job, he's been very full of his own importance. 自从得到新工作以来，他总是自以为了不起。
be full of yourself disapproving
■to think that you are very important in a way that annoys other people 自以为是
• I can't stand her - she's so full of herself. 我受不了她——她真够自以为是的。
[fʊl] adjective
COMPLETE 完全的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■complete; whole; containing a lot of detail 完整的；全部的；整个的
• Please give your full name and address. 请提供你的全名和地址。
• We do not yet have full details of the story. 我们并没有掌握该事件的全部细节。
• Few journalists have managed to convey the full horror of the situation. 几乎没有哪个记者能完全地表达出那种情形有多恐怖。
• The full impact of the tax changes is yet to be felt. 税收改革的全部影响还要过些时候才能感受到。
• Today's my last full day in Paris. 今天是我在巴黎呆的最后一个整天。
• He unwound the rope to its full extent. 他把绳子拉开到最长。
• Are you a full member (= do you have all the membership rights) of the club? 你是俱乐部正式成员吗？
• Some plants need to be in full sun (= to have the sun shining on them) all the time. 有些植物常年需要充足的阳光。
in full
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 完全地；全部地
• The bill must be paid in full by the end of the month. 账单到月底必须全部付清。
in full flow
■If an activity is in full flow, it is happening fast and with energy （活动）全力进行
• Preparations for the event are now in full flow. 活动的准备工作正在全力进行。
be in full swing
■If an event is in full swing, it has already been happening for a period of time and there is a lot of activity （事件）正在进行中，处于活跃状态
• The party was in full swing by the time we arrived. 我们到达时派对正是高潮。
in full view
■able to be seen by other people 能被清楚看到
• Andy and Vicki had a furious row outside their house, in full view of the neighbours. 安迪和薇姬在他们的房子前吵得很凶，全都被邻居们看见了。
[fʊl] adjective
GREATEST POSSIBLE 可能最大的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■the greatest possible; maximum 最大的；最大量的；最高级的
• James is very bright, but he doesn't make full use of his abilities. 詹姆斯非常聪明，但他并没有充分发挥自己的才能。
• Nobody got full marks (= all the answers right) in the spelling test. 在拼写测验中没人得满分。
• It doesn't seem likely that we will see a return to full employment (= that all the people in the country will have a job) in the near future. 近期内恢复全民就业似乎不太可能。
[fʊl] adjective
FOOD 食物
 IMPROVER (also full up)
■having eaten so much food that you cannot eat any more 吃饱的
• No more cake for me, thanks, I'm full. 我不要蛋糕了，谢谢，我已经吃饱了。
on a full stomach (also full up)
■having recently eaten 刚吃饱饭
• Never go swimming on a full stomach. 饭后不要立即去游泳。
[fʊl] adjective
LARGE 大的
■(of clothing) loose or containing a lot of material, or (of parts of the body) quite large and rounded （衣服）宽松的，宽大的；（身体部位）圆鼓鼓的，丰满的
• a full skirt 宽松的裙子
• Women often have full faces /become full in the face when they're pregnant. 女性怀孕时面庞通常会变得圆鼓鼓的。
• She has wonderful full lips. 她的嘴唇丰满性感。
■used to avoid saying 'fat' （fat 的婉转说法）丰满的
• They advertise clothes 'for the fuller figure '. 他们做广告说衣服“适合丰满体型”。
[fʊl] adjective
STRONG 强的
■(of a flavour, sound, smell, etc.) strong or deep （味道、气味）浓厚的，强烈的；（声音）圆浑的
• This wine has a full fruity flavour. 这种葡萄酒有浓郁的水果香味。
• A cello has a fuller sound than a violin. 大提琴的声音比小提琴的要圆浑。
[fʊl] adjective
(at) full blast
■as loud as possible 最响亮地；以最大声音
• He had the television on at full blast. 他把电视的音量开到了最大。
[fʊl] adjective
(at) full speed/tilt/pelt
■as fast as possible 以最高速度；全速
• He was driving at full speed down the motorway when it happened. 当时他正在高速公路上全速疾驰。
[fʊl] adjective
(at) full stretch UK
■when you are working as hard as possible and could not manage to do any more 全力以赴地
• The emergency services are working at full stretch today to cope with the accident. 紧急救护队今天全力以赴地处理这场事故。
[fʊl] adjective
be full of beans informal
■to have a lot of energy and enthusiasm 精力充沛；活力十足
• I've never known anyone be so full of beans before breakfast. 我从没见过还未吃早餐就如此生龙活虎的人。
[fʊl] adjective
be full of the joys of spring humorous
■to be very happy 非常高兴，飘飘然
• He bounced into the office, full of the joys of spring. 他兴高采烈地蹦跳着进了办公室。
[fʊl] adjective
be in full cry
■to criticize someone or something in a noisy and eager way 大吵大嚷地批评
• The opposition was in full cry over the changes to the education bill. 反对党在大吵大嚷地批评对教育法案的修改。
[fʊl] adjective
come / go / turn full circle
■If something or someone has come full circle after changing a lot, they are now the same as they were in the beginning 兜个大圈又回到原样
• Things have come full circle now that long skirts are back in fashion. 流行趋势变来变去现在又变回原样，长裙又流行起来了。
[fʊl] adjective
full marks to sb
■something you say to praise someone for something clever or good that they have said or done （某人）应受表扬
• Full marks to Jo for spotting the error in time. 乔应受到表扬，因为他及时发现了错误。
[fʊl] adjective
full steam ahead
■with all your energy and enthusiasm 全力以赴
• Now that problem is out of the way, it's full steam ahead to get the job finished. 既然已经没有了困难，那就全力以赴把工作完成吧。
[fʊl] adverb
COMPLETE 完全的
know full well
■to understand a situation completely 完全了解情况
• You know full well that you're not supposed to go there without asking me! 你非常清楚未经我同意你不能去那里！
[fʊl] adverb
STRAIGHT 直接
■straight; directly 直接，径直
• He was kicked full in the stomach. 他被一脚踢中小腹。
• The intruders turned and ran as the police shone their torches full on them. 当员警拿手电筒直接照在那些闯入者身上时，他们转身就跑了。
[fʊl] noun
to the full
■as much or as well as possible 最大量；尽可能
• She certainly lives life to the full. 她的确是尽可能地享受生活。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 完全的，完整的；满的，充满的；丰富的；完美的；丰满的；详尽的
 - complete, filled, abundant, whole, absolute
adv. 十分，非常；完全地；整整
 - extremely, badly, totally, entirely, highly, completely, absolutely
n. 全部；完整
 - integrity, entirety

Word: target
Front: target
[ˈtɑ:gɪt] (高研四六托雅 1281/1095 -K4)
Vocabulary: target
(once / 199 pages)
nv
A target is something to shoot at, either real or figurative. If you're an archer, you're aiming for the bull's-eye on the target. If you're selling cars for a living, then you likely have a sales target you need to hit.
You can hit a target, which is usually a good thing, or, less happily, you can be a target, such as a target of ridicule when you wear that goofy Swiss cheese hat and you aren't even from Wisconsin. As a marketing ploy, you could target Green Bay Packer season ticket holders when you decide to unload that hat. You might find a buyer among them, someone who wouldn't worry about being a target for those who object to silly hats.
WORD FAMILY
target: targeted, targeting, targets
USAGE EXAMPLES
One of the most immediate targets is Obama’s health care law.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
For people targeted by Internet “trolls,” the absence of a clear solution is often the most frustrating part.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （服务的）对象; 目标; （射击的）靶子; 目的
vt. 瞄准; 把…作为攻击目标
时态：targeted, targeting, targets
分布：目标(77%)，靶(12%)，瞄准(5%)，对象(5%)，把 ... 作为目标(1%)
→来自古法语 targe,圆盾，小盾，来自 Proto-Germanic*targo,边缘，端点，来自 dargh,围起 来的一块，围栏。后引申记号义靶子，目标，对象。
n.目标,对象,靶子I bet that he forgot the forged alphabetical targets.我打赌他忘记了按字母顺序排列的锻造靶子.
US ['tɑ:r-] noun
OBJECT SHOT AT 靶
 IMPROVER countable
■an object shot at during shooting practice, often a circle with a pattern of rings, or any object or place at which bullets, bombs, etc. are aimed 靶，靶子；（攻击、轰炸等的）目标
• I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target. 我开了四枪，可连靶子都没打到。
• Any major airport or station is potentially a terrorist target. 所有大机场和火车站都可能是恐怖分子的目标。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
PERSON/GROUP 人／组
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a person or a particular group of people who something is directed at, or who something is intended for （有意针对的）对象，目标
• The target audience for the TV series are young people aged 13 to 18. 这部电视连续剧的观众对像是13岁至18岁的年轻人。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■one or more people who are criticized or laughed at, or who experience unpleasant treatment from others （批评、嘲笑等的）对象
• Recently she has been the target of a series of obscene phone calls. 最近她受到接连不断的下流电话骚扰。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
AIM 目标
 IMPROVER countable
■a level or situation which you intend to achieve （想要实现的）目标
• The government's target of 3.5% annual growth seems easily attainable. 政府制定的3.5%的年增长目标似乎很容易实现。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] noun
on target
■If you are on target with a piece of work, you are making good progress and likely to achieve what you planned. 进展顺利的，成功在望的
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] verb transitive
DIRECT 直接
 IMPROVER
■to direct advertising, criticism or a product at someone （广告、批评或产品）以…为目标（或对象）
• The paper is targeted specifically at young people. 这份报纸是专门面向年轻人的。
UK ['tɑ:.gɪt] US ['tɑ:r-] verb transitive
ATTACK 攻击
■to aim an attack, or a bullet, bomb, etc., at a particular object, place or person 把…作为瞄准的目标
• It is hoped that civilians will not be targeted during the war. 希望平民在战争中不会成为攻击的目标。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
n. 目标；靶子
 - goal, object, end, cause, aim

Word: push
Front: push
[pʊʃ] (中高 695/926 -K4)
Vocabulary: push
(once / 65 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5n
When you push, you use force to make something move, usually by giving it a shove. You might push a cafe door open or push someone around to get your way. Bully!
There's a physical way to push, and then there's a figurative way, when you make an extra effort: "If I push myself, I can finish this marathon." You can push other people too: "My parents push me to get good grades." The act of pushing is also a push: "Will you give me a push on the tire swing?" If you push someone around, you intimidate or control them.
WORD FAMILY
push: pushed, pusher, pushes, pushful, pushing, pushy +/pusher: pushers/pushing: pushings/ pushy: pushiest, pushily, pushiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The start of the penalty phase, originally set for Tuesday, was pushed back a day.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 推，推动
vt. 推动，增加; 对…施加压力，逼迫; 按; 说服
n. 推，决心; 大规模攻势; 矢志的追求
vi. 推进; 增加; 努力争取
时态：pushed, pushing, pushes
分布：推(80%)，按(12%)，挤(4%)，逼迫(1%)，奋力(1%)，决心(1%)，催促(1%)
→来自古法语poulser,推动，推进，来自拉丁语pulsare,击，打，推进，词源同pulse,propel.字母l脱落。
v.推;催逼,逼迫n.推,推力;促进,推进I pushed aside the crushed cushion in a rush and saw a bushy brush.我急忙推开压皱的软垫子,看见一把浓密的刷子.
verb
USE PRESSURE 施压
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to use physical pressure or force, especially with your hands, in order to move something into a different position, usually one that is further away from you 推，推动
• Can you help me move this table? You push and I'll pull. 你能帮我挪一下这张桌子吗？你推我拉。
• The window sticks - you have to push hard to open it. 这扇窗户卡住了，开的时候得用力推。
• He helped me push my car off the road. 他帮我把车推离了公路。
• He pushed his plate away from him, refusing to eat any more. 他把盘子从面前推开，不想再吃了。
• She pushed her hair out of her eyes. 她把头发从眼睛上撩开。
• I tried to push the door open but it was stuck. 我想把门推开，但门卡住了。
• It isn't clear whether he fell off the balcony, or was pushed. 他是跌下阳台还是被推下去的，这一点还不清楚。
• To turn the television on, you just push (= press) this button. 要打开电视机，你只要按一下这个按钮就行了。
• He pushed the money into my hand (= forcefully gave me the money). "Please take it," he said. 他把钱硬塞在我手里。“请收下，”他说。
• We pushed the boat off from (= moved the boat forward by using pressure against) the river bank. 我们把船撑离河岸。
[pʊʃ] verb
MOVE WITH FORCE 推挤
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move forcefully, especially in order to cause someone or something that is in your way to move, so that you can go through or past them 挤，推挤
• Stop pushing - wait your turn. 别挤了，等下就轮到你。
• She pushed through the crowd. 她从人群中挤了过去。
• I'm sorry - I didn't mean to push in front of you. 对不起，我不是有意挤在你前面。
• The minister pushed past the waiting journalists, refusing to speak to them. 部长挤过等候的记者，拒绝与他们对话。
• In the final lap of the race, he managed to push (= move strongly) ahead. 在赛跑的最后一圈他奋力冲到了前面。
• Weeds push (= grow strongly) up through the cracks in the concrete. 野草从混凝土的裂缝中钻了出来。
• They pushed (= forcefully made) their way to the front of the queue. 他们挤到了队伍的前面。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■When an army pushes in a particular direction, it moves forward there 野草从混凝土的裂缝中钻了出来。
• The invading troops have pushed further into the north of the country. 入侵敌军已深入到了该国北部。
[pʊʃ] verb
PERSUADE WITH FORCE 强有力地说服
 ADVANCED transitive
■to forcefully persuade or direct someone to do or achieve something 逼迫；催逼；促使
• Her parents pushed her into marrying him. 她父母硬逼她嫁给他。
• The school manages to push most of its students through their exams. 该校设法使大多数学生通过考试。
• If we want an answer from them by Friday, I think we're going to have to push them for it. 如果我们想在周五之前得到他们的答覆，就得催催他们。
• [+ to infinitive] We had to push them to accept our terms, but they finally agreed to the deal. 我们不得不逼迫他们接受我们的条件，不过他们最终还是接受了这项协议。
• [R] You'll never be successful if you don't push yourself (= work) harder. 如果不再努力一些，你就永远不会成功。
[pʊʃ] verb
ADVERTISE 做广告
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to advertise something repeatedly in order to increase its sales 推销（商品）
• They're really pushing their new car. 他们正全力推销他们的新车。
[pʊʃ] verb
SELL DRUGS 出售毒品
transitive informal
■to sell illegal drugs 贩毒
• He was arrested for pushing drugs to schoolchildren. 他因向中小学生贩毒而被捕。
[pʊʃ] verb
be pushing up (the) daisies humorous
■to be dead 死，入土，一命呜呼
• I'll be pushing up the daisies long before it happens. 没等这件事发生我早就一命呜呼了。
[pʊʃ] verb
push your luck (also push it)
■to try too hard to get a particular result and risk losing what you have achieved 愚蠢冒险；得寸进尺
• She's agreed to look after her on Saturday, but I think I'd be pushing my luck if I asked her to have charge of her the whole weekend. 她同意周六去照顾她，不过我想我要是让她整个周末都照顾她的话就是得寸进尺了。
[pʊʃ] verb
push the boat out UK informal
■to spend a lot of money on celebrating something （为庆祝某事而）花费一大笔钱
• They really pushed the boat out for Annie's wedding. 他们为了安妮的婚礼确实花了一大笔钱。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push sb about/around informal disapproving
■to tell someone what to do in a rude or threatening way 对（某人）粗暴地发号施令，摆布（某人）
• If you think you can push me around like that, you're mistaken. 如果你认为你能那样对我发号施令，那么你错了。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push ahead
■to continue with an activity in a determined or enthusiastic way, especially when it is difficult or makes you feel tired （坚定地）继续进行，大力推进
• They have decided to push ahead with the legal action. 他们决定继续采取法律行动。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push along old-fashioned informal
■to leave 离开
• Anyway, I'd better be pushing along now. 无论如何，我现在最好走人。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth aside
■to decide to forget about or ignore something or someone 忘记；把…搁置一边，不理会
• He claimed that he had been pushed aside (= not given a job) in favour of a younger person. 他说他被挤掉了，他们把工作给了一个更年轻的人。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push for sth
■to demand something repeatedly, or to take strong action to try to make it happen 反覆呼吁；努力争取
• Local residents are pushing for the road to be made safer. 当地居民反覆要求把那条路修得安全些。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push (sth) forward
■to continue doing something or making progress in something, with effort or enthusiasm 推进，推行
• Their research has pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge. 他们的研究把知识新领域的发展往前更推进了一步。
• An additional grant has enabled the team to push forward with research plans. 额外的经费使该小组得以继续进行其研究计划。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push yourself forward
■to try to make other people notice and pay attention to you 突出自己，出风头
• She always seemed to be pushing herself forward and not giving anyone else a chance. 她似乎总是突出自己，不让别人有机会。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push in
■to rudely join a line of people who are waiting for something, by moving in front of some of the people who are already there 插队，挤到等候的队伍前面
• I was waiting in the bus queue when two men pushed in in front of me. 我正排队等公共汽车，这时有两个男子插到了我前面。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push off
GO slang
■used to rudely tell someone to go away 滚开，走开
• He told me to push off. 他叫我滚开。
IN WATER
■to push against the side of a pool, lake or river in order to move your body or a boat away from the side 离岸；把船撑离（岸）
• He pushed off from the side of the pool and swam slowly to the other side. 他从游泳池的一边出发，慢慢游到了对面。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push on
■to continue doing something, especially when this is difficult （尤指在很困难的情况下）坚持做，将…进行下去
• They are pushing on with their campaign for improved childcare facilities. 他们仍在努力争取改善育儿设施。
■to continue travelling somewhere 继续旅行（或前进）
• "You've been driving for a long time - do you want to stop for a rest?" "No, we're nearly there - let's push on." “你开了很长时间车了——要停下来休息一下吗？”“不用，我们快到了——继续前进吧。”
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sb out
■to make someone leave a job or stop being involved in an activity by being unpleasant or unfair to them 把（某人）排挤走
• I felt I was being pushed out of the job. 我觉得我正在被排挤出这个工作岗位。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sb/sth over
■to push someone or something so that they fall to the ground 将…推倒
• Daddy, Matthew pushed me over. 爸爸，马修把我推到了。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth through
■to cause a plan or suggestion to be officially accepted or put into use 使（计划或建议）获得通过
• We are trying to push this deal through as quickly as possible. 我们想尽快促成这笔交易。
• The president is trying to push through various tax reforms. 总统正努力推行各种税务改革。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  push (sb) towards sth
■to try to do or achieve something, or to make someone more likely to do or achieve something （使）实现（或获得）
• It is hoped that these measures will push the nation towards recovery. 人们希望这些措施能使国家经济得到复苏。
• [+ -ing verb] New employment laws are expected to push more women towards voting Labour. 新的就业法预计将使更多的女性投票给工党。
[pʊʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] push sth up/down
■to cause the amount, number or value of something to increase or be reduced 使增加／减少 push 1 1. Rising demand tends to push prices up, and falling demand pushes them down.
需求增加往往促使价格上涨，而需求减少促使价格下跌。
• The rise in interest rates has pushed up the value of my investments. 利率上涨使我的投资升值。
[pʊʃ] noun
PRESSURE 推
 IMPROVER countable
■when you move someone or something by pressing them with your hands or body 推，推动
• Get on the swing and I'll give you a push. 坐到秋千上去，我推你一把。
• I gave the door a hard push, but it still wouldn't open. 我使劲推了一下门，但还是打不开。
• I can order all these goods at the push of a button (= by pushing a button). 我按一下按钮就能订购所有这些货物。
[pʊʃ] noun
STRONG MOVEMENT 使劲的动作
countable
■a stong movement towards a place 猛推
• The army is continuing its push (= advance) towards the capital. 军队正继续朝首都挺进。
[pʊʃ] noun
ATTEMPT 尝试
countable
■a determined attempt to get an advantage over other companies in business （生意上为赢得优势而进行的）努力，攻势
• The company plans to make a big push into the European market next spring. 该公司打算明年春天向欧洲市场大举推进。
• [+ to infinitive] The hotel is making a major push to attract customers. 这家旅馆正在大搞活动以吸引顾客。
[pʊʃ] noun
ADVERTISING 宣传
only singular
■a lot of advertising 宣传；推销
• This film is unlikely to attract large audiences unless it gets /it is given a big push in the media. 除非在媒体中大作宣传，否则这部电影不大可能吸引大批观众。
[pʊʃ] noun
at a push UK
■If you can do something at a push, you can do it but it will be difficult 困难地
• At a push I could be there by eight o'clock. 我勉强能在八点之前赶到。
[pʊʃ] noun
get the push UK informal
■to be told to leave your job 被解雇，被开除
• Rick got the push a few weeks ago. 瑞克在几周前被开除了。
■to be told by someone that your relationship with them has ended 被抛弃（或甩掉）
• She got the push from Martin last night. 昨晚她被马丁甩了。
[pʊʃ] noun
give sb the push UK informal
■to tell someone to leave their job 解雇（某人）
• I heard he'd been given the push. 我听说他被解雇了。
■to end a relationship with someone 断交；分手
• Oh, give him the push - he's a loser. 唉，别跟他交往了，他是个失败者。
[pʊʃ] noun
if/when push comes to shove
■If something can be done if push comes to shove, it can be done if the situation becomes so bad that you have to do it 一旦情况紧急，不得已时
• If push comes to shove, we can always sell the car. 实在不行我们还可以把车卖了。
further, promote, contribute, push, advance
这组词都有“促进，推进”的意思，其区别是：
further: 中性词，既可指对好事的促进、推进，又可指对坏事的助长。
promote: 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。
contribute: 指能促进事物向前发展的因素，但这种因素并非决定性的。
push: 口语用词，通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。
advance: 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进，强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。
thrust, propel, shove, push
这组词都有“推、推动”的意思，其区别是：
thrust: 常指迅猛地一推或突然有力地推进，侧重速度。
propel: 侧重指靠外力把人或物稳定、持续地向前推进。
shove: 一般指猛或费力地推开或移动人或物。
push: 普通用词，指用突然的力量把人或物推向前进、推开或推到另一位置上。
vt. 推动；增加；推行；逼迫
 - enhance, drive, boost, press, force
vi. 推；推进；增加；伸展；努力争取
 - spread, improve, accelerate, extend, gain
n. 推；决心；奋力；攻击；干劲；进取心
 - determination, decision, resolution, enterprise, attempt

Word: black
Front: black
[blæk] (中高雅 253/426 -K5)
Vocabulary: black
(once / 31 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adj
We all know what black looks like, but technically it's defined by the absence of light. Total darkness. It can also mean an angry feeling or something wicked or hopeless. For example, “The traffic put me in a black mood.”
Black is most commonly used as an adjective, but you can also use it as a noun, like when you say, "The actors wore black." Synonyms when used to describe color include inky, raven, and sable. Synonyms when it means "hopeless" include dispiriting, lugubrious, and threatening.
WORD FAMILY
black: antiblack, blacked, blacker, blackest, blacking, blackish, blackly, blackness, blacks+/blacking: blackings/blackness: blacknesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dahlin’s first project was a report denouncing the existence of an illegal nationwide network of secret detention facilities called “black jails”.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Roof believed segregation needed to return to keep white people from falling to the level of blacks.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A song that speaks to all the disregarded and downtrodden black people in the United States.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 黑（色）的; 黑色人种的; 黑暗的; 不加牛奶的
n. 黑色; 黑人; 黑颜料; 黑暗
v. 使变黑; 抵制; 拒绝; 使变黑暗
时态：blacked, blacking, blacks
分布：黑色(62%)，黑人(20%)，黑的(8%)，邪恶的(3%)，抵制(2%)，很脏的(2%)，不加牛奶的(1%)，黑色幽默的(1%)，机密的(1%)
→来自PIE * bhel, 燃烧，发光。词源同blank, blue. 在古英语里black是一个词义不明确的词，既指黑的，也指白的，或其它颜色。
a.黑(色)的;黑暗的n.黑(色);黑暗;黑人The progressive congressman dressed in black stressed his distress.穿着黑色衣服的进步国会议员强调了他的不幸.
adjective
COLOUR 颜色
 ESSENTIAL
■being the darkest colour there is, like the colour of coal or of a very dark night 黑色的；黑的
• black shoes 黑色的鞋子
[blæk] adjective
PEOPLE 人
 ESSENTIAL
■relating or belonging to people with black or dark brown skin, especially people who live in Africa or whose family originally came from Africa 黑种人的；黑人的
• black culture 黑人文化
• black Americans 美国黑人
[blæk] adjective
BAD 坏的
■without hope 无希望的
• The future looked black. 未来希望渺茫。
■literary
■bad or evil 坏的，邪恶的
• a black-hearted villain 一个黑心肠的恶棍
[blæk] adjective
not be as black as you are painted
■not to be as bad as people say you are 不像传说中那么坏
[blæk] adjective
paint a black picture of sth/sb
■to describe a situation or person as extremely bad 把（形势）描绘得很严峻；把（某人）说得很坏
[blæk] noun
COLOUR 颜色
uncountable
■the colour of coal or of the sky on a very dark night 黑色的；黑的
• She often dresses in black (= in black clothes). 她经常穿黑色衣服。
black and white
■describes photography that has no colours except black, white and grey （照片）黑白的
• The old newsreels were filmed in black and white. 以前的新闻短片是用黑白底片拍制的。
• a black-and-white photo 黑白照片
[blæk] noun
PEOPLE 人
countable offensive
■a black person 黑人
[blæk] noun
be (down) in black and white
■to be written down 被写下来；白纸黑字
• I couldn't believe it was true, but there it was, in black and white. 我不相信那是真的，但情况就是这样，白纸黑字写得清清楚楚。
[blæk] noun
be in the black
■If a bank account is in the black, it contains some money, and if a person or business is in the black, they have money in the bank and are not in debt. （帐户上）有钱，有盈余 Compare be in the red at red
[blæk] noun
black and blue
■with dark marks on your skin caused by being hit or having an accident 瘀肿的，瘀血的
• His arm was black and blue. 他手臂青一块紫一块的。
[blæk] noun
black-and-white
■describes a subject or situation in which it is easy to understand what is right and wrong 黑白分明的，是非分明的
• Disarmament isn't a black-and-white issue for me. 我觉得裁军问题不是一个黑白分明的问题。
[blæk] noun
brown/green, etc. is the new black
■used to say that something is the most popular or fashionable colour or thing at the moment 棕色／绿色等是流行色
• Designers say that brown is the new black. 设计师说棕色是时下流行的颜色。
[blæk] noun
see things in black and white
■to have a simple view of what is right and wrong or good and bad 看问题黑白分明，观点绝对化
[blæk] verb transitive
MAKE DARK 变成黑色
■to put a black substance on something or to make something black 使…变成黑色
• The commandos blacked their faces. 突击队员把脸涂黑。
[blæk] verb transitive
AVOID 避免
■If a trade union blacks goods or people, it refuses to handle or work with them. （工会）对（货物或人）抵制；拒绝（与某人工作）
[blæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] black sth out
COVER
■to cover a face or a name so that it cannot be seen 遮盖；遮挡
• In the TV interview, they blacked out the victim's face. 在电视采访中，他们遮挡住了受害人的脸部。
NO LIGHT
■to make a place dark, especially by covering or switching off all the lights （尤指透过遮盖或关灯）使变暗
• The entire city was blacked out overnight. 全市通宵停电。
[blæk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  black out
■to become unconscious suddenly but for a short period 暂时失去知觉，昏厥
dim, dark, vague, grey, obscure, black, gloomy
这组词都有“完全地或不完全地缺少光亮”的意思，其区别是：
dim: 指光线不足或视力较差，不能清晰地看见物体。
dark: 最普通用词，指缺乏自然光线或人工照明，使某物漆黑无光或光线十分微弱。
vague: 通常作借喻用，形容抽象事物。
grey: 与dark意思相近，但侧重阴暗单调的意味。
obscure: 指因光线不充足而使物体灰暗不清，失去光泽或若隐若现。作借喻时指因复杂、深奥或含糊而难于理解。
black: 侧重颜色是黑色的，有时也指无光的黑暗。
gloomy: 指光线不足或部分光线受阻而出现的阴暗。
adj. 黑色的；黑人的；邪恶的
 - evil, ill, ugly
n. 黑色；黑人；黑颜料
 - Film-Noir, jigaboo
vt. 使变黑；把鞋油等涂在…上；把（眼眶）打成青肿
 - denigrate
vi. 变黑
 - grow dark

Word: candidate
Front: candidate
[ˈkændɪdət] (高研四六托雅宝 957/1227 -K4)
Vocabulary: candidate
(once / 132 pages)
n
A candidate is someone running for political office — or anyone being considered for a position or opportunity of some sort.
When you hear about candidates, it's usually in discussions of politics. People are always wondering, "Who will be the candidates in the next Presidential election?" Every President, and every office-holder, was once a candidate. When you're a candidate, you raise money, hold rallies, make campaign promises, and do everything you can to win. You can also say someone is a candidate for a job, prize, and other things. Someone could jokingly say, "He's a candidate to be my next husband."
WORD FAMILY
candidate: candidacy, candidates, noncandidate+/candidacy: candidacies/noncandidate: noncandidates
USAGE EXAMPLES
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
As candidate, Trump associated high-crime cities with their Democratic leaders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
State officials say it’s been hard to plan long term and recruit and train candidates in off-election years due to inconsistent funding from the DNC.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 候选人; 应试者; 申请人; 被认定适合者
分布：候选人(97%)，应试者(3%)
→来自词根cand, 照明，白色，词源同candle,蜡烛。因古罗马时期谋求官职者着白衣进行政治演说或游说而得名。
侯选人(candid+ate→白色的人→候选人)[cand=white,glow,表示"白,发光"]
候选人(cand白,古代候选人穿白袍)[-ate 1.表动词"做,造成"2.表形容词"具有…的"3.表名词"人或地位"]
n.候选人,候补者;报考者Having canceled X-ray scan, the cancerous candidate on the canvas ate the idle candles in the candy can.取消X线扫描后,帆布上的癌症候选人吃了糖果罐里的闲置蜡烛.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who is competing to get a job or elected position （职位）申请人，候选人
• There are three candidates standing in the election. 有三位候选人参加竞选。
■a person or thing considered likely to receive or experience something 可能有…结局者，被认定会经历…者
• The English Department is a likely candidate for staff cuts. 英语系很有可能要裁员。
■UK
■someone who is taking an examination 考生；应试者，投考者
• Candidates must write their names on the top page of the exam paper. 考生必须将自己的名字写在试卷首页。
n. 候选人，候补者；应试者
 - examinee

Word: science
Front: science
[ˈsaɪəns] (中高雅 889/794 -K4)
Vocabulary: science
(once / 48 pages)
n
Science is the field of study concerned with discovering and describing the world around us by observing and experimenting. Biology, chemistry, and physics are all branches of science.
Science is an "empirical" field, that is, it develops a body of knowledge by observing things and performing experiments. The meticulous process of gathering and analyzing data is called the "scientific method," and we sometimes use science to describe the knowledge we already have. Science is also what's involved in the performance of something complicated: "the science of making a perfect soufflé."
WORD FAMILY
science: sciences, scientist +/ scientist: scientists
USAGE EXAMPLES
One key question: Why is it called “science”?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But experts say it is the battle for dominance in innovation and science that is more likely to determine the economy of the future.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The weather reporters, he added, didn’t seem that interested in the finer points of the science.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 科学; 技术，知识; 学科; 理科
分布：科学(87%)，学科(5%)，自然科学(4%)，理科(3%)，专门技巧(1%)
→来自古法语 science,知识，学习，习得，来自拉丁语 scientia,知识，学识，专长，来自 scire, 知道，了解，字面意思即区分，鉴别，来自 skei,砍，切，劈，分开，词源同 shed,shin,scythe. 词义演变比较 intelligence,智能，智商，原义为选择和区分的能力。后词义专门化为科学。
科学;学问(sci+ence)[sci=know,表示"知道"]
n.科学;学科The efficient ancient scientist had conscience in science.那个能干的古代科学家在科学上有良知.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■(knowledge from) the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical world, especially by watching, measuring and doing experiments , and the development of theories to describe the results of these activities 科学；自然科学；科学知识
• pure/applied science 纯／应用科学
• recent developments in science and technology 科学技术的最新发展
• Space travel is one of the marvels/wonders of modern science. 太空漫游是现代科学的一大奇迹。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a particular subject that is studied using scientific methods 理科学科
• physical sciences 物理学
• Economics is not an exact science. 经济学并不是一门精密科学。
• advances in medical science 医学的发展
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the study of science 理科研究
• a science graduate/teacher 理科研究生／教师
• a science course/lesson 理科课程／课
n. 科学；技术；学科；理科
 - technology, mechanics, skill, knowledge, discipline

Word: kill
Front: kill
[kɪl] (中高研四 425/635 -K5)
Vocabulary: kill
(once / 29 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
To kill is to end the life of some living being or something else. So, you could kill a deer by shooting it with a hunting rifle or kill a bill by voting against it.
Hunters kill animals for their meat, and drivers sometimes kill an animal accidentally, or inadvertently kill a plant, simply by forgetting to water it. Certain inanimate things are also said to kill, like poison or disease or drunk driving. In each of these cases, death is caused and life is taken. You can also kill figuratively, as when a school board kills the foreign language program or a thunderstorm kills your hopes of a picnic.
WORD FAMILY
kill: killable, killed, killer, killing, kills+/killer: killers/killing: killingly, killings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Two other car bombs killed six people, the security official said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Citizens of more than a dozen countries, including Turkey, were killed in the carnage.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 杀死…
vt. 使停止[结束，失败]; 破坏，减弱，抵消; 使痛苦，使受折磨; 使笑得前仰后合，使笑死了
n. 杀死; 猎; 被捕杀的动物; 猎物
adj. 致命的
时态：killed, killing, kills
分布：杀(62%)，杀死(27%)，消磨(6%)，消灭(2%)，猎获物(1%)，使痛苦(1%)，终止(1%)
→可能来自古英语cwellan,杀死，词源同quell.
vt.杀死,消灭;破坏,毁灭;消磨(时间)The skilful miller killed millions of lions with his ski.技术娴熟的磨坊主用雪橇杀死了上百万头狮子.
verb
DEATH 死
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to cause someone or something to die 杀死；弄死；使致死
• Her parents were killed in a plane crash. 她的父母死于一次空难。
• Smoking can kill. 吸烟会危及生命。
• Food must be heated to a high temperature to kill harmful bacteria. 食物必须经高温加热以杀灭有害细菌。
[kɪl] verb
FINISH 终止
transitive
■to stop or destroy a relationship, activity or experience 终止；使停止；扼杀；破坏
• Lack of romance can kill a marriage. 缺少浪漫会毁掉婚姻。
• They've given her some tablets to kill the pain. 他们给她一些药片来止痛。
• Kill your speed. 停下来。
transitive (also kill off) mainly US informal
■to drink all of something 喝光
• We killed off two six-packs watching the game. 看比赛时，我们喝掉了两盒六瓶装啤酒。
[kɪl] verb
EFFORT 努力
transitive informal
■to cause someone a lot of effort or difficulty 使付出很多努力；给（某人）招来很多困难
• It wouldn't kill you to apologize. 道歉对你来说算不了甚么。
• He didn't exactly kill him self trying to get the work finished. 他并没有竭尽全力去完成工作。
[kɪl] verb
PAIN 疼痛
transitive informal
■to cause someone a lot of pain 使非常痛苦
• I must sit down, my feet are killing me! 我一定要坐下来，我的脚痛极了！
[kɪl] verb
ANGER 生气
transitive informal
■If you say that someone will kill you, you mean that they will be very angry with you （意指极为愤怒）非杀了（某人）不可
• My sister would kill me if she heard me say that. 要是我姐姐听见我那么说，非杀了我不可。
[kɪl] verb
ENTERTAIN 使娱乐
transitive mainly US informal
■to make someone laugh a lot 使某人捧腹大笑
• That comedian kills me. 那个喜剧演员真是把我笑翻了。
kill your self informal
■to laugh very much 笑得前仰后翻
• We were killing ourselves laughing. 我们快笑死了。
[kɪl] verb
kill sb with kindness
■to be too kind to someone, harming them because you are helping or giving them too much 宠坏（某人）
[kɪl] verb
kill the fatted calf
■to have a special celebration for someone who has been away for a long time 设宴欢迎（出行很久后返回的人）；接风洗尘
[kɪl] verb
kill the goose that lays the golden egg
■to destroy something that makes a lot of money for you 杀鸡取卵；竭泽而渔
[kɪl] verb
kill time/an hour, etc.
■to do something that keeps you busy while you are waiting for something else to happen 打发时间／消磨一个小时等
• The train was late, so I killed an hour or so window-shopping. 火车延迟了，我在商店里闲逛了大约一个小时来打发时间。
[kɪl] verb
kill two birds with one stone
■to succeed in achieving two things in a single action 一石二鸟，一举两得
• I killed two birds with one stone and picked the kids up on the way to the station. 我在去车站的途中顺便接了孩子，一举两得。
[kɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] kill sth off
■to destroy something completely, usually over a period of time 灭绝；杀光
• The use of pesticides is killing off birds, fish and wildlife. 杀虫剂的使用将灭绝鸟类、鱼类和野生动物。
• figurative Lack of funding is killing off small theatres. 资金短缺令小剧院纷纷倒闭。
[kɪl] noun countable usually singular
■an animal or bird which has been hunted and killed, or the action of killing 被捕杀的动物；猎物；杀死，捕杀
• The leopard seizes its kill and begins to eat. 豹子抓住猎物，便吃了起来。
• Like other birds of prey, it quickly moves in for the kill. 如同其他猛禽一样，它飞行迅速以捕食猎物。
[kɪl] noun countable usually singular
be in at the kill
■to be present at the end of an unpleasant process 亲见（糟糕的过程）结束，目睹事情失败
[kɪl] noun countable usually singular
kill or cure UK
■a way of solving a problem that will either fail completely or be very successful 不成功便是失败；成败在此一举；孤注一掷
• Having a baby can be kill or cure for a troubled marriage. 对于陷入感情困境的婚姻，生小孩可谓是孤注一掷。
[kɪl] noun countable usually singular
move/go in for the kill
■to prepare to defeat someone in an argument or competition when they are already in a weak position （在争论或比赛中）准备彻底击败（处于弱势的）对方
• He asked her a couple of difficult questions and then went in for the kill. 他问了她几个很难回答的问题，然后准备彻底把她驳倒。
massacre, execute, murder, slaughter, assassinate, kill
这组词都有“杀，杀死”的意思，其区别是：
massacre: 语气比slaughter强。指大屠杀，尤指屠杀失去了自卫能力的人。
execute: 指依法处死罪犯。
murder: 指谋杀或凶杀。
slaughter: 本义指大批宰杀动物，也指像屠宰牲畜一样一次杀死许多人。
assassinate: 通常指因政治原因用非法手段杀害政治领袖人物或短名人士。
kill: 普通用词，含义广泛，泛指以任何方式使人、动物或植物死亡。
vt. 杀死；扼杀；使终止；抵消
 - drop, offset
vi. 杀死
 - strike down, push about
n. 杀戮；屠杀
 - bloodshed
adj. 致命的；致死的
 - fatal, deadly, lethiferous

Word: seek
Front: seek
[si:k] (高研四六 668/591 -K5)
Vocabulary: seek
(once / 50 pages)
vn
If you seek an accordion player for your new polka band, it means you are looking for a band mate.
When you seek something, you try to find it. It's possible to seek fame, or snacks, or a college degree, or approval — as long as you're looking for it, or longing for it, you're seeking it. The origins of the word seek go back to the Latin word sagire, which means "to perceive keenly by scent." Imagine a dog tracking a rabbit, sniffing the ground and following its scent, and you'll know exactly what it means to seek something.
WORD FAMILY
seek: seeker, seeking, seeks+/seeker: seekers, self-seeker/seeking: seekings, self-seeking
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The amendment seeks to strengthen each of these needs while maintaining the basic core of OCE’s functions.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: vt. 寻找，探寻; 追求，谋求; 往或朝…而去; [废语]考察
vi. 查找，查寻; 找一找
时态：sought, seeking, seeks
分布：寻求(53%)，寻找(27%)，追求(12%)，试图(8%)
→来自古英语 secan,寻求，追寻，渴望，来自 Proto-Germanic*sokjan,寻求，来自 sag,寻求， 找出，词源同 sake,beseech.
v.(after,for)寻找,探索;试图,企图I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
[si:k] (sought, sought) formal
verb
SEARCH 搜寻
 IMPROVER transitive
■to try to find or get something, especially something which is not a physical object 寻找；寻求（尤指非物质的东西）
• "Are you actively seeking jobs?" she asked. “你在积极找工作吗？”她问。
• Hundreds of dissidents are seeking refuge/asylum in the US embassy. 数百异议分子到美国大使馆寻求庇护。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to ask for advice, help, approval, permission, etc. 请求；要求
• Legal advice should be sought before you take any further action. 在采取下一步行动之前，你应该咨询一下律师。
  Common Learner Errors  seekRemember: seek is not usually followed by a preposition. Don't say 'seek for something', say seek something :
✗ I went to the beach seeking for peace and fresh air. I went to the beach seeking peace and fresh air.
[si:k] (sought, sought) formal
verb
TRY 试图
 IMPROVER intransitive + to infinitive
■to try or attempt 试图；设法
• They sought to reassure the public. 他们试图消除大众的忧虑。
[si:k] (sought, sought) formal
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] seek sb/sth out
■to look for someone or something, especially for a long time until you find them （尤指费时地）找出，查出，寻找
• While he was at the library, Steve decided to seek out some information on accommodation in the area. 史蒂夫在图书馆的时候，决定查找一些有关该地区住宿的资讯。
explore, track, hunt, seek
这组词都有“搜索、寻找”的意思，其区别是：
explore: 一般指对未知事物或新生事物的探索、观察与研究。
track: 侧重按一定线索追查出结果。
hunt: 一般指寻找所需的物件，或对罪犯的搜寻，特指追猎。
seek: 语义庄重，语气强，使用广。多暗示做出很大努力去寻求某人或物。
search, comb, seek
这组词都有“寻找”的意思，其区别是：
search: 侧重努力和彻底搜寻某人或某地。
comb: 指像梳头一样进行搜寻，侧重费力和彻底搜查。
seek: 书面用词，使用广。指付出很大努力去寻找某人或某物。
vt. 寻求；寻找；探索；搜索
 - explore, try to find
vi. 寻找；探索；搜索
 - explore, cast about for

Word: rival
Front: rival
[ˈraɪvl] (研四六托雅宝 4346/3058 -K4)
Vocabulary: rival
(once / 108 pages)
nv
A rival is a competitor or contender that you want to defeat, whether in an actual competition or for another goal. It may be a tennis rival or a rival for your true love’s affections.
There are all types of rivals, but they tend to show up a lot in sports. For example, in college football, the Army and Navy have been rivals since their first meeting in 1890. Something that is able to rival something else is seen as comparable to it in quality, and something that is said to be “without rival” is unmatched, or better than everything else.
WORD FAMILY
rival: rivaled, rivaling, rivalled, rivalling, rivalrous, rivalry, rivals+/rivaled: unrivaled/rivalled: unrivalled/ rivalry: rivalries/unrivaled: unrivaledest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Deutsche Bank was the focus of that dream and along the way, he declined many offers to leave and join rival banks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He told the media and political rivals to "hold off partying", adding: "Nothing will happen, because there is nothing."
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
A prison chaplain said the riot began after a fight between rival gangs.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 对手; 竞争者
vt. 与…竞争; 比得上某人
vi. 竞争
adj. 竞争的
时态：rivalled, rivalling, rivals
分布：对手(55%)，竞争(36%)，竞争的(4%)，竞争者(4%)，同伴(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rivalis,邻居，对手，竞争者，来自 rivus,溪流，河谷，来自 reie,流动，流水， 奔跑，词源同 run,Rhine.
竞争者(riv=river河,由"河"引申为"流动,跑,一起跑→竞争)[-al 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人,物,状态"]
n.竞争者,对手v.竞争,对抗a.竞争的The rival's arrival gives him a forgivable chance.对手的到来给他一个可原谅的机会.
【记】源于：rive（v 撕开），互相rive衣服的人－对手
【反】unite（v 联合；团结）
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area 竞争对手；敌手
• He beat his closest/nearest rival by 20 marks. 他以领先20分的成绩打败了和他水准最接近的对手。
• The companies produce rival versions of the toy. 这些公司生产的玩具跟我们的产品争夺市场。
['raɪ.vəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
■to be as good, clever, beautiful, etc. as someone or something else 可与…相媲美，比得上
• No computer can rival a human brain for/in complexity. 没有任何电脑比得上人脑复杂。
• The beauty of the country is only rivalled by (= is equal to) the violence of its politics. 该国的美丽风光非同寻常，而其国内政治的残暴同样惊世骇俗。
rival, equal, match
这组词都有“相称，比得上，与……相比”的意思，其区别是：
rival: 指某人或某物在和对手竞争中，在能力、质量等方面都能与之相匹敌，都能比得上。
equal: 指在数量、价值或程度等方面已完全相等。
match: 指对手之间力量、强度、性能或利益等的较量或竞争。
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有“对手，敌手”之意。
opponent: 最常用词，通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的“对手”或“敌手”。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者，一般无感情色彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强，多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对，而且很危险，怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人，匹敌者。
contend, rival, contest, compete
这组词都有“竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contend: 指为战胜或击败对手进行不懈努力，强调拼搏。也可指口头上进行有对立情绪或严重分歧的争论。
rival: 指在两方或多方的竞争或比赛中，谁都想战胜或比得上对手。
contest: 指为争夺土地、阵地、权力或荣誉等而展开的竞争。
compete: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指体育活动等活动中争取优胜的相互竞争，也可指为了自己的利益与他人竞争。
n. 对手； [劳经] 竞争者
 - equal, comparative, opponent, match, adversary
vt. 与…竞争；比得上某人
 - match, compete against
vi. [劳经] 竞争
 - contest, cope, struggle to
adj. [劳经] 竞争的
 - competitive, vying

Word: decision
Front: decision
[dɪˈsɪʒn] (中高研四六雅 479/381 -K5)
Vocabulary: decision
(once / 75 pages)
n
To make a decision is to make up your mind about something. To act with decision is to proceed with determination, which might be a natural character trait.
Decision originally comes from the Latin decidere ("determine"). You make decisions every day: what to wear, what to eat, how to spend your money, who to vote for, what movie to go to. A court judge makes a decision in a trial (and actually "hands down" or "announces" that decision). If judges make the decision in a boxing match, the winner wins "by decision." More loosely, decision can also refer to the outcome of any game or contest.
WORD FAMILY
decision: decisions, indecision +/ decide: decided, decides, deciding, decision, decisive / decided: decidedly, undecided/ decisive: decisively, decisiveness, indecisive / indecision: indecisions/ indecisive: indecisively, indecisiveness/undecided: undecidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a business decision that ignores the culinary tradition of Roman cuisine,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ultimately, he resigned, which was the right decision.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 决定; 果断; 决议; （法院的）判决
vt. [口语][拳击]靠判定击败（对手）
分布：决定(92%)，判决(4%)，决心(4%)
→来自decide,决定。
决心,决议(decide的名词)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
n.决定,决心;决议;决策Have they reached a decision yet?他们是否已有所决定?
noun
CHOICE 选择
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a choice that you make about something after thinking about several possibilities 决定；决策；选择
• She has had to make some very difficult decisions. 她必须作出一些非常艰难的决定。
• The company will reach/come to/make a decision shortly. 公司很快便会作出决定。
• Let me have a/your decision (= Tell me what you have decided) by next week. 下周前告诉我你的决定。
• [+ to infinitive] It was his decision to leave. 是他决定要离开的。
• The decision about/on whether he is innocent or guilty rests with the jury. 要由陪审团来裁决他是否有罪。
• We need to take a lot of factors into account in our decision -making. 我们决策时要考虑很多因素。
• [+ that] I accepted his decision that he wished to die with dignity. 他希望死得有尊严，我同意他的选择。
[dɪ'sɪʒ.ən] noun
DECIDING QUICKLY 果断
uncountable approving
■the ability to decide quickly and without pausing because you are not certain 果断，干脆；决断（力）
• She acted with decision, closing the bank account and phoning the police. 她采取果断的行动，冻结了银行帐户，并打电话报警。
Opposite indecision
resolve, determination, resolution, decision
这组词都有“决定、决心”的意思，其区别是：
resolve: 语气较强，强调克服感情上的软弱，下决心干具体的一件事。
determination: 侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力。
resolution: 指自觉地正式表示的决心，含极强的主观能动意味。
decision: 既可指重大的或一般的决定或决心，又可指在多种情况下作出果断的抉择，毫不犹豫地采取行动。
n. 决定，决心；决议
 - determination, resolution, push, backbone

Word: border
Front: border
[ˈbɔ:də(r)] (高研四托雅 1344/1789 -K4)
Vocabulary: border
(once / 105 pages)
nv
When you cross a border from one country into another, you'll need to show your identification papers and maybe a visa to the border patrol officials.
A border separates one thing from another, most famously countries. Sometimes neighboring countries have border disputes, if they don't think the lines were drawn fairly or if they don't get along. Borders can also be less official. You might want to plant a border of cabbages along your front walk, or you could sew a border of sequins along the edge of your collar. But you'd have to go easy on the sequins, as too many would "border on the garish."
WORD FAMILY
border: bordered, borderer, bordering, borders+/bordered: unbordered/borderer: borderers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
To overcome those challenges, the new community plan focuses on the trolley line, particularly the Beyer Boulevard Station one stop north of the border.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
This year it plans to gradually remove price controls, starting in March with some border areas.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 边; 镶边; 包边; 边界
vt. & vi. 与…接界，在…的边上
vt. 沿…的边，环绕…，给…镶边
vi. 近似，毗邻
时态：bordered, bordering, borders
分布：边境(50%)，边界(37%)，边缘(7%)，近似(3%)，毗邻(2%)，加边于(1%)
→来自PIE *bherdh , 切，砍。指分开的。词源同board, break.
边境[bord=side(边)]
n.边界,国界;边(沿)v.交界,与...接壤;接近No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
US ['bɔ:r.dɚ] noun countable
DIVISION 分开
 ESSENTIAL
■the line that divides one country from another 国境；边界，边境
• Were you stopped at the border? 你在边界被拦住了吗？
• The train crosses the border between France and Spain. 火车穿过法国和西班牙之间的边界。
• The two countries have had frequent border disputes. 两国经常发生边界纠纷。
UK [bɔ:.dər] US ['bɔ:r.dɚ] noun countable
EDGE 边缘
■a strip that goes around or along the edge of something, often as decoration （装饰的）窄边
• The dress was white with a delicate lace border. 这条裙子是白色的，饰有精美的花边。
• a picture with a decorative/plain border 带有／没有装饰边的画
■a narrow strip of ground around a garden, which is usually planted with flowers （花园的）狭长花坛
• to weed/plant the borders 除去花园边缘的杂草／在花园边缘种上植物
UK [bɔ:.dər] US ['bɔ:r.dɚ] verb
FORM EDGE 环绕
transitive usually passive
■to form a line around the edge of something 围着，环绕；沿…的边缘
• The fields are bordered by tall trees. 田野四周都是高大的树木。
UK [bɔ:.dər] US ['bɔ:r.dɚ] verb
BE NEXT TO 毗邻
transitive
■to be next to and have a border with another country （与某国）接壤
• Swaziland borders South Africa and Mozambique. 史瓦济兰毗邻南非和莫三比克。
UK [bɔ:.dər] US ['bɔ:r.dɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  border on sth
■If behaviour, a quality or a feeling borders on something more extreme, it is almost that thing 接近于，近乎
• His suggestion borders on the ridiculous. 他的建议近乎荒谬。
• She possesses a self-confidence that borders on arrogance. 她的自信接近于自大。
verge, edge, brim, margin, border, fringe, rim
这组词都有“边，边缘”的意思，其区别是：
verge: 指明显地标志一个表在或一广阔空间的边界，或终端线，也指极狭窄的空间。常用作比喻。
edge: 普通用词，指较窄的边沿。
brim: 指深容器的内边或河、湖等水域的最高线。
margin: 指物体的空白边，一般较宽。
border: 侧重刚好在界线内的一部分表面上，指较宽的边缘，也可指边缘本身。
fringe: 指地毯的须边、围巾的花边、烫发的卷边或人群的边缘。
rim: 指圆形或有曲线的物体的边缘。
frontier, verge, border, boundary, rim
这组词都有“边界”的意思，其区别是：
frontier: n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域；也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
 • The American West was still a frontier a century ago.   一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
 • She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.   她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
verge: n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
 • on the verge of war   战争爆发之际
border: n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带；也可以指物体的边缘等。
 • We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.   我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
boundary: n.边界；界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
 • The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.   这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
rim: n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. 边境； [地理] 边界；国界
 - hil, frontier
vt. 接近；与…接壤；在…上镶边
 - go on for, come close to
vi. 接界；近似
 - aprx

Word: supply
Front: supply
[səˈplaɪ] (中高研四六雅 1494/1048 -K4)
Vocabulary: supply
(once / 48 pages)
vn
To supply the definition of a word is to provide that definition. That's supply used as a verb. If you're talking about the noun, however, then the supply is the thing itself.
People who think the world is coming to an end generally like to keep a supply of fresh water on hand. Though, if the world did come to an end, you wouldn't need to supply water to anyone, would you? That's a case of supplying a supply. If there is a big enough demand for ping-pong balls, a person could get rich, if they controlled the supply. Having to supply all those balls could be exhausting, though.
WORD FAMILY
supply: oversupply, supplied, supplier, supplies, supplying+/oversupply: oversupplied, oversupplies, oversupplying/supplier: suppliers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dak Prescott isn't a wheelbarrow full of rusty plumbing supplies.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“The demand is there, but not the supply,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 供给; 补充; 弥补（缺陷、损失等）; 向…提供（物资等）
n. 供给物; 储备物质; 粮食
vi. 暂代他人职务
时态：supplied, supplying, supplies
分布：供应(49%)，提供(42%)，补充(4%)，补给(4%)，贮备(1%)
→来自拉丁语 supplere,装满，来自 sub,在下，向上，plere,装填，词源同 fill,full,complement.引 申诸相关词义。
供应,补给(sup在下面+ply→重叠下去→供应[下去])[plic,pli,ply=fold,表示"重叠,折叠"]
v.(with,to)供给,供应,补足n.供应,供应量I'm liable to give reliable reply to the application for supply of apples.我有责任对申请供应苹果给予可靠答复.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long period of time 供应，提供，供给
• Electrical power is supplied by underground cables. 电力是由地下电缆输送的。
• Three people have been arrested for supplying arms to the terrorists. 有三个人因为向恐怖分子提供武器而被捕。
• The company has supplied the royal family (= provided them with something they need) for years. 该公司多年来一直为皇室供货。
• At the beginning of term, students are supplied with a list of books that they are expected to read. 在学期初，学生们拿到一份阅读书目清单。
[sə'plaɪ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an amount of something that is available for use 供应量，供给量
• Whenever she goes out with her baby, she always takes a large supply of baby food with her. 每次她带孩子出门，总会带上大量婴儿食品。
• In London, demand for cheap housing far outstrips supply (= what is provided). 在伦敦，廉价住宿远远供不应求。
supplies [plural]
■food or other things necessary for living 生活必需品，日用品
• The refugees are urgently in need of food and medical supplies. 难民急需食品和医疗用品。
■an amount of something available 供应量，供给量
• Extensive mining has reduced the supplies of coal in the area. 大量开采，已减少了该地区的煤炭供应量。
the gas/electricity, etc. supply
■the system used for supplying gas, electricity, etc. to people 煤气／电力等供应系统
• Someone has turned off the electricity supply. 有人切断了供电系统。
in short supply
■when there is little of something available 供应不足，短缺
• Strawberries are in short supply at the moment. 目前，草莓供应不足。
[sə'plaɪ] noun
supply and demand
■the idea that the price of goods and services depends on how much of something is being sold and how many people want to buy it 供应与需求，供求
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
n. 供给， [经] 补给；供应品
 - provision, furnishing
vt. [经] 供给，提供；补充
 - afford, tender, lend
vi. [经] 供给；替代
 - provide with, furnish with

Word: involve
Front: involve
[ɪnˈvɒlv] (研四六托雅 656/419 -K4)
Vocabulary: involve
(once / 80 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
To involve means to connect. When you get involved in the Spanish Club, you attend meetings and events. If doing math well is involved in understanding advanced chemistry, that means it's a necessary part of it.
When someone is very involved, it means they are engaged or connected to a lot of activities. When someone is self-involved, all they connect with is him or herself. If getting ice cream involves walking a mile to the ice cream shop, the exercise offsets the indulgence. When no exercise is involved, it's less healthy.
WORD FAMILY
involve: disinvolve, involution, involved, involvement, involves, involving+/disinvolve: disinvolved, disinvolving/involution: involutions/ involved: involvedly, self-involved, uninvolved / involvement: involvements, non-involvement
USAGE EXAMPLES
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Karen is hypercritical of the school’s teachers, the curriculum, the kids and the other parents, either because they’re absent or overly involved.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 包含; 使参与，牵涉; 围绕，缠绕; 使专心于
时态：involved, involving, involves
分布：包含(45%)，牵涉(26%)，使卷入(12%)，使陷入(10%)，使忙于(7%)
→in-,进入，使，-volve,卷入，词源同involve,evolve.
卷入,连累(in进入+volv+e→转进去→卷入)[vol,volv,volt=roll,turn,表示"卷,转"]
v.卷入,陷入,连累;包含,含有,涉及It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
【记】in进入，volve滚动，转动－卷入
【参】involved（adj 复杂的；纠缠不清的）
US [-'vɑ:lv] verb transitive not continuous
 ESSENTIAL
■to include someone or something in something, or to make them take part in or feel part of it 包括，包含；使参与，牵涉
• The second accident involved two cars and a lorry. 第二次意外涉及两辆小汽车和一辆大卡车。
• I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning. 我较喜欢能让学生主动参与学习的教学法。
• [+ -ing verb] The operation involves putting a small tube into your heart. 这项手术需要在你的心脏里放一根小管。
• Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes. 与使用生物战手段有关的研究将用来防御。
• She's been involved with animal rights for many years. 她多年来一直参与保护动物权益的活动。
• It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements. 不让孩子的父亲参与筹划会很困难。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
revolve, involve, evolve
revolve: v.旋转，转动。
 • The room began to revolve , then he fainted.   屋子开始旋转，然后他就昏倒了。
involve: v.需要，包含；使卷入，牵涉。
 • Getting a driver's licence involves learning how to drive, studying the rules of the road, and taking a test.   要得到驾驶执照需要学习开车，学习交通规则，还要经过考试。
evolve: v.发展，演变。
 • Agriculture evolved slowly over thousands of years.   几千年来，农业发展得很缓慢。
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
vt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于
 - contain, comprise

Word: sector
Front: sector
[ˈsektə(r)] (研六托雅 1974/909 -K4)
Vocabulary: sector
(once / 298 pages)
n
Sector sounds like section, doesn't it? That's a good way to remember that a sector is a specific part of society or the economy, made up of similar elements — like the health care sector or the education sector.
Our most common use of the word sector refers to a society’s divisions. For example, our economy is divided into the private sector (privately-owned interests) and the public sector (government). Other than that, the word also has many technical applications in math and science. From the Latin verb secare, "to cut," sector was applied long ago to math as a section of a circle, which carried through to military language as "a circle around a headquarters."
WORD FAMILY
sector: sectorial, sectors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Let me start with a much-maligned sector that is near and dear to my heart: the news media.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But even if the sector breaks sales records again, most analysts say that its run is all but done.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 部门; 领域; 防御地区; 扇形
分布：部门(73%)，部分(14%)，扇区(11%)，区域(1%)，使分成部分(1%)
→来自拉丁语 secare,切，分，来自 sek,切，砍，词源同 segment,bisect.-ct,过去分词格，-or, 名词后缀。引申词义部门，领域等。
n.部门,部分;防御地段,防区;扇形
US [-tɚ] noun countable
ECONOMIC AREA 经济领域
 IMPROVER
■one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided （一国经济活动的）部门，领域，行业
• In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money. 在金融领域，银行和保险公司都损失严重。
• The new government's policy is to transfer state industries from the public sector to the private sector. 新政府的政策是将国有工业私有化。
UK ['sek.tər] US [-tɚ] noun countable
CONTROLLED AREA 受控制区域
■an area of land or sea that has been divided from other areas and is controlled by a particular country （特定国家的）控制区
• What is the total oil output from the British sector of the North Sea? 北海英国产区的石油总产量是多少？
n. 部门；扇形，扇区；象限仪；函数尺
 - ministry, division, department

Word: death
Front: death
[deθ] (中高研四 417/414 -K4)
Vocabulary: death
(once / 36 pages)
n
Death is the end of life. Whether it’s only an instant or it takes years, death is always permanent, no matter what vampire movies try to tell you.
Death has many meanings and uses, but it always means the end of something. It can be a single moment like the death of a fish eaten by an alligator, a slow process like the death of cassette tapes as compact discs became popular, or an ongoing state like the death of an ancient language. Death isn’t always bad: the death of a human is depressing, but the death of a vegetable is dinner.
WORD FAMILY
death: deathless, deathlike, deathly, deaths+/deathless: deathlessly/ die: death, died, dies, dying / dying: dyingly, dyings, undying/undying: undyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Strawberry played despite learning of his maternal grandfather’s death earlier Monday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But even if Roof is sentenced to death, it's highly unlikely he'd be executed any time soon.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A post-mortem examination is to be held to investigate the unexplained death of a British woman in Australia, police say.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 死亡; （某种）死法，死亡方式; 病危; 死神
分布：死(69%)，死亡(28%)，毁灭(2%)，死因(1%)
→来自dead的名词形式。
n.死,死亡;灭亡,毁灭,死因Beneath (Underneath) the wreath the deaf man near death is out of breath.花环下面那个快要死的聋子喘不过气来.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the end of life 死，死亡
• The disease causes thousands of deaths a year. 这种疾病每年导致数千人死亡。
• Do you believe in life after death? 你相信死后还有来世吗？
• He never got over the death of his daughter. 他一直没有从女儿去世的阴影中走出来。
• death threats 死亡威胁
bored/frightened, etc. to death
 IMPROVER
■extremely bored, frightened, etc. 无聊／吓得要死的等
to death
■until you die 至死，直到死亡
• The animals burned to death in the barn. 那些牲口在牲口棚里被活活烧死了。
• He choked to death on a fish bone. 他被一根鱼骨鲠死了。
• The traitor was put to death (= killed as a punishment). 叛徒被处死了。
the death of sth
■the cause of the end of life, or the end or destruction of something …的死因；…的末路，…的毁灭
• The failure of the family business was the death of him. 家族企业的落败把他送上了末路。
• That child will be the death of me (= is always doing something which upsets me) ! 这孩子非把我烦死不可！
[deθ] noun countable or uncountable
be at death's door informal
■to be very ill 病入膏肓
[deθ] noun countable or uncountable
be in at the death UK
■to be present at the important time when something comes to an end 目睹了…的结束，目睹了…的终结
[deθ] noun countable or uncountable
catch your death of cold informal
■to catch a very bad cold (= illness) because you are not wearing warm or dry clothes, etc. （因穿着单薄等原因）患上重感冒
[deθ] noun countable or uncountable
look / feel like death warmed up UK (US look/feel like death warmed over) informal
■to look or feel very ill 看起来／感觉病得不轻
• He shouldn't be working when he's so ill - he looks like death warmed up! 他那么不舒服就不应该上班——看来他病得不轻！
n. 死； [医] 死亡；死神；毁灭
 - destruction, dying

Word: defence
Front: defence
[dɪˈfens] (高研四六雅 21674/788 -K4)
Vocabulary: defence
(once / 143 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
This word does NOT mean taking down a fence; it is the British spelling of "defense" — a word that means the act of protecting or defending. Wearing garlic around your neck might be your defence against vampires.
Defence can be verbal as well as physical. If you're in court charged with a crime, you (and your lawyer, if you have one) are called "the defence." If your only defence is that you were sleepwalking when you robbed a gas station, you might be going away for awhile. If you play defence in a team sport, your main job is to keep the other team from scoring (so stay wide awake).
WORD FAMILY
defence: defenceless, defences, self-defence+/defenceless: defencelessly, defencelessness/ defend: defence, defendable, defendant, defended, defender, defending, defends, defensible, defensive /defendable: undefendable/ defendant: co-defendant, defendants/defender: defenders/ defensible: defensibility, defensibly, indefensible / defensive: defensively, defensiveness, defensives/ indefensible: indefensibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
I've never before seen a Stoke defence bulldozed down like that on a set play.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Anna Soubry, previously minister of state for defence, is the new Minister of State for Small Business in the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
Jonice's defence was to say that it was just what everyone in Brazil did.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 辩护; 防御; 防御工事; 后卫
分布：防御(70%)，防务(18%)，答辩(12%)
n.(defense)防御,保卫;防务工事;辩护He said that he killed the man in self defence.他说是因自卫而杀死那个人的.
UK (ALSO US defense) [dɪ'fents] noun
PROTECTION 保护
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a) protection or support against attack, criticism or infection 保护，防护；防御；辩护
• The rebels' only form of defence against the soldiers' guns was sticks and stones. 叛乱者只能用木棍和石块来抵御士兵们的枪弹。
• The war has ended but government spending on defence (= the country's armed forces) is still increasing. 战争结束了，但政府用于国防支出却还在增加。
• When Helen criticized me, Chris came/rushed to my defence (= quickly supported me). 海伦批评我的时候，克里斯赶忙为我辩护。
• The book is a closely argued defence of (= something that supports) the economic theory of Keynes. 那本书透过严密的论证为凯恩斯的经济理论进行辩护。
• The towers were once an important part of the city's defences. 那些高塔曾经是该市防御体系中重要的组成部分。
• A good diet helps build the body's natural defences. 良好的饮食习惯有助增强身体的自然抵抗能力。
⇒ See also self-defence
UK (ALSO US defense) [dɪ'fents] noun
EXPLANATION 辩解
[S or U]
■(an) argument or explanation which you use to prove that you are not guilty of something 辩护，辩解；辩词
• The judge remarked that ignorance was not a valid defence. 法官说无知不能成为有效的辩护理由。
• All I can say, in defence of my actions, is that I had little choice. 我只能以别无选择来为自己的行为辩解。
■the things said in court to prove that a person did not commit a crime （法庭）辩护；辩词，答辩
• She said that she didn't want a lawyer and was going to conduct her own defence. 她说她不需要律师，她要自己辩护。
the defence legal
■the person or people in a law case who have been accused of doing something illegal, and their lawyer(s) 辩方；辩方律师
• a witness for the defence 辩方证人
• a defence lawyer 辩方律师
UK (ALSO US defense) [dɪ'fents] noun
SPORT 体育
[S or U]
■in some sports, the part of a team which tries to prevent the other team from scoring goals or points （某些体育比赛中参赛队的）防线，后卫线
• a strong defence 强而有力的防线
• I play in / US on defence. 我是防守队员。
UK (ALSO US defense) [dɪ'fents] noun
CHESS 国际象棋
countable or uncountable
■in the game of chess , a particular set of moves used by the person playing with the black pieces 国际象棋的防御（黑棋的某种特定走法）
• What defence did you use in that last game? 上局中你用了甚么防御法？
n. [军] 防御；防卫；答辩；防卫设备
 - protection, reply, answer

Word: advertise
Front: advertise
[ˈædvətaɪz] (高研四六雅宝 5124/4085 -K3)
Vocabulary: advertise
(once / 121 pages)
v
The verb advertise means to publicize a service or product in order to try to get you to buy or use it. If you see people eating delicious-looking chocolate in a television commercial, for example, you'll probably want to buy it.
You don't have to use television, radio, or print media to advertise something — or even try to sell it at all. In fact, the word advertise can also simply mean to call attention to something. Your neighbors might advertise their lottery win by parking flashy cars in the driveway and having an endless supply of packages delivered to their house.
WORD FAMILY
advertise: advertised, advertisement, advertiser, advertises, advertising +/advertised: advertisedly/ advertisement: advertisements/advertiser: advertisers/ advertising: advertisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
After graduating from Stanford, in 1950, Joyce won a contest to work in the advertising department at Mademoiselle magazine, in New York.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Kellogg’s stopped advertising on Breitbart after being spotlighted by Sleeping Giants, a social-media campaign that is pushing brands to cut their ties to the site.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 做广告，做宣传; 通告，通知; 宣扬
vi. 登广告，做广告; 做宣传
时态：advertised, advertising, advertises
分布：宣传(62%)，登广告(33%)，告知(5%)
→前缀ad-, 去，往。词根vert, 转。吸引人们注意力的，广告。
做广告(at一再+vert+ise→转来转去做广告)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
做广告(advert注意到,ad+vert转+ise)[-ise 1.表动词后缀,和-ize相同,是-ize的变体,"…化"2.表名词"物品,状态"]
vt.公告,公布;为...做广告vi.登广告The company advertised for a secretary.公司登广告招聘秘书.
US [-vɚ-] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make something known generally or in public, especially in order to sell it （尤指为了推销某物）登广告，做广告，宣传；公布；征聘
• We advertised our car (= published a description of it together with the price we wanted for it) in the local newspaper. 我们在当地报纸上登了广告出售我们的轿车。
• He advertises his services on the company notice board. 他在公司的布告版上张贴广告来宣传其服务业务。
• I'm going to advertise for (= put a notice in the newspaper, local shop, etc., asking for) someone to clean my house. 我打算登广告雇个人来做家庭清洁。
• There's no harm in applying for other jobs, but if I were you, I wouldn't advertise the fact (= make it generally known) at work. 去应征其他的工作没有害处。但如果是我的话，我就不会在上班时张扬这件事。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 通知；为…做广告；使突出
 - message, instruct

Word: happen
Front: happen
[ˈhæpən] (中高研四 216/275 -K5)
Back: vi. 发生; 碰巧; 出现; 偶然遇到
时态：happened, happening, happens
分布：发生(83%)，出现(9%)，碰巧(7%)，偶遇(1%)
→hap,发生，运气，机会，词源同happy.即好运发生，后用于中性词即可指发生的好运也可指坏运。
发生(hap+pen表动词→机会来了→发生)[hap=chance,表示"机会,运气"]
v.(偶然)发生;碰巧,恰好No extraordinary disorder happens on the orderly border.在有序的边界上没有发生不寻常的混乱.
verb intransitive
HAVE EXISTENCE 存在
 ESSENTIAL
■(of a situation or an event) to have existence or come into existence 发生
• No one knows exactly what happened but several people have been hurt. 没人确实了解发生了甚么事，只知道有数人受伤。
• Anything could happen in the next half hour. 接下来的半小时内甚么事都可能会发生。
• A funny thing happened in the office today. 今天，办公室里发生了一件有趣的事。
• I don't like to think what might have happened if he'd been driving any faster. 我不愿意去想假如他再开快一点的话会怎么样。
happen to sb
 ESSENTIAL
■If something happens to someone or something, it has an effect on them and changes them in some way 发生在（某人）身上；作用于…
• I don't know what I'd do if anything happened to him (= if he was hurt, became ill, or died). 我不知道一旦他出了事我该怎么办。
• What happened to your jacket? There's a big rip in the sleeve. 你的夹克怎么了？袖子上裂了一条大痕。
• What's happened to my pen (= Where is it) ? I put it down there a few moments ago. 我的钢笔哪里去了？我刚刚把它放在那里。
['hæp.ən] verb intransitive
CHANCE 偶然
 IMPROVER
■to do or be by chance 偶然，碰巧
• [+ to infinitive] They happened to look (= looked by chance) in the right place almost immediately. 他们碰巧几乎一下就找对了地方。
• [+ (that)] Fortunately it happened (that) there was no one in the house at the time of the explosion. 幸运的是，爆炸发生时，屋子里没有人。
• [+ that] It just so happens that I have her phone number right here. 非常凑巧，我正好有她的电话号码。
• She happens to like cleaning (= She likes cleaning, although that is surprising). 她刚好就喜欢打扫清洁。
• I happen to think he's right (= I do think so, although you do not). 我真的认为他是对的。
• As it happened (= Although it was not planned) , I had a few minutes to spare. 我碰巧有几分钟空闲。
['hæp.ən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  happen along/by (somewhere) mainly US
■to go to a place by chance or without planning to 碰巧来到
• I'd have drowned if he hadn't happened along and pulled me out of the river. 要不是他碰巧走过，把我从河里拉上来，我可能已经溺死了。
['hæp.ən] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  happen on/upon sth/sb literary
■to find or meet something or someone by chance 偶然发现；偶然遇到
• Eventually they happened on a road leading across the desert. 最后，他们偶然找到了一条穿越沙漠的路。
['hæp.ən] verb intransitive
  Common Learner Errors  happenWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using happen in the past tense. In the past simple and past participle, don't write 'happenned' or 'happended', write happened. The -ing form is happening.
['hæp.ən] adverb Northern english
■possibly; I expect that 可能；我估计
• Happen it'll rain later on. 过一会儿可能会下雨。
take place, chance, happen, occur
这组词都有“发生”的意思，其区别是：
take place: 多指通过人为安排的发生。
chance: 侧重事前无安排或无准备而发生的事，特指巧合。
happen: 普通用词，泛指一切客观事物或情况的发生，强调动作的偶然性。
occur: 较正式用词，可指意外地发生，也可指意料中的发生。
vi. 发生；碰巧；偶然遇到
 - occur, proceed, chance

Word: drive
Front: drive
[draɪv] (中高 490/640 -K5)
Vocabulary: drive
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
To drive is to operate or travel in a motor vehicle. You can drive a car, a bus, or a go-kart.
Drive is one of those multi-functioning words with a lot of uses. In a very general sense it relates to pushing, or a push in a direction; drive and go go hand in hand. You could drive across country, drive cattle on a cattle drive, drive a golf ball by hitting it off a tee, drive prey into the open, clean your computer’s hard drive, or drive someone crazy. But do you really have the drive to do all that?
WORD FAMILY
drive: driven, driver, drives, driving, drove, overdrive, self-drive+/driver: drivers, nondriver/driving: drivingest, drivingly, drivings/drove: droves/nondriver: nondrivers/overdrive: overdriven, overdrives, overdriving, overdrove
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Franklin III replaced White in the second quarter and completed two of four passes on his first drive that ended with a field goal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Like driving a new car off a dealership forecourt, I just can’t bear to devalue them.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Though he averaged more than 300 yards off the tee, Walker ranked 183rd in driving accuracy, hitting 48 percent of his fairways.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 驾驶; 开车; 驱动; 迫使
n. 驱车旅行; 驱动力; 车道; 驱动器
时态：drove, driven, driving, drives
分布：开车(55%)，路(12%)，驾车(11%)，驱赶(7%)，驱使(7%)，迫使(4%)，街(2%)，推进力(1%)，快车道(1%)
→来自dhreibh, 推，词源同drift. 原义为从后面推，后用于驾驶汽车等。
v.开(车);驱;驱动,把(钉,桩)打入n.驾驶From the fact, the shivering driver derives that the diver may thrive on river.发抖的司机从这个事实得出结论说跳水员可以靠河流繁荣.
verb (drove, driven)
USE VEHICLE 使用车辆
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move or travel on land in a motor vehicle, especially as the person controlling the vehicle's movement 开（车），驾驶
• I'm learning to drive. 我在学开车。
• "Are you going by train?" "No, I'm driving." “你乘火车去吗？”“不，我开车去。”
• She drives a red sports car. 她开一辆红色跑车。
• They're driving to Scotland on Tuesday. 星期二他们要开车去苏格兰。
• We saw their car outside the house and drove on/past/away. 我们看见他们的车在房子外面，然后就开车往前走／过去／离开了。
• I drove my daughter to school. 我开车送女儿上学。
Compare ride
driving while intoxicated (abbreviation DWI) US legal
■the crime of operating a motor vehicle after having drunk more alcohol than you are legally allowed to 酒后驾驶（罪）
• Smith was arrested and charged with DWI. 史密斯已被捕并被指控酒后驾驶。
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
FORCE 驱使
 IMPROVER transitive
■to force someone or something to go somewhere or do something 驱赶，赶走；迫使，驱使
• They used dogs to drive the sheep into a pen. 他们用狗把羊赶进圈里。
• By the end of the year, most of the occupying troops had been driven from the city. 到年底时大部分占领军都被赶出了这个城市。
• For the second time in ten years, the government has driven the economy into deep and damaging recession. 这是政府在十年中第二次使经济陷入严重衰退。
• A post had been driven (= hit hard) into the ground near the tree. 一根柱子被砸进了那棵树旁边的地里。
• [+ to infinitive] In the end, it was his violent behaviour that drove her to leave home. 最终是他的暴力行为让她离开了家。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to force someone or something into a particular state, often an unpleasant one 强迫，迫使，逼迫
• In the course of history, love has driven men and women to strange extremes. 在历史的进程中，爱情曾经迫使男人和女人做出荒谬极端的事情。
drive sb mad/crazy, etc. informal
 IMPROVER
■to make someone extremely annoyed 使（某人）发疯／恼怒等
• My mother-in-law has been staying with us this past week and she's driving me crazy. 上周我婆婆一直和我们住在一起，她快把我给逼疯了。
• He leaves dirty clothes all over the floor and it's driving me mad. 地板上到处都是他扔的肮脏衣服，真要把我气疯了。
drive sb wild informal
■to make you very excited, especially sexually （尤指在性方面）使（某人）极其兴奋，使（某人）发狂
• When he runs his fingers through my hair, it drives me wild! 当他的手指掠过我的头发时，我兴奋极了！
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
PROVIDE POWER 提供动力
transitive
■to provide the power to keep a machine working, or to make something happen 驱动；推动
• The engine drives the wheels. 引擎驱动车轮。
• Water drives the turbines which produce electricity. 水驱动涡轮机发电。
transitive
■If you drive a ball, especially in golf, you hit it hard so that it travels a long way 猛抽，猛击（球等）
• Slater drove the ball down the fairway. 斯莱特沿着球道奋力击球。
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
be in the driving seat UK (US be in the driver's seat)
■to be in charge or in control of a situation 负责，处于控制（或管理）地位
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
drive your message / point home
■to state something in a very forceful and effective way 充分表达想法，透彻说明观点
• The speaker really drove his message home, repeating his main point several times. 演讲者数次重申他的主要观点，充分表达了自己的想法。
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
drive sb to drink humorous
■to make someone extremely worried or unhappy 使人焦虑，让人心烦
• These children will drive me to drink! 这些孩子快把我烦死了！
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
drive a coach and horses through sth UK
■to completely destroy a rule, an argument or a plan 驳倒（论据）；彻底挫败，破坏（规章或计划）
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
drive a hard bargain informal
■to expect a lot in exchange for what you pay or do 极力讨价还价
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
drive a wedge between sb
■to damage the good relationship that two people or groups of people have 损害…之间的关系
• It would be silly to let things which have happened in the past drive a wedge between us now. 让过去发生的事情损害我们之间现在的关系是很愚蠢的。
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
  Phrasal Verbs  drive at sth informal
be driving at sth
■If you ask someone what they are driving at, you ask them what they really mean 意思是，想说明
• I don't see what you're driving at. 我不明白你的意思。
[draɪv] verb (drove, driven)
  Phrasal Verbs  drive off
■to leave in a car 驱车离去，驶离
• I got in the car and drove off. 我上车后把车开走了。
[draɪv] noun
ROAD 路
countable (also driveway)
■a short private road which leads from a public road to a house （住宅通往大路的）私人车道
• I parked in the drive. 我把车停在私人车道上。
countable
■used in the names of some roads, especially roads containing houses （尤用于沿途有房屋的道路名称）路，大道
• 12 Cotswold Drive 科茨沃尔德路12号
[draɪv] noun
PLANNED EFFORT 有计划的努力
countable
■a planned effort to achieve something 有计划的努力；运动
• The latest promotional material is all part of a recruitment drive. 最新的宣传材料只是征兵运动的一部分。
• I'm meant to be on an economy drive at the moment, so I'm trying not to spend too much. 现在我打算勤俭节约，所以正在尽量控制花费。
[draɪv] noun
COMPUTING 电脑技术
countable
■a device for storing computer information 磁碟机
• a floppy/hard drive 软／硬碟机
• a DVD drive DVD光碟机
• a CD drive CD光碟机
[draɪv] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
countable
■a journey in a car 驱车出行；驾车路程
• It's a long drive from Glasgow to London. 从格拉斯哥到伦敦开车要走很长时间。
• Shall we go for a drive this afternoon? 我们下午开车去兜风好吗?
uncountable
■the system used to power a vehicle （车辆的）传动系统
• a car with left-hand/right-hand drive (= in which the driver sits in the seat on the left/right). 左／右座驾驶的汽车
• a four-wheel drive vehicle 四轮驱动的车辆
[draɪv] noun
POWER 力量
uncountable
■energy and determination to achieve things 干劲；魄力；决心；欲望
• We are looking for someone with drive and ambition. 我们在寻找有干劲、有抱负的人。
• [+ to infinitive] He has the drive to succeed. 他有取得成功的决心。
• Later on in life the sex drive tends to diminish. 人到晚年性欲往往会逐步减退。
countable
■(in sport, especially golf) a powerful hit which sends a ball a long way （体育运动中）大力击球
ride, drive
这组词都有“乘、骑”的意思，其区别是：
ride: 通常指骑在车、马上行驶。
drive: 指乘坐在有轮子的交通工具之内，控制其行驶。
motivate, drive, prompt
这组词都有“促使，驱使”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: 强调驱使人们采取行动的原因或动机。
drive: 侧重外来的驱策力和内心的感情力量的驱使。
prompt: 与motivate近义，强调起因。
vi. 开车；猛击；飞跑
 - belt, jab at
vt. 推动，发动（机器等）； [交] 驾驶（马车，汽车等）；驱赶
 - launch, force, impulse
n. [机] 驱动器；驾车； [动] [心理] 内驱力，推进力；快车道
 - driving mechanism, propulsion

Word: corporate
Front: corporate
[ˈkɔ:pərət] (六雅宝 1579/1983 -3)
Vocabulary: corporate
(once / 396 pages)
1adj 2adj
Corporate means having to do with a corporation. Playing golf can be a part of corporate culture. A corporate jet is one owned by the company and used for company business.
When people refer to corporate as a noun, as in "I have to ask corporate," it's actually just a shortening of "corporate headquarters." People tend to be on their best behavior at work, where money and advancement are on the line. Therefore, corporate behavior is often associated with being eager to please those in authority.
WORD FAMILY
corporate: corporately, corporatism+/corporatism: corporatist/corporatist: corporatists
USAGE EXAMPLES
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harris moved from Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to Georgia to work at Home Depot’s corporate office in Cobb County, Georgia, just northwest of Atlanta.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Nebraska State Tax Commissioner Tony Fulton said Amazon is “exhibiting responsible corporate citizenship. “The tax is owed,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 法人的，团体的，社团的; 公司的，总体国家的; 〈古〉团结的; 共同的，全体的
分布：公司的(48%)，共同的(15%)，法人的(14%)，全体的(12%)，社团的(11%)
→来自词根corp，身体，见corporeal. 即成为一体的，成立法人实体的公司。
共同的;团体的(corpor+ate)[corp,corpor=body,表示"身体,团体"]
【记】corpor躯体，al－法人的
US ['kɔ:r.pɚ-] adjective
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■relating to a large company （大）公司的
• corporate finance 公司财务
• a corporate merger 公司合并
• corporate executives 公司主管
■formal
■of or shared by a whole group and not just of a single member 团体的；全体的，集体的
• All adults take corporate responsibility for the upbringing of the tribe's children. 部落里所有成年人集体承担抚养孩子的责任。
adj. [法] 法人的；共同的，全体的；社团的
 - mutual, entire, common, collective, universal

Word: cash
Front: cash
[kæʃ] (高研四雅 1722/1204 -K4)
Vocabulary: cash
(once / 274 pages)
nv
Cash is money. If you've got extra cash in your pocket, you can put a dollar in the tip jar when you buy a cup of coffee.
When you use the word cash, you usually mean actual paper and coin currency: dollar bills and quarters, for example. People often contrast cash with credit cards or checks, and your favorite diner may have a sign that says "Cash only!" When you cash a check, a bank gives you the written amount in bills and coins. In the late 16th century, cash meant "money box," from the Latin capsa, "box."
WORD FAMILY
cash: cashable, cashed, cashes, cashing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Wizards’ interior work was critical because they couldn’t cash in from beyond the arc.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It was just one of three cars that Mr. O’Hara, a onetime American and current Swiss citizen, paid for in cash in 2015.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Iowa will save more than $100 million this fiscal year, Branstad insisted, even as the insurers themselves reported huge losses and demanded more cash.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 现金; 支付金额
vt. 支付现款; 兑现
adj. 现金的
时态：cashed, cashing, cashes
分布：现金(86%)，兑现(8%)，现金的(5%)，付现款(1%)
→来自case, 箱子，特指钱箱。
n.现金,现款v.兑现,付(或收)现款He dashed to smash the fashionable ashtray with cash.他猛冲过去用现金砸那个时髦的烟灰盘.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■money in the form of notes and coins, rather than cheques or credit cards 现金；现款
• Do you have any cash on you? 你身上有现金吗？
• Will you pay by credit card or in cash? 你是刷信用卡还是付现金？
• He says he wants cash in advance before he'll do the job. 他说他要先拿到预付现金才肯工作。
• informal I'm a bit short of/strapped for cash (= I do not have much money) at the moment. 眼下我手头有点紧。
⇒ See also COD
[kæʃ] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to exchange a cheque , etc. for cash 兑现
• Would you cash a cheque for me? 你能帮我兑张支票吗？
[kæʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cash in on sth
■to get money or another advantage from an event or situation, often in an unfair way （常指用不公正的手段）从…中获利，靠…赚钱；从…中捞到好处
• Her family have been accused of cashing in on her death. 人们指责她的家人借她的死牟利。
[kæʃ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  cash up
■to count all the money taken by a shop or business at the end of each day （商店或公司一天营业结束后）清点账目
• When she had cashed up, she realized there was £10 missing from the till. 她清点账目时发现收银机里少了十英镑。
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
n. 现款， [会计] 现金
 - ready, real money

Word: story
Front: story
[ˈstɔ:ri] (中高雅 233/542 -K5)
Vocabulary: story
(once / 21 pages)
1n 2n
If your little brother begs you to tell him a story, he wants to hear a short, entertaining tale.
A narrative about people and events, usually including an interesting plot, is a story. A story can be fictional or true, and it can be written, read aloud, or made up on the spot. Journalists write stories for newspapers, and gossips spread stories that may or may not be true. A story can be historical; the root of story, the Latin word historia, means both "history" and "story."
WORD FAMILY
story: multistory, stories
USAGE EXAMPLES
The story is similar for the state-owned sector as a whole.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Most people think that illness is related to the organism. That’s only one part of the story,” Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 故事，传说; 历史，沿革; 内情; 传记
vt. 用历史故事画装饰; 讲…的故事; 把…作为故事讲述
vi. 说谎
分布：故事(86%)，情节(5%)，新闻报道(3%)，传说(2%)，叙述(2%)，谎言(1%)，以历史事件为图案装饰(1%)
→缩写自 history,历史，故事，叙述。后与 history 产生词义上的差别。引申词义楼层，可能来 自中世纪在窗户上装饰的叙述故事的图案。比较 sport 缩写自 disport,Spain 缩写自 Hispanic.
n.故事,传说,小说;(=storey)楼层The story about the six-storeyed dormitory tells a glorious history.关于六层楼宿舍的故事讲述一段光荣历史.
US ['stɔ:r.i] noun countable
DESCRIPTION 描述
 ESSENTIAL
■a description, either true or imagined, of a connected series of events （真实或虚构的）故事；叙述，描述；小说
• Will you read/tell me a story, daddy? 爸爸，能读／讲个故事给我听吗？
• Martha chose her favourite book of bedtime stories. 玛莎挑了她最喜欢的睡前故事书。
• He writes children's stories. 他写童话故事。
• I don't know if it's true but it's a good story (= entertaining to listen to although probably not true). 我不知道那是否是真实的，不过却是个有趣的故事。
• She gave me her version of what had happened, but it would be interesting to hear his half/side of the story (= the events as described by him). 她告诉我她对事件的看法，不过听听他的说法也是很有趣的。
• Apparently his first words to her were "Will you marry me?" or so the story goes (= that is what people say happened). 显然地他对她说的第一句话就是“你愿意嫁给我吗？”，或者据说是这样。
 ESSENTIAL
■a report in a newspaper or on a news broadcast of something that has happened 新闻报导
• The main story in the papers today is the president's speech. 今天报纸的主要报导是总统的演讲。
■a lie 谎话
• He made up some story about having to be at his aunt's wedding anniversary. 他编了一个谎话，说甚么必须去参加他姨妈的结婚周年纪念。
UK ['stɔ:.ri] US ['stɔ:r.i] noun countable
LEVEL 层 US for storey
UK ['stɔ:.ri] US ['stɔ:r.i] noun countable
It's / That's the story of my life. humorous
■said when something bad happens to you that has happened to you many times before （表示经常遇到类似的倒楣事）我就是这个命
• Honestly, it's the story of my life - I meet a totally gorgeous bloke and he's leaving for Australia the next day! 老实说，我就是这个命——我碰上一个非常喜欢的男人，但他第二天就要去澳大利亚了！
UK ['stɔ:.ri] US ['stɔ:r.i] noun countable
that's my story and I'm sticking to it mainly humorous
■used after you have given an explanation that you know is not really true 这是我一直坚持的说法（用于你给一个解释，但知道那并不是真的）
• Anyway, I'm not overweight - my bones are just heavier than most people's - that's my story and I'm sticking to it! 无论如何，我都没有超重-我的体重只比大多数人重一点-我一直都是这样说的。
story, tale, fiction, fable, romance, novel
这组词都有“小说，故事”的意思，其区别是：
story: 指篇幅较短，常包含一系列情节或事件，口述或书写成文的故事。
tale: 常可与story换用，指以事实为中心作叙述的故事，也指古代流传下来的传说故事或神话故事。
fiction: 指部分或全部虚构的短篇、中篇、长篇小说，也指传奇故事，是小说的总称。
fable: 指短小而寓有教育意义的虚构故事。故事的主人公多为拟人化的动物或非动物之类。也作传说解。
romance: 系novel早期的代用词，泛指具有强烈神话和传奇色彩的故事，现指爱情故事。
novel: 指任何有情节、人物、对白，虚构的长篇散文体故事。
n. 故事；小说；新闻报道；来历；假话
 - relation, history, novel, tale, fiction
vi. 说谎
 - lie

Word: dollar
Front: dollar
[ˈdɒlə(r)] (中高 -/2340 -K5)
Vocabulary: dollar
(once / 57 pages)
n
Kaching! A dollar is a unit of currency or money. The United States, Canada, and Australia all use the dollar. The symbol for a dollar is $. If you say someone worships the all mighty dollar, that means they’re greedy.
A dollar bill is the equivalent of 100 cents. There are also coins with the value of a dollar, although these are used less often in the US than in other countries. Sometimes dollar is shorthand for money, like when the Wu-Tang Clan raps, “Cash rules everything around me, dollar dollar bill y’all.” The word dollar comes from the German thaler, an early unit of German currency.
WORD FAMILY
dollar: dollars
USAGE EXAMPLES
No one was hurt in the fires, but they did result in hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I slide a trembling dollar into Luigi’s G-string and shriek, “Happy New Year.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think it should be large. He’s mentioned a trillion dollars. I told him that sounded good to me,” Schumer told ABC News.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 美元; 一元纸[硬]币; 金钱; 财富
分布：美元(100%)
→来自德语taler, 货币单位，词源同dale, 山谷，因铸造于Joachimstal而得名。后于1785年，dollar被美国国会采用作为基准货币单位。
n.(美国,加拿大等国货币单位)美元,加元The doctor's doctrine undid one dollar and a dozen of collars.博士的学说毁掉了一美元和一打衣领.
US ['dɑ:.lɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL (symbol $)
■the standard unit of money used in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries （美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、纽西兰等国的货币单位）元
• Can I borrow ten dollars? 我能借十元吗？
• The suitcase was full of dollar bills (= notes). 那个手提箱里装满了美钞。
the dollar
■the value of the US dollar, used in comparing the values of different types of money from around the world 美元币值（用于与其他国家货币币值作比较时）
• In the financial markets today, the dollar rose against/fell against (= was worth more than/less than) the pound. 在今天的金融市场上，美元对英镑的比价出现了上涨／下跌。
n. 美元
 - peso

Word: agency
Front: agency
[ˈeɪdʒənsi] (高研四雅 694/1036 -K4)
Vocabulary: agency
(once / 127 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An agency usually provides a service, like an aid organization or a government bureau. If you're looking for a job, an employment agency might be able to help.
The Latin word agere means "to do or manage," and it's a fitting ancestor for agency, a word that means an institution that manages or specializes in something. As a secret agent, you might work for the CIA, or Central Intelligence Agency. I hope you look good in black. The noun agency also refers to the power or ability to do something, as in the William McKinley quote, "War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed.”
WORD FAMILY
agency: agencies+/ agent: agency, agents
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say the efforts threaten the quality of care and exceed the authority of the agency overseeing Medicare by requiring doctors and hospitals to participate.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Australia, for example, different agencies regulate drones and counter-drone technologies.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Park manager Rick Thompson says it all depends on how many landowners or agencies are willing to accept the animals.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 代理; 机构; 力量
分布：代理(87%)，代理处(8%)，政府机构(5%)
→来自agent,代理人，-cy,名词后缀。
代理处(ag+ency表示机构或状态→代理机构)[ag=do,act,表示"做,代理做"]
n.代理(处);代办处;[美](政府的)机关,厅At the agency, the aged agent is urgently urged to go for surgery by the gentle surgeon.在办事处,温和的外科医生急切地催促年老的代理商做外科手术.
noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
 IMPROVER countable
■a business which represents one group of people when dealing with another group 代理机构
• an advertising/employment/estate/travel agency 广告（代理）公司／职业介绍所／房地产仲介公司／旅行社
 IMPROVER countable
■a government organization 政府专门机构；政府内的局，部，处
• an overseas-aid agency 海外援助机构
• the Central Intelligence Agency 中央情报局
['eɪ.dʒənt.si] noun
CAUSE 起因
through the agency of sb formal
■because of the actions of someone 由于（某人）的作用；在（某人）的推动下
• She was freed from prison through the agency of her doctor. 在她的医生的推动下，她获释出狱。
n. [贸易] 代理， [经] 中介；代理处，经销处
 - procuration, intermediary agent

Word: democracy
Front: democracy
[dɪˈmɒkrəsi] (研四六托雅 1502/1981 -4)
Vocabulary: democracy
(once / 166 pages)
n
Whether you're talking about your glee club or a powerful nation, the word democracy describes government based on participation of the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
Democracy traces back to the Greek words demos, meaning "people," and kratia, meaning "power." "People power" remains central to democracy, whether you're describing a country or a much smaller organization. If your glee club is run as a democracy, then everybody gets to vote on questions like what you're going to sing and what kind of outfits you’re going to wear. Because democracy assumes some idea of equality, it's often used to mean a just society, one in which everyone is treated equally.
WORD FAMILY
democracy: democracies, democratic, democratise, democratize +/ democrat: democracy, democrats/ democratic: democratically, undemocratic/democratise: democratisation, democratised, democratising/ democratize: democratization, democratized, democratizes, democratizing/undemocratic: undemocratically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Multi-stakeholderism” may be, like democracy, the worst form of governance except for all the other ones.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
“Try to replace the prime minister at the ballot boxes, as is accepted in democracies,” it added.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Circumventing democracy by ignoring the obvious will of the people does little to inspire confidence in our statewide leaders.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 民众; 民主国家; 民主主义; 民主政治
分布：民主(88%)，民主制(6%)，民主国家(6%)
→demo-, 人民。-cracy, 管理，统治。
[demo人民,cracy统治;"人民统治"→人民做主→]民主;民主政治,民主政体;民主主义[popul-人民;dem(o)人民]
民主(政治)(demo人民+cracy)[cracy=rule,表示"统治或政体";crat=ruler,表示"统治者"]
n.民主,民主制,民主国家What are the principles of democracy?民主制度的原则是什么?
【记】demo人民，cracy统治一民主政治
【参】democratic（adj 民主的；民主主义的）
US [-'mɑ:.krə-] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the belief in freedom and equality between people, or a system of government based on this belief, in which power is either held by elected representatives or directly by the people themselves 民主；民主思想；民主政体
• The government has promised to uphold the principles of democracy. 政府承诺将坚守民主原则。
• The early 1990s saw the spread of democracy in Eastern Europe. 20世纪90年代初，民主思想在东欧迅速传播。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a country in which power is held by elected representatives 民主国家
• Few of the Western democracies still have a royal family. 西方民主国家鲜有仍然保留皇室者。

Word: feel
Front: feel
[fi:l] (中高雅 134/135 -K5)
Vocabulary: feel
(once / 13 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4vn 5vn
If you put your hand on someone's arm, they will feel your touch; if you give them a piece of really bad news, they will feel sad. Feel means to be aware of a physical or emotional sensation.
Feel is most often used as a verb, meaning to physically touch or grope something or to be conscious of something emotionally. There's also a noun form of feel, which describes an awareness of something or the physical property of something, like in the sentences, "This place has the feel of a palace," or "She told me it was cotton, but it has the feel of silk."
WORD FAMILY
feel: feeler, feeling, feels+/feeler: feelers/ feeling: feelings, unfeeling/unfeeling: unfeelingly, unfeelingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I know so many people that would say, ‘Oh, that officer came to my house and made me feel safe again.’
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Many readers will feel the same way about “Testimony,” which by detailing a legendary time in musical creativity, casts its own magic.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
All of that still feels true to me.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 感觉; 认为; 触摸; 试探
vt. & vi. 感觉，觉得; 认为，以为; 触摸
n. 感觉; 触摸; 感受; 触觉
vi. 觉得; 摸索
时态：felt, feeling, feels
分布：感觉(45%)，觉得(33%)，认为(10%)，触摸(5%)，摸索(3%)，触觉(3%)，摸起来(1%)
→来自pal,触摸，感受，词源同palpitate.
v.触;认为vi.摸上去有...感觉;摸索;觉得I feel a bit of bitterness for his ambitious exhibition.我为他雄心勃勃的展览感到一点点触痛.
verb (felt, felt)
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ESSENTIAL [L or T]
■to experience something physical or emotional 觉得；感到；体会到
• "How are you feeling?" "Not too bad, but I've still got a slight headache." “你感觉如何？”“不算太糟，但我还是有点轻微的头痛。”
• How would you feel about moving to a different city? 你觉得搬到另一座城市去怎么样？
• He's still feeling a bit weak after his operation. 手术后他仍感觉有点虚弱。
• My eyes feel really sore. 我的眼睛真的很痛。
• I never feel safe when I'm being driven by Richard. 理查开车载我时，我总是觉得不安全。
• Never in her life had she felt so happy. 她一辈子从未觉得这么开心过。
• My suitcase began to feel really heavy after a while. 过了一会儿，我开始觉得手提箱沉起来。
• I felt (= thought that I was) a complete idiot/such a fool. 我觉得自己是个十足的傻瓜。
• She felt his hot breath on her neck. 她感觉到脖子上他热辣辣的气息。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I could feel the sweat trickling down my back. 我感觉到汗水顺着后背淌下来。
• By midday, we were really feeling (= suffering from) the heat. 到正午时，我们确实觉得热了。
feel like sth
 IMPROVER
■to have a wish for something, or to want to do something, at a particular moment 想要；想做
• I feel like (going for) a swim. 我想（去）游泳。
• I feel like (having)a nice cool glass of lemonade. 我想喝一杯美味的冰柠檬汁。
• "Are you coming to aerobics?" "No, I don't feel like it today." “你去做有氧健身操吗？”“不，我今天不想去。”
 IMPROVER [+ -ing verb]
■to want to do something that you do not do 真想做（未做之事）
• He was so rude I felt like slapping his face. 他这么无礼，我真想掴他的脸。
feel the cold
■to get cold quicker and more often than most people 易冷，不耐寒
• As you get older, you tend to feel the cold more. 人上了年纪，往往会更怕冷。
not feel a thing informal
■to not feel any pain 感觉不到疼痛
• "Did it hurt?" "Not at all - I didn't feel a thing." “痛吗？”“一点也不痛，甚么感觉都没有。”
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
OPINION 意见
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have the opinion, or consider 认为；相信
• [+ (that)] I feel (that) I should be doing more to help her. 我认为我应该更加努力帮助她。
• [R (+ to be) + adj] He had always felt him self (to be)inferior to his brothers. 他总是觉得自己不如兄弟。
• Do you feel very strongly (= have strong opinions) about this? 您对此很有意见吗？
• I feel certain I'm right. 我确信自己是对的。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
TOUCH 触摸
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to touch something in order to discover something about it 触，摸
• [+ question word] Just feel how cold my hands are! 摸摸我的手有多冷！
• He gently felt the softness of the baby's cheek. 他轻轻抚摸着婴儿柔软的脸颊。
• I was feeling (around) (= searching with my hand) in my bag for the keys. 我在袋子里摸索着找锁匙。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel your age
■to realise that you are no longer young 意识到自己老了，感到自己上年纪了
• Everybody there looked under twenty and I really felt my age. 那里所有人看起来都不满20岁，我确实觉得自己老了。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel free
■If someone tells you to feel free to do something, they mean that you can do it if you want to 尽管做，可以随便（做…）
• Feel free to help yourself to coffee. 请随意喝咖啡。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel it in your bones
■to believe something strongly although you cannot explain why 直觉确信；本能感到
• It's going to be a good summer - I can feel it in my bones. 今年夏天将会特别舒适——直觉告诉我的。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel the pinch
■to have problems with money because you are earning less than before （由于收入减少而）手头拮据
• When my father lost his job and we had to live on my mother's earnings, we really started to feel the pinch. 父亲失业后，我们不得不依靠母亲的工资度日，真的开始感到手头拮据。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
feel your way
■to judge where you are going by touching with your hands instead of looking 摸索着走动
• The room was so dark, I had to feel my way along the wall to the door. 房间里太黑了，我只好靠着墙摸索着走到门口。
■to act slowly and carefully because you are not certain how to do something 谨慎行事
• It's my first month in the job so I'm still feeling my way. 现在是我做这份工作的第一个月，所以我还在摸索着。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
  Phrasal Verbs  feel for sb
■to experience sympathy and sadness for someone because they are suffering 同情，怜悯（某人）
• I know what it's like to be lonely, so I do feel for her. 我知道孤独是甚么感觉，所以我真的很同情她。
[fi:l] verb (felt, felt)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] feel sb up slang
■to touch someone sexually, especially someone you do not know, for your own excitement 猥亵（某人）
• That's the second time she's been felt up on the Metro. 那是她第二次在地铁里遭到猥亵了。
[fi:l] noun
TOUCH 触摸
only singular
■the way that something feels 触觉；手感
• She loved the feel of silk against her skin. 她喜欢丝绸贴着皮肤的感觉。
countable mainly UK informal
■the action of touching something 触摸；摸
• Is that shirt silk? Ooh, let me have a feel! 那件衬衫是丝绸的吗？哦，让我摸一摸吧！
[fi:l] noun
CHARACTER 特征
only singular (also feeling)
■the character of a place or situation （场所或情况给人的）感受，气氛；特质
• I like the decoration - it's got quite a Spanish feel to it. 我喜欢这种装饰，相当有西班牙风情。
• There was a feel of mystery about the place. 这个地方有种神秘感。
• We were there for such a short time, we didn't really get the feel of (= get to know) the place. 我们在那里逗留的时间太短了，没有真正领略到那里的特质。
[fi:l] noun
UNDERSTANDING 理解
a feel for sth (also feeling)
■a natural understanding or ability, especially in a subject or activity （尤指在某学科或活动方面的）理解力，领悟力
• She has a real feel for language. 她的语感很好。
• I tried learning the piano, but I never had much of a feel for it. 我尝试过学钢琴，但是从来就没怎么入门。
get the feel of sth (also feeling)
■to learn how to do something, usually a new activity 学会做…
• Once you get the feel of it, using a mouse is easy. 你一旦学会了，用滑鼠就变得很容易。
vt. 感觉；认为；触摸；试探
 - expect, count, guess, find, make
vi. 觉得；摸索
 - fish for, poke about
n. 感觉；触摸
 - consciousness, sense perception

Word: huge
Front: huge
[hju:dʒ] (中高研四 911/1230 -K4)
Vocabulary: huge
(once / 88 pages)
adj
Use the adjective huge to describe something that’s really, really big. When your friend throws a huge birthday party and invites everyone she knows, you can finally talk to that cute neighbor you have a huge crush on.
Huge is a relative word — there’s no specific degree or size something has to reach before you can say it’s huge. You can eat a huge piece of cake, or go see huge elephants in the zoo. Cake and elephants are both concrete things, but huge can also describe things that aren’t actual objects. For example, you can make a huge difference by volunteering at an animal shelter.
WORD FAMILY
huge: hugely, huger, hugest
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Helping them maintain their body image is a huge part of treatment.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“That was a huge play in the game. Plays like that and the pick six,” Beathard added.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
We also witnessed seven Category 5 storms, which is a huge number.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 巨大的; 庞大的; 极大的
分布：巨大的(76%)，庞大的(15%)，极大的(9%)
→来自中古英语huge,来自Proto-Germanic*haugaz,山丘，高地，词源同high.由高地引申词义巨大的。
a.巨大的,庞大的The ugly druggist gauged the huge plug in the refugee's rug.丑陋的药剂师测量了难民毛毯中的巨大插头.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■extremely large in size or amount 巨大的，庞大的
• They live in a huge house. 他们住在一栋很大的房子里。
• The costs involved in building a spacecraft are huge. 建造一艘太空船的费用很高。
• A huge number of people attended. 参加者为数众多。
• His last three films have all been huge successes. 他最后的三部电影都获得了空前的成功。
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
adj. 巨大的；庞大的；无限的
 - enormous, tremendous, massive, macro, vast

Word: word
Front: word
[wɜ:d] (中高 244/196 -K5)
Vocabulary: word
(once / 11 pages)
nv
A word is a unit of language that native speakers can agree upon as a separate and distinct unit of meaning. Languages are made up of words. You must like words since you are here, on this word site.
If you say "What's the good word?" you’re not actually asking for a word — you’re asking, "How are you?" or "What's doing?" But if you ask "What's the word on that restaurant?" you're asking for an opinion. You can also "give your word," but that means that you're promising something; you're giving an oath. If your friend asks what you think of his girlfriend, you may want to word your response carefully — to watch your words.
WORD FAMILY
word: reword, worded, wording, wordless, words+/reword: reworded, rewording, rewords/wording: wordings/wordless: wordlessly
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, Aiava was asked what words of wisdom her mother imparted after the historic win.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 单词; 话语; 诺言; 消息
vt. 措辞，用词; 用言语表达
vi. 讲话
时态：worded, wording, words
分布：单词(68%)，诺言(15%)，消息(10%)，话语(6%)，用词语表达(1%)
→来自were,说，词源同verb,proverb.
n.词,词语;言语,话;谈话;消息,信息What does this word mean?这个词什么意思?
US [wɝ:d] noun
LANGUAGE UNIT 语言单位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a single unit of language which has meaning and can be spoken or written 词；字；单词
• Your essay should be no more than two thousand words long. 你的论文不应超过2000字。
• Some words are more difficult to spell than others. 有些词比其他的词难拼写。
• What's the word for bikini in French? 法语中的“比基尼”怎么说？
• It's sometimes difficult to find exactly the right word to express what you want to say. 有时很难找到恰当的词来表达你想说的意思。
the f-/c- etc. word
■used to refer to a word, usually a rude or embarrassing one, by saying only the first letter and not the whole word 通常是粗鲁或令人难堪的词，只说出该词的第一个字母来指代该词
• You're still not allowed to say the f-word on TV in the US. 在美国的电视上仍然不允许说那个以f开头的词。
• So how's the diet going - or would you rather I didn't mention the d-word? 节食进行得怎么样——也许你不愿意让我提那个以d开头的字。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
TALKING 简短的陈述
 IMPROVER only singular
■a short discussion or statement 简短的交谈，谈话
• The manager wants a word. 经理想谈一谈。
• Could I have a word (with you) about the sales figures? 我能（和你）就销售数字谈一谈吗？
• Perhaps you would have a quiet word with Simon (= gently explain to him) about the problem. 或许你可以和气地向赛门解释这件事。
words [plural]
■angry words 争吵，口角
• Both competitors had words (= argued) after the match. 两名参赛者在比赛后发生争吵。
• Words passed between both competitors (= They argued) after the match. 两名参赛者在比赛后发生争吵。
■disapproving
■discussion, rather than action 讨论（而非行动）
• I'm afraid so far there have been more words than action on the matter of childcare provision. 恐怕到目前为止，提供儿童保育的问题更多停留在讨论层面上，而较少付诸实行。
have/exchange words
■to talk to each other for a short time 简短交谈
• We exchanged a few words as we were coming out of the meeting. 我们走出会议室时匆匆交谈了几句。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
NEWS 消息
uncountable
■news or a message 消息；信息
• Have you had word from Paul since he went to New York? 自从保罗去纽约之后，你听到过他的消息吗？
• We got word of their plan from a former colleague. 我们从以前的一个同事那里得知他们的计划。
• Word of the discovery caused a stir among astronomers. 关于这项新发现的消息，在天文学家当中引起了轰动。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
PROMISE 诺言
only singular
■a promise 诺言；承诺
• I said I'd visit him and I shall keep my word. 我说过要去拜访他，我得说话算数。
• You have my word - I won't tell a soul. 我保证——我不会告诉别人。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
ORDER 命令
only singular
■an order 命令，指示
• We're waiting for the word from head office before making a statement. 我们正在等待总部的命令，之后才会发表声明。
• The troops will go into action as soon as their commander gives the word. 指挥官一下令，部队就会立即行动起来。
• At a word from their teacher, the children started to tidy away their books. 老师一下命令，孩子就开始收拾起他们的书来。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
breathe/say a word
■to tell other people about something 告诉别人，讲出去
• Don't say a word about the accident to my mother. 关于这场事故，一点都别告诉我妈妈。
• If you breathe a word of this to anyone, I'll be really upset. 如果你把这件事告诉别人，我就会非常生气。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
by word of mouth
■in speech but not in writing 口头上的
• All the orders were given by word of mouth so that no written evidence could be discovered later. 所有命令都是口头传达的，所以事后找不到任何书面证据。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
from the word go
■from the start of something 从一开始
• The bridge-building project had problems with funding right from the word go. 这个造桥工程从一开始资金就有问题。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
give your word formal
■to promise 承诺；保证
• He gave his word that he would marry her and she had no cause to doubt him. 他保证会与她结婚，她没有理由怀疑他。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
have a word in sb's ear
■to give someone a piece of advice or information secretly 悄悄地说；耳语
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
in a word
■said when you are going to give your opinion about something quickly and directly 简而言之，一言以蔽之
• In a word, she's lying. 一句话，她在说谎。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
in your own words
■If a person says something in their own words, they speak without copying what someone else has said. 用（某人）自己的话说
• The court has heard accounts of that night's events from several witnesses - now please tell us in your own words what you saw. 法庭已经听取了几位证人对那天晚上所发生事件的陈述，现在请你说说你看到的情况。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
in words of one syllable
■in simple language avoiding long, difficult or specialized words 用简单的话，用容易理解的话
• Could you explain to me in words of one syllable how an electron microscope works? 你能用简单的话给我解释一下电子显微镜的运作原理吗？
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
man/woman of his/her word
■someone who keeps their promises 信守诺言的人
• You can trust him - he's a man of his word. 你可以相信他——他是个信守诺言的人。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
(upon) my word! old-fashioned
■used to express surprise 哟，嗨，哎呀（表示惊讶或生气）
• My word! Isn't that Jenkins on the roof? 哎呀！屋顶上不是詹金斯吗？
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
not get a word in edgeways UK (US not get a word in edgewise) informal
■to not be able to say anything because someone else is talking all the time 插不进话，插不了嘴
• Roz was talking so much that nobody else could get a word in edgeways! 罗兹话太多了，别人连一句话也插不进去。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
put in a good word for sb
■to say positive things about someone 为（某人）美言，说（某人）的好话
• I really need a job and I was hoping you might put in a good word for me with your boss. 我真的需要一份工作，所以希望你能在你老板面前为我美言几句。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
put the word about/around/out/round
■to tell people a new piece of news 发布消息；传出消息
• So, the new manager has been appointed - should we put the word around? 那么已经任命了新的经理——我们应不应该公布这消息？
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
put words in/into sb's mouth
■to suggest that someone meant one thing when really they meant another 曲解（某人）的话，故意歪曲（某人）的话
• Stop putting words in my mouth - I didn't say you looked fat in the red dress - I merely said you looked very slim in the black! 别曲解我的话——我并不是说你穿红色显胖——我只是说你穿黑色显得非常苗条！
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
take sb at their word (also take sb's word for it)
■to believe that what someone says is true 相信（某人）的话
• He said he'd give me a job and I just took him at his word. 他说过会给我一份工作，而我就信以为真了。
• If he says there's $500 in the envelope, then I'll take his word for it. 如果他说信封里有500美元，那我会相信他说的话。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
take the words out of sb's mouth
■to say something which another person was just about to say or which they were thinking 说出（某人）要说（或正在思考）的话
• "What a rude and obnoxious man!" "You took the words right out of my mouth!" “那个男人真是又粗鲁又讨厌！”“那正是我想说的！”
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
word for word
■using exactly the same words 逐字地，一字不差地
• She listened to everything I said and repeated it word for word to her mum. 她把我说的一切听得清清楚楚，并一字不漏地转述给她妈妈听。
• a word-for-word account 一字不差的叙述
■If you translate speech or writing word for word, you change one word at a time in the same order rather than in phrases or other larger units of meaning. 逐字（照译）
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
word gets about/around/round
■When word gets about/around/round, news spreads fast within a group of people （消息）迅速传开
• "I hear you were having drinks with a tall, dark, handsome man last night." "Wow, word gets round fast, doesn't it?" “我听说你昨晚和一个高大帅气、皮肤略黑的男子一起喝酒？”“天哪，消息传得可真快，不是吗？”
• She doesn't want word getting around the office that she's pregnant. 她不想让办公室里的人知道自己怀孕的事。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
word has it
■used to refer to something which is generally thought to be true although not official or known to be a fact 据传言；据传闻
• Word has it (that) they may separate. 据说他们要分开。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
(the) word is
■used to refer to something which has been reported but not officially stated 据说；据报道
• The word is (that) more hostages will be released over the next few weeks. 据报道，以后的几周内将有更多的人质被释放。
§UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d/ word 1 noun
your word is your bond old-fashioned or formal
■If someone's word is their bond, they always keep their promises 总是信守诺言
• "But listen, you must promise never to tell anyone." "My word is my bond." “听着，你必须保证不告诉任何人。”“我一向信守诺言。”
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
(the) word is/gets out
■a piece of news is known, especially if it was secret or if it will cause changes 有消息说
• The word is out that superstar Candice is to marry towards the end of this year. 有消息说超级明星坎迪斯将于今年年底结婚。
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] noun
words fail me
■said to emphasize your surprise or shock, especially at something you have just seen or been told （尤指因刚见到或刚被告知的事）惊得说不出话来，不知说甚么好
• "So what did you think of Olive's pink outfit?" "Words fail me, I've never seen anything quite like it!" “那么你觉得奥利芙的那套粉色衣服怎么样？”“我都不知道说甚么好，我从没见过那样的东西！”
UK [wɜ:d] US [wɝ:d] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to choose the words you use when you are saying or writing something 措词；用言辞表达
• He worded the reply in such a way that he did not admit making the original error. 他在回答中的措词表明他不承认原来犯的错误。
⇒ See also reword
lexicon, term, vocabulary, word, language
这组词都有“文字，词，语言”的意思，其区别是：
lexicon: 指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
term: 指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
vocabulary: 集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
word: 普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
language: 普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
n. [语] 单词；话语；消息；诺言；命令
 - news, instruction, bidding, message, order

Word: publish
Front: publish
[ˈpʌblɪʃ] (高研四六 1116/828 -K4)
Vocabulary: publish
(once / 36 pages)
v
Anyone can write something just for themselves. If you publish your writing, it's available to others. For a writer, to publish is about the best thing there is.
Like a lot of words, publish is used in a few ways. When a writer publishes six articles, six pieces of his or her writing have been accepted for publication in books or magazines. When a company publishes an article or book, it actually prints it up and sells it to the public. If you write a blog, you can also say that you publish your writing. Or, a teacher can publish a magazine of student writing just for her class.
WORD FAMILY
publish: publication, publishable, published, publisher, publishes, publishing, republish+/ publication: publications/publishable: unpublishable/ published: unpublished / publisher: publishers/publishing: publishings/republication: republications/republish: republication, republished, republishes, republishing
USAGE EXAMPLES
This story was originally published by Pulse — Voices From the Heart of Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Trump correctly reported crime numbers published by the Chicago Police Department on Sunday, but the figures were not record-setting.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 出版，发行; 发表，宣布（结婚等）; 公布，颁布; 出版…的著作
时态：published, publishing, publishes
分布：出版(75%)，发行(23%)，公开发表(2%)
→来自拉丁语publicare,使公开化，使公众化，-ish,动词后缀，词源同finish.引申词义出版，发行等。
出版;公开(publ+ish→进入人民中→出版)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
v.出版,刊印;公布,发布I'm to be punished for publishing his bad reputation to the public of the republic.我因将他的坏名声公布给共和国的公众将受到惩罚.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or newspaper, or to produce and sell a book, magazine or newspaper 公布；出版；发表
• She's just had an article published in their weekend supplement. 她刚在他们周末版的增刊上发表了一篇文章。
• The Government publishes figures every six months showing how many people are unemployed. 政府每半年公布一次失业人数。
• The names of the winners of the competition will be published in June. 竞赛优胜者名单将于六月份公布。
• She was only 19 when her first novel was published. 她的第一部小说出版时她年仅19岁。
distribute, issue, publish
这组词都有“发行，发出，发给”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把东西分发给所属者或应得者。
issue: 多指通过官方或正式渠道正式发行。
publish: 普通用词，多指出版发行文字作品，也指发布新闻或发表见解等。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 出版；发表；公布
 - deliver, post
vi. 出版；发行；刊印
 - print, bring out

Word: follow
Front: follow
[ˈfɒləʊ] (中高研四六 325/186 -K5)
Vocabulary: follow
(once / 11 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
Do you know when orange is the new black? When pleats are in style? Then you must follow fashion — you observe it closely. Follow can also mean you trail along behind someone. You might follow your brother to school.
If you follow something, such as line of argument, that means you understand it. If you follow through on something, such as a diet, that means you stick to it. Follow can also describe a sequence of events. Your election as class president might follow a scandal involving your opponent. Follow can also mean something is a logical consequence of something else. It follows that having read these examples you now understand the various meanings of follow. You follow me?
WORD FAMILY
follow: followed, follower, following, follows+/ follower: followers/ following: followingly, followings
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Gordon followed with a layup from an offensive rebound, and the Rockets comfortably led by 10 near the final minute.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 跟随，接着
vt. 继承; （按时间、顺序等）接着; 从事; 采用
vi. 理解; 发生兴趣; 由此产生; 跟着人（或物）去（或来）
n. 追随，跟随; [台球]推球，跟球打法（使竿击的球在击中目的球后继续滚动的打法）
时态：followed, following, follows
分布：跟随(43%)，遵循(37%)，沿着(9%)，注意(4%)，追赶(3%)，明白(2%)，紧接着(2%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*fulg, 陪伴，跟随，词源同full. 部分学者解释*g来自*gan, 走，词源同gang. 即跟着走的人，随从。
v.跟随,接着;领会;沿着...前进,遵循;结果是The fellow's yellow pillow is hollowed by his follower.那个家伙的黄色枕头被他的跟随者掏空了.
US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
GO 走
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move behind someone or something and go where they go 跟随；跟着
• A dog followed us home. 一只狗跟着我们回了家。
• She followed me into the kitchen. 她跟着我进了厨房。
• The book was delivered yesterday with a note saying the bill for it would follow in a day or two. 这本书昨天送到，附信说书的账单一两天后会寄到。
• He had the feeling he was being followed (= someone was going after him to catch him or see where he was going). 他发觉自己被跟踪了。
• I could feel them following me with their eyes (= watching my movements closely). 我能感觉到他们密切注视着我的一举一动。
• Follow (= Go in the same direction as) the road for two kilometres, then turn left. 沿着这条路走两公里，然后向左转。
• Do your own thing, don't just follow the crowd (= do what everyone else does.) 做你自己的事，不要只是随波逐流。
follow suit
■to do the same thing as someone else 仿效（某人）
• When one airline reduces its prices, the rest soon follow suit. 一间航空公司减价，其余的会很快纷纷仿效。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
HAPPEN 发生
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to happen or come after something 发生；在…后发生
• We were not prepared for the events that followed (= happened next). 我们没有料到后来发生的事。
• The meal consisted of smoked salmon, followed by guinea fowl (= with this as the next part). 菜肴包括熏鲑鱼，随后是珠鸡。
• She published a book of poems and followed it (up) with (= next produced) a novel. 她出版了一部诗集，接着又出版了一本小说。
as follows
■said to introduce a list of things 如下
• The winners are as follows - Woods, Smith and Cassidy. 获胜者如下：伍兹，史密斯和凯西迪。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
OBEY 服从
 IMPROVER transitive
■to obey or to act as ordered by someone 听从；遵循；遵从
• Follow the instructions on the back of the packet carefully. 要仔细地按照盒子背面的使用说明操作。
• I decided to follow her advice and go to bed early. 我决定听从她的建议，早早上床睡觉。
• Muslims follow the teachings of the Koran. 伊斯兰教徒遵从《可兰经》的教义。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
HAVE INTEREST IN 对…感兴趣
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have a great interest in something or watch something closely 对…有浓厚兴趣；密切关注
• He follows most sports avidly. 他对大多数体育运动有浓厚的兴趣。
• They followed her academic progress closely. 他们密切关注她学业上的进展。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
BE RESULT 是结果
 ADVANCED [not continuous]
■to happen as a result, or to be a likely result 产生…结果；是…的可能结果
• [+ that] Just because I agreed last time, it doesn't necessarily follow that I will do so again. 仅仅是我上次同意并不一定说明我还会再次同意。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
UNDERSTAND 理解
intransitive or transitive
■to understand something as it is being said or done 理解，明白
• I'm sorry, I don't quite follow (you). 对不起，我不太明白（你的意思）。
• His lecture was complicated and difficult to follow. 他的讲座复杂又难懂。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
READ 阅读
transitive
■To follow a piece of music or writing is to read the notes or words at the same time as they are being played or said. 跟唱；跟读
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
follow your nose informal
■to trust your own feelings rather than obeying rules or allowing yourself to be influenced by other people's opinions 凭直觉做事
• Take a chance and follow your nose - you may be right! 碰碰运气，凭自己的感觉做事——也许你是对的！
■go in a straight line 一直向前走
• Turn left, then just follow your nose and you'll see the shop on your left. 左转，然后一直往前走，你会看见商店就在左边。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
follow in sb's footsteps
■to do the same thing as someone else did previously 仿效（某人）
• She followed in her mother's footsteps, starting her own business. 她效法母亲开办了自己的公司。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  follow on mainly UK
■to happen or exist as the next part of something 接下来；跟着
• Following on from what I said earlier... 接着我刚才说到的…
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] follow (sth) through
■to do something as the next part of an activity or period of development （把…）继续下去
• The essay started interestingly, but failed to follow through (its argument). 这篇短文开头很有趣，但是未能（把论点）贯彻始终。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  follow through
■to complete the movement of hitting, kicking or throwing a ball by continuing to move your arm or leg in the same direction （击球、踢球或掷球后）完成顺势动作，做随球动作
• You need to follow through more on your backhand. 你需要在反手击球后做更充分的随球动作。
UK ['fɒl.əʊ] US ['fɑ:.loʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  follow sth up (US also follow up on sth)
■to find out more about something, or take further action connected with it 追查…的更多情况；对…采取进一步行动
• The idea sounded interesting and I decided to follow it up. 这个想法听起来很有趣，我决定要作进一步的了解。
• He decided to follow up on his initial research and write a book. 他决定继续进行他最初的研究，然后写本书。
pursue, trace, trail, track, hunt, chase, follow
这组词都有“跟随、追踪”的意思，其区别是：
pursue: 指坚持不懈、毫不动摇地紧跟、追赶某人、某物或某个事业。
trace: 指根据线索或足迹进行跟踪。用于抽象意义时指找到某事物的根源。
trail: 一般指跟踪追击。
track: 指沿着人或动物留下的印迹或行迹追踪。
hunt: 原义为“追猎、猎取”，现用于指追捕或搜寻逃犯等。
chase: 指快速追赶或决心追踪，褒义贬义均可用。
follow: 普遍用词，含义最广，多指跟随起引导作用的人或物，跟随的动机可以是善意的，也可能是恶意的。
vt. 跟随；遵循；追求；密切注意
 - string along, ambition
vi. 跟随；接着
 - string along, go on to
n. 跟随；追随
 - me-tooism, sycophancy

Word: similar
Front: similar
[ˈsɪmələ(r)] (中高雅 720/543 -K4)
Vocabulary: similar
(once / 55 pages)
adj
Similar things are alike. If you and your best friend both like walking, mystery novels, and chocolate, and you both dislike jogging, science fiction, and Brussels sprouts, the two of you have similar tastes.
The Latin root for similar is similis, meaning "like." If two movies have similar plots, you might like one better because it has a better script or more interesting actors. If you're tired of being told how similar you are to your long-haired, friendly mother, you could cut your hair. Or start being rude. Remember that similar ends in "lar" even though it might not sound like it.
WORD FAMILY
similar: similarity, similarly +/ similarity: similarities, unsimilarity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The story is similar for the state-owned sector as a whole.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
In October, Lucas unveiled similar but competing designs for Los Angeles and San Francisco sites, turning the project into a public competition.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Similar units may be available at the consumer level soon.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的
n. 类似物; 相像的人; 相似物
分布：类似的(100%)
→来自拉丁语 similis,相似的，类似的，来自 sem,一，一样，词源同 same,simple.
同样的;相似的[simil,simul,sembl=alike,same表示"相类似,一样"]
a.(to)相似的,类似的For example, this simple sample similar to his can be exemplified.例如,这件与他的相似的简单样品可以作为例证.
US [-ə.lɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■looking or being almost, but not exactly, the same 相似的，近似的
• My father and I have similar views on politics. 我和父亲在政治上观点相似。
• I bought some new shoes which are very similar to a pair I had before. 我买了一双新鞋，和我以前有一双非常相似。
• Paul is very similar in appearance to his brother. 保罗和他哥哥长得很像。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
adj. 相似的
 - alike, like
n. 类似物
 - analog

Word: air
Front: air
[eə(r)] (中高托雅 370/527 -K5)
Vocabulary: air
(once / 20 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6n
When you breathe in, you're inhaling all that invisible stuff around us called air — a mixture of gases that includes oxygen.
To air something out can mean to expose it to the air in order to freshen it up, like leaving stinky sneakers out on the porch for a while to help them smell better. But to air a grievance or a secret is a whole other story — that means to publicize something that wasn't public knowledge before. Perhaps you have a cousin who takes great delight in airing all the family's secrets.
WORD FAMILY
air: aired, airing, airless, airlike, airs, airy, midair+/aired: unaired/airing: airings/airless: airlessly/ airs: airss/ airy: airier, airiest, airily, airiness/midair: midairs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Coleridge believed the clean air on the hill at Highgate was beneficial in his attempts to cure himself of opium addiction.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 天空; 气氛; 空运; （简单易记的）曲调
vt. & vi. 晾晒; 烘干; 播送; 广播
vt. 使房间通风， 透气
时态：aired, airing, airs
分布：空气(65%)，空中(18%)，天空(4%)，广播(3%)，曲调(2%)，使通风(2%)，神态(2%)，感觉(2%)，晾干(1%)，装腔作势(1%)
→来自拉丁词aerem, 举起，空气。
n.空气;(复数)神气vt.(使)通风;晾干Birds fly high in the air.鸟在高空中飞翔.
US [er] noun
GAS 气体
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the mixture of gases which surrounds the Earth and which we breathe 空气
• I went outside to get some fresh air. 我到室外呼吸一下新鲜空气。
• You should put some air in your tyres - they look flat to me. 你该给这些轮胎打气了——它们看上去都像泄了气似的。
the air only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■the space above the ground, especially high above the ground 空中，天空
• The air was filled with the scent of roses. 空气中弥漫着玫瑰的芳香。
• Throw your gun down and put your hands in the air. 扔掉枪，举起手来。
• The police fired into the air to clear the demonstrators from the streets. 员警向天开枪以驱散街上的示威者。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
AIRCRAFT 飞机
 ADVANCED uncountable
■travel in an aircraft 乘坐飞机；航空
• I don't travel much by air. 我不常坐飞机。
• an air crash/disaster 飞机失事／空难
• air travel 乘飞机旅行
UK [eər] US [er] noun
MANNER 态度
 ADVANCED only singular
■manner or appearance 神态，样子；风度
• She has an air of confidence about her. 她一副自信的样子。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
BROADCAST 广播
be on/off (the) air
■If a programme or a person is on/off (the) air, they are/are not broadcasting on radio or television 正在／停止播出
• The radio station is on air from 6.00 a.m. 广播电台早上六点开始播音。
• As soon as the war started, any broadcasts with a military theme were taken off the air. 战争一爆发，所有有关军事主题的节目都停止播出了。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
TUNE 曲调
countable
■a simple tune 曲调，旋律
• Bach's Air on a G String 巴赫的《G弦之歌》
UK [eər] US [er] noun
airs and graces
■false ways of behaving that are intended to make other people feel that you are important and belong to a high social class 装腔作势，摆架子；矫揉造作
• He was always putting on airs and graces. 他总是装腔作势，故作姿态。
• She's got no reason to give herself airs and graces. 她没有理由摆架子。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
be walking/floating on air
■to be very happy and excited because something very pleasant has happened to you 欢天喜地；得意洋洋
• Ever since she met Mark, she's been walking on air. 自遇到马克那天起，她每天都是喜气洋洋的。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
in the air
■If something is in the air, you feel that it is happening or about to happen 即将发生；可被感觉到；被人们意识到
• Love/Change/Spring is in the air. 爱意萌生／变革在即／春意盎然。
UK [eər] US [er] noun
up in the air
■If a matter is up in the air, it is uncertain, often because other matters have to be decided first 悬而未决
• The whole future of the project is still up in the air. 这个企划案前途未卜。
UK [eər] US [er] verb
MAKE KNOWN 使知晓
transitive
■to make opinions or complaints known to other people 说出，公开，亮出（观点等）
• Putting a complaint in the suggestions box is one way of airing your grievances. 有甚么怨言写出来放在意见箱里，这是一种发泄不满的方式。
• He'll air his views on the war whether people want to listen or not. 不管人们是否愿意听，他都要说出他对战争的看法。
UK [eər] US [er] verb
DRY 干的
intransitive or transitive
■to become dry and/or fresh, or to cause to become dry and/or fresh （使）晾干，（使）风干；（使）烘干；（使）通风
• My mother always airs the sheets before she makes the beds. 我妈妈在铺床之前总是先把床单烘干。
• Leave the windows open to let the room air a bit. 开着窗户，让房间通通风。
UK [eər] US [er] verb
BROADCAST 广播
intransitive or transitive US
■to broadcast something on radio or television 广播，播出，播送
• The game will be aired live on CBS at 7.00 tonight. 今晚七点，哥伦比亚广播公司将现场直播这场比赛。
• The interview with the President will air tomorrow morning. 对总统的采访将在明天早晨播出。
attitude, manner, air
这组词都有“态度、风度”的意思，其区别是：
attitude: 普通用词，指对人或事情的看法和采取的行为，多有某种不很明确或不便明说的感情色彩。
manner: 多指某人在某一场合的言谈举止等。
air: 含义广泛。单数形式指某人脸上表现出的心理活动，或言谈举止；复数形式指某人故意做作而摆出的架子。
atmosphere, air, gas
这些名词均与空气有关。
atmosphere: 指围绕有的星球，特别是围绕地球的空气，即大气层。也可指环境气氛。
air: 指空气，也泛指一般气体。
gas: 指气态物，尤指供燃烧取暖或照明的气体，其中一部分称作瓦斯。
n. [气象] 空气， [地物] 大气；天空；样子；曲调
 - atmosphere, heaven, sky, high, look
vt. 使通风，晾干；夸耀
 - sport, ventilate

Word: export
Front: export
[ˈekspɔ:t] (高研四雅 3456/2231 -K4)
Vocabulary: export
(once / 177 pages)
1vn 2v
To export something is to move it from its current location to a different territory. Some have been trying to export the American diet overseas by spreading McDonald's fries around the globe.
The verb export comes from the Latin word exportare which means “to carry out” or “send away.” To export something is to move it across borders. You could export locally made fabric to wealthy European cities. When something is an export, it is a good, service or idea that is sent or sold to a foreign land: diamonds are a valuable African export.
WORD FAMILY
export: exportable, exportation, exported, exporter, exporting, exports+/exportable: unexportable/exportation: exportations/ exporter: exporters
USAGE EXAMPLES
It included 15,000 fireworks and was accompanied by music from some of the city's most famous musical exports.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Companies such as Carrier will remain subject to the regulations if they export their products into the United States.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The state exported $1.4 billion worth of goods to the Caribbean island nation in the past decade.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 出口，输出
vt. 传播，输出（思想或活动）
时态：exported, exporting, exports
分布：出口(89%)，输出(9%)，输出品(1%)，输出存储器的信息(1%)
→ex-, 向外。port, 港口。
出口(ex出+port拿,引申为港口→拿出港口→出口)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
v./n.输出,出口n.出口商品The airport and seaport are important to import and export of portable goods.机场和海港对于进口和出口轻便商品很重要.
US [ˈek.spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to send goods to another country for sale 出口；输出
• French cheeses are exported to many different countries. 法国的起司出口到很多国家。
• Our clothes sell so well in this country that we have no need to export. 我们生产的服装在本国销路很好，所以没有必要出口。
Compare import
transitive
■to put something from one country into use in other countries 把…带到另一国家；传播；输出
• American culture has been exported all over the world. 美国文化已经传到世界各地。
transitive
■If you export information from a computer, you copy a large amount of it either to a different part of the computer's storage space or to another form of storage such as a floppy disk , so that it can be used for a different purpose. （将电脑讯息）导出，输出，转存
noun countable or uncountable UK [ˈek.spɔːt] US [-spɔːrt]
 IMPROVER
■a product that you sell in another country, or the business of sending goods to another country in order to sell them there 出口；出口商品；出口业务
• Coffee is one of Brazil's main exports. 咖啡是巴西主要的出口货品之一。
• We plan to increase our exports over the next five years. 我们计划在今后5年内增加出口。
• The export of ivory is now strictly controlled. 现在，象牙出口受到严格控制。
• India grows tea for export. 印度种植茶叶以供出口。
• We are planning to develop our export market/trade. 我们正计划拓展我们的出口市场／贸易。
n. 输出， [贸易] 出口；出口商品
 - output, exit
vt. 输出， [贸易] 出口
 - output, bulk out

Word: currency
Front: currency
[ˈkʌrənsi] (高研六托雅 3738/2114 -4)
Vocabulary: currency
(once / 272 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Currency is the paper and coin money that a country uses to conduct business. The United States uses a currency that's made up of dollars, quarters, nickels, dimes, and pennies.
Just about every country has its own currency — the money its people use to pay for their groceries, clothes, and other goods. Paper currency in the United States is all green and can confuse people who use bills with different colors for different denominations. In addition to describing a country's monetary system, currency means something that is accepted or used. The slang word "daddy-o" was the currency in the 1950s, but people who say it today can expect to receive strange looks.
WORD FAMILY
currency: currencies+/countercurrent: countercurrents/ current: countercurrent, currency, currently, currentness, currents, noncurrent, undercurrent/undercurrent: undercurrents
USAGE EXAMPLES
CURRENCIES: The dollar started the new year with broad gains in currency markets.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And there was talk about money — India’s recent devaluing of its currency in an apparent effort to cut graft and tax evasion.
Time(Jan 01, 2017)
The deadline for exchanging or depositing the old currency in bank accounts passed Friday.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 货币; 通用，流通，流传，传播; 市价，行情; 流通时间
分布：货币(93%)，流通(7%)
→来自current, 流动的，流通的。
流传;流通的货币(跑来跑去的钱→流通货币)[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.流传,流通;通货,货币The currency curriculum made the excursionist incur loss of time and money.货币课程使短途旅游者招致时间和钱的损失.
US ['kɝ:-] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time 货币，流通货币
• foreign currency 外币
UK ['kʌr.ənt.si] US ['kɝ:-] noun
ACCEPTANCE 接受
uncountable
■the state of being commonly known or accepted, or of being used in many places 流行；流通；通用
• His ideas enjoyed wide currency during the last century. 他的思想在上个世纪广为流传。
• Many informal expressions are gaining currency in serious newspapers. 许多非正式表达方法正在为严肃报刊所接受。
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
n. [金融] 货币；通货
 - money, circulating medium

Word: loan
Front: loan
[ləʊn] (研四六托雅 1699/1468 -K4)
Vocabulary: loan
(once / 160 pages)
nv
If you want to buy a car but don't have money, you'll need a loan: a sum of money given temporarily that must be repaid, often with interest, or an added percentage on top the original sum.
You can loan money or objects. If you loan someone your car, make sure he's a good driver. You might loan your friend a sweatshirt if she's cold and doesn't have one. Expect to get both your car and your sweatshirt back. A word that is borrowed from another language is called a loanword, like the word karaoke, which is Japanese.
WORD FAMILY
loan: loaned, loaner, loaning, loans+/loaner: loaners/loaning: loanings
USAGE EXAMPLES
They include shelter costs, transportation, groceries, utilities, insurance, minimum loan payments and child care.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A construction loan was turned over into long-term financing this week as the long-anticipated project moves closer to operations.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also brings politics into decisions on who and what projects receive public loans.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 贷款; 借款; 借用
vt. 借，借给
vi. 借出
时态：loaned, loaning, loans
分布：贷款(76%)，借(20%)，借出(3%)，供应货款(1%)
→来自leikw,留下，留给，词源同delinquent,derelict,relinquish.后引申词义借给，贷款，并衍生单词lend.
n.贷款;出借,借出v.借出I asked the bank for a loan.我向银行贷了款.
US [loʊn] noun
SUM 数目
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a sum of money which is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back, usually together with an extra amount of money that you have to pay as a charge for borrowing 贷款，借款
• She's trying to get a $50 000 loan to start her own business. 为了开办自己的公司，她正在争取一笔五万美元的贷款。
• We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car. 我们可以申请贷款去买汽车。
UK [ləʊn] US [loʊn] noun
BORROW 借
countable or uncountable
■an act of borrowing or lending something 借入；借出
• Thank you very much for the loan of your bike. 谢谢你把脚踏车借给我。
• This exhibit is on loan (= being borrowed/lent) from/to another museum. 这件展品是从另一家博物馆借来的／出借给了另一家博物馆。
UK [ləʊn] US [loʊn] verb
transitive
■to lend 借出；贷与
• This library loans books, CDs and videotapes. 这家图书馆可以外借图书、光碟和录影带。
• [+ two objects] I'd loan you the money if I could./I'd loan the money to you if I could. 我要是能借肯定会借给你这笔钱了。
loan, lend, borrow
这组词都有“借”的意思，其区别是：
loan: 指通过正式的手续，借数目较大的贷款。在美国也可指借出东西。
lend: 指将自己的东西借出给别人，也可用于借喻意义。
borrow: 指从某人或某处借来某物，也可用作比喻。
n. [金融] 贷款；借款
 - debt, credit, borrowing
vt. 借；借给
 - borrow, lend to

Word: sir
Front: sir
[sɜ:(r)] (中高 2108/534 -K5)
Back: n. 先生; （用于姓名前）爵士; （中小学生对男教师的称呼）先生; 老师
分布：先生(95%)，阁下(5%)
→来自古法语 sire,阁下，主，缩写自拉丁语 senior,长者，老者，即 senior.后作为对男士的尊称。
n.先生,长官;[S-用于姓名前]...爵士Don't call me sir.不要叫我 sir.
US [sɝ:] formal
noun [as form of address]
 IMPROVER
■used as a formal and polite way of speaking to a man, especially one who you are providing a service to or who is in a position of authority 先生
• Would you like to see the menu, sir? 您要看看菜单吗，先生?
• "Did you hear what I said?" "Yes, sir." “听到我说的话了吗？”“是的，先生。”
Compare madam ; Miss ; Ms
Dear Sir
 IMPROVER
■used to begin a formal letter to a man whose name you do not know. ' Dear Sirs ' is an old fashioned way of beginning a letter to a company. 尊敬的先生（用于正式信函中称呼不知姓名的男性收信人）尊敬的各位先生（正式商务信函的旧式信首称呼语）
Dear Sir or Madam
 IMPROVER
■used to begin a formal letter when you do not know whether the person you are writing to is a man or a woman 尊敬的先生或女士，敬启者（用于正式信函中称呼不知性别的收信人）
UK [sɜ:r] US [sɝ:] formal
noun [as form of address]
no sir US informal
■certainly not 决不，绝不，绝对不
• I'm not going to ride the subway, no sir! 我不会去乘地铁，绝对不会！
Mr., sir
这两个名词均可表示“先生”之意。
Mr.: 是Mister的缩写形式，一般加在男子的姓或名字或职位之前，是对成年男子的尊称。Mr.多用于英国，Mr(未加圆点)多用于美国。
sir: 较正式的呼语，书面文字或口语均可使用，其后不必加姓。
sir, mr.
这组词都有“先生”的意思，其区别是：
sir: 较正式的呼语，书面文字或口语均可使用，其后不必加姓。
mr.: 是Mister的缩写形式，一般加在男子的姓或名字或职位之前，是对成年男子的尊称。Mr.多用于英国，Mr(未加圆点)多用于美国。
n. 阁下，先生
 - don, gentleman

Word: compare
Front: compare
[kəmˈpeə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 831/773 -K3)
Vocabulary: compare
(once / 49 pages)
1vn 2v
To compare is to look at two things and see how they are similar and different.
People compare all the time. If you look at two products and compare prices, you're looking for the better bargain. It is hard to compare who was the better athlete, Michael Jordan or Billie Jean King, because they played different sports. At a museum, you can compare different paintings. If you like your math teacher better than your history teacher, you're comparing the two. If a TV shows is bad, you could say "it doesn't compare" to your favorite show.
WORD FAMILY
compare: comparable, comparative, compared, compares, comparing+/ comparable: comparability, comparably, incomparable, uncomparable/comparably: uncomparably/ comparative: comparatively, comparatives/ incomparable: incomparablest, incomparably
USAGE EXAMPLES
In California alone, 12 cities raised their starting pay requirement, some to as high as $13 an hour, compared with $7.25 for the federal minimum.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 比较，对照
vt. 比拟，喻为; [语]构成
vi. 相比，匹敌; 比较，区别; 比拟（常与to连用）
n. 比较
时态：compared, comparing, compares
分布：比较(88%)，对比(6%)，对照(5%)，比喻(1%)
→com-, 强调。-par, 对等，词源同pair, peer.
比较,对照(com共同+pare→平等放在一起→比较)[par=equal,表示"平等"]
vt.(to,with)比较;(to)把...比作vi.相比I prepare to compare the two comparable parallel companies.我准备比较那两个可比较的类似的公司.
US [-per] verb transitive
EXAMINE DIFFERENCES 查找差异
 ESSENTIAL
■to examine or look for the difference between two or more things 对比，对照，比较
• If you compare house prices in the two areas, it's quite amazing how different they are. 如果比较一下两个地段的房价，你会惊讶地发现两者差别竟如此之大。
• That seems expensive - have you compared prices in other shops? 那好像很贵——你有没有比较一下其他店里的价格？
• Compare some recent work with your older stuff and you'll see how much you've improved. 把你近来的作品与以前的对照一下，你就会知道你的进步有多大。
• This road is quite busy compared to/with ours. 与我们那条路相比，这条路很繁忙。
• Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to/with when we were at school. 与我们上学时相比，孩子现在学到的有趣东西似乎更多一些。
UK [kəm'peər] US [-per] verb transitive
CONSIDER SIMILARITIES 考虑相似之处
■to judge, suggest or consider that something is similar or of equal quality to something else 将…比作；拿…与…相比；认为…和…相似（或不相上下）
• The poet compares his lover's tongue to a razor blade. 诗人把他恋人的舌头比作剃须刀刀片。
• Still only twenty-five, she has been compared to the greatest dancer of all time. 她才25岁就被誉为有史以来最伟大的舞蹈家。
• People have compared me to Elizabeth Taylor. 人们把我比作伊莉莎白‧泰勒。
• You can't compare the two cities - they're totally different. 你不能把这两座城市相提并论——它们完全不同。
does not compare
■If something or someone does not compare with something or someone else, the second thing is very much better than the first 不能相比，比不上
• Instant coffee just doesn't compare with freshly ground coffee. 即溶咖啡根本比不上现磨的咖啡。
compare favourably
■If something compares favourably with something else, it is better than it 比起来要好，比得过
• The hotel certainly compared favourably with the one we stayed in last year. 这家饭店当然比我们去年住的那家要好。
UK [kəm'peər] US [-per] verb transitive
compare notes
■If two people compare notes, they tell each other what they think about something they have both done 交换看法，交流意见
• We'd both been out with the same man at different points in our lives so it was interesting to compare notes. 我俩在人生的不同时期和同一个男人约会过，所以交流一下看法很有意思。
UK [kəm'peər] US [-per] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  compared with/toRemember: to describe the differences or similarities between two or more things, use 'compare' in the past tense. Don't say 'compare with/to', or 'comparing with/to', say compared with/to.
✗ Her garden is big comparing to mine. Her garden is big compared to mind.
UK [kəm'peər] US [-per] noun literary
beyond compare
■so good that everyone or everything else is of worse quality 无与伦比；无可比拟；举世无双
• Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美丽无与伦比。
compare, compare to, compare with, contrast
这些动词(短语)均含“比较”之意。
compare: 侧重比较两个或更多东西的异同优劣，强调相同或类似之处。
compare to: 指两物有类似或相似之处，从而“把(一物)比作(另一物)。”
compare with: 指“把……用……作比较”以便找出差异或好坏。
contrast: 指比较两个或更多东西之间的差异，侧重不同点。
vt. 比较；对照；比喻为
 - contradistinguish, be confronted with
vi. 比较；相比
 - match
n. 比较
 - parabole

Word: manage
Front: manage
[ˈmænɪdʒ] (中高研四六 945/752 -K4)
Vocabulary: manage
(once / 32 pages)
v
To manage is to skillfully handle something. If you can barely manage to keep your goldfish alive, you should probably think twice about adopting those Golden Retriever puppies.
The verb manage also means to supervise or oversee either things or people at work. You might manage six people at the donut shop, even though you've only worked there for four months. If you carefully manage your donut shop earnings, you should be able to buy that new car next year. Manage also means to cope with or come to terms with. It might seem scary to go to college in another state, but I know you'll manage.
WORD FAMILY
manage: manageable, managed, management, manager, manages, managing, mismanage +/ manageable: manageability, manageableness, manageably, unmanageable/ management: managements/ manager: managerial, managers, managership/managerial: managerially/managership: managerships/ mismanage: mismanaged, mismanagement, mismanages, mismanaging/mismanagement: mismanagements/unmanageable: unmanageableness, unmanageably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Intro: Yes, the producers managed to fit in a gratuitous shot of Nick in the shower.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
They are under pressure, from Medicare and private insurers, to manage and coordinate care for their patients before and after surgery.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 使用; 完成（困难的事）; 经营; 明智地使用（金钱、时间、信息等）
vt. & vi. 办理，设法对付
vi. 能解决（问题）; 应付（困难局面等）; 凑合着活下去; 支撑
时态：managed, managing, manages
分布：管理(88%)，经营(7%)，提供(3%)，设法对付(1%)，做成(1%)
→来自拉丁语manus,手，词源同manual.引申词义用手操作，控制，管理，应付等。
办理;管理(man+age→用手做→引申为管理)[man,maun=hand,表示"手"]
v.经营,管理,处理;设法,对付;操纵,运用The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
verb
SUCCEED 成功
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult 成功做到，顺利完成（尤指困难之事）
• [+ to infinitive] Did you manage to get any bread? 你弄到面包了吗？
• I only just managed to finish on time. 我勉强准时完成。
• A small dog had somehow managed to survive the fire. 一只小狗在火灾中侥幸逃生。
• I can't manage all this work on my own. 我自己无法独自完成全部工作。
• Don't worry about us - we'll manage! 别担心我们——我们应付得了的！
• Can you manage dinner on Saturday (= Will you be able to come to dinner) ? 你星期六能来吃晚餐吗？
• mainly UK I'm afraid I can't manage the time (= I'm too busy) to see you at the moment. 恐怕我现在抽不出时间去见你。
intransitive
■to succeed in living on a small amount of money 勉强生活下去，勉强度日
• After she lost her job, they had to manage on his salary. 她失业后，他们不得不靠他的薪水勉强过活。
['mæn.ɪdʒ] verb
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to be responsible for controlling or organizing someone or something especially a business 管理，掌管；经营（尤指企业）
• Has she had any experience of managing large projects? 她有负责大型专案计划的经验吗？
• He's not very good at managing people. 他不是很善于管理别人。
• His job involved managing large investment funds. 他的工作涉及管理巨额投资基金。
• When you have a job as well as children to look after, you have to learn how to manage your time. 如果你既要工作又要照顾孩子，就必须学会如何分配时间。
⇒ See also mismanage
manage, try
manage: to do设法做成了某事,
try: to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
deal with, cope with, dispose of, manage, handle
这些动词或短语动词都含有“处理”，“对付”之意。
deal with: 既可指处理具体事情，也可指处理或解决具有抽象意义的问题。
cope with: 指成功地处理或对付更为重大，更为严重的问题或事物。
dispose of: 与deal with同义，普通用法。
manage: 指处理日常事务与工作，也可指经营管理。
handle: 从原义“手柄”，转引申为作“处理”解时，其内涵是管理和操纵。
vt. 管理；经营；控制；设法
 - possess, run, regulate, conduct, direct
vi. 处理；应付过去
 - cope with, handle with

Word: behind
Front: behind
[bɪˈhaɪnd] (中高 421/489 -K5)
Vocabulary: behind
(once / 24 pages)
1advadj 2n
When one thing is behind another, it's at the rear or the far side of it, possibly even hidden by it. Your shy dog might tend to stand behind you when you meet a friend on your walk.
When the sun hides behind a cloud, the cloud is in front of it, and when there's fear lurking behind your cheerful smile, the grin is disguising, or covering, your anxiety. Behind can also mean "supporting," as when you're a hundred percent behind your sister's campaign for school president; or "lagging," as when you say: "Slow down! I'm way behind in this race!" Finally, behind is a gentle slang term for "buttocks."
WORD FAMILY
behind: behinds
USAGE EXAMPLES
It worked: Karjakin got behind on time and flailed about looking for counterplay, but the bind proved strong.
Slate(Dec 01, 2016)
“The motivations behind the recount are questionable and ultimately costly,” Tom Evenson, a spokesman, said in an email.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“College sport remains behind professional sports regarding opportunities for women and people of color for the top jobs,” Lapchick said.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: prep. （表示位置）在…的后面; 支持; （表示顺序）在身后; （表示比较）落后于
adv. 在后面; 向后; 在后面较远处; （落）在后面
n. 〈口〉屁股
分布：落后于(38%)，迟(22%)，不如(17%)，在...之后(6%)，追赶(5%)，基于(3%)，迟于...(3%)，落后地(3%)，在后面地(3%)
→前缀be-, 强调。hind, 后面，见hindsight, 后见之明。
prep.在...的背后,(遗留)在..后面;落后于It's acertained that the certificate is behind the curtain of the stainless steel container.经查实证书在不锈钢容器的帘子后面.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■at the back (of) 在（…的）后面
• Look behind you! 往后看！
• I hung my coat behind the door. 我把大衣挂在门后了。
• Alex led, and I followed along behind. 亚历斯带头，我紧随其后。
• mainly UK As hard as she tried, she always fell behind the other swimmers in the races. 比赛时不管她怎样努力，总是落在其他游泳选手的后面。
• figurative I knew that behind (= hidden by) her smile was sadness. 我知道她在用微笑掩饰着内心的忧伤。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
be behind sb (all the way)
■to support someone (completely) in what they are doing （全力）支持（某人）
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
Behind every great / successful man there stands a woman. saying
■said to emphasize that men's success often depends on the work and support of their wives 每个成功的男人背后都有一个女人。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition adverb
behind the wheel
■driving a motor vehicle 开车
• I'm a different person when I'm behind the wheel. 我一开车，就完全变成另一个人。
[bɪ'haɪnd] adverb
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL
■in the place where someone or something was before 在某人或某物以前所在的地方
• I was annoyed to discover that I'd left my bag behind. 当我发现留下了袋子，感到很气愤。
• After the party a few people stayed behind to help clear up. 派对结束后，一些客人留下来帮忙收拾打扫。
[bɪ'haɪnd] adverb
SLOWER 迟缓
 ADVANCED
■slower or later than someone else, or than you should be 比别人迟或慢，落后（于）
• The old woman was behind with (= late paying) the rent. 老妇人迟迟未交房租。
[bɪ'haɪnd] preposition
■responsible for or the cause of 是…背后的原因
• He wondered what was behind his neighbour's sudden friendliness. 他不明白为何邻居的态度突然变得友善。
• Marie Curie was the woman behind enormous changes in the science of chemistry. 居礼夫人使整个化学领域发生了巨变。
[bɪ'haɪnd] noun countable informal
■the part of the body on which a person sits; bottom 屁股
• He tripped and fell on his behind. 他绊了一跤，一屁股摔在地上。
• Why don't you get off your behind (= stand up) and do something! 你为何不起来做些事情！
hind, backward, behind, back
这组词都有“在后，向后”的意思，其区别是：
hind: 指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。
backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。
behind: 指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。
back: 作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。
after, behind, at the back of
这些词均有“在……后面”之意。
after: 和behind用来表地点时，前者强调的是顺序的先后，而后者侧重方向和位置的前后关系。请比较：The student sat after me.那个学生坐在我后面。(我坐在他前面)。The student sat behind me.那学生坐在我背后。after与behind用于指时间时，前者强调时间的先后顺序，而后者则着重于表示“落后……”或“迟于……”的概念。试比较：Who ruled after James I?詹姆斯一世之后是谁统治的?You are forty minutes behind schedule.你比规定的时间迟了40分钟。after多用于表示因时间上的先后而造成顺序的前后场合，behind则常用于仅指位置上的前后关系。请比较：Please shut the door after you.请随手关门。Please shut the door behind you.请关上你身后的门。
at the back of: 这个前置词短语既可指具体的位置的先后，又可用于指抽象的概念。
prep. 落后于；支持；晚于
 - with, past
n. 屁股
 - ass, rear, pratt

Word: able
Front: able
[ˈeɪbl] (中高 385/295 -K5)
Vocabulary: able
(once / 15 pages)
adj
If you're able to juggle, you'll go far in life. To be able is to have the skill, knowledge, or permission to do something.
Able is an adjective that describes the ability to do a particular thing, like your friend who's able to ride a motorcycle and your dog that's able to roll over on command. It can also mean very skilled or capable, as when you describe your sister as an able tap dancer. Able comes from the Latin word habilis, "easily handled or apt." The h is silent in Latin, which led to it being dropped from the English able.
WORD FAMILY
able: ability, abler, ablest, ably, disable, enable, unable+/ ability: abilities, inability / disability: disabilities/ disable: disabled, disablement, disables, disabling /disabled: disability /disablement: disablements/disenable: disenabled, disenabling/ enable: disenable, enabled, enables, enabling / inability: inabilities/unable: unablest, unably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Negotiators were able to get the man to surrender shortly after 1 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The man was soon able to walk back up the hill to the roadway and await medical treatment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 能够的; 有能力的; 有才干的; 干练的
分布：能干的(43%)，有能力的(40%)，能够的(17%)
→词源同habit，习惯，来自词根hab,居住，拥有，能力。与后缀-able词义几乎完全重合。
能够的[abl,bili=able,表示"能力"]
a.有(能力,时间,知识等)做某事,有本事的It's a fable that the cable enables the disabled man to be able to walk.电缆使得残疾人能够行走是天方夜谭.
adjective
CAN DO 能做
be able to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time, money or opportunity to do something 能够做…
• Will she be able to cope with the work? 她能应付这项工作吗？
• He's never been able to admit to his mistakes. 他从来就不会承认自己的错误。
• I'm sorry that I wasn't able to phone you yesterday. 对不起，昨天我没能给你打电话。
• It's so wonderful being able to see the sea from my window. 能从我的视窗看到大海，真是太棒了。
be better able to do something
■to find it easier to do something 更易于做某事
• Get a good night's sleep and you'll feel better able to cope. 晚上好好睡一觉，解决问题的能力会更好。
  Common Learner Errors  ableAble is followed by a verb in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'able do something' or 'able doing something', say able to do something.
✗ I will be able start the job next week. I will be able to start the job next week.
['eɪ.bl] adjective
SKILFUL 有技巧的
■clever or good at what you do 聪明能干的；有能力的
• an able child/student/secretary 聪明的孩子／有才华的学生／能干的秘书
• This problem is now being looked at by some of the ablest minds/scientists in the country. 现在国内一些最有才干的人／科学家正在研究这个难题。
competent, able, capable
competent: 指“胜任”，“合格”，或受过专业技术等训练的，但不是超群的能力。如：A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。)
able: 为常用词，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知识与时间等，一般下效率无关，用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如：A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。)
capable: 指满足一般要求的能力，可以是表现出来的，也可是潜在的，搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语，表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如：He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
adj. 能； [经管] 有能力的；能干的
 - capable, efficient, competent

Word: thought
Front: thought
[θɔ:t] (中高研四六托雅 760/710 -K5)
Vocabulary: thought
(once / 8 pages)
n
Thought is the process of using your mind to consider something. It can also be the product of that process: an idea or just the thing you're thinking about.
Thought can also refer to the organized beliefs of a period, individual, or group. If you're writing an essay about the Reformation, you'll probably want to summarize early Catholic thought regarding free will and predestination. This word can also be used to describe a personal belief or judgment you can't prove or be entirely certain of.
WORD FAMILY
thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought+/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought/ think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought /thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/ thinker: thinkers/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I thought it was just a bruise - a pretty good bruise,” White said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“If not” is a dangerous thought for a team about to enter the win-or-else phase of its rebuilding.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We held this team to 101 points on their home floor, and I thought our offense in that third quarter was the difference.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 思想; 想法; 关心; 思索
v. 想( think的过去式和过去分词); 思索; 以为; 认为
分布：思想(55%)，想法(31%)，关心(5%)，打算(3%)，观念(2%)，顾虑(2%)，意向(1%)，思念(1%)
→来自 think 的名词形式，-th,名词后缀，在 h 后缩写为 t.
n.思想,思考,思维;意图,打算;想法Have you any thoughts about our next holiday?下个假日怎么度过,你有什么想法吗?
US [θɑ:t] verb past simple and past participle of
■ think
UK [θɔ:t] US [θɑ:t] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the act of thinking about or considering something, an idea or opinion, or a set of ideas about a particular subject 思考；考虑；思想
• Ask me again tomorrow. I'll have to give it some thought. 明天再问我吧，我还得考虑一下。
• She doesn't give any thought to her appearance. 她根本不注意自己的仪表。
• Let me have your thoughts on that report by Friday. 星期五之前告诉我你对那份报告的看法吧。
• Spare a thought for (= Think about) all those without shelter on a cold night like this. 想想那些在这样的寒夜无处栖身的人们。
• He's the author of a book on the history of European thought. 他写过一本有关欧洲思想史的书。
• You sent her a card? That was a kind thought. 你给她送了贺卡？你想得很周到。
UK [θɔ:t] US [θɑ:t] noun countable or uncountable
that's a thought
■that's a good idea 那是个好主意
• "Shall we go on Thursday instead of Friday?" "That's a thought." “我们把星期五去改成星期四去好吗？”“好主意。”
UK [θɔ:t] US [θɑ:t] noun countable or uncountable
the thought crosses sb's mind
■If the thought of (doing) something crosses someone's mind, they think about it for a short time （某人的）头脑中闪过…念头
• The thought had crossed my mind that I might need some help with the project. 我脑中曾闪过这样的念头——项目上我可能需要帮助。
UK [θɔ:t] US [θɑ:t] noun countable or uncountable
with no thought for sth
■not thinking about a particular thing 对…不考虑
• With no thought for his own safety, he rushed towards the burning car. 他不顾个人安危，冲向着火的汽车。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 思想；思考；想法；关心
 - idea, concepts, attention, consideration
v. 想，思考；认为（think的过去式和过去分词）
 - reflected, deemed

Word: together
Front: together
[təˈgeðə(r)] (中高 324/288 -K5)
Vocabulary: together
(once / 20 pages)
1adv 2adj
Cooperative and surrounded by friends, together is never alone. Together is an adverb indicating when two or more people or things that are with each other — assembled in a group or united in goals.
Together can also mean “at the same time.” If you sing soprano in a choir, you sing together with the other sopranos in a song. Together is also used to say “set up” or “well-organized.” When someone is emotionally stable, calm, confident, or level-headed, you might describe her as together. And if not, you might hope she “gets it together." Together is a cousin of gather, which might explain why they show up together so often.
WORD FAMILY
together: togetherness, togethers+/togetherness: togethernesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We faced a lot of adversity, but I think we stuck together,” White said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He rubbed his hands together and kept repeating those words: “It hurts.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 同时; 在一起; 一致地; 不间断地
adj. 稳定可靠的; 做事有效率的
分布：一起(38%)，共同(24%)，连续地(17%)，一致(8%)，协调(7%)，镇定的(3%)，有能力的(3%)
→合成自 to gather.
ad.共同,一起;合起来,集拢地Otherwise, mother will go to another movie together with brother.不然,妈妈就和弟弟一起去看另一场电影.
US [-ɚ] adverb
WITH EACH OTHER 一起
 ESSENTIAL
■with each other 一起；共同
• We used to go to aerobics together. 我们过去常常一起去做有氧运动。
• We worked together on a project a couple of years back. 几年前我们一起做过工程。
• Could you add these figures together for me? 你能替我把这些数字加在一起吗？
• You mix all the dry ingredients together before you add the milk. 你把所有亁的配料混在一起后再加牛奶。
• I like both flavours separately but I don't like them together. 这两种味道我都喜欢，但我不喜欢把它们混在一起后的味道。
• You could stick that back together (= join the separate parts to each other) with a bit of glue. 你可以用一点胶水把那些碎片再黏合一起。
• She said, "Never trust a man whose eyes are so close together!" 她说：“永远不要相信两只眼睛距离太近的男人！”
• The waiter asked if we were all together so I explained that we were two separate parties. 服务员问我们是不是一起的，我解释说我们是两拨人。
• We should get together (= meet each other socially) some time and have a drink. 我们应该找个时候聚一聚，喝一杯。
⇒ See also altogether
 ESSENTIAL
■If two people are described as together, they have a close romantic and often sexual relationship with each other 在一起，关系亲密
• Mira and Ellis have been together now for almost five years. 米拉和艾理斯在一起至今已差不多有五年了。
get (it) together informal
■If two people get together or get it together, they start a sexual relationship with each other 好上，开始发生性关系
• We'd seen each other once or twice in a group, but we didn't really get it together till Rachel's party. 我们在一群人一起时见过一两次面，但直到雷切尔的派对后才上了床。
UK [tə'geð.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
AT THE SAME TIME 同时
 ESSENTIAL
■at the same time 同时
• Everyone seemed to arrive together. 大家似乎同时到达。
• We can deal with the next two items on the list together. 我们能同时处理清单上的下两项。
UK [tə'geð.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
COMBINED 合起来的
 ESSENTIAL
■combined 合起来；合在一起地
• Together they must earn over eighty thousand dollars a year. 合起来他们一年肯定能赚八万多美元。
• She's got more sense than the rest of you put together. 你们合在一起也不如她聪明。
UK [tə'geð.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
IN ONE PLACE 在一处
 ESSENTIAL
■in one place 在一起
• I'll just gather my things together and then we can go. 我只要把我的东西收拾在一起，然后我们就可以离开。
UK [tə'geð.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
AND ALSO 连同
together with
 IMPROVER
■in addition to; and also 连同；加上
• The money that I owe you for the telephone together with the rent equals £300. 我欠你的电话费加上房租一共是300英镑。
• That bottle of champagne together with those chocolates will make a nice present. 那瓶香槟酒连同那些巧克力会是一份很好的礼物。
UK [tə'geð.ər] US [-ɚ] adjective informal approving
 ADVANCED
■organized, confident of your abilities and able to use them to achieve what you want 自信而有条理的；沉稳的
• He's strikes me as a fairly together sort of a guy. 他给我的感觉是一个相当沉稳的人。
get it together
■to get something organized 把事情料理妥当
• We were going to do something more ambitious over Christmas this year but we never got it together. 我们原打算今年的圣诞节搞得更隆重些，可是却总没安排好。
adv. 一起；同时；相互；连续地；总共
 - along, meanwhile
adj. 新潮的；情绪稳定的，做事有效率的
 - candy

Word: announce
Front: announce
[əˈnaʊns] (高研四六托宝 1163/795 -K5)
Vocabulary: announce
(once / 52 pages)
1v 2v
Announce means to make something public. Companies announce the release of new products, parents announce the marriages of their children, and school administrators announce changes to the day's schedule over the PA.
Announce has some subtler meanings as well—you might inadvertently announce your attention to go for the basket by looking at it during a game. You might very intentionally announce that you are never eating pizza again, if you want everyone you know to be aware of this.
WORD FAMILY
announce: announced, announcement, announcer, announces, announcing, annunciatory+/announced: unannounced/ announcement: announcements/announcer: announcers/unannounced: unannouncedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Hurricanes' quarterback is no longer the Hurricanes' quarterback, after announcing Monday night he is skipping his senior season and entering the NFL draft.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The conference announced Mason and Nebraska senior guard Tai Webster on Monday as the winners for the opening week of league play.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 宣布参加竞选; 当播音员
vt. 宣布; 述说; 声称; 预告
时态：announced, announcing, announces
分布：宣布(89%)，宣告(6%)，预示(2%)，播报(2%)，宣布竞选(1%)
→前缀an-同ad-.词根nounce, 通知，见pronounce, 通知。
通告(an+nounce通知→通告)[ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意]
宣布,发表(an+nounce→一再讲→宣布)[nounce,nunci=speak,表示"讲话,说出"]
v.正式宣布;发表;通告;广播(电台节目)The dark clouds announced the coming his return.乌云是风雨欲来的前兆.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to state or make known, especially publicly （尤指公开地）宣布，宣告，通告
• They announced the death of their mother in the local paper. 他们在一家当地报纸上刊登了他们母亲去世的讣告。
• She announced the winner of the competition to an excited audience. 她向激动的观众宣布了比赛的获胜者。
• [+ that] The Prime Minister has announced that public spending will be increased next year. 首相已经宣布明年将增加公共开支。
■to show that something is going to happen 作为…的迹象；显示
• The first few leaves in the gutter announced the beginning of autumn. 排水沟中最先落下的几片叶子标志着秋天的来临。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 宣布；述说；预示；播报
 - indicate, bill, forecast, shadow

Word: improve
Front: improve
[ɪmˈpru:v] (中高研四六 995/903 -K4)
Vocabulary: improve
(once / 63 pages)
v
When you improve something, you make it better. For example, you can improve your harmonica playing with practice.
Be happy when you see this word, because something is getting better — improving. Getting a tutor will usually improve your grades. Sleeping well improves your health and alertness. A haircut could improve your looks. Painters have to decide whether a painting is finished or if it can still be improved. Voters decide which candidate will improve the nation. Sometimes a sick patient will mysteriously improve. The opposite of improve is worsen or deteriorate.
WORD FAMILY
improve: improvable, improved, improvement, improver, improves, improving +/improvable: improvably/ improved: unimproved/ improvement: improvements, self-improvement/improver: improvers/ improving: improvingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both economies are improving, with lower policy rates likely to support valuations for 2017, it added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
But it soon became clear that McCloughan hadn’t done enough to improve the defense, and it proved a liability all season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tigers found the range after the break, improving field goal percentage from 31 percent to 48 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提高（土地、地产）的价值; 利用（机会）; 改善，改良
vi. 变得更好; 改进，改善
时态：improved, improving, improves
分布：提高(41%)，改善(36%)，改进(21%)，变得更好(2%)
→来自诺曼法语emprouwer,使变成利润，增加收入，来自em-,进入，使，prou,利润，收益，词源同proud,原义为有收益的，有用的。后拼写受prove影响俗化。引申词义改进，改善。
v.改善,改进,增进;好转,进步It's proved that the approver improved waterproof roof.经证实,赞同者改善了防水屋顶.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause something to) get better 改进；改善
• He did a lot to improve conditions for factory workers. 他为改善工厂工人的工作条件做了许多工作。
• I thought the best way to improve my French was to live in France. 我认为提高我的法语水准的最好办法是到法国生活。
• Her health has improved dramatically since she started on this new diet. 自从开始这种新的饮食，她的健康状况大为改善。
[ɪm'pru:v] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  improve on/upon sth
■to do something in a better way or with better results than before 改进；提高
• Last time she ran the race in twenty minutes, so she's hoping to improve on that. 上次比赛她跑了20分钟，因此她希望在此基础上再作进步。
[ɪm'pru:v] verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  improve or increase? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about causing something to get better, don't say 'increase', say improve :
✗ We need to increase our relationship with our customers. We need to improve our relationship with our customers.
promote, improve
promote: 提升，提倡
improve: 改进，改善
better, improve, perfect, refine
这组词都有“改进，改善”的意思，其区别是：
better: 多用于口语，指适当地改善原来并非很差的状态或性质，也指社会地位、经济状况的改善。
improve: 最常用词，多指状态或性质上的深刻或重要改进，也可指自身能力的提高。
perfect: 语义强，通常指使方法、技术等达到完善美好的境地。
refine: 侧重指使语言、仪态等变得文雅、优美，也可指技艺等的提高。
vt. 改善，增进；提高…的价值
 - further, build up
vi. 增加；变得更好
 - gain, accelerate, grow in

Word: concern
Front: concern
[kənˈsɜ:n] (高研四六雅 717/836 -K5)
Vocabulary: concern
(once / 36 pages)
nv
Concern is both a noun and a verb. As a noun it's something that you find particularly important. If you love pizza, getting the crust just so is a major concern during your pizza party.
Concern can also be something or someone that makes you upset or anxious, like your concern over the quality of the pizza crust. It can be a feeling of sympathy, like when your mom expresses concern over your obsession with pizza crust. As a verb, concern means to be relevant to something. Your main goal today may concern studying for your math test. Concern can also describe worry. When you stay out past curfew, your mom will be concerned.
WORD FAMILY
concern: concerned, concerning, concerns, self-concern, unconcern+/ concerned: concernedly, unconcerned /unconcern: unconcerns/ unconcerned: unconcernedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The questioning Monday night was apparently related to the less serious of the two, which concerns gifts from businessmen, according to the media reports.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Experts also expressed concerns regarding the report released by DHS and the FBI on the Russian hacking operation.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said he is concerned that three former high-level spies for Cuba are involved in their country’s engagement with the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 涉及，关系到; 使关心，使担忧; 参与
n. 关心; 关系，有关; 顾虑; 公司或企业
时态：concerned, concerning, concerns
分布：关心(62%)，公司(9%)，涉及(8%)，影响(8%)，企业(7%)，关心的事(6%)
→con-, 强调。-cern, 分开，筛选，词源同discern, crisis. 即区分开的，关心自己那一部分的。
关系到[cern,cert,cret=sure,separate,表示"搞清,区别"]
v.涉及,关系到v./n.关心n.(利害)关系The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
US [-'sɝ:n] verb
WORRY 担心
 IMPROVER transitive
■to cause worry to someone 使担忧；使挂念；使焦虑
• The state of my father's health concerns us greatly. 我父亲的健康状况让我们非常担心。
• [+ that] It concerns me that he hasn't been in contact. 还没有联络到他，我很担心。
  Common Learner Errors  concern or concerned? Warning: do not confuse the verb concern with the adjective concerned :
✗ These days, people are concern about their health. These days, people are concerned about their health.
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] verb
INVOLVE 涉及
 ADVANCED transitive
■to be important to someone or to involve someone directly 对（某人）很重要；与（某人）相关；涉及，关系到（某人）
• Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all. 污染和环境的问题与我们所有人都息息相关。
• What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you. 我要跟埃米说的事与你无关。
transitive formal
■If a story, film or article concerns a particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject （故事、电影或文章）涉及，是关于…的
• The film concerns a woman who goes to China as a missionary. 电影讲述的是一位去中国传教的女子的故事。
concern yourself [R]
■to become involved with something, or worried about something 关心；关注；担心
• There's no need for you to concern yourself with what happened. 你不用操心发生了甚么事情。
• Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon. 别担心，她很快就会回家的。
To whom it may concern
■something you write at the start of a formal letter or notice when you do not know exactly who it should be sent to 敬启者
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
WORRY 担心
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when you feel worried or nervous about something, or something that makes you feel worried 担心；忧虑；挂念；忧虑的事情
• Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing. 两名失踪少年的安危越来越令人担忧。
• There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food. 公众对近来在食物中发现危险毒素一事非常不安。
• [+ that] My concern is that you're not getting enough work done. 我担心的是你将不能完成足够的工作。
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
BUSINESS 公司
countable
■a company 公司，企业
• a family concern 家族企业
• It started slowly, but the company is now a going concern (= doing business effectively). 公司起步很慢，但现在生意做得很好。
UK [kən'sɜ:n] US [-'sɝ:n] noun
IMPORTANT TO 关切
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■something that is important to you, or when something is important 重要的事；关心的事，关切的事；关心，关切
• [+ to infinitive] His concern to appear sophisticated amused everyone. 他一心要显得老练，让大家觉得很好笑。
• The company's sole concern is to ensure the safety of its employees. 公司唯一关注的是要确保其员工的安全。
• There's a matter of some concern that I have to discuss with you. 我有件重要的事要跟你商量。
countable or uncountable
■something that involves or affects you or is important to you 关切的事；关心的事；有利害关系的事
• What were the major concerns of the writers from this period? 这个时期的作家主要关注的是甚么？
• I don't want to hear about it - it's no concern of mine! 我不想听那件事——完全与我无关！
• "What's happening?" "That's none of/not any of your concern." “发生甚么事了？”“不关你的事。”
be of concern
■to be important 很重要；有重大影响
• The results of the election are of concern to us all. 选举的结果对我们所有人都有重大影响。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
anxiety, concern, care, worry
这组词都有“焦虑、关心”的意思，其区别是：
anxiety: 指对预料中的不祥之事的焦虑。
concern: 作“关心”用时，是indifference(冷漠)的反义词，侧重对他人健康、安全等的关心，也可暗示对困难、危险或失败等的忧虑。
care: 强调因出于责任感或顾虑等而产生的不安。
worry: 侧重对未知事态演变的忧虑。
vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心
 - deal with, to relate to
n. 关系；关心；关心的事
 - relationship, connection, attention, consideration, bearing

Word: single
Front: single
[ˈsɪŋgl] (中高雅 632/569 -K5)
Back: adj. 单一的; （打斗、比赛等）一对一的; 惟一的; 适于一人的
n. 单程票; （旅馆等的）单人房间; [复数]（高尔夫球一对一的）二人对抗赛; [常用复数][美国、加拿大英语]未婚（或单身）男子（或女子）
vt. 挑选
vi. 作一垒手
时态：singled, singling, singles
分布：单一的(40%)，单程票(12%)，单曲(10%)，单身的(10%)，单人房间(8%)，单程的(6%)，单个的(6%)，单人的(4%)，单身者(3%)，特指某人或某物(1%)
→来自拉丁语 singulus,单个的，单身的，来自 sem,一，词源同 same,simple,similar.字母 m,n 音变，比较 lamp,lantern.
a.单人的;单一的,单个的;未婚的,独身的The sinful single singer's finger skin is singular.有罪的单身歌手的手指皮肤独特.
adjective
ONE 一个
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■one only 单一的，仅有一个的
• He knocked his opponent down with a single blow. 他仅用一拳就打倒了对手。
• Not a single person offered to help her. 没有一个人主动出来帮她。
• You haven't been listening to a single word I've been saying. 我说的你连一个字都没听进去。
Compare double
['sɪŋ.gl] adjective
NOT MARRIED 没有结婚的
 IMPROVER
■not married, or not having a romantic relationship with someone 单身的，未婚的
• a single woman/man/person 单身女子／未婚男人／单身者
• He's been single for so long now, I don't think he'll ever marry. 他这么长时间一直单身，我认为他永远不会结婚了。
• The number of single-parent families dependent on the state has risen enormously in recent years. 近年来，依靠国家救济的单亲家庭数量急遽增加。
['sɪŋ.gl] adjective
SEPARATE 分开的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■considered on its own; separate from other things 唯一的
• Patience is the single most important quality needed for this job. 耐心是这项工作所需最重要的特质。
• She lost every single thing when her house burned down. 她的房子烧毁以后，她失去了所有的一切。
['sɪŋ.gl] verb intransitive
■A baseball player singles by hitting a ball that allows him to reach first base. （棒球中）击出一垒安打
['sɪŋ.gl] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] single sb/sth out
■to choose one person or thing from a group for special attention, especially criticism or praise （为给予批评、表扬等）单独挑出
• It's not fair the way my sister is always singled out for special treatment. 我妹妹总是受到特殊待遇，这不公平。
• Jamie was thrilled when the teacher singled out his poem and asked him to read it out. 老师选出杰米的诗并让他自己朗读时，杰米非常激动。
['sɪŋ.gl] noun countable
■a record or CD which has only one main song on it 单曲（唱片）
• Have you heard Michael Jackson's new single? 你听过麦可‧杰克森的最新单曲吗？
■in cricket, one run (= point) （板球中的）一分打
■in baseball, a hit which allows the player to reach first base （棒球中的）一垒安打
singles uncountable
■a game, especially in tennis, played between one player on one side and one on the other （尤指网球的）单打比赛 Compare doubles
singles [plural]
■people who are not married and do not have a romantic relationship with someone 单身者，未婚者
single (ticket) UK
■a ticket for a journey to a place, but not for the return 单程票
• May I have a single to London, please. 请给我一张去伦敦的单程票。
■* a single room
single, virgin, maiden
这组词都有“未婚者，孤身一人”的意思，其区别是：
single: 指尚未结婚的人，但更多指终生不结婚的人。
virgin: 通常指未婚者，贞洁未被玷污的人，或指婚烟关系尚未完成者。
maiden: 与virgin含义相近，但更着重年轻与未婚，或未曾发生过任何两性关系。
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
adj. 单一的；单身的；单程的
 - unitary, onefold
n. 一个；单打；单程票
 - yin, one-way ticket

Word: always
Front: always
[ˈɔ:lweɪz] (中高 206/185 -K5)
Vocabulary: always
(once / 13 pages)
adv
To always do something is to never stop doing it, or to do it every time. Some people believe that if you always say “please” and “thanks,” everyone will love you. They’re wrong, but still — say “please” and “thanks.”
The adverb always came about in the mid 14th century. It came from a pair of Old English words, ealne weg, which literally meant "all the way." A lot of times when people use the word they're exaggerating. If you routinely roll into work after everyone else has settled down at their desks, you boss might accuse you of "always" being late, even if you're only late once or twice a week.
WORD FAMILY
always
USAGE EXAMPLES
Banning Ranch Conservancy Executive Director Steve Ray said his group was always prepared for the lawsuit to reach the state's highest court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
China will react as China always does to perceived – or real – slights.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
"I would hate to lose him, but I think it's always aspirational for a coach because it's great to lead a team, lead an organization."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 总是，老是; 永远，始终; 常常; 不断地
分布：总是(27%)，永远(25%)，始终(21%)，一直(17%)，随时(7%)，无论如何(3%)
→来自复合词all way , -s属格后缀。
ad.总是,无例外地;永远,始终Anyway, the prayer swayed by me always goes away by subway.不管怎样,受我支配的祈祷者总是从地铁走向远方.
US ['ɑ:l-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■every time, all the time or forever 总是；老是；每次都；一直；永远
• It's always cold in this room. 这间屋里总是那么冷。
• I've always liked him. 我一直都很喜欢他。
• I'll always remember you. 我会永远记着你。
• [+ -ing verb] disapproving You're always complaining. 你老是抱怨。
• I always thought I'd have children eventually. 我一直认为自己最后会有孩子的。
• She always spells my name wrong. 她总是把我的名字拼错。
■used with 'can' or 'could' to suggest another possibility （和 can 或 could 一起使用，表示另外的可能性）不论怎样总还
• If you miss this train you can always catch the next one. 如果错过了这班火车，总还可以赶下一班。
UK ['ɔ:l.weɪz] US ['ɑ:l-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  alwaysWarning: Check your spelling! Always is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has only one 'l'.
UK ['ɔ:l.weɪz] US ['ɑ:l-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  always Warning: check your word order! Always usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do always something', say always do something :
✗ I forget always my mobile phone number. I always forget my mobile phone number. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , also usually goes directly after it:
✗ She always is late for meetings. She is always late for meetings.
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 永远，一直；总是；常常
 - forever and ever, immer

Word: possible
Front: possible
[ˈpɒsəbl] (中高 459/256 -K5)
Vocabulary: possible
(once / 14 pages)
adjn
Something that’s possible is something that can happen, something that can be done, or something capable of existing.
You can use possible to talk about anything that might happen. If you work really hard for a test, and you show you know the material, it’s possible that you’ll get an A. For a really hard problem like inventing a car that doesn’t use gas, you’ll need to pursue many possible solutions. If you write science fiction, you like to imagine possible worlds. Anything is possible, if you just put your mind to it!
WORD FAMILY
possible: impossible, possibility, possiblely, possibleness, possibles, possibly+/ impossibility: impossibilities/ impossible: impossibility, impossibleness, impossibles, impossiblest, impossibly / possibility: possibilities/possibly: possiblys
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
From now until then, Spielvogel, an avid weightlifter, plans to throw in as much cardio as possible to prepare for the trek.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可能的; 可接受的; 合理的，可以允许的; 不坏的
n. 可能性，潜在性; 可能的人物，可能有的事; 最高分
分布：可能的(91%)，合理的(6%)，尽可能的(2%)，适合候选的人(1%)
→来自拉丁语posse,使能够，使可能，词源同potent.-ss,过去分词格。
a.可能的,做得到的;合理的;可允许的I'll help you if possible.可能的话,我会帮助你的.
US ['pɑ:.sə-] adjective
CAN ACHIEVE 可完成的
 ESSENTIAL
■able to be done or achieved, or able to exist 可能的，有可能做到的
• I can't get it all done by Friday - it's just not possible. 我星期五前无法全部完成——是不可能的。
• Is it possible to buy tickets in advance? 可以提前订票吗？
• We need to send that letter off as soon as possible. 我们必须尽快把那封信寄出去。
• They got as far as was humanly possible (= as far as anyone could have) before turning back. 他们折返前已经尽力能走多远就走多远了。
Opposite impossible
UK ['pɒs.ə.bl] US ['pɑ:.sə-] adjective
NOT CERTAIN 不确定的
 ESSENTIAL [+ (that)]
■that might or might not happen 可能的，可能发生的
• It 's possible (that) Mira might turn up tonight. 米拉今晚可能会来。
• "Do you think he'll end up in prison?" "It's very possible." “你认为他最后会蹲监狱吗？”“很可能。”
• That's one possible solution to the problem. 这是一个可能解决问题的办法。
Compare probable
UK ['pɒs.ə.bl] US ['pɑ:.sə-] adjective
anything's possible
■anything could happen 任何事都可能发生
• Well, if your brother can find a woman who's willing to marry him then I suppose anything's possible. 如果你哥哥能找到一个愿意嫁给他的女人，那我想天下真是没有甚么不可能的事了。
possible, feasible, practicable
这组词都有“可行的”的意思，其区别是：
possible: 多用来消除对某事的怀疑，侧重从客观上看有存在或发生的可能。
feasible: 指完全可行，切实可行，强调成功的较大可能性。
practicable: 强调经过证明是有效的，合乎实际，行得通的。
possible, probable, likely
possible: 强调客观上可能性，但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如：It’s possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件，但希望很小。)
probable: 很可能的，大概的，语气较possible强。如：It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
likely: 暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如：It is likely that he will come.(他多半会来。)
adj. 可能的；合理的；合适的
 - reasonable, feasible, applicable, logical, rational
n. 可能性；合适的人；可能的事物
 - probability, feasibility, potential, maybe, chance

Word: himself
Front: himself
[hɪmˈself] (中高 367/286 -K5)
Back: pron. （反身代词）他自己; （用以加强语气）他亲自，他本人
分布：他自己(100%)
pron.[反身代词]他自己;他本人He bought himself a watch.他为自己买了一部照相机
pronoun
MALE 阳性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a male object of a verb that is the same person as the subject of the verb 他自己；它自己
• He'd cut himself shaving. 他刮胡子时刮伤了自己。
• Most nights he would cry himself to sleep. 大多数晚上他都是哭着入睡的。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give special attention to a male noun or to make clear which male person or animal is being referred to （用于强调或指称）他自己，他本人，它自己
• Did you want to talk to the chairman himself, or could his personal assistant help you? 你想和主席本人谈谈，还是让他的私人助理帮助你？
• Guy was going to buy a bookcase, but in the end he made one himself. 盖伊本来打算买一个书橱，可是最后他还是自己做了一个。
(all) to himself
■for his use only 自己一人使用
• Johnny's got the apartment to himself next week. 强尼下周将一个人独享那栋公寓。
(all) by himself
■If a man or boy does something by himself, he does it alone or without help from anyone else 独自地，独力地
• Little Timmy made that snowman all by himself. 小提米独力堆成了那个雪人。
not be/not seem himself
■not being or seeming as happy or as healthy as usual 不太高兴；健康状况不佳
• Is Tom all right? He doesn't seem quite himself this morning. 汤姆没事吧？他今早看起来不太对劲。
[hɪm'self] pronoun
FEMALE OR MALE 阴性或阳性
■used to refer to an object of a verb that is the same person or animal as the subject of the verb, when referring to a person or animal whose sex is not known or not considered to be important 他（尤用于正式场合，指代刚提过或就要提到的人或动物，其性别不详或并不重要）
• Any fool can teach himself to type. 连傻子都能自己学会打字。
[hɪm'self] pronoun
in himself UK informal
■used when describing or asking about a man's state of mind when he is physically ill （用于描述或询问某人生病后的精神状态）
• He's well enough in himself - he just can't shake this cold off. 他精神很好——只不过感冒还没痊愈。

Word: management
Front: management
[ˈmænɪdʒmənt] (研四六雅 906/446 -K4)
Vocabulary: management
(once / 152 pages)
n
The noun management means "the act of directing or controlling things," like your management of five-year-olds that included fun time, quiet time, and clean-up time.
Management can be the people in charge of running a business, who have employees who report to them, or the work those leaders do. Good management is a combination of people skills, shrewd business plans, and probably a little luck, too. Outside of business, management can describe anything you direct, like the management of your health by eating right, exercising, seeing your doctor regularly, and getting enough sleep.
WORD FAMILY
management: managements+/ manage: manageable, managed, management, manager, manages, managing, mismanage / manageable: manageability, manageableness, manageably, unmanageable/ manager: managerial, managers, managership/managerial: managerially/managership: managerships/ mismanage: mismanaged, mismanagement, mismanages, mismanaging/mismanagement: mismanagements/unmanageable: unmanageableness, unmanageably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Anchorage Office of Emergency Management says the advisory will be in effect until 6 a.m.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s about getting individuals the help they need, whether its substance abuse, drugs issues, anger management, whatever,” Dotson said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the founders also consciously rejected some of the less appealing aspects of life at Apple, like its legendary secrecy and top-down management style.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 管理; 管理人员; 管理技巧，处事的能力
分布：管理(94%)，管理部门(5%)，手腕(1%)
→来自manage,管理。
管理(manage管理)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.经营,管理;处理,操纵;管理部门They negotiated with the management for an improvement in working conditions.他们与资方交涉,以便改善工作条件.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the control and organization of something 管理；经营
• The company has suffered from several years of bad management. 公司数年来一直经营不善。
• There is a need for stricter financial management. 有必要加强财务管理。
• a management training scheme 管理培训计划
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people responsible for controlling and organizing a company 管理层，资方
• Management has/have offered staff a 3% pay increase. 资方提出为职工加薪3%。
n. [管理] 管理；管理人员；管理部门；操纵；经营手段
 - governance, supervision, regulation, control, conservancy

Word: nearly
Front: nearly
[ˈnɪəli] (中高托 599/865 -K4)
Vocabulary: nearly
(once / 33 pages)
1adv 2adv
When something nearly happens, it comes very close to occurring, but doesn't. Nearly is a useful adverb for describing things that are almost accomplished.
If you and your brother nearly win the three-legged race, you lose by a matter of seconds. And, if you nearly drop your dog's leash at a busy intersection, your heart might pound from the closeness of your best pal's brush with danger. An interesting detail about nearly is that it nearly ended up with a different meaning: until the late 1600s, in fact, it meant "carefully."
WORD FAMILY
nearly: nearlys+/ near: neared, nearest, nearing, nearly, nearness, nears/nearness: nearnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 几乎，差不多; 险乎
分布：几乎(43%)，密切地(31%)，差不多(26%)
→near,靠近，-ly,形容词后缀。
ad.差不多,几乎I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
US ['nɪr-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■almost, or not completely 几乎，差不多，将近
• It's been nearly three months since my last haircut. 从我上次理发到现在，已经快三个月了。
• I've nearly finished that book you lent me. 你借给我的那本书我快要看完了。
• She's nearly as tall as her father now. 她现在几乎和她父亲一样高了。
• They'd eaten nearly everything before we arrived. 在我们到达之前，他们已经把东西吃得所剩无几。
• figurative It was so funny - we nearly died laughing. 太有趣了——我们差点笑死。
not nearly as/so
■a lot less 远非，差得多，少得多
• She's not nearly as beautiful as you said she was. 她远没有你形容的那么漂亮。
• My cold isn't nearly so bad as it was. 我的感冒好多了。
not nearly enough
■much less than you want or need 远不够
• There's not nearly enough food for all these people! 食物远不够这么多人吃！
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
adv. 差不多，几乎；密切地
 - almost, most, virtually, practically

Word: property
Front: property
[ˈprɒpəti] (研四六托雅 993/597 -K4)
Vocabulary: property
(once / 57 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
What you own or have, like a car or clothes, is your property. The qualities that a thing has are its properties. Aloe is a plant with medicinal properties — it soothes burns.
If you see a sign that says, "Private property, keep off," the land-owner does not want you to go on his or her land. If you go on it anyway, you're trespassing. You'll often hear people talking about property values. When they say this, they really just mean how much the land they own is worth. People like to talk about property values when they are on the rise. When they are falling, not so much.
WORD FAMILY
property: properties, propertyless
USAGE EXAMPLES
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Demand for urban properties jumped after the housing bust as young, high-earning professionals eschewed homeownership and flocked to big cities.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He said the conservancy's ultimate plan is to acquire the property — whose market value is a matter of dispute — and manage it for public use.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 特性，属性; 财产，地产; [戏]道具; 所有权
分布：财产(79%)，性质(14%)，道具(5%)，所有物(2%)
→来自proper,个人的，-ty,名词后缀。即个人或私人所有的财产或财物。
财产;所有物;特性(proper+ty)[proper,propri=one's own表示"拥有",引申为"恰当的"]
n.财产,资产,地产,房地产,所有物;性质,特性The rope is proper property to the prospering rope maker.绳子对成功的制绳者来说是真正的财产.
US ['prɑ:.pɚ.tˌi] noun
THINGS OWNED 拥有的事物
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an object or objects that belong to someone 所有物；财产；资产
• The club does not accept responsibility for loss of or damage to club members' personal property. 该俱乐部不承担会员个人财产遗失或损坏的责任。
• Both books have 'Property of Her Majesty's Government' stamped inside them. 这两本书里都盖著「女王陛下政府之财产”的印章。
• Children need to be taught to have respect for other people's property. 孩子应该被教导要尊重他人的财产。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a building or area of land, or both together 房产，地产，房地产
• He owns a number of properties in the centre of London. 他在伦敦市中心拥有几处房产。
• The notice said 'Private Property, Keep Off. 布告上写著「私人地产，请勿擅入”。
• Yes, I've bought my own house - I'm now a man/woman of property! 是的，我买了房子——我现在是有产阶级了！
uncountable specialized
■the legal right to own and use something 财产权；所有权
UK ['prɒp.ə.ti] US ['prɑ:.pɚ.tˌi] noun
QUALITY 特性
countable
■a quality in a substance or material, especially one which means that it can be used in a particular way 属性，性能，特性
• One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well. 铜的特性之一是导热导电能力强。
• We value herbs for their taste, but we forget that they also have medicinal properties. 我们因为其香气而珍视草本植物，不过我们忘了它们还有药用价值。
resources, assets, goods, wealth, property, estate
这组词都有“财产、财富”的意思，其区别是：
resources: 指在需要时可以动用的财产，包括国家土地、矿藏、水力等自然资源或个人的存款及其他财产。
assets: 法律和商业用词，指包括全部动产和不动产的资产。
goods: 含义较窄，主要指个人动产。
wealth: 普通用词，含义广。既可指大笔的钱财或物质财富，也可指抽象的精神财富。
property: 含义较estate宽，指个人或团体合法拥有的财产，包括动产与不动产，或临时的财产。
estate: 多指地产或建在地面上的房产。
peculiarity, quality, attribute, feature, property, characteristic, publicity, trait, character, popularity
peculiarity: 独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩；
quality: 既可指有形或无形的特性，又可指个性或共性的特征；
attribute: 通常指人主观赋予某事物的属性，可指典型事物
feature: 指事物突出引人注目的特点。多用来说明人的容貌特征或地理特征；
property: 多指同类事物所共有的特性，一般不用于指人；
characteristic: 指某人或某物天生有别于他人或他物的内部特质或外表特征；
publicity: 公开，宣传；
trait: 多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征；
character: 多指一类人或事物所具有的独特的典型的特征；
popularity: 普遍，流行；
n. 性质，性能； [经] 财产； [法] 所有权
 - performance, nature, ownership, estate, capability

Word: june

Word: customer
Front: customer
[ˈkʌstəmə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1098/879 -K4)
Vocabulary: customer
(once / 143 pages)
n
A customer is anyone paying for a good or service. Without customers, businesses would go out of business.
When you're paying for just about anything, you're a customer. People shopping at the grocery store, sitting in coffee shops, going to movies, and buying DVDs online are all customers. The point of advertising is to drum up new customers for a business. There's a cliché that "The customer is always right," which is obviously not true, but shows how businesses try to make customers happy. They'd better. Without customers, any business is in deep trouble.
WORD FAMILY
customer: customers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wells opened up millions of accounts without the permission of its customers, just to goose internal numbers.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
More than 11,000 customers were without power as of Monday afternoon in Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi because of the storm, utility companies reported.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 顾客，客户; 主顾; <口>家伙
分布：顾客(95%)，主顾(5%)
→来自custom, 惯例，海关。原指海关官员，后指买者，顾客。
顾客(custom+er人→习惯(进商店的)人→顾客)[custom=habit,表示"习惯"]
n.顾客,主顾The customers are accustomed to the disgusting custom.顾客们习惯了令人讨厌的风俗.
US [-mɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who buys goods or a service 顾客，主顾，客户
• a satisfied customer 满意的顾客
• Mrs. Wilson is one of our regular customers. 威尔逊太太是我们的一位老主顾。
UK ['kʌs.tə.mər] US [-mɚ] noun countable
The customer is always right. saying
■said to emphasize that in business, it is very important not to disagree with a customer or make them angry 顾客永远是对的；顾客至上
UK ['kʌs.tə.mər] US [-mɚ] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  customerWarning: Check your spelling! Customer is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: don't write 'costumer', write customer.
passenger, client, guest, customer, visitor
这组词都有“客人，访问者”的意思，其区别是：
passenger: 主要指乘坐交通工具的游人或旅客。
client: 与customer同义，多指进入商店被店员接待或购物的人。
guest: 多指事先受到激请而来，并受到欢迎与招待的宾客。也可指付钱居住者。
customer: 主要指交易一方的买主、主顾。
visitor: 普通用词，指出差、访问、旅游、参观或到旅馆投宿的人。
n. [贸易] 顾客；家伙
 - client, apple, consumer, fellow, egg

Word: outside
Front: outside
[ˌaʊtˈsaɪd] (中高 809/857 -K5)
Vocabulary: outside
(once / 46 pages)
1nadjadv 2nadjadv 3adj
The outside of something is the part that's visible to the world. A neighbor who's used to the tidy outside of your house might be shocked by the mess inside.
Your perfect chocolate chip cookies might be crunchy on the outside, but soft inside, and when your friends eat them, they'll look as happy on the outside as they feel inside. Outside is also an adjective, for talking about the outside temperature or your outside lights that automatically turn on at dusk. If you're on the outside of some group, you don't feel like you belong, and if someone talks about "an outside chance," they mean a very unlikely possibility.
WORD FAMILY
outside: outsider, outsides+/ outsider: outsiders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
To live outside the tiny cosmos of our own desires.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在外面; 向外面; 在户外; 露天
n. 外面; （弯曲路面或轨道的）外道; （靠近路中央的）外侧; （建筑物等的）周围
adj. 外部的; 集团外的; （选择余地、可能性等）非常小; 可能性最大的
prep. （表示位置）在[向]…的外面; （表示范围）超出…的范围; （表示排斥）除了（某人）
分布：外面(72%)，在外面(20%)，外部的(7%)，在 ... 外边(1%)
→out-,向外，side,边。
在外面(out+side旁边→在外边)[out-①表示"超过,过度"②表示"出去,过时"]
ad.向外面n.外部a.外部的prep.在...外Considering considerable spiders outside, I stay in the president's residence.考虑到外面有相当多的蜘蛛,我呆在总统的住宅里.
adjective adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
 ESSENTIAL
■not inside a building 在外面（的），在室外（的）；在…外面
• It was a lovely day outside. 外面的天气真好。
• Since it's such a nice day shall we eat/sit/go outside? 既然天气这么好，我们到外面吃饭／坐坐／走走好吗？
• an outside light/toilet 室外灯／厕所
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■coming from another place or organization 外来的（地）；来自外地（或组织外）的（地）；…以外
• The company has called in outside experts. 公司已外请专家。
outside call/line
■a telephone call or connection going outside the place where you are （电话）外线
[before noun]
■the most that would be allowed 最大限度的；最高限度的
• The outside limit/figure would be £350. 最大限度／最高价格会达到350英镑。
adjective adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
the outside world (also the world outside)
■things that are common in normal society, but which you have no experience of 外界，外部世界
• An over-protected childhood meant that at the age of 22 she had no idea about the outside world. 童年时期受到过分保护，意味着到了22岁的她对外面世界仍然一无所知。
adverb preposition]ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--/ not in a particular building or room, but near it 在（…）外面
• She sat for two hours on the floor outside his room. 她在他房间外的地上坐了两个小时。
■not in a particular place 不在某地，在（…）外面，…以外
• Nobody outside this room must ever know what we have discussed. 除了这间屋子里的人，决不能让任何人知道我们讨论过的内容。
■not within or part of something 超出；不属于
• I'm afraid that would be outside my job description. 恐怕这超出了我的职责范围。
outside of mainly US
■except for 除了，除…之外
• Outside of us three, no one knows anything about the problem, yet. 除了我们三个，别人对这个问题都还毫不知情。
noun countable usually singular /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
OUTER PART 外部
 ESSENTIAL
■the outer part or side of something 外部，外面
• The outside of the house needs painting. 房子的外部需要粉饰一下。
• The house looks larger when looked at from the outside. 这幢房子从外面看显得更大些。
• The company needs to get help from outside (= from people who work for other organizations). 公司需要获得外界的帮助。
Compare inside
noun countable usually singular /ˌaʊtˈsaɪd/ /ˈ--]
LARGEST AMOUNT 最多
at the outside
■used to say that an amount is the most possible in a situation 最多，顶多
• The job will take about ten days at the outside. 这工作顶多需要十天左右。
adjective [before noun] /ˈaʊt.saɪd/
■slight 微小的，极小的
• There's still an outside chance/possibility that Scotland will get through into the World Cup. 苏格兰队进入世界杯决赛圈仍有一线希望。
outward, outer, exterior, external, outside
这组词都有“外部的”的意思，其区别是：
outward: 多指空间关系或方向上向外的。
outer: 主要提离开中心或内部较远的，或指比较在外的。
exterior: 强调位于事物的外表以上，但仍是该事物的一部分，较正式。
external: 指与其他物体分离或没有关系的外部，不涉及内容，只说明全然是外部的。
outside: 指超出某种界限之外的。
adj. 外面的， [计] 外部的；外来的
 - outer, external, out
n. [计] 外部；外观
 - without, surface, face, garment
adv. 在外面，向外面；在室外
 - without, ectad
prep. 在…范围之外
 - beyond the pale

Word: information
Front: information
[ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn] (中高雅 314/223 -K5)
Vocabulary: information
(once / 56 pages)
1n 2n 3n
If you're unsure of whether to buy the car, you may ask for more information about it. Information is knowledge you gain from studying, investigating, or experiencing something.
If your brother unfairly accuses you of finishing the ice cream that was in the freezer, you might respond by saying, "For your information, it was already gone when I got home!" You are conveying information to your brother, but in an annoyed and sarcastic way. Sarcastic or not, information is related to the word inform, whose Latin roots, in and form, basically mean what they sound like: "form into." When you gain information, you are forming an idea.
WORD FAMILY
information: disinformation, informational, informations+/ inform: informant, information, informative, informatory, informed, informer, informing, informs, misinform /informant: informants/ informative: informatively, uninformative/ informed: informedly, uninformed/informer: informers/ misinform: misinformation, misinformed, misinforming, misinforms/ misinformation: misinformations/uninformative: uninformatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
MGM is expected to submit its compliance information to regulators by Jan. 26, the next meeting of the Maryland Lottery and Gaming Commission.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信息，数据; 通知; 消息; 知识
分布：信息(79%)，资料(12%)，情报(6%)，通知(3%)
→来自inform,通知。引申词义信息，资讯。
信息,情报(inform+ation→通知的东西→信息)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
n.通知,报告;情报,资料,消息;信息I have firsthand information.我有第一手资料.
US [-fɚ-] (informal info)
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■facts about a situation, person, event, etc 情报；资料；消息
• Do you have any information about/on train times? 你知道有关火车时刻的资讯吗？
• I read an interesting bit/piece of information in the newspaper. 我在报纸上看到一则有趣的消息。
• For further information (= if you want to know more) , please contact your local library. 欲知详情，请联络当地图书馆。
• [+ that] We have reliable information that a strike is planned next month. 我们有可靠消息说下个月将有罢工。
UK [ˌɪn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [-fɚ-] (informal info)
noun uncountable
Too much information informal
■used when you want to tell someone that what they have said should be kept private or is embarrassing 话太多了！
UK [ˌɪn.fə'meɪ.ʃən] US [-fɚ-] (informal info)
noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  informationInformation does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of information , do not say 'informations', say information , some information or a lot of information :
✗ I found a lot of useful informations on their website. I found a lot of useful information on their website. To talk about information in the singular, do not say 'an information', say a piece/bit of information.
✗ Sue has just told me a useful information. Sue has just told me a useful bit of information.
information, news, intelligence
这组词都有“新闻，消息，情报”的意思，其区别是：
information: 普通用词，泛指消息、情报。
news: 普通用词，指主要通过报纸、广播和电视等报道的事件，强调消息的新闻性。
intelligence: 特指政治、经济、文化或军事等方面的秘密情报或消息。
message, information, data
这组词都有“资料、信息”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指通过书写、谈话和信号等方式所进行的通讯“信息”。
information: 和data作“资料”解时，前者仅指所获得、提供或描述的慨况，而不指具体的数据或资料，后者则指具体的资料。
data: 是datum的复数形式，本义指作为计算和测量基础的资料。
n. [计] [通信] 信息，资料；知识； [图情] 情报；通知
 - feedback, advice, notice, knowledge of, cognition

Word: revenue
Front: revenue
[ˈrevənju:] (研四六托雅宝 1681/1772 -3)
Vocabulary: revenue
(once / 150 pages)
n
Revenue is money earned by a business, or income received by the government from taxes. The government is always interested in dreaming up new sources of revenue, and so is the average head of a company unless she doesn't want to be the head anymore.
Revenue is from a French word meaning "to return or come back," and dollar returns are always a welcome thing. Declining advertising revenue will doom your website, no matter how great it is. If your lemonade stand is not making a profit, you might consider lowering costs. Maybe you could get cheaper lemonade mix? Or you might look for more creative and exciting ways to increase revenue––like raiding the pantry for cookies you can sell as well.
WORD FAMILY
revenue: revenuer, revenues+/revenuer: revenuers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Obamacare raises revenue through tax penalties tied to its insurance mandates, fees on insurers and levies on high earners and some investment income.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （国家的）岁入，税收，（土地，财产等的）收入，收益，所得，（个人的）固定收入; [复数]总收入; 税务署，〈美俚〉税务官; 税务局
分布：收入(78%)，税收(20%)，税务局(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-ven,来，词源同 venue,advent.比喻用法。
收入,岁入(re回+ven+ue→回来的东西→收入)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.财政收入,税收On Revenue avenue, the grave traveler jumped the gravestone bravely.在税收大道上,严肃的旅行者勇敢地跳过墓碑.
【记】re反，ven＝vent来，ue－反回来的东西－收入
【参】revenant（n 幽灵；adj 归来的）
US [-ə.nu:] (also revenues)
noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■the income that a government or company receives regularly （政府的）税收，岁入；（公司的）收益
• Taxes provide most of the government's revenue. 政府岁入的大部分来自税收。
• Government revenues fell dramatically. 政府财政收入大幅下降。
income, revenue
这组词都有“收入”的意思，其区别是：
income: 主要指个人收入，包括劳动所得和利润。
revenue: 专指国家或企业的收入，主要指国家的税收。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. 税收，国家的收入； [会计] 收益
 - taxes, income, proceeds, yield

Word: council
Front: council
[ˈkaʊnsl] (研四六雅 2612/251 -K5)
Vocabulary: council
(once / 67 pages)
n
A council is a group of people that gathers for the purpose of giving advice or making decisions. If you’re president of the student council, for example, you might organize people to get the hallways at your school painted purple.
Council comes from the Latin word concilium for "group of people, meeting," which is what it basically means today. There are student councils, honor councils, or city councils, to name a few. People working together to take care of business — that’s a council. Of course, that council might give advice, or counsel (with an s) people on what to do. Not the same word — an honor council might counsel a principal about how to address cheating in school, for example.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
council / counsel
A council is meeting for discussion or advice, but to counsel is a verb meaning to give advice. They sound exactly the same, but the language council met and decided to counsel you on how to keep them straight.
Council is a group of people who get together to figure something out, or or a group chosen to give advice, like a student council. Used as an adjective, council describes things related to a council, such as a council candidate or a council room, or a council member:
But the information was often incomplete or conflicting — and council members are now asking the agencies to respond to their queries in writing. (New York Times)
The council is trying to "contain" acts of armed resistance by military defectors and described them as "isolated incidents." (Business Week)
On the other hand, counsel is more slippery; it can act as a noun or a verb. As a noun, counsel is a synonym for advice, but it can also mean the act of giving that advice or refer to a person who gives legal advice. In fact, a lawyer who goes to trial for you is your counsel. That lawyer would counsel you. Here are some counsels in the wild:
He had argued that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. (Reuters)
"Don't go out in the storm tonight," counseled his wife. (Rossiter Johnson)
Before the 16th century, council and counsel were interchangeable, but by the 1500s, council's meaning became restricted to "a meeting" and counsel's "to give advice." The two should not be confused. Never! If you need a verb or a lawyer, use counsel because she'll say something helpful. If you are referring to a meeting or group, choose c for crowd and council.
WORD FAMILY
council: councilorship, councils+/councilorship: councilorships
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Two local councils in Scotland are considering introducing trial programs with basic incomes later this year, in Glasgow and Fife.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Security Council resolution that the U.S. allowed to pass on Friday says that all of east Jerusalem is now occupied territory.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 委员会; （郡、镇等）政务会; （尤指旧时讨论特定步骤的）协商会议; 市政（或地方管理）服务机构
分布：委员会(36%)，委员(31%)，理事会(17%)，会议(12%)，地方议会(4%)
→coun-,同con-,强调。-cil, 召唤，召集，词源同call,conciliate. 即召集过来开会。
n.理事会,委员会,议事机构They will hold a council to discuss the proposal.他们将开会讨论这个建议.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization 委员会；理事会
• the United Nations Security Council 联合国安全理事会
• This play is supported by a grant from the local arts council. 这出戏由当地艺术委员会出资赞助。
 IMPROVER
■the group of people elected to govern a particular area, town or city, and organize services for it （地区、镇、市的）政务委员会；地方议会
• Edinburgh City Council 爱丁堡市政会
• The local council has/have decided not to allocate funds for the project. 当地市政会决定不给这项工程拨款。
• The town/city council is/are responsible for keeping the streets clean. 镇／市政会负责保持街道清洁。
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. 委员会；会议；理事会；地方议会；顾问班子
 - committee, session, congress, meeting, soviet

Word: cheap
Front: cheap
[tʃi:p] (中高 1930/1389 -K4)
Vocabulary: cheap
(once / 154 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Something cheap doesn't cost much money. But watch out, because cheap things are also often cheaply made.
When prices are low, they're cheap: that's a good thing. However, this word is often an insult. Hitting someone who isn't looking is a cheap shot. Things that aren't very well made and use low-quality materials are cheap. When someone — especially a woman — is dressed in a trashy way, people say "You look cheap!" And if you have a stingy Uncle Scrooge in your family, you can call him cheap or even a cheapskate.
WORD FAMILY
cheap: cheapen, cheaper, cheapest, cheaply, cheapness+/cheapen: cheapened, cheapening, cheapens/cheapness: cheapnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Even 200 basis points is not an issue…It’s still cheap.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Lots of vegetables, which are cheap; lots of grains and beans.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He showered a handful of businesses with favors such as tax benefits, cheap electricity, a buy-Korea policy and the suppression of organized labor.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 便宜的，廉价的; 劣质的，低劣的; 小气的，可鄙的
adv. 便宜地; 卑鄙地
级别：cheaper, cheapest
分布：便宜的(57%)，廉价的(43%)
→来自拉丁词caupo, 小商人，叫卖者，后来词义贬义化。其原词义见Copenhagen, chapman.
a.便宜的;低劣的,不值钱的The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
adjective
LOW PRICE 便宜的
 ESSENTIAL
■costing little money or less than is usual or expected 便宜的，不贵的
• I got a cheap flight at the last minute. 我在最后一刻买到了一张便宜的机票。
• Food is usually cheaper in supermarkets. 超市里的食物通常比较便宜。
• Children and the elderly are entitled to cheap train tickets. 儿童和老人可以使用廉价火车票。
• The scheme is simple and cheap to operate. 这个计划实施起来简单又省钱。
• During times of mass unemployment, there's a pool of cheap labour for employers to draw from. 在人们大批失业的时候，有大量廉价劳动力供雇主选用。
• figurative In a war, human life becomes very cheap (= seems to be of little value). 战争期间，人命变得很不值钱。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a shop or restaurant is cheap, it charges low prices （商店或餐馆）收费低廉的
• I go to the cheapest hairdresser's in town. 我去城里收费最便宜的那家理发店理发。
cheap and cheerful UK
■cheap but good or enjoyable 价廉物美
• There's a restaurant round the corner that serves cheap and cheerful food. 街角处有家饭店，那里的饭菜价廉物美。
on the cheap informal
■If you get goods on the cheap, you get them for a low price, often from someone you know who works in the company or business that produces them. 便宜地，廉价地（购买商品）
[tʃi:p] adjective
LOW QUALITY 劣质的 disapproving
■describes goods that are both low in quality and low in price （商品）质次价廉的
• I bought some cheap wine for cooking with. 我买了些便宜的劣质葡萄酒用来烧菜。
• He bought some cheap shoes that fell apart after a couple of months. 他买了双便宜鞋，两个月之后就全破了。
cheap and nasty UK
■costing little and of very bad quality 质劣价廉
[tʃi:p] adjective
MEAN 吝啬的 US (UK mean)
■unwilling to spend money 小气的，吝啬的
• He's so cheap he didn't even buy me a card for my birthday. 他真小气，居然连张生日卡都没给我买。
[tʃi:p] adjective
DRESSED SEXILY 穿着性感的 disapproving
■If you describe the way a person is dressed as cheap, you mean that it is very obvious that they are trying to sexually attract other people. （穿着）不正经的，下贱的
[tʃi:p] adjective
UNKIND 粗俗的 disapproving
■unpleasant and unkind 卑劣的；粗俗的
• I wish you'd stop making cheap jokes about my friends. 希望你别再对我的朋友开那种低级玩笑了。
[tʃi:p] adjective
cheap at half the price humorous
■very expensive 贵得离谱
[tʃi:p] adjective
a cheap shot
■a criticism of someone that is unfair 恶意批评
• She dismissed his comments as a cheap shot, saying that he was only concerned to defend himself. 她说他只顾为自己辩护，而他的评论纯属恶意攻击。
[tʃi:p] adverb
■for little money or for less than is usual 便宜地，经济实惠地
• I got some shoes cheap in the sale. 我在大减价的时候买了几双便宜鞋。
• There were some chairs in the market going cheap (= they were not expensive). 市场上有些椅子在廉价出售。
[tʃi:p] adverb
not come cheap
■If you say that something does not come cheap, you mean that it is of good quality and is therefore expensive 不便宜，昂贵
• If you want a qualified accountant, their services don't come cheap. 要是想要一名合格的会计师，他们的服务可不便宜。
inexpensive, cheap
这组词都有“便宜的、价廉的”的意思，其区别是：
inexpensive: 指商品价格公道，数量和价格相当。
cheap: 普通用词，既可指物美价廉，又可指价格低但质量却不怎么样。
mean, shabby, cheap, low
这组词都有“卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。
shabby: 指行为的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和轻蔑。
cheap: 侧旨人或物的品质低劣下贱。
low: 指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。
adj. [贸易] 便宜的；小气的；不值钱的
 - inexpensive, ten-cent

Word: towards
Front: towards
[təˈwɔ:dz] (四六 2004/317 -K5)
Back: prep. 朝，向; 对于; 接近; 为了
分布：向(72%)，朝(24%)，关于(2%)，有希望的(1%)，在即的(1%)
→toward,朝向，-s,副词所有格。
US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
MOVEMENT 移动
 ESSENTIAL
■in the direction of, or closer to someone or something 向，朝；对着
• She stood up and walked towards him. 她站起身来，向他走去。
• He leaned towards his wife and whispered, "Can we go home soon?" 他侧过身子轻声问妻子：“我们快点回家好吗？”
• She kept glancing towards the telephone. 她不停瞄着电话那头。
• The country seems to be drifting towards war. 这个国家似乎正慢慢走向战争。
• There is a trend towards healthier eating among all sectors of the population. 目前各行各业的人都有一种追求健康饮食的趋势。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
RELATION 关系
 ESSENTIAL
■in relation to something or someone 对，对于；关于
• They've always been very friendly towards me. 他们对我总是很友好。
• There has been a change in government policy towards energy efficiency. 政府针对能源效益的政策有所变动。
• He feels a lot of anger/hostility/antagonism/animosity towards his father. 他很生父亲的气／对父亲怀有很大的敌意／对父亲心怀极大怨恨。
• A lot of people think that most newspapers are biased towards one particular political party. 许多人认为大多数报纸都偏袒某一政党。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■near to, just before or around a time or place 接近，靠近；将近
• Our seats were towards the back of the theatre. 我们的座位靠近剧院的后排。
• I often get hungry towards the middle of the morning. 将近中午时，我常常感到饿。
• We're getting towards winter and it's getting dark earlier. 快到冬天了，天黑得越来越早。
UK [tə'wɔ:dz] US [tʊ'wɔ:rdz] mainly UK (mainly US toward)
preposition
PURPOSE 目的
 ADVANCED
■for the purpose of buying or achieving something 为了
• I'm saving up to buy a car, and Dad has given me some money towards it. 我正在存钱买车，爸爸也资助了我点钱。
• Would you like to make a contribution (= give some money) towards a present for Linda? 你愿意为给琳达买礼物出点钱吗？
• The work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade. 学生平时的功课对期末成绩很重要。
prep. 朝，向；对于；有助于
 - at, unto, for, on, to

Word: step
Front: step
[step] (中高研四六 587/720 -K5)
Back: n. 步，脚步; 步骤，手段; 步调; 级别
vt. & vi. 举步，行走; 踩，踏上; 跨入; 轻快地走
vi. 踏，踩; 走
vt. 跳舞; 迈步; 使成阶梯状
时态：stepped, stepping, steps
分布：步骤(55%)，踏(17%)，台阶(13%)，步伐(9%)，舞步(4%)，以步测量(2%)
→来自古英语 steppan,踏步，走，前进，来自 Proto-Germanic*stapjana,踏步走，来自*stapiz,脚 步，来自 stebh,支撑，踩踏，词源同 stamp,stump.引申诸相关词义。
n.步;台阶,梯级;步骤,措施v.踏,走,举步Step by step, the sleepy creeper crawled into my sleeve to sleep.昏昏欲睡的爬虫一步一步爬进我的袖子里睡觉.
verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
 ADVANCED
■to move by lifting your foot and putting it down in a different place, or to put your foot on or in something 跨步，迈步；踩，踏
• She stepped backwards and fell over a chair. 她向后退，撞到并摔倒在椅子上。
• They stepped out onto the balcony. 他们走出房间，来到阳台上。
• Be careful not to step in the mud. 小心，别踩进泥里。
• Ow, you stepped on my foot! 噢，你踩到我的脚！
• mainly US I'm afraid Mr Taylor has just stepped (= gone) out for a few minutes, but I'll tell him you called. 很抱歉，泰勒先生刚刚出去几分钟，我会告诉他你来过电话。
• formal Would you care to step this way please, sir? 这边请，先生。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
step back (in time)
■to go back into the past 回到从前
• Visiting her house was like stepping back in time/stepping back 50 years. 参观她的房子就像回到过去／50年前。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
step into the breach
■If you step into the breach, you do someone else's work when they are unable to do it 顶替他人工作，临时补缺
• Gill's sudden illness meant that Kathy had to step into the breach. 吉尔突然生病，这意味着凯西不得不顶替他。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
step on it informal
■used to tell someone to drive faster or to hurry 加大油门，开快点；赶快
• Could you step on it? I'm late. 你能开快点吗？我要迟到了。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
step out of line
■to behave in a way that is unacceptable or not expected 举止出轨，行为欠妥，越轨
• Step out of line one more time Peters, and you're fired! 彼得斯，你再做一次越轨的事，就立刻离开！
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step aside formal
■to step sideways to make a space for someone else 靠边站，让开
• Step aside, please - this lady needs a doctor. 请让一让——这位女士急须看医生。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step aside/down
■to leave an important job or position, especially to allow someone else to take your place 退位；下台；（尤指）让位
• He has decided to step down as captain of the team. 他决定不再当队长。
• He is unwilling to step aside in favour of a younger person. 他不愿意让位给一个比他年轻的人。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step back mainly UK
■to temporarily stop being involved in an activity or situation in order to think about it in a new way 退一步（考虑问题），跳出原来的圈子（看问题）
• Let's just step back from the problem and think about what we could do. 我们暂时从问题中抽身出来，想想看我们能做甚么。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] step sth down
■to reduce the amount, supply or rate of something 减少，降低（数量、供应量或速率）
• The doctor has said that I can start stepping down my medication in a few days' time. 医生说我几天后可以开始减少用药量。
• This device is used for stepping down the voltage. 这个装置用来降低电压。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step forward
■to offer to provide or do something, or to help with something 站出来；自告奋勇；挺身而出
• No one has yet stepped forward to claim responsibility for the attack. 仍未有人站出来宣称对这次袭击事件负责。
• At the last minute another company stepped forward with a bid. 最后关头，另一家公司站出来投标。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step in
■to become involved in a difficult situation or argument in order to help find a solution 插手；介入；居中斡旋
• [+ to infinitive] An outside buyer has stepped in to save the company from going out of business. 一个外来买主介入，使公司免于破产。
• When the leading actress broke her leg, Isobel stepped in and took over. 女主角摔断了腿，伊索贝尔临时加入顶替她。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step into sth UK informal
■If you step into a job, you get it very easily 轻松获得（工作）
• He just stepped straight into a job as soon as he left college. 他大学一毕业，不费吹灰之力就找到工作。
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step on sb informal
■to treat someone unfairly or unkindly 不公平地对待（某人）；粗暴地对待（某人）
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  step out on sb US informal
■If you step out on your husband, wife or usual sexual partner, you have sexual relationships with people other than them. 对（伴侣）不忠
[step] verb intransitive + adverb or preposition (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] step sth up
■to increase the size, amount or speed of a process that is intended to achieve something 增加（尺寸或数量）；加快（进程）的速度
• The police are stepping up their efforts to fight crime. 警方正在加强打击犯罪活动。
• Following the bomb explosion, security has been stepped up at the airport. 炸弹爆炸事件之后，机场加强了安全措施。
[step] noun
STAGE 阶段
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a stage in a process 步骤；阶段
• What's the next step in the programme? 这个企划的下一步是甚么？
• We must stay one step ahead of our competitors. 我们必须领先我们的竞争对手一步。
• Most people believe that the decision to cut interest rates was a step in the right direction. 大多数人相信降低利率是朝正确方向迈出的一步。
• Let's take things a step] one step at a time (= slowly). 我们一步一步来。
• Following the success of our products in Europe, our logical next step is to move into the American market. 随着我们的产品在欧洲获得成功，打入美国市场便顺理成章地成为我们的下一步。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action in a series of actions taken for a particular purpose （一系列行动中的）一步；措施
• The country is taking its first tentative steps towards democracy. 这个国家正朝着民主迈出尝试性的第一步。
• We need to take drastic steps to reduce pollution. 我们需要采取严厉措施以减少污染。
• The President took the unusual step of altering his prepared speech in order to condemn the terrorist attack. 总统为了谴责恐怖攻击，采取了极不寻常的做法，临时更改了事先准备好的讲稿。
step by step
■dealing with one thing and then another thing in a fixed order 逐步地，按部就班地，循序渐进地
• step-by-step instructions 逐步讲解的使用说明
• Don't worry - I'll go through the procedure with you step by step. 别担心——我会和你一起一步一步地把整套程式说一遍。
  Common Learner Errors  stepWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make a step', say take a step :
✗ He made an important step towards achieving his dream. He took an important step towards achieving his dream.
[step] noun
STAIR 梯级
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the surfaces that you walk on when you go up or down stairs 台阶，梯级
• a flight of steps 一段台阶
• We had to climb some steps to reach the front door. 我们得爬上几级台阶才能到大门前。
• I asked them to leave the parcel on the (front) step (= outside the door to the house). 我叫他们把包裹放在门口。
• UKMind the step] USWatch your step as you leave the train. 下火车时请小心脚下。
• It's difficult for people in wheelchairs to negotiate (= move up and down) steps. 坐轮椅的人上下楼梯很困难。
• One of the steps on the ladder is broken. 梯子上有一阶坏了。
steps [plural]
■another word for stepladder stepladder 的另一种说法
• kitchen steps 厨房用梯凳
• library steps 图书馆用折叠梯
[step] noun
FOOT MOVEMENT 脚的动作
 ADVANCED countable
■the act of lifting one foot and putting it down on a different part of the ground, such as when you walk or run 迈步；脚步
• Sophie took her first steps when she was eleven months old. 苏菲11个月大时迈出了第一步。
• He rose to his feet and took a couple of steps towards her. 他站起身来，朝她的方向走了几步。
• With every step, her feet hurt her more and more. 每走一步，她的双脚就痛得更厉害。
• I retraced my steps, looking for my lost keys. 我原路折返，寻找丢失的锁匙。
⇒ See also footstep
countable
■the distance you cover when you take a step 一步（的距离）
• I'd only gone a few steps down the road when I realized I'd forgotten to lock the door. 我刚向前走了几步就意识到我忘记锁门。
uncountable
■the way in which you move your feet when you are walking or running which can sometimes show how you are feeling 步态；步伐
• She walked out of the office with a spring in her step (= in a way that showed she was happy). 她迈着轻快的步伐走出办公室。
• The driver told us to mind/watch our step (= walk carefully) as we got off the bus. 我们下公车时，司机提醒我们当心脚。
countable
■a particular movement that you make with your feet when you dance 舞步
• She's teaching me some basic dance steps. 她在教我一些基本舞步。
in step
■when you lift your feet off the ground and put them down again at the same time as other people 齐步，步伐一致
■1. The soldiers marched in step. step 1 士兵齐步前进。
■* describes opinions, ideas or ways of living that are the same as those of other people （意见、观点或生活方式）合拍，协调，一致
• Television companies need to keep in step with public opinion. 电视公司需要顺应民意。
out of step
■when you do not lift the same foot and put it down again at the same time as other people 不合节拍，步伐错乱
• I'm no good at dancing - I always get hopelessly out of step. 我不擅长跳舞——总是踩不到点上。
■describes opinions, ideas or ways of living that are different from those of other people （意见、观点或生活方式）不合拍，不一致，不协调
• The Republicans are out of step with the country, Williams said. 威廉斯说，共和党员和国家的立场有所捍格。
• He thinks that everyone is out of step except him. 他认为只有他是对的，其他所有人都是错的。
[step] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable US for
■a tone (= largest difference in sound between two notes which are next to each other in the western musical scale) 音阶（一种音调，即西方音阶中相邻两个音符之间声音的最大差异）
[step] noun
a few/couple of steps informal
■a short distance 几步路
• The museum is just a few steps from the hotel. 博物馆距离饭店只有几步之遥。
[step] noun
mind/watch your step
■be careful about how you behave, or you will get into trouble 注意自己的行为，小心点
• You need to watch your step, young lady! 请注意你的行为，小姐！
[step] noun
one step forward , two steps back
■If you take one step forward, two steps back, you make progress but then experience events which cause you to be further behind than you were when you made the progress. 进一步，退两步
[step] noun
a step backwards (also a backward step)
■going back to a worse or less developed state 退步，倒退
• The changes that have been introduced are being seen as a step backwards. 这些被引入的变革被视为一种倒退。
[step] noun
a step forward
■an improvement or development 进步，改进
• No one is sure whether this plan will work, but it's a step forward. 没人敢确定这个计划是否会奏效，但它确实是一个进步。
pace, step
这组词都有“步，步态”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 指身体向前移动的速度和情况。表一步距离时，可与step换用。
step: 普通用词，指脚抬起落下的动作和一步的距离。抽象概念指步骤。
n. 步，脚步；步骤；步伐； [建] 梯级
 - procedure, move
vi. 踏，踩；走
 - go, walk, track
vt. 走，迈步
 - wend one's way, pad

Word: success
Front: success
[səkˈses] (中高研四六 777/705 -K4)
Vocabulary: success
(once / 30 pages)
n
For some students, success in school means getting As and Bs. For others, it means getting straight As, starring in the school play, and winning the class election. Success means achieving a goal, and everyone's goals are different.
We tend to think of success as a triumph or victory, but if you look at its linguistic roots in Latin, success literally just means "result." At some point several centuries ago people probably began using success as shorthand for "good success," and eventually they dropped the good altogether. That would explain why in formal settings you still occasionally hear the phrase "good success," even though we now think of all successes as good.
WORD FAMILY
success: successes, successful +/ successful: successfulest, successfully, successfulness, unsuccessful/unsuccessful: unsuccessfulest, unsuccessfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
The flip side of this success, however, is much higher debt in aggregate.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
It showed a kind of emotional honesty that was crucial to Mr. Trump’s onscreen success.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Wall, the team’s leading assist man, is the key to the success of the other Wizards.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 成功，成就; 好成绩，好结果; 成功的人（或物）
分布：成功(89%)，成就(5%)，胜利(5%)，成功的人或事(1%)
→来自 succeed,达到目的，成功，-ss,过去分词格。词义由形容词作名词使用。
成功;胜利[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.成就,成功;成功的事物,有成就的人The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上成
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the achieving of the results wanted or hoped for 成功；胜利
• The success of almost any project depends largely on its manager. 几乎所有专案计划的成功都很大程度地取决于管理者的能力。
• I've been trying to persuade her to take on more staff, but so far without success. 我一直在劝她再雇些人，不过到目前为止都没成功。
• I'm not having much success in communicating with him at the moment. 目前我还没有联系上他。
• The success rate for this operation is very low. 这种手术的成功率非常低。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that achieves positive results 成功的事物
• Both films have been a big box-office success in this country. 两部电影都在这个国家都获得了巨大的票房成功。
• She's determined to make a success of this project. 她下定决心要使这个专案计划大获成功。
• That salmon dish was a success, wasn't it? 那盘鲑鱼做得好极了，不是吗？
n. 成功，成就；胜利；大获成功的人或事物
 - victory, prosperity, achievement, effort, accomplishment

Word: join
Front: join
[dʒɔɪn] (中高托 505/578 -K5)
Vocabulary: join
(once / 37 pages)
1vn 2v
To join is to connect, attach, or become a member of. You could join two puzzle pieces together or join the Girl Scouts; it's your choice.
You can join two plastic tubes to make a long tunnel for your pet hamster, and you can also join a club — in other words, become a member or a part of the group. You can also join in with a song or join the staff of a swimming pool as a lifeguard. Join comes from the Old French word joindre, "connect or unite," from the Latin root iungere, "to join together, unite, or yoke."
WORD FAMILY
join: disjoin, joined, joiner, joinery, joining, joins, jointure, rejoin, subjoin+/disjoin: disjoined, disjoining, disjoins/joiner: joiners/joining: joinings/jointure: jointures/rejoin: rejoined, rejoining, rejoins/subjoin: subjoined, subjoining, subjoins
USAGE EXAMPLES
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He first joined the Canadiens as a free agent on July 1.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 连接; 联结; 加入; 参加
vt. 结合; 参与; 上（火车、飞机等）; 上（路）
n. 连接; 结合; 接合处; 接合点
时态：joined, joining, joins
分布：加入(75%)，连接(16%)，参与(8%)，和...一起(1%)
→来自古法语joindre,连接，一体，性交，来自拉丁语iungere,连接，来自yeug,连接，词源同jugular,joke,yoga.
v.参加,加入;联合,连接;和...在一起He joined the army when he was 16.他参军时刚十六岁.
verb
CONNECT 连接
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to connect or fasten things together 连接；接合
• A long suspension bridge joins the two islands. 一座长长的吊桥将两座岛屿连接起来。
• Join the two pieces together using strong glue. 用强力胶把这两片黏起来。
• The island is joined to the mainland by a road bridge. 一座公路桥将小岛和大陆连接起来。
• If you join (up)the dots on the paper, you'll get a picture. 如果你将纸上的小点连起来，就会变成一幅画。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If roads or rivers join, they meet at a particular point （使）交会；（使）汇合
• The A11 joins the M11 south of Cambridge. A11 干道在剑桥以南与 M11 高速公路交会。
• The River Murray and the River Darling join east of Adelaide. 墨瑞河和达令河在阿德莱德以东汇合。
[dʒɔɪn] verb
DO TOGETHER 一起做
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get involved in an activity or journey with another person or group 加入；参加
• I don't have time for a drink now, but I'll join you later. 我现在没有时间喝一杯，但是稍后可以和你们会合。
• Why don't you ask your sister if she would like to join us for supper? 为甚么不问问你姐姐是否愿意和我们一起吃晚餐？
• We took the ferry across the Channel and then joined (= got on) the Paris train at Calais. 我们乘度船横过英吉利海峡，然后在加莱上了去巴黎的火车。
• If you've come to buy tickets for tonight's performance, please join the UKqueue / USline (= stand at the end of it). 如果你要买今晚演出的票，请排队。
• I'm sure everyone will join me in wishing you a very happy retirement (= everyone else will do this too). 我相信大家都会和我一样祝你退休生活愉快。
• The police have joined with (= They have begun to work with) the drugs squad in trying to catch major drug traffickers. 警方和缉毒队联手抓捕大毒贩。
• The design company is planning to join up with a shoe manufacturer and create a new range of footwear. 这家设计公司正计划与一家鞋厂联手推出一系列新鞋。
  Common Learner Errors  join or attend? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about going to an event, place, etc, don't say 'join', say attend :
✗ I joined a conference about global warming. I attended a conference about global warming. Remember: attend is slightly formal. In more informal styles, say go to : I went to a conference on global warming.
[dʒɔɪn] verb
BECOME A MEMBER 成为成员
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to become a member of an organization 成为（…的）一员，加入
• I felt so unfit after Christmas that I decided to join a gym. 圣诞节后我觉得身体状况不佳，决定加入一家健身房。
• It's a great club. Why don't you join? 这家俱乐部很棒。你为甚么不加入呢？
join the ranks
■to become one of a particular large group of people 加入行列
• When I leave school at the end of this month, I'll probably have to join the ranks of the unemployed. 我本月底毕业后很可能不得不加入失业大军。
[dʒɔɪn] verb
be joined in marriage/matrimony formal
■to become husband and wife in an official ceremony 结为夫妻
[dʒɔɪn] verb
join battle formal
■If armies join battle, they start to fight. 参战
[dʒɔɪn] verb
join hands
■If two or more people join hands, they hold each other's hands, especially in order to do something 携手；挽手
• The teacher asked us to form a circle and join hands. 老师让我们手拉着手围成一个圈。
[dʒɔɪn] verb
Join the club! informal
■said in answer to something that someone has said, meaning that you are in the same bad situation as them 彼此彼此！一样倒楣！
• "I've got no money till the end of this week." "Join the club!" “一直到周末之前我都身无分文。”“彼此彼此！”
[dʒɔɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  join in (sth) ESSENTIAL
■to become involved in an activity with other people 参加
• We only need one more player for this game - can you persuade your sister to join in? 我们这项比赛只差一个选手——你能说服你姐姐参加吗？
• At the end of this verse, we'd like everyone to join in with the chorus. 这段结束后，我们希望大家一起唱副歌。
[dʒɔɪn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  join up UK
■If you join up, you become a member of one of the armed forces 从军，入伍
• "Have you been in the army for a long time?" "I joined up as soon as I'd left school." “你从军很久了吗？”“我中学一毕业就从军了。”
[dʒɔɪn] noun countable
■a place where two things meet or are fastened together 接头；结点；接合处
• She'd stitched the two pieces together really carefully so that you couldn't see the join. 她将两块布非常仔细地缝在一起，你看不到接缝。
take part in, join in, join
take part in: 参加大型的活动He joined the army five years ago.
join in: 参加小型的活动, join sb. in；
join: 加入某个组织,并成为其中的一员；
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
take part in, attend, participate, join
这组词都有“参加，加入”的意思，其区别是：
take part in: 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。
attend: 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等。
participate: 正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。
join: 普通用词，指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等。
vt. 参加；结合； [计] 连接
 - participate in, become one, couple, take part in, go through
vi. 加入；参加；结合
 - become one, couple, bond, participate in, combine
n. 结合； [计] 连接；接合点
 - combination, connection, coupling, bond, wedding

Word: pressure
Front: pressure
[ˈpreʃə(r)] (高研四六托雅 765/687 -K5)
Vocabulary: pressure
(once / 103 pages)
1nv 2nv
You feel pressure when something presses on you –- whether a physical force or a stressful situation. If you don't crack under the pressure of witnessing the accident, you will calmly apply pressure on the driver's wound until help arrives.
The pressure of a looming deadline might cause you to finally get to work on an assignment. Pressure can also be a verb, like when your friend pressures you to go rock climbing despite your fear of heights. The rocks you would rather not climb were formed long ago by extreme heat and pressure. While climbing, your friend's blood pressure may rise right along with yours when she sees how clumsy you are.
WORD FAMILY
pressure: overpressure, pressured, pressures, pressuring, pressurise, pressurize+/depressurize: depressurized, depressurizes, depressurizing/overpressure: overpressures/ press: pressed, presses, pressing, pressure /pressed: unpressed/ pressing: pressingly, pressings/pressurise: depressurise/pressurize: depressurize, pressurized, pressurizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was the junior’s first season in the role, and he hadn’t kicked under pressure.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Eventually, it plans to change the design of the pressure vessels to prevent buckling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 压（力）; 压力; 气压（或血压）（的缩略形式）; 压（迫）感
vi. 施加压力; 迫使; 使（机舱等）增压
时态：pressured, pressuring, pressures
分布：压力(91%)，压强(4%)，施压(3%)，压迫(2%)
→来自press,按，压，-ure,名词后缀。
压力(press+ure)[press=press表示"挤压"]
n.压,压力,压迫,强制,紧迫,困苦,困难The man depressed by the pressure from the press expressed the impression on him.那个受到来自新闻界压力压抑的人表达了他的印象.
US [-ɚ] noun
PUSH 推
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the force you produce when you press something 压力
• He put too much pressure on the door handle and it snapped. 他用力过猛，把门的把手弄断了。
• You can stop bleeding by applying pressure close to the injured area. 压住伤口边缘可以止血。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the force that a liquid or gas produces when it presses against an area （液体或气体产生的）压力
• gas/water pressure 气／水压
• The new material allows the company to make gas pipes which withstand higher pressures. 新材料使得公司可以生产出抗压力更强的输气管。
• The gas is stored under pressure (= in a container which keeps it at a higher pressure than it would usually have). 这种气体是加压贮存的。
UK ['preʃ.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
PERSUADE 说服
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone tries to make someone else do something by arguing, persuading, etc 压力，紧迫；催促
• public/political pressure 公众／政治压力
• Teachers are under increasing pressure to work longer hours. 教师们被迫长时间工作，压力越来越大。
• [+ to infinitive] Pressure to abandon the new motorway is increasing. 要求放弃修建这条新高速公路的呼声与日俱增。
• The government is facing pressure from environmental campaigners. 政府正面临着来自环保人士的压力。
• He only asked her under pressure from his wife (= because his wife forced him to). 他是在妻子的逼迫下才问她的。
• She's putting pressure on him (= trying to persuade him) to get married. 她在逼他结婚。
• formal The international community are trying to bring pressure to bear on the government (= trying to persuade them) to resolve the situation. 国际社会正试图说服该政府解决问题。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a difficult situation that makes you feel worried or unhappy 压力；困扰
• She's got a lot of pressure on her at work just now. 她现在工作压力很大。
• Be nice to him - he's been under a lot of pressure recently. 对他好一点——最近他压力很大。
• Can you work well under pressure? 你在压力下能表现得很出色吗？
• the pressures of work 工作压力
So no pressure then! humorous
■something that you say when what someone has just said makes you feel that you must try very hard to do something 压力来了
• 'These exams are the most important of all.' 'Oh, so no pressure then!' “这些考试是所有考试中最重要的。”“哦！真的要加油了！”
UK ['preʃ.ər] US [-ɚ] verb transitive mainly US
■to strongly persuade someone to do something they do not want to do 强迫，对…施加压力
• She was pressured into joining the club. 她被迫加入那个俱乐部。
pressure, strain, stress, tension
这组词都有“压力，重压，紧张”的意思，其区别是：
pressure: 在科学上，指单位面积上所受到的压力。用于引申时，指某事物所产生的压力或影响力等。
strain: 指某人为克服外力界压力而造成的身心和情绪等方面的压抑。用于物时，指任何力或合力作用于一个物体上面造成的应变。
stress: 侧重指承受外来的压力，也指由于某种原因而引起的心理、生理或情绪上的紧张。
tension: 多指因关系不好或其它原因而出现的紧张状态，也指某物被过度伸展的程度或状态。
n. [力] 压力；压迫， [物] 压强
 - heat, compression force
vt. 迫使；密封；使……增压
 - reduce to, compel

Word: crime
Front: crime
[kraɪm] (高研四六雅 828/1125 -K4)
Vocabulary: crime
(once / 50 pages)
n
Something that's against the law is a crime. If your friend shoplifts clothes from a store, you'll be disappointed because you know that stealing is a serious crime.
A crime is an illegal act that someone can be legally punished for, like damaging someone's property. You can also talk about crime more generally to describe something that's unfair, wrong, and difficult to fix, like the crime of art museums charging high admission prices, making it all but impossible for many families to afford to go often.
WORD FAMILY
crime: crimes, criminal, criminate, incriminate +/ criminal: criminalise, criminalism, criminality, criminalize, criminally, criminalness, criminals, criminative/criminalise: criminalisation, decriminalise/criminality: criminalities/criminalize: criminalization, criminalized, criminalizes, criminalizing, decriminalize/criminate: criminated, criminates, criminating, criminatory, recriminate/decriminalise: decriminalisation/decriminalize: decriminalization, decriminalized, decriminalizing/ incriminate: incriminated, incriminates, incriminating, incrimination, incriminatory/incrimination: incriminations, self-incrimination/recriminate: recriminated, recriminates, recriminating, recrimination, recriminative, recriminatory/ recrimination: recriminations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Roof was found guilty on 33 federal charges, including hate crimes and obstruction of the practice of religion.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The notes “show that Nixon committed a crime to win the presidential election.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Zhang told the activist he would need to pen “a self-criticism” in which he confessed to a series of crimes.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 罪行，犯罪; 罪恶
v. 指控犯罪; 判定犯罪; 处罚军事犯
分布：犯罪(99%)，恶行(1%)
→来自krei, 区分，筛选，词源同crisis, discriminate. 即区分出来的非法行为。
n.罪行,犯罪Primarily, the prime criminal's crime has nothing to do with lime and overtime.首犯的犯罪基本上与石灰和加班无关.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■illegal activities 违法行为，犯罪活动
• a life of crime 犯罪生涯
• rising crime 增多的犯罪活动
• crime prevention 防止犯罪
• petty (= unimportant) crime] serious crime 轻微／严重犯罪
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an illegal act 罪，罪行
• He has admitted committing several crimes, including two murders. 他供认犯过好几宗案件，包括两宗谋杀。
• The defendant is accused of/charged with a range of crimes, from theft to murder. 被告被控犯下了多种罪行，小到偷窃，大到谋杀。
• A knife was found at the scene of the crime (= the place where the crime happened). 在犯罪现场发现了一把刀。
• Bombing civilians is a crime against humanity (= a cruel crime against many people). 轰炸平民是反人类的罪行。
only singular
■an unacceptable or very silly act or situation 不能接受的行为；愚蠢的做法
• To have hundreds of homeless people sleeping in the streets of a rich city like London is a crime. 像伦敦这样富裕的城市还有数以百计无家可归的人睡在大街上是一种罪过。
• It would be a crime (= a waste) to spend such a beautiful day indoors. 这么好的天气，要是留在屋里就太可惜了。
[kraɪm] noun
Crime doesn't pay. saying
■said to emphasize that you believe criminals are always punished for their crimes 多行不义必自毙。
violation, sin, crime, offence, guilt
这组词都有“犯法，犯罪，罪恶”的意思，其区别是：
violation: 指违背誓言、条约、规则以及良心等，也指侵犯权利。
sin: 主要指违反道德原则或违反宗教戒律的过失或罪过行为。
crime: 指严重的违法行为或罪行。
offence: 使用广，可泛指对任何规则、道德标准、法律、纪律等的违反与触犯，其罪行可重可轻。
guilt: 多用于指违反道德或社会标准的不法行为，含应予惩办之意。这种惩办是以证据为根据的。
n. 罪行，犯罪；罪恶；犯罪活动
 - sin, evil, guilt

Word: chance
Front: chance
[tʃɑ:ns] (中高研四托雅 613/617 -K5)
Vocabulary: chance
(once / 34 pages)
1nadjv 2nv
A chance is a possibility — but it's not a sure thing. There could be a chance of rain today or a chance you'll be the lead in the school play.
Chance is sometimes about opportunity, as in getting a chance to try out for the baseball team. Sometimes it's just luck, as in taking a chance on a new car through a raffle at school. You could meet someone by chance, and you could say, "I chanced upon him at a coffee shop." Sometimes the word implies danger, as in "He took a chance when he signed up for skydiving." In any case, a chance is never a sure thing.
WORD FAMILY
chance: chanced, chanceful, chancely, chances, chancing, chancingly, chancy, mischance +/chanceful: chancefully/chancy: chancier, chanciest, chancily/ mischance: mischances
USAGE EXAMPLES
It added there is a chance Chung, an equestrian competitor who trained in Germany, may choose to return to South Korea voluntarily.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Mills wanted to be a pilot for the military but missed her chance when World War II ended.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Wisconsin always gets a chance to prove itself in the Big Ten.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 机会，机遇; 概率，可能性; 偶然，运气
v. 偶然发生; 冒险; 碰巧; 偶然被发现
adj. 意外的; 偶然的; 碰巧的
时态：chanced, chancing, chances
分布：机会(86%)，碰巧(5%)，可能性(5%)，偶然发生(3%)，偶然性(1%)
→来自拉丁词cadens, 掉落，词源同case, accident. 即偶发事件。
n.机会;可能性;偶然性,运气v.碰巧,偶然发生I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
US [tʃænts] noun
OPPORTUNITY 机会
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an occasion which allows something to be done; an opportunity 机遇；机会；时机
• I didn't get/have a chance to speak to her. 我没有机会跟她说话。
• [+ to infinitive] If you give me a chance to speak, I'll explain. 要是你给我说话的机会，我会解释的。
• Society has to give prisoners a second chance when they come out of jail. 犯人出狱后社会必须再给他们一次机会。
• He left and I missed my chance to say goodbye to him. 他走了，我失去了跟他道别的机会。
• I'd go now given half a chance (= If I had the slightest opportunity). 有一丁点的机会我现在就会走。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL [S or plural]
■the level of possibility that something will happen; likelihood 可能性；机会
• You'd have a better chance/more chance of passing your exams if you worked a bit harder. 你要是再用功一点，通过考试的可能性会更大。
• [+ (that)] There's a good chance (that) I'll have this essay finished by tomorrow. 到明天我很可能会写完这篇文章。
• There's a slim/slight chance (that) I might have to go to Manchester next week. 下周我也许要去曼彻斯特，不过可能性不大。
• If we hurry, there's still an outside (= very small) chance of catching the plane. 要是我们抓紧时间，没准还能赶上飞机。
• "Is there any chance of speaking to him?" " Not a/No chance, I'm afraid." “你有机会跟他说话吗？”“恐怕一点都没有。”
• I don't think I stand/have a chance of winning. 我觉得自己没机会赢。
• UK John thinks they're in with a chance (= they have a possibility of doing or getting what they want). 约翰认为他们有机会。
• Her resignation has improved my chances of promotion. 她的辞职增加了我晋升的可能性。
• What are her chances of survival? 她幸存的机会有多大？
• [+ that] What are the chances that they'll win? 他们赢的可能性有多大？
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
RISK 风险
 IMPROVER countable
■a possibility that something negative will happen; a risk （不好的事情发生的）危险，风险；冒险
• I'm delivering my work by hand - I'm not taking any chances. 我要亲手递送自己的作品——我可不想有任何闪失。
• There's a chance of injury in almost any sport. 几乎任何体育运动都有受伤的危险。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
LUCK 运气
uncountable
■the force that causes things to happen without any known cause or reason for doing so 偶然，碰巧；巧合
• Roulette is a game of chance. 轮盘赌是碰运气的游戏。
• I got this job completely by chance. 我得到这份工作完全是偶然。
• [+ (that)] It was pure/sheer chance (that) we met. 我们的相遇纯属巧合。
• We must double-check everything and leave nothing to chance. 我们必须把每件事都覆核一遍，绝不能心存侥幸。
by any chance
■used to ask a question or request in a polite way （用于询问或礼貌地请求）也许，可能
• Are you Hungarian, by any chance? 你或许是匈牙利人？
• Could you lend me a couple of pounds, by any chance? 你能不能借我几英镑？
• You wouldn't, by any chance, have a calculator on you, would you? 你或许没带计算机吧，是不是？
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
chance would be a fine thing UK informal
■said when you would very much like something to happen but there is no possibility that it will 可惜没有机会，要是有机会就好了
• "You should relax a bit more." "Chance would be a fine thing." “你应该再放松一点。”“要是能这样就好了。”
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
(the) chances are informal
■it is likely 很有可能
• Chances are (that) they'll be late anyway. 总之，他们很可能会迟到。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] noun
not give much for sb's chances
■to not believe someone will succeed 不太相信（某人）会成功
• I wouldn't give much for his chances in the next race. 我不大相信他在下一场比赛中会赢。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] verb
RISK 风险
transitive
■to risk something
• You'd be a fool to chance your life savings on a single investment. 你要是把一辈子的积蓄都放到一项投资上就是个傻瓜。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] verb
LUCK 运气
intransitive old-fashioned or literary
■to happen or do something by chance 偶然发生；碰巧
• [+ to infinitive] They chanced to be in the restaurant when I arrived. 我到的时候他们正好在餐馆里。
• I chanced on/upon (= found unexpectedly) some old love letters in a drawer. 我偶然在抽屉里发现了一些旧情书。
• Ten years after leaving school, we chanced on/upon (= unexpectedly met) each other in Regent Street. 毕业十年后，我们在摄政街偶遇。
UK [tʃɑ:nts] US [tʃænts] verb
chance your arm
■to take a risk in order to get something that you want 冒险一试；碰运气
• Aren't you chancing your arm a bit giving up a secure job to start up a business? 你放弃稳定的工作去开办公司是不是有点太冒险了？
take place, chance, happen, occur
这组词都有“发生”的意思，其区别是：
take place: 多指通过人为安排的发生。
chance: 侧重事前无安排或无准备而发生的事，特指巧合。
happen: 普通用词，泛指一切客观事物或情况的发生，强调动作的偶然性。
occur: 较正式用词，可指意外地发生，也可指意料中的发生。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
opportunity, occasion, chance
opportunity: 主要指能够去做某事，尤其是达到自己目的，实现某种愿望的好机会。如：You should make the most of your opportunities of seeing the country and learning the language.(你应该尽量利用你的机会去看看这个国家，学习它的语言。)
occasion: 主要指“时机”，“场合”，也含有“机会”的意思。如：The flags are hung out on the occasion of the National Day.(每逢国庆节，国旗都悬持出来了。)
chance: 多指偶然的机会，意外的机会，带有侥幸的意味。如：Even so, it was a lucky chance that he could do it.(即使如此，那也是他凭着侥幸才做到这点。)
n. 机会，际遇；运气，侥幸；可能性
 - opportunity, possibility, probability, feasibility, opening
vt. 偶然发生；冒……的险
 - happen to
vi. 碰巧；偶然被发现
 - happen to do

Word: debate
Front: debate
[dɪˈbeɪt] (高研四六托宝 1082/1210 -K4)
Vocabulary: debate
(once / 140 pages)
nv
Another word for formally discuss is debate. Cheese lovers often debate the merits of gorgonzola, triple creme brie, and gouda. Of course, they need to accompany their arguments with a taste test!
A debate is a kind of respectful, well reasoned argument over opposing points of view, although tensions can run high and voices can be raised. In fact, the verb evolved from the Old French debatre, meaning “to fight.” Most formal debates, during a political campaign for example, keep the battles to a minimum. But if you find yourself in the midst of a debate between a Red Sox fan and a Yankees fan, things could get ugly!
WORD FAMILY
debate: debatable, debated, debater, debates, debating+/ debatable: debatably/debater: debaters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The George became a home for political debate and gossip - and Shakespeare's plays were often performed in its courtyard.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
So the debate rages on and we continue ...
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The debate between liberalism and republicanism, especially active in the 1970s, eventually subsided.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 讨论; 辩论; 争论; 辩论
vt. & vi. 辩论; 仔细考虑; 思考; 盘算
时态：debated, debating, debates
分布：辩论(58%)，争论(28%)，讨论(13%)，思考(1%)
→de-, 加强。-bat, 击打，词源同beat, batter. 引申义交锋，争辩。
辩论,讨论(de加强+dat+e→加强打击→反驳,辩论)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
v./n.争论,辩论There has been much debate about the bill.关于该法案有很多争论.
【记】bate打，击－互相打击－辩论
【参】debatable（adj 不肯定的，可争议的）
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■(a) serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part 谈论，讨论；争论，辩论
• Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是目前大众谈论的焦点。
• How we proceed from here is a matter for debate. 我们还需要讨论下一步该怎样做。
• Over the year we have had several debates about future policy. 一年来，我们就未来的政策进行了几次讨论。
[dɪ'beɪt] verb
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to discuss a subject in a formal way 讨论；争论
• In Parliament today, MPs debated the Finance Bill. 今天在议会上议员们讨论了财政法案。
• They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion. 他们已经争论了好几个小时，仍然没有得出一个结论。
• [+ question word] The authorities debated wh ether to build a new car park. 政府有关部门就是否要修建一座新停车场进行了讨论。
transitive
■to try to make a decision about something 斟酌；考虑
• [+ question word] We debated wh ether to take the earlier train. 我们考虑到底要不要乘早一点的那班列车。
• I'm still debating what colour to paint the walls. 我还在考虑要把墙刷成甚么颜色。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
argument, controversy, dispute, debate, conflict, strife, quarrel
这组词都有“争执、不和”的意思，其区别是：
argument: 指辩论双方均以事实或理由来说服对方的辨论。
controversy: 侧重指深刻的意见分歧，多指对引起广泛兴趣或非常重要的问题的辨论。
dispute: 普通用词，侧重指长时间，言词激烈，针锋相对的争辩。
debate: 通常指经过仔细组织和计划的个人或团体之间的辩论。
conflict: 指双方坚持已见、互不妥协，怀有敌意的争论，多暗示分歧极为严重，有时用语言无法解决，只得诉诸武力。
strife: 指因不可缓和的矛盾而引起的争吵或斗殴。
quarrel: 普通用词，既可指言词激烈的争吵，也可指温和的言词上的不和。
vt. [法] 辩论，争论，讨论
 - reason, dispute about
vi. [法] 辩论，争论，讨论
 - deal, pro-and-con
n. [法] 辩论；辩论会
 - dispute, controversy

Word: popular
Front: popular
[ˈpɒpjələ(r)] (中高研四六托雅 924/938 -K4)
Vocabulary: popular
(once / 58 pages)
adj
The adjective popular describes something that is well-liked or admired by a lot of people. Sometimes when you read a bestselling novel, you wonder why it's so popular.
Popular comes from the Latin word populus, which means people. Anything that is popular is liked by many people. When you're talking about popular music or art, you may sometimes shorten the word popular to "pop," as in pop music or pop culture. Popular also describes things by or for the people, or the general population, such as the popular vote or a popular revolt.
WORD FAMILY
popular: popularest, popularise, popularism, popularity, popularize, popularly, unpopular+/popularisation: popularisations/popularise: popularisation, popularised, populariser, popularises, popularising/populariser: popularisers/popularity: popularities/popularization: popularizations/popularize: popularization, popularized, popularizer, popularizes, popularizing/popularizer: popularizers/unpopular: unpopularity, unpopularly/unpopularity: unpopularities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Remember that Hillary Clinton won the popular vote.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He was the ‘most popular politician on Earth.’
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The venue, called Reina, is perched on the Bosporus and is popular with Istanbul’s elite, including musicians and soccer players.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 流行的，大众化的; 民众的，大众的，公众的; 通俗的，普通的，平易的; 〈美俚〉自以为了不得的，骄傲的
分布：受欢迎的(42%)，流行的(37%)，大众的(12%)，通俗的(9%)
→popul-,人，民众，-ar,形容词后缀。比喻用法。
流行的(popul+ar...的)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
a.流行的,通俗的,大众的;广受欢迎的The pop song is popular in the populous city.这首流行歌曲在人口稠密的城市流行.
US ['pɑ:.pjə.lɚ] adjective
LIKED 受人喜爱的
 ESSENTIAL
■liked, enjoyed or supported by many people 受大众喜爱的，受欢迎的
• She's the most popular teacher in school. 她是学校里最受欢迎的老师。
• That song was popular with people from my father's generation. 那首歌在我爸爸那一代很流行。
• Walking is a popular form of exercise in Britain. 在英国，走路是很流行的运动方式。
• How popular is Madonna among/with teenagers? 玛丹娜在青少年中有多受欢迎？
• informal Jan wasn't very popular (= people were annoyed by her) when she opened all the windows on that cold day. 在这么冷的天简把所有的窗户都打开，这样做很惹人厌。
Opposite unpopular
UK ['pɒp.jʊ.lər] US ['pɑ:.pjə.lɚ] adjective
GENERAL 一般的
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■for or involving ordinary people rather than specialists or very educated people 普及的，大众的
• popular music/entertainment/culture 流行音乐／大众娱乐／大众文化
• The issue was virtually ignored by the popular press. 这件事实际上被大众媒体忽视了。
• The popular myth is that air travel is more dangerous than travel by car or bus. 一个普遍的错误迷思是搭飞机比开车和搭公共汽车都要危险。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 流行的，通俗的；受欢迎的；大众的；普及的
 - democratic, fashionable, going, welcome, pop

Word: design
Front: design
[dɪˈzaɪn] (高研四六托雅 834/679 -K5)
Vocabulary: design
(once / 54 pages)
1nv 2nv
To design is to conceive, create, sketch out, or invent something. An architect might design a new apartment building, and an inventor might design a new smart phone.
Charles Eames, famous designer of fancy modern chairs, said "Design is a plan for arranging elements in such a way as best to accomplish a particular purpose." That's a broad definition, but then again, design is a broad field. School kids design book report posters, engineers design bridges, and politicians design arguments against their opponents. If you really want to explore design, take some time to examine the expert layout of a Picasso painting.
WORD FAMILY
design: designed, designer, designing, designs, redesign +/designed: designedly, undesigned/ designer: designers/ designing: designingly, designings/ redesign: redesigned, redesigning, redesigns/undesigned: undesignedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But such mechanisms are designed for limited amounts of information in a slow-moving world.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
The lab designed most of the arms now in the nation’s nuclear arsenal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Constellation, as it was called, was designed for America’s space goals under Obama’s predecessor, former President George W. Bush.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 设计; 绘制
vt. 设计; 计划; 企图; 决意（做）
n. 设计; 图案; 结构; 计划
vi. 设计略图; （为工艺品、装潢项目等）设计; 当设计师; 构思
时态：designed, designing, designs
分布：设计(92%)，计划(4%)，图案(2%)，目的(1%)，图样(1%)
→de-, 向下。sign, 写，标记。即写下来，描绘，设计。
设计;计划(de+sign做标志→设计)[de-①表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等②表示"使…成为,加强"等]
计划;设计(de着重+sign→着重做记号→设计)[sign=mark表示"记号,信号"]
v.设计;构思;绘制;图案;企图n.设计,图样The resigned designer is designated to an assignment of reigning the foreigners.辞职的设计者被指派了一个去统治外国人的任务.
verb
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or buildings 设计；制（图）
• Who designed this building/dress/furniture? 是谁设计这座建筑物／这款裙子／这套家俱？
• This range of clothing is specially designed for shorter women. 这系列服装是专为身材较矮的女性设计的。
[dɪ'zaɪn] verb
INTEND 意图
 IMPROVER transitive usually passive
■to intend 意图，打算
• This dictionary is designed for advanced learners of English. 本词典是为高级英语学习者编写的。
• [+ to infinitive] These measures are designed to reduce pollution. 采取这些措施旨在减低污染。
[dɪ'zaɪn] noun
PLAN 计划
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a drawing or set of drawings showing how a building or product is to be made and how it will work and look 设计图，图纸
• Have you seen the designs for the new shopping centre? 你看过新购物中心的设计图了吗？
 IMPROVER uncountable (also designing)
■the art of making plans or drawings for something 设计（艺术）
• She's an expert on kitchen/software design. 她是厨房／软体设计专家。
• He's studying design at college. 他正在大学学习设计。
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the way in which something is planned and made 设计（方法）；设计风格
• I don't like the design of this kettle. 我不喜欢这个茶壶的设计。
• The building was originally Victorian in design. 这座建筑物原是维多利亚式设计风格。
• a serious design fault 严重的设计缺陷
• The car has some excellent design features. 这款汽车有一些很棒的设计特色。
[dɪ'zaɪn] noun
PATTERN 图案
countable
■a pattern used to decorate something 图案
• a floral/abstract design 花卉／抽象图案
• I like the design on your sweatshirt. 我喜欢你运动服上的那个图案。
[dɪ'zaɪn] noun
INTENTION 故意
by design
■intentionally 特意；故意，有意
• I'm sure he ignored you by accident and not by design. 我敢肯定他绝非有意冷落你。
designs [plural]
■plans, often ones which are not honest, to get something or someone for yourself 阴谋计划，不轨企图
• to have territorial designs (on neighbouring countries) 有夺取（邻国）领土的企图
• humorous I think Alan has designs on/upon your job/wife! 我觉得亚伦对你的工作／妻子有不轨企图！
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
figure, pattern, design
这组词都有“装饰图案”的意思，其区别是：
figure: 指呈现于整个表面的简单的几何图形或小型图案。
pattern: 一般指简单的重复图案，或整个装饰的格调或事物的布局，也指由一些相连图形拼成的较大图案。
design: 专指线条、轮廓、图案。强调设计的完美或有秩序。
intention, intent, design
这组词都有“意图，企图”的意思，其区别是：
intention: 普通用词，指某人内心产生的想做某事的想法，侧重内心活动。
intent: 法律用词，常指某人怀有歹意而犯罪。
design: 多用复数形式，含贬义多指行为不轨的意图。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
vt. 设计；计划；构思
 - project, engineer, style, schedule, frame
n. 设计；图案
 - programming, device, pattern
vi. 设计
 - project, engineer

Word: operation
Front: operation
[ˌɒpəˈreɪʃn] (中高研四六 826/619 -K5)
Vocabulary: operation
(once / 71 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n
Operation can refer to medical surgery, a military campaign, or mathematical methods, such as multiplication and division.
Operation comes from the Latin word opus (“work”) and can refer to a whole range of practical activities and work. In driver's education, you learn the proper operation of a motor vehicle. If you’re going to make your lemonade franchise a success, you’re going to have to learn the rules for prudent operation of a business — how to run it — and you’ll also have to figure out the operation of a lemon squeezer.
WORD FAMILY
operation: operational, operations+/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator / operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally/operationalism: operationalist/ operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative / operator: operators/postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Special Operations forces are in the Baltics to deter any Russian efforts to destabilize the former Soviet republics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Raiders are the better team around the quarterback, with so many other elements of a championship-caliber operation in place.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s also about all kinds of other data, code and digitized operations.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 操作，经营; 手术; [数]运算; 作用
分布：操作(48%)，手术(30%)，行动(6%)，经营(5%)，运转(4%)，运算(4%)，生效(3%)
→来自operate,运作，操作。引申词义运行，业务。
操作;手术(operate+ion)[Oper=work,表示"工作"]
n.运转,开动,操作,手术,运算,经营Mr.Jones is very ill and needs an operation.琼斯先生病得很厉害,需要做手术.
US [ˌɑ:.pə'reɪ-] noun
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the fact of operating or being active 运作，实施，工作
• There are several reactors of the type in operation (= working) at the moment. 目前有几个这样的反应堆在工作。
• We expect the new scheme for assessing claims to come into operation (= start working) early next year. 我们预计明年初施行核定索赔的新方案。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the way that parts of a machine or system work together, or the process of making parts of a machine or system work together （机器或系统的）运作，运行；（对机器或系统的）操作，使用
 IMPROVER countable
■a business organization 企业
• Less profitable business operations will have difficulty in finding financial support. 盈利较少的企业会很难得到财政资助。
 IMPROVER countable
■an activity which is planned to achieve something （有目的的）活动，行动
• a military/peacekeeping operation. 军事／维和行动
• Following the earthquake, a large-scale rescue operation was launched. 地震后发起了一场大规模的救援行动。
• [+ to infinitive] The operation to fly in supplies will begin as soon as possible. 向这里空运补给品的行动会尽快展开。
UK [ˌɒp.ər'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.pə'reɪ-] noun
MEDICAL PROCESS 医疗方法
 ESSENTIAL countable (UK informal op)
■when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part 手术
• a major/minor/routine operation 大／小／常规手术
• an abdominal/cataract/transplant operation 腹部／白内障／移植手术
• He's got to have an operation on his shoulder. 他的肩部必须做个手术。
• [+ to infinitive] We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful. 我们几天后就能知道她恢复视力的手术是否成功。
UK [ˌɒp.ər'eɪ.ʃən] US [ˌɑ:.pə'reɪ-] noun
MATHEMATICS 数学
countable specialized
■a mathematical process, such as addition, in which one set of numbers is produced from another （数学）运算
operation, deed, performance, action, act
这组词都有“行为、行动”的意思，其区别是：
operation: 多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
deed: 较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
performance: 主要指行动的方式方法。
action: 普通用词，着重行动的过程。
act: 一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
n. 操作； [贸易] 经营； [外科] 手术； [数] [计] 运算
 - work, manipulation

Word: slow
Front: slow
[sləʊ] (中高 1761/1661 -K4)
Back: adj. 慢的; 迟钝的; 温和的; 慢于…的
adv. 慢慢地; 缓慢地
vt. & vi. （使）缓行，（使）减速
vi. 变慢; 变萧条
vt. 放慢; 阻碍
时态：slowed, slowing, slows
分布：慢的(43%)，放慢(29%)，减速(20%)，慢慢地(8%)
→来 自 中 古 英 语 slow, 来 自 古 英 语 slaw, 懒 散 的 ， 无 精 打 采 的 ， 缓 慢 的 ， 来 自 Proto-Germanic*slaiwaz,没精神的，虚弱的，来自 sleu,没精神的，虚弱的，没精打采的， 词源同 slack,sluggard.引申诸相关词义。
a.慢的,不活跃的v.(down)(使)放慢,减速The plowman slowly blows at the glowing globe.犁地者对着发红的球体慢慢吹气.
US [sloʊ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■doing, moving or happening without much speed 慢的，缓慢的
• a slow runner/driver/reader 跑步慢／开车慢／看书慢的人
• She's a very slow eater. 她吃饭很慢。
• We're making slow but steady progress with the decorating. 我们的装修进度缓慢但很顺利。
• The government was very slow to react to the problem. 政府对这一问题反应迟缓。
• Business is always slow during those months because everyone's on holiday. 那几个月生意都很清淡，因为大家都在休假。
Opposite fast or quick. describes a film, book, play, etc. that does not have much excitement and action （电影、书籍、戏剧等）情节拖泥带水的，索然无趣的
• His films are so slow they send me to sleep. 他那些电影情节拖泥带水，总让我昏昏欲睡。
■A person might be described as slow if they are not very clever and do not understand or notice things quickly 迟钝的，愚笨的
• I feel so slow when I'm with Andrew - he's so much brighter than me. 和安德鲁在一起时，我感觉自己很迟钝——他比我聪明多了。
• I was a bit slow off the mark/on the uptake there - I didn't follow his reasoning at all. 我理解能力较差——完全没听懂他的推理。
⇒ See also slow-witted
■If a clock or watch is slow, it shows a time that is earlier than the real time （钟、表）走得慢的
• That clock is ten minutes slow. 那个钟慢十分钟。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to reduce speed or activity, or to make something do this （使）减速；（使）放慢速度；（使）减缓
• Business development has slowed in response to the recession. 因为经济不景气，企业发展减缓了速度。
• Traffic slows to a crawl (= goes so slowly it almost stops) during rush hour. 尖峰时段，车辆行驶速度跟蜗牛似的。
• The pilot was asked to slow his approach to the runway. 飞行员被要求减速靠近跑道。
⇒ See also slow down
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slow (sb/sth) down/up IMPROVER
■to become slower, or to make someone or something become slower （使）减慢速度，（使）慢下来
• Slow down, you two, you're walking too fast! 慢一点，你们两个，你们走得太快了！
• If I run with Christina she tends to slow me down. 如果我和克莉丝蒂娜一起跑，她会拖慢我的速度。
• We slowed up when we saw the police. 我们看见员警时，放慢了速度。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] slow down
■to be less active and relax more 放慢，放松；松劲
• The doctor has told him to slow down or he'll have a heart attack. 医生告诫他要放慢生活节奏，否则会心脏病发作。
UK [sləʊ] US [sloʊ] adverb
■at a slow speed 缓慢地，慢吞吞地
• I can't walk any slower. 我走得已经非常慢了。
• slow-moving traffic 移动缓慢的车流
• a slow-burning candle 燃得很慢的蜡烛
• mainly US He drives too slow! 他开车太慢了！
adj. 慢的；减速的；迟钝的
 - dull, moderative
vi. 变慢；变萧条
 - stagnate
vt. 放慢；阻碍
 - impede, block up
adv. 慢慢地；迟缓地
 - dilatorily

Word: loss
Front: loss
[lɒs] (高研四六雅 788/649 -K4)
Vocabulary: loss
(once / 67 pages)
n
If you no longer have something, you experience a loss, like the loss of a favorite sock. When something lessens, or gets smaller, that's also a loss, as in weight loss.
Loss has lots of opposites that help define what it means. It is the opposite of win, gain, found, or earn. You can take a loss in a game or a race or by misplacing or just plain losing something like a cell phone or money. When a business has more expenses than it can cover in sales, that, too, is called a loss. A difficult loss is when a friend, relative, or pet dies.
WORD FAMILY
loss: lossless, lossy
USAGE EXAMPLES
A much more convenient approach to maintaining RMR during and after weight loss is to train up your secondary hearts, or soleus muscles.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Bulldogs rebounded from their loss to Wise with wins against Battlefield and Olympic at the Governor’s Challenge.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 损失，减少; 丢失，遗失; 损耗，亏损; 失败
分布：损失(74%)，丧失(12%)，遗失(5%)，失败(5%)，失落(3%)，死亡(1%)
→来自lose的名词形式。
n.丧失,遗失;损失,损耗,亏损;失败The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
US [lɑ:s] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you no longer have something or have less of something 丧失，失去，失落
• Many parents feel a sense of loss when their children leave home. 孩子们离家后许多父母都会有失落感。
• He suffered a gradual loss of memory. 他的记忆力越来越差了。
• There will be substantial job losses if the factory closes down. 如果工厂关闭，大批工人将会失业。
• blood/hair/weight loss 失血／脱发／体重减轻
 ADVANCED only singular
■a disadvantage caused by someone leaving an organization （某人离开带来的）损失，弊端
• It would be a great loss to the department if you left. 你如果离开将是该部门的巨大损失。
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the death of a person 去世，死亡
• They never got over the loss of their son. 他们一直没有走出失去儿子的阴影。
 ADVANCED countable
■when a business spends more money than it earns 亏损
• The company announced a pre-tax loss of three million pounds. 公司宣布税前亏损300万英镑。
loss of life
■when a number of people die 丧生，死亡
• The plane crashed with serious loss of life. 飞机失事导致很多人遇难。
UK [lɒs] US [lɑ:s] noun
be at a loss
■to not know what to do or say 不知所措；不知说甚么
• I'm at a loss to know how I can help you. 我不知道该怎么帮你。
UK [lɒs] US [lɑ:s] noun
One man's loss is another man's gain. saying
■said when someone gets an advantage from someone else's bad luck 一人之失即是他人之得；此消彼长
n. 减少；亏损；失败；遗失
 - reduction, failure, decrease, losing, reverse

Word: carry
Front: carry
[ˈkæri] (中高雅 487/283 -K5)
Vocabulary: carry
(once / 14 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
When you carry something, you hold it and take it somewhere. When you live in a walk-up apartment, you have to carry bags of groceries up several flights of stairs.
You carry armfuls of books home from the library, or carry your new puppy when she gets tired on a long walk. You might also carry friends in your car, or carry plenty of cash in your wallet. In any of these cases, you're transporting something. If you're ill and can spread germs to other people, a doctor might say that you carry an infectious disease. The words carry and car share a common Latin root, carrum, "two-wheeled chariot."
WORD FAMILY
carry: carriage, carried, carrier, carries, carrying, miscarry+/ carriage: carriages, undercarriage/ carrier: carriers/ miscarriage: miscarriages/miscarry: miscarriage, miscarried, miscarries, miscarrying/undercarriage: undercarriages
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Oakland ran for just 57 yards on 16 carries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The line remained intact Monday at practice with all three carrying streaks.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 支撑; 携带; 输送; 运载
vt. & vi. 运送; 搬运; 具有
vi. （文学、戏剧等）对读者; 扔（或踢）到…距离; （马等）具有某种姿势; 传得很远
n. （枪炮、火箭等的）射程; 运输，运送
时态：carried, carrying, carries
分布：携带(39%)，运载(15%)，搬运(13%)，运送(10%)，带有(9%)，承载(8%)，传播(6%)
→来自car, 车，携带，运输。
v.运送,搬运;传送,传播;领,带Although the plan was thorough, it was not carried through.尽管计划很周详,但是没有得到贯彻.
US ['ker-] verb
TRANSPORT 运输
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to transport or take something from one place to another 运送；搬；载
• Would you like me to carry your bag for you? 要我帮你背背包吗？
• She carried her tired child upstairs to bed. 她将疲惫的孩子抱上楼去睡觉。
• These books are too heavy for me to carry. 这些书太重了，我搬不动。
• The bus that was involved in the accident was carrying children to school. 出事的公车当时正送孩子去上学。
• The Brooklyn Bridge carries traffic across the East River from Brooklyn to Manhattan. 布鲁克林大桥横跨东河，连接布鲁克林与曼哈顿。
• Police think that the body was carried down the river (= was transported by the flow of the river). 警方认为尸体是顺河漂下来的。
• Underground cables carry electricity to all parts of the city. 地下电缆将电力输送到该市各个地区。
• We only had a small suitcase, so we were able to carry it onto the plane. 我们只有一个小手提箱，所以能提着它登机。
• Rubbish left on the beach during the day is carried away (= removed) at night by the tide. 白天扔在海滩上的垃圾到晚上被潮汐卷走了。
• Thieves broke the shop window and carried off (= removed) jewellery worth thousands of pounds. 小偷打破了商店的橱窗，拿走了价值几千英镑的珠宝。
• Robson injured his leg in the second half of the match and had to be carried off. 罗布森在下半场比赛中腿部受伤，只好被抬到场外。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
HAVE WITH YOU 带着
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have something with you all the time 携带，带有，带着
• Police officers in Britain do not usually carry guns. 英国员警通常不带枪。
• figurative He will carry the memory of the accident with him (= will remember the accident) for ever. 他将永远铭记那次意外。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
HAVE 有
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have something as a part, quality or result 带有，具有；包含；导致
• All cigarette packets carry a government health warning. 所有的香烟盒上都印有政府的健康警告。
• Our cars carry a twelve-month guarantee. 我们的汽车有12个月的保修期。
• His speech carried so much conviction that I had to agree with him. 他的发言很有说服力，我只好赞同。
• In some countries, murder carries the death penalty. 在某些国家，谋杀要被判死刑。
• I'm afraid my opinion doesn't carry any weight with (= influence) my boss. 恐怕我的意见不会对我的老板产生任何影响。
• US The salesclerk said they didn't carry (= have a supply of) sportswear. 售货员说他们不经销运动服装。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
SPREAD 传播
transitive
■to take something from one person or thing and give it to another person or thing; to spread 传播
• Malaria is a disease carried by mosquitoes. 疟疾是一种由蚊子传播的疾病。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
SUPPORT WEIGHT 支撑重量
transitive
■to support the weight of something without moving or breaking 支撑；承载
• The weight of the cathedral roof is carried by two rows of pillars. 大教堂的屋顶重量由两排柱子承托着。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
KEEP IN OPERATION 维持运行
transitive
■to support, keep in operation, or make a success 支持；支撑；使成功
• We can no longer afford to carry people who don't work as hard as they should. 我们再也养不起不尽力工作的人了。
• Luckily they had a very strong actor in the main part and he managed to carry the whole play (= make a success of it through his own performance). 幸运的是，他们有一位很具实力的男演员担纲，他撑起了整个剧。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
WIN 赢得
transitive
■to win the support, agreement or sympathy of a group of people 获得（支持、同意或同情）
• The management's plans to reorganize the company won't succeed unless they can carry the workforce with them. 管理层重组公司的计划不会成功，除非他们能赢得全体员工的支持。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
APPROVE 同意
transitive usually passive
■to give approval, especially by voting （尤指透过投票）通过
• The motion/proposal/resolution/bill was carried by 210 votes to 160. 该动议／提议／决议／法案以210票对160票获得通过。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
BROADCAST 广播
transitive
■(of a newspaper, radio or television broadcast) to contain particular information （报纸、广播或电视）刊登，播出
• This morning's newspapers all carry the same story on their front page. 今早的报纸都在头版刊登了相同的报道。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
REACH 到达
intransitive
■to be able to reach or travel a particular distance 达到；传到
• The sound of the explosion carried for miles. 爆炸声传到数英里外。
• The ball carried high into the air and landed the other side of the fence. 球高高飞上天，落在了栅栏的另一边。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
DEVELOP 发展
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to develop; to continue 发展；继续
• Lenin carried Marx's ideas a stage further by putting them into practice. 列宁透过付诸实践发展了马克思的思想。
• If we carry this argument to its logical conclusion, we realise that further investment is not a good idea. 如果我们继续讨论并得出合乎逻辑的结论，就会认识到进一步投资是不明智的。
• She carries tidiness to extremes/ to its limits (= She is too tidy). 她整洁得过头了。
• We must end here, but we can carry today's discussion forward at our next meeting. 我们必须到此结束了，但在下一次会议上，我们可继续今天的讨论。
• He always carries his jokes too far (= he continues making jokes when he should have stopped). 他总是把玩笑开得很过头。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
MOVE BODY 移动身体
carry yourself
[R]
■to move your body in a particular way 举止
• You can tell she's a dancer from the way that she carries herself. 你从她的举手投足间可以看出她是个舞蹈演员。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
MATHEMATICS 数学
transitive
■to put a number into another column when doing addition （加法运算）使进位
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
BE PREGNANT WITH 怀孕
transitive
■to be pregnant with a child 怀孕；怀胎
• It was quite a shock to learn that she was carrying twins. 得知她怀了双胞胎，大家很吃惊。
• I was enormous when I was carrying Josh. 我怀乔希的时候体形很笨重。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
carry a torch for sb informal
■to be in love with someone 爱恋（某人）
• Terry has been carrying a torch for Liz for years, but she seems not to notice. 特里暗恋莉兹好多年了，可是她似乎没有察觉到。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
carry the can UK informal
■to take the blame or responsibility for something that is wrong or has not succeeded 承受指责，承担责任，背黑锅
• As usual, I was left to carry the can. 像往常一样，就剩下我来承担责任。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  carry sb away
be/get carried away
■to become so excited about something that you do not control what you say or do （某人）兴奋得失去控制，激动得不知所措，忘乎所以
• There's far too much food - I'm afraid I got a bit carried away. 这么多吃的——我兴奋得都有点晕了。
• The manager warned his young players not to get carried away by the emotion of the occasion. 经理警告年轻队员不要受一时情绪的左右。
[M]
■to cause someone to become very excited and to lose control 使（某人）兴奋得失去控制；使（某人）忘形
• The crowd were carried away by his passionate speech. 他那充满激情的演讲让人们兴奋不已。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry sth forward/over
■to include an amount of money in a later set of calculations 将（一笔钱）转入下一笔计算
• The balance in our account for June includes £5000 carried over from May. 我们六月份的账目余额包含从五月份转入的5000英镑。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry sth off
■to succeed in doing or achieving something difficult 成功完成（难做的事情）
• I thought he carried off the part of Hamlet with great skill. 我认为他扮演的哈姆雷特一角技巧出色，非常成功。
• She was nervous about giving a talk to her colleagues, but she carried it off very well. 给同事作演讲让她很紧张，但她讲得很成功。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry (sth) on IMPROVER
■to continue doing something, or to cause something to continue （使）继续
• Let's carry on this discussion at some other time. 让我们另找时间继续这次的讨论吧。
• Carry on the good work ! 继续好好做！
• Sorry to interrupt, do carry on (with what you were saying). 很抱歉打断你，请继续。
• You just have to carry on as if nothing's happened. 你只管继续下去，就当甚么都没发生。
• [+ -ing verb] Steve just carried on playing on his computer. 史蒂夫只管继续玩他的电脑。
• Daphne is carrying on the family tradition by becoming a lawyer. 达夫妮继承家族的传统，成了一名律师。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  carry on
BEHAVE informal
■to behave in an uncontrolled, excited or anxious (= worried and nervous) way 胡闹，大吵大闹
• The children have been carrying on all day. 孩子一整天都吵吵闹闹的。
HAVE SEX old-fashioned informal
■to have a sexual relationship 发生性关系
• Is it true that Rachel and Marcus have been carrying on (with each other) ? 瑞吉儿和马库斯真的有暧昧关系吗？
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry sth out IMPROVER
■to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do 执行，贯彻，落实，完成
• Nigel is carrying out research on early Christian art. 奈杰尔正在研究早期基督教艺术。
• The hospital is carrying out tests to find out what's wrong with her. 医院正在进行检查，看看她得了甚么病。
carry 1 3. Our soldiers carried out a successful attack last night.
我们的士兵昨晚发动了一次成功的袭击。
• It is hoped that the kidnappers will not carry out their threat to kill the hostages. 希望绑架者不会如他们威胁所言将人质杀死。
• Don't blame me, I'm only carrying out my orders/instructions. 别怪我，我只是奉命行事。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry sth over
■to use or do something at a later time than planned 将…留至以后再用（或做）
• The performance has had to be carried over to/till next week because the repairs to the theatre aren't finished yet. 因为戏院的修缮尚未完成，演出不得不延至下周。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry (sth) over
■If something from one situation carries over or is carried over into another situation, it is allowed to exist in or affect the other situation （使）依然存在；（使）仍然影响
• I try not to let my problems at work carry over into my private life. 我尽量不让工作上的麻烦影响我的个人生活。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  carry sb through (sth)
■to help someone be able to deal with a difficult situation 帮助（某人）渡过（难关）
• The soldiers' courage carried them through. 士兵都鼓足勇气，渡过了难关。
UK ['kær.i] US ['ker-] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] carry sth through
■to complete something successfully 成功完成；顺利实现
• It is doubtful whether it will be possible to carry through the education reforms. 对于能否成功实践教育改革，人们还心存疑虑。
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
vt. 拿，扛；携带；支持；搬运
 - encourage, have, hand, second, back
n. [交] 运载； [计] 进位；射程
 - cannon-shot

Word: paper
Front: paper
[ˈpeɪpə(r)] (中高雅 519/395 -K5)
Vocabulary: paper
(once / 29 pages)
1nv 2n
Paper is the thin, flexible material you doodle on during math class. It's also paper that you fold carefully into the shape of an airplane before launching it across the classroom.
If you've ever ripped a sheet of paper or crumpled one into a ball, it might be hard to believe that it comes from trees — wood pulp, to be exact. The history of paper is long, dating as far back as the second century BCE in China. Paper can also mean "newspaper," or "essay," and as a verb it means "cover with paper." You might, for example, decide to paper your bedroom walls with colorful pieces of paper.
WORD FAMILY
paper: papered, paperer, papering, paperlike, papers, papery+/paperer: paperers/papering: paperings/papers: paperses
USAGE EXAMPLES
I shiver in my paper gown, sitting near a table with glossy magazines.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
An earlier episode placed Paper Boi on a fictional news panel show with parody commercials to break up the show’s segments.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
He was the author of more than 300 papers and abstracts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 纸; 文件; 论文; 文章
vt. & vi. 贴纸
vt. 包装，用纸覆盖; 贴壁纸; 提供纸张; [俚语] 提供免费入场券
vi. 贴糊墙纸; 发交通违章传票
adj. 纸制的; 似纸的; 有名无实的
时态：papered, papering, papers
分布：纸(79%)，论文(8%)，报纸(6%)，文件(5%)，纸制的(1%)，有名无实的(1%)
→来自拉丁语papyrus,纸莎草，纸莎草制的纸，词源同papyrus.最终来自埃及语。引申诸相关词义。
n.纸;纸制品;报纸;(pl)文件;试卷;论文I nearly fear to tear the tearful girl's test paper.我几乎害怕撕那个泪流满面的女孩的试卷.
US [-pɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■thin flat material which is made from crushed wood or cloth and is used for writing, printing or drawing on 纸
• a piece/sheet of paper 一张纸
• a pack of writing paper 一包信纸
• Dictionaries are usually printed on thin paper. 字典通常用薄纸印刷。
• a paper bag 纸袋
• This card is printed on recycled paper (= paper made from used paper). 这张卡片是用再生纸印制的。
• Get the idea down on paper (= write it) before you forget it. 把想法写在纸上以免忘了。
• She works on paper (= writes things on paper) because she hates computers. 她在纸上写东西，因为她不喜欢用电脑。
 IMPROVER countable
■a newspaper 报纸
• a daily/weekly/local/national paper 日报／周报／地方性报纸／全国性报纸
• The photo was on the front page of all the papers. 这张照片上了各家报纸的头版。
papers [plural]
■official documents, especially ones that show who you are 证件，（尤指）身分证
• The border guards stopped me and asked to see my papers. 边防卫兵拦住我要看我的证件。
countable UK
■a set of printed questions in an examination 考卷
• Candidates must answer two questions from each paper. 应试者必须回答每张考卷上的两个问题。
• The geography paper is not till next week. 地理试卷下周才能印好。
countable
■a piece of writing on a particular subject written by an expert and usually published in a book or journal , or read aloud to other people （发表或宣读的）论文
• He's giving a paper on thermodynamics at a conference at Manchester University. 他将在曼彻斯特大学召开的学术会议上发表一篇热力学方面的论文。
countable US for * essay (WRITING)
• Mr Jones thought my history paper was terrific. 琼斯先生认为我的历史作业论文写得好极了。
UK ['peɪ.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
sb couldn't act/argue/fight, etc. their way out of a paper bag humorous
■said about someone you think has no energy or ability （某人）手无缚鸡之力／无能至极
UK ['peɪ.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
on paper
■refers to a quality that an idea, plan or person, etc. seems to have when you read about them, but which might not show the real or complete situation 据书面材料，在书面上，在理论上
• The design certainly looks good on paper. 该设计从理论上看起来的确很不错。
• Several candidates seemed suitable on paper but failed the interview. 有几个应征者从申请表上看，条件不错，但面试都不能通过。
UK ['peɪ.pər] US [-pɚ] noun
a paper chase US and Australian
■the activity of dealing with many different documents in order to achieve something 文考拾遗，处理大量档以完成某事
• To receive even the smallest amount of financial aid from a college, it's a real paper chase. 想要获得大学的最少量的财政补助，也都要先处理填妥数之不尽的文件。
UK ['peɪ.pər] US [-pɚ] verb transitive
■to cover a wall, room, etc. with wallpaper 用壁纸贴（或糊）
UK ['peɪ.pər] US [-pɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  paper over sth
■to hide an unpleasant situation, especially a problem or disagreement, in order to make people believe that it does not exist or is not serious 掩盖（尤指问题或分歧）
• He tried to paper over the country's deep-seated problems. 他试图掩盖该国一些根深蒂固的问题。
paper over the cracks
■to hide problems, especially arguments between people, in order to make a situation seem better than it really is 掩盖问题（尤指分歧）
• She tried to paper over the cracks, but I could see that the relationship was failing. 她试图掩盖分歧的存在，但我看得出他们的关系每况愈下。
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
document, paper
这组词都有“文件”的意思，其区别是：
document: 即可指法律性文件，也可指用作证明或消息来源的文件或记录等。
paper: 普通用词，泛指成册供将来参考或使用的任何文件或公文等。
n. [纸] 纸；论文；文件；报纸
 - thesis, dissertation, newspaper, document, file

Word: art
Front: art
[ɑ:t] (中高研四雅 346/477 -K5)
Vocabulary: art
(once / 19 pages)
1n 2n
Art is the expression of ideas and emotions through a physical medium, like painting, sculpture, film, dance, writing, photography, or theatre. If you love the creative process, maybe you'll devote your life to art.
The definition of art is constantly changing and evolving to include different types of activity, and the question “What is art?” has been discussed for thousands of years. Some people believe that art is the attempt to create beautiful objects, while others call art all of the works that appear in a gallery or museum, whether beautiful or ugly. Art can also mean a specific skill you’ve learned, like the art of baking a delicious pie.
WORD FAMILY
art: artist, artless, arts, arty+/ artist: artistic, artistry, artists/ artistic: artistically, inartistic, unartistic/ artistry: artistries/ artless: artlessly, artlessness/artlessness: artlessnesses/arty: artier, artiest, artily/inartistic: inartistically/unartistic: unartistically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
He began his career as a painter before turning to writing, becoming an art critic for the New Statesman.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Her first marriage, to the art historian Mark Lansburgh Jr., ended in divorce.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 艺术; 艺术作品; （需要技术、工艺的）行业; 文艺（包括绘画、雕塑、建筑、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、文学等）
vi. thou art 即 you are,对一人讲话时用
adj. 艺术的; （为）艺术家的; 艺术品的; 具有艺术性的
vt. & vi. [口语]（把…）装饰得古色古香，（把…）装饰得古怪而有艺术趣味，把…装饰得有艺术价值; 把…加以艺术乔装，使艺术化[仅用于 art up 短语中]
分布：艺术(81%)，美术(9%)，艺术品(7%)，技巧(2%)，人文学科(1%)
→来自词根ar, 连接，组合。
n.艺术,美术;技术,技艺;文科,人文科学History is among the arts.历史属于文科.
US [ɑ:rt] noun
EXPRESSION
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the making of objects, images, music, etc. that are beautiful or that express feelings （包括雕塑、绘画、音乐等的） 艺术
• Can television and pop music really be considered art? 电视和流行音乐真的能被当作艺术吗？
• I enjoyed the ballet, but it wasn't really great art. 我很喜欢这出芭蕾舞剧，但它算不上是真正伟大的艺术。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the activity of painting, drawing and making sculpture 美术（指绘画、素描、雕塑等）
• Art and English were my best subjects at school. 在学生时代，我学得最好的科目是美术和英语。
• an art teacher 美术老师
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■paintings, drawings and sculptures 美术（作）品；艺品（作）品
• The gallery has an excellent collection of modern art. 这家美术馆藏有一批优秀的现代艺术品。
• an exhibition of Native American art 印第安人艺术展
• Peggy Guggenheim was one of the twentieth century's great art collectors. 佩吉‧古根海姆是20世纪最伟大的艺术收藏家之一。
• The Frick is an art gallery in New York. 弗里克是纽约的一家艺术品收藏馆。
 ADVANCED countable
■an activity through which people express particular ideas （表演）艺术
• Drama is an art that is traditionally performed in a theatre. 戏剧是一门通常在剧院表演的艺术。
• Do you regard film as entertainment or as an art? 你认为电影是一种娱乐还是一种表演艺术？
• She is doing a course in the performing arts. 她正在修读一个表演艺术课程。
the arts
■the making or showing or performance of painting, acting, dancing and music （绘画、表演、舞蹈、音乐等的总称）艺术
• More government money is needed for the arts. 政府需要拨更多的资金来支持艺术。
• public interest in the arts 公众对艺术的兴趣
UK [ɑ:t] US [ɑ:rt] noun
NOT SCIENCE 不科学
arts
 ADVANCED [plural]
■subjects, such as history, languages and philosophy, that are not scientific subjects 人文科学；文科
• At school I was quite good at arts, but hopeless at science. 上学时，我很擅长文科，但是理科却无可救药。
• Children should be given a well-balanced education in both the arts and the sciences. 儿童应该接受文理兼愿的均衡完善的教育。
• arts graduates/degrees 文科毕业生／学位
UK [ɑ:t] US [ɑ:rt] noun
SKILL 技术
countable
■a skill or special ability 技术，技巧；本领
• the art of conversation 说话技巧
• Getting him to go out is quite an art (= needs special skill). 想让他出门交际可得好好动动脑筋。
craft, skill, art
这组词都有“技艺、技巧”的意思，其区别是：
craft: 和art同义，指手脚灵巧，有技术和技能。
skill: 语气较强，指某人具有专门知识，精通业务，而且经验丰富又很熟悉。
art: 最普通用词，侧重指某人完成某项工作的能力或操作技巧。
n. 艺术；美术；艺术品
 - beaux-arts, artwork
adj. 艺术的；艺术品的
 - artistic
v. 是（be的变体）
 - are, am

Word: student
Front: student
[ˈstju:dnt] (中高雅 157/432 -K5)
Back: n. 学生，大学生; 研究者，学者; 中学生; <美俚>初学者
分布：学生(98%)，学者(2%)
学生(study学习)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.(大中学校的)学生;研究者,学者The student is preparing for the examination.那个学生正在准备考试.
US ['stu:-] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is learning at a college or university, or sometimes at a school 大学生；中学生
• a law student (= someone learning about law) 学法律的学生
• a postgraduate student 研究生
• a student teacher (= a person training to become a teacher) 师范生
• He was a student at the University of Chicago. 他是芝加哥大学的学生。
■If someone is a student of a stated subject, they know about it and are interested in it, but need not have studied it formally （特定学科的）学习者（指了解并有兴趣，但不一定是正式的研究者）
• When you're a nurse, you get to be a bit of a student of (= to know about) human nature. 当护士的，一定得对人性有一点认识。
student, learner, pupil, scholar
这组词都有“学生”的意思，其区别是：
student: 普通用词，可指中学生，但主要指高等学校或专科学校的学生。
learner: 通俗用词，指某一门学问上的初学者，尤指成年的初学者。
pupil: 特指中小学生，尤其是小学生。
scholar: 可指一切学生，尤指学识渊博的某一学科的学者。
n. 学生；学者
 - scholar, academic, pupil

Word: explain
Front: explain
[ɪkˈspleɪn] (中高研四六 480/518 -K4)
Vocabulary: explain
(once / 30 pages)
v
To explain something is to define it, show how it works, or just tell what it is. Explaining helps people understand.
If you know football really well, then you could probably explain it to a non-fan. Explaining makes things clearer. A lot of teaching is explaining — telling how something works. Also, if you do something wrong, people will ask you to explain your actions. Explaining can help someone "get it" — whatever "it" is.
WORD FAMILY
explain: explainable, explained, explaining, explains, explanation, explanatory, re-explain+/explainable: explainably, unexplainable /explained: unexplained/ explanation: explanations/ explanatory: explanatorily, self-explanatory/ unexplainable: unexplainably/unexplained: unexplainedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists, he explained, didn’t do a good job of communicating the nuances of their forecasts.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But in some cases, the silence was deafening, and what wasn’t explained provided fodder for conversation.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She didn’t explain why Russia needed more time to consider the move.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 讲解，解释
vt. 说明…的原因，辩解
vi. 说明，解释，辩解
时态：explained, explaining, explains
分布：解释(86%)，说明(14%)
→ex-, 向外。-plain, 平的，词源同plan, plain. 即展开，解释。
v.解释,说明The plain woman explained to me why she complained about the chain.长相平平的女人向我解释她为什么抱怨那条链子.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information about it 解释；说明；阐明
• If there's anything you don't understand, I'll be happy to explain. 如果你有甚么不明白的地方，我很乐意为你讲解。
• The teacher explained the rules to the children. 老师向小朋友说明规则。
• [+ question word] Our guide explained wh ere the cathedral was. 导游向我们讲解了大教堂的位置。
• He explained how the machine worked. 他解释了这部机器的操作原理。
• Please could you explain wh y you're so late. 你可不可以解释一下你迟到这么久的原因？
• [+ that] She explained that she was going to stay with her sister. 她解释说她要去和妹妹一起住。
• [+ speech] "Someone must have hit the wrong button," an official explained. “一定有人误按了按钮，”一位官员解释说。
• [R] Molly asked the teacher if she could explain herself a bit more clearly (= say more clearly what she meant). 莫莉请老师再讲清楚些。
• No one has been able to explain (= give the reason for) the accident. 还没有人能解释事故的原因。
explain yourself
■to give reasons for your behaviour 为自己的行为作出说明（或解释）
• He hadn't been home for three days so I asked him to explain himself. 他一连三天没有回家，所以我要他解释一下发生甚么事。
[ɪk'spleɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] explain sth away
■to avoid blame for something that has happened by making it seem not important or not your fault 为…辩解；对…加以解释以减轻其严重性（或避免被指责等）
• I don't know how you're going to explain away that dent you made in dad's car. 你把爸爸的车撞凹了，我看你怎样解释才能过这一关。
[ɪk'spleɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  explain When explain is followed by an indirect object, remember to use the preposition to. Don't say 'explain someone', say explain to someone :
✗ I had to explain him that I had lost his keys. I had to explain to him that I had lost his keys.
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
v. 说明；解释
 - bring sb to do sth, go to show

Word: class
Front: class
[klɑ:s] (中高雅 431/387 -K5)
Vocabulary: class
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
If you attend school, you probably have a favorite class — a series of lectures or discussions where you can learn about a particular subject, like English, math, or economics.
The characteristic of being high quality or displaying elegance is also called class. Your snobby friend might glance around your favorite diner and say, "Let's go somewhere else. This place has no class." In society, class refers to a ranking system based on socio-economics, birth, education level, or a combination of those things. Your ancestors might have been working class, until your grandfather struck it rich.
WORD FAMILY
class: classed, classes, classify, classing, classless, classy, subclass, superclass, underclass+/classifiable: classifiably, unclassifiable/ classification: classifications, reclassification/classified: classifieds, unclassified/classifier: classifiers/ classify: classifiable, classification, classificatory, classified, classifier, classifies, classifying, declassify, reclassify / classy: classier, classiest, classily/declassify: declassification, declassified, declassifying/reclassification: reclassifications/ reclassify: reclassified, reclassifying/subclass: subclasses/underclass: underclasses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Down the hall in a science room, just a few minutes after classes begin, a student hurries to talk to his teacher.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Between classes, teachers congregate in hallways and share progress about students.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Among recent classes, 77 percent of participants earned high school or vocational credentials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 班; 等级; 阶级; 种类
vt. 把…归入某等级，把…看作（或分类、归类）; 把…编入某一班级
adj. 很好的，优秀的，出色的
vi. 属于…类（或等级），被列为某类（或某级）
时态：classed, classing, classes
分布：课(60%)，阶级(14%)，班级(11%)，阶层(6%)，等级(5%)，分类(4%)
→来自kele,呼喊，呼叫，词源同call,claim.最早来自公元前6 世纪古罗马具有传奇色彩的 伟大首领Servius Tullius 对公民的财产，地位，收入等进行评估（参照census 词源），并依 据评估结果对公民划分社会阶级（classify），最终形成6 个阶级。前5 个阶级具有响应国家 军事号召参军入伍的资格，而最低等的阶级即马克思理论的无产阶级（参照proletarian 词源） 是不具有这种资格的，他们唯一的使命是为罗马帝国繁衍后代，在罗马帝国新占领的领土上 移民聚居。这一改革的结果废除了古罗马原有的3 个部落氏族（参照tribe 词源），使罗马 由氏族部落过渡到奴隶社会，军事实力大增。并引申诸多词义。
n.班级,年级;种类,等级,阶级;(一节)课From the classical class, the classmate with glasses knows the classification of classics.戴眼镜的同学从古典文学课上知道了古典名著的分类.
US [klæs] noun
TEACHING GROUP 教学群体
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of students who are taught together at school, college or university 班；班级
• Which class are you in this year? 今年你在哪个班？
• She gave the whole class extra homework for a week. 她给全班额外安排了一星期的家庭作业。
• My class (= The people in my class) was/were rather noisy this morning. 我的班里今天早上很吵。
• [as form of address] Okay, class, settle down and open your books. 好了，各位同学，安静下来，打开书本。
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a period of time in which students are taught something （一节）课；课堂
• My last class ends at 4 o'clock. 我最后一堂课四点结束。
• I was told off for talking in class. 我因为在课堂上讲话而受到了严厉斥责。
• Who takes/teaches your environmental studies class? 谁教你们环境学？
• I missed my aerobics class yesterday. 我昨天没去上有氧健身操课。
• Classes have been cancelled today because of a staff meeting. 因为有全体教职员会议，今天的课取消了。
the class of '98/'99, etc. mainly US
■a group of students who successfully finished their studies in a particular year 98／99（等）届毕业生
  Common Learner Errors  class or classroom? Warning: choose the right word! To talk about a room where students are taught, don't say 'class', say classroom :
✗ The classes had central heating and big windows.
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] noun
ECONOMIC GROUP 经济群体
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a group of people within society who have the same economic and social position 社会等级；阶级；阶层
• The Labour Party has lost a lot of support among the working class. 工党失去了劳工阶级中许多人的支持。
• She belongs to the rich American upper class. 她属于富裕的美国上层阶级。
• We live in a middle class neighbourhood. 我们住在一个中产阶级居住区。
• She comes from an upper middle class background. 她出身于中上层阶级家庭。
• He was a member of the ruling classes. 他是统治阶级中的一员。
• She's studying the class structure of Japan. 她在研究日本的阶级结构。
⇒ See also underclass
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] noun
RANK 等级
 ADVANCED countable
■a group into which goods, services or people are put according to their standard （货物、服务或人的）等级，类别，级别
• Whenever I travel by train, I always travel first class. 我每次乘火车旅行都坐头等车厢。
• first/second class mail 一类／二类邮件
• a business/economy class ticket 商务舱／经济舱的机票
• All the vegetables we sell are Class A. 我们卖的蔬菜都是品质一流的。
• When it comes to mathematics, he's in a different class to his peers. 说到数学，他和他的同辈不属于同一个级别。
countable UK
■in Britain, the standard which someone has reached in their university degree (= qualification) （英国大学的学位）等级
• What class of degree did you get? 你得的是几等学位？
• He graduated with a second-class honours degree in physics. 他以物理学二等优秀学位毕业。
be in a class of your own
■to be the best at a particular activity 是第一流的；是最好的
• As a long-distance runner, she's in a class of her own. 作为一名长跑选手，她是一流的。
be in a class by itself/of its own
■to be something of such a high quality that nothing can be compared to it 无与伦比，无可比拟
be out of your class
■to be much better at doing something than you 比（某人）强得多
• I can't play chess with him. He's completely out of my class! 我没法跟他对弈。他的棋艺比我好多了！
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] noun
STYLE 风格
uncountable
■the quality of being stylish or fashionable 风度；时髦；优雅
• She's got real class. 她的确风姿优雅。
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] noun
BIOLOGY 生物
countable specialized
■a group of related plants or animals, in the general classification of plants and animals （植物或动物分类的）纲
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] verb transitive
■to consider someone or something to belong to a particular group because of their qualities 把…归类；把…分级
• I'm 17, but I'm still classed as a child when I travel by bus. 我17岁了，可是乘公车时仍然被视为儿童。
• I would class her among/with the top ten American novelists. 我会将她列为美国最好的十位小说家之一。
UK [klɑ:s] US [klæs] adjective informal
■very good 极好的；优秀的；出色的
• a class act 出色的行为
• He's a class golfer. 他是位一流的高尔夫球手。
rank, degree, grade, class
这组词都有“级，等级”的意思，其区别是：
rank: 指人在社会中的地位或等级，尤指军队中的军衔。
degree: 指程度、范围不同，社会地位的高低。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade: 指按地位或优劣划分的等级，既可指人又可指物。
class: 含义广泛，指人或物按优劣划分的等级，也指学校中的年级或班级。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
course, lesson, lecture, class
这组词都有“课”的意思，其区别是：
course: 指在一段时间内教完或学完的完整的课程。
lesson: 主要指教材中的一课或每次授课的单位时间。
lecture: 指讲课。
class: 从“班级”引申指学生在一起上课，还可表示“(一节)课”。
n. 阶级；班级；种类
 - category, variety, manner, nature, kind
vt. 分类；把…分等级
 - grade, categorize
adj. 极好的
 - wonderful, excellent, famous, super, great

Word: link
Front: link
[lɪŋk] (高研四六雅 1730/1277 -K4)
Vocabulary: link
(once / 142 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
Before it was the universal word for traveling around the Internet, link was just a connection or a device that connects things, like the links in a chain.
Much of what humans do in their day-to-day life involves looking for links — or relationships between people and things. When there is a link, that means two things are connected — such as "the link between smoking and lung cancer." Some people even create links, like butchers who make sausage links and website developers who hyperlink the sites you visit to ensure that you spend far too much time clicking around the Web.
WORD FAMILY
link: interlink, linkage, linked, linking, links+/interlink: interlinked, interlinking, interlinks/ linkage: linkages
USAGE EXAMPLES
The 64 demands follow, and each is linked to the linked Diamondback story:
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Sunday afternoons in Century Link Field are akin to Sunday mornings in church.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 环，节; [计算机]链接; 关联，关系
vt. 连结; 挽住，勾住
vi. 用环连接; 联系在一起
时态：linked, linking, links
分布：联系(33%)，连接(28%)，环(22%)，节(17%)
→来自kleng,弯，转，来自klei,弯，转，倾斜，词源同lean,incline.引申词义关联，联系。
v.连接,联系n.环节,链环The two towns are linked by a railway.这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来.
noun countable
CONNECTION 联系
 ESSENTIAL
■a connection between two people, things or ideas 联系，关联；关系
• There's a direct link between diet and heart disease. 日常饮食与心脏病有直接的关系。
• Their links with Britain are still strong. 他们与英国的联系依然很密切。
• diplomatic links between the two countries 两国的外交关系
 ESSENTIAL
■a connection between documents on the Internet （网际网路上的）连结
• Click on this link to visit our online bookstore. 请点击此连结访问我们的网上书店。
[lɪŋk] noun countable
CHAIN 链条
■one of the rings in a chain 环，环节，圈
[lɪŋk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make a connection between two or more people, things or ideas 使联系；使相关联
• The explosions are not thought to be linked in any way. 据信这些爆炸案之间没有任何联系。
• The use of CFCs has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. 据认为臭氧层的减少与含氯氟烃的使用有关。
[lɪŋk] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] link (sth) up
■to form a connection, especially in order to work or operate together （尤指为共同工作或运作）（使）建立联系，（使）结合，联合
• The organization's aim is to link up people from all over the country who are suffering from the disease. 该组织的目的是想把国内各地患有这种病的患者都联合起来。
• We offer advice to Polish companies who want to link up with Western businesses. 我们给那些希望与西方公司建立联系的波兰公司提供咨询。
link-up /ˈlɪŋk.ʌp] noun countable
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
integrate, link, combine, wove
integrate: 使合并，使结合
link: 联系，有关联的
combine: 结合，组合，综合
wove: 编、织
append, affiliate, attach, link
这组词都有“附加”的意思，其区别是：
append: v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
 • The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.   律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affiliate: v.加入，成为……一部分。
 • an affiliated middle school   一所附属中学
attach: v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
 • I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.   我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
link: v.将人或物连接起来。
 • The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.   群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。
n. [计] 链环，环节；联系，关系
 - relationship, connection, bearing, contact, concern
vt. [计] 连接， [铁路] 连结；联合，结合
 - couple, become one

Word: pension
Front: pension
[ˈpenʃn] (高研四六雅宝 3785/1490 -K3)
Vocabulary: pension
(once / 308 pages)
nv
A pension is a regular payment, usually from a company you worked for, that allows you to survive without working after you retire.
People used to work for the one company, then retired at 65 and receive pensions: regular payments of enough money to live on in old age. Nowadays, not that many jobs offer pensions, and it's hard for companies that do to pay for them, which is why you're likely to hear this word when people are arguing about budget cuts. It's also a verb: if you pension your employee, you give them a pension. How nice of you!
WORD FAMILY
pension: pensionable, pensionary, pensioned, pensioner, pensioning, pensions+/pensionary: pensionaries/pensioner: pensioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some, like General Motors Co. and railroad CSX Corp., borrowed to prop up pension plans.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Former Welsh Secretary Stephen Crabb was promoted to the Department for Work and Pensions on 19 March following the resignation of Iain Duncan Smith.
BBC(Mar 19, 2016)
The Houston Chronicle reports that Mayor Sylvester Turner attributes the $95 million deficit to the continued growth of the city’s pension obligations.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 退休金，养老金; 膳宿费; 生活津贴; 寄宿学校
vt. 发给…养老金[退休金]; 准予退休，强迫退休（并发给退休金）
时态：pensioned, pensioning, pensions
分布：养老金(58%)，退休金(31%)，抚恤金(6%)，年金(4%)，发退休金(1%)
→来自拉丁语pendere,悬挂，称量，支付，词源同pendulum,dependent,pound.-s,过去分词格。引申词义定期支付的钱，养老金。pension 廉价小旅店
年金;养老金(pens+ion→用心花费的)[pend,pens,pond=weight,expend,表示"称重量,称银子",引申为"花费"]
n.养老金,年金The conspicuous suspicious pension is in suspension.那笔引人注目的可疑养老金被暂停发放.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a sum of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a person who does not work any more because they are too old or they have become ill 养老金；退休金；抚恤金
• They find it hard to live on their state pension. 他们觉得靠政府的养老金很难生活下去。
• He won't be able to draw (= receive) his pension until he's 65. 他要等到65岁以后才能领取养老金。
['pent.ʃən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] pension sb off mainly UK
■to make someone leave their job and give them a pension , usually because of their age 向（某人）支付退休金使其离职；向（某人）支付养老金使其退休
• Workers in the company are being pensioned off at 50. 该公司的工人到50岁时就要领养老金退休。
['pent.ʃən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pension sth off
■to stop using something, usually a machine, because it is old and has been used too much （因陈旧而）不再使用（机器等）
• After flying for 38 years, their Wessex helicopter is about to be pensioned off. 他们的威塞克斯式直升机在飞行38年后即将退役。
n. 退休金， [劳经] 抚恤金；津贴；膳宿费
 - retirement pay, subsidy

Word: meet
Front: meet
[mi:t] (中高宝 288/259 -K5)
Vocabulary: meet
(once / 13 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4vn 5v 6adj
Meet means to interact in some way. You can meet someone at a party, you can meet another team in a game.
There are many ways to meet. You can meet with tragedy, which means to have something awful happen to you. You can meet the needs of others, which means you give them what they need. You can meet expectations on the state exam, which means you do as well as you need to pass. You can meet your friends at the mall. When you see the word meet, there’s usually a connection being made.
WORD FAMILY
meet: meeter, meeting, meetly, meets, met+/meeter: meeters/ meeting: meetings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Quiet sitting at room temperature is the standard RMR reference point; this is referred to as one metabolic equivalent, or MET.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Meetings with no answers. That pretty much says it all.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 相遇; 相识; 开会; 接触（某物）
vt. 满足; 支付; 迎接; 经历（常指不愉快的事）
n. 运动会，体育比赛; 猎狐运动（尤其英式英语）
adj. 适当的; 合适的; 恰当的
时态：met, meeting, meets
分布：满足(50%)，运动会(37%)，遇见(9%)，集会(2%)，合适的(2%)
→来自古英语metan,发现，找到，接触，来自Proto-Germanic*motjan,遇见，来自mod,遇见，召集，集会，词源同moot.
n.会,集会v.遇见;会谈;迎接;满足;符合Shall we go to the station to meet your mother?我们去车站接你的母亲好吗?
【反】inappropriate（adj 不适当的）；unsuitable（adj 不适合的）；unfit（adj 不适宜的）；
verb (met, met)
BECOME FAMILIAR WITH 与…相识
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to see and speak to someone for the first time （和…）初次见面；（与…）相识
• They met at work. 他们是在工作时认识的。
• I met her in Hawaii. 我在夏威夷认识了她。
• Would you like to meet my sister? 你愿意认识一下我姐姐吗？
• Come and meet (= be introduced to) my friend Laura. 来，认识一下我的朋友萝拉。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
COME TOGETHER 见面
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to come together with someone intentionally （与…）会面，会合
• Lorraine and I meet for lunch once a month. 我和洛伦每月见面一次吃午餐。
• We agreed to meet on Tuesday to discuss the project. 我们约定星期二见面讨论这个专案计划。
• The children's club meets every Thursday afternoon. 儿童俱乐部每逢星期四下午举行聚会。
• They're meeting with their advisers to work out a new plan. 他们正与顾问会面，以制定一项新计划。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to come together with someone without intending to 遇见，遇到
• It's always awkward when you meet someone you know, but you can't remember their name. 遇到你认识的人但却记不起他们的名字，总会让人很尴尬。
• Guess who I met in town today. 猜猜今天我在城里遇到了谁。
• We met our old neighbours at an auction last Saturday. 我们在上周六的拍卖会上遇到了老邻居。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
SATISFY 满足
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to fulfil , satisfy, or achieve 满足；达到，完成
• The workers' demands for higher pay were not met by the management. 管理层没有满足工人提高工资的要求。
• We haven't yet been able to find a house that meets our needs/requirements. 我们还没能找到符合我们需要／要求的房子。
• They will only agree to sign the contract if certain conditions are met. 只有某些条件得到满足，他们才会同意签署合同。
• Do you think we will be able to meet our deadline/target ? 你认为我们能如期完成／达到目标吗？
transitive
■to pay 支付，偿付
• The company has agreed to meet all our expenses. 公司已同意支付我们所有的开支。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
PLACE 地方
 ADVANCED transitive
■to wait at a place for someone or something to arrive 迎接，等候
• Will you meet me at the airport (= be there when the aircraft arrives) ? 你到机场接我好吗？
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
TOUCH 接触
intransitive or transitive
■to touch or join something 接触；连接
• There's a large crack where the ceiling meets the wall. 天花板与墙壁相连的地方有个大裂缝。
• The curtains don't quite meet. 窗帘拉不太拢。
• Turn left where the lane meets the main road. 在小巷与大路汇合处向左转。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
EXPERIENCE 经历
transitive
■to experience something 经历，遭受，遇到
• I've never met that kind of problem/system before. 我以前从没遇过那种问题／制度。
• He met his death (= he died) in the icy waters of the South Atlantic. 他死于南大西洋冰冷的水域中。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
be more to this than meets the eye
■If there is more to something than meets the eye, it is more difficult to understand or involves more things than you thought at the beginning. 不像表面那么简单，比表面看到的要复杂
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
eyes meet
■If people's eyes meet, they look at each other at the same time 目光相遇
• Their eyes met across a crowded room. 他们身处一个拥挤的房间，两人的目光穿过人群的缝隙，互相对视。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
meet sb's eye
■to look at someone directly while they are looking at you 与（某人）对视，迎视（某人）的目光
• I tried to avoid meeting his eye. 我尽力避免与他对视。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
meet sb halfway
■to do some of the things that someone wants you to do, in order to show that you want to reach an agreement or improve your relationship with them 迁就（某人），为（某人）让步
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
meet your maker humorous
■to die 见上帝，死
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
meet your match
■to compete unsuccessfully with someone 遇到对手
• He was a good player, but he met his match in Peter. 他是个不错的选手，但遇到彼得算是棋逢敌手了。
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
meet your Waterloo
■to be defeated by someone who is too strong for you or by a problem which is too difficult for you 遭遇滑铁卢，遭遇惨败
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
  Phrasal Verbs  meet up
PEOPLE
■to meet another person in order to do something together 碰头，相聚，会面
• They suggested we meet up at Mustafa's. 他们提议我们在穆斯塔法那里会面。
ROADS
■If roads or paths meet up, they join at a particular place. （道路）相交，汇合
[mi:t] verb (met, met)
  Phrasal Verbs  meet with sth
EXPERIENCE formal
■to experience something, usually something unpleasant 经历，遭遇，遇到（尤指不愉快之事）
• I heard she'd met with an accident. 我听说她出了意外。
• If you meet with any difficulties, just let me know. 如果你碰到了甚么困难，尽管告诉我。
REACTION
■to cause a particular reaction or result 引起…反应；受到…对待
• At the time the decision was met with a barrage of criticism. 那时候这个决定遭到接二连三的批评。
• I trust the arrangements meet with your approval. 我相信这些安排你会同意的。
[mi:t] noun countable US a sports event 运动会；体育比赛
• a track/swim meet 田径运动会／游泳比赛
• the first meet of the season 本赛季的第一场比赛
UK
■an occasion when people go foxhunting 猎狐活动
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
satisfy, meet, fulfil
这组词都有“满足”的意思，其区别是：
satisfy: 指完全达到预定的条件、要求、标准或期望、心愿等。
meet: 指最低限度地达到预期的标准，或强调要达到这个标准的困难。
fulfil: 与satisfy基本同义，但侧重指实现的情况好于一般标准。
meet with, meet
meet with: 体验到,遭遇到 meet with an accident
meet: 遇到,
vt. 满足；遇见；对付
 - fulfill, fill, front
vi. 相遇；接触
 - come in contact with, to be in touch with
n. 集会
 - assembly, gathering, congregation
adj. 合适的；适宜的
 - becoming, shaped, applicable, likely, possible

Word: launch
Front: launch
[lɔ:ntʃ] (研四六托雅 1743/1427 -K4)
Vocabulary: launch
(once / 155 pages)
1vn 2n 3v
To launch something is to propel it or get it going, usually from a standing position. You can launch a rocket, a career, a product or even a watermelon. Either way, you're getting it off the ground.
Launch often means to start something, but to start it in a big way: "The launch of the shuttle was also the launch of a new era in space travel." Time was, when a singer finished making her record, the company would simply "release it." Eventually, though, that wasn't enough. Now a record needs "a launch" — a full-scale media blitz to get people excited enough to buy it.
WORD FAMILY
launch: launched, launcher, launches, launching+/launcher: launchers/launching: launchings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Smarter Applications is launching a fridge webcam at CES that alerts owners to when food nears its expiry date.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 发射; [计算机]开始（应用程序）; 发动; 开展（活动、计划等）
vi. 投入; 着手进行; 热衷于…
n. 投掷; 大船上的小艇; 大型敞篷摩托艇
时态：launched, launching, launches
分布：发射(87%)，发起(12%)，产品推介(1%)
→来自lance,长矛，原指掷出长矛，引申词义发射，发动。
v.发射;使(船)下水,发动,开展n.发射,下水Uncle and aunt launched a laundry with the blunt hunter.伯伯和伯母与直率的猎人创办了一家洗衣店.
US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
EVENT 事件
 ADVANCED
■an event to celebrate or introduce something new 启动仪式，发布会，发表会
• How much champagne will we need for the launch? 这次发表会我们需要多少香槟？
• Illness prevented her attending the launch party for her latest novel. 她因病无法出席为她新近推出的小说举办的庆祝派对。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
LEAVE LAND 离开陆地
 ADVANCED
■when a ship is sent to see, or a rocket into space, for the first time 下水（船首次出航）；发射（火箭首次升空）
• The launch of the space shuttle was delayed for 24 hours because of bad weather. 因天气情况不佳，太空船的发射延迟了24个小时。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] noun countable
BOAT 船
■a boat which has an engine and carries passengers for short distances, especially on a lake or a river, or from the land to a larger boat （尤指河或湖上的）汽艇，游艇，摩托艇
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to begin something such as a plan or introduce something new such as a product 启动，推出，发起
• The scheme was launched a year ago. 这项计划是一年前开始实施的。
• The airline will launch its new transatlantic service next month. 这家航空公司下个月将开辟一条新的跨越大西洋的航线。
• A devastating attack was launched on the rebel stronghold. 向叛军堡垒发起了猛烈的进攻。
• [+ adv/prep] UK After working for the company for several years she decided to launch out on her own and set up in business. 在该公司工作数年后，她决定在商界自立门户。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
SEND 发送
 ADVANCED transitive
■to send something out, such as a new ship into water or a rocket into space 使（新船）下水；发射（火箭）
• A spokesman for the dockyard said they hoped to launch the first submarine within two years. 船厂发言人说他们希望在两年内让第一艘潜艇下水。
• to launch a missile 发射导弹
launch yourself mainly UK
■to jump with great force 猛跳，猛地一跃，猛扑
• The defender launched himself at the attacking player, bringing him to the ground. 防守队员猛地扑向进攻者，把他摔倒在地。
UK [lɔ:ntʃ] US [lɑ:ntʃ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  launch into sth
■to start saying something or criticizing something with a lot of energy or anger 发起，开始（评说、批评等）
• He launched into a verbal attack on her handling of the finances. 他对她的财务管理方式进行了一番抨击。
vt. [航] 发射（导弹、火箭等）；发起，发动；使…下水
 - release, send, project, drive, let go
vi. 开始；下水；起飞
 - proceed, start in
n. [航] 发射；发行，投放市场；下水；汽艇
 - emission, shot, sending, projection, loose

Word: washington
Front: washington
['wɒʃɪŋtən] (-/2563)
Back: n. [地名]华盛顿; [英格兰人姓氏]华盛顿，来源于古英语人名Wassa+古英语，含义是“居留地”(settlement)
分布：名词(100%)

Word: coalition
Front: coalition
[ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃn] (研六托雅宝 2241/2996 -3)
Vocabulary: coalition
(once / 407 pages)
1n 2n
A coalition is a group of people who join together for a common cause, like a coalition you form with other skateboarders who want to convince your town to build a skate park.
The noun coalition comes from the Latin word coalitiō, meaning "to grow together." Often, the people and groups that form coalitions have different backgrounds but come together because they share a goal. For example, parents, teachers, business owners, and city council members might form a coalition to build a teen center, just as nations that do not agree on all issues might form a coalition because they all want peace.
WORD FAMILY
coalition: coalitions+/ coalesce: coalesced, coalescency, coalesces, coalescing, coalition
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iraq’s military, aided by air support from the U.S.-led coalition fighting Islamic State, in October began a long-awaited offensive on Mosul.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Freedom Online Coalition is a partnership of 30 governments co-ordinating their efforts to protect human rights in cyberspace.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 结合体; 联合; 同盟; （两党或多党）联合政府
分布：联合(50%)，联盟(47%)，结合(3%)
→来自coalesce,合并。
n.结合体,同盟;结合,联合They formed a coalition government.他们组成了一个联合政府.
【反】fragment（分裂）
US [koʊ-] noun countable or uncountable
■the joining together of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time （不同政党或不同群体的人为特定目标而暂时形成的）联盟，同盟，联合体
• Government by coalition has its own peculiar set of problems. 联合政府有其自身特有的一系列问题。
• By forming a coalition, the rebels and the opposition parties defeated the government. 叛乱者与反对党结成联盟，击败了政府。
• a coalition government 联合政府
n. 联合；结合，合并
 - combination, alliance, combined with, unity, union, association, marriage

Word: rising
Front: rising
[ˈraɪzɪŋ] (雅 5336/5234)
Back: adj. 上升的; 升起的; 增大的; 成长中的
adv. （年龄）接近，<美><口>（数量）多于
n. 隆起; 起义; 叛乱
v. 起义( rise的现在分词 ); 升起; （数量）增加; 休会
分布：上升的(40%)，上升(40%)，高涨的(10%)，造反或叛乱(10%)
noun countable
■an uprising
['raɪ.zɪŋ] preposition mainly UK
■about to become 接近；将近；即将
• The school accepts children who are rising five years old. 这间学校招收接近五岁的孩子。
n. 上升；起床；造反
 - upgrade, raise, ascension
adj. 上升的；上涨的；新兴的
 - emerging, flowing, climbing, upward
adv. 接近
 - near, forbye
v. 上升（rise的ing形式）
 - ascending

Word: nation
Front: nation
[ˈneɪʃn] (高研四六 412/1177 -K5)
Vocabulary: nation
(once / 17 pages)
n
A nation is a country and its people. It's also the word used for the Native American tribal federations in the US — the Cherokee Nation, for instance — which have their own governments and territories.
Nation comes from the Latin root nat-, which means "born" — the neonatal unit in a hospital is where the newborn babies are cared for. You can also use nation more loosely for ethnic or religious groups: you might speak of "the Jewish nation," meaning not just the country, or nation, of Israel, but Jews all over the world. The Nation of Islam is an African-American Muslim group.
WORD FAMILY
nation: national, nationhood, nations+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several media reports said the man was believed to be from a Central Asian nation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Yes, this is still a nation of purple mountain majesties and fruited plains.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 国家; 民族; 国民; 政府
分布：国家(76%)，民族(24%)
→来自native,出生的，本土的，引申词义国家，民族。
国家;民族(nat+ion→出生之处→国家)[nat=born,表示"出生的"]
n.民族,国家The Chinese are a nation of hardworking.中国人是一个勤劳的民族.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a country, especially when thought of as a large group of people living in one area with their own government, language, traditions, etc 国家
• All the nations of the world will be represented at the conference. 会上将有各国代表。
• The Germans, as a nation, are often thought to be well organized. 作为一个民族，德国人常常被认为很有组织纪律性。
• Practically the whole nation watched the ceremony on television. 几乎全国民众都透过电视观看了庆典。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■a large group of people of the same race who share the same language, traditions and history, but who might not all live in one area 民族
• the Navajo nation 纳瓦霍族
land, state, power, nation, country
这组词都有“国家”的意思，其区别是：
land: 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。
state: 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家，即由政府所代表的国家。
power: 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。
nation: 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。
country: 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。
race, people, nation
这组词都有“民族，种族”的意思，其区别是：
race: 专指有共同祖先和相同肤色、面部特征等遗传特征以及共同风俗等的人群。
people: 侧重指由有共同文化、社会基础而所形成的人民整体。
nation: 特指居住于同一区域，有共同历史、语言、文化及心理素质等的人类群体。
n. 国家；民族；国民
 - country, state, folk, people, soil

Word: peace
Front: peace
[pi:s] (中高研四 933/1123 -K5)
Vocabulary: peace
(once / 30 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Peace is a stress-free state of security and calmness that comes when there’s no fighting or war, everything coexisting in perfect harmony and freedom.
In our war-torn world, it seems like there’s not nearly enough peace. However peace can be big and small, seen in entire countries or brief moments. After a war, two countries may sign a peace treaty, agreeing to not fight anymore. Sweden has avoided war since 1814, and enjoys the peace that the lack of conflict brings. When you feel at peace with yourself, you are content to be the person you are, flaws and everything.
WORD FAMILY
peace: peaceable, peaceful, peaces+/ peaceable: peaceableness, peaceabler, peaceablest, peaceably, unpeaceable/ peaceful: peacefuler, peacefulest, peacefully, peacefulness, unpeaceful
USAGE EXAMPLES
Security Council and a major obstacle to Middle East peace in the view of the Obama administration.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
It is quite similar to ‘passing the peace’ in church on Sunday when “The Lord be with you!” is answered with “And also with you!”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Crosscultural variables, in fact, are at the heart of this seriocomic philosophical inquiry into peace and discord.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 和平; 和睦; 治安; 安心
分布：和平(97%)，安静(3%)
→来自古法语pais,和平，平和，安静，来自拉丁语pacem,协议，条款，和平条约，来自pag,固定，词源同page,pact,pacify.词义由固定引申为解决争端，订立条约，引申词义和平，平静。
n.和平;平静,安宁I paced in the peaceful spacecraft.我在宁静的宇宙飞船里踱步.
noun uncountable
NO VIOLENCE 没有暴力
 ESSENTIAL
■freedom from war and violence, especially when people live and work together happily without disagreements 和平；太平
• peace talks/proposals 和平会谈／提议
• a peace conference/initiative 和平会议／倡议
• Now that the war is over may there be a lasting peace between our nations. 既然战争已经结束，但愿我们两国之间能永久和平。
• Peace lasted in Europe for just over 20 years after 1918 before war broke out again. 1918年后欧洲的和平局面仅仅维持了20年，之后战争再次爆发。
• She's very good at keeping (the) peace within the family. 她非常善于维持家庭和睦。
• The police act on the public's behalf to keep the peace. 员警代表大众的意愿来维护社会安定。
• Stop fighting you two - shake hands and make (your) peace (with each other)! 你们两个别打了——握手言和吧！
[pi:s] noun uncountable
CALM 平静
 ESSENTIAL
■calm and quiet; lack of interruption or of being annoyed by worry, problems, noise or unwanted actions 平静；安静；安宁
• You'll need peace and quiet to study. 想学习就必须先静下心来。
• He says he's at peace when he's walking in the mountains. 他说他在山上散步时心里很平静。
• Go away and leave us to finish our dinner in peace. 走开，让我们安安静静地把饭吃完。
• For everyone's peace of mind go back and check you locked the door. 为了让大家放心，回去检查一下你有没有锁门。
• There'll be no peace until she gets what she wants. 她得不到自己想要的就不会有安宁。
• I didn't agree with what she said but I held my peace (= did not say anything). 我不赞同她的意见，但我甚么也没说。
[pi:s] noun uncountable
at peace
■a gentle way of saying that someone is dead 安息，长眠
• Now she is at peace and her suffering is over. 现在她安息了，痛苦也结束了。
[pi:s] noun uncountable
be at peace with the world
■to be feeling calm and happy because you are satisfied with your life 与世无争；知足常乐
n. 和平；平静；和睦；秩序
 - harmony, equilibrium, quiet

Word: gain
Front: gain
[geɪn] (高研四六 1253/1113 -K4)
Vocabulary: gain
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn
A gain is an increase in something, especially something good. You gain knowledge by attending philosophy lectures and reading books.
When you gain something, you acquire it or add to what you already have. You can gain friends by joining clubs, and you can gain weight by eating ice cream every day. Gain is also a noun, which you can use to talk about what you've gained, like the health gain you get from cutting back on that ice cream. The root of gain is the Old French gaaignier, "to earn, trade, or capture."
WORD FAMILY
gain: gained, gainer, gainful, gaining, gains, regain +/gainer: gainers/ gainful: gainfully, gainfulness/ regain: regained, regaining, regains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Enter body scanners, which allow you to visualize your muscle gain and see, in three dimensions, how — and where — you are losing fat.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But in the six years after the show, all but one gained back most of their lost weight, despite continuing to diet and exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He still sometimes implies he might let Syrian migrants flood Europe again to gain diplomatic leverage, as if the threat doesn’t also hurt Turkey’s security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 获得; 赢得; 增加; （钟、表）走快
n. 利润; [土木工程]腰槽; 获益
vt. （在…上）开腰槽; 吸引; （通过努力）到达; 推进（一段距离）
vi. 增进; 增进健康; 得益; （重量的）增加
时态：gained, gaining, gains
分布：获得(48%)，增益(24%)，增加(18%)，收益(5%)，获利(3%)，到达(2%)
→来自weie, 努力，追寻，词源同virile, venison, Venus.原指农业收成。
v.获得;增加;表等走快n.增进,增加;收益The gained grain drained away with the rain, all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.
verb intransitive or transitive
GET 获得
 ESSENTIAL
■to get something that is useful, that gives you an advantage, or that is in some way positive, especially over a period of time （尤指经过一段时间逐渐）取得，获得，赢得，博得
• The Nationalist Party have gained a lot of support in the south of the country. 南非国民党已在南部地区获得很多人的支持。
• What do you hope to gain from the course? 你希望从这门课程中学到些甚么？
• Alternative medicine has only just started to gain respectability in our society. 另类疗法在社会上只是刚刚开始被认可。
• [+ two objects] It was her performances in Aida which gained her an international reputation as a soprano. 正是她在《阿伊达》中的表演使她获得了国际知名女高音的声誉。
• After you've gained some experience teaching abroad you can come home and get a job. 在获得一些海外教学经验后，你就可以回国找份工作。
• From the late nineteenth century Britain and other European powers began to gain control of parts of the Ottoman Empire. 从19世纪晚期，英国和其他欧洲列强开始取得对奥斯曼帝国一些地区的控制权。
• She's certainly gained (in) confidence over the last couple of years. 毫无疑问，在过去几年中，她树立了自信。
• The data exists all right - the difficulty is in gaining access to it. 资料确实是有的——难就难在怎样去取得它。
• The thieves gained entrance through an upstairs window that was left open. 窃贼是从楼上一扇开着的窗户钻进来的。
gain ground
■If a political party or an idea or belief gains ground, it becomes more popular or accepted 变得更受欢迎；取得进展；得到肯定
• The Republicans are gaining ground in the southern states. 共和党在南部诸州越来越得人心。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■to increase in weight, speed, height or amount 增加；增添；增长
• I gained a lot of weight while I was on holiday. 我休假期间体重大增。
• The car gained speed going down the hill. 下山时，车加速了。
• Good economic indicators caused the share index to gain (by) ten points. 良好的经济指标令股票指数上升了十点。
• The campaign has been gaining momentum ever since the television appeal. 自从在电视上进行宣传呼吁后，该项运动的发展气势愈发强劲。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
CLOCK/WATCH 钟／表
■If a clock or watch gains, it works too quickly and shows a time which is later than the real time （钟或表）走快
• My watch has gained (by) ten minutes over the last twenty-four hours. 在过去的24小时里我的表快了十分钟。
[geɪn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  gain on sb/sth
■to get nearer to someone or something that you are chasing 逼近…；赶上…
• Garcia was gaining on her opponent throughout the race, but only overtook her at the very end. 加西亚在整个赛跑过程中一点点逼近对手，但直到最后一刻才超过了她。
[geɪn] noun countable or uncountable
SOMETHING OBTAINED 得到东西
 IMPROVER
■when you get something useful or positive 获得，得到；收益，获利
• Whatever the objections to this sort of treatment, the gains in terms of the number of lives saved are substantial. 不管对这种疗法存在何种异议，就其挽救了众多生命这一点而言，它的意义还是重大的。
• The minister was sacked for abusing power for his personal gain. 部长因滥用权力谋取私利而被解雇。
[geɪn] noun countable or uncountable
INCREASE 增加
 IMPROVER
■an increase in something such as size, weight or amount 增加；提高；增长
• Side effects of the drugs may include tiredness, headaches or weight gain. 这些药物的副作用可能包括疲乏、头痛或体重增加。
• Having deducted costs we still made a net gain of five thousand pounds. 扣除成本后，我们仍然有5000英镑的净增长。
• Oil prices rose again today after yesterday's gains. 油价继昨天上涨后今天又进一步攀升。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
attain, acquire, obtain, secure, achieve, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得，取得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。
 • The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.   这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
acquire: v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义。
 • It is through learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.   正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
obtain: v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
 • He obtained the property with a bank loan.   他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
secure: v.得到；把……拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
 • A million signatures have been secured.   已征集到了100万人的签名。
 • He secured the office before leaving it for the night.   他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
achieve: v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
 • The movie star achieved success and wealth.   这个影星取得了成功和财富。
earn: v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
 • How much do you earn a week?   你一星期挣多少钱？
gain: v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
 • An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.   投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 增加；利润；收获
 - enhancement, increase, profit, margin, harvest
vt. 获得；增加；赚到
 - acquire, earn, enhance, buy, score
vi. 增加；获利
 - improve, advantage, accelerate, grow in

Word: focus
Front: focus
[ˈfəʊkəs] (高研四六托雅 688/1918 -K4)
Vocabulary: focus
(once / 184 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n
Focus is something that camera lenses and sleepy students are always being asked to do. For cameras, it means finding a point where the subject is clear or "in focus." For students, it means paying attention.
Focus is all about finding a center — of a parabolic curve, of a lens, of a meditative state. In Latin, focus meant 'domestic hearth,' which just goes to show that not much has changed — since kitchens remain the focus of the modern home. Focus can be used as a verb, as in "I need to focus on my work, so I can play video games later;" and as a noun, as in "What is the focus of this essay? I can't tell, since the writer seems to be all over the place."
WORD FAMILY
focus: foci, focused, focuses, focusing, focussing, refocus +/ focused: unfocused/focussing: focussings/ refocus: refocused, refocuses, refocusing, refocussed
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）集中，（使）聚集; 调整（镜头，眼睛）焦点[焦距]以便看清
vt. 调整（眼睛或者镜头的）焦距; 集中（光束于）; 聚焦，注视; 集中注意力
n. 焦点; 影象的清晰度; （活动、注意力、兴趣等的）中心; [医]病灶，病症
时态：focused, focusing, focuses
分布：焦点(75%)，中心(13%)，焦距(10%)，聚集(2%)
→来自拉丁语focus, 火炉，引申词义家，集中点。在1604年德国数学家Johannes Kepler用该词来指数学意义上的聚焦。进一步可能来自bhe, 照明，发光，词源同beacon.
n.焦点,(活动,兴趣等的)中心v.(on)使聚集In no circumstances can the bicycle in the circle of the circus be a focus.马戏表演圈子中的自行车决不会成为焦点.
【反】diffuse（v 散播；漫射）；disperse（v 使分散；疏散）
US ['foʊ-] noun countable (plural focuses or formal foci)
CENTRE 中心
 IMPROVER
■the main or central point of something, especially of attention or interest （尤指注意力或兴趣的）中心，焦点
• I think Dave likes to be the focus of attention. 我觉得大卫喜欢受人关注。
• The main focus of interest at the fashion show was Christian Lacroix's outrageous evening wear. 时装表演上人们兴趣的主要焦点是克里斯琴‧拉克鲁瓦那身奇特的晚装。
• The media focus on politicians' private lives inevitably switches the attention away from the real issues. 媒体关注政客们的私生活，这必然将人们的注意力从实际问题上转移开来。
UK ['fəʊ.kəs] US ['foʊ-] noun countable (plural focuses or formal foci)
SCIENCE 科学
■(in physics) the point where waves of light or sound which are moving towards each other meet （物理学中光波、声波等的）焦点，聚光点，源
• the focus of a lens 透镜的焦点
be in/out of focus
■describes a photograph which is clear/not clear （照片）清晰／模糊不清
UK ['fəʊ.kəs] US ['foʊ-] verb (-s-)
transitive
■If you focus a device such as a camera or microscope , you move a device on the lens so that you can see a clear picture. 调节（相机、显微镜等）的焦距
intransitive or transitive
■If you focus your eyes, or if your eyes focus, you try to look directly at an object so that you can see it more clearly （使）集中目光；（使）逐渐聚焦
• When they first took the bandages off, she/her eyes couldn't focus properly (= she couldn't see clearly). 他们最初把绷带取下时，她的视线一片模糊。
UK ['fəʊ.kəs] US ['foʊ-] verb (-s-)
  Phrasal Verbs  focus (sth) on/upon sb/sth IMPROVER
■to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject or thing 集中，特别关注
• Tonight's programme focuses on the way that homelessness affects the young. 今晚的节目着重讨论无家可归的现象如何影响年轻一代。
• When the kitchen is finished I'm going to focus my attention on the garden and get that sorted out. 等厨房弄完，我会集中精力把花园整理干净。
tighten, focus, intensify, fasten
tighten: 加紧，收紧
focus: 集中
intensify: 加强，强化
fasten: 系紧，扣紧
stress, emphasize, focus, highlight
stress: 重读（某音节）
emphasize: 加强…的语气
focus: 使…集中于一点
highlight: 对…予以特别的注意；将（头发）染成浅色使之有光泽
confinement, confinement, concentrate, restraint, focus, limitation
这组词都有“限制，局限”的意思，其区别是：
confinement: n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
 • The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.   那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
confinement: limitation, restraint
concentrate: v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西)；浓缩，压缩。
 • During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the questions.   考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
restraint: n.克制，抑制；约束措施。
 • Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn't yell at her child.   即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
focus: v.集中(于某事物)；将(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
 • Please focus your minds on the following problem.   请集中考虑以下问题。
limitation: n.限制，局限；(能力的)缺点，弱点。
 • That employee has limitations on what work he can do.   那个雇员能做的工作有限。
n. [光] [数] 焦点；中心；清晰；焦距
 - center, hub, fairness
vt. 使集中； [光] [摄] 使聚焦
 - centralize
vi. 集中； [光] [摄] 聚焦；调节焦距
 - concentrate, band

Word: career
Front: career
[kəˈrɪə(r)] (研四托雅 741/1057 -K4)
Vocabulary: career
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2v
You may have to take jobs as a dog walker, cat groomer, and fish feeder before you complete school for a career as a veterinarian. Small jobs in the short term give you experience for a long-term career.
Career comes from the French carrière, from an older word for "street" or "road." Staying on track for a certain career is like driving a car in one direction on a road, instead of veering in different directions. Maybe the expression "career path" is helpful in remembering that a career is something that progresses, or moves forward on a set path. It can also be used as a verb to describe something moving quickly and uncontrollably, like a car careering into a ditch.
WORD FAMILY
career: careered, careering, careerism, careers+/careerism: careerist/careerist: careerists
USAGE EXAMPLES
Najera and other students see medical wigs as a potential career.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It capped what was the best game of Burnett’s career.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Butler was a point shy of his career high, which he got Jan. 14, 2016 at Philadelphia.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 生涯; 职业; 事业; 速度，全速
adj. 作为毕生职业的
vi. 全速前进，猛冲
时态：careered, careering, careers
分布：职业(36%)，事业(34%)，生涯(26%)，猛冲(2%)，飞跑(2%)
→来自词根cur, 跑，词源同car, current. 原指路程，驰骋，后用于职业。
n.(个人的)事业;专业,生涯,职业,经历The career carpenter put the cargo on the carbon carpet.职业木匠把货物放到碳质地毯上.
US [-'rɪr] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you continue to get better jobs and earn more money 生涯，职业；事业
• He's hoping for a career in the police force/ as a police officer. 他希望当一名员警。
• When he retires he will be able to look back over a brilliant career (= a working life which has been very successful). 等退休的时候，他可以回顾自己光辉灿烂的职业生涯。
• It helps if you can move a few rungs up the career ladder before taking time off to have a baby. 如果你能在事业的阶梯上再攀登几级然后再去休假生小孩，那样会好一些。
• I took this new job because I felt that the career prospects were much better. 我接受了这份新工作，因为我觉得它的职业前景更好。
• Elaine has become a real career woman/girl (= is interested in and spends most of her time on her job). 伊莱恩成为了一名真正的职业女性。
• Judith is very career -minded/-oriented (= gives a lot of attention to her job). 裘蒂丝事业心很强。
UK [kə'rɪər] US [-'rɪr] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  careerWarning: Check your spelling! Career is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
UK [kə'rɪər] US [-'rɪr] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(especially of a vehicle) to move fast and uncontrollably （尤指车辆失控地）猛冲，飞奔
• The coach careered down a slope and collided with a bank. 长途汽车冲下山坡，撞到了土埂上。
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 事业，职业；生涯
 - enterprise, profession, employment, pursuit, cause

Word: mobile
Front: mobile
[ˈməʊbaɪl] (高研四六托雅宝 4686/4468 -K3)
Vocabulary: mobile
(once / 297 pages)
adjn
When something is mobile it can move or be moved easily. If you walk to the end of the block talking on your cell phone, you are a mobile being using a mobile device.
A mobile is something you hang over a crib to entertain the baby, or a scale model of the universe. In 1940, the word mobile was first used to refer to a house that could be easily moved — a mobile home. If someone says to you jokingly that they "are not mobile," it means that their car is not working. It will be hard for them to be upwardly mobile, or to improve their social status, if they don't get mobile and get to work soon!
WORD FAMILY
mobile: immobile, mobiles, mobilise, mobility, mobilize +/demobilise: demobilised, demobilising/demobilization: demobilizations/demobilize: demobilization, demobilized, demobilizes, demobilizing/ immobile: immobilely, immobilise, immobility, immobilize /immobilise: immobilisation, immobilised, immobilising/ immobility: immobilities/ immobilize: immobilization, immobilized, immobilizes, immobilizing/mobilisation: demobilisation, mobilisations/mobilise: demobilise, mobilisation, mobilised, mobilises, mobilising/mobilization: mobilizations/ mobilize: demobilize, mobilization, mobilized, mobilizes, mobilizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Starship’s robots work this way: Customers use a mobile app to order an item.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It is linked to a mobile phone app which records the audio of the patient's chest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The satellites will be used to provide mobile communications on land, sea and air.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可移动的; 行动自如的; 易变的; 流动性的
n. 风铃; 手机
分布：移动的(35%)，易变的(24%)，活动的(20%)，悬挂饰物(11%)，活动物体(7%)，可动雕塑(3%)
→来自拉丁语mobilis,移动的，缩写自*movibilis,移动的，来自movere,移动，词源同move.
活动的,可动的(mob+ile)[mob=move,表示"动"]
a.可动的,活动的,运动的In the autumn the authorities automatically authorize me to buy highly mobile automobiles.秋天,当权者自动授权我买高机动性的汽车.
US ['moʊ.bəl] adjective
 IMPROVER
■able to move freely or be easily moved 流动的；（可）移动的；活动的
• You've broken your ankle but you'll be fully mobile (= able to walk as usual) within a couple of months. 你摔断了脚踝，但用不了几个月你就可以行动自如了。
UK ['məʊ.baɪl] US ['moʊ.bəl] noun countable
PHONE 电话
 IMPROVER mainly UK (US usually cellphone)
■a mobile phone 行动电话
■a mobile number 手机号码
• My mobile's 07796 10253. 我的手机号码是07796 10253。
UK ['məʊ.baɪl] US ['moʊ.bəl] noun countable
DECORATION 装饰
■a decoration or work of art which has many parts that move freely in the air, for example hanging from threads 风铃；（可随风摆动的）悬挂饰物
moving, movable, mobile
moving: （正在）移动的；动人的；
movable: 可（被）移动的，能移动的
mobile: （自由）移动、变动（位置或地点）的；
diverse, vivid, alive, mobile
diverse: 多种多样的，不同的
vivid: （记忆，描述）清晰的， 逼真的，（光，颜色）鲜艳的，耀眼的
alive: 活着的，有活力的，继续存在的
mobile: 易于快速移动的，易变的，流动的
adj. [生物] 机动的；易变的，；非固定的
 - variable, liquid, motor, unstable

Word: november

Word: john
Front: john
[dʒɒn] (15623/269)
Back: n. 抽水马桶; 厕所
分布：名词(100%)
→常见人名，来自希伯来语Yohanan,来自yoh,上帝，缩写自Yahweh,hanan,亲切的，仁慈的，字面意思即上帝是仁慈的。john 厕所，茅房，嫖客
US ['dʒɑ:n] noun countable
TOILET 厕所 US informal
■a toilet 厕所，洗手间
• I'm just going to the john - can you wait for me? 我去上洗手间——你能等我吗？
UK ['dʒɒn] US ['dʒɑ:n] noun countable
PERSON 人 US slang
■a man who is the customer of a prostitute (= a woman who charges men to have sex with her) 嫖客
n. 厕所
 - convenience, bathroom, toilet, lavatory, crapper

Word: road
Front: road
[rəʊd] (中高雅 489/284 -K5)
Vocabulary: road
(once / 30 pages)
n
A road is a wide, usually paved path that's big enough for cars to travel on. There are some roads that are so long, you can follow them from one coast of the U.S. to the other.
While some roads can be traveled by pedestrians, the word usually specifies a thoroughfare for vehicles, especially cars, trucks, and buses. The longest road in the United States is U.S. Route 20, which stretches from Oregon to Massachusetts. Figuratively, a road can also be a means to an end, or the way to achieve a certain result: "She's on the road to success!" or "He wasn't feeling well yesterday, but now he's on the road to recovery."
WORD FAMILY
road: roadless, roads
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The long slog to fund road and bridge repairs continues in 2017.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 路; 通路; 途径; 方法
vt. 在…设置路障; （狗）沿臭迹追逐（猎物）; （狗）闻着臭迹追
分布：路(80%)，道路(17%)，途径(2%)，方法(1%)
→来自古英语 rad,骑行，入侵，侵略，来自 Proto-Germanic*raido,骑行，来自 reidh,骑行， 词源同 raid,ride.后引申词义道路，公路。
n.路,道路,途径The stray betrayer arrayed the sprayers on the road.偶然的背信者在道路上排列喷雾器.
US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a long hard surface built for vehicles to travel along 路；公路，马路；街
• We live on a busy/quiet road. 我们住在一条繁忙／僻静的公路边。
• Be careful when you cross a main road. 横过大马路时要小心。
• There's a sweet shop on the other side of the road. 在马路对面有一间糖果店。
• The road from here to Adelaide runs/goes through some beautiful countryside. 从这里通往阿德莱德的公路经过一些风景优美的乡村地区。
• All roads into/out of the town were blocked by the snow. 所有进／出城的道路都被大雪封住了。
• I hate flying so I go everywhere by road or rail. 我讨厌坐飞机，所以无论去哪我都是坐汽车或者火车。
• I live in/on Mill Road. 我住在米尔路。
• My address is 82 Mill Road. 我的地址是米尔路82号。
• Is this the Oxford road (= the road that goes to Oxford) ? 这是去牛津的路吗？
• Most road accidents are caused by people driving too fast. 大多数道路交通事故都是由于车速过快引起的。
on the road
■If a vehicle is on the road, it is working as it should and can be legally used （指汽车状况良好）可以上路，可以行驶
• My car was in the garage for a week, but it's now back on the road. 我的小轿车在修车厂修了一个星期，不过现在可以重新上路了。
■When you are on the road, you are driving or travelling, usually over a long distance 奔波在外，在旅途中
• After two days on the road, they reached the coast. 他们开了两天车到了海边。
■If a group of actors or musicians are on the road, they are travelling to different places to perform 作巡回演出
• Most rock groups spend two or three months a year on the road. 大多数的摇滚乐团一年有两三个月的时间作巡回演出。
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
All roads lead to Rome. saying
■said to mean that all the methods of doing something will achieve the same result in the end 条条大路通罗马；殊途同归
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
be on the road to sth informal
■to be likely to achieve something 即将取得…；在…的过程中
• The doctors say she's on the road to recovery. 医生说她正在恢复。
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
come to the end of the road
■to finish 结束，到头
• My relationship with Jeannie has come to the end of the road. 我和珍妮的关系已经结束了。
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
Get out of the road! informal
■used to rudely tell someone to stop blocking the way （用于粗鲁地告诉别人不要堵住路）让开！别堵住路！
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
one for the road informal
■an alcoholic drink just before leaving 离别前的最后一杯酒
• Before I went home, she persuaded me to have one for the road. 我告辞回家前，她劝我最后喝上一杯。
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
road to Damascus
■Someone's road to Damascus is an experience they have which they consider to be very important and which changes their life. 人生中的重要经历；改变人生的经历
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
The road to hell is paved with good intentions. saying
■said to emphasize that you must not simply intend to behave well but you must act according to your intentions, because you will have problems or be punished if you do not 空有好意不去做，地狱路上寻常客（指好的意图如不付诸行动，则不仅无用，还会给自己带来很多问题或惩罚）。
UK [rəʊd] US [roʊd] noun countable or uncountable
take to the road
■to start travelling 出发，动身
• After a short visit, they took to the road again. 短暂的参观过后，他们再次上路了。
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
n. [公路] 公路，马路； [交] 道路；手段
 - highway, path, instrument, way, course
adj. （美）巡回的
 - itinerant

Word: die
Front: die
[daɪ] (中高宝 403/443 -K5)
Vocabulary: die
(once / 12 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4nv 5n
Your friend would be furious if you promised you would water his plants while he was out of town, and then let his favorite fern die. To die is to expire, or to cease to be alive.
The verb to die means "to stop living," and it's also used to exaggerate a need or want, like when you say, "I would die to have those shoes." When die is a noun, it means a metal-cutting tool or the single form of dice: "Hand me the die, it's my turn to roll." When you're talking about permanently staining or coloring something, you have to use the word dye.
WORD FAMILY
die: death, died, dies, dying +/ death: deathless, deathlike, deathly, deaths/deathless: deathlessly/ dying: dyingly, dyings, undying/undying: undyingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Davis said all four people who died were residents of the home.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 死亡，熄灭; 凋零，枯萎; 渴望，盼望
n. 钢型，硬模; 骰子
时态：died, dying, dies
分布：死(92%)，消失(4%)，印模(1%)，骰子(1%)，渴望(1%)，金属模子(1%)
→来自dheu, 离开，死亡，词源同dead, death.die 骰子
vi.死,死亡;(草木)枯萎,凋谢;渴望The lying liar lied to the dying diet maker that the tie was dyed blue.躺着的说谎者对临死的食疗制作者谎称带子染成了兰色.
verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
 ESSENTIAL
■to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly 死去，死亡，过世
• Twelve people died in the accident. 12人在此次事故中丧生。
• She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries. 她死于饥饿／癌症／心脏病／伤害。
• It is a brave person who will die for their beliefs. 愿为信念而死的人称得上是勇敢者。
• I should like to die in my sleep (= while I am sleeping). 我愿在睡梦中死去。
• Many people have a fear of dying. 很多人害怕死亡。
• Our love will never die. 我们的爱将永不消逝。
• She will not tell anyone - the secret will die with her. 她不会告诉任何人——这个秘密会烂在她的肚子里。
die a natural/violent death
■to die naturally, violently, etc 自然死亡／死于非命等
• He died a violent death. 他死于非命。
• My grandmother died a natural death (= did not die of illness or because she was killed) , as she would have wanted. 我祖母寿终正寝，这是她所希望的结局。
■informal
■If a machine stops working, or if an object cannot be used or repaired any more, usually because it is very old, people sometimes say it has died 停止运转，报废
• The engine just died on us. 那台引擎刚好报废在我们手里。
• humorous He wore his jeans until they died. 他把那条牛仔裤一直穿到不能再穿为止。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
almost/nearly die of sth (also could have died of sth)
■to feel a particular feeling extremely strongly 强烈地感受到，…得要命
• I almost/could have died of embarrassment. 我窘迫得要命。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
be dying for/to do sth ADVANCED
■to be extremely eager to have or do something 极想得到，极想做
• I'm dying to hear your news. 我特别想听到你的消息。
• I'm dying for a cup of tea. 我非常想喝一杯茶。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
die a/the death UK (US die a natural death)
■to fail and end 以失败告终，以失败落幕
• The play, like so many before it, died the death after a week. 那出戏与此前的很多戏一样在一周之后以失败告终。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
die hard
■If a belief or way of behaving dies hard, it takes a long time to disappear, and is not given up easily 不易改掉，不容易戒掉
• Old habits die hard. 积习难改。
⇒ See also diehard
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
do or die
■said when you are in a situation in which you must take a big risk in order to avoid failure 拼死一搏，孤注一掷
• On Tuesday, it's do or die in the match against Brazil. 星期二对巴西的比赛是一场生死之战。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
Never say die. saying
■said to encourage people to keep trying 别气馁；别灰心
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
or die in the attempt
■said when someone would do anything to achieve what they want to achieve 死也要…
• She'll finish the race or die in the attempt. 她即使累死也要跑完全程。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
to die for informal
■excellent or to be strongly wished for 特别棒的；非常诱人的
• She has a figure to die for. 她的身材特别棒。
• That chocolate cake is to die for. 那个巧克力蛋糕非常诱人。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
to/until my dying day
■as long as I live 一直到死，永世
• I'll remember your kindness to my dying day. 你的好意我将永世铭记。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
  Phrasal Verbs  die away
■If something, especially a sound, dies away, it gradually becomes reduced until it stops existing or disappears （尤指声音）渐渐消失
• The sound of his footsteps gradually died away. 他的脚步声渐渐消失了。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
  Phrasal Verbs  die down
■If a sound or activity dies down, it becomes quieter or less obvious （声音）减小，变弱
• It was several minutes before the applause died down. 过了好几分钟掌声才平息下来。
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
  Phrasal Verbs  die off
■If a group of plants, animals or people dies off, all of that group dies over a period of time. 相继死去；全部死掉
[daɪ] verb intransitive (dying, died, died)
  Phrasal Verbs  die out
■to become less common and finally stop existing 逐渐消失；灭绝
• Dinosaurs died out millions of years ago. 数百万年前恐龙就已经灭绝了。
• It's a custom which is beginning to die out. 这是一种正在消失的习俗。
[daɪ] noun countable
TOOL 工具
■a shaped piece or mould (= hollow container) made of metal or other hard material, used to shape or put a pattern on metal or plastic 模具
[daɪ] noun countable
GAME 游戏 old use or US for
■ dice (GAME)
[daɪ] noun countable
the die is cast
■said when a situation is certain to develop in a particular way because decisions have been taken which cannot be changed 大局已定，木已成舟
• From the moment the negotiations failed, the die was cast and war was inevitable. 谈判失败之时就大局已定，战争已经不可避免了。
expire, pass away, perish, die, decease
这组词都有“死”的意思，其区别是：
expire: 委婉用词。从本义“从肺部吐出气来”引申为吐出最后一口气，断气而死。
pass away: 是die的委婉用语。
perish: 书面用词，多指夭折或不幸暴亡。
die: 最普通用词，指某人或某物失去生命而永远不存在。
decease: 正式用词，多指法律上的用语。
vi. 死亡；凋零；熄灭
 - go out, angel of death
vt. 死，死于…
 - join the majority, end one's days
n. [机] 冲模，钢模；骰子
 - former block, cutting block

Word: encourage
Front: encourage
[ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ] (中高研四六托 1184/881 -K4)
Vocabulary: encourage
(once / 88 pages)
v
When you encourage someone, you give him or her the courage or confidence to do something, like when you encourage your little brother to play harder by yelling his name from the sidelines of the soccer field.
The word encourage comes from the Old French word encoragier, meaning "make strong, hearten." When you encourage the tomato plants in your garden, you water them to promote their growth and health. Encourage can also mean to inspire with hope, like when you encourage your friends to try out for the school play by complimenting their singing and acting talents.
WORD FAMILY
encourage: encouraged, encouragement, encourages, encouraging +/ courage: courageous, courages, encourage / courageous: courageously, courageousness/ encouragement: encouragements/ encouraging: encouragingly, unencouraging/unencouraging: unencouragingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s in a different area, completely the other side. Hurt a lot less when it happened, so I’m definitely encouraged.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms Bradley said she encouraged all of those with family who fought at Passchendaele to apply.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The San Ysidro plan also calls for new bicycle lanes and pedestrian improvements to encourage people to stop commuting by car.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 鼓励，鼓舞; 支持; 促进; 鼓动
时态：encouraged, encouraging, encourages
分布：鼓励(90%)，促进(6%)，支持(4%)
→en-, 进入，使。courage, 鼓励。
鼓励(en+courage勇气→使人进入勇气→鼓励)[em-,en-①表示"进入…之中,包围"②表示"使…进入状态"]
v.鼓励,怂恿Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
【记】courage（n 勇气）
【反】scotch（v 镇压）
US [-'kɝ:-] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more likely to happen 刺激，激励；促进；助长
• transitive + to infinitive We were encouraged to learn foreign languages at school. 在校时，学校鼓励我们学习外语。
• The council is encouraging the development of the property for both employment and recreation. 市政委员会鼓励开发该项房地产的目的在于促进就业和增加娱乐设施。
 ESSENTIAL
■to talk or behave in a way that gives someone confidence to do something （透过言语或行动）鼓励，支援
• They've always encouraged me in everything I've wanted to do. 不论我想做甚么，他们总是会鼓励我。
motivate, encourage, excite, stimulate, inspire
这组词都有“鼓励、刺激”的意思，其区别是：
motivate: v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
 • A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard everyday.   她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
encourage: v.鼓励，促进，含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味。
 • He encouraged his son to go to good college.   他鼓励他的儿子上名牌大学。
excite: v.指使人感到激动、兴奋；煽动，鼓动。
 • The band played louder and excited the audience.   乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
stimulate: v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。
 • Cold air stimulates me.   冷空气刺激我振作起来
inspire: v.鼓舞，激发，影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
 • My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.   我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
vt. 鼓励，怂恿；激励；支持
 - heart, stimulate, power, hand, second

Word: nothing
Front: nothing
[ˈnʌθɪŋ] (中高雅 315/258 -K5)
Vocabulary: nothing
(once / 11 pages)
advn
When we say nothing, we mean "aught," "zero," "a big goose egg," "nada," "nil," "zilch," or "zippo," in other words, "of little or no quantity."
Nothing can mean "not having anything." You might be hungry because you had nothing for lunch. It can also mean "not a big deal." That's why if you thank someone for doing something for you, he or she might reply, "Oh, it's nothing," to mean the effort was not at all significant. Nothing can also mean "emptiness" as in, "There's nothing in the trunk of my car."
WORD FAMILY
nothing: nothingness, nothings+/nothingness: nothingnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It’s probably only a cyst, and there’s nothing to worry about.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Yet, for all of this, Trump’s doorkeepers say nothing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: pron. 没有东西; 没有事情; 无关紧要的东西; 毫无趣味的事
n. 无关紧要的人[事]; 零; 无
adv. 毫不; 决不
分布：没有(61%)，没有什么(24%)，毫不(5%)，空(4%)，一点也不(3%)，微不足道的事(3%)
→即no thing.
n.没有东西;什么也没有;无关紧要的人或事She likes nothing but things of clothing and cloth.除了衣物和布料之类的东西外,她什么也不喜欢.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■not anything 没有东西；没有事情
• There's nothing in the drawer - I took everything out. 抽屉里甚么也没有——我把所有东西都拿出去了。
• Nothing I could say would cheer her up. 无论我说甚么，也没办法令她振作起来。
• I have nothing new to tell you. 我没有甚么新消息要告诉你。
• There's nothing else (= no other thing) we can do to help. 我们帮不上甚么别的忙。
• There's nothing much (= not very much) to do in our village. 在我们村里没有太多事情可做。
• The story was nothing but (= only) lies. 这种说法纯属谎言。
• US The score is Yankees three, Red Sox nothing (= no points). 扬基队得3分，红袜队为0分。
be/have nothing to do with sb/sth
 ADVANCED
■to have no connection or influence with someone or something 与…毫不相干；对…无关重要
• We are nothing to do with the firm which has the offices next door. 我们与办公室在隔壁的公司毫无关系。
• In the evening he likes to read books and articles which have/are nothing to do with his work. 晚上，他喜欢读些与工作无关的书和文章。
be/mean nothing
■to have no importance or value 并不重要；毫无价值
• Money is nothing to him. 钱对他来说毫无价值。
be/have nothing to do with sb
■to be a matter or subject which someone has no good reason to know about or be involved with 不关（某人）的事
• I wish he wouldn't offer advice on my marriage - it's nothing to do with him. 我希望他别对我的婚姻说三道四——这不关他的事。
for nothing
■free or without paying 免费地，不花钱地
• I got this picture for nothing from a friend. 我是从一位朋友那里得到这幅画，分文未花。
■with no good result or for no purpose 徒劳地；无目的地
• He queued for two hours and (all) for nothing - there were no seats left. 他白白排了两个小时的队——座位已满。
• Let us make sure that these brave men did not die for nothing. 我们绝不会让这些勇士们白白牺牲。
nothing on
■no clothes on your body 未穿衣的，裸体的，一丝不挂的
• She sleeps with nothing on. 她裸睡。
• I couldn't come to the door - I had nothing on! 我不能去开门——我甚么都没穿！
■no arrangements for a stated period （在某时间段内）没有安排的，有空的
• I've looked in her diary and she has nothing on on Tuesday afternoon. 我刚看了她的日程簿，她星期二下午没有安排。
• There's nothing on next Friday - we could hold the meeting then. 下周五没甚么安排——我们可以在那个时候开会。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
all or nothing
■relates to doing something either completely or not at all 走极端
• She either loves you or hates you - it's all or nothing with her. 她要不是爱你，就是恨你——就这么极端。
• The Government has rejected the all-or-nothing approach in favour of a compromise solution. 政府没有采取极端做法，而是赞成折衷的解决办法。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing for it
■used to emphasize you will have to do a particular thing to solve a problem （用于强调）除了…别无他法
• There's nothing for it but to get some extra help. 除了寻求另外帮助，别无他法。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing if not generous/honest/thorough, etc.
■used to emphasize that someone or something is extremely generous/honest/thorough, etc （用于强调）极其慷慨／诚实／详尽等
• He's nothing if not charming. 他魅力十足。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing less than sth
■used to emphasize how important, special or attractive something is （用于强调某事物极其重要、特殊或令人向往）简直是不亚于
• Their dream to bring computers and ordinary people together was nothing less than revolutionary. 他们梦想着让电脑走进普通百姓的生活，这不亚于进行一场革命。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing short of ...
■used to emphasize a situation, quality or type of behaviour （用于强调状况或品行）简直就是，极其
• The party was nothing short of a disaster. 这次聚会简直就是一场灾难。
• Her behaviour was nothing short of rude. 他的举止极其粗鲁。
• His achievements as a political reformer have been nothing short of miraculous. 他作为一名政治改革家所取得的成就简直称得上是奇迹。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing special
■to not be excellent or not be beautiful 并不优秀（或漂亮）；毫无特别之处
• She's nothing special. 她并不出色。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
be nothing to it
■used to say something is very easy 轻而易举
• Windsurfing is easy - there's nothing to it. 风帆冲浪很容易——没甚么难的。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
it is/was nothing informal
■used to tell someone not to worry about, or place special value on, what you are doing or have done 别担心；没甚么要紧的
• "You seem very upset." "No, no, it's nothing, I'm OK." “你看上去很不安。”“不，不，没甚么，我很好。”
• "It was very kind of you to look after the baby all day." "Oh, it was nothing, I enjoyed it." “谢谢你一整天照顾孩子。”“哦，没甚么，我很乐意效劳。”
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
like nothing on Earth informal
■very strange, unusual or unpleasant in appearance, sound or taste （外观、声音或味道）非常怪异的，与众不同的，令人生厌的
• It looked nice, but it tasted like nothing on Earth. 它看起来不错，但味道却很怪异。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
nothing doing informal
■used to mean 'no', especially when said in answer to a request （尤用于对要求作出答覆）不行，办不到，绝对不
• We asked if she'd come over and help us, but she said, "Nothing doing". 我们问她是否愿意过来帮忙，但她说“不行”。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
nothing more than disapproving
■only 仅仅
• He dismissed Bryan as nothing more than an amateur. 他以布莱恩不过是个业余爱好者为由，拒绝了他。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
nothing of the sort/kind
■used to emphasize a negative statement （用于强调否定陈述）根本不是
• I told him nothing of the sort (= I did not tell him anything like that). 我根本没有对他那样说过。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] pronoun
there's nothing in sth
■used for saying that something you have been told is not true …不属实
• I heard a rumour that she's leaving, but apparently there's nothing in it. 我听到谣言说她要离开，但这显然纯属捏造。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] adverb
■in no way 并不，毫不
• mainly UK He had two letters of refusal but, nothing daunted (= not discouraged) , he tried again. 他收到两封拒绝信后并没有气馁，而是再接再厉。
['nʌθ.ɪŋ] noun countable informal
■someone of no value or importance 小人物，无足轻重者
• He's a nothing, a low-down, useless nobody. 他是个微不足道的小人物，身份低微，一无是处。
nothing, none, no one
nothing: 强调有没有,nothing指物
none: 强调有多少, --- How many…/How much…? --- None.
no one: 强调有没有,no one指人
n. 无；零；不关紧要之事
 - nil, nonbeing
adv. 毫不；决不
 - none, nowise

Word: along
Front: along
[əˈlɒŋ] (中高 447/823 -K5)
Vocabulary: along
(once / 21 pages)
adv
Along means "moving constantly in line with." When you walk along the road, you're going forward, keeping the road at your side.
You can move along a path or drive along a highway, and you can also figuratively move along: "I learned a lot along the way." Something that extends in a nearly horizontal line can also be described as along, like the seaweed that stretches along the high-tide line on the beach. In Old English, it was andlang, "entire, continuous," "all day long," or "alongside of."
WORD FAMILY
along: alongs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fassel said that building “chemistry” throughout the organization would be his top goal, along with establishing an identity.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While I meandered through my twenties, locked in my pseudo-bohemian stance, the remnants of that money rumbled along.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Respected policy centers and thinktanks on both sides of the Atlantic are beginning to think along these lines.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 一起; 向前; 进展; 到某处
prep. 沿着; 顺着; 靠着…边
分布：沿着(65%)，向前(13%)，顺着(12%)，一起(10%)
→来自古英语andlang. 前缀and-, 同anti-, 相对。long, 延长。原指向两边延长，现指一边。
ad.向前;和...一起,一同prep.沿着,顺着Prolong the sponge along the longitude and latitude at an altitude.沿着经度和纬度在一高度延长海绵.
US [-'lɑ:ŋ] preposition
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL
■from one part of a road, river, etc. to another 沿着，顺着，循着
• a romantic walk along the beach/river 沿着海滩／河边的浪漫散步
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] preposition
NEXT TO 与…相邻
 IMPROVER
■in a line next to something long 沿着…的边缘；沿着…成一行
• a row of houses along the river 沿河修建的一排房子
• Cars were parked all along the road. 沿路停满了汽车。
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] preposition
PARTICULAR PLACE 特定的地方
■at a particular place on a road, river, etc. 在沿…的地方
• Somewhere along this road there's a garage. 顺着这条路走，修车厂就在路边。
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] preposition
along the way
■during the time that something is happening or that you are doing something 在这个过程中；在这期间
• I've been in this job for thirty years, and I've picked up a good deal of expertise along the way. 我做这份工作已经30年了，在此期间我掌握了大量专业技术。
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] adverb
FORWARD 向前
 ESSENTIAL
■moving forward 向前
• We were just walking along, chatting. 我们就这么一边往前走一边聊。
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] adverb
WITH YOU 伴随
 IMPROVER
■with you 一道，一起
• Why don't you take him along with you when you go? 你去的时候，为甚么不让他也跟着一起去呢？
• I'll bring some food along and we can have a picnic. 我会带些吃的，这样我们就可以野餐了。
along with sb/sth
■in addition to someone or something else 除了…以外
• California, along with Florida and Hawaii, is among the most popular US tourist destinations. 除了佛罗里达和夏威夷之外，加利福尼亚也是人们最常光顾的美国旅游胜地。
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] adverb
all along
■from the very beginning 始终，一直；一贯
• Do you think he's been cheating us all along? 你认为他自始至终都在欺骗我们吗？
UK [ə'lɒŋ] US [-'lɑ:ŋ] adverb
come/go/be along for the ride informal
■to join in an activity without playing an important part in it 随大溜；凑热闹
• My husband is speaking at the dinner and I'm just going along for the ride. 我丈夫要在晚宴上讲话，我只是来凑热闹。
over, through, along, across
这组词都有“横过、穿过”的意思，其区别是：
over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。
along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
across: 指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
adv. 一起；向前；来到
 - forth, together, to, ahead, front
prep. 沿着；顺着
 - down

Word: special
Front: special
[ˈspeʃl] (中高研四六雅 520/438 -K5)
Vocabulary: special
(once / 42 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3n 4n
Special means "better than ordinary." Like the self-portrait you lovingly painted as a surprise for your sweetie's birthday, something special is distinct, and surpasses the norm.
Something special is looked upon with affection, surpasses expectations, or has a particular role. It can also be a featured attraction or limited-run occurrence — like when there's a special on television or a special on cheese at the store. Ray Charles said, “Love is a special word, and I use it only when I mean it. You say the word too much and it becomes cheap.” Take this sweet crooner’s advice and don’t wear out special sentiments.
WORD FAMILY
special: specialise, specialism, speciality, specialize, specially, specialness, specials+/overspecialize: overspecialized/specialisation: specialisations/specialise: overspecialise, specialisation, specialised, specialiser, specialises, specialising/specialised: unspecialised/specialism: specialisms, specialist / specialist: specialistic, specialists/speciality: specialities/ specialization: specializations/ specialize: overspecialize, specialization, specialized, specializer, specializes, specializing/ specialized: unspecialized/specializer: specializers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Osama bin Laden, the world’s most wanted man, is killed by US special forces in a nighttime raid of his secret compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Special Operations forces are in the Baltics to deter any Russian efforts to destabilize the former Soviet republics.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 特殊的; 专门的; 专用的; 重要的
n. 专车; 特价; 特刊; 特约稿
分布：特殊的(49%)，特别的(32%)，专门的(9%)，特价(3%)，特色菜(3%)，特别的东西(2%)，特刊(2%)
特别的;专门的(speci种类+al→[属于]种类的→特别的)[speci=look,kind,表示"外观,种类"]
a.特殊的,专门的;附加的,额外的The specialist specifically specified a special pacific means especially.专家特地明确指定了一种和解的特殊方法.
adjective
NOT USUAL 不平常的
 ESSENTIAL
■not ordinary or usual 特殊的，特别的；不寻常的
• The car has a number of special safety features. 这辆汽车配备有一些特别的安全装置。
• Is there anything special that you'd like to do today? 今天你有没有甚么特别的事要做？
• Passengers should tell the airline in advance if they have any special dietary needs. 乘客如有特殊的饮食需要，须事先向航空公司说明。
• I don't expect special treatment - I just want to be treated fairly. 我并不指望得到特殊待遇——我只希望能受到公平对待。
• Full details of the election results will be published in a special edition of tomorrow's newspaper. 选举结果的详细情况明天将刊登在报纸的特别版上。
• I have a suit for special occasions. 我有一套专门在特殊场合穿的套装。
• There's a 50p-off special offer on cornflakes/ UK alsoCornflakes are on special offer (= They are being sold at a reduced price) this week. 脆玉米片本周降价50便士／特价。
 ESSENTIAL
■particularly great or important, or having an extra quality 格外好的；特别重要的；额外的
• Could I ask you a special favour? 你能另外帮我一个忙吗？
• I'm cooking something special for her birthday. 我要为她的生日准备一些别出心裁的菜。
['speʃ.əl] adjective
PARTICULAR 专门的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■having a particular purpose 专门的，有特定用途的
• Firefighters use special breathing equipment in smoky buildings. 消防员在烟雾弥漫的建筑物中使用专门的呼吸装置。
• Some of the children have special educational needs. 其中一些孩子有特殊的教育需求。
• You need special tyres on your car for snow. 雪地行车需要专门的轮胎。
• She works as a special adviser to the President. 她是总统的特别顾问。
['speʃ.əl] noun countable
■a television programme made for a particular reason or occasion and which is not part of a series （电视）特别节目
• a three-hour election night special 三个小时的选举之夜特别节目
■a meal that is available in a restaurant on a particular day which is not usually available （餐馆通常只在特定日子供应的）特制菜肴
• Today's specials are written on the board. 今天的特餐写在布告板上。
■mainly US
■a product that is being sold at a reduced price for a short period 特价商品，折扣商品
• Today's specials include T-shirts for only 2.99. 今天的特价商品包括仅售2.99美元的T恤。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
n. 特使，特派人员；特刊；特色菜；专车；特价商品
 - bargain
adj. 特别的；专门的，专用的
 - particular, extraordinary, technical, dedicated, express

Word: balance
Front: balance
[ˈbæləns] (高研四托雅 1631/1176 -K4)
Vocabulary: balance
(once / 146 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
Balance is having the right amount — not too much or too little — of any quality, which leads to harmony or evenness. You might admire the balance someone has achieved between working hard and having fun.
The noun form of balance can also describe finances: If you're making monthly payments on a loan, the total amount you still owe is the balance. Balance is also the physical steadiness that keeps you on your feet. You balance your weight between both sides of your body. Balance has a verb form that has several shades of meaning, typically involving one thing correctly weighed against another, like when you balance your budget.
WORD FAMILY
balance: balanced, balancer, balances, balancing, counterbalance, imbalance, microbalance, overbalance, unbalance+/ balanced: balancedly/balancer: balancers/balancing: balancings, self-balancing/counterbalance: counterbalanced, counterbalances, counterbalancing/ imbalance: imbalanced, imbalances/overbalance: overbalanced, overbalances, overbalancing/unbalance: unbalanced, unbalances, unbalancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead, he’ll be home, watching Aria continue to work on her balance.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Symptoms include fever, nasal secretions, poor balance, anorexia and aborted pregnancies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 平衡; 天平; 平衡力; （酿酒配料的）均衡
vt. & vi. （使）平衡; （使）均衡; （使）相抵; 权衡
vt. 结平（账目）; 使（在某物上）保持平衡; 使（各部分）协调; 用天平称
vi. 微微摇摆; 倾斜后又复平衡; 动摇; 被补偿
时态：balanced, balancing, balances
分布：平衡(82%)，天平(5%)，权衡(3%)，均衡(3%)，差额(2%)，使平衡(2%)，抵消(1%)，结余(1%)，平静(1%)
→来自拉丁短语libra bilanx. Libra, 秤，天秤座。bi, 二。lanx, 盘子。原义指秤，称量，后指平衡。
v.称,(使)平衡n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款I glimpsed the dancer balancing herself on the ambulance by chance.我碰巧瞥见舞蹈者在救护车上使自己保持平衡.
noun
EQUAL 相等
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■a state where things are of equal weight or force; equilibrium 平衡
• The toddler wobbled and lost his balance (= started to fall sideways). 那个刚学走路的小孩摇摇晃晃的，走了几步就失去平衡。
• She had to hold onto the railings to keep her balance (= to stop herself from falling). 她必须扶着围栏才能保持平衡。
• New tax measures are designed to redress the balance (= make the situation more equal) between rich and poor. 新的税收措施旨在透过重新分配，使贫富差距趋于合理。
• We must strike a balance between reckless spending and penny-pinching (= try to have something between these two things). 我们必须有限度地花费，既不能肆意挥霍，也不要一毛不拔。
uncountable
■The balance on a piece of electronic equipment for playing music is the particular mixture of different sounds, or the device which controls this. （乐音的）平衡，安排与调整；（乐器）平衡器
on balance
■after thinking about all the different facts or opinions 总的说来；大体说来
• I would say that, on balance, it hasn't been a bad year. 大体说来，我认为今年还不错。
['bæl.ənts] noun
WEIGHING DEVICE 衡器
countable
■a device used for weighing things. It consists of two dishes hanging on a bar which shows when the contents of both dishes weigh the same. 天平，秤
['bæl.ənts] noun
AMOUNT/MONEY 数量／钱
countable usually singular
■the amount of money you have in a bank account, or the amount of something that you have left after you have spent or used up the rest 结存，结余
• Once we know how much money we'll need, let's spend the balance (= the amount left). 我们一旦知道了将会需要多少钱，就把剩下的钱花掉吧。
• The company's success is reflected in its healthy bank balance. 该公司良好的银行结存情况反映出它经营成功。
['bæl.ənts] noun
in the balance
■If a situation is in the balance it has reached a stage where it will soon be decided one way or another 悬而不决；结果未定
• The game hung in the balance until the last minute when an exciting point decided it. 比赛结果僵持不下，直到最后一分钟一个精彩的得分才一分胜负。
['bæl.ənts] verb
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to be in a position where you will stand without falling to either side, or to put something in this position （使）平衡
• The flamingoes balanced gracefully on one leg. 火烈鸟单脚独立，优雅地保持着平衡。
• She balanced a huge pot effortlessly on her head and walked down to the river. 她稳稳顶着一个大陶罐，轻松地走向河边。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give several things equal amounts of importance, time or money so that a situation is successful 权衡，斟酌
• I struggle to balance work and family commitments. 我努力地在工作和家庭责任之间寻求平衡。
transitive
■to arrange a system that relates to money so that the amount of money spent is not more than the amount received （账目）使收支平衡
• Stringent measures were introduced so that the government could balance its budget/ the economy. 政府采取了紧缩银根的政策，以期能平衡预算／使经济保持平衡。
balance the books
■to make certain that the amount of money spent is not more than the amount of money received 达到收支平衡
• If the business loses any more money, we won't be able to balance the books this year. 如果企业继续亏损，我们今年将难以达到收支平衡。
['bæl.ənts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  balance sth against sth
■to compare the advantages and disadvantages of something 权衡，比较
• The ecological effects of the factory need to be balanced against the employment it generates. 需要在工厂对生态所造成的影响与其带来的就业机会间权衡比较。
['bæl.ənts] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] balance (sth) out/up
■to be equal in amount or value, or to make things equal in amount or value 抵销，使…平衡
• We'd better ask a few men to the party to balance up the numbers. 我们最好叫几个男的去参加派对，平衡一下男女比例。
• I spend a lot one month and not so much the next and in the end it balances out. 我某个月花费很多，但接下来的一个月就没那么多，所以最后也就收支平衡了。
balance, remainder, remains, rest, surplus
这组词都有“剩余部分”的意思，其区别是：
balance: 指支取存款的余额或减去各种开支后的尾数。
remainder: 含义较广，可指数学运算中的余数，也指从整体取走或用掉部分后的所余部分，或一群人走掉一部分剩下的人。
remains: 常指人或动物死后的遗体或遗骨，也指古代文明的遗迹或去世作家尚未发表的遗稿。
rest: 最普通用词与定冠词连用，指任何指定数量的人或物等。
surplus: 指超过需要数量之外的剩余。
n. 平衡； [会计] 余额；匀称
 - regularity, equilibriums
vt. 使平衡；结算；使相称
 - equilibrize, close an account
vi. 保持平衡；相称；抵销
 - suit, be commensurate to

Word: april

Word: stay
Front: stay
[steɪ] (中高 409/549 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 停留; 停止; 坚持; 抑制
vi. 继续处于某种状态
n. 逗留; 延期; 倚靠; 忍耐
时态：stayed, staying, stays
分布：保持(37%)，逗留(33%)，停留(30%)
→来自古法语词干 estai-,站立，坚持，停留，来自 estare,站立，坚持，停留，来自拉丁语 stare, 站立，建立，保持，词源同 stand,state.引申诸相关词义。
vi.逗留;保持vt.停止,延缓n.逗留,停留The delayed player delegation stay on the playground.被耽搁的运动员代表团停留在操场上.
verb
NOT LEAVE 不离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to not move away from or leave 逗留；留下；停留
• They need an assistant who is willing to stay for six months. 他们需要一位元愿意留六个月的助手。
• Stay until the rain has stopped. 等雨停再走吧。
• Can you stay after work to play tennis? 你下班后能留下来打网球吗？
• Because of the snow, schools have been closed and children told to stay at home / mainly USstay home. 由于下雪，学校已停课，孩子们被告知要留在家里。
[steɪ] verb
CONTINUE 继续
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition [L]
■to continue doing something, or to continue to be in a particular state 继续做；保持
• Stay away from the edge of the cliff. 不要到悬崖边上去。
• He's decided not to stay in teaching/medicine/the army. 他已经决定不再教书／从医／当兵。
• The final figures showed that most departments had stayed within budget. 最终数据显示大部分部门都没有超出预算。
• It was so warm we stayed (out) in the garden until ten that night. 那天晚上天气很暖和，我们一直在花园里待到十点钟。
• Put a lid on the pan so the food will stay hot. 盖上锅盖，这样食物就不会冷掉了。
• The shops stay open until 9 o' clock. 商店一直营业到九点。
• They stayed friends after their divorce. 他们离婚后仍然是朋友。
[steɪ] verb
LIVE 生活
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to live or be in a place for a short time as a visitor 暂住；逗留
• I stayed in Montreal for two weeks then flew home. 我在蒙特瑞留了两周，然后搭飞机回家。
• They said they'd stay at/in a hotel. 他们说他们会住在饭店里。
• The children usually stay with their grandparents for a week in the summer. 夏天孩子们通常到爷爷奶奶那里住上一周。
stay overnight (also stay the night)
■to sleep somewhere for one night 过夜，留宿
• We've arranged to stay overnight at my sister's house. 我们商量好在我姐姐家住一宿。
  Common Learner Errors  stayWarning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about the town/country/region you are visiting , don't say 'stay at/to/on', say stay in : We stayed in Rome for three nights. To talk about the building where you stay during your visit, remember to use the preposition in or at : We stayed in a nice hotel in the city centre. I stayed at my brother's house. To talk about the person or people you are visiting, don't say 'stay at/in', say stay with : We stayed with a very nice host family.
[steɪ] verb
here to stay
■If something is here to stay, it has stopped being unusual and has become generally used or accepted 已被广泛使用；已为大多数人所接受
• Blogging is here to stay. 写博客已经广泛流行。
[steɪ] verb
stay on the sidelines
■If you stay on the sidelines, you are not an important part of what is happening. 当旁观者，是局外人
[steɪ] verb
stay put
■to remain in the same place or position 留在原地；留在原来的位置
• Just stay put with the cases, while I go and find a taxi. 你留在这里看箱子，我去叫计程车。
[steɪ] verb
stay the course
■to continue doing something until it is finished or until you achieve something you have planned to do 坚持到底
• She interviewed slimmers who had failed to stay the course to find out why they had given up. 她访问了半途而废的减肥者，想找出他们放弃的原因。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay behind
■to not leave a place when other people leave 留下不走
• I stayed behind after class. 下课后我留下没走。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay in
 ADVANCED
■to stay in your home 留在家里，不出门
• Let's stay in tonight and watch a video. 我们今天晚上留在家里看部影片吧。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay on
■to continue to be in a place, job or school after the other people who were with you have left 留下继续（工作、学习等）
• Gill decided to stay on at university to do further research. 吉尔决定留在大学继续深造。
• We asked him to stay on as youth leader for another year. 我们请他再担任一年青年协会会长。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually + adv/prep] stay out
 ADVANCED
■to not come home at night, or to go home late 在外过夜；晚归
• Our cat usually stays out at night. 我们家的猫通常在外面过夜。
• My mum won't let me stay out late. 我妈妈不准我晚上太晚回家。
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay out of sth
 ADVANCED
■to not become involved in an argument or discussion 不介入，置身于…之外
• It's better to stay out of their arguments. 最好别卷进他们的争论之中。
• You don't know anything about this, so just stay out of it ! 这件事你毫不知情，所以别去凑热闹！
[steɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  stay up
 ADVANCED
■to go to bed later than usual 熬夜，深夜不睡
• We stayed up (late) to watch a film. 我们熬夜看了部电影。
[steɪ] noun
VISIT 探望
countable
■a period of time that you spend in a place 停留时间，逗留时间
• She planned a short stay at/in a hotel to celebrate their anniversary. 她计划在饭店小住一段时间，庆祝他们的结婚纪念日。
[steɪ] noun
stay of execution, deportation, etc. legal
■an order by a judge which stops a judgment being performed until new information can be considered 缓期执行死刑／驱逐出境等
stay, remain, linger
这组词都有“停留，逗留”的意思，其区别是：
stay: 普通用词，多指人在某地暂时逗留。有时可指较长时间的居留。
remain: 指某人或某物仍留在原处或保持原来的状态。
linger: 着重因愉快的事而使人不愿离开。
vi. 停留；坚持；暂住；停下
 - visit, abide
vt. 坚持；暂住；抑制
 - tough, control, restrain
n. 逗留；停止； [建] 支柱
 - leg, visit, stop, backbone, stand

Word: team
Front: team
[ti:m] (中高研四六托雅 307/427 -K5)
Vocabulary: team
(once / 46 pages)
nv
If you're part of a frisbee team, you're part of a group of people who cooperate to throw a plastic disc around. It's neat.
Two or more of people working together on a single task can be called a team, whether that's an informal team or a professional one. The two horses that pull your carriage are a team, and the guys you play soccer with on Saturday mornings are also a team. Team can also be a verb, meaning "to join forces." If you want to beautify your town, team up with local people to paint a mural for the community.
WORD FAMILY
team: teamed, teaming, teams, teamster+/teamster: teamsters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Chris Carson, president of the League of Women Voters, said Ryan should be ashamed of himself and his leadership team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
OVERREACTION: The Falcons are the team nobody wants to play in the playoffs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 队，组; 团队; 工作组; （野鸭等）群，同胎仔
vi. 协同工作; 合作; 把（牛马等）联套在车上
时态：teamed, teaming, teams
分布：队(85%)，组(11%)，团队的(3%)，结成一队(1%)
→来自古英语 team,分娩，后代，家族，种族，来自 Proto-Germanic*taumaz,拉出，引导，来自 deuk,拉出，引申，词源同 duct,duke,tow.后引申词义团队，队伍。
n.小队,小组v.协同工作The football team stopped the steam stream with beams.足球队用横杆堵住了蒸汽流.
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■a number of people or animals who do something together as a group 队，组，班
• a basketball/hockey/netball team 篮球队／曲棍球队／女子无挡板篮球队
• a team of investigators 调查组
■used in a number of phrases which refer to people working together as a group in order to achieve something （用于一些短语中）集体合作
• It was a real team effort - everyone contributed something to the success of the project. 这完全是集体努力的结果——每个人都为这个专案计划的成功作出了贡献。
[ti:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  team up
■to join another person, or form a group with other people, in order to do something together 结成一队；合作
• They teamed up for a charity performance. 他们集合起来，举行了一场义演。
n. 队；组
 - group, crew, suit
vt. 使合作
 - partner
vi. 合作
 - work together, co-operate

Word: attempt
Front: attempt
[əˈtempt] (高研四六托雅 1227/740 -K5)
Vocabulary: attempt
(once / 35 pages)
1vn 2n
To attempt is to make an effort. You may attempt to read a book, but if you fail, no harm. If you attempt to jump from one building to the next and fail . . . . Ouch.
The word attempt can also be used as a noun. It's an honest effort to do something. Your attempt to bake a birthday cake may look like a disaster, but the birthday boy will appreciate the effort anyway. The noun attempt can also mean an attack on a person or place, but in this case, it's best to hope that the attempt is not on your life. And never, ever attempt that sort of thing at home!
WORD FAMILY
attempt: attempted, attempter, attempting, attempts+/attempter: attempters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Slowly, a pinch of doubt about the bold move that Duncan was attempting bubbled to the surface.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kaaya leaves Miami as the school’s career record-holder in yards, completions and attempts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
‘We are seeing new attempts by China to acquire companies and technology based on their government’s interests—not commercial objectives.’
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 试图; 尝试
n. 进攻; 尝试，冲击
时态：attempted, attempting, attempts
分布：尝试(50%)，试图(32%)，企图(18%)
→前缀at-同ad-. -tempt, 同tend, 倾向。鼻音m,n音变。
尝试,企图(at一再+tempt→一再尝试)[tempt=try,表示"尝试"]
vt.企图,试图n.努力,尝试,企图The empty empire's emperor made an attempt to tempt the contemptuous man.空虚帝国的皇帝试图诱惑那个轻蔑的人.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to try to do something, especially something difficult 努力，尝试（尤指做难事）
• [+ to infinitive] He attempted to escape through a window. 他企图跳窗逃跑。
• He attempted a joke, but no one laughed. 他开了个玩笑，试图调和气氛，但没有一个人笑。
• There's no point in even attempting an explanation - he'll never listen. 试图去解释是毫无意义的——他根本不会听。
[ə'tempt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you try to do something, especially something difficult （尤指为完成难事而进行的）努力，尝试
• [+ to infinitive] She made a few half-hearted attempts to join in their conversation. 他们谈话时，她半心半意地插了几句话。
• He made no attempt to be sociable. 他不合群，也不试图去改变这一点。
• This is my second attempt at the exam. 这是我第二次去参加那个考试。
• None of our attempts at contacting Dr James was successful. 我们多次试图和詹姆斯博士取得联络，但都未能成功。
• They closed the road in an attempt (= to try to) to reduce traffic in the city. 他们封闭了道路，试图减少城里的交通流量。
an attempt on sb's life
■an act of trying to kill someone 谋杀（某人的）企图
• This is the third attempt on the President's life this year. 这是今年第三次有人企图刺杀总统。
attempt, try, endeavour, strive
这些动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
attempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
endeavour: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。
strive: 和endeavour一样，表示付出巨大努力，但strive侧重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。
n. 企图，试图；攻击
 - essay, attack, push
vt. 企图，试图；尝试
 - undertake, offer, sample, purpose, essay

Word: liberal
Front: liberal
[ˈlɪbərəl] (研四六托雅 1993/1737 -4)
Vocabulary: liberal
(once / 111 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
A liberal is someone on the left wing of politics — the opposite of a conservative. Also, a liberal attitude toward anything means more tolerance for change.
There are many meanings for liberal, but they mostly have to do with freedom and openness to change. A teacher with a liberal policy toward attendance is going to be forgiving of missed days. A bank with a liberal attitude toward your money would probably be bad: some things are awful if they're loose and free. But no one will give you a hard time if you use a liberal amount of catsup on your fries.
WORD FAMILY
liberal: illiberal, liberalise, liberalism, liberality, liberalize, liberally, liberalness, liberals, neoliberal+/ illiberal: illiberality, illiberally/illiberality: illiberalities/liberalise: liberalisation, liberalised, liberalising/ liberalism: liberalisms, liberalist, liberalistic, neoliberalism/liberalist: liberalists/liberality: liberalities/ liberalization: liberalizations/ liberalize: liberalization, liberalized, liberalizes, liberalizing/neoliberal: neoliberals
USAGE EXAMPLES
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe he hopes Mr. Putin will see him as a kindred spirit: Big hombre, instinctive nationalist, zero use for liberals and their pieties.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Some rightwing outlets interpreted the row as evidence of liberal overreach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自由主义者; 自由党党员
adj. 开明的; 自由的; 慷慨的; 不拘泥的
分布：自由主义者(36%)，自由主义的(27%)，开明的(18%)，慷慨的(11%)，大方的(5%)，开明的人(3%)
→来自leu-dhero,来自*leu,人民，自由人，词源同eleutherian,自由人的，-dhero,工具格后缀，引申词义自由的，开明的，大方的，无私的，高贵的。现主要用于自由的，词义演变比较frank.
自由的;慷慨的(liber+al)[liber=free,表示"自由"]
a.慷慨的,大方的;富足的;自由的,思想开放的The church has become more liberal in this century.本世纪教会变得不那么守旧了.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
SOCIETY 社会
 ADVANCED
■respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由开放的，开放的，开明的
• a liberal society/attitude 自由开放的社会／态度
• Her parents were far more liberal than mine. 她父母比我父母开明得多。
Opposite illiberal or intolerant
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
POLITICS 政治
 ADVANCED
■(of a political party or a country) believing in or allowing more personal freedom and a development towards a fairer sharing of wealth and power within society （指政党或国家）自由的，开放的
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
GENEROUS 慷慨的 formal
■giving or given in a generous way 慷慨的，大方的，毫不吝啬的
• He was very liberal with the wine. 对于酒他毫不吝啬。
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT EXACT 不确切的
■not exact; without attention to or interest in detail 不确切的，模糊的，笼统的
• a liberal interpretation of the law 对法律的笼统解释
UK ['lɪb.ər.əl/ UK [-rəl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable UK [ˈlɪb.ər.əl]
    UK [-rəl] US [-ə˞-/
■someone who respects many different types of beliefs or behaviour 自由主义者
• He's a good old-fashioned liberal. 他是个老式的自由主义者。
adj. 自由主义的；慷慨的；不拘泥的；宽大的
 - generous, handsome
n. 自由主义者
 - latitudinarian

Word: majority
Front: majority
[məˈdʒɒrəti] (高研四六托雅 1085/989 -K4)
Vocabulary: majority
(once / 108 pages)
1n 2n
Majority means “most of,” or the biggest part. Does the majority of what owls eat — mice, rats, squirrels, moles — sound appetizing to you? If not, you’re probably in the majority of people.
In an election, victory usually goes to whoever wins the majority of votes, or more than half of them. The opposite of majority is minority. A majority of the more than one billion Roman Catholics in the world live in Latin America; a small minority of all Roman Catholics live in Asia.
WORD FAMILY
majority: majorities+/ major: majored, majoring, majority, majorly, majors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Separate events in both chambers will be held on Tuesday, leaving both the House and Senate with substantial Republican majorities.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Under the Reid rules, President Obama needed only a simple majority to get his nominees through, not the 60 votes to stop a GOP filibuster.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Fabian Society said securing an overall majority was "currently unthinkable" for Labour.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 多数; （获胜的）票数; 成年; 法定年龄
分布：多数(60%)，大多数(37%)，多数派(2%)，多数党(1%)
→来自major,主要的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义大多数等。
大多数(major主要的+ity)[maj=great,表示"大,伟大"]
n.多数,大多数,成年,法定年龄The majority of Chinese people have bicycles.中国大多数人都有自行车.
US [-'dʒɑ:.rə.tˌi] noun
NUMBER 数目
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the larger number or part of something 大多数，大部分
• The majority of the employees have university degrees. 大部分员工都有大学文凭。
• A large majority of people approve of the death sentence. 大多数人赞成死刑。
• In Britain women are in the/a majority. 在英国，妇女占多数。
Compare minority
countable
■in an election, the difference in the number of votes between the winning person or group and the one that comes second 多数票（选举中胜者与第二名之间的选票差额）
• The Socialists won by a narrow/large majority. 社会党党员获得的票数稍微／远远超出对手，在选举中获胜。
UK [mə'dʒɒr.ə.ti] US [-'dʒɑ:.rə.tˌi] noun
AGE 年龄
uncountable specialized
■the age when you legally become an adult 成年；成年的法定年龄
• the age of majority 法定成年年龄
• She will inherit her father's estate when she reaches her majority. 她到法定年龄时将继承父亲的遗产。
majority, most
majority: 只能修饰可数名词,  the majority of people
most: 可数不可数均可
n. 多数；成年
 - plurality, multitude

Word: game
Front: game
[geɪm] (中高 273/464 -K5)
Vocabulary: game
(once / 27 pages)
1nadjv 2n 3n 4n 5adj
A game is a contest or pastime. Football, checkers, Monopoly, volleyball, Ms. Pacman — they're all fun games to play.
Some games are simple, like Connect Four or Tic Tac Toe. Others are played for millions of dollars, like professional basketball. Games usually have winners and losers, and people play them because they're fun. Other meanings of this word have less to do with playing: If you're a salesperson, you could say you're in the sales game. Wild animals that you hunt and eat are called game. And being game can mean you have disabled feet or legs.
WORD FAMILY
game: gamed, gamely, gameness, games, gamest, gamey, gaming, gamy+/gaming: gamings/gamy: gamier, gamiest, gamily, gaminess
USAGE EXAMPLES
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Mustangs dropped two of three games at the Boo Williams Christmas Classic in Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He played in two games, then the pain in his Achilles’ tendons flared back up and forced him to the sidelines again.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 游戏，运动; 比赛，竞赛; 诡计; 猎物
adj. 受伤的，瘸的; 对…有兴趣的; 雄赳赳的; 关于野味的
v. 打赌，赌输赢; 赌输
时态：gamed, gaming, games
分布：游戏(53%)，比赛(39%)，一场比赛(4%)，猎物(1%)，运动会(1%)，勇敢的(1%)，花招(1%)
→来自古英语前缀ge-, 一起，词源同com-, cum. man, 人。即一群人在一起玩乐，在古代特别指打猎，行猎。
n.游戏,娱乐;比赛;(pl.)运动会vi.赌博The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
noun
FUN ACTIVITY/SPORT 有趣的活动／运动
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an entertaining activity or sport, especially one played by children, or the equipment needed for such an activity （尤指儿童玩的）游戏，运动；游戏用具，运动器具
• a board game 棋类游戏
• indoor/computer games 室内娱乐活动／电脑游戏
• The children played a game of cops and robbers. 孩子们玩官兵捉强盗的游戏
• I told the children to put their toys and games away. 我告诉孩子们把玩具和游戏用品收拾好。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular competition, match or occasion when people play a game （一项）游戏，运动，比赛
• a game of chess/tennis/baseball 国际象棋／网球／棒球比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one part of a competition in activities such as tennis （网球比赛等中的）一局，一盘，一场
• I won the first game, and then lost the next two. 我赢了第一局，但是后两局都输掉了。
games [plural] UK
■organized sports activities that children do at school 体育课
• the games teacher 体育老师
• It's games this afternoon. 今天下午上体育课。
■an organized competition consisting of several different sports events 运动会
• the Olympic/Commonwealth Games 奥林匹克／英联邦运动会
uncountable
■the way in which a person plays a particular sport 比赛（或游戏）使用的方法；比赛（或游戏）技巧
• Susan is playing golf every day to try to improve her game. 苏珊每天打高尔夫努力提高球技。
only singular
■something that is not treated seriously 儿戏，游戏
• Love is just a game to him. 爱情对他而言只是场游戏。
[geɪm] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
only singular informal
■an illegal or secret activity 非法活动；秘密勾当
only singular old-fashioned informal
■a type of business activity 行业；行当
• I'm in the stocks and shares game. 我干股票交易这一行。
on the game UK informal
■working as a prostitute 卖淫；当妓女
• She went on the game to pay for her drug habit. 她靠卖淫赚钱满足毒瘾。
■US informal
■involved in illegal activities 参与非法活动
[geɪm] noun
ANIMALS 动物
uncountable
■wild animals and birds that are hunted for food or sport 野味；野禽；猎物
• game birds 供捕猎的鸟
[geɪm] noun
be ahead of the game
■to know more about the most recent developments in a particular subject or activity than the people or companies you are competing against 比竞争对手消息灵通（对某一特定事物或行动的最新动态更了解）
• A very extensive research and development programme ensures that we're ahead of the game. 一项范围十分广泛的研发计划可以确保我们的领先地位。
[geɪm] noun
be new to this game
■to be involved in an activity or situation that you have not experienced before 刚刚涉足；生疏；不熟悉
[geɪm] noun
the game is up
■used to tell someone that you know what their secret activities or plans are and they cannot continue 事已败露；戏该收场
• Okay, you two, the game's up! Give me the cigarettes - this time I'm telling your parents. 好了，你俩，狐狸尾巴露出来了！把烟给我——这回我可要告诉你们的父母了。
[geɪm] noun
the games (that) people play
■the ways in which people behave in order to get an advantage 使用计谋；耍花招
• Not telling the whole truth is one of the games that people play. 不告诉别人全部真相是人们使用的伎俩之一。
[geɪm] noun
give the game away informal
■to spoil a surprise or a joke by telling someone something that should have been kept secret 泄露秘密，露馅，露马脚，穿帮
• It's a secret, so don't give the game away, will you? 这是个秘密，别告诉别人，好不好？
[geɪm] noun
Is the game worth the candle ? UK
■said when you are not certain whether it is really worth making a great effort to get something 这值得吗？（当不确定是否值得做某事时说的话）
[geɪm] noun
What's your game? UK informal
■something you ask when you want to know what someone is doing or secretly planning to do 你在玩甚么把戏？你在搞甚么鬼？
• The porter saw me climbing over the wall and shouted "Hey you, what's your game?" 守门人看到我翻墙，大声叫道：“哎，你在搞甚么鬼？”
[geɪm] adjective
■willing to do things that are new, risky or difficult 愿意尝试的；有冒险精神的
• It was a difficult challenge, but Roberta was game. 这是个难度很高的挑战，但是罗伯塔很乐于尝试一下。
• She's game for anything. 任何事情她都愿意尝试。
match, game
这组词都有“比赛”的意思，其区别是：
match: 多指重要的，参加队数较多的大型比赛。
game: 指决定胜负的比赛，多以个人对抗或集体对抗形式根据一定的规则进行。
athletics, sport, game
这组词都有“体育运动”的意思，其区别是：
athletics: 集合名词，常指需要体力与技术的sports与games，特指跳高、跑等竞技项目。
sport: 含义比athletics广泛，指各种形式的体育运动，尤指户外的如游泳、钓鱼、划船、登山等运动。
game: 主要指决定胜负的游戏、比赛，通常有一定的规则，参加者必须遵守，如蓝球、足球等。也作“运动会”解。
n. 游戏；比赛
 - competition, play, sport, tournament, match
adj. 勇敢的
 - brave, stronghearted
vi. 赌博
 - gamble, shake the elbows

Word: struggle
Front: struggle
[ˈstrʌgl] (高研四六托 1669/2047 -K4)
Vocabulary: struggle
(once / 53 pages)
nv
Something that can only be accomplished with great effort is said to be a struggle. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader in the Civil Rights struggle. Alice Paul was a leader in the struggle for a woman's right to vote.
The verb form of struggle can be used for physical or mental effort. A police officer might struggle trying to detain a criminal or a student may struggle with a difficult algebra problem. If you scramble and climb awkwardly up something, you can also use the verb struggle to describe the action: "They struggled up the icy hill over and over again, so they could keep sledding."
WORD FAMILY
struggle: struggled, struggler, struggles, struggling+/struggler: strugglers/struggling: strugglingest, strugglingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Opposition leaders said they were not celebrating the prime minister’s legal struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 搏斗; 奋斗; 努力; 争取
n. 打斗; 竞争; 奋斗
时态：struggled, struggling, struggles
分布：斗争(55%)，奋斗(16%)，努力(13%)，挣扎(12%)，竞争(4%)
→来自中古英语 struglen,努力，斗争，进一步词源不详，可能与 strive 有词源上的联系。-le, 表反复。
n./v.斗争,奋斗,努力The instructor struggled to say, "The structure of the construction led to the destruction."教师挣扎着说:"建筑物的构造导致这场毁灭."
verb
EFFORT 努力
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something 奋斗，努力，拼搏
• [+ to infinitive] The dog had been struggling to get free of the wire noose. 那只狗一直拼命想挣脱金属套索。
• I've been struggling to understand this article all afternoon. 我琢磨了整整一个下午，想弄懂这篇文章的意思。
• Fish struggle for survival when the water level drops in the lake. 湖水水位下降时，鱼会拼命挣扎求生。
struggle along/through/out, etc.
■to move somewhere with great effort 沿…艰难行进／奋力通过／艰难地从…中挣扎出来等
• He struggled along the rough road holding his son. 他抱着儿子在崎岖不平的路上艰难行进。
• By this time he'd managed to struggle out of bed. 此时他已经挣扎着下了床。
intransitive informal
■to be in danger of failing or being defeated 有失败的危险，苦苦挣扎
• After the first half, United were really struggling at 1-3 down. 上半场过后，联队1比3落后，形势危急。
['strʌg.l] verb
FIGHT 打斗
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to fight, especially with your hands 打斗，争斗；（尤指）扭打
• He struggled with his attacker who then ran off. 他和袭击他的人扭打起来，后来那个人跑了。
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to use a lot of effort to defeat someone, prevent something, or achieve something 斗争，抗争
• For years she struggled with/against the establishment to get her theories accepted. 她与传统势力抗争多年，力图使自己的学说得到认可。
['strʌg.l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  struggle on
■to continue dealing with a difficult situation or to continue doing something difficult 竭力坚持下去，勉强维持
• When Bobbie leaves, we'll have to struggle on until we find a replacement. 鲍比离开后，我们得努力坚持下去，直到找到接替他的人为止。
['strʌg.l] noun countable
EFFORT 努力
 IMPROVER
■a very difficult task that you can do only by making a great effort 奋斗，努力，拼搏
• It was a terrible struggle for him to accept her death. 他经过一番痛苦的挣扎才接受了她已死的事实。
• The people of this country will continue in their struggle for independence. 这个国家的人民将会继续为争取独立而奋斗。
• [+ to infinitive] She never gave up the struggle to have her son freed from prison. 她从未放弃将儿子营救出狱的努力。
• It's going to be an uphill struggle (= very difficult) to get your ideas accepted. 要使人们接受你的想法将会非常困难。
['strʌg.l] noun countable
FIGHT 打斗
 IMPROVER
■a physical or mental fight 争斗（身体或精神的争斗）
• a struggle with an armed robber 和持械劫匪的搏斗
• the struggle between good and evil 善恶之争
• Clearly there will be a power struggle within the party. 很明显，党内将出现一场权力之争。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
trouble, struggle, pains, effort, endeavour
这组词都有“努力”的意思，其区别是：
trouble: 和pains均侧重在面临困难或阻力时所作的努力，但强调在努力时的细心和谨慎，相比之下，pains更适合表示尽力的努力。
struggle: 指为克服困难或阻力所作的努力，也指因决心、意志或干劲而产生的极大努力。
effort: 通常指完成某特定任务所需付出的或大或小的努力，可指一次的努力，也可指坚持不懈的努力。
endeavour: 指持久的，坚持不懈的，甚至是终身的努力，强调努力的认真与决心。
vi. 奋斗，努力；挣扎
 - apply oneself, labor
n. 努力，奋斗；竞争
 - effort, competition, pain, trial, war

Word: approach
Front: approach
[əˈprəʊtʃ] (高研四六托雅宝 750/583 -K4)
Vocabulary: approach
(once / 42 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn
To approach is to get near something. An airplane is cleared for a final approach just as the wheels approach the landing strip.
Approach comes from the Latin word appropriare which means "go nearer to." You can physically approach something, like a waiter going to a table. Or, you can approach a subject, usually one you're a little nervous about — like a new employee might approach her boss about getting a raise. Time can also approach, like winter, midnight, or even old age.
WORD FAMILY
approach: approachable, approached, approaches, approaching+/ approachable: approachability, approachably, unapproachable /approaching: approachings/ unapproachable: unapproachability, unapproachably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Other approaches focus on netting drones, either via bigger drones or by guns firing a net and a parachute via compressed gas.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Harper might be the best, especially if he approaches his 2015 MVP production over the next two years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The party now looks set for a split with both groups approaching the Election Commission to claim the SP's poll symbol, the bicycle.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 接近，走近，靠近
vt. 接近; 着手处理; 使移近; 试图贿赂（或影响，疏通）
n. 方法; 途径; 接近
vi. 靠近
时态：approached, approaching, approaches
分布：方法(71%)，接近(11%)，途径(9%)，靠近(4%)，接洽(2%)，要求(2%)，达到(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根pro, 向前，同approximate, 大约。
接近近路,方法(ap一再+proach接近)[proach=near,表示"接近"]
v.靠近,接近n.接近;途径,入门;方式,方法We are approaching the hall entrance.我们正走近大厅入口.
【记】ap一再，proach接近－靠近
【参】approachable（adj 可接近的，随和的）；reproach（v 指责）
US [-'proʊtʃ] verb
COME NEAR 靠近
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to come near or nearer to something or someone in space, time, quality or amount 靠近；接近；临近
• We could just see the train approaching in the distance. 我们刚好能看到火车从远处驶来。
• If you look out of the window on the left of the bus, you'll see that we're now approaching the Tower of London. 如果你从公车左侧的视窗望出去，就可以看到我们正在驶向伦敦塔。
• I see it's approaching lunchtime, so let's take a break. 午餐时间快到了，我们休息一下吧。
• In my opinion, no other composers even begin to approach (= come near in quality to) Mozart. 我认为，任何作曲家和莫劄特相比，都难以望其项背。
• The total amount raised so far is approaching (= almost) $1000. 目前筹集到的金额总数将近1000美元了。
• He's very active for a man approaching 80 (= who is almost 80 years old). 对于一个年近80的老人来说，他精力旺盛。
UK [ə'prəʊtʃ] US [-'proʊtʃ] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ADVANCED transitive
■to deal with something 着手处理；对付
• I'm not sure how to approach the problem. 怎样处理这个问题，我没有把握。
UK [ə'prəʊtʃ] US [-'proʊtʃ] verb
COMMUNICATE 沟通
 ADVANCED transitive
■to speak to, write to, or visit someone in order to do something such as make a request or business agreement 接洽；交涉；找…商谈；要求
• We've just approached the bank for/about a loan. 我们刚刚联络银行要求贷款。
• She's been approached by a modelling agency. 一家模特儿经纪公司曾与她接洽过。
UK [ə'prəʊtʃ] US [-'proʊtʃ] noun
DEALING WITH 处理
 IMPROVER countable
■a way of considering or doing something （思考问题的）方式，方法，态度
• Since our research so far has not produced any answers to this problem, we need to adopt a different approach to it. 到目前为止，我们还没有研究出任何解决这一问题的方法，所以我们需要换一种思路了。
• I've just read an interesting book which has a new approach to Shakespeare. 我刚读了一本非常有趣的书，它提供了一种对莎士比亚作品的全新解读方式。
• Michael is always very logical in his approach. 麦克的处事方法一向非常合情合理。
UK [ə'prəʊtʃ] US [-'proʊtʃ] noun
COMING NEAR 靠近
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■when something or someone gets nearer in distance or time 靠近；接近；临近
• The siren signalled the approach of an ambulance. 警笛声显示一辆救护车正在驶来。
• Many kinds of birds fly south at the approach of winter. 很多鸟在冬天来临之际飞向南方。
• Please fasten your seat belts, the plane is now making its final approach (in)to (= is coming near to and preparing to land at) Heathrow. 请系好安全带，飞机马上就要在希斯洛机场降落。
■a route that leads to a place 通道，路径，路线
• There is a very steep approach to the house. 有一条很陡峭的路通往那间房子。
• We got stuck in a traffic jam on the approach road. 我们遇上塞车，被堵在引道上了。
the closest/nearest approach to sth mainly UK
■the most similar thing to something else that is mentioned 与…最近似（或相似）的事物
• That's the nearest approach to an apology you're going to get from Paula. 你别想从宝拉那里得到真正的道歉，她那样做就已经是很不错了。
UK [ə'prəʊtʃ] US [-'proʊtʃ] noun
COMMUNICATION 沟通
countable
■an act of communicating with another person or group in order to ask for something 接洽；要求；商谈
• The hospital is making approaches to local businesses (= asking them to help) in their bid to raise money. 为了筹款，医院正在同当地的公司商谈，请求他们解囊认捐。
• I hear that Everton have made an approach to (= an attempt to make a business arrangement with) Arsenal to buy one of their players. 我听说埃弗顿队跟兵工厂队进行过接洽，意欲出钱转入他们的一名球员。
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 方法；途径；接近
 - method, way, system, mechanism, medium
vt. 接近；着手处理
 - border, go on for
vi. 靠近
 - come near to, draw near

Word: near
Front: near
[nɪə(r)] (中高 706/726 -K5)
Vocabulary: near
(once / 12 pages)
1advadjv 2adj 3adj
Things that are near are close by or recent. From far away, a hawk might look like a speck in the sky, but when it comes near, you can see how enormous and beautiful it is.
When you stand near the food at a party, you're very close to it. When the time for your dentist appointment draws near, it's happening soon. If you find yourself near tears watching a sad movie, you're just about to cry. And, if your backpack is a near match to your friend's, you probably accidentally grab each other's bags all the time, since they resemble each other so closely.
WORD FAMILY
near: neared, nearest, nearing, nearly, nearness, nears+/ nearly: nearlys/nearness: nearnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The truck was stopped in a roadway near the entrance to the driveway of Gratton’s Georgia home.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
I shiver in my paper gown, sitting near a table with glossy magazines.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Gordon followed with a layup from an offensive rebound, and the Rockets comfortably led by 10 near the final minute.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. （空间）在近处; 在附近; （时间）临近; （程度）几乎
prep. （表示程度）接近; （表示位置）靠近; （表示时间）将近; 接近于（某种状态）
adj. 近的; 亲密的; 近似; （亲属关系）近亲
时态：neared, nearing, nears
分布：附近(55%)，近的(16%)，靠近(11%)，接近(10%)，临近(3%)，几乎(2%)，在附近(2%)，濒临(1%)
→来自古英语near,更近的，来自neah，现拼作nigh,接近，-ar,比较级后缀。
a.近的,接近的;亲近的prep.靠近ad.接近The Post Office is very near,you can walk there.邮局很近,你可以走着去.
US [nɪr] adverb preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in distance （离…）不远，靠近（地）
• Is there a train station near here? 这附近有火车站吗？
• I'd like to sit near a window, please. 请给我一个靠窗的座位。
• Don't come too near me - you might catch my cold. 别离我太近——我会把感冒传染给你的。
• The hotel is near the airport. 旅馆离机场不远。
• Which bus stop is nearest (to) your house? 哪个公车站离你家最近？
• I was standing just near enough to hear what they were saying. 我站的位置刚好能听清楚他们在说甚么。
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in time （时间上）接近（地），临近（地）
• As the date of his operation drew near, he became more and more anxious. 随着手术日期日益临近，他越来越焦虑了。
• Her birthday was getting nearer and I still hadn't bought her a present. 她的生日越来越近，可我还没给她买礼物。
• UK We can decide which route to take nearer the time. 到时候我们再决定走哪条路线。
 ESSENTIAL
■almost in a particular state or condition （情况）接近（地），濒临
• The runners looked near exhaustion. 赛跑的人看起来快要筋疲力尽了。
• I was near (to) tears (= almost cried) at one point during the film. 电影演到一个地方，我差点哭了出来。
nowhere near
 ADVANCED
■not close in distance, time, amount or quality （距离、时间、数量或质量）远远没有，远非
• The house was nowhere near the sea. 这座房子离海边很远。
• It's nowhere near time for us to leave yet. 离我们走的时间还早呢。
• I'm nowhere near finishing the book - I'm only half-way through it. 距离我读完这本书还早着呢——我才看完一半。
• He's nowhere near as tall as his sister. 他比他姐姐矮多了。
near enough informal
■almost 几乎，差不多
• They're the same age or near enough. 他们年龄接近。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adverb preposition
near at hand
■If something is near at hand, it is near enough to you for you to reach it 近在手边的；近在咫尺
• I like to have my books near at hand when I'm working. 我喜欢工作时把书放在伸手可及的地方。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■not far away in distance, time, characteristics or quality （距离、时间、特性或质量）近的，接近的
• Where's the nearest post office? 最近的邮局在哪里？
• My pocket knife is the nearest thing (= the most similar thing) to a weapon that I have. 我的小折刀是我身上最近似武器的东西了。
• I couldn't get any cream cheese so I bought the nearest equivalent (= the most similar thing) that I could find. 我买不到奶油起司，所以买了能找到的最近似的代替品。
■UK
■Your near relatives are those who are closely related to you, such as your parents, brothers or sisters. 近亲的
in the near future
■at a time which is not far away 在不久将来
• All our computer equipment will be replaced in the near future. 我们所有的电脑设备在不久的将来会被更换。
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] adjective [before noun]
your nearest and dearest humorous
■your family, especially those that you live with or are very involved with 至亲，至爱
UK [nɪər] US [nɪr] verb intransitive or transitive
■to get close to something in distance, time or state 靠近；临近；接近
• I'm pleased to say the project is nearing completion. 我很高兴宣布这项工程即将竣工。
• As the wedding day neared, I started to have second thoughts about getting married. 随着婚期日益临近，我开始对结婚犹豫起来。
• The captain switched on the seat belt sign as we neared the airport. 当我们靠近机场时，机长开启了安全带信号灯。
near, nearby, close
这组词都有“接近的”的意思，其区别是：
near: 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无“紧接，接触”的含义。
nearby: 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close: 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
adj. 近的；亲近的；近似的
 - familiar, close
adv. 近；接近
 - rising, forbye
prep. 靠近；近似于
 - next, anigh

Word: computer
Front: computer
[kəmˈpju:tə(r)] (中高雅 589/580 -K4)
Vocabulary: computer
(once / 209 pages)
n
Unless you're living in a cave cut off from humanity, you've seen these electronic machines with a screen, keyboard, and brain that stores massive amounts of information. Computers are ubiquitous in offices, airports, schools...even caves cut off from humanity.
Though computers are a thoroughly modern invention, the root word that gave them their name dates all the way back to Roman times. Tech geeks dreamed up computer by embellishing the English word compute, which means to calculate. Compute, in turn, comes from Latin com- "with" and putare "to reckon." So, your computer is a device that helps you reckon — or think. It also comes in handy for email and every type of entertainment imaginable.
WORD FAMILY
computer: computerise, computerize, computers, microcomputer, supercomputer+/ computable: incomputable/ computation: computational, computations/ computational: computationally/ compute: computable, computation, computed, computer, computes, computing /computerise: computerised/computerize: computerization, computerized, computerizes, computerizing/microcomputer: microcomputers/supercomputer: supercomputers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He organized state computer operations into a centralized office - during the early computer era - creating a model that would be used decades later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Customs and Border Patrol computer problems hit several U.S. airports on Monday, causing long lines at immigration checks, airport officials said.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The school’s Hewlett-Packard computers are up to 9 years old.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （电子）计算机，电脑
分布：计算机(54%)，电脑(46%)
计算机(compute+er)[put=think,表示"认为,思考"]
n.计算机,电脑;计算者The computer will save us a lot of time.计算机将使我们省下许多时间.
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an electronic machine which is used for storing, organizing and finding words, numbers and pictures, for doing calculations and for controlling other machines 电脑
• a personal/home computer 个人／家用电脑
• All our customer orders are handled by computer. 我们所有顾客的订单都是用电脑来处理的。
• We've put all our records on computer. 我们把自己所有的纪录都输入了电脑。
• computer software/hardware 电脑软体／硬体
• computer graphics 电脑绘图
• a computer program 电脑程式
n. 计算机； [计] 电脑；电子计算机
 - calculating machine, computing machine

Word: deficit
Front: deficit
[ˈdefɪsɪt] (研六托雅宝 2403/2918 -4)
Vocabulary: deficit
(once / 340 pages)
n
If you're running a deficit, you are losing. You might be losing money or losing a game. Either way, you better make up for it.
When the government runs on a deficit, often the loss can be offset by a raise in taxes. If you have a deficit of iron in your body, you should consider eating more spinach. The word deficit comes from the Latin deficit meaning "it is wanting." A deficit is characterized by the wanting of something missing.
WORD FAMILY
deficit: deficits
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The unemployment rate is distressing; the impoverishment of the population is palpable everywhere; our social protection system is in deficit and is in peril.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The deficit was “no big deal,” Harriott assured his guys, but they’d win only if they played as a team.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 不足额; 赤字; 亏空; 亏损
分布：赤字(78%)，逆差(12%)，亏损(4%)，不足(4%)，亏空(2%)
→de-, 不，非，使相反。-fic, 做，词源同defect, efficient. 即没做好，出现赤字的。
亏空,赤字(de不+fic做+it...做得不够...亏空)[-it 1.表名词,通常是抽象名词2.表名词"…的"]
n.赤字,逆差;亏损,亏空;不足,缺乏The implicit implication about the deficit is not explicit.关于赤字的暗示的暗示不明确.
noun countable
 ADVANCED
■the total amount by which money spent is more than money received 赤字；逆差；亏损
• The country is running a balance-of-payments/budget/trade deficit of $250 million. 该国的收支差额／预算赤字／贸易逆差已达2.5亿美元。
• The UK's deficit in manufactured goods fell slightly in the last three months. 在过去的三个月里，英国制造业的亏损略有好转。
n. [财政] 赤字；不足额
 - red ink

Word: october

Word: july

Word: protest
Front: protest
[ˈprəʊtest] (研四六托雅宝 2835/2229 -K4)
Vocabulary: protest
(once / 89 pages)
nv
A protest is a formal declaration of objection. If students at your school are fed up with the overly restrictive dress code, they might stage a protest. Washington, D.C. is often the site of political protests.
Protest is both a noun and a verb. You've probably seen news about protests, because people all over the world organize them when they need to get a message across urgently. A protest doesn't have to be on the world scale, however. You might protest against eating frozen pizza for the third night in a row, and you've certainly seen a little kid protest against going to bed. When protest is political, it's also known as dissent.
WORD FAMILY
protest: protestant, protestation, protested, protester, protesting, protests+/ protestant: protestantly/protestation: protestations/protester: protesters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Okay, so here’s my question: When did civility become incompatible with protest?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
That is a clear reference, I believe, to our response to the protests at Israel Fest last year.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 抗议; 反对; 申明
时态：protested, protesting, protests
分布：抗议(84%)，反对(12%)，断言(3%)，申明(1%)
→来自拉丁语protestari,公开声明，见证，证实，来自pro-,向前，testari,证实，见证，词源同attest,testament.因通常用于指证实不好的东西，后引申词义抗议，反对。
抗议;坚决声明(pro在前面+test→向前作证→抗议)[test=test,tuitness,表示"测试,证据"]
v./n.主张,断言,抗议,反对The pretty priest protested the contest of protein test.漂亮牧师抗议蛋白质化验赛.
【记】pro前，test检验，测验－提前检验－突然提前高考－抗议！！！
US [proʊˈtest]
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval or opposition 抗议；反对
• Protests have been made/registered by many people who would be affected by the proposed changes. 许多将因拟议改变而受到影响的人举行了抗议活动。
• A formal protest was made by the German team about their disqualification from the relay final. 德国队对他们被取消接力决赛资格一事提出了正式抗议。
• Conservation groups have united in protest against the planned new road. 环境保育组织联合起来，抗议计划建造的新公路。
 ADVANCED countable
■an occasion when people show that they disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc 抗议活动；抗议游行
• a public protest against the war 反战的公开抗议活动
• a peaceful/violent protest 和平／暴力的抗议活动
under protest
■If something is done under protest, it is done unwillingly 不情愿地
• I only went to the meeting under protest. 我去开会是心不甘情不愿的。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [prəˈtest] US [ˈproʊ.test]
 IMPROVER
■to show that you disagree with something by standing somewhere, shouting, carrying signs, etc 抗议；反对
• A big crowd of demonstrators were protesting against cuts in health spending. 一大群示威者在抗议缩减医疗保健费用。
• US Outside, a group of students were protesting research cuts. 外面有一群学生在抗议缩减研究经费。
 IMPROVER
■to say something forcefully or complain about something 声言，断言；控诉；抗议
• A lot of people protested about the new working hours. 许多人对新的工作时间表示抗议。
• They protested bitterly to their employers, but to no avail. 他们向老板表达强烈抗议，但一点用也没有。
• [+ that] A young girl was crying, protesting that she didn't want to leave her mother. 一个小女孩哭闹着，不想跟妈妈分开。
• All through the trial he protested his innocence (= strongly said he was not guilty). 在整个审判期间，他都坚持自己是清白的。
verb intransitive or transitive UK [prəˈtest] US [ˈproʊ.test]
protest too much
■to express an opinion or state a fact so strongly or so often that people start to doubt that you are telling the truth 说得过多反而不可信
• She keeps trying to impress on me how she doesn't fancy him but does she protest too much? 她不停地试图让我觉得她不喜欢他，但她是不是做得太过火了呢？
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
protest, resist, object, oppose
这组词都有“反对”的意思，其区别是：
protest: 一般指通过言语或文字或行为表示出的强烈抗议、反对。
resist: 指用力量或意志抵抗、制止对方的入侵或诱惑、影响等。
object: 多指因厌恶或反感而反对，但不一定明显地表露出来。
oppose: 普通用词，含义广，语气强于object。多指反对一些较重大的事，隐含其正当性。
vi. 抗议；断言
 - exclaim at, take exception to
vt. 抗议；断言
 - declare, aver
n. 抗议
 - obtestation, remonstrance

Word: lack
Front: lack
[læk] (高研四雅 1229/1103 -K4)
Vocabulary: lack
(once / 81 pages)
nv
If you lack something, you need or want something that's missing. When there's a lack of food, people starve.
There are a lot of things lacking in the world. If you have no video games, then you're lacking them. People who are thirsty and starving lack food and water. Many people lack money and health care. A lack of something is the opposite of an abundance of something. If you have plenty of books, then you don't lack them — though you may lack enough time to read them all.
WORD FAMILY
lack: lacked, lacking, lacks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maybe it’s the refreshing lack of jargon, either medical or spiritual.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And some of which are almost identical to the originals but lack the comfort and quality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 缺乏，缺少; 需要的东西
n. 缺乏，不足，没有; 缺少的东西
时态：lacked, lacking, lacks
分布：缺乏(77%)，不足(13%)，无(10%)
→来自leg,滴，渗透，词源同leak.引申词义短缺，缺陷，缺乏。
n./v.缺乏,不足The backward man lacks black background.落后的男子缺少黑色背景.
noun
lack of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■when something is not available or when there is not enough of it 没有…，…匮乏，…短缺
• Her only problem is lack of confidence. 她唯一的问题是缺乏自信。
• Lack of sleep had made him irritable. 睡眠不足令他烦躁易怒。
• If he fails it won't be for/through lack of effort (= he has certainly tried). 他若失败了，那肯定不是因为他努力不够。
• We won't be going on holiday this year - lack of funds, I'm afraid. 今年我们恐怕不会去渡假了——因为没钱。
[læk] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to not have or not have enough of something that is needed or wanted 缺少，缺乏
• He just lacks a little confidence. 他只是有点缺乏自信。
• What we lack in this house is space to store things. 我们这所房子缺少的是储物空间。
• We are lacking three members of staff due to illness. 我们有三人因病缺席。
[læk] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  lack Remember that when lack is a verb it is never followed by 'of'. Don't say 'something lacks of something', say something lacks something :
✗ Our town lacks of a good shopping centre. Our town lacks a good shopping centre.
need, require, lack, want
这组词都有“缺少、短少”的意思，其区别是：
need: 语气较重，指需要必不可少的东西，强调急需。
require: 使用广泛，语气较轻。强调急需时可与need换用，但有时暗示所需的人或物是完成某一任务必不可少的。
lack: 指完全短缺或数量不足。
want: 侧重缺少某种必需之物，或个人渴望得到的东西。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
vt. 缺乏；不足；没有；需要
 - ask, claim
vi. 缺乏；不足；没有
 - fail, low in
n. 缺乏；不足
 - shortage, short of, deficiency, need, drought

Word: re
Front: re
[reɪ] (3625/6108)
Back: prep. 关于
n. [化]元素铼（rhenium）的符号，铼
分布：关于(89%)，长音阶的第二音(11%)
→来自拉丁语 re,关于，就有关事项，来自 res 的离格，来自 res,事情，事物，词源同 real.
noun [S or U]
■the second note of the sol-fa musical scale 长音阶第二音；C大调第二音

Word: chart
Front: chart
[tʃɑ:t] (高研四六托雅 2743/2961 -K3)
Vocabulary: chart
(once / 183 pages)
nv
Whether it's a kind of graph, a map, or even a piece of music, a chart is a visual display of information. As a verb, chart means to make that kind of display.
Some words' meanings grow narrower over the centuries. But in the case of chart, which comes from the French charte and Latin charta, "map," the meanings have grown a lot since the 1500s. Now, chart is a noun meaning any visual index of information, as in "that song is shooting up the charts." It's also still a map, as in "harbor chart." And it's a verb, as in "to chart your progress, make a chart."
WORD FAMILY
chart: charted, charter, charting, chartist, chartless, charts+/charted: uncharted / charter: chartered, chartering, charters/ chartered: unchartered/chartist: chartists
USAGE EXAMPLES
This fall, he sees a greater sense of leadership among the upperclassman and more talent down the depth chart.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
In the top panel of the piece, the artist’s astrology chart overlays an X-ray of his skeleton.
New York Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Join us as we chart the new year being welcomed in across the globe.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 图表; 航海图; 排行榜
vt. 绘制地图; 记录; 记述; 跟踪（进展或发展）
时态：charted, charting, charts
分布：图表(88%)，排行榜(4%)，规划(4%)，绘制地图(3%)，制成图表(1%)
→来自拉丁词charta, 卡片，纸，词源同card,cartel。
图表[card,chart=paper表示"纸片"]
n.图表;航海图;航行图vt.绘图表,制图表The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
DRAWING 图表
 IMPROVER
■a drawing which shows information in a simple way, often using lines and curves to show amounts 图表；示意图；曲线图
• There is a chart on the classroom wall showing the relative heights of all the children. 教室墙上有一张图表，显示出所有孩子的相对身高。
• The sales chart shows a distinct decline in the past few months. 销售图显示在过去几个月里销售量明显下降。
• the TV weather chart 电视气象图
 IMPROVER
■a detailed map of an area of water 海图；航图
• a naval chart 海军航图
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐
the charts
[plural]
■the lists produced each week of the records with the highest sales （每周唱片销量）排行榜
• the dance charts 舞曲排行榜
• It's been number one in the charts for six weeks. 它占据排行榜之首已达六周之久。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] noun countable
off the charts informal
■at a very high level 处于极高水平的
• His blood pressure was off the charts 他的血压高得吓人。
mainly US extremely popular or successful 非常受欢迎的，极成功的
• The new restaurant is totally off the charts. 这家新开的餐厅口碑载道。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] verb
SHOW/FOLLOW 表示
transitive
■to show something on a chart 用图表表示；标示
• We need some sort of graph on which we can chart our progress. 我们需要那种可以在上面标出我们进展的图表。
• The map charts the course of the river where it splits into two. 地图在这条河分成两条支流处标出了水流流向。
transitive
■to watch something with careful attention or to record something in detail 仔细观察；详细纪录
• A global study has just been started to chart the effects of climate change. 一项观察纪录气候变化后果的全球性研究才刚刚起步。
transitive mainly US
■to arrange a plan of action 制定（行动计划）
• The local branch of the party is meeting to chart their election campaign. 该政党的地方分部正开会制定他们的选举活动计划。
UK [tʃɑ:t] US [tʃɑ:rt] verb
MUSIC 音乐
intransitive informal
■to enter the music charts 进榜，上榜
• Their first record didn't even chart. 他们的首张唱片连排行榜都没有进。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
graph, map, chart
这组词都有“地图、图”的意思，其区别是：
graph: 多指用纵横坐标之间关系的曲线表示两个量之间的图表。
map: 指标有国家大小、城市、铁路、河流、山脉、海洋等的地图。
chart: 指航海地图，也指图表。
n. 图表；海图；图纸
 - graph, diagram

Word: town
Front: town
[taʊn] (中高雅 488/433 -K5)
Back: n. 城镇，市镇; 小村庄; 城镇居民; 商业中心
分布：城镇(64%)，城市(32%)，商业区(4%)
→来自古英语 tun,村庄，围场，居住区，来自 Proto-Germanic*tuna,栏杆，围栏，来自 dheue, 围，围住，词源同 down,tune.后用于指城镇，在过去与 city 常混用。
n.市镇;市民;城市商业区,闹市区I prefer the town to the country.我喜欢都市甚于乡下.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a place where people live and work, containing many houses, shops, places of work, places of entertainment, etc., and usually larger than a village but smaller than a city 城镇，市镇
• a seaside/industrial town 海滨／工业城镇
• a fishing/mining town 渔业／矿业城镇
• He was born in the small town of Castleford, in Yorkshire. 他出生于约克郡的卡斯尔福德小镇。
• We stayed in the best hotel in town. 我们住在镇上最好的饭店。
• the main road into/out of town 进／出城的主要公路
⇒ See also downtown;home town;uptown
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the part of a town where the main shops are （市内）商业区，市中心
• I'm going into/to town at lunchtime to do some shopping. 午饭时我要到市区去买些东西。
• I met Charles while I was in town. 我在市区遇见查理斯。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the most important city or town in a country or area （某国或某地区的）中心城市，都会
• We went up to town to see a play. 我们进城去看戏。
• Many people go into town (= New York) from New Jersey on weekends. 许多人周末从新泽西到纽约去。
 IMPROVER uncountable mainly US
■the place where you live or work 居住（或工作）之地
• I'm leaving town for a few days. 我要离开这里几天。
• Barbara is out of town on business this week. 芭芭拉本周出差了。
the town only singular
■a town or city, rather than the countryside 城镇，城市（与乡村相对）
• I've always lived in the town. 我一直住在城里。
[+ sing/pl verb]
■the people who live in the town 全体镇民（或市民）
• The whole town is/are hoping that their football team will win the final tomorrow. 全镇的人都希望本镇的足球队在明天的决赛中获胜。
[taʊn] noun
go to town
■to do something in a detailed and enthusiastic way, especially by spending a lot of money （尤指大量花钱地）精心操持，拼命大搞
• They've really gone to town on their wedding. 他们确实精心操办了婚礼。
[taʊn] noun
on the town
■enjoying yourself by going to places of entertainment in a town or city 去城里的娱乐场所玩乐
• I was out on the town/I had a night on the town last night, and I'm exhausted! 我昨晚去城里玩了一个晚上，现在累坏了！
town, city
这组词都有“城市”的意思，其区别是：
town: 一般指规模小的城镇，也指城市中的市区，有时也泛指城市。
city: 一般指大城市或重要城市。
n. [建] 城镇，市镇；市内商业区
 - ville, burgh

Word: particularly
Front: particularly
[pəˈtɪkjələli] (四六 781/441 -K4)
Vocabulary: particularly
(once / 80 pages)
adv
The adverb form of "particular," the word particularly means "in a focused, precise manner." You looked for stones that had the proper qualities, particularly rounded edges and elongated shapes. Careful near the windows.
The idea of particularly hails from the Lower Latin particularis, which meant "a particle," and in English took on the idea of something "pertaining to a single thing or person." Later, the word was refined to take on the idea of an exactness of detail. Journalist Ambrose Bierce applied the word as emphasis to his definition of incompatibility: "In matrimony a similarity of tastes, particularly the taste for domination."
WORD FAMILY
particular: particularise, particularism, particularity, particularize, particularly, particulars+/particularise: particularisation, particularised, particularises, particularising/particularism: particularisms, particularistic/particularity: particularities/particularization: particularizations/particularize: particularization, particularized, particularizes, particularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is time that we erased these disparities, particularly for patients with life-threatening illnesses, for whom dental care and medical care are intertwined.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Kubiak’s farewell: No one should be particularly surprised by Kubiak’s decision to leave the Broncos, even after last season’s Super Bowl title.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adv. 特别; 尤其; 异乎寻常地
分布：特别(46%)，尤其(32%)，详细地(22%)
US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ.li] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■especially, or more than usual 特别，尤其，异乎寻常地
• We're particularly interested to hear from people who speak two or more European languages. 我们特别希望能收到说两种或以上欧洲语言的人的来信。
• I didn't particularly want to go, but I had to. 我并不是特别想去，但我不得不去。
particularly, especially, specially
这组词都有“特别地”的意思，其区别是：
particularly: 往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如：The visitors admired his paintings, but particularly the portrait of his daughter.(来访者赞赏他所有的绘画，特别是他女儿的画像。)
especially: 一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如：I love Italy, especially in summer.(我喜欢意大利，尤其在夏天。)
specially: 多表示“专门地”，“为特别目的的地”，如表“不寻常”，“过分”等，可与especially通用。如：I made chocolate cake specially for you.(我特地为你做了巧克力 蛋糕。)
adv. 特别地，独特地；详细地，具体地；明确地，细致地
 - specifically, extra, definitely, positively

Word: choose
Front: choose
[tʃu:z] (中高研四托 600/594 -K4)
Vocabulary: choose
(once / 45 pages)
v
The hardest part of adopting a dog from a shelter is when you have to choose which one to bring home with you. When you pick out one pup from the mass of barking canines, that's the dog you choose.
Any time you decide on one thing over another — whether it's a seat on a plane, a new pair of shoes, or who you want to marry — you choose it. The Old English word that choose comes from is ceosan, which means something closer to "taste."
WORD FAMILY
choose: chooses, choosing, chose, chosen+/chosen: chosens, ill-chosen
USAGE EXAMPLES
Those chosen will receive €560 every month, with no reporting requirements on how they spend it.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
It added there is a chance Chung, an equestrian competitor who trained in Germany, may choose to return to South Korea voluntarily.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Those chosen will receive 560 euros every month, with no reporting requirements on how they spend it.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 挑选; 认为…比其它更可取; 决定或选定
vi. 选择; 进行挑选
时态：chose, chosen, choosing, chooses
分布：选择(95%)，决定(5%)
→来自geus, 选择，品尝，词源同gusto, disgust.
v.选择,挑选;甘愿The loosened goose chooses the cheese to eat.被解开的鹅挑选奶酪吃.
[tʃu:z] (chose, chosen)
verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities 选择；挑选，选取；选中
• She had to choose between the two men in her life. 面对生命中的两个男人，她不得不从中作出选择。
• Danny, come here and choose your ice cream. 丹尼，到这里来挑你喜欢吃的霜淇淋。
• He chose a shirt from the many in his wardrobe. 他从衣柜里众多衬衫中选了一件。
• [+ question word] It's difficult choosing where to live. 选择在哪里居住很困难。
• [+ two objects] I've chosen Luis a present/I've chosen a present for Luis. 我为路易士挑了一份礼物。
• Yesterday the selectors chose Dales as the team's new captain. 昨天选拔者推选戴尔斯为球队的新队长。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] The firm's directors chose Emma to be the new production manager. 公司董事推选艾玛担任新的生产部经理。
• [+ to infinitive] Katie chose (= decided) to stay away from work that day. 凯蒂决定那天不去上班。
little/not much to choose between
■When there is little to choose between two or more things, they are (all) very similar. 没甚么可挑的；相差无几；不相上下
[tʃu:z] (chose, chosen)
verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  chooseWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using choose in the past tense. In the past simple, don't say 'choosed' or 'chosed', say chose. The past participle is chosen.
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
vt. 选择，决定
 - condition, conclude
vi. 选择，挑选
 - opt for, to make a choice

Word: fell
Front: fell
[fel] (研六托宝 17411/8788 -1)
Vocabulary: fell
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2adj 3vn 4v 5n
Something that has been felled has been brought down, like a tree that has been felled by a powerful storm.
The word fell wears many hats in addition to being the past tense of fall. As a noun, a fell can be a stitching on the hem of a piece of clothing like pants, or an animal skin that has the fur intact. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the character MacDuff is stricken when he learns that his family has been killed “in one fell swoop.” Here the adjective fell means "vicious and cruel."
WORD FAMILY
fell: felled, feller, felling, fells+/ fall: fallen, faller, falling, falls, fell /faller: fallers/feller: fellers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Amid the thunderous crowd, he fell to musing.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hail fell in several states, including Alabama and Arkansas, it added.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 砍倒，打倒
n. 兽皮; 一季的木材采伐量
adj. 残忍的; 凶恶的
v. 掉下; 摔倒; 变坏(fall的过去式)
时态：fell, felled, felling, falls
分布：毁灭性的(25%)，击倒(20%)，凶残的(15%)，砍伐(15%)，丘原(10%)，沼泽地(10%)，动词fall的过去式.(5%)
→来自pal, 触摸，感受，拟声词，词源同palpitate.fell 击倒
v.击倒;打倒(疾病等);砍伐a.凶猛的;可怕的The cellar-dweller yelled, "Fell the jellyfish burglar!"住地下室的人喊道:"打倒海蜇窃贼!"
【记】fell树，树就会fall
verb
FALL 跌落 past simple of
■ fall
[fel] verb
CUT DOWN 砍倒
transitive
■to cut down a tree 砍伐，砍倒（树木）
• A great number of trees were felled to provide space for grazing. 大量树木被砍伐，为放牧提供场地。
transitive
■to knock someone down, especially in sports （尤指体育运动中）击倒（某人）
• The boxer was felled by a punch to the head. 那名拳击手头部挨了一拳，被击倒在地。
[fel] noun countable
■a hill or other area of high land, especially in northwest England （尤指英格兰西北部的）丘陵地区，高地
[fel] adjective
EVIL 邪恶的 literary or old use
■evil, or cruel 邪恶的；残暴的
[fel] adjective
HILL 山
[before noun]
■relating to fells (= hills) 和丘陵、小山有关的
• We went fell walking last weekend. 我们上周末去山野漫步。
[fel] adjective
at/in one fell swoop
■If you do something at/in one fell swoop, you do it all at the same time 一举，一下子
• I got all my Christmas shopping done in one fell swoop. 我一次就把圣诞节需要的所有物品都买齐了。
fell
fell: 也可作fall的过去式；fell作“砍伐”时，它的过去式，过去分词分别为felled, felled.
adj. 凶猛的；毁灭性的
 - fierce, destructive
vt. 砍伐；打倒；击倒
 - floor, down with
n. [林] 一季所伐的木材；折缝；兽皮
 - hide
v. 掉下；摔倒；下垂；变坏（fall的过去式）
 - dropped

Word: common
Front: common
[ˈkɒmən] (中高研四六雅 710/554 -K1)
Vocabulary: common
(once / 27 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
When something's common, it's usual, or it happens frequently. It's more common than you might think for little kids to be terrified of clowns.
Things that are common happen all the time — they're ordinary. It's common for people to put ketchup on their French fries, and a pigeon is an extremely common type of bird to see in a city. Common can also refer to something that's shared by a group, like a region's common culture. In fact, a green space in the center of a town is sometimes called a common, maybe because it's shared by everyone in the town.
WORD FAMILY
common: commonality, commonest, commonly, commonness, commons, uncommon+/commonality: commonalities/commonness: commonnesses/uncommon: uncommoner, uncommonest, uncommonly, uncommonness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The last and most common argument against Prescott for MVP—as well as Elliott for MVP—is that outstanding Dallas offensive line.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Despite political, social or religious viewpoints that may divide us, a common allegiance to our team finds us focusing on the same goal.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Petraeus and retired astronaut Mark Kelly teamed up this year to launch the gun control advocacy group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 普通的; 通俗的; [数学]公共的; 共有的
n. [法律]（对土地、水域的）共有权; 公共用地; 普通; 平民
分布：常见的(42%)，普通(20%)，共同的(16%)，普通的(7%)，公地(3%)，平凡的(3%)，粗俗的(3%)，平民(3%)，平常的(2%)，公园(1%)
→com-, 强调。-mon, 公共，词源同mean, communicate.
a.普通的;共同的;一般的;n.公有地Kate and I have nothing in common.凯特和我没有共同之处.
US ['kɑ:.mən] adjective
USUAL 寻常的
 ESSENTIAL
■the same in a lot of places or for a lot of people 常见的；经常的；普遍的；普通的；平常的
• It's quite common to see couples who dress alike. 夫妻衣著相似是司空见惯的事情。
• The surname 'Smith' is very common in Britain. “史密斯”是英国很常见的姓氏。
common courtesy/decency
■the basic level of politeness which you expect from someone 基本的礼节
common knowledge
■a fact that everyone knows 常识；众所周知的事
• [+ that] It's common knowledge that they live together. 他们住在一起，这件事人尽皆知。
  Common Learner Errors  common or ordinary? Warning: common is used disapprovingly to talk about people and things that are from a low social class. To say that people or things are not different, special or unexpected in any way, don't use 'common', use ordinary :
✗ The programme shows how common Romanians live today. The programme shows how ordinary Romanians live today.
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] adjective
SHARED 共有的
 IMPROVER
■belonging to or shared by two or more people or things 共同的；共有的
• a common goal/interest 共同的目标／兴趣
• English has some features common to many languages. 英语的一些特点是许多语言所共有的。
⇒ See also common ground
for the common good
■If something is done for the common good, it is done to help everyone. 为了公众的利益
make common cause with sb formal
■to act together with someone in order to achieve something 为共同的事业与（某人）合作
• Environment protesters have made common cause with local people to stop the motorway being built. 环境抗议者与当地人联合起来共同阻止修建高速公路。
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] adjective
LOW CLASS 低等级 disapproving
■typical of a low social class 低级的；粗俗的
• My mum thinks dyed blonde hair is a bit common. 我妈妈认为染出来的金发有点俗气。
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] adjective
the common man
■ordinary people 平民百姓，普通人，凡人
• How can anyone so privileged have any understanding of the common man? 享受如此特权的人怎么会理解平民老百姓呢？
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] adjective
the common touch
■the ability of an important or rich person to communicate well with and understand ordinary people （重要人物或有钱人的）平易近人的个性，亲民作风
• It was always said of the Princess that she had the common touch and that was why she was so well loved by the people. 人人都说王妃平易近人，也正是因为这一点她才会如此深受民众的爱戴。
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] noun
LAND 土地
countable (US also commons)
■an area of grass which everyone is allowed to use, usually in or near a village （通常在村子里或附近的）公地，共用草地
UK ['kɒm.ən] US ['kɑ:.mən] noun
SHARED 共有的
have sth in common
■to share interests, experiences or other characteristics with someone or something 有相同（兴趣、经历或特点）
• We don't really have much in common. 我们其实没有多少共同之处。
in common with sb/sth
■in the same way as someone or something 与…一样
• In common with many mothers, she feels torn between her family and her work. 与许多母亲一样，她觉得家庭与工作难以兼顾。
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
reciprocal, joint, mutual, common
这组词都有“共同的，相互的”的意思，其区别是：
reciprocal: 着重互惠，有来有往。
joint: 强调至少两人或两方共同占用，侧重指一个统一体。
mutual: 着重彼此共有或共享，局限于双方的关系。
common: 侧重两人或多人共有共同，但不暗示彼此间存在的等价关系。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 共同的；普通的；一般的；通常的
 - mutual, corporate, usual, ordinary, collective
n. 普通；平民；公有地
 - ordinary, populace

Word: board
Front: board
[bɔ:d] (中高研四六托雅 667/611 -K4)
Vocabulary: board
(once / 37 pages)
1n 2nv 3v 4n
A board is a plank or surface, sometimes having buttons or controls. You can cut vegetables on a cutting board, post a flyer on a bulletin board, or cause a power outage on a circuit board.
The word board frequently finds itself as half of a compound word where the action takes place: You stand on a surfboard, type at a keyboard, or lose on a checkerboard. You can also sit on a board, meaning a team, of directors, or board, meaning stay, at a hotel. If you want to leave your hotel, you may board, or climb onto, your hovercraft. Remember: Being stiff as a board is not the same as being bored stiff.
WORD FAMILY
board: boarded, boarder, boarding, boards, overboard +/ boarder: boarders/boarding: boardings/ overboard: overboards
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reynolds and the Deadpool creative team are hard at work on the upcoming sequel, with John Wick’s David Leitch on board to direct.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was the fourth time in Magarity’s career she’s collected 17 boards.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 板; 董事会; 甲板; 膳食
vt. 上（船、车或飞机）; 收费供…膳宿; 使搭伙，使寄宿; 强行登（船）
vi. （火车、轮船、飞机等）接受乘客; 搭伙，寄宿
时态：boarded, boarding, boards
分布：董事会(68%)，木板(16%)，搭伙(4%)，伙食(3%)，舞台(3%)，布告板(3%)，接受乘客(1%)，用木板覆盖(1%)，船舷或机舱(1%)
→来自PIE *bherdh, 砍。可能最终词源同break. 指砍下的木板。并由木板引申出膳宿，委员会，登机，登船等诸多词义。
n.板,木板;全体委员;伙食v.上船(车,飞机)The dull bull fully fulfilled pulling the bulletproof bulletin board.迟钝的公牛充分履行了拖防弹公告牌(的职责).
US [bɔ:rd] noun
WOOD 木头
 IMPROVER countable
■a thin flat piece of cut wood or other hard material used for a particular purpose （有特定用途的）薄木板；板；牌子
• Cut the vegetables on a UK chopping / US cutting board. 在砧板上切菜。
• There was a 'For Sale' board outside the house. 房子外有一块“待售”牌。
⇒ See also above board;breadboard;soundboard
 IMPROVER countable
■a flat piece of wood or other hard material with a special pattern on it, used for playing games 棋盘
• a chess board 国际象棋棋盘
 IMPROVER countable * a blackboard or whiteboard
• The teacher wrote her name up on the board. 老师在黑板上写下了她的名字。
 IMPROVER countable * a noticeboard
• I stuck the notice (up) on the board. 我把通知贴在了布告栏上。
countable * a diving board
• I dived off the top board today, Dad. 爸爸，我今天是从最高的跳板跳水的。
the boards [plural]
■the wooden fence surrounding the ice surface in ice hockey （冰上曲棍球场周围的）护板
■old-fashioned
■the stage in a theatre 舞台
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
PEOPLE 人
 ADVANCED countable usually singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a company or organization 董事会，理事会，委员会
• Every decision has to be passed by the board (of directors). 每项决定都必须由董事会通过。
• She started in the firm by making the tea and now she's on the board/a board member. 她最初在公司端茶送水，而现在已经是董事会成员了。
• The board of governors meet/meets once a month to discuss school policy. 学校董事会每月集会一次讨论学校政策。
boards US informal [plural]
■an official examination given by some medical and business organizations in the US （美国某些医疗、商业组织举行的）执业考试
• This is my last chance to pass the boards. 这是我最后一次通过执业考试的机会了。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
TRANSPORT 交通运输
on board
■on a boat, train or aircraft 在船（或火车、飞机）上
• As soon as I was on board, I began to have second thoughts about leaving. 我一上车就开始动摇要不要走了。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
STAY 住
uncountable
■meals provided when you are staying somewhere, usually for money （住宿处提供的）伙食，膳食（通常需付费）
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
across the board
■happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area 影响到各个领域和阶层的；全面的
• The improvement has been across the board, with all divisions either increasing profits or reducing losses. 情况全面好转，所有的部门不是盈利增加就是亏损减少。
• The initiative has across-the-board support. 该行动得到了各方面的支援。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
go by the board
■to be forgotten or not used 被遗忘；被忽视；落空
• Does this mean our holiday plans will have to go by the board? 这是不是意味着我们的假期计划将要告吹了？
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
on board
■as part of a group or team, especially for a special purpose （尤指为了特殊目的而）参与
• Let's bring Rob on board for the Saudi deal - he's the expert. 让罗布也参与跟沙特做的这笔交易吧——他是这方面的专家。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] noun
take sth on board
■to understand or accept an idea or a piece of information 理解；接受
• Banks need to take on board the views of their customers. 银行需要理解客户的想法。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
GET ON 登上
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to get onto or allow people to get onto a boat, train or aircraft （使）上（船、火车或飞机）
• At London airport she boarded a plane to Australia. 在伦敦机场她登上了去澳大利亚的飞机。
• Will passengers waiting to board please go to the ticket counter? 请各位候机的旅客去验票口。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
STAY 住
intransitive
■to pay to sleep and eat meals in someone's house 寄宿
• During his stay in England he boarded with a family in Bath. 他在英国逗留期间寄宿在巴斯的一户人家。
intransitive
■to sleep and eat at school during the school term （在学校）住校
• When you went to school were you a day-student or did you board? 你上学时是通勤还是住校？
transitive
■to arrange for a pet animal to be temporarily taken care of at a place other than its home 将（宠物）暂时寄养在他处
• He boards the dog out when he goes on business trips. 他出差时把狗寄养在别处。
UK [bɔ:d] US [bɔ:rd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] board sth up
■to cover a door or window with wooden boards 用木板封闭（门窗）
• Shopkeepers are boarding up their windows in case rioting breaks out. 店主们将窗户用木板封起来，以防暴乱发生。
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
n. 董事会；木板；甲板；膳食
 - meal, directorate
vt. 上（飞机、车、船等）；用板盖上；给提供膳宿
 - attend
vi. 寄宿
 - guest, stay over

Word: ground
Front: ground
[graʊnd] (中高雅 522/455 -K5)
Vocabulary: ground
(once / 22 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4nv 5n 6v 7nv
Ground is the surface of the earth under your feet. Whether you're walking on the beach or climbing a hill, you're standing on the ground.
When a plane lands, it touches down on the ground, and when you get off a scary carnival ride, you're usually very happy to have your feet on solid ground. The noun shows up in phrases like "break new ground," which means to do something completely new, and "stand your ground," or refuse to give up your advantage during an argument or competition. The Old English root is grund, "bottom, foundation, or surface of the earth."
WORD FAMILY
ground: foreground, grounded, grounder, grounding, groundless, grounds, underground+/ foreground: foregrounds/grounder: grounders/grounding: foregrounding, groundings/groundless: groundlessly, groundlessness/underground: undergrounds
USAGE EXAMPLES
His right leg got caught beneath him, and he stayed on the ground, then hobbled off with help, putting no pressure on his left leg.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This covert action by the Nixon campaign,” he said, “laid the ground for the skulduggery of his presidency.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地面，土地; 基础; 范围; 阵地，战场
vi. 搁浅，停飞; 着陆
vt. 把…放在地上; 在…的基础树立上; 交给…基本知识; 使…受初步训练
v. grind的过去式和过去分词
时态：grounded, grinding, grinds
分布：地面(67%)，根据(10%)，立场(6%)，地方(3%)，背景(3%)，放在地上(2%)，使停飞(2%)，动词grind的过去式和过去分词形式(2%)，打基础(2%)，水平(2%)，困在家中(1%)
→来自古英语grund, 底部，尤指海底。后词义通用化。
n.地,地面,土地;场地,场所;理由,根据The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
noun
LAND 陆地
the ground only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■the surface of the Earth 地，地面
• I sat down on the ground. 我坐在地上。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■soil 土；土壤；土地
• soft/stony ground 松软的／满是石头的土地
• The ground was frozen hard and was impossible to dig. 土地冻实了，根本挖不动。
countable
■an area of land used for a particular purpose or activity （有特殊用途的）地域，场地
• a football ground 足球场
grounds [plural]
■the gardens and land that surround a building and often have a wall or fence around them （常由墙或栅栏围起来的建筑物周围的）庭院，场地，花园
• We went for a walk around the hospital grounds. 我们在医院的院子里散步走了几圈。
[graʊnd] noun
CAUSE 原因
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■a reason, cause or argument 原因；根据；理由
• She is suing the company on grounds of unfair dismissal. 她正以公司不公正解雇她为由对其提起诉讼。
• Do you have any ground for suspecting them? 你有甚么证据怀疑他们？
• [+ to infinitive] We have grounds to believe that you have been lying to us. 我们有理由相信，你一直在对我们撒谎。
• [+ that] He refused to answer on the grounds that she was unfairly dismissed. 他以她被不正当解雇为由拒绝作出答覆。
[graʊnd] noun
AREA OF KNOWLEDGE 知识领域
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an area of knowledge or experience; a subject （知识、经验等的）领域，范围；学科
• When the conversation turns to politics he's on familiar ground (= he knows a lot about this subject). 当谈话转向政治时，他便如鱼得水。
• Once we'd found some common ground (= things we both knew about) we got on very well together. 在找到一些共同语言之后，我们开始相处融洽了。
• The lectures covered a lot of ground (= included information on many different subjects). 这些演讲涵盖了众多学科的内容。
• I enjoyed her first novel, but I felt in the second she was going over the same ground (= dealing with the same area of experience). 我很喜欢她的第一部小说，但是我觉得她的第二部小说涉及的是同样的题材。
[graʊnd] noun
WIRE 电线
countable usually singular US for
■ earth (WIRE)
[graʊnd] noun
COFFEE 咖啡
grounds [plural]
■the small bits of coffee left at the bottom of a cup or other container that has had coffee in it 咖啡渣
⇒ See also grind
[graʊnd] noun
drive/work yourself into the ground
■to make yourself tired or ill by working too hard （拼命工作）使自己精疲力尽，把自己累垮
[graʊnd] noun
get (sth) off the ground
■If a plan or activity gets off the ground or you get it off the ground, it starts or succeeds （使）开始；（使）成功进行
• A lot more money will be required to get this project off the ground. 要启动这个工程，还需要大量的资金。
[graʊnd] noun
go/be run to ground
■to hide in order to escape someone or something following you 退隐；躲藏
• He found the media attention intolerable and went to ground for several months. 他觉得媒体的关注令他无法忍受，便躲起来几个月。
[graʊnd] noun
on the ground
■among the general public 在公众中；在普通百姓中
• Their political ideas have a lot of support on the ground. 他们的政治观点得到公众广泛支持。
[graʊnd] verb
GRIND 磨 past simple and past participle of
■ grind
[graʊnd] verb
KEEP ON LAND 搁浅
be grounded
■If a ship is grounded, it cannot move because it has hit solid ground 使（船）搁浅
• The oil tanker was grounded on a sandbank. 油轮搁浅在一片沙滩上。
transitive often passive
■If aircraft are grounded, they are prevented from flying or ordered not to fly 禁止…飞行；使停飞
• The snowstorm meant that all planes were grounded. 这场暴风雪导致航班全部停飞。
[graʊnd] verb
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive
■to forbid (= refuse to allow) a child or young person from going out as a punishment 罚（孩子）不许出门
• My parents have grounded me for a week. 我爸妈罚我一星期不准出门。
[graʊnd] verb
CAUSE 原因
be grounded in sth formal
■to be based firmly on something 根据；基于
• Fiction should be grounded in reality. 小说应该以现实生活为基础。
• Most phobias are grounded in childhood experiences. 大多数的恐惧症都源于儿时的经历。
⇒ See also well-grounded
basis, ground, base, foundation
这组词都有“基础”的意思，其区别是：
basis: 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground: 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础，也可指某种原因的基础。
base: 侧重指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
foundation: 用于具体意义时，侧重指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。
clay, mud, dust, ground, land, earth, dirt, soil
这组词都有“土地，土，泥”的意思，其区别是：
clay: 特指潮湿时发粘，而火烤后变坚硬的泥土。
mud: 指湿土，尤指雨后稀泥、污泥。
dust: 特指土壤干燥后，飞扬于空中的细微泥土。
ground: 通常指大地的表面，也可指土壤、泥土或场地。
land: 含义笼统。指与河流、海洋相对的陆地，也指可耕种的土地。
earth: 多指地表带有水分的泥土，较具体。
dirt: 指地表的干松泥土。
soil: 特指适宜栽种农作物或生长各种植物的泥土。
n. 地面；土地；范围；战场
 - extent, boundary, region, spectrum, territory, area
vt. 使接触地面；打基础；使搁浅
 - strand
vi. 着陆；搁浅
 - beach, to land
adj. 土地的；地面上的；磨碎的；磨过的
 - agrarian, earth's
v. 研磨（grind的过去分词）；压迫
 - oppressed

Word: feed
Front: feed
[fi:d] (中高研四六托 1317/1412 -K4)
Vocabulary: feed
(once / 84 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To feed someone is to give them something to eat. Part of your daily morning routine might be remembering to feed your cat.
When you feed a dog, you put food in his bowl, and when you feed your extended family, you might cook them a Thanksgiving feast. Animals are sometimes said "to feed," or to consume or eat, and you can also use the word to mean "food for an animal," or "to supply or promote." The Old English root is fedan, "nourish, sustain, or foster."
WORD FAMILY
feed: fed, feeder, feeding, feeds, overfeed+/fed: ill-fed, overfed, underfed, unfed/feeder: feeders, self-feeder/feeding: feedings/overfeed: overfeeding, overfeeds
USAGE EXAMPLES
"Please be advised, @CustomsBorder outage is nationwide. They are working to restore. Thanks for your patience," Miami International Airport said on its Twitter feed.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The arms race is fed in part by the slow pace of government regulation for drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Robinson said the two players fed off each other.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 喂养; 满足（欲望等）; 向…提供; 供…作食物
vi. 吃，以…为食; 流入，注入，进入（如油流入机器）; [电子学]馈入
n. 饲料（尤指粗饲料），施肥; 喂送; 草料; （尤指向地方性电视台）馈送电视节目
时态：fed, feeding, feeds
分布：饲料(51%)，喂养(21%)，饲养(14%)，一餐(6%)，吃饲料(5%)，进餐(1%)，靠 ... 为生(1%)，向 ... 提供(1%)
→来自food的动词形式。
v.(on,with)喂养,饲养;(with)向...供给I feed the food to the bleeding man in the flood.我把食品喂给洪水中的那个流血的人.
verb (fed, fed)
GIVE FOOD 给予食物
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give food to a person, group or animal 给（人、团体或动物）提供食物；喂养
• I usually feed the neighbour's cat while she's away. 邻居不在家时，我经常替她喂猫。
• Let's feed the kids first and have our dinner after. 我们先喂饱孩子，然后再吃饭吧。
• [+ two objects] Do you feed your chickens corn? 你给鸡喂玉米吗？
• If you feed your dog on cakes and biscuits, it's not surprising he's so fat. 如果你是用蛋糕和饼干喂狗，它长这么肥就不奇怪了。
• The kids love feeding bread to the ducks. 那些孩子喜欢给鸭子喂面包。
intransitive or transitive
■If a baby or animal feeds, it eats or drinks milk （婴儿或动物）吃奶
• The baby only feeds once a night at the moment, thank goodness. 感谢老天，宝宝现在每晚只吃一次奶。
• [R] Most babies can feed them selves by the time they're a year old. 多数婴儿到一岁的时候就可以自己吃东西了。
transitive
■to be enough food for a group of people or animals 足够（人或动物）食用
• This amount of pasta won't feed ten people. 这些义大利面不够十个人吃。
transitive
■to produce or supply enough food for someone or something 为…提供食物；养活
• [R] If agriculture were given priority, the country would easily be able to feed it self. 如果优先发展农业，这个国家很容易就能实现自给自足。
• Feed the world/starving. 养活全世界／饥饿的人。
transitive
■to give a plant substances that will help it grow 为（植物）施肥
• Don't forget to feed the tomatoes. 别忘了为番茄施肥。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
PUT 放置
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to supply something to a person or thing, or put something into a machine or system, especially in a regular or continuous way 供给；供应；（尤指规律地或连续地）把…放进（机器或系统）
• The vegetables are fed into the machine at this end. 蔬菜从这头放进机器里。
• The images are fed over satellite networks to broadcasters throughout the world. 图像透过卫星网路传送给全世界的广播公司。
• [+ two objects] A member of the princess's staff had been feeding the newspaper information/feeding information to the newspaper. 公主的一名工作人员过去一直向这家报社提供消息。
• Several small streams feed into (= join) the river near here. 几条小溪在附近汇流注入该河。
transitive
■to put fuel on or inside something that burns, to keep it burning 添（燃料）
• Remember to feed the fire while I'm out. 我不在时记得给火添柴。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
a feeding frenzy
■a situation when people try to get as much information as possible about an event, or to make as much profit as they can from it, especially in an unpleasant way （尤指以令人不快的方式）试图获取某事的资讯，或借助某事谋取最大利益
• Her sudden death sparked off a feeding frenzy in the media. 她突然离世，引发媒体蜂拥而至，进行采访。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
be like feeding time at the zoo humorous
■to be very noisy and untidy and have no order 喧闹混乱
• Tea-time in our house is like feeding time at the zoo! 我们家吃茶点时就像动物园里喂食时一样，到处闹哄哄的。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
feed sb a line disapproving
■to tell someone something that is not completely true, often as an excuse 以不实之词欺骗（某人），向（某人）虚报情况
• She fed me a line about not having budgeted for pay increases this year. 她骗我说今年的预算中没有涨工资这一项。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
feed sb to the lions
■to force someone to do something unpleasant or dangerous that they do not want to do 迫使（某人）做危险或令人不悦的事
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
  Phrasal Verbs  feed off/on sth
■to increase because of something, or to use something to succeed or get advantages 因…而增长；利用…取得成功（或优势）
• Fascism feeds off poverty. 贫穷助长了法西斯主义。
[fi:d] verb (fed, fed)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] feed sb/sth up
■to make a person or animal healthier or fatter by giving them a lot of food 养壮；养肥
• You've lost a lot of weight - you need feeding up a bit. 你瘦了很多，需要吃胖一点。
[fi:d] noun
FOOD 食物
countable UK (US feeding)
■when a baby has something to eat or drink （婴儿的）一餐
• The baby had a feed an hour ago, so she can't be hungry. 宝宝一小时前刚喂过一次，所以她不可能是饿了。
uncountable
■food eaten by animals that are not kept as pets 动物饲料
• cattle/animal feed 牛／动物饲料
⇒ See also chickenfeed
countable old-fashioned
■a large meal 丰盛的一餐
[fi:d] noun
MACHINE PART 机器部分
countable
■the part of a machine through which it is supplied with fuel or with something else that it needs （机器的）进料装置，进料器
• the car's oil feed 汽车的供油管道
• the printer's paper feed 印表机的进纸装置
graze, nourish, feed
这组词都有“提供所需食物，喂养”的意思，其区别是：
graze: 侧重指用正在生长的青草喂养牲畜。
nourish: 指提供生长、健康或维持生存所必需的食物或养料，尤指用营养品促进生长。
feed: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指给人或动物提供食物，又可指给植物以养料或为机器等加燃料等。
enhance, raise, feed
enhance: 增强，提高，美化（多用于抽象意义）
raise: 养育（孩子），饲养（家畜），生产（作物）,提高，上升，养育
feed: 给（人或动物）食物
vt. 喂养；供给；放牧；抚养（家庭等）；靠…为生
 - grass, take care of, range
vi. 吃东西；流入
 - take food, flow into
n. [畜牧] 饲料；饲养；（动物或婴儿的）一餐
 - meal, breeding, husbandry

Word: manager
Front: manager
[ˈmænɪdʒə(r)] (中高雅 877/508 -K4)
Vocabulary: manager
(once / 105 pages)
n
It makes sense that a manager is someone who "manages," or takes charge of something. A baseball team manager is in charge of running the team, while a business manager oversees finances, scheduling, and the everyday operation of the business.
The probable origin of the word manager comes from the Latin manus, meaning "hand." A good manager provides the necessary "hand," guiding others. The Italian maneggiare means "to control," and was especially used with reference to training horses, a job for which certain managers you've worked for might be better suited. The word extends beyond human beings as well: the file manager on your computer is a program designed to organize data.
WORD FAMILY
manager: managerial, managers, managership+/ manage: manageable, managed, management, manager, manages, managing, mismanage / manageable: manageability, manageableness, manageably, unmanageable/ management: managements/managerial: managerially/managership: managerships/ mismanage: mismanaged, mismanagement, mismanages, mismanaging/mismanagement: mismanagements/unmanageable: unmanageableness, unmanageably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Graham Stanley, the manager of the Jacaranda club that Mr. Williams used to own, confirmed the death.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 处理者，经理，管理人; 干事，理事; 〈美〉（政党等的）领袖; 策士，干才，干练的人
分布：经理(95%)，管理者(4%)，管家(1%)
→来自manage,管理。
n.经理,管理人The manly Roman woman manager by the banner had man's manner.军旗旁那位有男子气概的古罗马女经理具有男子风度.
US [-dʒɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the person who is responsible for managing an organization 经理；主管
• a bank manager 银行经理
• a station manager 车站主管
• the production manager 生产部经理
• I wish to speak to the manager. 我想找经理谈谈。
■the person whose job is to organize and sometimes train a sports team （运动队的）经理，主教练
• a football manager 足球队经理
■The manager of a singer, actor or other performer is a person whose job is to arrange the business part of their work. （歌手、演员或其他表演者的）经纪人
n. 经理；管理人员
 - executive, gerente

Word: decide
Front: decide
[dɪˈsaɪd] (中高托 456/375 -K5)
Vocabulary: decide
(once / 24 pages)
v
To decide is to make up your mind to do (or not do) something. People decide hundreds of things a day, from what to eat to what TV shows to watch.
Deciding involves making decisions — choosing what to do. There are a lot of things in life to decide, such as where to live, what school to go to, where to apply for a job, and what kind of clothes to buy and wear. At any restaurant, there are hundreds of options: you have to decide which is right for you. You can also say that if a touchdown ended a game, it decided the game.
WORD FAMILY
decide: decided, decides, deciding, decision, decisive +/ decided: decidedly, undecided/ decision: decisions, indecision / decisive: decisively, decisiveness, indecisive / indecision: indecisions/ indecisive: indecisively, indecisiveness/undecided: undecidedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or you decide to cut down on alcohol but you keep drinking.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
He was so supportive, she said, that she and her team decided to undertake even more changes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Raiders, too, are waiting to decide which quarterback to start, Matt McGloin — nursing a shoulder injury —  or Connor Cook.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 决定; 决心; 解决; 裁决
vi. 决定; 下决心
时态：decided, deciding, decides
分布：决定(96%)，判断(3%)，断定(1%)
→de-, 向下。-cid, 砍，击，词源同concise, incision. 引申义决定。
决定,决心(de加强＋cide切→切下去→下决心)[cid,cis=cut,kill,表示"切开,杀"]
v.决定,下决心;解决,裁决The decisive decimal point made the acid man decide to suicide.决定性的小数点使刻薄之人决定自杀.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities （尤指仔细考虑后）决定，决断，确定
• They have to decide by next Friday. 他们必须在下周五前作出决定。
• I don't mind which one we have - you decide. 我不在乎给我们哪个——你来决定吧。
• [+ to infinitive] In the end, we decided to go to the theatre. 最后我们决定去剧院。
• [+ (that)] She decided (that) she would retire to the country. 她决定隐居乡间。
• [+ question word] I can't decide wh at to do. 我不知道该怎么办。
• He can't decide wh ether to buy it. 他决定不了要不要把它买下来。
• The committee decided in favour of (= made a formal judgment to choose) the cheapest option. 委员会决定选用最经济的方案。
transitive
■to be the reason or situation that makes a particular result happen 决定（事情的结果），导致…的结果
• The weather decided the outcome of the cricket match. 天气状况决定了板球赛的结果。
• Tim's mistake decided the game (= caused him to lose). 蒂姆的失误导致了那场比赛的落败。
[dɪ'saɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  decide on sth/sb
■to choose something or someone after careful thought 决定；选定
• I've decided on blue for the bathroom. 我已经决定浴室用蓝色。
[dɪ'saɪd] verb
  Common Learner Errors  decideWarning: Check your spelling! Decide is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
decide, resolve, determine, settle
这组词都有“决定”的意思，其区别是：
decide: 侧重指经过思考、比较、讨论或询问之后做出的决定。
resolve: 语气较强，强调以坚定不移的信念去做或不做某事，暗含有远大抱负和坚强决心。
determine: 指经过深思熟虑，决心去做某事并坚持施行。
settle: 指排除犹豫、怀疑和争论之后作出明确的最终结论。
vt. 决定；解决；判决
 - settle, condition, conclude
vi. 决定，下决心
 - will, determine to

Word: reckon
Front: reckon
[ˈrekən] (研六托雅宝 8525/2203 -K3)
Vocabulary: reckon
(once / 140 pages)
1v 2v
Reckon means guess, or imagine, and is often used by rural types in Hollywood movies who say things like "I reckon I'll be moseyin' on."
Reckon means guess or think, as in "I reckon he's put his nose where it don't belong one too many times.” If reckon sounds odd, that’s because it's mostly gone out of style. When used to talk about prediction, it's a little more common, as in "Who do you reckon is going to win the Super Bowl?" Still, it sounds a little old-fashioned. Many people use the word just for fun. Saying "I reckon" sounds more humorous than "Yes."
WORD FAMILY
reckon: reckoned, reckoner, reckoning, reckons+/misreckoning: misreckonings/reckoner: reckoners/ reckoning: misreckoning, overreckoning, reckonings, underreckoning
USAGE EXAMPLES
“We are a force to be reckoned with,” said Oliver.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Startups Reckon with Austerity-ish: After two years of seemingly limitless funding for young technology companies, there was a marked retrenchment this year.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Mr Tidwell reckons another 50 million acres is in urgent need of treatment.
BBC(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 测算，估计; 认为; 计算; 评定，断定
vi. 计算; 估计; 猜想; 料想
时态：reckoned, reckoning, reckons
分布：认为(62%)，估计(26%)，计算(12%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*rakina,想好的，直接的，来自 reg,拉直，管理，词源同 regulate,right. 引申词义料想，估计。
v.计算,总计,估计,猜想,依赖At the neck of the wrecked deck, the reckoner checked the opaque cheque.在遭破坏的甲板的颈部,计算者检查了这张不透明支票.
【记】读：re看－反复的看－猜想；认为
verb
THINK 认为
 ADVANCED intransitive informal
■to think or believe 想；认为，以为
• I reckon it's going to rain. 我觉得天要下雨了。
• [+ (that)] How much do you reckon (that) it's going to cost? 你认为这会花多少钱？
• "Can you fix my car today?" "I reckon not/so (= probably not/probably)." “你能今天把我的汽车修好吗？”“我想不行／大概可以。”
  Common Learner Errors  reckonRemember: reckon meaning 'think' is only used in informal English. In ordinary or more formal language, don't say 'reckon', say think or believe.
['rek.ən] verb
CONSIDER 思考
transitive
■to consider or have the opinion that something is as stated 认为；把…看作
• I don't reckon much UKto / USof their chances of winning (= I do not think they will win). 我认为他们获胜的希望不大。
• She was widely reckoned (to be) the best actress of her generation. 人们普遍认为她是她那一代最优秀的演员。
['rek.ən] verb
CALCULATE 计算
transitive mainly UK
■to calculate an amount 计算
• Angela quickly reckoned the amount on her fingers. 安吉拉掰着手指头快速计算了一下数量。
• The inflation rate is now reckoned to be 10%. 据计算，现在的通货膨胀率是10%。
['rek.ən] verb
to be reckoned with
■Someone or something to be reckoned with is difficult to deal with because they are strong or powerful 须重视的；须认真处理的
• Since the government limited their powers, the unions are no longer a force to be reckoned with (= they are no longer very strong). 因为政府限制了它们的权力，工会的势力就不再强大了。
['rek.ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] reckon sth in
■to include an amount in your calculations 把…计算在内
• When you reckon in all my overtime, my total pay is quite good. 要是把我的加班费也算进去的话，我总的薪水还是不少的。
['rek.ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reckon on sth
■to feel that something is likely to happen and to make plans which depend upon it happening 指望；盼望；依赖
• [+ -ing verb] We're reckoning on having sales of 2000 cars a month. 我们希望每个月的汽车销售量能达到2000辆。
• I'm reckoning on your continued support. 我指望你继续支援呢。
['rek.ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] reckon sth up
■to calculate the total amount of something 算出…的总量；合计
• She can reckon up a bill faster than any calculator. 她算帐单的速度比计算机都要快。
['rek.ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reckon with sb/sth informal
■to deal with a difficult or powerful person or thing 处理，解决（棘手的事情）；应付（有权势的人）
• If you harm her, you're going to have the police to reckon with. 你要是伤害了她，就把你送到员警那里去。
['rek.ən] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  reckon without sth UK
■to fail to think about something when you are making plans and therefore not be prepared to deal with it 没有考虑到；对…未加考虑
• We'd expected a 2-hour drive but had reckoned without the rain. 我们原来预计开车两个小时就到了，可没有料到会下雨。
reckon, count, calculate, compute
这组词都有“计算”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 通常指较简单的数学计算，也可指心算。
count: 指逐一计算而得出总数。
calculate: 通常指要求细致精确和复杂的计算，以解决疑难问题，多用于自然科学、生产部门或要求专门计算的场合。
compute: 一般指已有数据的，较简单但数字长的数学运算。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 测算，估计；认为；计算
 - expect, feel, find, cast, make
vi. 估计；计算；猜想，料想
 - estimate, believe, imagine, cast

Word: evidence
Front: evidence
[ˈevɪdəns] (高研四六托雅 606/456 -K4)
Vocabulary: evidence
(once / 62 pages)
nv
Evidence is anything that can be used to prove something — like the evidence presented in a trial, or the trail of bread crumbs that is evidence of the path Hansel took through the woods.
The word evidence is derived from the Latin ēvidēnt-, meaning "obvious." The word evidence shows up frequently in legal documents and dramas, because evidence is necessary proof in linking someone to a crime or crime scene. Evidence is used in many ways to show that something is true, as in "your enormous belly and blue 'Baby on board' T-shirt are evidence that you're due to give birth any day."
WORD FAMILY
evidence: evidenced, evidences, evidencing, evidential, evidentiary+/ evident: evidence, evidenter, evidently, self-evident/ evidential: evidentially/self-evident: self-evidently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The findings of the probe form grounds of evidence to justify the interrogation of the prime minister,” its statement said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s Cousins’ next-to-last pass — a defeat-clinching interception — that will be remembered and used as evidence against his case for a long-term contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 证词; 证据; 迹象; 明显
vt. 使明显; 显示; 表明; 证实
时态：evidenced, evidencing, evidences
分布：证据(75%)，证明(11%)，迹象(5%)，证词(4%)，根据(3%)，证实(2%)
→e-, 向外。-vid, 看，词源同video, visit.
证据,证人(e+vid+ence→[明显的证据])[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
n.明显;显著;根据;证据;迹象Can you show me any evidence for your statement?你能给我看你供词的证据吗?
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true 证据；证明
• The police have found no evidence of a terrorist link with the murder. 警方没有发现任何证据证明这宗谋杀案和恐怖分子有关。
• [+ to infinitive] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that underwater births are dangerous. 没有科学证据证明水中分娩有危险。
• [+ that] Is there any scientific evidence that a person's character is reflected in their handwriting? 一个人的笔迹反映其性格的说法有甚么科学凭据呢？
• Several experts are to give evidence on the subject. 几位专家将就这个问题提出证据。
• There is only circumstantial evidence against her, so she is unlikely to be convicted. 只有间接证据对她不利，所以她不大可能被定罪。
• Campaigners now have compelling documentary evidence of the human rights abuses that they had been alleging for several years. 人权运动者几年来一直声称践踏人权现象的存在，而现在他们已经掌握了令人信服的书面证据。
• Fresh evidence suggests that the statement had been fabricated. 新的证据证明财务报表是伪造的。
• The traces of petrol found on his clothing provided the forensic evidence proving that he had started the fire deliberately. 在他衣服上发现的汽油痕迹成为了法庭证据，证明他是蓄意纵火。
• All the evidence points to a substantial rise in traffic over the next few years. 所有证据都证明，在今后几年中交通量会大幅提升。
• There is growing/mounting/increasing evidence that people whose diets are rich in vitamins are less likely to develop some types of cancer. 越来越多的证据证明，在饮食中吸收含有富维他命食物的人不太容易罹患某些癌症。
testimony, evidence, proof, witness
这组词都有“证据、见证”的意思，其区别是：
testimony: 指证据、证词，多系法律用语。
evidence: 普通用词，在法律上指能起证明作用的，如证明、公证书以及所有的实物东西等。在生活中指任何一样可证明某一件事的真实性的东西。
proof: 指足以直接证明某事为某事实的依据，侧重作为充分证据所导致的结果。
witness: 指证据或证人，尤指后者，且有亲眼见到之意。
n. [法] 证据，证明；迹象；明显
 - authentication, certification, demonstration, proof, breath
vt. 证明
 - demonstrate, prove, argue, bear witness to

Word: present
Front: present
[ˈpreznt] (中高雅 817/678 -K2)
Vocabulary: present
(once / 10 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3nv 4v 5v 6v
The word present has multiple meanings, most of which concern giving (a present is a gift) or time (the present is right now).
The verb present might mean to deliver something like a speech, or perform something like a play. On formal occasions, when we present someone, we introduce them, usually to a group or to the public. Present might also mean "to submit" or "hand over." In grammar, the present tense expresses actions or states occurring at the time we're speaking of them, that is to say, at this moment.
WORD FAMILY
present: presence, presentable, presentation, presented, presenter, presenting, presently, presentment, presentness, presents+/ presence: presences/ presentable: presentably, unpresentable/ presentation: presentational, presentations/presenter: presenters/presentment: presentments/unpresentable: unpresentably
USAGE EXAMPLES
And in July, the company will present a free production in a to-be-determined Seattle park.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The purpose of the press is to inform and educate, not mislead with incomplete information presented as facts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
They presented a somber vision of the turtles’ potential extinction and discussed ways to prevent that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 现在的; 目前的; 出席的; [语法学]现在时的
n. 现在; 礼物; 瞄准
时态：presented, presenting, presents
分布：礼物(33%)，现在(25%)，现在的(12%)，提出(12%)，呈现(6%)，出席的(4%)，当前的(4%)，赠送(3%)，存在的(1%)
→来自法语present,在场的，当前的，来自拉丁语praesentem,在场的，当前的，来自拉丁语praeesse,当前，在前，在场，在边上，来自prae,在前，在前面，esse,存在，成为，是，词源同is,essence,absent.-ent,现在分词后缀。present 提出，提交，展现，展示，出席，主持，颁奖，礼物
a.出席的,现在的n.现在,礼物v.赠送,提出Presently the present is presented to the representative.现在这份礼物已呈现在代表面前.
noun]ˈprez.ənt/
SOMETHING GIVEN 给予之物
 ESSENTIAL countable (UK informal prezzie) (or pressie)
■something which you are given, without asking for it, on a special occasion, especially to show friendship, or to say thank you （尤指表示友谊或致谢的）礼物，赠品
• a birthday/Christmas/wedding present 生日／圣诞／结婚礼物
• They gave me theatre tickets as a present. 他们送给我戏票作为礼物。
noun]ˈprez.ənt/
NOW 现在
the present only singular
 ESSENTIAL
■the period of time which is happening now, not the past or the future; now 现在，目前
• That's all for the present. 暂时就讲这些。
• The play is set in the present. 这出戏以当代为背景。
⇒ See also presently
at present formal
■now 现在，目前
• "Are you busy?" "Not at present." “你忙吗？”“现在不忙。”
• At present she's working abroad. 她目前在国外工作。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
IN A PLACE 在场的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■in a particular place 出席的，在场的，存在的
• The whole family was present. 全家人都在场。
• There were no children present. 没有孩子在场。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
NOW 现在
[before noun]
■happening or existing now 现在的，目前的
• I don't have her present address. 我不知道她现在的地址。
• Please state your present occupation and salary. 请说出你目前的职业和薪水。
adjective]ˈprez.ənt/
present company excepted
■used to show that a criticism or a rude remark does not refer to the people you are talking to 在座诸位除外
• People here just don't know how to dress, present company excepted. 这里的人不知道如何穿衣打扮，在座诸位除外。
verb transitive /prɪˈzent/
GIVE 给予
 ESSENTIAL
■to give, provide or make known 赠送，授予；提交；展现
• The winners were presented with medals. 获胜者被授予奖牌。
• The letter presented the family with a problem that would be difficult to solve. 这封信给这家人提出了一个难题。
• The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the issue. 这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客观看法。
• He presented the report to his colleagues at the meeting. 他在会议上向同事们做出报告。
• The classroom presented a cheerful busy atmosphere to the visitors (= appeared to them to have this). 全班在访客面前展现出一派快乐繁忙的氛围。
• The school is presenting (= performing) 'West Side Story' as its end-of-term production. 学校将上演《西城故事》作为期末作品。
verb transitive /prɪˈzent/
INTRODUCE 介绍
 ADVANCED UK
■to introduce a television or radio show 主持播出（电视或广播节目）
• She presents the late-night news. 她主持午夜新闻。
■formal
■to introduce a person 引见，介绍
• May I present Professor Carter? 请允许我介绍卡特教授。
• Later on I'd like to present you to the headteacher. 过一会儿我会把你引见给校长。
present yourself
■to arrive somewhere and introduce yourself 出现，到场
• He presented himself at the doctor's at 9.30 a.m. as arranged. 他早上9点30分依约去了医生那里。
present itself [R]
■If something presents itself, it happens 发生，出现，呈现
• An opportunity suddenly presented itself. 突然出现了一个良机。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
present, gift, souvenir, tip
这组词都有“礼物，赠品”的意思，其区别是：
present: 普通用词，指给亲朋好友的礼物，赠者与被赠者之间存在某种个人关系，所赠礼物一般不是很昂贵的。
gift: 含义广，既可指真诚相送的礼物、赠品或生日、节日礼物，又可指捐赠的物品或捐款等。
souvenir: 指对人、物、地点或事件有纪念意义的礼物或纪念品。
tip: 指为酬谢他人服务而给的小费。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 提出；介绍；呈现；赠送
 - prefer, file, advance, recommend, assume
adj. 现在的；出席的
 - current, now
n. 现在；礼物；瞄准
 - gift, giving, aiming, training, tribute

Word: estimate
Front: estimate
[ˈestɪmət] (研四六托雅 1798/1826 -K4)
Vocabulary: estimate
(once / 81 pages)
1vn 2n
A rough calculation or appraisal is an estimate. When you hit another baseball through the kitchen window, your parents will get an estimate of the repair costs. And you should estimate being grounded for approximately 3 weeks.
An estimate is kind of like a very educated guess. Making an estimate takes good evaluation skills, and usually estimates are pretty close to the actual outcome. If the garage bill is way higher than the estimate they gave you, for example, you have a right to be angry. But if you forgot to factor in rush hour traffic when you estimated the drive from Boston to New York, that's your own fault.
WORD FAMILY
estimate: estimable, estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimator, misestimate, overestimate, underestimate +/ estimable: estimably, inestimable / estimation: estimations/estimator: estimators/ inestimable: inestimably/misestimate: misestimated, misestimates, misestimation/ overestimate: overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, overestimation/overestimation: overestimations/ underestimate: underestimated, underestimates, underestimating, underestimation/underestimation: underestimations
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The worldwide total for “Sing” through the weekend is expected to hit $285 million, Universal officials estimated.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That is a little over 3% of the estimated 90 million downloads of the game.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 估计，预测; 报价，预算书; 评价，判断
vt. 估计，估算; 评价，评论; 估量，估价
时态：estimated, estimating, estimates
分布：估计(86%)，评价(8%)，估价(6%)
→来自拉丁语aestimare, 估计，评估，判定价值，来自aes, 铜，词源同ore, -tim, 砍，切，词源同anatomy. 比较同源词esteem.
估计,估量[estim=value(价值)]
v./n.估计,估价;评估My intimate mate's ultimate estimate approximates the appropriate value.我亲密伙伴的最终估计接近恰当的值.
verb transitive /ˈes.tɪ.meɪt/
 ESSENTIAL
■to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something 估计；估算；估价
• Government sources estimate a long-term 50% increase in rail fares. 政府消息人士估计火车票价将有一个涨幅达50%的长期调涨。
• [+ (that)] They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks. 他们估计这次行程至少需要两周时间。
• [+ question word] It was difficult to estimate how many trees had been destroyed. 很难估计有多少树被毁。
noun countable /ˈes.tɪ.mət/
 IMPROVER
■a guess of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be 估计；估算；估价
• The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial estimate of between 50 and 100. 最初估计申请选修这门课程的学生也就是50到100人，可是实际上报名的有120人。
• We'll accept the lowest of three estimates for the building work. 在对这项建筑工程的三个投标中，我们将采纳报价最低的那个。
• a conservative (= low) estimate 保守估计
• a rough (= not exact) estimate 粗略估计
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
calculate, compute, estimate
calculate: 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂，难度较大的精确计算。如：You can’t expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy.
compute: 常指比较简单的运算。如：It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination.
estimate: 估计，常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如：Some farmers asked the weatherman to estimate next year’s rainfall.
vi. 估计，估价
 - evaluate, guess at
n. 估计，估价；判断，看法
 - computation, appraisal, calculation, assessment, judgment, evaluation, viewpoint
vt. 估计， [数] 估量；判断，评价
 - measure, value, score

Word: presidential
Front: presidential
[ˌprezɪ'denʃl] (1615/3474)
Vocabulary: presidential
(once / 292 pages)
adj
Anything presidential has something to do with a president, or with the office of the presidency. A line of black cars with flashing lights driving down a Washington, DC street is probably the presidential motorcade.
In the US, the presidential residence is the White House, and the presidential term is four years. A presidential election can seem like it lasts even longer. You can also use this adjective for things that are typical or appropriate for a president. A presidential wave, whether the president gives it or not, is commanding and confident. And it's well known that candidates who don't look presidential aren't often elected, even if they're more than capable of running the country.
WORD FAMILY
presidential: presidentially, unpresidential+/ presidency: presidencies/ president: ex-president, presidency, presidential, presidents, presidentship/presidentship: presidentships/unpresidential: unpresidentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Berger rose to Internet fame by creating bizarre videos about the presidential campaign for the online video network Super Deluxe.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He will never be able to elude the often paralyzing seclusion of presidential leadership.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 总统[总裁，议长，董事长，校长等]（职务）的; 统辖的，支配的，监督的，指挥的; 总统制的; 有总统气派的
分布：总统的(86%)，总统制的(14%)
ADJ
总统的；与总统有关的
Presidential activities or things relate or belong to a president.
例：...Peru's presidential election...秘鲁总统选举
例：There are several presidential candidates.有数位总统候选人。

Word: hour
Front: hour
[ˈaʊə(r)] (中高 272/299 -K5)
Vocabulary: hour
(once / 15 pages)
n
An hour is a unit of time — it's sixty minutes, 3,600 seconds, or the length it takes the long hand on your watch to move in a full circle.
If your math class lasts an hour, it might start at 9:30 and end at 10:30, one hour later. Hour also means "time of day." If your phone rings at two a.m., you could ask, "Why are you calling at such a late hour, Mom?" The word stems from the Old French hore, "one-twelfth of a day," with its roots in the Latin hora, "hour" or "season," and Greek hora, "the season."
WORD FAMILY
hour: horary, hourly, hours+/hours: after-hours
USAGE EXAMPLES
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
I wait in the reception area for an hour before the X-ray technician calls my name.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s ludicrous and arbitrary,” according to Devinsky, who says getting government approval for his epilepsy trial required dozens of hours of extra work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 小时，钟头; 时间，时刻; 固定时间; 课时
分布：小时(99%)，钟点(1%)
→来自古法语hore,从日出到日落的十二分之一时间，来自拉丁语hora,小时，时间，时刻，季节，来自希腊语hora,任意限定的时间，来自yer,季节，年，词源同year,horoscope.后用于指时间单位小时。
n.小时,钟点;时刻;课时,工作时间The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
US [aʊr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a period of 60 minutes 小时
• The exam lasted an hour and a half. 考试持续了一个半小时。
• There are 24 hours in a day. 一天有24小时。
• How many hours' sleep do you need? 你需要睡多少个小时？
• I'll be back in an hour's/two hours' time (= after one/two hours). 我会在一小时／两小时之后回来。
• The village is an hour from Doncaster/an hour away (= It takes an hour to travel there). 那个村庄离唐克斯特／这里有一小时的路程。
• He gets paid by the hour (= gets a particular amount of money for each hour he works). 他拿的是按小时计酬的工资。
• Trains leave every hour on the hour (= at exactly one o'clock, two o'clock, etc.). 火车每小时整点开车。
• Buses leave at ten minutes past/to the hour (= at ten past/to one o'clock, two o'clock, etc.). 公共汽车每整点过10分／差10分开一班车。
• War was declared at eighteen hundred/18.00 hours (= at six o'clock in the evening). 宣战时间是晚上六点。
countable usually plural
■the period of time when a particular activity happens or when a shop or public building is open （用于做某事的）时间；（商店或公共场所）开放时间
• I did it in my lunch hour. 我在午餐时间做了此事。
• office/working hours 办公／工作时间
• Our opening hours are from 8 to 6. 我们的开放时间是八点到六点。
countable
■a particular time during the day or night （白天或夜里的）某个时间，某个时刻
• Who could be phoning us at this unearthly/ungodly hour (= so late at night) ? 谁会在夜里这么晚给我们打电话？
• He returned in the early/small hours (= at night, after midnight). 他凌晨才回来。
work long/regular/unsocial, etc. hours
■used to describe how many hours in the day you work or what part of the day you work 长时间工作／工作时间规律／在其他人不上班的时间工作等
• She's a nurse so she often works unsocial hours. 她是名护士，所以经常要上早班、值夜班。
• He's paid well but he works long hours. 他薪水很高，可是工作时间也很长。
for hours (and hours) IMPROVER informal
■for a very long time 很长时间
• I waited for him for hours. 我等了他很长时间。
at all hours (of the day and night) disapproving
■repeatedly during the day and the night 整天不断地；昼夜不停地
• They keep ringing me up at all hours (of the day and night). 他们整天不停地给我打电话。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
after hours
■after the usual hours of work 工作时间之后，下班后
• I often do some of my own work after hours. 我经常在下班后做一些自己的事。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
hour after hour ADVANCED
■for many hours without stopping 连续几个小时
• I sat by her bedside for hour after hour. 我连续几个小时都一直坐在她的床边。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
your hour has come literary
■If you think your hour has come, you think you are going to die （某人）死期将近
• I thought my hour had come when he pointed his gun at me. 当他用枪指着我时，我想我的死期到了。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
(from) hour to hour
■If something changes from hour to hour, it is different every hour. 时刻，时时（在变化）
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
in sb's hour of need literary
■when someone urgently needs help 在（某人）急需帮助的时候
• She helped me in my hour of need. 在我急需帮助的时候，她帮了我。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
out of hours mainly UK (US after hours)
■If you drink in a bar out of hours, you drink alcohol at a time when it is not allowed by law 在违禁时间，在正常营业时间之外
• The police are trying to stop out-of-hours drinking. 警方正设法禁止在违禁时间内饮酒。
UK [aʊər] US [aʊr] noun
till all hours disapproving
■very late 很晚
• He stays up drinking till all hours. 他喝酒喝到很晚。
n. 小时；钟头；课时；…点钟
 - period, stunde

Word: december

Word: light
Front: light
[laɪt] (中高雅 464/529 -K3)
Vocabulary: light
(once / 16 pages)
1nadjv 2adjadv 3vn 4v 5adj
It's pitch black in your room so you switch on the lamp, and your room is filled with light. Light is a source of illumination, whether a natural one (like the sun) or an artificial one (like your lamp).
Like light itself, the word can take a lot of different forms — it can be a noun, an adjective, or a verb, and it can mean "bright" or "not heavy". No matter how you define it, though, the word comes from the Old English word leoht.
WORD FAMILY
light: light-colored, lighted, lighten, lighter, lightest, lighting, lightless, lightly, lightness, lights, lightsome +/ enlighten: enlightened, enlightening, enlightenment, enlightens/ enlightened: enlightenedest, enlightenedly, unenlightened/enlightening: enlighteningly, unenlightening/ enlightenment: enlightenments, unenlightenment/lighted: unlighted/ lighten: enlighten, lightened, lightening, lightens/lightening: lightenings/lighter: lighterage, lightered, lightering, lighters/lighting: lightings/lightless: lightlessness/lightness: lightnesses/ lightsome: lightsomely, lightsomeness, lightsomer, lightsomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Phototherapy, which uses ultraviolet light to tame inflammation, is an option, too.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The bright fluorescent ceiling lights seem to burn into me.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This timely novel captures every character in the worst light, and the grudge matches among Brooklyn’s liberal parentocracy are nastier than any playground brawl.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 光; 发光体; 电灯; 点火器
adj. 轻的; 明亮的; 浅色的; 少量的
v. 点燃; 照亮; 用光指引
adv. 轻地，轻装地
时态：lit, lighting, lights
分布：光(53%)，灯(23%)，光线(6%)，点燃(5%)，照亮(5%)，轻的(2%)，浅色(2%)，明亮的(1%)，清淡的(1%)，浅色的(1%)，轻松的(1%)
→来自leuk,发光，明亮，词源同lumen,lucid.light 轻的
n.光;灯v.点燃;照亮a.轻(快);淡;明亮The dazzling light from the digital device dizzied me.来自数字化的设备的耀眼的光使我头昏.
noun
BRIGHTNESS 光亮
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the brightness that comes from the sun, fire, etc. and from electrical devices, and that allows things to be seen 光，光亮，光线
• a bright light 明亮的光线
• fluorescent/ultraviolet light 萤光／紫外光
• a beam/ray of light 一道／束光线
• Light was streaming in through the open door. 光线从敞开的门口倾泻进来。
• It's a north-facing room so it doesn't get much light (= brightness from the sun). 房间朝北，所以光线有些不足。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of equipment which produces light, such as a lamp or a light bulb 发光体；灯，电灯
• Could you switch/turn the light on/off , please? 请把灯打开／关上好吗？
• She could see the city lights in the distance. 她能够看到远处城市的灯光。
• As the lights went down, the audience grew quiet. 灯熄灭后，观众们开始安静下来。
• My front bike light isn't working. 我的自行车前灯不亮了。
[laɪt] noun
FLAME 火焰
a light
 ADVANCED
■something which will produce a flame and cause burning, such as a match or a cigarette lighter 打火机，点火器
• Have you got a light, please? 请问你有打火机吗？
set light to sth UK
■to cause something to start burning 点燃
• The lamp caught fire and set light to the curtains. 灯起火了，烧着了窗帘。
[laɪt] noun
cast/shed/throw light on sth
■Something or someone that casts/sheds/throws light on a situation provides an explanation for it or information which makes it easier to understand 为…提供解释；使…较容易理解
• As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem. 作为经济学家，他能解释清楚这个问题。
[laɪt] noun
come to light (also bring sth to light)
■If facts come to light or are brought to light, they become known （真相）为人所知，被披露
• Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn't in fact commit the murder. 新近发现的证据表明那宗凶杀案并不是他干的。
[laɪt] noun
go out like a light informal
■to go to sleep very quickly or to become unconscious very quickly 立即入睡；马上失去知觉
[laɪt] noun
in the light of sth (US usually in light of)
■because of 因为，鉴于
• In the light of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their personal belongings. 鉴于最近发生的几宗事件，我们提醒顾客要特别注意看好自己的个人物品。
[laɪt] noun
light at the end of the tunnel
■signs of improvement in a situation which has been bad for a long time, or signs that a long and difficult piece of work is almost finished 隧道尽头的亮光，曙光（指局势出现好转或艰巨任务即将完成的迹象）
• As the exams approached, she felt that at last she could see the light at the end of the tunnel. 随着考试的临近，她觉得自己终于快要熬出头了。
[laɪt] noun
the light of your life humorous
■the person you love most 最爱的人；心肝宝贝
[laɪt] noun
show someone in a bad light
■to make someone seem to be a bad person 丑化（某人）
• He was concerned that the film had shown him in a bad light. 他担心那出电影丑化了他的形象。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT HEAVY 不重的
 ESSENTIAL
■not heavy 轻的；轻便的
• Here, take this bag - it's quite light. 给你，拿着这个袋子——很轻的。
• He's a few pounds lighter than he used to be. 他的体重比以前轻了几磅。
• How do you get your cakes so wonderfully light, Felicity? 费莉西蒂，你是怎样把蛋糕做得这么松软的？
• He has a very light (= gentle) touch , which is what is required in massage. 正如按摩所要求的那样，他的手法很轻。
• She's very light on her feet (= she moves gracefully). 她走起路来步态轻盈。
 ADVANCED
■describes clothes that are made of thin material which allows you to be cool （服装质料）凉爽的，轻薄的
• a light summer dress 凉爽的连衣裙
[laɪt] adjective
BRIGHT 光亮
 ESSENTIAL
■lit by the natural light of the day 亮的，光亮的，明亮的
• The big windows make the room feel wonderfully light and airy. 大窗户使房间显得特别明亮、通透。
• It gets light very early these summer mornings. 在这样的夏日里天亮得很早。
• Summer is coming and the evenings are getting lighter (= getting dark later). 夏天快到了，天黑得越来越晚了。
[laɪt] adjective
PALE 淡的
 IMPROVER
■(of colours) pale （颜色）淡的，浅的
• light blue/green 浅蓝色／绿色
Opposite dark
[laɪt] adjective
NOT SERIOUS 不严肃的
 ADVANCED
■entertaining and easily understood, but not serious and not intended to make you think 轻松的，愉快的
• I want some light reading for the summer holidays - a romance or something. 暑假里我想读点轻松的东西——比如言情小说之类的。
• A lively argument between the two main speakers provided a bit of light relief (= something enjoyable or amusing) in an otherwise dull conference. 两位主要发言者间热烈的争论是一种令人愉悦轻松的调剂。没有这场争论的话，会议简直就枯燥乏味。
make light of sth
■to behave as if a situation, especially a problem, is not serious or important 轻视，忽视（尤指问题）
• It is easy to make light of other people's problems. 忽视他人的问题很容易。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT MUCH 不多
 ADVANCED
■not great in strength or amount 弱小的；少量的
• A light wind was blowing. 外面有微风。
• The traffic was quite light so we got through London quickly. 路上车不多，所以我们很快就穿过了伦敦。
• It's only light rain - you don't need an umbrella. 只是下了点小雨——你不必拿雨伞。
light eater/drinker/smoker
■someone who eats/drinks/smokes only a little 饭量／酒量／烟瘾小的人
light sleeper
■someone who is easily woken up by noise, etc. 易醒／睡觉轻的人
[laɪt] adjective
MEAL/DRINK 食物或饮料
 ADVANCED
■A light meal is small and easy to digest （食物）少量的，简便的，清淡的
• I don't eat much for lunch - just a light snack. 我午饭吃得不多——只吃一点小吃。
■describes alcoholic drinks that are not strong in flavour 酒精饮料度数低的，低度的
• It's described on the label as 'light, fruity wine'. 标签上写著「浓郁醇香的低度葡萄酒”。
[laɪt] adjective
NOT SEVERE 不严重的
■needing only a very small amount of effort 轻微的，轻松的，容易的
• light exercise, such as walking 散步之类轻微的运动
• a bit of light housework 一点家务工作
■A light sentence in prison is a short one （量刑）轻的
• He got off with a fairly light sentence because it was his first conviction. 因为是初犯，他得以轻判。
make light work of sth/doing sth
■to do something quickly and easily 轻而易举地做某事
• Heather made light work of painting the walls. 希瑟轻而易举地刷完了墙。
• You made light work of that chocolate cake (= you ate it quickly) ! 你三两下就把巧克力蛋糕吃光了，你吃得太快了！
[laɪt] adjective
(as) light as a feather
■very light 轻如羽毛的，极轻的
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
START FLAMES 点火
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to start to burn or to make something start to burn 点燃，点火
• to light a fire 点火
• I can't get the cooker to light. 我无法点燃煤气炉。
• He lit his fifth cigarette in half an hour. 不到半个小时，他已经开始点第五支烟了。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
MAKE BRIGHT 使光明
 ADVANCED transitive
■to produce light which makes an object or area bright or easy to see 照亮，点亮；为…照明
• The stage had been lit with candles. 蜡烛照亮了舞台。
• Fireworks lit up the sky (= made the sky bright). 焰火点亮了天空。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
  Phrasal Verbs  light on/upon sth formal
■to find or think of something unexpectedly 突然发现，突然想起
• We lighted upon the solution entirely by accident. 我们想起这个办法实属偶然。
[laɪt] verb (lit or lighted, lit or lighted)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] light (sth) up
EXPRESSION
■If your face or eyes light up, or if a smile lights up your face, you suddenly look happy 使高兴起来，（使）显出笑意
• Rosie's whole face lit up with excitement when she saw the presents. 看到礼物的时候，罗茜满脸兴奋。
CIGARETTE
■to light a cigarette 点烟；点着（烟）
• I was lighting up when I noticed a 'no smoking' sign. 我点烟的时候才发现有一个“禁止吸烟”的牌子。
ignite, light, fire, kindle
这组词都有“点燃、着火”的意思，其区别是：
ignite: 多用于科技文体，指使某物受热直到燃烧或发光，也可指用火花使易燃物迅速燃烧起来。
light: 普通用词，指点燃易燃物，使其能发光，满足各种需要。
fire: 普通用词，指将某物点燃使其燃烧起来，火势可大可小。
kindle: 指艰难或缓慢地把可燃料点燃，可用于比喻。
lamp, light
这组词都有“灯”的意思，其区别是：
lamp: 通常指以油、气或电为能源的照明设备，一般有罩。
light: 普通用词，含义广泛。泛指一切供照明的灯，多指电灯。
flash, glare, blaze, glow, flare, light, twinkle, glitter, flame
这组词都有“火焰、烈火、光”的意思，其区别是：
flash: 指突然发出而随即消失的闪光。
glare: 指眩目的光。
blaze: 指猛烈燃烧所发生强烈的光。
glow: 指像冶炼铁和钢时发出的红光。
flare: 指摇曳的火焰。
light: 普通用词，指日、月、星或灯等的光。
twinkle: 指如星光等的闪烁。
glitter: 指连续发出闪烁不定的光。
flame: 指一条或多条火舌，多用复数形式，指由许多火舌构成的大火。
n. [光] 光，光亮； [电] 灯
 - lamp, lucency
adj. 轻的；光亮的；容易的
 - easy, shining
vi. 点着；变亮；著火
 - brighten
vt. 照亮；点燃；着火
 - lamp, lumine

Word: consider
Front: consider
[kənˈsɪdə(r)] (中高研四六托 394/312 -K5)
Vocabulary: consider
(once / 16 pages)
1v 2v
Consider is a verb that simply means to think about, look at, or judge. Consider, for a moment, the perks of house sitting for your pool-owning neighbors before you immediately refuse their request.
Coming to us from the Latin word considerare, meaning “to look at closely" or "observe,” consider is a very common word that describes something you likely do multiple times a day: You probably consider what to wear in the morning, weigh your options for lunch, take into account the weather when deciding to grab your umbrella. Your life is full of consideration and you didn't even know it!
WORD FAMILY
consider: considerable, consideration, considered, considering, considers, reconsider +/ considerable: considerabler, considerablest, considerably, inconsiderable/ consideration: considerations, inconsideration/ considered: ill-considered, unconsidered/inconsiderable: inconsiderably/inconsideration: inconsiderations/ reconsider: reconsideration, reconsidered, reconsidering, reconsiders/reconsideration: reconsiderations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Maker asked his former boss to screen tape of Robinson and perhaps consider him as a walk-on.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Consider some of these thought experiments, if nothing else.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“For many of those years, I never once considered the cost for nursing homes.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 考虑; 把（某人，某事）看作…，认为（某人，某事）如何; 考虑，细想
vt. 考虑; 认为; 看重; 以为
vi. 仔细考虑; 深思
时态：considered, considering, considers
分布：考虑(65%)，认为(31%)，思考(2%)，体谅(1%)，注视(1%)
→con-, 强调。-sider, 星，词源同star, sidereal. 古义指星相学看星占卜，并通过星辰移位来思考预测人间万事。比较disaster, 星位不正，空难。
考虑(con共同+sider坐→坐在一起思考→考虑)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
考虑(研究星象引申而来)[sider=star(星星)]
v.考虑,细想;体谅,顾及;认为,把...看作Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
US [-ɚ] verb
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to spend time thinking about a possibility or making a decision 认真考虑，斟酌，细想
• Don't make any decisions before you've considered the matter. 在仔细考虑过这个问题之前别作任何决定。
• [+ question word] Have you considered wh at you'll do if you don't get the job? 你有没有考虑过，要是得不到这份工作你该怎么办？
• [+ -ing verb] We're considering selling the house. 我们在考虑卖掉房子。
• She's being considered for the job. 目前正在考虑是否由她来做这项工作。
• I'd like some time to consider before I make a decision. 我想花点时间斟酌斟酌再作决定。
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
SUBJECT/FACT 话题／事实
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging something else 考虑到；注意到
• You've got to consider the time element when planning the whole project. 你在规划整个工程时必须考虑到时间因素。
• [+ question word] If you consider how long he's been learning the piano, he's not very good. 要是你考虑到他学钢琴有多久了，你就知道他弹得并不好。
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
CARE ABOUT 关心
transitive
■to care about or respect other people or their feelings and wishes 关心；体贴；顾及；考虑到
• Have you considered your mother and how she's going to feel about you leaving? 你考虑过你母亲吗？对你离开她会怎么想？
• She never considers anyone but herself - she's totally selfish! 她从来只考虑自已不顾别人——太自私了！
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
OPINION 观点
[T often + obj + (to be) + noun/adj]
■to believe someone or something to be, or think of them as 认为；把…当作
• He is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete. 他目前被认为是英国最出色的运动员。
• We don't consider her suitable for the job. 我们认为她不适合做这项工作。
• [passive + obj + to infinitive] It is considered bad manners in some cultures to speak with your mouth full of food. 在某些文化习俗中，说话时嘴里塞满食物被认为是不礼貌的。
• [R] I consider myself lucky that I only hurt my arm in the accident. 我觉得自己还算幸运，在事故中只伤了手臂。
• Do you consider him a friend of yours? 你把他当作朋友吗？
• [+ (that)] She considers (that) she has done enough to help already. 她认为自己已经够帮忙的了。
be highly/well considered
■to be very much admired 受人尊敬；为人重视；受到高度评价
• I've never enjoyed her books, but I know she's very highly considered. 我从不爱看她的书，可是我知道她备受推崇。
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
consider it done
■used to say that you will do a particular task immediately 马上就做（某事）
• "Do you think you could get this parcel mailed for me, please?" "Consider it done." “您能帮我邮寄这个包裹吗？”“马上就去。”
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  consider Remember that consider is never followed by a preposition. Don't say 'consider about something', say consider something :
✗ I hope you will consider about my application. I hope you will consider my application.
UK [kən'sɪd.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  consider When consider is followed by a verb, that verb should be in the -ing form. Do not say 'consider to do something', say consider doing something.
✗ Please consider to pay my expenses. Please consider paying my expenses.
weigh, consider, study, contemplate, ponder
这组词都有“考虑、思考、估量”的意思，其区别是：
weigh: 指作出决策前把问题的各个方面进行比较，权衡利害得失，取有利的方面。
consider: 既指一时的对某事的考虑，也指长时间的深入的思考。
study: 普通用词，指对各方面考虑，在制订出计划或采取具体动作之前作认真检查。
contemplate: 通常指长时间思考某事，有时含无确定的实际目的。
ponder: 侧重仔细、深入、连续地考虑问题，以作出认真的估计和正确的抉择。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 考虑；认为；考虑到；细想
 - expect, find, guess, feel, view
vi. 考虑；认为；细想
 - allow, think about, pore

Word: role
Front: role
[rəʊl] (中高研四六托雅 451/468 -K5)
Vocabulary: role
(once / 163 pages)
1n 2n
A role is a part you play. In school, you might take on the role of clown, in your family, the role of the responsible one, on stage, the role of Juliet.
Role can also mean job or function. It is the role of the police to keep the community safe, and political parties often argue about the role government should play in our lives. Roles can also be played by things. You can say that computers play an increasing role in our day-to-day lives and that the role of a hat is to keep your head warm. You look up to your role model because of the important role that they play in influencing others' lives.
WORD FAMILY
role: roles
USAGE EXAMPLES
They might be overprotective, but they are the parents and you should respect their role.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Maybe that’s the role of satire: The life you’re cringing at may very well be your own.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Martin King of the Beatles Story museum in Liverpool said Mr. Williams played a vital role shaping the youthful band.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 作用; 地位; 角色
分布：作用(53%)，角色(47%)
→来自法语 role,角色，写有演员台词的纸卷，来自古法语 rolle,纸卷，文件，词源同 roll.
n.角色,作用,任务,职责By the ruler's schedule, the molecule capsules will play an important role in the roller.根据统治者的时间表,这种分子胶囊将在滚筒上起重要作用.
US [roʊl] noun countable
DUTY 职责
 ESSENTIAL
■the position or purpose that someone or something has in a situation, organization, society or relationship 地位；职责；作用；任务
• What is his role in this project? 他在这个工程中负责甚么？
• Schools play an important role in society. 学校在社会中起着非常重要的作用。
• Six people have been put on trial for their role (= involvement) in the anti-government demonstrations. 六人因为参与反政府示威游行而受审。
UK [rəʊl] US [roʊl] noun countable
ACTING 角色
 ESSENTIAL
■an actor's part in a film or play 角色
• She's got a leading/supporting role in the school play. 她在学校的戏剧表演中担当主角／配角。
• She plays the role of a crooked lawyer. 她扮演一个奸诈的律师。
n. 角色；任务
 - workers, mission, part, assignment, character

Word: source
Front: source
[sɔ:s] (研四六雅 597/633 -K4)
Vocabulary: source
(once / 77 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
The noun source describes an origin, like the source who gave the journalist the information that broke a new story, or the place something originates, like the source of a river, or the Web site that is your source for celebrity gossip.
The noun source can also refer to information obtained from documents, such as books, letters, newspapers, and journals. For example, when you write a research paper, you read, paraphrase and quote from sources. A source can also be a place where you get things, like a certain store being your source for discount sneakers or something that provides, like oranges, a good source of Vitamin C.
WORD FAMILY
source: sourced, sources, sourcing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A good therapist will find a way to frame the issue as a source of potential growth.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
He was an energy source in a depleted world.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The UK government's lack of support for start-ups attending the CES tech show is a "source of embarrassment", according to the event's organiser.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 根源，本源; 源头，水源; 原因; 提供消息的人
vt. （从…）获得; 发起; 向…提供消息; 寻求（尤指供货）的来源
vi. 原料来源; 起源; 寻求来源; 寻求生产商（或提供商）
时态：sourced, sourcing, sources
分布：来源(88%)，原始资料(7%)，发源地(4%)，从...获得(1%)
→来自古法语 sourse,升起，开始，泉源，水源，来自拉丁语 surgere,缩写自 surrigere,升起，来 自 sur-,向上，regere,升直，拉直，词源同 regulate,erect,surge,sortie.引申诸相关词义。
n.源,源泉;来源,出处The sour vapour pours into the flourishing flour factory. It's the source of resources.酸蒸汽涌进兴旺的面粉厂.这是资源的源泉.
US [sɔ:rs] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something 来源，出处；发源地；起源，根源
• a source of heat/energy/light 热源／能源／光源
• a heat/energy/light source 热源／能源／光源
• Oranges are a good source of vitamin C. 橙富含维生素C。
• Experts are trying to track down the source of the contamination in the water supply. 专家们正试图找到水源中污染物的来源。
• We walked up the river to its source in the hills. 我们沿河上溯而行，一直走到它在山里的源头。
• Money is often a source of tension and disagreements in young married couples. 金钱往往是年轻夫妇关系紧张不和的起因。
 ADVANCED
■someone or something that supplies information 资讯来源
• The journalist refused to reveal her sources (= say who had given the information to her). 记者拒绝透露消息的来源。
• According to Government sources (= people in the Government) many MPs are worried about this issue. 政府方面透露，很多国会议员对这个问题表示担忧。
• Always acknowledge your sources (= say which books you have used) at the end of an essay. 论文的末尾务必列出参考书目。
at source
■at the place where something comes from 在源头，从一开始
• Tax is deducted from my income at source. 我的工资还没拿到手就被扣除了税金。
UK [sɔ:s] US [sɔ:rs] verb transitive often passive
■to get something from a particular place 从（某地）获取
• Where possible the produce used in our restaurant is sourced locally. 我们餐厅尽可能用当地出产的农产品。
source, root, origin
这组词都有“起源，起因，根源”的意思，其区别是：
source: 本义指某地系河流或瀑布的源头，引申指某事的来源出处，但更多指抽象事物的根源或来源。
root: 通常指事物产生的原因或根源。
origin: 侧重指事物的起源或由来，也指人的出身。
n. 来源；水源；原始资料
 - provenience, authorship

Word: action
Front: action
[ˈækʃn] (中高研四六托雅 502/340 -K5)
Vocabulary: action
(once / 34 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
An action is a thing that is done, and not merely thought or spoken about. Possible actions could range from blinking to invading a country.
Action comes from agere, the Latin verb meaning "to do." Legal action is the initiation of a lawsuit to demand your rights. In war, a soldier working in the kitchen is on cooking duty, while the soldier on the frontline sees a lot of action. Action movies are so called because they are full of fast-paced sequences. If you are sitting on your couch, mulling over your lack of exercise, maybe it's time to take action.
WORD FAMILY
action: actionable, actioned, actions, inaction+/ act: actable, acted, acting, action, active, actor, actress, acts, actuate, counteract, enact, interact, overact, underact/actable: unactable/acting: actings, self-acting/ activate: activated, activates, activating, activation, activator, deactivate, reactivate /activating: self-activating/ activation: activations/activator: activators/ active: activate, actively, activeness, activer, actives, activest, activity, hyperactive, inactive, overactive, underactive/ activity: activities/ actor: actors/actress: actresses/ actuate: actuated, actuates, actuating, actuation, actuator/actuator: actuators/counteract: counteracted, counteracting, counteraction, counteractive, counteracts/counteraction: counteractions/deactivate: deactivated, deactivates, deactivating, deactivation/ enact: enacted, enacting, enactment, enacts, reenact/enactment: enactments/ hyperactive: hyperactively, hyperactivity/inaction: inactions/inactivate: inactivated, inactivates, inactivating, inactivation/ inactive: inactivate, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity / inactivity: inactivities/ interact: interacted, interacting, interaction, interactive, interacts/ interaction: interactional, interactions/ interactive: interactively/overact: overacted, overacting, overacts/overacting: overactings/overactive: overactivity/ reactivate: reactivated, reactivates, reactivating/reenact: reenacted, reenacting, reenactment, reenacts/ reenactment: reenactments/underact: underacted, underacting, underacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Sun spent much of his life not in the thick of action but abroad.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Fragmentation caused by government action would be less of a concern if other factors were not also pushing in the same direction.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: n. 行动，活动; 功能，作用; 手段; [法]诉讼
分布：行为(53%)，活动(13%)，措施(12%)，情节(11%)，起诉(5%)，事件(2%)，交战(1%)，效用(1%)，姿态(1%)，机能(1%)
n.行动,动作;作用;运转;行为;战斗His heroic action has left a deep impression on people's minds.他的英雄行为在人民心里留下了深刻的印象.
noun
DOING SOMETHING 做某事
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of doing something, especially when dealing with a problem or difficulty （尤指应对问题或困难的）行动，行动过程，行为
• This problem calls for swift/prompt action from the government. 这个问题需要政府马上采取行动。
• [+ to infinitive] Action to prevent the spread of the disease is high on the government's agenda. 采取行动防止疾病蔓延是政府的当务之急。
• We must take action (= do something) to deal with the problem before it spreads to other areas. 在这个问题蔓延到其他地区之前我们一定要采取行动将其解决。
• So what's the plan of action (= What are we going to do) ? 那么行动计划是甚么？
• The complaints system swings into action (= starts to work) as soon as a claim is made. 一旦有人提出索赔，投诉处理系统就马上启动。
• The committee was spurred into action (= encouraged to do something) by the threat of government cuts. 政府威胁要削减经费，这促使委员会采取了行动。
['æk.ʃən] noun
SOMETHING DONE 做过的事情
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that you do 行为，作为，所做之事
• She has to accept the consequences of her actions. 她必须对自己行为的后果负责。
• I asked him to explain his actions. 我要求他为自己的所作所为作出解释。
 ADVANCED countable
■a physical movement （身体的）动作
• I'll say the words and you can mime the actions. 我会说出这些词，你可以做动作把它们的意思表达出来。
• It only needs a small wrist action (= movement of the wrist) to start the process. 只需动一动手腕，程式就启动了。
['æk.ʃən] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
 ADVANCED uncountable
■things which are happening, especially exciting or important things 发生的事情；（尤指）令人激动的事，大事
• I like films with a lot of action. 我喜欢情节紧凑的影片。
• In her last novel, the action (= the main events) moves between Greece and southern Spain. 在她最近发表的那本小说里，故事情节在希腊和西班牙南部交替展开。
where the action is
■at the place where something important or interesting is happening 大事（或趣事）发生的地方
• A journalist has to be where the action is. 记者必须要亲临事件的现场。
['æk.ʃən] noun
EFFECT 作用
 ADVANCED only singular
■the effect something has on another thing （一物对另一物所起的）作用
• They recorded the action of the drug on the nervous system. 他们纪录下了这种药物对神经系统的作用。
['æk.ʃən] noun
WAR 战争
uncountable
■fighting in a war 战斗；作战
• Her younger son was killed in action. 她的小儿子在战斗中阵亡。
• He was reported missing in action. 据报导，他在战斗中失踪。
• He saw action (= fought as a soldier) in the trenches. 他参加了壕沟战。
['æk.ʃən] noun
WAY THING WORKS 功能
countable or uncountable
■the way something moves or works 运作；功能
• We studied the action of the digestive system. 我们研究了消化系统的机能。
• The car has a very smooth braking action. 这辆轿车煞车性能很平稳。
['æk.ʃən] noun
LEGAL PROCESS 诉讼程式
countable or uncountable
■a legal process that is decided in a court of law 诉讼；起诉
• a libel action 诽谤诉讼
• She brought an action (for negligence) against the hospital. 她起诉医院（怠忽职守）。
• A criminal action was brought against him. 他被提起刑事诉讼。
• The book was halted in South Africa by a threat of legal action. 因为遭到起诉的威胁，该书在南非停止发行。
['æk.ʃən] noun
Actions speak louder than words. saying
■said to emphasize that what you do is more important and shows your intentions and feelings more clearly than what you say 行动胜于言辞。
['æk.ʃən] noun
out of action ADVANCED
■If a machine or vehicle is out of action, it is not working or cannot be used 出故障；失灵；停止运转
• I'm afraid the TV's out of action. 恐怕电视机坏了。
■If a person is out of action, they are injured or ill and cannot do things they usually do 因病倒或受伤而不能正常活动
• Jackson's torn ligaments will keep him out of action for the rest of the season. 杰克逊韧带拉伤，这个赛季剩余的比赛他都不能参加了。
['æk.ʃən] noun
a man of action
■a man who prefers to do things rather than think about and discuss them 实干家；行动派的人
['æk.ʃən] noun
a piece/slice of the action informal
■involvement in something successful that someone else has started 参与，插手（他人成功之事）；分一杯羹
• Now research has proved that the drug is effective everyone wants a slice of the action. 目前研究证明这种药的确有效，所以大家都想趁机分一杯羹。
['æk.ʃən] verb transitive usually passive
■to do something to deal with a particular problem or matter 对…采取行动；就…采取措施
• I'll just run through the minutes of the last meeting, raising those points which still have to be actioned. 下面我将扼要重述一下上次会议的纪录，把亟待处理的重点问题提出来。
operation, deed, performance, action, act
这组词都有“行为、行动”的意思，其区别是：
operation: 多指一连串行动或行为的完成方式。
deed: 较庄重用词，除泛指各种行为外，还可用于指某种高尚或伟大的行为，故常译作“功绩，业绩”。
performance: 主要指行动的方式方法。
action: 普通用词，着重行动的过程。
act: 一般指具体的、短暂的或个别的行为，强调行为的完成及其效果。
n. 行动；活动；功能；战斗；情节
 - movement, function, doing, campaign, working

Word: fuel
Front: fuel
[ˈfju:əl] (高研四托雅 1558/1933 -K4)
Vocabulary: fuel
(once / 211 pages)
1nv 2v
What do you and your car have in common? You both run on fuel. Whether its gasoline or nutritious food, fuel produces energy to get up and go.
Fuel can also act as a verb that has several different meanings, all related to stimulating something or providing energy. Your brother might fuel up on whole-wheat bread with peanut butter a few hours before a big game. A teacher assigns readings to fuel meaningful class discussion. Memories of your mom's delicious dinners might fuel your desire to learn to cook.
WORD FAMILY
fuel: fueled, fueling, fuelling, fuels, refuel+/fueled: unfueled/refuel: refueled, refueling, refuelled, refuelling, refuels/refueling: refuelings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The fuel was ignited by breaking fibers or friction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Such a move is likely to fuel resentment in the territory of the party’s political control there.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
At the same time, for their role in driving this climate change, fossil fuels are increasingly becoming fuel source non-grata.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 燃料; （为身体提供能量的）食物; （维持、增加感情的）刺激物; 竞选提神（或兴奋）剂（一种健怡可乐，饮用后能使人精力充沛地从事竞选活动）
vt. 给…加燃料，给…加油; 激起
vi. 补充燃料
时态：fuelled, fuelling, fuels
分布：燃料(95%)，加燃料(3%)，刺激因素(1%)，供以燃料(1%)
→来自法语，来自拉丁语focal, 火炉的，焦点的，来自bha, 照耀，发光，词源同beacon.引申词义燃煤，燃料。
n.燃料vt.给...加燃料It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a substance which is used to provide heat or power, usually by being burned 燃料；燃烧剂
• Wood, coal, oil, petrol and gas are all different kinds of fuel. 木材、煤炭、石油、汽油和煤气是不同种类的燃料。
• Plutonium is a fuel used to produce nuclear energy. 钸是一种用来产生核能量的燃料。
• nuclear fuel 核燃料
• unleaded fuel 无铅燃料
• The new exhaust system, it is claimed, will lower fuel consumption. 据称新的排气装置会降低燃料的消耗。
uncountable
■anything that keeps people's ideas or feelings active, or makes them stronger 刺激因素
• Reports in today's newspapers have added fuel to the controversy (= made it worse). 今天报纸上的报道给这场争论火上浇油。
[fjʊəl] noun
add fuel to the fire / flames
■to make an argument or bad situation worse 火上浇油
• The discovery that the government was aware of the cover-up has really added fuel to the fire. 人们发现政府对这件隐瞒事件早已知情，这真是火上浇油。
[fjʊəl] verb transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-)
 ADVANCED
■to supply a system with a substance which can be burnt to provide heat or power 为…添加燃料
• Our heating system is fuelled by gas. 我们的供暖系统是烧煤气的。
• We have a gas-fuelled heating system. 我们有一套烧煤气的供暖系统。
• petrol/hydrogen-fuelled cars 汽油／氢燃料汽车
 ADVANCED
■Something that fuels a feeling or a type of behaviour increases or strengthens it 加强；激起
• The rapid promotion of the director's son has itself fuelled resentment within the company. 董事的儿子升职太快了，这件事激起了公司内的不满情绪。
• The prime minister's speech fuelled speculation that she is about to resign. 首相的讲话引起了人们认为她准备辞职的猜测。
n. [能源] 燃料；刺激因素
 - catalyst, elding

Word: drop
Front: drop
[drɒp] (中高研四六雅 690/925 -K4)
Vocabulary: drop
(once / 35 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
When you drop something, you let go of it and it falls. To drop a football is every receiver's nightmare. If you decide to drop your girlfriend or boyfriend, it will be their nightmare.
You might drop your dog's leash so she can sprint across the beach, or drop the heavy bags you've been carrying as soon as you walk in your front door. You can also drop to the ground yourself, to avoid being hit by your brother's remote control airplane. A drop is a fall, plummet, or plunge — literal, or figurative: "A drop in profits means we'll have to lay off some workers."
WORD FAMILY
drop: droplet, dropped, dropper, dropping, drops+/droplet: droplets/dropper: droppers/dropping: droppingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The number of turtles were dropping and the size, you can’t see any big ones, only small,” he said later in the day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"At 2-2 I just started to drop and got punished."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
That dropped the Nittany Lions ’ record to 2-2, and the next week the home fans booed and chanted, “Fire Franklin!”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. （使）落下; 投下; （使）降低; 减少
vt. 放弃; 停止; （故意）降下; 垂下（眼睛）
n. 滴; 空投; 降落; 少量
vi. （水或其他液体）滴; 结束; （因受伤或死等）倒下; 退出
时态：dropped, dropping, drops
分布：下降(30%)，落下(22%)，滴(15%)，放弃(10%)，减少(9%)，微量(6%)，滴状物(5%)，跌倒(1%)，漏掉(1%)，断绝关系(1%)
→来自dhreu, 滴，词源同drip.
n.滴;落下;微量v.落下;下降;失落The temperature suddenly dropped to zero.气温突然下降到了零度.
US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
FALL 下落
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to fall or to allow something to fall （使）落下，（使）掉下；丢下
• She dropped her keys. 她把锁匙掉了。
• I'm always dropping things. 我总是掉东西。
• Amanda dropped her sunglasses in/into the fountain. 阿曼达把太阳镜掉进喷水池里了。
• The book dropped from/off the shelf. 书从书架上掉了下来。
• Don't drop it!/Don't let it drop! 别让那东西掉下来！
drop dead
■to die suddenly and unexpectedly 暴亡，猝死，突然死去
• He dropped dead on the squash court at the age of 43. 他猝死在壁球场上，年仅43岁。
drop sb a line informal
■to write someone a letter, especially a short informal one 给（某人）写信（尤指非正式的简短书信）
• Just drop me a line when you've decided on a date. 一旦你确定了日期给我写信就行。
drop (sb) a hint informal
■to tell someone something in a way that is not direct 暗示（某人），给（某人）露口风
• Margaret dropped a hint that she'd like to come to the party. 玛格丽特暗示她想来参加派对。
drop your aitches/h's UK
■to not pronounce the letter h at the beginning of words in which it should be pronounced 漏发词首h音
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
LOWER 降低
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to move to a lower level, or cause something to move to a lower level （使）下降，（使）降低
• The water level in the flooded region has finally begun to drop. 受灾地区的洪水终于开始退去了。
• The land drops (away) (= slopes down) sharply behind the barrier. 在这道屏障的后面，地势急剧倾斜而下。
• We've had to drop our prices because of the recession. 由于经济不景气，我们不得不降低了价格。
  Common Learner Errors  dropDrop meaning 'move to a lower level' is not usually followed by the adverb 'down', don't say 'drop down', say drop :
✗ The rate of unemployment dropped down significantly. The rate of unemployment dropped significantly.
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
STOP 停止
 IMPROVER transitive
■to stop doing or planning something, especially an activity 停止，放弃（尤指某种活动）
• I'm going to drop yoga and do aerobics instead. 我准备不再练瑜伽而开始做有氧运动。
• Can you drop what you're doing and help me with this report? 你能停下手里的工作来帮我写这份报告吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to stop including someone in a group or team 将（某人）排除在外；开除；使离队
• He's been dropped from the team because of injury. 他因受伤而未能入选球队。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
TAKE 运送
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to take someone to a particular place, usually in a car, and leave them there （通常指用汽车）带，捎（某人至某地）
• They dropped me off at the main entrance. 他们把我带到正门。
• I dropped him at the library and went shopping. 我开车把他带到图书馆后就去买东西去了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
be fit/ready to drop informal
■to be extremely tired 快累趴下了，快累垮了
• I'd just walked ten miles and was ready to drop. 我刚走完十英里的路程，都快累趴下了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop sb/sth like a hot potato informal
■to quickly stop being involved with someone or something because you do not now like them or you think they will cause problems for you 立即摆脱，马上放弃
• He dropped the plan like a hot potato when he realized how much it would cost him. 当他意识到这个计划的代价后立即就放弃了这个烫手的山芋。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop a brick/clanger UK
■to do or say something which makes you feel embarrassed （在言行上）出丑，露怯
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
Drop dead! slang
■a rude way of telling someone that you are angry with them and want them to go away or be quiet 滚开！闭嘴！
• Oh, just drop dead! 哦，滚开！
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop everything
■to stop whatever you are doing 停止一切活动，停下手上的工作
• We just dropped everything and rushed to the hospital. 我们立刻放下手上的工作，跑到医院去了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop it/the subject
■to stop talking about something, especially because it is upsetting or annoying 别提了，不说了（尤指令人苦恼或烦扰之事）
• I don't want to talk about it anymore - let's drop the subject. 我不想再谈这件事了——我们不要再提它了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop the ball US informal
■to make a mistake, especially by doing something in a stupid or careless way 犯错误（尤指由于愚蠢或粗心）
• For god's sake don't drop the ball on this - we're relying on you. 千万不要搞砸了，我们就靠你了！
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
drop-dead gorgeous informal
■extremely attractive 魅力无穷的，极有魅力的
• He's not drop-dead gorgeous or anything, but he's quite nice. 他不是特别有魅力，但很有亲和力。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop behind
■to get further behind or away from something or someone 落后，掉队，跟不上
• As the pace quickened, Pepe began to drop behind. 随着速度的加快，佩佩开始跟不上了。
• She stopped going to classes and dropped behind in her schoolwork. 她不去上课，功课也就落了下来。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop by/in informal
■to visit someone 拜访，看望
• I dropped in on George on my way home from school. 在放学回家的路上我去看了一下乔治。
• Drop by and pick up that book sometime. 甚么时候有空就来取那本书。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop off
SLEEP
■to start to sleep 入睡
DECREASE
■If the amount, number or quality of something drops off, it becomes less 减少，下降
• The demand for mobile phones shows no signs of dropping off. 人们对手机的需求并未出现下降的迹象。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] drop sb/sth off informal
■to take someone or something to a particular place, usually by car, as you travel to a different place （通常指用汽车）捎带…（至某地）
• We dropped our luggage off at the hotel and went sightseeing. 我们把行李放在饭店后就去观光了。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  drop out
■to not do something that you were going to do, or to stop doing something before you have completely finished 停止；退出；中断
• He dropped out of the race after two laps. 在跑了两圈后他退出了比赛。
■If a student drops out, they stop going to classes before they have finished their course. 退学，辍学
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small round-shaped amount of liquid 滴
• I thought I felt a drop of rain. 我觉得有一滴雨落在了身上。
• There were little drops of paint on the kitchen floor. 厨房地板上有几小滴油漆。
 IMPROVER only singular
■a small amount of liquid you can drink （饮料）少许，一点
• I'll have a drop more juice, please. 请再给我来一点果汁。
• "Would you like some more?" " Just a drop, please." “你想再喝点吗?”“请稍加一点。”
drops [plural]
■liquid medicine given in very small amounts （药物）滴液，滴剂
• eye/nose/ear drops 眼药水／滴鼻剂／滴耳剂
countable mainly UK
■a small piece of sweet food made of sugar 小块甜食
• fruit/pear drops 水果／梨味糖
• chocolate drops 巧克力糖
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
LOWER 下降
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the distance from one thing to something lower 下降距离，下落距离
• There's a drop of two metres from the window to the ground. 窗户离地面有两米的距离。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a reduction in the amount or level of something 降低的程度；减少的数量
• The recent drop in magazine subscriptions is causing some concern. 最近杂志订阅数量的减少引起了一些关注。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
FALL 下降
countable
■when things such as supplies, medicine, etc. are delivered , often by dropping them from an aircraft （补给品、药品等的）空投，空降
• a food drop 空投食品
• The helicopter made a drop of much-needed supplies to the stranded hikers. 直升机向被困的徒步旅行者空投了他们急需的用品。
countable
■when something is left in a place and later collected by someone else, usually a spy （间谍等等的人）拿取被丢弃的（某物）
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
a drop in the ocean UK (US a drop in the bucket)
■a very small amount compared to the amount needed 沧海一粟；杯水车薪
• My letter of protest was just a drop in the ocean. 我的抗议书不过是杯水车薪。
UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p] noun
a drop too much (to drink) mainly UK
■too much alcohol to drink 酒多得喝不完
■ drop 1 UK [drɒp] US [drɑ:p/
noun
at the drop of a hat
■If you do something at the drop of a hat, you do it immediately without stopping to think about it 不加思索地，毫不犹豫地
• People will file lawsuits at the drop of a hat these days. 现在人们动不动就打官司。
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vt. 滴；使降低；使终止；随口漏出
 - kill, closure
vi. 下降；终止
 - decline, determine, finish, pass, go down
n. 滴；落下；空投；微量；滴剂
 - suggestion, falling, trace

Word: train
Front: train
[treɪn] (中高雅 1516/1186 -K4)
Vocabulary: train
(once / 34 pages)
1v 2v 3nv 4nv
To train means to teach a skill. If you train your cat to use the toilet, your family will be amazed.
You can train animals to perform in a circus or roll over, and you can train people to do things like program computers or use an espresso machine. When you instruct someone how to do a task, you train him or her. Other meanings of the word train? A locomotive, like the train that takes people from New York City to Boston or a long piece of material attached to the back of a dress, like the train on a wedding dress.
WORD FAMILY
train: detrain, entrain, retrain, trained, trainee, trainer, training, trains+/detrain: detrained, detraining, detrains/entrain: entrained, entraining, entrains/ retrain: retrained, retraining, retrains/trained: untrained/trainee: trainees, traineeship/traineeship: traineeships/trainer: trainers/training: trainings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her father, Mark, is a power lifter who handles her strength and conditioning training.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A much more convenient approach to maintaining RMR during and after weight loss is to train up your secondary hearts, or soleus muscles.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
More than 300 men passed through the courses for volunteers, he said, some of them graduates of his civilian training.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 火车; 行列; 一系列相关的事情; 拖裾
v. 训练; 教育; 培养; 修整
时态：trained, training, trains
分布：火车(55%)，训练(20%)，培训(13%)，列车(6%)，行列(2%)，瞄准(2%)，练习(1%)，一系列(1%)
→来自古法语 trainer,拖，拉，使移动，来自（缩写自）拉丁语 tractus,道路，路径，来自 trahere, 拖，拉，使移动，词源同 drag,tract.拼写比较 main,might.引申词义行列，队伍，一系列等， 后用于指火车，以及比喻词义训练，受训。拼写比较 strain,strict.
n.列车;行列,系列,一串v.训练,培养Strain brain on the train is restrained.在列车上过度用脑受到约束.
noun
VEHICLE 车辆
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a railway engine connected to carriages for carrying people or wheeled containers for carrying goods 火车，列车
• a goods/freight/passenger train 一列货运／客运列车
• the train to/from Bristol 开往／发自布里斯托尔的列车
• a train journey/station 乘火车旅行／火车站
• Did you come by train? 你是乘火车来的吗？
• She caught/took the train to Edinburgh. 她赶上了去爱丁堡的火车／她乘火车去爱丁堡。
• Hurry up, or we'll miss (= arrive too late for) the train. 快点，不然我们就赶不上火车了。
[treɪn] noun
SERIES 系列
train of thought/events
■a series of connected thoughts or events 思路／一连串事件
• What amazing train of thought led you from Napoleon to global warming? 是怎样的思路使你从拿破仑想到全球变暖？
• The book describes the train of events that led up to the assassination. 这本书描述了导致暗杀的一连串事件。
countable
■a line of animals, people or things moving along together （行进中的）行列，队列
• a wagon train 马车队
• a mule/camel train 骡／骆驼队
[treɪn] noun
PART OF DRESS 裙子的一部分
countable
■the part of a long dress that spreads out onto the floor behind the person wearing it 拖裙，裙裾
• an elaborate wedding dress with a long train 拖着长长的裙裾且手工精细的婚纱
[treɪn] noun
put/set sth in train formal
■to start a process 启动；实施
• The reform process was put in train in 1985. 改革进程是1985年启动的。
[treɪn] verb
PREPARE 准备
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to prepare or be prepared for a job, activity or sport, by learning skills and/or by mental or physical exercise 训练，培训；锻炼
• She trained as a pilot. 她接受过飞行训练。
• [+ to infinitive] Isn't Michael training to be a lawyer? 米迦勒难道不是在接受律师执业训练吗？
• [R + to infinitive] I've had to train myself to be more assertive at work. 我必须锻炼自己，使自己在工作中更加自信。
• She trained hard for the race, sometimes running as much as 60 miles a week. 她为参加赛跑比赛而刻苦训练，有时一周能跑60英里。
• humorous I'm trying to train my boyfriend to do the occasional bit of housework. 我正尝试训练我的男友偶尔做点家务。
[treɪn] verb
AIM 瞄准
transitive usually + adverb or preposition formal
■to aim or point a gun, camera, light, etc. at someone or something 把（枪、相机、光等）对准，将…瞄准
• With five guns suddenly trained on him, he was understandably nervous. 五把枪突然对准他，他紧张也不足为奇。
[treɪn] verb
DIRECT GROWTH 引导生长
transitive
■to direct the growth of a plant in a particular direction by cutting it and tying it （透过修剪、捆扎）使（植物）朝特定方向生长；修整
• The vines were trained over an arch, providing shade as well as fruit. 葡萄藤被修整得在拱门上方生长，不仅结出果实，还能遮阴。
instruct, coach, tutor, train, teach, educate
这组词都有“教，教育，培养”的意思，其区别是：
instruct: 与teach含义很接近，但语体较正式。指系统、详细、精心地传播知识，侧重教授与指示。
coach: 指对个人或小组等进行辅导、训练或补课。
tutor: 指进行个别教学或课外辅导。
train: 指训练与培养。
teach: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指直接教某人知识或技能等，侧重传播知识和帮助应用知识。
educate: 较正式用词，指教育，内容比teach广泛，侧重动机或结果，或对潜在能力的开发。
n. [铁路] 火车；行列；长队；裙裾
 - iron horse, choochoo
v. 培养；训练；瞄准
 - aim for, take aim at

Word: threat
Front: threat
[θret] (研四六托宝 1066/1363 -K4)
Vocabulary: threat
(once / 58 pages)
n
A threat is an impending danger that has the potential to cause serious harm — it just hasn't done so yet. In The Wizard of Oz, the huge tornado that spiraled across the Kansas countryside posed a threat to the little girl named Dorothy in its path.
If a huge thug carrying an equally huge knife approaches you in a dark alley and demands, "Your wallet or your life," you feel the imminent threat. Your safety is at risk, especially if you don't hand over that wallet. Threats don't have to be big and scary, though. An extra-large slice of chocolate cake isn't armed and dangerous, but it's still a serious threat to any dieter who's trying to cut calories. Or, you could see a gray cloud as promising the threat of rain showers.
WORD FAMILY
threat: threaten, threats+/ threaten: threatened, threatening, threatens/threatening: threateningly, unthreatening/unthreatening: unthreateningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
These aren’t your typical protests but are our young democracy’s natural response to an urgent existential threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 威胁; 恐吓; 凶兆
分布：威胁(93%)，恐吓(4%)，凶兆(3%)
→来自古英语 threat,胁迫，威胁，来自 Proto-Germanic*thrautam,压迫，促使，来自 treud, 推，紧压，词源同 thrust,extrude,obtrude.
n.恐吓,威胁;坏兆头,危险迹象He took not notice of his father's threat.他不理会他父亲的恐吓.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a suggestion that something unpleasant or violent will happen, especially if a particular action or order is not followed 威胁，恐吓
• [+ to infinitive] She carried out her threat to throw away any clothes that were left on the floor. 她将她的威胁付诸行动，把丢在地上的衣服全都扔掉了。
• The threat of jail failed to deter him from petty crime. 坐牢没能吓住他搞小偷小摸。
• Drunken drivers pose a serious threat (= cause a lot of harm) to other road users. 酒后驾车者对其他路人构成了严重威胁。
• He says he'll tell the authorities but it's just an empty threat (= it will not happen). 他称他要向当局报告，不过那只是一句吓唬人的话。
be under threat of sth
■to be in a situation where people are threatening you with something bad or unpleasant 受到…的威胁
• She left the country under threat of arrest if she returned. 她离开了那个国家，并被警告，一旦返回就会被逮捕。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
n. 威胁，恐吓；凶兆
 - danger, intimidation

Word: course
Front: course
[kɔ:s] (中高研四六雅 418/347 -K5)
Vocabulary: course
(once / 15 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5v 6adv
The noun course can refer to a series of lectures, discussions, or other lessons in a particular subject. To graduate from high school, you have to take certain courses in English, social studies, math, and science. Naturally, you want to pass them!
The noun course can refer to a part of a meal. If you love chocolate, your favorite course will be dessert — it's a triple chocolate mousse! The noun course can also refer to an area laid out for a particular sport, as in a golf course or obstacle course. As a verb course can mean to move quickly over or through a certain path, especially some liquid, like when tears course down your cheeks at a sad movie. Don't confuse the spelling of course with coarse, which is an adjective meaning rough.
WORD FAMILY
course: coursed, courses, coursing, recourse +/coursing: coursings/ recourse: recourses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nick naively hopes no other women saw it, but of course they did.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This trend, of course, reflects how new technology is radically changing many traditional businesses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 课程; 航线; 行动方向; 一道菜
vt. 快速地流动; 奔流; 跑过; 追逐
vi. 沿…（方向）前进; 指引航线; 快跑; 迅速移动
时态：coursed, coursing, courses
分布：课程(74%)，过程(19%)，路线(6%)，讲座(1%)
→来自词根cur, 跑，词源同car, current.
路程,课程[cur(r),curs,cours=run,表示"跑,发生"]
n.课程,教程;过程,进程;路程,路线;一道菜Of course the man's courage encouraged the discouraged tourists in the courtyard.自然那个勇敢男子的勇气鼓舞了院子里泄气的游客们.
US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
CLASSES 课
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of classes or a plan of study on a particular subject, usually resulting in an examination or qualification 课程；教程
• Tim did a three-year course in linguistics at Newcastle. 蒂姆在纽卡斯尔大学修读了为期三年的语言学课程。
• They're going away on a training course next week. 下星期他们要出去上实习课。
• I'd like to UK do / US take a writing course when I retire. 退休后我想修读一门写作课。
  Common Learner Errors  course The correct preposition to use before course is on. Don't say 'to/at/in a course', say on a course :
✗ In this course you will learn how to manage your time. On this course you will learn how to manage your time.
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
SPORTS AREA 运动区域
 IMPROVER countable
■an area of land or water used for a sports event 竞赛场地；球场；跑道；泳道
• a golf course/cross-country course 高尔夫球场／越野赛赛场
⇒ See also racecourse
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
DEVELOPMENT 发展
 IMPROVER only singular
■the often gradual development of something, or the way something happens, or a way of doing something 进展；进程；经过，过程
• Did the scandal have any effect on the course of the election? 丑闻对选举进程有影响吗？
• During the/In the course of (= During) the interview it became clear that he was not suitable for the job. 在面试过程中显示了他并不适合这份工作。
• What would be an appropriate course (of action) in such a situation? 在这种情况下采取甚么样的措施才合适呢？
• If our rivals are spending more on advertising, we'll have to follow the same course. 如果对手增加广告投入，我们也只得奉陪。
• The defendants are also accused of attempting to pervert the course of justice. 被告还被指控企图妨碍司法公正。
in the course of time UK
■after a period of time 经过一段时间；最后；终有一天
• I expect they plan to have children in the course of time. 我想他们总有一天会打算要孩子的。
in/with the course of time
■gradually 逐渐地，渐渐地
• With the course of time, I've learned to live with my disability. 渐渐地，我学会了接受自己为残障的事实。
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
DIRECTION 方向
 ADVANCED countable usually singular uncountable
■the direction in which a vehicle, especially an aircraft, spacecraft or ship, moves, or the path along which a river flows （尤指飞机、太空船或轮船的）航向，航道，路线；（河流的）流向，水道
• The pilot avoided a collision by changing course. 机师改变航向避免了一起碰撞事故。
• Changing the course of the river would cause serious environmental damage to the whole valley. 河流改道会严重危害整个流域的环境。
• figurative The debate completely changed course after Liz made her speech. 莉兹发言后辩论方向完全改变了。
on course
■likely to happen, or likely to succeed as planned 可能发生的；可能如愿以偿的
• Because of the recession, we're on course for/to have record unemployment levels. 由于经济衰退，我们可能要创失业率的新纪录了。
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
MEAL 餐
 ADVANCED countable
■a part of a meal which is served separately from the other parts 一道菜
• a four-course lunch 四道菜的午餐
• A traditional British main course consists of a meat dish with potatoes and other vegetables. 传统的英国主菜由肉加薯仔及其他蔬菜组成。
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
MEDICAL TREATMENT 治疗
countable
■a fixed number of regular medical treatments 疗程
• My doctor's put me on a course of antibiotics. 医生让我做了一个疗程的抗生素治疗。
• She needed a six-month course of physiotherapy after she broke her leg. 腿骨折后她需要一个为期六个月的物理治疗疗程。
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
LAYER 层
countable specialized
■a continuous horizontal layer of bricks or other building material （砖瓦等建筑材料的）层
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
of course informal
■used to say 'yes' or to give someone permission to do something （表示肯定或允许）当然
• "Can you help me?" "Of course." “你能帮帮我吗？”“当然可以。”
• May I have a look at your newspaper?" "Of course you can." “我能看看你的报纸吗？”“当然可以。”
• "Have you written your English essay yet?" "Of course, I finished it last week." “你的英语短文写了吗？”“当然了，我上周就写完了。”
■used to show that what you are saying is obvious or already known （用于表示所说的很显然或已经为人所知）当然
• The Second World War ended, of course, in 1945. 第二次世界大战当然是结束于1945年。
■used to show that a situation or a piece of information is not surprising （用于表示某一情况或资讯不足为怪）当然，自然
• We arrived at the restaurant 30 minutes late so, of course, our reservation had been cancelled. 我们到餐厅晚了30分钟，所以，预订自然就被取消了。
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
noun
of course not
■used to emphasize that you disagree or that something is not true （用于强调不同意或不正确）当然不
• "Where did you get the money? Did you steal it?" "Of course not. I borrowed it from Carol." “你哪里来的钱？是偷的吗？”“当然不是，我向卡罗尔借的。”
UK [kɔ:s] US [kɔ:rs/ note_panel
verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to flow quickly or in large amounts 奔流；奔涌；大量流动
• Tears were coursing down his cheeks. 泪水从他的脸颊滚落。
• You could almost hear the blood coursing through her veins as she passed the finishing line. 她冲过终点时你几乎听得到血液在她血管里流动的声音。
• figurative A new wave of idealism is coursing through our schools. 一股新的理想主义浪潮正席卷我们的学校。
course, subject
course: 课程(可包括多门科目),
subject: 科目(具体的学科)a summer course
course, trend, stage
course: 过程
trend: 趋势
stage: （发展）阶段，舞台
course, lesson, lecture, class
这组词都有“课”的意思，其区别是：
course: 指在一段时间内教完或学完的完整的课程。
lesson: 主要指教材中的一课或每次授课的单位时间。
lecture: 指讲课。
class: 从“班级”引申指学生在一起上课，还可表示“(一节)课”。
n. 过程；进程；道路；一道菜
 - path, mechanism, process, way, road
vt. 追赶；跑过
 - pursue, chase after
vi. 指引航线；快跑
 - double up

Word: meeting
Front: meeting
[ˈmi:tɪŋ] (中高雅 772/457 -K5)
Vocabulary: meeting
(once / 45 pages)
n
A meeting is the planned gathering of a group of people for a specific reason. You might attend a meeting for Trekkies who are all fans of "Star Trek," or you may decide to stay home and watch "Star Trek" reruns instead. Wise move.
Meetings are arranged beforehand, and when you show up at one, there will be other people there for the same purpose. Your meeting might be your monthly book group or a quick huddle after work to plan your boss's surprise birthday party. Meeting can also mean "an encounter," like the chance meeting you have with your kindergarten teacher at the grocery store, or "the place things come together," like the meeting of two streams in your yard.
WORD FAMILY
meeting: meetings+/ meet: meeter, meeting, meetly, meets, met/meeter: meeters
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Meetings with no answers. That pretty much says it all.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Tell him you were upset your children were prevented from meeting their cousin and ask him to forgive you for your pettiness.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
MGM is expected to submit its compliance information to regulators by Jan. 26, the next meeting of the Maryland Lottery and Gaming Commission.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 会议; 聚会; 汇合点; 运动会
v. 相遇( meet的现在分词); 相识; 开会; 接触（某物）
分布：会议(87%)，集会(11%)，动词meet的现在分词.(1%)，汇合(1%)
→来自meet,见面，集会，-ing,动名词。引申词义开会，会议。
n.会议,集合,汇合,会见,接见,汇合点The attendants attend the meeting and pretend to be attentive.侍从们出席会议并装出专注的样子.
US [-tˌɪŋ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an occasion when people come together intentionally or not intentionally 会见；会面；会议
• We're having a meeting on Thursday to discuss the problem. 我们将在周四会面讨论这个问题。
• I'm afraid she's in a meeting - I'll ask her to call you back later. 恐怕现在她在开会——我会叫她稍后回电话给你。
• A chance (= not intended) meeting with a publisher on an airplane had launched his career. 与一位出版商在飞机上的偶遇使他的事业得以开展。
• I liked him from our first meeting. 从我们第一次见面以来我就喜欢他。
■a group of people who have met for a particular purpose 与会者，参加会议的人
• The meeting wants to look at the proposal again. 与会者想再次审议这个提案。
■UK
■a sports competition 运动会
UK ['mi:.tɪŋ] US [-tˌɪŋ] noun countable
a meeting of minds
■a situation when two or more people have the same opinions about something 意见一致
rally, congress, session, assembly, meeting, gathering, convention, conference, council
这组词都有“会，会议”的意思，其区别是：
rally: 指大规模的群众性政治集会。
congress: 指国会、议会、代表大会等机构，尤指经选举产生的国家立法机构的大会或由这些机构召开的大会，也可指专业人员代表大会。
session: 一般指议会等召开的正式会议。
assembly: 多指一个通常有许多人参加、计划好的，为某一特殊目的而召集的会议。
meeting: 普通用词，词义广泛。指一般性的会议，可用于任何场合。
gathering: 指两人以上的聚会或集会，强调非正式性。
convention: 侧重指某一政党或团体为某一特殊目的而召开的会议；也可指学术团体的年会。
conference: 正式用词，一般指大型会议，如政府工作会议、国际学术交流会议、各国之间的协商、会谈等。
council: 在国际上多指由各国代表参加的政治会议，或常设的政治机构。在国内、地方上，此词多指常设的政务领导机构，如市政委员会等。
n. 会议；会见；集会；汇合点
 - session, congress, assembly, gathering
v. 会面；会合（meet的ing形式）
 - rendezvousing

Word: worth
Front: worth
[wɜ:θ] (中高 1353/975 -K4)
Vocabulary: worth
(once / 32 pages)
nadj
The noun worth refers to the monetary value of something. If your grandmother gives you a strange old coin from her collection, you can have it appraised to determine its worth.
The noun worth also means the inherent value of something based on the qualities of excellence, usefulness or importance. Don't underestimate your worth to the group; the whole bake sale would have fallen apart without you, and your brownies were delicious. As an adjective worth describes something that has a value or deserves to be treated a certain way, like when your hard work baking is worth the effort.
WORD FAMILY
worth: self-worth, worthful, worthless, worths, worthy +/unworthiness: unworthinesses/unworthy: unworthily, unworthiness/worthiness: worthinesses/ worthless: worthlessly, worthlessness / worthlessness: worthlessnesses/ worthy: unworthy, worthier, worthies, worthiest, worthily, worthiness, worthyly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear how much the contract will be worth once the golf course opens and starts operating.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If we must prove our worth, it is possible to be worthless.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee with $50 worth of curtains and changed the sign.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 值得的; 有…的价值; 等值的; 有…的财产
n. 财富，财产; 价值
分布：价值(87%)，值得的(8%)，财富(4%)，值钱的(1%)
→来自wert,弯，转，相对，词源同convert,versus。引申义等价，对等，匹配，力量，价值。词义演变比较fit,match.
n.价值a.值...的,价值...的,值得...的This necklace is worth 1,000 US dollars.这条项链值1000美元.
US [wɝ:θ] adjective
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL
■having a particular value, especially in money 值…钱的
• Our house is worth £200 000. 我们的房子价值约20万英镑。
• Heroin worth about $5 million was seized. 缴获价值约500万美元的海洛因。
■informal
■having a particular amount of money 拥有…财产的
• She must be worth at least half a million. 她肯定拥有价值至少50万的财产。
be worth it
■to be of reasonable or good value for the price 是值得的；物有所值
• Four days' car hire costs £150, which is well worth it for the freedom it gives you. 租车4天需花费150英镑，但它给了你行动自由，这样来说还是十分值得。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
IMPORTANCE 重要
be worth sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action 值得…
• I think this matter is worth our attention. 我觉得这件事值得我们注意。
• When you're in Reykjavik, the National Museum is worth a visit. 如果你在雷克雅维克，那里的国家博物馆值得参观。
be worth having/doing sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to be important or useful to have or do 值得拥有／做…
• There's nothing worth reading in this newspaper. 这份报纸中没甚么值得一读。
• If you are a young, inexperienced driver, it is worth having comprehensive insurance. 如果你是一位初出茅庐的年轻司机，买一份综合保险是必要的。
• It's worth remembering that prices go up on February 1st. 值得记住的是，价格于二月一日上涨。
worth it
 IMPROVER
■enjoyable enough or producing enough advantages to make the necessary effort, risk, pain, etc. seem acceptable 值得（努力、冒险、忍受痛苦等）去做
• It was a long climb to the top of the hill, but it was worth it for the view from the top. 攀登到山顶要很长时间，但为了能看到山顶上的风景，这是值得的。
• Don't tire yourself out Geri, it's really not worth it. 格里，别把自己累坏了，那真的不值得。
• After the plastic surgery I had two black eyes and was very swollen. But I knew it would be worth it. 整形手术之后，我双眼发青，而且肿得非常厉害。但我知道这是值得的。
• Forget him, love, - he's just not worth it. 忘了他吧，亲爱的——他不值得你这样。
  Common Learner Errors  be worth doing something When worth is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'be worth to do something', say be worth doing something :
✗ Do you think it's worth to ask Patrick first? Do you think it's worth asking Patrick first?
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
be worth your/its weight in gold
■to be very useful or helpful 非常有用；很有帮助
• This recipe book is worth its weight in gold - it tells you everything you need to know about cookery. 这本烹饪书非常有用——它会告诉你对烹调所需要了解的一切。
• Boys who can sing like that are worth their weight in gold to the choir. 唱得那么好的男孩对合唱队来说是非常有价值的。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
be worth your while ADVANCED
■to be an activity or action that you will get an advantage from 值得去做；对…有好处
• It's worth your while taking out travel insurance before you travel. 在旅行前购买旅行保险是值得的。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
for all you are worth informal
■If you do something for all you are worth, you put a lot of effort into it 拼命；全力以赴
• We pushed the car for all we were worth, but we still couldn't get it started. 我们拼命推那辆车，可仍然无法使它发动起来。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
for what it's worth informal
■said when you are giving someone a piece of information and you are not certain if that information is useful or important 不管有用与否；无论价值如何
• For what it's worth, I think he may be right. 不论是否有价值，我认为他可能是正确的。
• They are, for what it's worth, the single most successful eastern arts group in the West. 无论是否重要，他们是西方唯一一个最为成功的东方艺术群体。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
If it /a thing is worth doing , it's worth doing well. saying
■used to emphasize that if you are going to spend time doing a piece of work, you should do it as well as possible 值得做的事情，就要把它做好
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
make sth/it worth your while informal
■to pay you money to do something 为做…付给报酬
• If you can get me the list of names I want, I'll make it worth your while. 如果你能弄到我要的名单，我会给你报酬。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
not worth the paper sth is printed / written on
■If a document or agreement is not worth the paper it is written/printed on, it is of very little value. （文件或协议）毫无价值的
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
What's it worth (to you)? informal mainly humorous
■said when you want to know what someone will give you if you give them the piece of information they have asked for 对我会有甚么好处呢?
• "Do you know where Dave's living at the moment?" "What's it worth?" “你知不知道戴夫现在住在哪里？”“告诉你对我有甚么好处？”
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] adjective
worth your salt
■good at your job 称职的；胜任的
• Any accountant worth their salt should be aware of the latest changes in taxation. 任何称职的会计都应该了解最新的税收变化。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the amount of money which something can be sold for; value 价格；价值
• The estimated worth of the plastics and petrochemical industry is about $640 billion. 塑胶与石化工业的估计价值约为6，400亿美元。
£20/$100, etc. worth of sth
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount of something that you could buy for £20/$100, etc 价值20英镑／100美元等的…
• $4 million worth of souvenirs and gift items have been produced for the event. 已为这次活动制作了价值400万美元的纪念品和礼品。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the importance or usefulness of something or someone 重要性；作用
• He felt as though he had no worth. 他觉得自己似乎无足轻重。
• She has proved her worth on numerous occasions. 她已经在众多场合证明了自己的作用。
• The study proved that women were paid less than men holding jobs of comparable worth. 研究证明，在从事同等重要的工作时，女性得到的报酬要比男性少。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
AMOUNT 数量
a month's/year's, etc. worth of sth
■an amount of something which will last a month/year, etc. or which takes a month/year, etc. to do 可持续（或需花费）一个月／一年等的…
• a month's worth of grocery shopping 买的够一个月用的食品杂货
• I've done three hour's worth of work this morning. 我今早已完成的工作顶得上三个小时的工作量。
UK [wɜ:θ] US [wɝ:θ] noun
get your money's worth
■to get good value 钱花得值
• We were determined to get our money's worth from our day tickets and went to every museum in the city. 我们决心令自己的当日门票物有所值，于是去遍了城里的每一家博物馆。
value, worth
这组词都有“价值”的意思，其区别是：
value: 侧重指使用价值，着重人、物或事所具有的重要性、用途或优秀品质等。
worth: 与value近义，但前者强调事物本身的价值。
worthwhile, worthless, worth, worthy
worthwhile: 值得的(可作定语和表语)。如：That is a worthwhile program.(那是一个值得听的节目。)So few movies are worthwhile nowadays.(当今有价值的电影很少。)
worthless: 无价值的，无用的(可作定语和表语，无比较级)。如：These stamps are worthless.(这些邮票无价值。)Don’t read worthless books.(不要读些没用的书。)
worth: 值……钱，值得……的。如：This house is worth a lot of money.(这房值很多钱。)The radio program is worth listening to. (这广播节目值得听。)
worthy: (1)有价值的，可尊敬的(常作定语)。如：The teacher was a worthy man.(那位老师是可尊敬的人。)(2)值得的(常作表语)。如：The man is worthy of praise.(这人值得称赞。)它的动词句式是be worthy to be done (be worth doing).
n. 价值；财产
 - importance, estate, property, price, value

Word: operate
Front: operate
[ˈɒpəreɪt] (高研四六托 1309/970 -K5)
Vocabulary: operate
(once / 42 pages)
1v 2v 3v
You'll want to find a skilled surgeon to operate on your hand. Once your hand is working again, you'll be able to operate your buzz saw with ease.
Operate comes from a Latin root related to opus, "work," and it's a verb that can be used for all kinds of work. Your computer can operate smoothly, the lottery can operate successfully, your school can operate a day care center in some vacant classrooms, and you can operate your vehicle in a safe manner. If you're an unshakable optimist, your friends may say you "operate in a dream world."
WORD FAMILY
operate: operable, operated, operates, operating, operation, operative, operator +/ inoperable: inoperably/interoperable: interoperability/ operable: inoperable, interoperable/ operation: operational, operations/ operational: nonoperational, operationalism, operationally/operationalism: operationalist/ operative: inoperative, operatively, operatives, postoperative, preoperative / operator: operators/postoperative: postoperatively
USAGE EXAMPLES
And how close should his ties remain to business executives operating in areas with far different opinions about human rights and justice?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A JPMorgan spokeswoman said on Tuesday that it continued to operate its business in Indonesia as usual.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
This creates a difficult patchwork of laws for businesses that operate in multiple jurisdictions, a problem that will likely worsen over the next four years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 运转; 操作; 经营; 管理
vi. 开刀; （对…）动手术; 动手术; （在某地）采取军事行动
vt. 操作，控制，使运行
时态：operated, operating, operates
分布：操作(66%)，经营(15%)，动手术(10%)，运转(9%)
→来自拉丁语operari,工作，劳作，创作，来自op,工作，劳作，生产，词源同opus,office.引申词义运作，操作，手术等。
v.操作,运转,开动,起作用,动手术The machine is not operating properly.机器运转得不正常.
US ['ɑ:.pə.reɪt] verb
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect （使）工作，（使）运行；运作；操作；起作用
• How do you operate the remote control unit? 你是怎么操作这个遥控器的？
• Does the company operate a pension scheme? 这家公司实行退休金制度吗？
• For several years she operated a dating agency from her basement flat. 有好几年她在她的半地下室公寓里经营一个婚姻介绍所。
• Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently. 这个部门正在推行改革，以提高工作效率。
• Specially equipped troops are operating in the hills. 特种装备部队正在山里进行军事行动。
• We have representatives operating in most countries. 我们在大多数国家都有代表开展业务。
• Exchange rates are currently operating to the advantage of exporters. 目前的汇率变动有利于出口商。
UK ['ɒp.ər.eɪt] US ['ɑ:.pə.reɪt] verb
MEDICAL PROCESS 医疗方法
intransitive
■to cut a body open for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part 开刀，动手术
• If the growth gets any bigger they'll have to operate. 如果肿瘤再长大一些，他们将不得不动手术。
• Are they going to operate on him? 他们打算给他做手术吗？
work, operate, manipulate, run, maneuver
work: 干活，劳动
operate: 操作，动手术
manipulate: （为某一目的而）控制，影响（某人或某物）
run: 跑，开动（机器）；
maneuver: 巧妙的移动或调动
vi. 运转；动手术；起作用
 - run, act
vt. 操作；经营；引起；对…开刀
 - attract, keep, produce, work, handle

Word: rest
Front: rest
[rest] (中高 673/703 -K4)
Vocabulary: rest
(once / 18 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4n 5n
To rest means to relax into something and let it support you. Rest yourself on the couch for a while, if you're tired.
The word rest comes from the German rasta meaning "league of miles." If you walked that far, you'd need a good rest too. Whatever way you choose to use the word rest — whether it's something you do, something you take, or something you put your arm up on — you're describing a moment of stillness and calm. Rest also means "the stuff left over." Who will eat the rest of the cookies when you have to rest from eating so many of them?
WORD FAMILY
rest: rested, rester, restful, resting, restless, rests, unrest+/ rested: unrested/rester: resters/ restful: restfuler, restfulest, restfully, restfulness/ restless: restlessly, restlessness/restlessness: restlessnesses/unrest: unrests
USAGE EXAMPLES
The doctor told me to rest, really rest.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Study results also indicate that by raising cardiac output back to normal resting levels, RMR returns to normal levels while individuals are sitting quietly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
After outscoring Washington by 20 in the third quarter, Houston opened a 78-70 lead and remained in charge for the rest of the game.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 休息; 剩余部分; 支持物; 宁静，安宁
vt. & vi. （使）休息; （使）倚靠[支撑]
vi. 休息; 静止; 停止; 安心
vt. 使休息; 使轻松; 使长眠; 使依赖
时态：rested, resting, rests
分布：休息(94%)，依赖(2%)，休止符(2%)，搁置(1%)，搁在(1%)
→1.休息，放松，来自古英语 rest,休息，来自 Proto-Germanic*rasto,休息，来自 res,休息。 2.其余，其它，来自拉丁语 restare,站回，留下，遗留，来自 re-,向后，往回，stare,站立，词 源同 stand.即留下的，引申词义其余，其它。
n.休息;剩余部分v.休息;睡;放,靠,搁Having played golf, the wolf in wool rested on the tool stool in the zoo.打过高尔夫球之后,穿羊毛衣的狼歇在动物园里的工具登上.
verb
STOP 停止
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause someone or something to) stop doing a particular activity or stop being active for a period of time in order to relax and get back your strength （使）暂停，（使）停止；（使）休息
• The doctor told him that he should rest for a few days. 医生告诉他应该休息几天。
• He looked away from the computer screen to rest his eyes. 他把视线从电脑萤幕上移开，让眼睛休息一下。
• She promised that she would not rest (= would not stop looking) until the murderer of her son was caught and imprisoned. 她发誓杀害她儿子的凶手不被捕入狱，她就不会善罢甘休。
⇒ See also rest up
be resting informal
■to be an actor who does not have any work （演员）没有接到戏而呆在家里
• Over 90% of professional actors are resting at any given time. 任何时候都有超过90%的职业演员无戏可演。
I rest my case. (also My case rests.) legal
■said by lawyers in a law court when they have finished the explanation of their case （律师出庭用语）陈述完毕。
[rest] verb
SUPPORT 支撑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to lie or lean on something, or to put something on something else so that its weight is supported 躺；倚；靠
• She rested her head on my shoulder. 她把头靠在我的肩膀上。
• The bicycle was resting against the wall. 脚踏车靠墙放着。
[rest] verb
REMAIN 保持
intransitive formal
■to remain in a particular state or place 保持不变
• We must talk to the council about the problem - the matter cannot be allowed to rest here (= further action must be taken). 我们一定要跟委员会商讨这个问题——我们不能听之任之。
[rest] verb
let sth rest informal
■to not talk about or mention a particular subject 不再讨论；不再提
• After he had told his friends he was writing a novel, they wouldn't let the subject rest. 自从他告诉他的朋友们他正在写一本小说后，他们就没完没了地提起这事。
[rest] verb
rest easy (also rest assured)
■used to tell someone not to worry and that you are in control of the situation （用于安慰某人）请放心，别担心
• "Rest assured, Mrs. Cooper" said the police officer. "We will find your son for you." “您放宽心，库珀太太，”员警说，“我们会为您找到您儿子的。”
[rest] verb
rest in peace
■said to express the hope that someone's spirit has found peace after they have died （表示对死者的祝愿）安息
• She was a decent and compassionate woman: may she rest in peace. 她生前为人正直、富有同情心：愿她安息。
(written abbreviation rIP)
■often written on a gravestone （常刻于墓碑上）安息
[rest] verb
rest on your laurels
■to be satisfied with your achievements and not to make an effort to do anything else 满足于既得成就；吃老本；不求进步
• Just because you've got your degree doesn't mean you can rest on your laurels. 你不能仅仅因为得了个学位就心满意足裹足不前了。
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest on sb/sth
■If your eyes rest on something or someone when you are looking around an area, you start looking only at that particular object or person （目光在环顾四周后）落在…上；注目于，凝视
• Her eyes rested on a small wooden box at the back of the shop. 她的目光落在商店最里面的一个小木盒子上。
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest on/upon sth formal
■If something rests on a particular idea, belief or fact, it is based on it or needs it in order for it to be true 基于；以…为基础
• Christianity rests on the belief that Jesus was the son of God. 基督教的基本教义信奉耶稣是上帝之子。
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest on/upon sb/sth formal
■to depend on someone or something 有赖于；取决于；依赖
• Our success rests on an increase in sales. 我们的成功取决于销售量的增加。
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest up
■to relax in order to have strength for something 得到充分休息；养足精神
• Why don't you take a nap to rest up for the party? 你为甚么不睡一会儿，养足精神去参加派对？
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest with sb formal
■If a responsibility or decision rests with someone, they are responsible for it 是（某人）的责任；由（某人）负责
• The authority to call an emergency meeting rests with the president. 召集紧急会议的权力在总统手中。
[rest] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  rest with sb/sth
■to depend on someone or something 依靠；依赖；寄托于
• Our hopes rest with you. 我们的希望寄托在你身上。
[rest] noun
OTHER PART 其他部分
the rest only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■the other things, people or parts that remain or that have not been mentioned 剩余部分；其余；其余的人
• I've got two bright students, but the rest are average. 我班上有两个特别聪明的学生，但是其他人都表现平平。
• I'll keep a third of the money and the rest is for you. 钱我留下1／3，其余的归你。
• Have you got anything planned for the rest of the day? 这天剩余的时间你安排甚么事了吗？
[rest] noun
STOP 停止
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a period of time in which you relax, do not do anything active, or sleep （使）暂停，（使）停止；（使）休息
• After they had carried the piano up the stairs, they stopped for a rest. 他们把钢琴搬到楼上后，停下来休息了一会儿儿。
• The doctor prescribed some pills and told her to get/have a week's rest. 医生开了些药，并嘱咐她休息一周。
countable specialized
■a period of silence between musical notes, or a symbol which represents this （音乐的）休止，休止符
• a minim rest 二分休止符
at rest
■describes someone or something that is not doing anything active, or not moving 静止；不动；休息
• Her heartbeat is only 55 at rest. 她在安静状态下心跳每分钟只有55次。
■used in a polite or respectful way to say that someone is dead （死亡的委婉说法）长眠，安息
• Your father was a very troubled man, but he's at rest now. 你父亲一生坎坷，但是他现在可以安息了。
come to rest
■to stop, usually in a particular place （通常在某个地方）停止，停下来，静止下来
• The car hit the kerb, rolled over and came to rest in a ditch. 汽车撞到马路边石上，翻滚到路沟里停了下来。
[rest] noun
SUPPORT 支撑
countable
■an object which supports the weight of something 支撑物；支架；基座
• I used a pile of books as a rest for my telescope. 我用一叠书作望远镜支架。
⇒ See also headrest;armrest
[rest] noun
(and) all the rest informal
■used at the end of a phrase or list to refer to other things or people that belong to the same set or group and that you have not had time to mention 诸如此类，以及其他，等等
• Bob, June and Alison and all the rest are coming to dinner tonight. 鲍勃、琼、爱丽森等人今晚要来参加晚宴。
[rest] noun
for the rest
■used when you have already mentioned the important parts of something and you now want to mention the other less important parts （表示说完重要的事情后对不重要的事情的补充）至于其他，除此以外
• The salary in my new job is great, but (as) for the rest, I'm not impressed. 我的新工作薪水挺高，但是其他方面嘛，我觉得就没有甚么特别的了。
[rest] noun
give it a rest informal
■said when you want someone to stop talking about or doing something that is annoying you 不要说了；别再做了
• Oh, give it a rest, can't you? 得了，别再说了，好不好？
[rest] noun
the rest is history
■everything which happened since then is well known 后来的事是尽人皆知的
• The Beatles had their first hit record in 1962 and the rest is history. 披头四乐队于1962年推出了他们的第一张畅销唱片，后来的事就不用赘述了。
pause, stop, break, interval, cease, recess, rest
这组词都有“中止，停止，休息”的意思，其区别是：
pause: 指短暂的中断或停止，含再进行下去的意味。
stop: 普通用词，指迅速或突然中止某行为、活动或状态。
break: 非正式用词，指突然的或短时间的中止，如工作或活动期间接短暂休息。
interval: 指一出戏在幕与幕之间，音乐会上下串场之间或演出中预先安排的休息；也可泛指事件之间的一段时间。
cease: 正式用词，侧重逐渐结呸某活动或状态，含永远结束的意味。
recess: 正式用词，指业务活动或工作中短暂的或长时间的休息。
rest: 指统称的休息。
comfort, ease, leisure, rest, relaxation, relief
这组词都有“舒适，安逸、悠闲”的意思，其区别是：
comfort: 通常指在摆脱烦人、痛苦的事情，或在要求、愿望得到满足后所感到的舒适。
ease: 指因没有担心和忧虑而轻松。
leisure: 专指闲暇时间或悠闲状态。
rest: 与work相对，强调水分除身心痛劳，不着重休息方式。
relaxation: 强调消除肌肉疲劳或思想的紧张状态，使身心松弛，得到休息。
relief: 侧重有消除痛苦、不适或困难的负担，常暗含不利因素已不存在的意味。
balance, remainder, remains, rest, surplus
这组词都有“剩余部分”的意思，其区别是：
balance: 指支取存款的余额或减去各种开支后的尾数。
remainder: 含义较广，可指数学运算中的余数，也指从整体取走或用掉部分后的所余部分，或一群人走掉一部分剩下的人。
remains: 常指人或动物死后的遗体或遗骨，也指古代文明的遗迹或去世作家尚未发表的遗稿。
rest: 最普通用词与定冠词连用，指任何指定数量的人或物等。
surplus: 指超过需要数量之外的剩余。
vt. 使休息，使轻松；把…寄托于
 - relax
n. 休息，静止；休息时间；剩余部分；支架
 - lay-up, stillness
vi. 休息；静止；依赖；安置
 - relax, still

Word: nor
Front: nor
[nɔ:(r)] (中高 1062/810 -K4)
Back: conj. 也不; 也不是; 和 neither 或 not 连用; 去甲
分布：也不(80%)，也没有(20%)
→缩写自neither.
conj.／ad.也不,也没有No, nobody's body is noble, nor is his.不,没有任何人的躯体是高贵的,他的也不是.
US [nɔ:r] conjunction
 IMPROVER
■used before the second or last of a set of negative possibilities, usually after 'neither' 也不（通常与 neither 连用）
• We can neither change nor improve it. 对此我们既无法改变，也无法加以改善。
• Strangely, neither Carlo nor Juan saw what had happened. 奇怪的是，卡洛和胡安都没有看到发生甚么事。
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■neither 也不，也没有
• "I've never been to Iceland." "Nor have I." “我从未去过冰岛。”“我也没有。”
• I can't be at the meeting and nor can Andrew. 我无法出席会议，安德鲁也去不了。
conj. 也不；也不是
 - neither

Word: either
Front: either
[ˈaɪðə(r)] (中高 558/437 -K5)
Vocabulary: either
(once / 26 pages)
adv
Either usually signals a choice between two things. Either we go to the movies or the park: we can't do both.
Either is used in many comparisons, as in: "I'm not young, but I'm not old either" or "I'm no Martha Stewart, but I'm not a slob either." A choice between two things is often called an either/or choice. You can vote for either the Republican candidate, the Democratic candidate, or an independent candidate. You can't vote for two of them or all three. When you see the word either, you're probably going to have to make a choice.
WORD FAMILY
either: eithers
USAGE EXAMPLES
There was no immediate comment from either North or South Korea on Mr. Trump’s latest remarks.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether he's sentenced to death or not, it's unlikely Roof would be executed any time soon, in either jurisdiction.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brown said the team would prefer not to use franchise tags on either player.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: pron. （两者之中）任何一个
adj. （两者中）任一的; 非此即彼的，两者择一的
adv. （否定句中）也; [用于否定句或否定词组后]也（不…），亦，而且; [口语] [用于否定句或否定词组后以加强语气]根本; 当然
conj. [通常用于“either…or…”结构中]或者，要么[在“either…or…”结构中，动词的人称和数一般与离得最近的主动响应，但有时用第三人称单数，在口语中也有把两个主语合在一起用作复数的]
分布：任一(66%)，任一的(26%)，两方的(8%)
→缩写自古英语aeghwaether, 来自ae, 词源同each. hwaether,同whether. 即两者中永远有一个。
ad.也(不)pron.两者之一a.(两者中)任一的There's coffee or tea - you can have either.咖啡或茶──你可以任选一种.
UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used in negative sentences instead of 'also' or 'too' （在否定句中代表 also 或 too）也
• I don't eat meat and my husband doesn't either. 我不吃肉，我丈夫也不吃。
• "I've never been to the States." "I haven't either." “我从没去过美国。”“我也没有。”
• They do really good food at that restaurant and it's not very expensive either. 那家餐厅饭菜做得很好，而且价格也不太贵。
UK ['aɪ.ðər] UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner pronoun conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■used when referring to a choice between two possibilities （两种可能性的选择）要么…要么，不是…就是，或者…或者；（两者中）任何一个
• Either candidate would be ideal for the job. 这两个人任何一个都是做这项工作的理想人选。
• "Do you prefer pork or beef?" "I don't like either." “你喜欢吃猪肉还是牛肉? ” “任何一样我都不喜欢。”
• "Would you like the metal or plastic one?" "Either will do." “你是要金属的，还是塑胶的？”“哪种都行。”
• You can get there by train or bus - either way/in either case it'll take an hour. 去那里你想坐火车和大巴士都行——怎么去都得花一个小时。
• We can either eat now or after the show - it's up to you. 我们可以现在吃饭，也可以在演出后吃——由你决定。
• Either you leave now or I call the police! 要么你现在离开，要么我就叫员警！
UK ['aɪ.ðər] UK ['i:-] US [-ðɚ] determiner
 IMPROVER
■both （两者中）每个，各方
• Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me. 真倒楣，餐桌上坐在我两边的人都抽烟。
either, likewise, as well, also, too
这组词都有“也”的意思，其区别是：
either: 用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。
likewise: 是书面语用词。
as well: 一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。
also: 比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。
too: 语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。
conj. 或者
 - or, vel
adv. 也（用于否定句或否定词组后）；根本
 - too, also, ultimately, likewise

Word: george
Front: george
[dʒɔ:dʒ] (-/896)
Back: n. 男子名
分布：英国最高勋爵勋章上的圣乔治诛龙图(100%)

Word: civil
Front: civil
[ˈsɪvl] (高研四六托宝 1050/1158 -K4)
Vocabulary: civil
(once / 39 pages)
1adj 2adj 3adj 4adj
Civil has several meanings. The simplest is cultured and polite, as in someone who is civilized. Civil can also describe things related to a community of people and their government, or a civilization.
If you work for the post office, you're a civil servant. The Civil Rights movement focused on the notion that all American citizens were entitled to the same basic civil liberties. Rather than getting hysterical, someone getting divorced should follow their lawyer's advice and be civil toward their spouse when they face each other in civil court over the matter of who would get the banana plantation.
WORD COUNT
Can Captain America Really Wage a "Civil" War?
Captain America: Civil War is a hit film at the early summer box office, having recently surpassed 1 billion dollars in worldwide ticket sales. The film raises a lot of questions, like whether you are on Captain America or Iron Man's side in a philosophical disagreement that escalates to a full-scale battle.
A lot of the questions related to the plot will most likely be answered in the two-part Avengers: Infinity War, the first part of which is scheduled for release in May 2018. However, a more basic question can be answered well before that having to do with the language of the title: How can a War be Civil?
This question has been asked before, most humorously by the late comedian George Carlin who noted that politeness and the brutality of war don't belong anywhere near one another, least of all next to each other in the same phrase.
So how did a word that shows up in phrases like civil discourse, which often characterizes respectful disagreement, or the admonition be civil!, which can chastise someone for everything from talking too loudly to using a tablecloth as a napkin, become associated with war—the least polite, least civil, activity of all?
Carlin's, and our, puzzlement at the civility of armed combat comes from a mixing of two separate senses of the word civil. The older meaning, the one present in civil war, dates from the late 14th century and means, "pertaining to the internal affairs of a state." So a civil war is a battle among citizens within a community, whether it is a community of Americans in the 1860s or a community of Avengers on the movie screen.
The second definition of civil, meaning "polite" arose later than the "affairs of state" definition—the former not being attested in English until the late 16th century, although the sense of "polite" was apparently always present in the Classical Latin source. The "polite" definition intersects with the "citizen" definition in an interesting way. It was once held that citizens were courteous and well mannered, as opposed to those in the military, who were considered impolite. So a word to describe a member of a community, a citizen, or, to use another word that comes to designate a non-soldier, a civilian, came to take on the meaning of qualities associated with those people. This process is one way that a single word can encompass two definitions that seem very different.
The word civil has had a long history apart from its presence in civil war. The civil disobedience of civil rights movements both in America and abroad demonstrated the effectiveness of not resorting to violence, and these movements, led by people like Gandhi and The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., demanded, in a relatively polite manner, freedom from injustice.
The recent coinage civil union uses the definition of civil that involves the internal workings of a community. Civil Union is first attested in 2000 and has become a term designating a state-recognized partnership that isn't officially a marriage. Opponents of same-sex marriage often proposed civil unions as an alternative arrangement when dealing with the opposition, who were demanding the right to marry and have those marriages hold the same status as traditional marriages and be fully recognized by the state. However, talk of civil unions has faded since the Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage (Obergefell vs. Hodges).
Whether it is about unions or the war over The Union, the tension between the two definitions of civil cannot be denied. It is important, in a time of increased animosity and vilification of those that disagree, to remember to remain civil when dealing with civil matters.
WORD FAMILY
civil: civiler, civilest, civilian, civilise, civility, civilize, civilly, uncivil+/ civilian: civilians/civilisation: civilisations/civilise: civilisation, civilised, civilises, civilising/civilised: noncivilised, uncivilised/ civility: civilities, incivility / civilization: civilizations/ civilize: civilization, civilized, civilizes, civilizing/ civilized: noncivilized, uncivilized/ incivility: incivilities/uncivil: uncivilly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Civil wars – most fuelled by outsiders – are consuming the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Justices of the peace in Nevada hear small civil claims along with criminal misdemeanor trials.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A voluntary 24/7 sobriety program passed the Senate last year but stalled in the House, with MADD, civil libertarians and others raising opposition.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 公民的，市民的; 文明的，有礼貌的; 民用的，国民间的; [法]民事的，根据民法的
分布：公民的(33%)，民用的(19%)，民事的(18%)，文明的(16%)，国内的(14%)
→来自拉丁语civilis,市民的，来自civis,市民，来自kei,躺，休息，词源同home,city.
市民的(civ=citizen,表示"公民")[civ=citizen,表示"公民"]
a.公民的,市民的;民间的;民用的;有礼貌的Citizens in the city's civil buildings are all civilized.城市民用建筑内的市民全都得到教化.
adjective
ORDINARY 普通的
 ADVANCED [before noun]
■not military or religious, or relating to the ordinary people of a country 文职的；民用的；平民的，国民的
• Helicopters are mainly used for military rather than civil use. 直升机主要用于军事而非民用。
• After ten years of military dictatorship, the country now has a civil government. 经历了十年军事专制统治后，该国现在有了一个文人政府。
• We weren't married in church, but we had a civil ceremony in a registry office. 我们没在教堂结婚，不过在婚姻登记处举行了非宗教的仪式。
['sɪv.əl] adjective
LAW 法律
[before noun] legal
■relating to private arguments between people or organizations rather than criminal matters 民事的
• The matter would be better dealt with in the civil court rather than by an expensive criminal proceeding. 这事最好在民事法庭处理，而不要进行昂贵的刑事诉讼。
['sɪv.əl] adjective
POLITE 礼貌的
■polite and formal 有礼貌的；文明的；客气的
• His manner was civil, though not particularly friendly. 他的态度很客气，尽管不是特别友好。
['sɪv.əl] adjective
Keep a civil tongue in your head ! old-fashioned
■used to tell someone to stop being rude 别粗鲁！要讲礼貌！
['sɪv.əl] adjective
not have a civil word to say about sb
■to not be able to think of anything good to say about someone 说不出（某人）甚么好话；对（某人）没有任何好感
polite, civil, courteous
这组词都有“礼貌的、客气的”的意思，其区别是：
polite: 普通常用词，指言论举止无论何时均严谨有礼，很有教养。
civil: 语气弱于polite，着重只达到社交的一般要求，避免粗鲁。
courteous: 指言谈举止典雅，谦恭有礼，更侧重考虑他人的感情与尊严。
adj. 公民的；民间的；文职的；有礼貌的；根据民法的
 - folk, polite

Word: lie
Front: lie
[laɪ] (中高 751/483 -K3)
Vocabulary: lie
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2vn
When you don't tell the truth, you lie. You also lie down when you're sleepy and wonder what lies ahead of you.
If we leave aside the lie that is an untruth, most meanings of lie are related. If something lies ahead of us, then it's there, down the road, waiting for us. If mountains lie to the east, we can think of them as having settled down there. If something lies unused, it is just sort of left to lie on the shelf (or wherever). If you let a sleeping dog lie, you're just letting him be right where he is — in the same position.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lay / lie
The verbs lay and lie are total jerks. People often say lay when they mean lie, but it's wrong to lay around. You have to lay something, anything — lay an egg if you want. But you can lie around until the cows come home!
Lay is a transitive verb, meaning it needs to transport something (i.e. a direct object). When you lay the blanket down, "blanket" is the direct object. Chickens and bees often have eggs as direct objects. Here are two examples of lay in the present tense:
"The queen bee only has to mate once and will lay eggs for life." (Washington Times)
"Men, after all, relied mainly on pop culture for inspiration before; now, there lay an entire world of opportunity." (Time)
Lay is also the past tense of lie (to recline). That's not confusing at all! Today you lie on the bed. Yesterday, you lay on the itchy couch. Here's another lay in the past tense:
"For years the letter lay in a box in the attic." (New York Times)
Please lie down if that helps you understand. You lie down when you're tired, or you might tell a lie and say you're wide awake right before you lie down and fall asleep. The noun lie doesn't cause trouble, so here are examples of the other lie used correctly:
"During the day I come up here and lie in the shade." (BBC)
"A liquid ocean and a rocky core may lie beneath the icy shell." (New York Times)
The main thing to remember about lay and lie is that lay needs a direct object and lie doesn't. You have to lay something somewhere. After that, feel free to lie down. Lay is for chickens, and lie is for sleepy people.
WORD FAMILY
lie: lain, liar, lied, lies, lying, overlie, underlie +/ liar: liars/lied: lieder, lieds/ lying: lyings/overlie: overlain, overlies, overlying/ underlie: underlain, underlies, underlying
USAGE EXAMPLES
"I was very alarmed and sad to see such a graceful and giant rare creature lying dead on our shores," said Mr Chandran.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Authorities who responded found two males lying in the road.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"That's our cousin, and she's one of the princesses," Philip Cameron said, lying on his back on the sidewalk.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 躺; 坐落在; 处于…状态; 说谎
n. 谎言; 谎话; 状态; 位置
时态：lay, lain, lying, lies
分布：谎言(47%)，说谎(25%)，躺下(11%)，在于(8%)，位于(5%)，存在(3%)，平放(1%)
→来自legh,躺，卧，词源同lair,litter.进一步来自skel,弯，转，词源同scoliosis,isosceles.lie 撒谎
vi.躺,平放;处于;位于v.说谎n.谎话He told me a lie.他对我说了个谎.
verb
POSITION 姿态
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition [L] (lying, lay, lain)
■to be in or move into a horizontal position on a surface 躺；平躺；平卧
• to lie in bed 躺在床上
• to lie on a beach 躺在海滩上
• to lie on your side 侧卧
• A cat lay in front of the fire. 一只猫趴在炉火前。
• He lies awake at night, worrying. 晚上他躺在床上焦虑不安，无法入睡。
• A pen lay on the desk. 桌子上放着一枝铅笔。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition [L] (lying, lay, lain)
■If something lies in a particular place, position or direction, it is in that place, position or direction 位于，处在，坐落在
• There's an old pair of shoes of yours lying at/in the bottom of the wardrobe. 衣柜最下面放着一双你的旧鞋子。
• The river lies 30km to the south. 那条河在南面30公里处。
• Cambridge United are lying third in the league. 剑桥联队在联赛中位居第三。
• Here lies the body of Mary Taylor (= This is where Mary Taylor is buried). 玛丽‧泰勒葬于此处。
• There are several houses lying empty in the town. 城里有几座空房子。
• The town lay in ruins. 城镇已成为一片废墟。
• The ship lies off (= is positioned near) the coast of Spain. 那艘船位于西班牙海岸附近。
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition (lying, lay, lain)
■to exist 存在，在
• The hardest part of the competition still lies ahead of us. 比赛最艰难的阶段还在前面呢。
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition (lying, lay, lain)
■If responsibility, blame, a decision, a choice, etc. lies with someone, they have responsibility, must make the decision, etc. （责任、罪责、决定、选择等）在于
• Responsibility for the disaster must ultimately lie with the government. 发生此次灾难的责任最终必须由政府来承担。
• Where does the blame lie? 谁来承担罪责？
lie in state (lying, lay, lain)
■When the dead body of an important person lies in state, it is arranged so that the public can see and honour it before it is buried. （重要人物的遗体埋葬前经整容后）供公众瞻仰
[laɪ] verb
SPEAK FALSELY 说谎
 ESSENTIAL intransitive (lying, lied, lied)
■to say or write something which is not true in order to deceive someone 说谎，撒谎，扯谎
• Are you lying to me? 你是不是在跟我撒谎？
• Don't trust her - she's lying. 别信她的——她在说谎。
• I suspect he lies about his age. 我怀疑他虚报了年龄。
⇒ See also liar
[laɪ] verb
lie doggo UK old-fashioned informal
■to keep still and hide so that you cannot be found 隐蔽地埋伏着
[laɪ] verb
lie down on the job mainly US disapproving
■to fail to work as hard or as well as you should 偷懒，应付，凑合
[laɪ] verb
lie low informal
■to try not to be noticed 低调行事，不张扬
• I'd lie low if I were you till the trouble passes. 我要是你就别张扬，等麻烦过去后再说。
[laɪ] verb
lie through your teeth informal
■to tell someone something which you know is completely false 说谎话；睁眼说瞎话
• He asked me how old I was and, lying through my teeth, I said '29'. 他问我多大了，我骗他说是29岁。
[laɪ] verb
not take sth lying down
■to refuse to be treated badly by someone 不逆来顺受，不受气
• He can't treat you like that! Surely you're not going to take that lying down! 他不能那样对待你！你当然不能受这个气！
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie about/around
■If things are lying about/around, they are left in places where they should not be 乱放，乱搁
• Has anyone seen my keys lying about? 有人看见我的锁匙留在甚么地方了吗？
• I wouldn't leave any money lying around the office if I were you. 我要是你就不会把钱在办公室里乱放。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie around
■to spend time lying down and doing very little 无所事事，懒散度日
• I spent a week in Spain, lying around on the beach. 我在西班牙逗留了一周，在海滩上享受清闲。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie back
■to move the top half of your body from a sitting to a lying position 向后躺，向后仰
• She lay back in the dentist's chair and tried to relax. 她向后躺在牙医的椅子上，尽量让自己放松下来。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie behind sth
■If something lies behind something else, it is the hidden cause of it 是隐藏在…背后的原因，是…的真实原因
• Do you know what lies behind their decision? 你知道他们的决定背后的真实原因吗？
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie down ESSENTIAL
■to move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or rest 躺下
• He lay down on the bed and tried to relax. 他躺在床上想休息一下。
lie-down /ˌlaɪˈdaʊn] noun only singular mainly UK informal
■a short rest, usually in bed 小憩，躺一会儿，休息一下
• I usually have a bit of a lie down after lunch. 午饭后我通常都要休息一下。
• She said she was going for a lie down. 她说她要去休息一会儿。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie in UK
■to stay in bed later than usual in the morning 睡懒觉
• It was a Sunday, so she could lie in till almost lunch time. 那是个星期天，所以她可以睡懒觉一直睡到快要吃午饭的时候。
lie-in /ˌlaɪˈɪn] noun countable usually singular UK 2. I'm not working tomorrow so I can have a bit of a lie-in. 明天我不上班，所以可以睡一会儿懒觉了。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie in sth UK
■to exist or be found in something 存在于；在于
• His skill lies in his ability to communicate quite complex ideas very simply. 他的高明之处在于他能将复杂的思想用非常简单的方式表达出来。
• The play's interest lies in the questions it raises about sexuality. 这出戏有趣的地方在于它提出了性的问题。
[laɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lie up mainly UK
■to hide from police officers, soldiers, etc. who are looking for you 躲避（员警或士兵等的搜索）
• The escaped prisoners lay up in a barn for a few weeks, until the search had been called off. 逃犯在一个谷仓里躲藏了数周，直到对他们的搜索取消为止。
[laɪ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■something that you say which you know is not true 谎话，瞎话
• I told a lie when I said I liked her haircut. 我骗她说我喜欢她的发型。
[laɪ] noun countable
be a pack of lies (formal be a tissue of lies)
■to be completely untrue 谎话连篇，一派胡言
• The whole report is a pack of lies. 整个报告谎话连篇。
[laɪ] noun countable
give the lie to sth
■to prove that something is not true 证明…不实
• The fact that the number of deaths from cancer in the area has doubled surely gives the lie to official assurances of the safety of nuclear power. 该地区的癌症死亡人数已经增了一倍，这个事实说明官方对核电安全性所作的种种保证纯属一派胡言。
[laɪ] noun countable
I tell a lie mainly UK
■something you say when you have just said something wrong and want to correct it （用于纠正刚刚说过的话）我说错了
• Her name is Paula, no, I tell a lie (= I'm wrong) - it's Pauline. 她的名字叫宝拉，哦，不对——叫保利娜。
[laɪ] noun countable
the lie of the land UK (US the lay of the land)
■the shape or height of the land 地形；地势
lied, lay, lie
lied: lied lying 撒谎
lay: vt laid laid laying 放
lie: vi lay lain lying 躺
situate, stand, lie
这组词都有“位于”的意思，其区别是：
situate: 通常用过去分词作表语，指某城镇、乡村或某物等的地理位置与环境的关系，即在何处。
stand: 多指建筑物等被想象为主体的物体立于某处。
lie: 最常用词，不及物，指国家、城镇、道路、湖海等所处的位置。
vi. 躺；说谎；位于；展现
 - sit, tell a story
n. 谎言；位置
 - location, situation, site, fiction, leasing

Word: list
Front: list
[lɪst] (中高研四六雅宝 761/716 -K5)
Vocabulary: list
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2nv
To make a list is to put things in order or to name them, like a grocery list or a wish list. Listing is also leaning over, creating a slant called a list.
List can also be a verb used to describe what you do when you make a list. You could list all the state capitals, people's names, your favorite movies, or pretty much anything. Listing can be done numerically, alphabetically, or randomly. Also, a line or surface that leans or tilts has a list, like a sagging bookcase that's overloaded. To lean in this way is to list: the Leaning Tower of Pisa is listing.
WORD FAMILY
list: delist, enlist, listed, lister, listing, listless, lists+/delist: delisted, delisting/ enlist: enlisted, enlistee, enlisting, enlistment, enlists/enlistee: enlistees/enlisting: enlistings/enlistment: enlistments, reenlistment/listed: unlisted/lister: listers/ listing: listings/ listless: listlessly, listlessness/reenlistment: reenlistments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Pneumonia and flu together are on the top 10 list of causes of death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly 4,000 children whose family income should qualify them for subsidies were on the wait list as of November, according to state data.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: n. 清单，目录; 倾斜; 布边，布头; 狭条
vt. 列出，列入; 把…编列成表; 记入名单内
vi. 列于表上
时态：listed, listing, lists
分布：列出(62%)，名单(25%)，目录(9%)，倾斜(3%)，明细表(1%)
→来自中古英语liste,布条，带子，来自leizd,带子，可能进一步来自skel,切，割，词源同scale,shell.由布条引申词义纸片，清单，目录。
n.表,目录,名单v.把...编列成表,列入表内In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
【反】be upright（直立）
verb
MAKE RECORD 做记录
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make a list, or to include something in a list 将…列成单子；把…列入名单
• I've listed some useful reading material on the handout. 我在发给大家的讲义上列出了一些有用的阅读材料。
[lɪst] verb
LEAN 倾斜
intransitive
■(of a ship) to lean to one side, especially as a result of damage （尤指船因遭到损害向一侧）倾斜，歪斜
• The tanker is listing badly and liable to sink at any moment. 油轮严重倾斜，随时都可能会沉没。
[lɪst] noun
RECORD 记录
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a record of short pieces of information, such as people's names, usually written or printed with a single thing on each line and often ordered in a way that makes a particular thing easy to find 名单，目录；清单
• a shopping list 购物单
• Is your name on the list? 名单上有你的名字吗？
• I've made a list of places I'd like to visit while we're in Paris. 我把我们在巴黎期间我想去的地方列了一个单子。
[lɪst] noun
LEAN 倾斜
■If a ship has a list, it leans to one side
[lɪst] noun
a list as long as your arm informal
■a very long list 极长的单子
• I've got a list as long as my arm of the things we need to do before we go on holiday. 去渡假之前我把我们要做的事情列了一个长长的单子。
rgeister, schedule, roll, form, catalog(ue), chart, list, table
这组词都有“名单、目录、表格”的意思，其区别是：
rgeister: 多指官方对人或事作出的正式书面记录或详细清单。
schedule: 既可指时间或计划的安排表，又可指详细列出的所有分类项的清单或细表。
roll: 多指人员的姓名名单，尤指属于团体或军事单位的全体人员名单。
form: 指上面印有横线或格让人填写规定内容的表格。
catalog(ue): 指列出有全部队名、物名或项目等的目录，有时附有简要说明的分类名单或一览表。
chart: 指把资料制成表格等形式供人看的图表。
list: 最普通用词，含义广。指按字母顺序、时间先后或类别等排列的姓名或项目等的单子。
table: 普通用词，一般指易于迅速查阅使用，具有特定编排方法的目录或表格。
n. [计] 列表；清单； [图情] 目录
 - statement, directory, bill, content

Word: self
Front: self
[self] (高研四六 2162/2286 -K3)
Back: n. 自己; 本人; 本性; 私利
adj. 同一的; 纯净的; 单一的
vt. 使自花授精; 使近亲繁殖
vi. 自花授精
分布：自我(65%)，自己(27%)，你自己(3%)，本性(3%)，我自己(1%)，始终如一的(1%)
→来自古英语 self,自己，自身，来自 Proto-Germanic*selbaz,自己，来自 sel-bho,扩大形式 于*swe,自身，反身代词根，词源同 swain,custom.
n.自我,自己(pl.selves)He said that he killed the man in self defence.他说是因自卫而杀死那个人的.
noun
PERSONALITY 个性
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable (plural selves)
■the set of someone's characteristics, such as personality and ability, which are not physical and make that person different from other people 本性；自己；自我
• The hero of the film finally finds his true self. 电影的主角最后找到了真正的自我。
• When I saw them this afternoon they were more like their old/normal selves (= as they were in the past). 我今天下午见到他们的时候，他们更像是平时的老样子了。
• a sense of self 自我意识
[self] noun
PERSONAL ADVANTAGE 私利
uncountable formal disapproving
■interest only in your own advantage 私利
• Her reply was typical of her constant regard for self. 她的答覆明显说明她一向只顾私利。
[self] noun
Unto thine own self be true. saying
■This means that you should only do what you think is right. 只做自己认为对的事情。
n. 自己，自我；本质；私心
 - essence, principle, texture, entity, interior
adj. 同一的
 - same, identical

Word: corruption
Front: corruption
[kəˈrʌpʃn] (托 3743/4342 -3)
Vocabulary: corruption
(once / 316 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Corruption is dishonest action that destroys people's trust. News of corruption at your bank might make you close your account and invest your money somewhere else.
The noun corruption comes from Latin — com, meaning "with, together," and rumpere, meaning "to break." Engaging in corruption can "break" or destroy someone's trustworthiness and good reputation with others. For example, news of corruption in the mayor's office might cause shock and lead to the election of a new mayor. When you corrupt something that is pure or honest, you take away those qualities. That's why "corruption of minors" is a serious offense in our legal system.
WORD FAMILY
corruption: corruptions, incorruption+/ corrupt: corrupted, corrupter, corruptest, corruptible, corrupting, corruption, corruptive, corruptly, corruptness, corrupts, incorrupt/corrupted: corruptedly, uncorrupted/corruptibility: corruptibilities/corruptible: corruptibility, corruptiblest, incorruptible/incorrupt: incorruptly, incorruptness/incorruptibility: incorruptibilities/incorruptible: incorruptibility, incorruptibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
South Korea’s Parliament voted on Dec. 9 to impeach President Park Geun-hye over a corruption scandal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Local and foreign non-governmental organisations say corruption is rife in Egypt.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Obiang is expected to plead not guilty to charges of laundering the proceeds of corruption, embezzlement and misuse of public funds.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 腐败; 贪污; 贿赂; 变体
分布：腐败(69%)，贪污(27%)，堕落(4%)
腐败(cor+rupt+ion)[rupt=break,表示"断裂"]
noun
BAD 腐败
 IMPROVER uncountable
■illegal, bad or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power （尤指当权者的）贪污，腐败，堕落
• The film is about a young police-officer and his struggle to expose corruption in the force. 电影讲述的是一个年轻员警的故事，表现了他是如何克服困难揭露警方内部腐败的。
• Political corruption is widespread throughout the country. 政治腐败在全国蔓延。
countable
■in language, a word whose original form has been changed （语言）变体
• The swear word 'bloody' is wrongly thought by some to be a corruption of the words 'by our Lady'. 有些人错误地认为咒骂用语 bloody 是 by our Lady 的变体。
[kə'rʌp.ʃən] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable
■when the information on a computer is changed in wrong ways so that it cannot be used （电脑上资讯的）破坏，损坏
• data corruption 资料毁损
n. [法] 贪污，腐败；堕落
 - degradation, deterioration

Word: scheme
Front: scheme
[ski:m] (研四六托雅宝 3007/587 -K4)
Vocabulary: scheme
(once / 113 pages)
nv
A scheme is an elaborate plan or plot. It's going to take a really solid scheme, probably involving teleportation or some sort of temporary cloning, to make an appearance at both parties at once.
Scheme comes to us from the Latin word for "figure." And it's still used today to refer to a set of drawings and figures used to map out something. Or maybe you’ve heard people talk about something in the scheme of life." In that case they're talking about something that fits into the bigger picture. But don't forget that schemes often carry a negative connotation — the word brings to mind devious plans and secret plots organized by scheming bad guys.
WORD FAMILY
scheme: schematic, schematise, schematize, schemed, schemer, schemes, scheming +/ schematic: schematically, schematics/schematise: schematisation, schematised, schematises, schematising/schematize: schematization, schematized, schematizes, schematizing/schemer: schemers/ scheming: schemingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kangas said the scheme’s idea was to abolish the “disincentive problem” among the unemployed.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Kangas said the scheme's idea is to abolish the “disincentive problem” among the unemployed.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 策划，图谋
n. 计划; 体系; 阴谋
vt. 设计，计划; 谋划，图谋
vi. 密谋，制定计划
时态：schemed, scheming, schemes
分布：方案(47%)，计划(37%)，设计(10%)，阴谋(3%)，策划(2%)，图谋(1%)
→来自希腊语 skhema,计划，方案，来自 skhein,得到，形成，来自 segh,握住，持有，词源 同 school,epoch.引申词义略图，图表，简表，及贬义词义密谋，图谋，搞阴谋。
n.计划,方案;阴谋;配置v.计划,策划;阴谋The extra theme of the supreme scheme is an extreme secret.至高无上的计划的额外主题是个极端机密.
【记】注意不要和schema（轮廓）相混，尤其作为“阴谋”一意
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL mainly UK
■an officially organized plan or system 方案，计划
• a training/housing/play scheme 训练／住房／娱乐活动方案
• a pension/savings scheme 养老金／储蓄金计划
• There's a new scheme in our town for recycling plastic bottles. 我们镇上有一个回收利用塑胶瓶的新计划。
• Class sizes will increase under the new scheme. 按照新的设计，班级规模将扩大。
 IMPROVER
■a plan for getting an advantage for yourself, especially by deceiving others 阴谋，诡计
• He's got a hare-brained/crazy/daft scheme for getting rich before he's 20. 他有一个轻率的／疯狂的／愚蠢的计划，好让自己在20岁前致富。
[ski:m] noun countable
the scheme of things
■the way things are organized or happen in a particular situation, or the way someone wants them to be organized 格局；安排
• I was disappointed not to get the job, but it's not that important in the great/grand scheme of things (= when all things are considered). 我没有得到那份工作，感到很失望，但从全盘考虑，这并不那么重要。
[ski:m] verb intransitive or transitive disapproving
■to make clever secret plans which often deceive others 密谋，策划
• All her ministers were scheming against her 她所有的大臣都在密谋策反。
• [+ to infinitive] For months he had been scheming to prevent her from getting the top job. 数月以来，他一直在密谋阻止她得到这个最高职位。
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计
 - plan, programme, system, organization, fraud
vt. 计划；策划
 - design, map, propose, project, engineer

Word: exist
Front: exist
[ɪgˈzɪst] (高研四六托 1016/875 -K4)
Vocabulary: exist
(once / 31 pages)
v
The verb exist means to live, to have reality. Dodos no longer exist because they were hunted to extinction.
It's not only "live" things that exist. The government exists, as does your fear of heights. Anything that can be acknowledged in the present, exists. Another meaning for the verb exist is to support oneself or survive. If someone doesn't have a job, they may have to exist on unemployment benefits until they find one.
WORD FAMILY
exist: coexist, existed, existent, existing, exists, preexist+/ coexist: coexisted, coexistent, coexisting, coexists/coexistence: coexistences/coexistent: coexistence, coexistently/ existence: existences, existential /existent: existence, existently, nonexistent, pre-existent/ existential: existentialism, existentially/ existentialism: existentialist/existentialist: existentialists/ existing: pre-existing/nonexistence: nonexistences/ nonexistent: nonexistence/preexist: preexisted, preexistence, preexistent, preexisting, preexists/preexistence: preexistences
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead, I buried it, pretended that it did not exist.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Others see it as a way to cut back existing government security net programs.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Robert Alvarez said the proposal invented a problem that did not exist.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 存在; 生存; 生活; 继续存在
时态：existed, existing, exists
分布：存在(91%)，生存(8%)，活着(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-sist, 站，立足，词源同extant, assist. 即站出来的，存在的。
存在,生存(ex+sist→站出来→活下来→存在)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
v.存在;生存;生活In the faithful waiter's waist exists a list of the ten listeners.在忠实的侍者的腰里存有那十位听众的名单.
verb intransitive
BE 存在
 ESSENTIAL
■to be, or to be real 存在；实际上有
• I don't think ghosts exist. 我认为鬼是不存在的。
• Poverty still exists in this country. 这个国家仍存在贫困现象。
[ɪg'zɪst] verb intransitive
LIVE 生存
■to live, or to live in difficult conditions 生存，生活；（艰难）存活
• Some species exist in this small area of forest and nowhere else on Earth. 一些物种仅存于这一小片森林中，地球上其他地方都没有。
• Few people can exist without water for more than a week. 很少有人能在断水的情况下生存超过一星期。
• No-one can be expected to exist on such a low salary. 无法想像有甚么人能靠这么低的工资维持生计。
exist, live, be
这组词都有“存在”的意思，其区别是：
exist: 通常指可观察到的或众所周知的存在现象。
live: 多指有生命的东西的存在。指无生命事物时，强调可联想起生命的那些特点。
be: 指某时某地确存在的事物或现象，多与there连用。
vi. 存在；生存；生活；继续存在
 - occur, live, harbor

Word: boost
Front: boost
[bu:st] (研四六托雅宝 3691/4022 -3)
Vocabulary: boost
(once / 373 pages)
vn
Think of the word boost as meaning "help up." Maybe you need a boost getting over a fence (hmm — are you sneaking in or sneaking out?), or maybe you are feeling low and need to boost your spirits — chocolate, anyone?
Sometimes words appear that really don't have any clear origins. Boost is one of those words, but it's a fun word, and it's thought that maybe it has some connection to boose, a Scots dialect word that carries the idea of a push. A slang meaning of the word is to sneakily steal, like shoplifting. You gave your cousin a boost into the window, not knowing he was planning on boosting some sneakers.
WORD FAMILY
boost: boosted, booster, boosting, boosts+/ booster: boosters
USAGE EXAMPLES
The miners are banking on a boost in infrastructure spending, which they believe would offset the price declines caused by slowing growth in housing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
If Petra Nova succeeds, it means a boost for carbon capture.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Likewise, it's not clear whether an aromatherapy diffuser needs to be smartphone-controlled, even if its scents really boost memory and clean lungs, as claimed.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 促进，提高; 增加; 吹捧; 向上推起
vi. 宣扬; [美国俚语]（尤指在商店）行窃，偷窃
n. 提高，增加; 帮助; 吹捧; 加速[助推]器
时态：boosted, boosting, boosts
分布：提高(54%)，增加(34%)，推进(8%)，鼓励(3%)，举起(1%)
→词源不详。可能来自拟声词，同boom.
n.vt.提升;增加;抬高(价格);支援The company is boosting a new product.这个公司正在大事宣传一种新产品.
【记】boo读：不，st＝ST一种比较面的股票。既然不是ST，股价就可以增加，提高。
【参】booster（n 热心的拥护者）＝enthusiastic supporter
verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to improve or increase something 改善；提高；增强；推动
• The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices. 剧院设法透过降低票价来增加观众数量。
• Share prices were boosted by reports of the President's recovery. 总统康复的报导导致股票价格上扬。
• I tried to boost his ego (= make him feel more confident) by praising his cooking. 我赞扬他的厨艺，试图以此增强他的自信心。
[bu:st] noun countable usually singular
 ADVANCED
■when something is boosted 推动，促进；提高；增长
• The lowering of interest rates will give a much-needed boost to the economy. 利率的下调将会给经济注入急需的推动力。
• Passing my driving test was such a boost to my confidence. 通过了驾驶执照考试使我自信心大增。
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
vt. 促进；增加；支援
 - facilitate, promote, enhance, further, jack
vi. 宣扬；偷窃
 - pick pocket, rip off
n. 推动；帮助；宣扬
 - assistance, motivation, hand, aid, publicity

Word: wage
Front: wage
[weɪdʒ] (高研四六托宝 2586/1404 -K3)
Vocabulary: wage
(once / 139 pages)
1n 2v
If your job pays a good wage, it means that you earn a lot of money for the hard work you do. If you're not happy with your wage, you might have to wage war on your boss.
Wage is one of those words whose verb and noun forms have entirely different meanings. A worker's wage is how much money she makes. But when you wage something, you carry it out: for example, a warmonger is someone whose primary goal is to wage wars. The word is of Germanic origin, and it's related to both gage and wed, with their underlying meanings of "to pledge."
WORD FAMILY
wage: waged, wages, waging
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Labor groups, frustrated by the Republican Congress, will no doubt intensify their push for city and county minimum wages instead.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工资; 报应
vt. & vi. 实行，进行，作（战等）; 〈方〉雇佣; 〈古〉打赌，抵押，担保
时态：waged, waging, wages
分布：工资(92%)，开展(3%)，从事(3%)，报酬(2%)
→来自wadh, 承诺，誓言，词源同wed,engage。原指承诺对别人的服务的报酬，引申义工资，原仅限于手工和机械劳动所得，后词义通用化。同时，用做词义承诺参战，发动战争，后词义通用化指开展或发动某运动。
n.(常pl.)工资,报酬vt.进行,开展If you carry the cabinet of cabbage garbage to the garage, you'll get an average wage.如果你把这橱柜包菜垃圾扛进了汽车库,你将获得一份平均工资.
【记】原指：工资，由于工资的分配不均经常引起战争。
noun only singular (also wages [plural])
 ESSENTIAL
■a fixed amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education （尤指支付给体力劳动者并通常按周计算的）工资，工钱，报酬
• a very low/high wage 非常低／高的工资
• an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage 按小时／日／周／年支付的工资
• He gets/earns/is paid a good wage, because he works for a fair employer. 他的薪水很不错，因为他的老板奖惩公平。
• The smaller shops pay very low wages. 小一点的商店支付的工资都很低。
Compare income ; salary
[weɪdʒ] verb transitive slightly formal
■to fight a war or organize a series of activities in order to achieve something 发动（战争）；组织，筹备（活动）
• Surely the President needs Congress' permission to wage war on another country? 想必总统须得到国会的许可才能对他国发动战争吧？
• They've been waging a long campaign to change the law. 他们为修改这一法律已组织发起了一场持久的运动。
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
vi. 进行；发动；从事
 - progress, do
n. 工资；代价；报偿
 - price, expense, pay, cost
vt. 进行；开展
 - do, carry with

Word: sense
Front: sense
[sens] (中高研四六雅 407/417 -K5)
Vocabulary: sense
(once / 17 pages)
nv
When you sense something, you know it intuitively, like when you can tell your mother is angry not by her words but by the tone of her voice.
Sense has many shades of meaning, all involving understanding or becoming aware of something. You can use sense to describe something perceived with your senses, like when you sense your dog is near because of the smell. Sense also refers to the unconscious process of figuring something out, like when you sense that someone is cheating at cards. If you have common sense you don't do foolish things. The sense of a word is how it's used.
WORD FAMILY
sense: nonsense, sensation, sensed, senseless, senses, sensible, sensing, sensitive, sensor, sensorial, sensuous +/desensitise: desensitisation, desensitising/ desensitize: desensitization, desensitized, desensitizes, desensitizing/hypersensitive: hypersensitively, hypersensitivity/insensibility: insensibilities/ insensible: insensibility, insensibly/ insensitive: insensitively, insensitiveness, insensitivity/insensitivity: insensitivities/ nonsense: nonsenses, nonsensical / nonsensical: nonsensicalest, nonsensicality, nonsensically/oversensitive: oversensitively, oversensitiveness/ sensation: aftersensation, sensational, sensations/ sensational: sensationalism, sensationally, unsensational/sensationalism: sensationalisms, sensationalist, sensationalistic/sensationalist: sensationalists/senseless: senselessly, senselessness/ sensibility: sensibilities/ sensible: insensible, sensibilise, sensibility, sensibilize, sensibleness, sensibler, sensiblest, sensibly/sensitise: desensitise, sensitisation, sensitised, sensitiser, sensitising/sensitised: hypersensitised, supersensitised/sensitiser: sensitisers/ sensitive: hypersensitive, insensitive, nonsensitive, oversensitive, sensitise, sensitively, sensitiveness, sensitives, sensitivity, sensitize, supersensitive/sensitiveness: sensitivenesses/ sensitivity: sensitivities/sensitize: desensitize, sensitization, sensitized, sensitizer, sensitizes, sensitizing/sensitized: hypersensitized, supersensitized/sensitizer: sensitizers/sensor: sensors/sensorial: sensorially/ sensuous: sensuously, sensuousness/supersensitive: supersensitively/unsensational: unsensationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Others conclude that this sense of homelessness is rooted in human nature but corresponds to nothing real in the world.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said that he was motivated by a sense of instability because of the threat of terrorism and the conflict in Ukraine.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Dahlin says the final stages of his three-week stint in a secret jail were among the hardest, even though he sensed his release was imminent.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 感觉，官能; 意识，观念; 理性; 识别力
vt. 感到; 理解，领会; 检测出
时态：sensed, sensing, senses
分布：感觉(42%)，意义(20%)，意识(12%)，理解(5%)，意识到(5%)，检测(4%)，道理(4%)，见识(3%)，理智(2%)，感官(2%)，鉴赏力(1%)
→来自古法语 sens,感觉，知觉，理解，五种感官的功能，来自拉丁语 sensus,感觉的，知觉的， 感知的，过去分词格于 sentire,感觉，感知，知晓，来自 sent,感觉，可能来自 sent, 走，离开，送出，词源同 send.其逻辑关系可能为摸着石头过河，根据感觉找路。引申诸相 关词义。
感觉[Sens,sent=feel,表示"感觉"]
n.感官;感觉;判断力;意义v.觉得,意识到She has no sense of time.她没有时间观念.
noun
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an ability to understand, recognize, value or react to something, especially any of the five physical abilities to see, hear, smell, taste and feel 官能；感觉；知觉（尤指视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉）
• With her keen sense of smell, she could tell if you were a smoker from the other side of the room. 她嗅觉灵敏，在房间的另一端就能知道你是否抽烟。
• My cold is so bad I've lost my sense of smell/taste (= I can't smell/taste anything). 我感冒很严重，闻不到任何气味了／尝不出任何味道了。
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a general feeling or understanding 整体感觉；领悟；理解
• Did you get any sense of how they might react? 你预感他们会作何反应？
• The helicopters hovering overhead added to the sense of urgency. 在头顶盘桓的直升机加重了紧迫感。
sense of fun
■the ability to enjoy life and not be too serious 轻松快乐的天性
• Don't be angry - it was just a joke - where's your sense of fun? 别生气——只是个笑话——你乐观的天性哪里去了？
sense of humour
■your ability to understand funny things 幽默感
• She has a really good sense of humour. 她真的很有幽默感。
• We have the same sense of humour. 我们有同样的幽默感。
• Come on, lighten up! Where's your sense of humour? 好了，放轻松点！你的幽默感哪里去了？
sense of occasion UK
■the feeling people have when there is a very important event or celebration 隆重的气氛；节庆的气氛
• The decorations, flowers and crowds gave the town a real sense of occasion. 灯彩、鲜花和人群给小镇带来了十足的节庆氛围。
[sents] noun
GOOD JUDGMENT 好的判断力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the characteristic of having good judgment, especially when it is based on practical ideas or understanding （尤指基于切实的想法或理解的）理智，明智
• [+ to infinitive] I hope they'll have the (good) sense] have enough sense to shut the windows before they leave. 我希望他们走的时候会想到要关窗户。
• It makes (good) sense to buy a large packet because it works out cheaper in the end. 买大包的更划算，因为最终算下来更便宜。
• [+ -ing verb] There 's no sense in waiting (= It is not practical to wait) - the next train isn't for two hours. 继续等下去是不明智的——要过两个小时下一趟火车才会来。
• Where's/What's the sense (= What is the advantage) in paying someone when you could get a volunteer? 既然你可以找一个志愿者，何必花钱请人呢？
• Planning so far ahead makes no sense - so many things will have changed by next year. 提前这么久就计划并不明智——到明年，许多事情都会发生变化。
senses [plural]
■the ability to use good judgment 理智；良好的判断能力
• Have you taken leave of your senses (= Have you lost your ability to make a good judgment) ? 你疯了吧？
• It's time you came to your senses (= started to use your good judgment) and realized that they are not going to help you. 你该醒醒了，你该明白他们是不会帮你的。
• The accident brought him to his senses (= caused him to use his good judgment again) and made him stop drinking. 这个意外使他醒悟过来，不再喝酒了。
[sents] noun
MEANING 意义
 ESSENTIAL countable
■one of the possible meanings of a word or phrase 含意，意义
• They are not immigrants, at least not in any sense that I understand. 至少就我所理解的意义上来说，他们不是移民。
• The packaging is green - in both senses of the word (= it is green in colour and it is good for the environment). 包装是绿色的——这个“绿色”有两层含义。
• Security defined in the broad/broadest sense of the term means getting at the root causes of trouble and helping to reduce regional conflicts. 广义上说，安全工作是指找出危险的根本原因并帮助减少地区冲突。
• This passage doesn't make (any) sense (= the meaning is not clear). 这篇文章意义不明确。
• I've read the letter twice, but I can't make (any) sense of it (= I can't understand it). 我把信读了两遍，但还是不解其意。
in every sense
■in every way or feature 从任何意义上看
• It's a book which is, in every sense, about different ways of seeing the world. 从任何意义上说，这都是一本以不同角度看世界的书。
in a sense (also in one sense)
■thinking about something in one way, but not in every way 从某种意义上讲
• She claims that the system is at fault and she's right, in a sense (= she is partly right) , it could be improved. 她主张现行制度有问题，从某种意义上说，她是对的，现行制度确有改进的空间。
in no sense
■not at all 根本不；绝对不
• We are in no sense obliged to agree to this. 我们绝不是非得同意这件事。
[sents] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to feel or experience something without being able to explain exactly how 意识到；感觉到
• Although she said nothing, I could sense her anger 尽管她甚么都没说，但我能感觉到她的愤怒。
• He sensed something was about to happen. 他感觉到有事情要发生。
• [+ (that)] He sensed (that) his guests were bored, although they were listening politely. 尽管客人们在礼貌地听着，但他意识到他们有些厌烦。
• [+ question word] Could you sense wh at was likely to happen? 你能感觉到可能会发生甚么事情吗？
sensation, feeling, perception, sense
这组词都有“感觉”的意思，其区别是：
sensation: 系较严密的科学用词，指听觉、味觉、视觉、嗅觉或触觉；还可指引起激动或轰动的事物。
feeling: 最普通用词，既可指身体上的感觉，如冷暖、饥饿、疼痛等，又可指精神上的感觉，如喜、怒、哀、乐、失望等。
perception: 侧重对外界刺激的反应和对产生感觉的物体的辨别。
sense: 主要指人或动物身体上的感觉。复数形式指人的知觉。
discrimination, judgement, sense
这组词都有“识别力，判断”的意思，其区别是：
discrimination: 指辨别精微的能力，甚至平时观察不到的也可识别出来。
judgement: 指经过训练或磨练或凭经历而得到辨别或判断事物的能力或品质。
sense: 指不带幻想或感情、偏见地观察事物，并能作出明智、公平的选择与决定。
implication, sense, meaning
这组词都有“含义，意义，意思”的意思，其区别是：
implication: 指暗含的意思。
sense: 特指词、短语或句子的某种特定意思。也常指多种解释的一种。
meaning: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可指语言表达的意思，又可指手势、符号、表情或艺术品或抽象概念所含的意义。
n. [生理] 感觉，官能；观念；道理；理智
 - concept, consciousness, perception, feel, mind

Word: decline
Front: decline
[dɪˈklaɪn] (高研四六托雅宝 2000/2190 -K4)
Vocabulary: decline
(once / 97 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When something declines, it goes downhill. If you stop working out, your health may decline. If you want it to improve, you should start climbing inclines instead of coasting down declines.
The verb decline means refuse to accept, but the noun decline means a downward slope (the opposite of an incline), or a decrease in quality. At the gym, the treadmill has an incline button to control how steep your climb is. Sadly, there's no button for decline, which would be much easier. Both words contain cline, or "to bend." The prefix tells you which way the bend goes. Decline implies a going, or turning, down.
WORD FAMILY
decline: declension, declination, declined, declines, declining+/declension: declensions/declination: declinations
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Fiji government imposed a temporary ban on turtle harvesting in 1995 to halt the decline.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Through a spokeswoman, Mr. Prendergast declined a request to discuss his departure.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Schmidt declined to discuss the alleged role of a third person who was arrested, a 27-year-old woman, citing the ongoing investigation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 下降; （力量、健康、品格、权力、价值等的）衰退; 下倾; （人、生命等的）衰退期
vt. & vi. 辞谢，谢绝（邀请等）
vi. （道路、物体等）下倾; （太阳）落下; （在品格、价值上）降低; 衰落，谢绝
vt. 谢绝，婉拒
时态：declined, declining, declines
分布：下降(68%)，减少(18%)，拒绝(11%)，倾斜(1%)，跌落(1%)，衰微(1%)
→de-, 向下，离开。-clin, 弯，转，词源同lean, incline. 即向下转开，引申义婉言拒绝。
倾斜;衰退[clin,cliv=lean,slope,表示"倾斜,斜坡"]
v.下降,衰落;拒绝n.下降;斜面,倾斜,衰落Under the guideline, the output of streamlined seamless liners declines linearly.在该方针的指引下,流线型无缝班机的产量直线下降.
verb
GO DOWN 下行
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to gradually become less, worse, or lower （逐渐）减少，衰落，降低
• His interest in the project declined after his wife died. 妻子死后，他对该企划案的兴趣逐渐淡薄了。
• The party's popularity has declined in the opinion polls. 民意调查显示该党的支持率已经下滑。
• formal The land declines sharply away from the house. 地势从房屋那边开始大幅度向下倾斜。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
REFUSE 拒绝
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive formal
■to refuse 拒绝，谢绝
• I invited him to the meeting but he declined. 我邀请他参加那次会议，但他谢绝了。
• He declined my offer. 他拒绝了我的提议。
• [+ to infinitive] They declined to tell me how they had got my address. 他们拒绝透露是如何得到我的地址的。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
GRAMMAR 文法
intransitive or transitive specialized
■If a noun, pronoun or adjective declines, it has different forms depending on whether it is the subject or object, etc. of a verb and whether it is singular or plural, etc. If you decline such a word, you list its various forms. 词类变化；使（名词，代词或形容词）的数和格发生变化［如果一个名词、代词或形容词有词类变化，则需根据它是一个动词的主词或受词，或根据它是单数或复数，来选择适用的形式；如果你让这样一个词（名词、代词或形容词）的词类有变化，即是你让这个词的数或格发生变化，你会列出它的不同形式］
• In Latin we learnt how to decline nouns. 学习拉丁语要了解名词的变格规则。
[dɪ'klaɪn] verb
sb's declining years
■the last years of someone's life （某人的）晚年，风烛残年
• He became very forgetful in his declining years. 他晚年的时候非常健忘。
[dɪ'klaɪn] noun [S or U]
 IMPROVER
■when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality or strength 衰落；衰弱，衰退
• industrial decline 工业的衰落
• Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline (= not so many people are doing it). 自己在家做饭的人似乎越来越少了。
• a decline in the number of unemployed 失业人数的下降
• She seemed to be recovering and then she went into a decline. 她的身体似乎开始恢复了，但后来却又变得越来越虚弱。
refuse, reject, deny, decline, protest, object
refuse: 拒绝，回绝，不肯，不愿
reject: 拒绝接受，抛弃，抵制
deny: 否认，否定
decline: 谢绝，decline sth
protest: 抗议，反对，protest about/against/at sth
object: 不赞成，抗议，object to sb/sth
reject, deny, decline, repel, frfuse
这组词都有“拒绝”的意思，其区别是：
reject: 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。
deny: 指坚决地拒绝接受、给予或承认。
decline: 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。
repel: 作“拒绝”解时，语气比reject强。
frfuse: 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。
diminish, decline, alleviate, decrease, reduce
这组词都有“减少，减轻”的意思，其区别是：
diminish: v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
 • The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.   由于战争石油的供应减少了。
decline: v. (数目、价格、比率)下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。
 • Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.   去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
 • He declined our invitation to dinner.   他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
alleviate: v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
 • The painkiller alleviated the pain.   止疼药减缓了疼痛。
decrease: v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。
 • The population decreased a lot last year.   去年人口数量急剧下降。
reduce: v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
 • He reduced the amount of money they could spend.   他缩减了他们的开销。
n. 下降；衰退；斜面
 - reduction, recession, fall
vi. 下降；衰落；谢绝
 - go down, slump
vt. 谢绝；婉拒
 - excuse oneself from

Word: favour
Front: favour
[ˈfeɪvə(r)] (高四六雅 28142/2781 -K4)
Back: n. 帮助; 恩惠; 赞同; 善行
vt. 喜爱; 有利于; 赞同; 容貌像…
时态：favoured, favouring, favours
分布：支持(33%)，偏爱(18%)，偏袒(15%)，有利于(14%)，喜爱(9%)，恩惠(9%)，长得像(2%)
US [-vɚ] noun
SUPPORT 支持
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the support or approval of something or someone 支持；赞同
• These plans are unlikely to find favour unless the cost is reduced. 这些计划除非缩减费用，否则不大可能得到支持。
• The Council voted in favour of a £200 million housing development. 政务委员会投票赞成耗资两亿英镑的新建住宅区计划。
• She is out of favour (= unpopular) with her colleagues. 她在同事当中人缘不好。
• Her economic theories are in favour (= popular) with the current government. 她的经济理论获得现任政府的赞同。
• He sent her presents in an attempt to win her favour. 他向她赠送礼物，企图博得她的好感。
in your favour
■When something is in your favour, it gives you an advantage 有利于（某人），有助于（某人）
• This candidate has a lot in her favour, especially her experience of teaching. 这位求职者有很多优势，尤其是她执教的经验。
find in sb's favour
■If a judge finds in someone's favour, they say that they are not guilty. 判决（某人）无罪
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
KIND ACT 善行
 ADVANCED countable
■a kind action that you do for someone 帮助；好事；恩惠
• She rang up to ask me a favour. 她打电话来请我帮个忙。
• Could you do me a favour - would you feed my cat this weekend? 你能帮我个忙——这周末帮我喂猫吗？
countable usually plural
■when you favour someone by giving them an advantage, such as money or a good job 特别照顾，优惠；偏袒
• Several politicians were accused of dispensing favours to people who voted for them. 几名政客被指责向投票支援他们的人提供好处。
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
PRESENT 礼物
countable usually plural
■a small present that you give to every guest at a wedding, party, etc. （在婚礼、聚会上派发的）小礼物
• wedding favours 婚礼礼品
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
be free with your favours old-fashioned
■to be willing to have sex with a lot of people 性生活随便；滥交
• She's rather too free with her favours, from what I hear. 我听说，她在男女关系上非常随便。
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
Do me/us a favour! informal
■something you say in answer to a stupid and impossible suggestion （用于回答荒谬的建议）得了吧！
• "Why don't you tell the police what happened?" "Oh, do me a favour!" “你为甚么不告诉员警发生了甚么事？”“噢，得了吧！”
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
not do sb any favours
■to do something that is likely to have a bad effect on you or on another person 做对自己或他人有不良影响的事，做损人（或害己）的事
• [R] You're not well, and you're not doing yourself any favours by taking on extra work. 你身体不好，加班对你没有好处。
• [by + -ing verb] The government isn't doing the families of the victims any favours by hiding the truth about what really happened. 政府隐瞒了事实的真相，这么做对受害者家属没有好处。
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] noun
speak in sb's favour
■to state your support for someone 表明支持（某人）
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to support or prefer one particular possibility 赞同；较喜欢
• These are the running shoes favoured by marathon runners. 这些是马拉松选手喜爱的跑鞋。
• In the survey, a majority of people favoured higher taxes and better public services over (= rather than) tax cuts. 调查显示，大多数人赞同提高赋税并改善公共服务事业，不赞成削减赋税。
• [+ -ing verb] I generally favour travelling by night, when the roads are quiet. 我一般喜欢夜里赶路，那时候路上比较清静。
 ADVANCED
■to give an advantage to someone or something, in an unfair way 优惠；偏袒；特别照顾
• A strong wind will favour the bigger boats. 强风对大船有利。
• She always felt that her parents favoured her brother. 她总觉得父母偏爱弟弟。
UK (ALSO US favor) UK ['feɪ.vər] US [-vɚ] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  favour sb with sth formal
■to be polite and kind enough to give something to someone 给予（某人）…
• I've no idea what is happening - David has not favoured me with an explanation. 我不清楚是怎么回事——大卫没有给我任何解释。
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 偏爱；赞同；善行
 - acceptance, preference, good, mercy
vt. 赞成；喜爱；有助于
 - enjoy, agree, aid, uphold

Word: seat
Front: seat
[si:t] (中高雅 894/912 -K4)
Back: n. 席位，座位; 所在地; 场所; 臀部
vt. 使就座; 使就职; 使获得座位（或席位）; 可容纳若干座位
时态：seated, seating, seats
分布：座位(56%)，坐(29%)，席位(6%)，臀部(3%)，所在地(3%)，使坐下(1%)，底座(1%)，可容纳(1%)
→来自 sit 的名词形式。引申诸相关词义。
n.座位,底座;所在地,场所v.使坐下The man in neat sweaty sweater seated himself in the rear.穿整洁的汗湿毛衣的男子在后面就坐.
noun
FURNITURE 家俱
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a piece of furniture or part of a train, plane, etc. that has been designed for someone to sit on 座位； 座椅
• Chairs, stools, sofas and benches are different types of seat. 椅子、凳子、沙发和长凳是不同类型的座椅。
• Please have/take a seat (= sit down). 请坐。
• A car usually has a driver's seat, a front/passenger seat and back/rear seats. 小轿车通常有一个驾驶座、一个前座／客座和几个后排座。
• My ticket says 22D but there's already someone in (= sitting on) that seat. 我的票是22D，但已经有人占了那个位子。
• Is this seat free/taken (= Is anyone using it) ? 这个位子有人吗？
• Would you keep (= stop anyone else from sitting in) my seat (for me) while I go to the buffet car? 我去餐车时，你能否帮我看着我的座位？
• formal Please keep your seats (= stay sitting down) until asked to leave. 没叫你们离开之前请不要离开座位。
• Could I book/reserve two seats (= arrange for a seat to be officially kept for me) for tomorrow evening's performance? 我可以预约两张明晚演出的票吗？
[si:t] noun
BOTTOM PART 底部
countable usually singular
■the part of a piece of furniture or clothing on which a person sits （家俱的）座部；（裤子的）臀部
• I've spilt some coffee on the seat of the armchair. 我不小心把咖啡洒在扶手椅的椅面上。
• The seat of those trousers looks rather tight, Sir. Would you like to try a larger size? 那条裤子的臀部有点紧，先生——你看要不要试大一号的？
[si:t] noun
OFFICIAL POSITION 职位
countable
■an official position as a politician or member of a group of people who control something 席位
• She has a seat on the board of directors. 她是董事会成员。
• He is expected to lose his seat on the council in next month's elections. 在下个月的选举中，他可能会失去自己在理事会的席位。
• She won her seat in Parliament in 1979. 她在1979年当选议员。
• He has a very safe seat (= a position that is very unlikely to be lost in an election). 他（在选举中）能够稳保席位。
[si:t] noun
BASE 基地
countable
■a place which acts as a base or centre for an important activity （重大活动的）基地，中心
• The seat of government in the US is in Washington, DC. 美国政府所在地是华盛顿。
• St Petersburg was the seat of the Russian Revolution. 圣彼得堡是俄国革命的中心。
[si:t] noun
bums on seats UK (US fannies in the seats) informal
■the number of people who have paid to watch a performance 观众人数；上座率
• Lowering ticket prices should increase the number of bums on seats. 降低票价应该会提高上座率。
[si:t] noun
seat of learning formal
■a place where people are educated 学府，学术中心
• The Sorbonne is a world-famous seat of learning. 巴黎大学文理学院是世界闻名的学术中心。
[si:t] noun
by the seat of your pants
■If you do something by the seat of your pants, you do it using only your own experience and trusting your own judgment. 凭经验；凭感觉
[si:t] verb
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to arrange for someone to have a particular seat 给…安排座位
• The waiter greeted me with a big smile and seated us by the window. 服务员笑容满面地招呼我，并安排我们在窗边坐下。
seat yourself [R usually + adv/prep]
■to sit somewhere 使坐下
• "I'm so glad to see you!" she said, seating herself between Eleanor and Marianne. “见到你们真是太高兴了！”她边说边在埃莉诺和玛丽安娜中间坐了下来。
transitive not continuous
■(of a building, room, table or vehicle) to have enough seats for 可容纳；可坐下
• The new concert hall seats 1500 people. 新音乐厅可容纳1500人。
sit, seat
这组词都有“坐”的意思，其区别是：
sit: 多用作不及物动词，用作及物动词时，可与seat换用。
seat: 及物动词，常与反身代词连用，常用过去分词seated形式。
n. 座位；所在地；职位
 - place, pew
vt. 使…坐下；可容纳…的；使就职
 - put in

Word: thus
Front: thus
[ðʌs] (高研四六 744/479 -K4)
Vocabulary: thus
(once / 18 pages)
1adv 2adv 3n
Use the adverb thus in place of words like therefore or so when you want to sound proper.
Use thus interchangeably with words like consequently, ergo, hence, and just like that. For example, if you want to sound fancy you could say no one showed up for water aerobics, thus the class was cancelled. It had to be thus. Thus is also, rarely, a noun that means a good-smelling gum resin from trees that we don't really use anymore.
WORD FAMILY
thus: thurify, thuss
USAGE EXAMPLES
Thus, for most people, 80 percent of the calories we expend each day are due to RMR.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Unpersuaded by the prospect of sunshine after two days of rain, Baffert yanked Arrogate, thus shrinking an already puny field to a wagering-unfriendly four.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Thus they cite UN general assembly resolution 181 in support of the recent Israeli demand for recognition of Israel as a Jewish state.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adv. 于是，因此; 如此，这样，像这样，例如; 到这程度，到这地步，这么; 如下
conj. 因此
分布：因此(36%)，如此(28%)，这样(24%)，从而(12%)
→来自古英语 thus,因此，如此，来自 Proto-Germanic*thus,因此，来自 to,指示代词，词源 同 this,that.可能来自 this 的拼写变体，并产生词义和用法上的差别。
ad.如此;像这样;于是;因此He didn't work hard. Thus he was fired.他工作不努力,因此被解雇.
[ðʌs] formal
adverb
 IMPROVER
■in this way 如此，这样
• Bend from the waist, thus. 弯腰，就这样。
 IMPROVER
■with this result 因此，从而
• They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs. 他们计划裁员，从而达到降低成本的目的。
thus far
■as far as this or until now 迄今
• We haven't had any problems thus far. 我们至今没有出现任何问题。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 因此；从而；这样；如此
 - therefore, hence, accordingly, consequently, so
conj. 因此
 - so, sothat
n. 乳香
 - frankincense, olibanum, balm of Gilead, balsam of Gilead, mastix

Word: note
Front: note
[nəʊt] (中高托 703/799 -K4)
Vocabulary: note
(once / 22 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A note is a very short piece of writing. You might write a note to your sister on the back of your grocery list, or jot down a quick note reminding yourself to call your grandmother later.
You might slip a love note under a door, or leave your cat sitter a note explaining how much to feed Fluffy. Other notes are taken during lectures or written in notebooks by journalists during interviews. You can also make a mental note, paying particular attention to something in the hopes that you'll remember it later. The Old French noter, "indicate or write down," comes from the Latin root notare, "to mark or note," from nota, "mark."
WORD FAMILY
note: notable, noted, notes, noting+/notability: notabilities/ notable: notability, notables, notably / noted: notedest, notedly, unnoted
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, the bank said in the note that the downgrade on Indonesia and Brazil was a "tactical" response to Trump's victory.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Among the signposts of progress that the front office is noting:
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The IP address information alone is not useful, experts noted.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 笔记; 便笺; 音符; 钞票
vt. 注意; 记录; 对…加注释; 指出
时态：noted, noting, notes
分布：注意(82%)，记录(7%)，笔记(2%)，注解(2%)，纸币(2%)，便条(2%)，音符(1%)，音调(1%)，票据(1%)
→来自拉丁语nota,记号，标记，记录，可能来自gno,去知道，了解，词源同notice,know.
n.笔记;按语,注释;钞票,纸币v.记下,摘下Can you change a $5 note?你能找得开一张五元票子吗?
US [noʊt] noun
WRITING 写的东西
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a short piece of writing 短笺，便条
• He left a note to say he would be home late. 他留下字条说他会晚点回家。
• There's a note pinned to the door saying when the shop will open again. 门上钉着一张便条，上面写着商店何时重新开张。
 IMPROVER countable
■a short explanation or an extra piece of information that is given at the bottom of a page, at the back of a book or on the cover for a piece of recorded music, etc 注释，说明；批注；（音乐作品的）封套介绍
• For a further explanation see Note 3. 详细解释参见注释3。
⇒ See also footnote
notes [plural]
 IMPROVER
■information written on paper 记录，笔记
• The wind blew my notes all over the room. 风把我的笔记吹得满屋都是。
• The journalist took notes throughout the interview. 采访过程中记者一直在做笔记。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
SOUND 声音
 ADVANCED countable
■a single sound at a particular level, usually in music, or a written symbol which represents this sound 音；音符
• high/low notes 高／低音
• She played three long notes on the piano. 她在钢琴上弹了三个长音。
• The engine noise suddenly changed its note and rose to a whine. 引擎噪音突然越来越响，变成了尖叫声。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
WAY OF EXPRESSING 语调
only singular
■an emotion or a way of expressing something 语调；口吻
• There was a note of caution in her letter. 她的信中带着一丝谨慎。
• His speech struck just the right note. 他发言的语调恰如其分。
• The meeting ended on an optimistic note. 这次会议在一片乐观的气氛中结束。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable mainly UK (US usually bill)
■a piece of paper money 纸币
• a £20 note 20英镑的纸币
• He took a wad of notes from his pocket. 他从口袋中拿出一叠钞票。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要性
uncountable formal
■importance, or when something deserves attention 重要性；值得注意之处
• There was nothing of note in the latest report. 最近的这份报告中并无值得关注之处。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
make/take a note IMPROVER
■to write something down or remember it carefully 记录；记住，记下
• I'll just take a note of your name and address. 我只记一下你的姓名和地址。
• She made a mental note of the title. 她牢牢地记住了标题。
• Make a note to phone again next week. 一定记得下周再打电话。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] noun
take note of sth
■to give attention to something, especially because it is important 关注，留意（尤指重要之事）
• You should take careful note of what she tells you because she knows their strategy well. 你应该仔细留意她对你说的话，因为她对他们的策略了如指掌。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] verb transitive slightly formal
 ADVANCED
■to notice something 留意，注意
• They noted the consumers' growing demand for quicker service. 他们留意到消费者对便捷服务与日俱增的需求。
• [+ (that)] Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday. 请注意我们周六不营业。
• [+ question word] Note how easy it is to release the catch quickly. 注意看，迅速拉开插销有多么容易。
 ADVANCED
■to give your attention to something by discussing it or making a written record of it 谈到；论及
• [+ that] He said the weather was beyond our control, noting that last summer was one of the hottest on record. 他说天气超出了我们的掌控范围，并提到去年夏天是有史以来最炎热的一个夏天。
• In the article, she notes several cases of medical incompetence. 在文章中，她提到了几宗医疗事故的案例。
UK [nəʊt] US [noʊt] verb transitive slightly formal
  Phrasal Verbs  note sth down
■to write something so that you do not forget it 把…记下来
• I noted down his phone number. 我记下了他的电话号码。
message, correspondence, letter, note
这组词都有“信”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指书信、口信、电报等。
correspondence: 集合名词，指全部来往信件。
letter: 最普通用词，泛指一切形式的书信，尤指邮寄的信。
note: 指内容直截了当的短信或便条，正式或非正式均可。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 笔记； [声] 音符； [金融] 票据；注解；纸币；便笺；照会；调子
 - bill, minute, William
vt. 注意；记录；注解
 - watching, register, take care of

Word: receive
Front: receive
[rɪˈsi:v] (中高 497/372 -K5)
Vocabulary: receive
(once / 16 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
Receive means to get or accept. On your birthday you might receive many presents. If you have a huge formal party that night, you'll stand in a "receiving line," where you'll greet or receive your guests.
Unless you're receiving good news or a stiff reprimand, receive can be pretty great. If one of your gifts is a trip to a spa, you might receive the news with pleasure, and then, when you go to the spa, receive several treatments. And remember, receive is one of those words that you have to say "I before E, except after C, or when sounding like "A" as in neighbor or weigh" before knowing how to spell it.
WORD FAMILY
receive: receivable, received, receiver, receives, receiving, reception, receptive, receptor, recipient +/receiver: receivers, receivership/receivership: receiverships/ reception: receptionist, receptions/ receptionist: receptionists/ receptive: receptively, receptiveness, receptivity, unreceptive/ receptivity: receptivities/receptor: receptors/ recipient: recipients
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shinde also oversees a new complaints system, which receives more than 300 messages from frustrated drivers every day.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Should projects bearing his name receive additional security?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It posted photos of its adventures to its Twitter, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and it appeared to be well received.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 收到; 接到; 接纳; 接待
vt. 接收; 受理; 欢迎; 承受
vi. 接到，获得; 接见，欢迎; [电子学] 接收; [橄榄球] 接球
时态：received, receiving, receives
分布：收到(77%)，接待(15%)，接到(8%)
→re-,向后，往回，-ceive,抓住，拿到，词源同 conceive,capable.
接受;收到(re再+ceive抓→全部→发觉)[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
v.收到,接到;遭受,受到;接待,接见The receptionist received a receipt from the receiver.接待员收到一份来自接收者的收据.
verb transitive
GET 得到
 ESSENTIAL
■to get or be given something 得到；收到；受到
• Did you receive my letter? 你收到我的信了吗？
• I received a phone call from your mother. 我接到你妈妈打来的一个电话。
• They received a visit from the police. 警方到他们家去过了。
• She died after receiving a blow to the head. 她头部受击致死。
• Members of Parliament received a 4.2% pay increase this year. 今年议员们的薪水提高了4.2%。
■(of a radio or television) to change signal into sounds and pictures （收音机或电视）接收
⇒ See also reception
■to be able to hear someone's voice when they are communicating with you by radio （用无线电通话时）收听到，听得到
• I'm receiving you loud and clear. 我可以清楚地听到你讲话。
[rɪ'si:v] verb transitive
WELCOME 欢迎
■to formally welcome a visitor or guest 接待；迎接；欢迎
• She stood by the door to receive her guests as they arrived. 她站在门口迎接客人到来。
⇒ See also reception
■to react to something or someone in a particular way that shows how you feel about it or them 作出反应；回应
• The prime minister's speech was well/warmly/coldly, etc. received by the conference delegates. 会议代表对首相的演讲反应良好／热烈／冷淡。
be received into sth formal
■to be made a member of an organization 接受（某人）为成员；接纳
• He was received into the church. 他被接纳加入教会。
[rɪ'si:v] verb transitive
be at / on the receiving end
■If you are at/on the receiving end of something unpleasant that someone does, you suffer because of it 遭受，承受（不愉快的事）
• Sales assistants are often at the receiving end of verbal abuse from customers. 售货员经常遭到顾客的辱骂。
[rɪ'si:v] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  receiveWarning: Check your spelling! Receive is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: don't write 'ie', write ei.
take, accept, admit, receive
这组词都有“接受、接纳”的意思，其区别是：
take: 与receive同意，是receive的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。
accept: 强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。
admit: 作“接受”讲时，强调准许或批准。
receive: 着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。
vt. 收到；接待；接纳
 - acknowledge receipt of, to hand
vi. 接收
 - take over

Word: regime
Front: regime
[reɪˈʒi:m] (研六托雅宝 1848/2191 -3)
Vocabulary: regime
(once / 524 pages)
1n 2n
A regime is the ruling government of a country. The amount of freedom and restriction that citizens of a country have can change from regime to regime.
Regime takes its militaristic and government feel from the Latin word regimen "to rule." A political regime has a negative association to it that makes you think of totalitarian governments. How did it come to mean "diet" or "program of exercise" as well? If you are put on a regime of exercise and healthy eating, you are ordered by a doctor to do these things and it probably feels like you're being ruled sometimes!
WORD FAMILY
regime: regimes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There is an absolute determination that the regime will persist and continue. That is number one for everything: the perpetuation of the regime.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In an office toilet in London, young women discuss their grooming regimes.
BBC(Dec 30, 2016)
As the regime teetered and fell, Mr. Bakiyev fled and found refuge in Belarus.
New York Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 政治制度，政权，政体; 管理，方法; [医]养生法; （病人等的）生活规则
分布：政权(72%)，制度(19%)，政体(9%)
→来自法语 regime,来自拉丁语 regimen,统治，政府，政体，制度，来自 regere,统治，管理，词 源同 regulate.-men,名词后缀。
n.政体,制度Under the old regime women could not vote.在旧政权下妇女不能选举.
【记】reg统治，ime－政权
【参】regent（n 摄政者；董事）
noun countable
MANAGEMENT 管理
 IMPROVER mainly disapproving
■a particular government or a system or method of government 政府；政权；政体
• The old corrupt, totalitarian regime was overthrown. 腐败的旧极权政府被推翻。
■a particular way of operating or organizing a business, etc 组织方法；管理体制；体系
• The regime in this office is hard work and more hard work. 这个事务所的管理方式就是，让你工作努力再努力。
[reɪ'ʒi:m] noun countable
RULES 规则
■a regimen 生活规则，养生之道
n. 政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制
 - government, power

Word: aim
Front: aim
[eɪm] (高研四六托雅 1931/1261 -K4)
Vocabulary: aim
(once / 87 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
If you wad up a piece of paper and line up a shot at a wastebasket, you are taking aim. If instead, the paper bounces off your teacher's head, then your aim was way off.
A purpose or goal is an aim. When you were little, your aim might have been to be a famous astronaut, a movie star, or a police officer. As a verb, aim means to intend, try, or aspire. You may aim to take your dog for three walks every day, but your fenced-in yard tends to make both of you lazy.
WORD FAMILY
aim: aimed, aiming, aimless, aims+/ aimless: aimlessly, aimlessness
USAGE EXAMPLES
So what she does here, she says, is “aim at the middle and pray.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later that year, then-President George Bush signed legislation aimed at settling the dispute over the mineral rights.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gov. Ricardo Rossello, 37, proposed several measures aimed at alleviating the crisis shortly after he was sworn in at midnight.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 瞄准; 对准; 踢向; 挥向
vi. 旨在; 以…为目标; 致力于; 决定
n. 目的; 目标; 瞄准
时态：aimed, aiming, aims
分布：目标(67%)，瞄准(15%)，旨在(6%)，对准(5%)，针对(3%)，致力(3%)，枪法(1%)
→estimate的缩写。
n.目的;瞄准vi.(at)目的在于vt.把...瞄准The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
noun
INTENTION 打算
 IMPROVER countable
■a result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve 目标，目的；意图
• My main aim in life is to be a good husband and father. 我人生的主要目标是做一个好丈夫和好爸爸。
• Our short-term aim is to deal with our current financial difficulties, but our long-term aim is to improve the company's profitability. 我们的短期目标是解决当前的财政困难，但长远目标是提高公司的盈利。
• The leaflet has been produced with the aim of increasing public awareness of the disease. 印发该传单的目的是为了提高公众对这种疾病的认识。
[eɪm] noun
POINT TOWARDS 指向
uncountable
■the act of pointing a weapon towards something 瞄准，对准
• He fired six shots at the target, but his aim was terrible, and he missed all of them. 他向靶子开了六枪，但是瞄准得太差，一枪也没中靶。
• She raised her gun, took aim and fired. 她举起了枪，瞄准开火。
[eɪm] verb
INTEND 打算
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to intend 打算，计划；想要
• [+ to infinitive] I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 35. 我打算到35岁时成为百万富翁。
• We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 50% share of the German market. 我们意图获取德国市场50%的份额。
[eɪm] verb
POINT TOWARDS 指向
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to point or direct a weapon towards someone or something that you want to hit （使）瞄准，（使）对准
• Aim (the arrow) a little above the target. （将箭）瞄准目标稍高一些的地方。
• Aim at the yellow circle. 瞄准黄圈。
• There are hundreds of nuclear missiles aimed at the main cities. 数百枚核导弹瞄准了各主要城市。
• She aimed (= directed) a kick at my shins. 她向我的小腿踢了一脚。
• Let's aim for (= go in the direction of) Coventry first, and then we'll have a look at the map. 我们先往科芬特里方向开，然后再看地图。
[eɪm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  aim at sth IMPROVER
■to plan, hope or intend to achieve something 目的在于，旨在；致力于
• The talks are aiming at a compromise. 会谈旨在达成妥协。
• [+ -ing verb] The government's campaign is aimed at influencing public opinion. 政府开展这场运动的目的在于影响公众的看法。
[eɪm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] aim sth at sb ADVANCED
■If information is aimed at a particular person or group of people, it is made known in a way that influences them or makes them interested in something 使…针对（某人）；将（某人）定为…的对象
• These advertisements are specifically aimed at young people. 这些广告是专门针对年轻人的。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
vt. 目的在于；引导；把…对准
 - be calculated to, boot
vi. 打算；对准目标
 - propose, to intend
n. 目的；目标；对准
 - intention, purpose, sake, objective, target

Word: fire
Front: fire
[ˈfaɪə(r)] (中高雅 653/693 -K2)
Vocabulary: fire
(once / 17 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5nv 6v
If you gather kindling and logs and burn them, then you've made a fire. For safety, you should make your fire in a fire pit or fireplace, but for fun, you can toast marshmallows over the fire.
As a verb, fire can mean to discharge a weapon. Your hometown might fire a cannon on the common each year to celebrate the Fourth of July. Rather than use a real cannonball, they probably fire it with blanks. The verb fire can also mean to terminate from a position of employment. It's no fun to have to fire someone, especially the guy you fire is your brother.
WORD FAMILY
fire: counterfire, fiery, fired, fires, firing, misfire+/counterfire: counterfires/ fiery: fierily, fieriness/ fired: firedest/firing: firings/misfire: misfired, misfires, misfiring
USAGE EXAMPLES
Hundreds of people were evacuated from the port-city of Valparaiso, Chile, after forest fires set homes alight.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Other approaches focus on netting drones, either via bigger drones or by guns firing a net and a parachute via compressed gas.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
A minibus filled with dead passengers was on fire.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 火，燃烧物; 火灾; 射击，发射; 热情
vt. & vi. 开火，射击; 燃烧; 引爆炸药; 充满热情
vt. <口>解雇; 射（箭）; 激励; 射出（子弹）
时态：fired, firing, fires
分布：火(82%)，开火(5%)，解雇(5%)，炉火(3%)，点燃(2%)，热情(1%)，失火(1%)，急速地连续说(1%)
→来自paewr, 火，词源同pyre,empyrean. 该词在印欧语用来指无生命之火，而egni则用来指有生命之火，词源同ignite.
n.火;火灾,失火;炉火vi.开火vt.放(枪)It's easy and feasible to control the disease after cease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行.
US [faɪr] noun
FLAMES 火焰
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(material that is in) the state of burning that produces flames which send out heat and light, and might produce smoke 火；（燃烧着的）燃料，柴火
• Animals are usually afraid of fire. 动物通常都怕火。
• The fire was started by children playing with matches. 这场火灾是由小孩玩火柴引起的。
• Forty people helped to put out (= stop) the fire. 40个人帮忙扑灭了大火。
• The library was badly damaged in the fire. 图书馆在火灾中严重受损。
• How many historic buildings are damaged by fire each year? 每年有多少座历史建筑毁于大火？
• She had to be rescued by her neighbours when her house UK caught / US caught on fire (= started to burn unintentionally). 她的房子着火时，邻居合力把她救了出来。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small controlled fire that is used for heating or cooking 火堆；炉火
• It's very cold in here - should I light a fire? 这里面真冷，我把炉火点起来好吗？
• We built a fire on the beach. 我们在海滩上生了堆火。
• We put up our tents and made a small fire. 我们搭起了帐篷，生了一个小火。
on fire
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is on fire, it is burning when it should not be 起火，着火
• If your home was on fire and you could save only one thing, what would it be? 如果你家着火了，而你只能抢救出一样东西，你会拿甚么呢？
countable UK
■a gas or electric heater that is used to warm up a room 取暖器
• a gas/electric fire 煤气取暖器／电暖器
• If you're cold just put the fire on. 你冷的话就把取暖器打开。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
SHOOT 发射
uncountable
■the shooting of guns or other weapons 射击；炮火，火力
• The police opened fire on (= started shooting at) the protesters. 员警向抗议者开火。
• The command was given to cease fire (= stop shooting). 下达了停火的命令。
• The city came under fire from anti-government forces last night. 这座城市昨晚遭到了反政府武装分子的炮火攻击。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
EMOTION 情感
uncountable
■strong emotion 极度兴奋；极为激动；狂热
• The fire in her speech inspired everyone. 她演讲中流露的激情鼓舞了每一个人。
⇒ See also fiery
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
come under fire
■to be criticized 遭受批评
• The government has come under fire for its decision to close the mines. 政府因其关闭矿井的决定而遭到了抨击。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
fire and brimstone
■used to mean the threat of Hell or damnation (= punishment which lasts forever) after death 永恒的煎熬（指死后下地狱永不超生的威胁）
• The preacher's sermon was full of fire and brimstone. 那位牧师的布道词里满是死后下地狱会受永恒煎熬的言辞。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
go through fire and water UK old-fashioned
■to experience many difficulties or dangers in order to achieve something 赴汤蹈火
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
hang/hold fire UK
■to delay making a decision 延缓作出决定
• Ideally we would settle the matter now, but I think we should hang fire until the general situation becomes clearer. 理想的情况是我们现在就把这个问题解决，但我认为我们最好还是等整体局势更为明朗之后再作决定。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
play with fire
■to act in a way that is very dangerous or risky 玩火；冒险
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
set sth/sb on fire ADVANCED
■to cause something or someone to start burning 纵火焚烧；使燃烧
• A peace campaigner had set herself on fire in protest at the government's involvement in the war. 一个反战女子点火自焚，以抗议政府参战。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] noun
set fire to sth/sb mainly UK ADVANCED
■to cause something or someone to start burning 纵火焚烧；使…燃烧
• Soldiers had chased the protesters into a warehouse and set fire to it. 士兵把抗议者驱赶到一个仓库内，并且开始放火。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
SHOOT 发射
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to cause a weapon to shoot bullets, arrows or missiles 开火，开（枪）；放（箭）；发射（导弹）
• He fired his gun into the air. 他向天开枪。
• Someone started firing at us. 有人开始向我们射击。
• Without warning he started firing into the crowd. 在没有任何警示的情况下他开始向人群开枪。
• I just prayed that he would stop firing. 我心里只企盼着他会停止射击。
• The ambassador denied that any missiles had been fired across the border. 大使否认向境外发射了任何导弹。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to direct a series of questions or criticisms at someone 连珠炮似地提出（问题）；猛烈地作出（抨击）
• The journalists were firing questions at me for two whole hours. 整整两个小时，记者连珠炮似地向我发问。
• "I'd like to ask you some questions about your childhood, if I may." "Fire away ! (= You can start asking them now) " “可以的话，我想问你几个关于你童年的问题。”“你问吧！”
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
REMOVE FROM A JOB 解雇
 ADVANCED transitive
■to remove someone from their job, either because they have done something wrong or badly, or as a way of saving the cost of employing them 解雇，开除
• She was fired after she was caught stealing from her employer. 她因偷雇主的东西时当场被抓而遭解雇。
• He was fired from his $165 000 job for poor performance. 他因为表现不佳丢掉了他薪资165 000美元的工作。
• She has just been fired as editor of the newspaper. 她刚刚被辞退，丢掉了这家报纸主编的职位。
• The company is reducing its workforce by firing 500 employees. 该公司将裁员500人以减少雇员人数。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
EXCITE 使激动
transitive
■to cause a strong emotion in someone 使充满激情，激发
• I had a brilliant English teacher who fired me with enthusiasm for literature at an early age. 我有过一位出色的英语老师，在我很小的时候就激起了我对文学的热情。
• Talk of treasure and lost cities had fired their imaginations. 这些关于宝藏和失落的城市的传闻让他们浮想联翩。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
HEAT 热
transitive
■to heat objects made of clay in a kiln (= a special oven) so that they become hard （在窑内）烧制（陶器等）
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
be firing on all cylinders
■to be operating as powerfully and effectively as possible 开足马力
• Dawson will be firing on all cylinders after 2 months of fitness training. 在两个月的健身训练之后，道森将要开足马力干活了。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
in the firing line (in the line of fire) (US also on the firing line)
■likely to be criticized, attacked or got rid of 易遭到批评（或攻击、抛弃）
• He found himself in the firing line for his sexist remarks. 他发现自己因言辞带有性别歧视而备受抨击。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fire sth off
SHOT
■to fire a shot from a gun 开枪射击
• They fired off several shots to frighten us. 他们开了几枪，想要吓唬我们。
LETTER
■to write and send an angry letter to someone 寄发（言辞激愤的信件）
• He fired off an angry letter to the editor. 他给主编写了一封言辞激愤的信。
UK [faɪər] US [faɪr] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] fire sb up
■to make someone become excited or angry 使（某人）激动；令（某人）发怒
• We had an argument about it and she got all fired up. 我们就此事发生了争执，她大动肝火。
ignite, light, fire, kindle
这组词都有“点燃、着火”的意思，其区别是：
ignite: 多用于科技文体，指使某物受热直到燃烧或发光，也可指用火花使易燃物迅速燃烧起来。
light: 普通用词，指点燃易燃物，使其能发光，满足各种需要。
fire: 普通用词，指将某物点燃使其燃烧起来，火势可大可小。
kindle: 指艰难或缓慢地把可燃料点燃，可用于比喻。
discharge, fire, dismiss
这组词都有“解雇，开除”的意思，其区别是：
discharge: 语气较重，指有理由的解雇，含几乎不再复用的意味。
fire: 口语用词，多指被断然地突然解雇，其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。
dismiss: 正式用词，是这组词中语气最轻的一个词，一般只有从上文才能看解雇的原因或理由。
n. 火； [安全] 火灾；炮火；炉火；热情；激情；磨难
 - passion, flame, warmth
vt. 点燃；解雇；开除；使发光；烧制；激动；放枪
 - remove, light, loose
vi. 着火； [军] 射击；开枪；激动；烧火
 - warm, pop

Word: above
Front: above
[əˈbʌv] (中高 893/733 -K4)
Vocabulary: above
(once / 22 pages)
1adv 2adjn
Above means higher than or overhead. On the fourth of July, many Americans like to sit on the ground and watch fireworks above them in the sky.
The adverb above is good for describing something that happens over your head or something that's up beyond something else. The full moon shines up above you in the night sky, and when your little brother scampers up the monkey bars, he is also above you. The root of above is the Old English word abufan, which combines a, "on," and bufan, or "over."
WORD FAMILY
above: aboves
USAGE EXAMPLES
For cash deals above 100,000 francs, a Swiss retailer must now confirm customers’ identities and report suspicious transactions.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He called on leaders from both political parties to rise above partisanship, to work together and to be role models for the next generation.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Clarets remain 11th, eight points above the drop and well above par for the season so far.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…上面; 超过; 大于; 不至于
adv. 在上面; 超过; 更大; 上文
adj. 上述的
分布：上面的(31%)，超过(19%)，高于(17%)，在上面(16%)，以上的(11%)，上面的东西(3%)，在 ... 上面(1%)，上文地(1%)，更重要地(1%)
→来自古英语onbufan, -uf同up.
a.上述的ad.在上面prep.在..之上,高于By the spoon you'll soon see the smooth tooth of the moon above the booth.借助勺子你可以立刻看到电话亭上方月亮的光滑牙齿.
adverb preposition
HIGHER POSITION 更高的位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a higher position than something else 在或向…上面；在或向…较高处
• There's a mirror above the washbasin. 洗脸盆上方有面镜子。
• He waved the letter excitedly above his head. 他兴奋地把信举过头顶挥舞着。
• She's rented a room above a shop. 她在一家店铺的楼上租了个房间。
• Her name comes above mine on the list. 名单上她的名字列在我的前面。
• The helicopter was hovering above the building. 直升机在大楼上空盘旋。
• It's on the shelf just above your head. 它就在你头顶上方的架子上。
• A crack had started to appear just above the light fitting. 灯具配件上方已经出现了一道裂缝。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
MORE 更多
 ESSENTIAL
■more than an amount or level 多于；大于；高于；超过
• It says on the box it's for children aged three and above. 包装盒上标明适合三岁或以上的儿童使用。
• Rates of pay are above average. 工资高于平均水准。
• Temperatures rarely rise above zero in winter. 冬季气温很少高于零度。
• She values her job above her family. 她把工作看得比家庭重要。
• They value their freedom above (and beyond) all else. 他们把自由看得比甚么都重要。
above all
 ADVANCED
■most importantly 最重要的是；尤其是；首先
• Above all, I'd like to thank my family. 首先，我要感谢我的家人。
• Above all, I'd say I value kindness. 我认为仁慈是最重要的（情操）。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
RANK 等级
 ADVANCED
■in a more important or advanced position than someone else 高于
• Sally's a grade above me. 萨莉比我高一年级。
[ə'bʌv] adverb preposition
TOO IMPORTANT 太重要的
■too good or important for something （因太好或太重要而）超越，不受…影响，免于，不至于
• No one is above suspicion in this matter. 这件事情上没有人可以避开嫌疑。
• He's not above lying (= he sometimes lies) to protect himself. 为了保护自己，他还是不免要撒谎。
[ə'bʌv] adverb adjective
ON PAGE 在书页上
 IMPROVER
■When used in a piece of writing, above means higher on the page, or on a previous page （同页中）上面提到的（地）；上文（的），前文（的）
• Please send the articles to the address given above. 请把文章寄到上述位址。
• The letter was sent to the above address. 信件已寄至上述位址。
the above
 ADVANCED
■all the people or things listed earlier 前面列出的所有人（或事物）
• All of the above should be invited. 上面列出的所有人都应该得到邀请。
• Once we've finished all of the above we can start on the next project. 我们一完成上述所有事情，就可以立刻开始下一个专案计划。
over, on, above
over: 在正上方 fly over the hill
on: 在上面，接触，
above: 在上面，不接触，
prep. 超过；在……上面；在……之上
 - beyond, without, than
adv. 在上面；在上文
 - hereinabove, thereinbefore

Word: ban
Front: ban
[bæn] (高研四六托雅宝 3273/2824 -K4)
Vocabulary: ban
(once / 355 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
The verb to ban means to forbid something from being or happening. The word can also be used as a noun. A school board might put a ban on all books that refer to Jefferson's mistress if they don't want anyone reading about her.
If your parents are upset by how much time you spend online, they might ban computers in the house. But if you're smart, you can just use your phone or laptop at school. To ban something is to put a ban on it. Something with a ban on it is said to be banned. A ban can vary from your grandmother's ban on people wearing shoes in her house to a government's ban on printing certain stories in the newspaper.
WORD FAMILY
ban: bani, banned, banning, bans+/banning: bannings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Though ridiculed in some quarters as a ban on work-related email after hours, it is not quite that.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Banning Ranch Conservancy lawsuit was filed in Superior Court soon after the council's decision in 2012.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
He quickly convened an inquiry into the death, which led to courts-martial, and banned the harsh techniques used at the prison.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 禁止，下令禁止; 剥夺权利; [古]诅咒
n. 禁止，禁令; 谴责; 诅咒，诅骂; 革出教门
时态：banned, banning, bans
分布：禁止(65%)，禁令(34%)，剥夺权利(1%)
→来自词根ban, 说话，命令，词源同phone. 此处指规范行为，禁止做某事。
禁止;禁令[ban=prohibit,表示"禁止"]
v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止n.禁止,禁令Swimming is banned in this pond.禁止在这个池塘中游泳.
verb transitive usually passive (-nn-)
 IMPROVER
■to forbid (= refuse to allow) , especially officially （尤指官方）禁止
• The film was banned (= the government prevented it from being shown) in several countries. 有几个国家都禁止播放这部电影。
• [+ from + -ing verb] She was banned from driving for two years. 她被禁止驾驶两年。
[bæn] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an official order that prevents something from happening （尤指官方）禁止，取缔
• There should be a ban on talking loudly in cinemas. 戏院里应该禁止大声交谈。
ban, forbid, prohibit
这组词都有“禁止”的意思，其区别是：
ban: 语气最强，指权威机关明文取消或禁止严重危害公众利益的事或行为，隐含道义上的谴责意味。
forbid: 通俗用语，指直接地、面对面吩咐不许他人采取某种行动。
prohibit: 正式用词，多指通过法律手段或制订规则加以禁止。
vt. 禁止， [法] 取缔
 - bar, inhibit, forbid
n. 禁令，禁忌
 - restraining order, injunction

Word: visit
Front: visit
[ˈvɪzɪt] (中高 905/867 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 访问; 探望; 参观; 游览
vi. 作客
n. 访问，参观; 逗留
vt. 拜访，参观
时态：visited, visiting, visits
分布：参观(64%)，拜访(34%)，闲谈(1%)，聊天(1%)
→来自拉丁语videre,看，来自weid,去看，知晓，词源同video,wise,wit,-it,表反复或过去分词后缀。该词原指神灵到人间巡视，后词义通用化。
n.访问,参观v.访问,参观;视察;降临;闲谈I was just going to visit a friend.我正要去看一位朋友.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go to a place in order to look at it, or to a person in order to spend time with them 参观；游览；拜访；作客
• We visited a few galleries while we were in Prague. 我们在布拉格时参观了几家画廊。
• Will you visit me when I'm in hospital? 我住院你会来看我吗？
• When did you last visit the dentist/doctor? 你上一次去看牙医／医生是甚么时候？
 ADVANCED transitive
■to go to a website on the Internet 浏览（网页）
['vɪz.ɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  visit sth on/upon sb old use or formal
■to cause damage to a place or to harm a person （使坏事）降临到
• He left in 1983, horrified by the devastation that warfare and famine had visited on his homeland. 战争和饥荒给他的家乡带来的灾难让他惊恐不安，他于1983年离家出走。
['vɪz.ɪt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  visit with sb US
 IMPROVER
■to spend time talking with or staying with someone you know 与（某人）见面；看望（某人）
• I was hoping to visit with Katie while I was in town. 我在城里时希望能和凯蒂见见面。
['vɪz.ɪt] verb
  Common Learner Errors  visit Remember that when visit is a verb it is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'visit to someone/somewhere', say visit someone/somewhere :
✗ I am so pleased you have decided to visit to my country. I am so pleased you have decided to visit my country.
['vɪz.ɪt] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when you visit a place or person 参观；游览；拜访；作客
• I think I'll pay a visit to the hairdresser's while I'm in town. 我觉得进城时我应该去理个发。
• We had a visit from the school inspector last week. 上周督学到我们这里来巡视过。
• I can't stop for a cup of tea - this is just a flying (= very short) visit. 恐怕我没空坐下来喝杯茶——我只是来短暂拜访一下。
call on, drop in, see, visit
这组词都有“拜访，访问”的意思，其区别是：
call on: 社交上的正式用语，指无目的、礼节性的短暂拜访，访问者与被访问者之间一般只有社交或公务关系。
drop in: 多指在计划之外或事先未打招呼的偶然、顺便访问。也可指参观。
see: 常用词，含义广泛，既可指接受他人来访，又可指去访问他人。
visit: 正式用词，强调出于工作需要的访问，也指亲戚朋友间的看望。
n. 访问；参观；逗留
 - stay, call, stop, addressing
vt. 访问；参观；视察
 - inspect, pay a call
vi. 访问；暂住；闲谈
 - stay, pay a call

Word: thank
Front: thank
[θæŋk] (中高 498/768 -K5)
Back: vt. 谢谢，感谢; 责怪，把…归于
n. 感谢，谢谢，道谢的话
时态：thanked, thanking, thanks
分布：感谢(55%)，谢谢(43%)，谢意(1%)，责怪(1%)
→来自古英语 thancian,道谢，弥补，奖励，来自 Proto-Germanic*thankoz,思考，挂念，感激， 来自 teng,思考，感觉，感知，词源同 think.
vt.感谢int.[-s]谢谢n.[pl.]感谢(意)Thank you so much for seeing me.真谢谢你来看我.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to express to someone that you are pleased about or are grateful for something that they have done 感谢，谢谢
• He thanked me for taking him home. 他感谢我送他回家。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
have sb to thank
■If you have someone to thank for something, they are responsible or to blame for it 由（某人）对…负责；应责怪（某人）
• You have John to thank for this problem. 出现这个问题你该怪约翰。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
I'll thank you to do sth formal
■used to ask someone, in an annoyed way, to do something 请你…（表示恼火）
• I'll thank you to leave my private papers alone. 请你不要动我的私人文件。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
thank sb for sth
■If you thank someone for something, you mean that they are responsible or to blame for it 把…归功（或归咎）于（某人）
• You can thank John for the mess we're in. 我们现在陷入这般境地，都怪约翰。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
thank your lucky stars
■to be very grateful for something 庆幸运气好
• She thanked her lucky stars that she had taken out insurance, when she was in an accident on holiday. 当她渡假出意外时，她庆幸自己办了保险。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
thank God/goodness/heaven(s), etc. ADVANCED
■said to express happiness that something bad has been avoided or has finished 感谢上帝，谢天谢地
• Thank God you found the key. 谢天谢地，你找到了锁匙。
• I managed to catch the train, thank goodness. 我赶上了火车，真是谢天谢地。
[θæŋk] verb transitive
won't thank you for doing sth
■If someone won't thank you for doing something, they will not be pleased if you do it 做…必定会使（某人）生气
• She won't thank you for telling everyone how old she is. 你到处宣扬她的年龄，她必定会很恼火。
vt. 感谢
 - be grateful to, be obliged to
n. 感谢
 - appreciation, acknowledgment
int. 谢谢
 - merci, danke, arigato

Word: mind
Front: mind
[maɪnd] (中高雅 469/385 -K3)
Vocabulary: mind
(once / 12 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4n
Your mind is where your thinking happens. If you've made up your mind, you've come to a decision.
Mind can also mean "pay attention to" or "watch." If someone tells you to "mind your manners," they want you to be polite. If you tell them to "mind their own business," maybe they'll leave you alone. When I ask, "Would you mind if I open a window?" I'm asking if this would bother you.
WORD FAMILY
mind: minded, minder, mindful, minding, mindless, minds+/minded: mindedest, mindedly/minder: minders/ mindful: mindfully, mindfulness, unmindful/mindless: mindlessly, mindlessness/unmindful: unmindfully, unmindfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Although these ideas are easy to debunk, he adds, even analyzing the evidence for himself wasn’t enough to change his mind.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Not a fancy car, mind you—a fifteen-year old Civic with 170,000 miles on it—but a car nonetheless.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 心，精神，心力，知，智力，智慧; 心胸，头脑，人; 愿望，目的，意向，意志，决心，见解，意见; 记忆，记性，记忆力，回想
vi. 介意; 注意
vt. 专心于; 介意; 愿意做; 照顾
时态：minded, minding, minds
分布：心(41%)，介意(24%)，头脑(11%)，想法(6%)，注意(5%)，精神(4%)，记忆(3%)，理智(2%)，专心于(2%)，意见(1%)，照顾(1%)
→来自men,思想，思考，记忆，词源同man,mental,monitor.引申词义思维，头脑等。mind 思想，思维，头脑
n.精神,理智,意见,记忆力v.注意,介意,反对He has a creative mind.他具有创造力的头脑.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of a person that makes it possible for a person to think, feel emotions and understand things 头脑；大脑
• Her mind was full of what had happened the night before, and she just wasn't concentrating. 她脑海里满是前一天晚上所发生的事情，根本无法集中精神。
• Of course I'm telling the truth - you've got such a suspicious mind! 我当然是在说实话——你太疑神疑鬼了！
• I just said the first thing that came into my mind. 我只是想到甚么就说甚么。
• I'm not quite clear in my mind about what I'm doing. 我没太意识到自己在做甚么。
■a very clever person 聪明人，有才智的人
• She was one of the most brilliant minds of the last century. 她是上世纪才智最为出众的人物之一。
all in the/ your mind
■describes a problem that does not exist and is only imagined 全是心理作用的；只是凭空想像的
• His doctor tried to convince him that he wasn't really ill and that it was all in the mind. 医生努力想让他相信他其实没有生病，只是心理作用罢了。
bear/keep sth in mind
■to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter 记住
• Bearing in mind how young she is, I thought she did really well. 别忘了她年纪是那么小，我认为她做得很棒了。
• Of course, repair work is expensive and you have to keep that in mind. 当然，维修费很昂贵，你必须记住这一点。
go over sth in your mind (also turn sth over in your mind)
■to think repeatedly about an event that has happened 反覆思考
• She would go over the accident again and again in her mind, wishing that she could somehow have prevented it. 她不断地想起那次意外，希望当时要是能做点甚么来避免就好了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
be bored/drunk, etc. out of your mind informal
■to be extremely bored/drunk, etc. 非常厌烦／喝得烂醉
[maɪnd] noun countable
be of sound/unsound mind legal
■to not be mentally ill/to be mentally ill 心智健全／精神失常
[maɪnd] noun countable
be of the same mind (also be of one mind)
■to have the same opinion 意见一致，想法相同
• We're of the same mind on most political issues. 在大多数政治问题上我们意见一致。
[maɪnd] noun countable
bring/call sth to mind
■to remember something 想起，记起
• I can see his face, but I just can't bring his name to mind. 我能认出他的脸，只是我记不起他的名字了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
get your mind round something
■to succeed in understanding something difficult or strange 弄懂（复杂或奇怪的事）
• I find it hard to get my mind round such complex issues. 我发现自己很难弄懂这样复杂的问题。
[maɪnd] noun countable
get sth out of your mind
■to make yourself stop thinking about something 忘掉，不再去想
• I can't get that dreadful moment/image out of my mind. 我忘不了那可怕的一刻／景象。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have sth on your mind
■to be worrying about something 有心事；牵挂；担心
• Paul's got a lot on his mind at the moment. 保罗此刻心事重重。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have a mind of its own mainly humorous
■A machine or other object can be said to have a mind of its own if it seems to be controlling the way it behaves or moves, independently of the person using it （机器或其他物品）有主见，自行其事
• This shopping trolley has a mind of its own. 这辆购物手推车自己还挺有主意的。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have half a mind /a good mind to do sth
■to think that you might do something, often because something has annoyed you 可能会做…／真想做…
• I've a good mind to go without him if he's going to be such a bore! 如果他这么令人厌烦，我真不想让他一起去。
[maɪnd] noun countable
have something in mind
■to have a plan or intention 想好，考虑到
• Did you have anything in mind for Helen's present? 你想好为海伦准备甚么礼物了吗？
[maɪnd] noun countable
in your mind's eye
■in your imagination or memory 在（某人）脑海中；在（某人）记忆里
• In my mind's eye, she remains a little girl of six although she's actually a grown woman. 尽管实际上她已是成年女子，但在我的心目中她仍是个六岁的小女孩。
[maɪnd] noun countable
a load / weight off your mind
■when a problem which has been worrying you stops or is dealt with 卸下了思想上的重负，放下了心头大石
• I'm so relieved that I don't have to do the after-dinner speech - it's such a weight off my mind! 饭后不必作演讲使我舒了一口长气——我终于放下了心头大石！
[maɪnd] noun countable
make up your mind (also make your mind up) ADVANCED
■to decide 下定决心，打定主意
• I haven't made up my mind where to go yet. 我还没打定主意去哪里。
[maɪnd] noun countable
your mind is a blank/goes blank
■When your mind is a blank/goes blank, you cannot remember a particular thing, or you cannot remember anything 脑海里一片空白；记不起
• I tried to remember her name, but my mind went a complete blank. 我努力想记起她的名字，但脑袋里一片空白。
[maɪnd] noun countable
your mind is on sth
■When your mind is on something, you think about it or give attention to it 心思在…上
• I couldn't concentrate on my work - my mind was on other things. 我无法集中精神工作——我的心思在别的事情上。
• My mind wasn't on what he was saying, so I'm afraid I missed half of it. 我的心思并不在他所说的话上，所以恐怕漏听了一半的内容。
[maɪnd] noun countable
mind over matter
■the power of the mind to control and influence the body and the physical world generally 精神高于物质
• He announced what he called 'the ultimate test of mind over matter' - a woman walking over hot coals. 他宣布将进行他称为“精神高于物质的终极测试”——让一名女子在炙热的炭火上行走。
[maɪnd] noun countable
out of your mind
■unable to behave or deal with things normally because something has made you very worried, unhappy or angry （因忧虑、不高兴或愤怒而）精神错乱，发狂
• She was out of her mind with grief. 她因悲伤而精神错乱。
• I'd go out of my mind if I had to do her job all day! 要是让我整天做她的工作，我会发疯的！
informal
■extremely stupid or mentally ill 犯傻的；发疯的
• You must be out of your mind paying £200 for one night in a hotel! 花200英镑在饭店住一晚，你一定是发疯了！
[maɪnd] noun countable
put you in mind of sth
■to cause you to remember something 使（某人）想起
• The mention of skiing holidays put me in mind of a travelogue that I saw last week. 提到滑雪假期使我想起上周看过的一部旅行纪录片。
[maɪnd] noun countable
put sth out of your mind
■to force yourself not to think about something 把…忘掉，把…抛诸脑后
• It's over, put it out of your mind. 一切都结束了，把它忘掉吧。
[maɪnd] noun countable
set / put sb's mind at rest / ease
■to stop someone from worrying about something 让（某人）放心，使（某人）安心
• Chris phoned to say they'd arrived safely, so that really put my mind at rest. 克里斯打电话来说他们已经安全抵达，这下子我真的放心了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
set/put your mind to sth
■to decide you are going to do something and to put a lot of effort into doing it 决心要，一心想
• If you'd just put your mind to it, I'm sure you could do it. 如果你一心一意的去做，我肯定你能完成。
[maɪnd] noun countable
sb's state/frame of mind
■the way someone feels about their life or situation at the moment （某人）的精神状态
• He's in a much more positive state/frame of mind these days. 近来他的精神状态好多了。
[maɪnd] noun countable
take sb's mind off sth
■to stop you from worrying or thinking about a problem or pain, often by forcing you to think about other things 使（某人）暂时忘记（忧虑之事）；转移（某人）对（问题、疼痛等）的注意
• The good thing about running is that it takes my mind off any problems I've got. 跑步的好处在于它能使我暂时忘记自己遇到的问题。
[maɪnd] noun countable
to my mind
■in my opinion 我认为，在我看来
• He's got pink walls and a green carpet, which to my mind looks all wrong. 他把墙壁刷成了粉红色，铺了一块绿色的地毯，我觉得这根本不相配。
[maɪnd] verb
OPPOSE 反对
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■(used in questions and negatives) to be annoyed or worried by something （用于疑问句和否定句）介意，反对
• Do you think he'd mind if I borrowed his book? 你认为他会介意我借他的书吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I don't mind having a dog in the house so long as it's clean. 我不反对房里有只狗，只要它干净就行了。
• informal I wouldn't mind (= I would like) something to eat, actually. 其实我不介意吃点东西。
• Would you mind turning (= Please would you turn) your radio down a little please? 请你将收音机的声音调小一些好吗？
• Do you mind if (= May) I put the television on? 你介意我打开电视吗？
• [+ obj + -ing verb] Do you mind me smoking ? 我抽烟你介意吗？
• [+ question word] I don't mind wh at you wear so long as it's not that awful pink shirt. 你穿甚么我都不介意，只要不是那件难看的粉红色衬衫就好了。
• I'd prefer to stay in tonight, if you don't mind. 如果你不反对，今晚我宁愿呆在家中。
• mainly UK "Would you like tea or coffee?" "I don't mind - either." “你喝茶还是咖啡？”“随便──都可以。”
Do you mind?
■said to someone when you feel annoyed with them for what they have just done or said （对某人的言行表示恼火）你怎么回事？你别这样好不好？
• Do you mind? That's my seat you're sitting on! 你怎么回事？你坐了我的座位！
■ mind 1 Common Learner Errors  mind
Remember: mind is usually followed by a verb in the -ing form. Don't say 'mind to do something', say mind doing something :
✗ Would you mind to send me an up-to-date catalogue? Would you mind sending me an up-to-date catalogue?
[maɪnd] verb
BE CAREFUL 小心
 ADVANCED transitive mainly UK
■to be careful of, or give attention to something 小心，当心；注意
• [+ (that)] Mind that box - the bottom isn't very strong. 小心那个盒子——盒底不是很牢固。
• Mind (that) you don't bang your head on the shelf when you stand up. 站起来时小心头别撞到架子上。
• Mind (= Make certain that) you take enough money with you. 确保一定要带上足够的钱。
• old-fashioned Mind your language (= Don't use swear words) , young lady! 注意你的措辞，小姐！
Mind (out)! mainly UK
■used to tell someone to move or be careful, or to warn them of danger 当心！
• Mind out! We're coming through with the stretcher. 当心！我们正抬着担架走过来。
• 'Hey, mind!' he said when she trod on his foot. 当她踩到他的脚时，他说：“嘿，小心点！”
• Mind out for falling rocks on this part of the trail. 走这段小路时要当心落石。
mind how you go mainly UK UK informal
■said when you say goodbye to someone, meaning 'take care' （道别用语）您慢走，您走好
[maɪnd] verb
TAKE CARE OF 照顾
transitive
■to take care of someone or something 照料，照顾；看管
• She asked me if I'd mind the children for an hour while she went shopping. 她问我她去买东西时我能否照顾孩子一个小时。
• Could you mind my bag for a moment while I go to the toilet? 我去洗手间时你能看管一下我的袋子吗？
[maɪnd] verb
don't mind me
■said to tell someone who is in the same room as you not to pay any attention to you, because you do not want to interrupt what they are doing 不用管我，当我不在眼前好了
• Don't mind me - I'm just sorting out some files here. 不用管我——我只是在这里整理些档。
[maɪnd] verb
I don't mind if I do
■said to politely accept an offer of food or drink （用于礼貌地接受）可以吃点，可以喝些
• "There's plenty more cake if you'd like another piece." "I don't mind if I do." “如果你想再吃一块，这里还有很多蛋糕呢。”“那我就不客气了。”
[maɪnd] verb
if you don't mind me saying
■used as a polite way to begin a criticism （用于礼貌地提出批评）如果你不介意我说
• If you don't mind me saying (so), I think the curry could be a little hotter next time. 如果你不介意的话，我认为下次煮咖喱不妨煮得更辣一点。
[maɪnd] verb
mind (you)
■used when you want to make what you have just said sound less strong （用于缓和刚才说过的话）尽管如此，不过嘛，请注意
• He's very untidy about the house; mind you, I'm not much better. 他很不注意房子的整洁，不过呢，我也不比他好多少。
• I know I'm lazy - I did go swimming yesterday, mind. 我知道我很懒——可我昨天确实去游泳了。
[maɪnd] verb
mind your own business (abbreviation MYOB) informal mainly humorous
■used to tell someone in a rude way that you do not want them to ask about something private 多管闲事，管好你自己的事
• "Where have you been?" "Mind your own business!" “你去哪里了？”“多管闲事！”
[maɪnd] verb
mind your p's and q's old-fashioned
■to make an effort to be especially polite in a particular situation 注意自己的言谈举止
• I have to mind my p's and q's when I'm with my grandmother. 和我祖母在一起时，我不得不特别注意自己的言谈举止。
mind, intellect, intelligence, brains, wit, wisdom
这些名词均有“智力，智慧”之意。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
care, mind
这组词都有“介意，在乎”的意思，其区别是：
care: 指对某事感到关切、操心或忧虑，主要用于否定句或疑问句。
mind: 通常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。也可用在答复询问的肯定句中。指因某事打扰、感到不满而表示反对。
intellect, wit, wisdom, mind, brain, intelligence
这组词都有“智力，智慧”的意思，其区别是：
intellect: 侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力。
wit: 指先天的才能、智力、意识等，隐含小聪明意味。
wisdom: 较文雅，也可指明智的言行。
mind: 使用广泛，无褒贬之意。强调诸如认识、记忆、思考、决定等的智慧功能。
brain: (多用复数brains)强调理解能力和独立的或者首创性的思维能力。
intelligence: 指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智；也指运用、展开智慧的能力。
attend, remark, mind, notice, note
这组词都有“注意”的意思，其区别是：
attend: 一般用词，侧重专心于某事。
remark: 一般指经过思维活动而注意到。
mind: 指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的。常用于命令句中。
notice: 指对所见所闻所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。
note: 语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细。
n. 理智，精神；意见； [心理] 智力；记忆力
 - opinion, intelligence, energy, memory, spirit
vt. 介意；专心于；照料
 - devote one's attention to, concentrate upon
vi. 介意；注意
 - take care of, take notice

Word: phone
Front: phone
[fəʊn] (中研四雅 557/1346 -K4)
Back: n. 电话; 听筒; （发声或使用声音的）工具; 说某种语言的
vt. & vi. 打电话（给某人）
时态：phoned, phoning, phones
分布：电话(80%)，打电话(17%)，电话机(1%)，听筒(1%)，耳机(1%)
→缩写自telephone.
n.(telephone)电话,电话机,耳机v.打电话I tuned the tone of the stone phone with a bone.我用骨头调整了石质耳机的音调.
US [foʊn] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable (formal telephone)
■a device which uses either a system of wires, along which electrical signals are sent, or a system of radio signals to make it possible for you to speak to someone in another place who has a similar device 电话
• Just then, his mobile phone rang. 就在那时，他的手机响了。
• Could you answer the phone? 你能接电话吗？
• We speak on the/by phone about twice a week. 我们一周大约通两次电话。
• You had three phone calls this morning. 今天早上有三个电话找你。
• If the phone lines are busy, please try again later. 如果电话占线，请过一会儿再打。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the part of a telephone that you hold to your mouth and ear and that you speak into （电话的）听筒
• Could you pick the phone up for me - my hands are wet. 你能帮我把电话听筒拿起来吗——我的手湿了。
• I left the phone off the hook , so it wouldn't ring. 我的电话听筒没挂上，所以没响。
• I was so angry I just put/slammed the phone down (on her) (= replaced it before our conversation was finished). 我很生气，就把（她的）电话挂断了。
be on the phone
 IMPROVER
■to be using the telephone 在通电话
• That son of mine is on the phone all day! 我那个儿子一整天都在打电话！
■UK
■to have a telephone in the home 家里装有电话
• Are the Middletons on the phone, do you know? 米德尔顿家有没有装电话，你知道吗？
UK [fəʊn] US [foʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to communicate with someone by telephone （给…）打电话
• She phoned just after lunch. 刚吃完午餐她就打电话。
• He's phoned me (up) every day this week. 本周他每天都打电话给我。
UK [fəʊn] US [foʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  phone in
WORK
■to telephone the place where you work in order to tell your employer something 打电话到工作的地方（报告某事）
• She phoned in sick (= saying that she was ill) this morning. 她今天早上打电话到公司，说自己病了。
PROGRAMME
■to telephone a television or radio programme in order to express your opinion on a matter 来电参与（电视台或电台的）节目
• Over three hundred people phoned in to complain. 300多人打电话到节目倾诉他们的不满。
UK [fəʊn] US [foʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  phone in sth informal often disapproving
■If someone phones in a performance, they do it without any effort 自然而然地（表演），从容地（表演）
• The actor phoned in his performance without a hint of personality. 这个演员自然而然地表演，没有显露半点个性。
UK [fəʊn] US [foʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  phone Remember that phone is never followed by 'to'. Don't say 'phone to someone', say phone someone :
✗ Phone to me if you have any more questions. Phone me if you have any more questions.
n. [通信] 电话；耳机，听筒
 - telephone, call
vt. [通信] 打电话
 - call up sb, ring up
vi. [通信] 打电话
 - telephone, call up sb

Word: true
Front: true
[tru:] (中高 492/547 -K4)
Vocabulary: true
(once / 13 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adjvn
Things that are true are accurate, honest, and correct. There are many specific meanings, but when something is true, you can believe it.
This word has many meanings, but they're all pretty much the opposite of false. True statements can be proven or verified — they aren't lies. To sing true is to sing on-key, and a true throw is on-target. The true king is the real king, not a fake. A true friend can be trusted. A true believer really believes in something, like a religion. And when you're true to yourself, you're being honest about what you want and feel.
WORD FAMILY
true: trued, truely, trueness, truer, trues, truest, truing, truism, truly, truth, untrue+/ truism: truisms/ truth: truthful, truths, untruth/truthful: truthfulest, truthfully, truthfulness, untruthful/untrue: untruely, untruest, untruly/untruth: untruths/untruthful: untruthfully, untruthfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He recorded five receiving touchdowns as a true freshman.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
This is a true tossup of a game between solid teams and accomplished quarterbacks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 真正的; 真实的; 忠实的; 正确的
adv. 真正地; 确实地; 正确地; 正当地
n. 真理，真实; 正，准，精确
vt. 摆正; 决定（某物）的位置以使其平衡、平稳或水平
时态：trued, truing, trues
分布：真的(55%)，真实的(24%)，真实地(5%)，精确的(3%)，真相(3%)，准确的(3%)，精确(2%)，忠诚的(2%)，准确地(2%)，使...平衡(1%)
→来自古英语 triewe,忠诚的，真诚的，来自 Proto-Germanic*treuwaz,信仰，忠诚，来自 deru, 稳定的，稳固的，词源同 tree,endure.后引申词义依据事实的，真的，真实的等。
a.真实,不假的;忠实,可靠的;正确无误的It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
adjective
NOT FALSE 真的
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of facts or statements) right and not wrong; correct （尤指事实或陈述）正确的，真实的，确实的；如实的
• [+ that] Is it true that Lucy and Mark are getting married? 露西和马克真的要结婚吗？
• The allegations, if true, could lead to her resignation. 这些指控如果属实的话，可能会导致她辞职。
• Her story is only partly true. 她的描述只有部分是真实的。
• Would it be true to say that you've never liked Jim? 可以说你从来就没有喜欢过吉姆，对吗？
• I suspect she gave a true picture (= accurate description) of what had happened. 我认为她对所发生事情的描述是真实的。
• I don't believe these exam results are a true reflection of your abilities. 我认为这些考试结果并没有真实反映你的能力。
• The movie is based on the true story of a London gangster. 这部电影是根据伦敦一名犯罪团伙成员的真实故事拍摄。
• She has since admitted that her earlier statement was not strictly (= completely) true. 她后来承认先前所讲的并不完全真实。
• It used to be very cheap but that's no longer true (= that situation does not now exist). 这东西以前很便宜，可现在不一样了。
• Alcohol should be consumed in moderation, and this is particularly true for pregnant women. 饮酒应适量，对孕妇尤其如此。
• Parents of young children often become depressed, and this is especially true of single parents. 年幼孩子的父母常常愁眉苦脸，单身母亲尤其如此。
⇒ See also truth
[tru:] adjective
REAL 真正的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■being what exists, rather than what was thought, intended or stated 真正的，实质的
• true love 真爱
• a true friend 真正的朋友
• There cannot be true democracy without reform of the electoral system. 不进行选举制度的改革就不可能有真正的民主。
• The true horror of the accident did not become clear until the morning. 事故到底有多恐怖，直到早上才大白于天下。
come true
 ADVANCED
■If a hope, wish or dream comes true, it happens although it was unlikely that it would （希望或愿望）实现，成为现实
• I'd always dreamt of owning my own house, but I never thought it would come true. 我以前一直梦想拥有属于自己的房子，但从没想到这会成为现实。
• After all the problems I'd had getting pregnant, Oliver's birth was a dream come true. 经历了怀孕的所有问题后，奥利弗的出世圆了我的梦。
[tru:] adjective
SINCERE 真诚的
 ADVANCED
■sincere or loyal, and likely to continue to be so in difficult situations 忠实的，忠诚的；虔诚的
• There are few true believers in communism left in the party. 党内忠诚的党员所剩无几。
• She has vowed to remain true to the president whatever happens. 她已经宣誓在任何情况下都将效忠于总统。
• He said he'd repay the money the next day, and true to his word (= as he had promised) , he gave it all back to me the following morning. 他说第二天还钱，果然说到做到，第二天上午就把钱全部还给了我。
be true to yourself
■to behave according to your beliefs and do what you think is right 坚持自己的信念；对得起自己
true to form/type
■Someone who does something true to form or type behaves as other people would have expected from previous experience 一如往常，不出所料
• True to form, when it came to his turn to buy the drinks, he said he'd left his wallet at home. 像往常一样，轮到他买饮料时，他就谎称钱包忘在家里了。
[tru:] adjective
HAVING NECESSARY QUALITIES 具有所需特征的
[before noun]
■having all the characteristics necessary to be accurately described as something 真正的，纯正的；名副其实的；典型的
• Only true deer have antlers. 只有纯种鹿才有鹿角。
• formal It was said that the portrait was a very true likeness of her (= looked very much like her). 据说，这幅肖像画得非常像她本人。
• In true Hollywood style (= In a way that is typical of Hollywood) , she's had four marriages and three facelifts. 她结过四次婚，整过三次容——这是典型的好莱坞式的作风。
[tru:] adjective
ACCURATE 准确的
[after verb]
■fitted or positioned accurately 位于正确位置的；端正的
• None of the drawers were true. 没有一个抽屉装正了位置。
[tru:] adjective
ring true
■If something someone says or writes rings true, it seems to be true 听起来是真的
• Something about his explanation didn't quite ring true. 他的解释听起来有点不太真实。
[tru:] adjective
so... it's not true mainly UK
■used to emphasize an adjective （用于强调形容词）
• Julie's brother's so handsome it's not true. 朱莉的哥哥帅得令人难以置信。
[tru:] noun uncountable
be out of true
■to not be in the correct position or to be slightly bent out of the correct shape 不平；不直；不正
• This door won't shut properly. I think the frame must be out of true. 这扇门关不严。我看一定是门框歪了。
[tru:] adverb
■straight and without moving to either side
• Make sure you hit the nails in true. 要确保钉子钉准了。
loyal, constant, faithful, true
这组词都有“忠实的”的意思，其区别是：
loyal: 一般指对祖国、领袖的忠诚或对事业、原则、誓言的忠实，不动摇。
constant: 侧重指思想状态的稳定或信念的坚定，也指爱情或感情等的忠贞不渝。
faithful: 多指对人对事或对诺言、誓言的始终不渝，侧重在任何情况下都绝不改变。
true: 侧重个人感情上的忠实和不动摇。
real, authentic, genuine, true, actual, factual
这组词都有“真的，真实的，实在的”的意思，其区别是：
real: 普通用词，含义较广，有时可与actual和genuine换用。指一切真实的或 表面看不出虚假的事物。
authentic: 常可与genuine换用，指与事实完全相符，强调准确可靠。
genuine: 普通常用词，指真正的，货真价实的，强调非人为或非虚假的。
true: 指同实际情况或标准完全一致。口语中多用。
actual: 指事物的实际存在，并非出自主观臆造。
factual: 与actual同义，但更测重根据事实，不扩大或缩小，不渲染。
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 真实的；正确的
 - actual, sincere, genuine, real, right
adv. 真实地；准确地
 - truly, accurately, really, spot
n. 真实；准确
 - reality, sincerity

Word: governor
Front: governor
[ˈgʌvənə(r)] (研四六托 1811/2204 -K4)
Vocabulary: governor
(once / 59 pages)
1n 2n
A governor leads a state government, just like a president leads a national government.
If you know that governing means to be in charge of something, that should help you remember what a governor is. Just as mayors run cities and presidents and prime ministers run countries, governors run states. A governor is elected for a term, has a vice governor, and deals with a legislature, just like the U.S. President. Governor is a very important title in the U.S., and many governors — such as Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush — have gone on to become U.S. presidents.
WORD FAMILY
governor: governors, governorship+/ govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ government: governmental, governments, self-government/ governmental: governmentally/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Bulldogs rebounded from their loss to Wise with wins against Battlefield and Olympic at the Governor’s Challenge.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The other woman to also serve as governor and U.S. senator is a fellow Granite Stater, Democratic U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 主管人员; 统治者，管理者; <美>州长; [机]节速器，调节器
分布：州长(73%)，总督(18%)，统治者(4%)，调节器(2%)，管理者(2%)，理事(1%)
n.统治者,管理者,总督,州(省)长Moreover, the new government overlooked the governor over the oven.而且,新政府忽视了炉子上方的州长.
US [-ɚ.nɚ] (written abbreviation Gov)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person in charge of a particular political unit 统治者；管辖者；总督；州长
• the governor of Texas 德克萨斯州州长
⇒ See also gubernatorial;guvnormainly UK a person in charge of a particular organization （某组织机构的）董事，理事，主管
• a prison/school governor 监狱长／学校董事
n. 主管人员；统治者，管理者； [机] [自] 调节器；地方长官
 - managers, adjustment, ruler

Word: television
Front: television
[ˈtelɪvɪʒn] (中高雅 794/978 -K4)
Back: n. 电视，电视机; 电视节目; 电视业
分布：电视机(62%)，电视节目(32%)，电视行业(6%)
→tele-,远的，vision,看，视野。
电视(tele+vis看+ion→看远方→通过电看→电视)[tele=fur表示"远",引申为"电",电从远方来]
US [-ə-] (also TV) (UK informal telly)
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a device shaped like a box with a screen which receives electrical signals and changes them into moving images and sound, or the method or business of sending images and sound by electrical signals 电视机；电视；电视广播业
• a colour/black-and-white television 彩色／黑白电视机
• Could you turn the television down? 你把电视声音调小点好吗？
• It's one of the few television programmes that I always make a point of watching. 这是我一直坚持看的少数几个电视节目之一。
• Is there anything interesting on television tonight? 今晚有甚么好看的电视节目吗？
• Clare has worked in television since she left college. 克莱尔大学毕业后一直在电视业界工作。
• Your problem is that you watch too much television. 你的问题在于电视看得太多。
UK ['tel.ɪ.vɪʒ.ən/ UK [ˌ--'--] US [-ə-] (also TV) (UK informal telly)
noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  televisionRemember: the most usual preposition to use with television is on : Don't say 'in/at television', say on television : What's on television tonight?
n. [电视] 电视，电视机；电视业
 - video, tube

Word: due
Front: due
[dju:] (高研四六托雅 1796/1280 -K4)
Vocabulary: due
(once / 40 pages)
nadjadv
Things that are due are owed — it's time to come up with them. Loans, library books, and school assignments usually have a due date.
The first question students usually ask when given an assignment is "When is it due?" The word due has to do with deadlines and things that are owed. When you're time is up on a library book, it's due. Many bills — such as cable and phone bills — are due once a month. If you miss a due date, you could be in trouble: you might get a bad grade on your paper or the cable guy might take away your favorite stations.
WORD FAMILY
due: duely, dues, duly, endue, overdue, subdue, undue +/ duly: dulys/ endue: endued, endues, enduing/subduable: unsubduable/ subdue: subduable, subdued, subduer, subdues, subduing/ subdued: subduedly, subduedness, unsubdued/subduer: subduers/ undue: unduely, unduly /unsubduable: unsubduably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most of these cases are due to pneumonia being misdiagnosed as malaria.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Sparks police say 43-year-old Tom Anderson complained of possible hypothermia due to exposure after he was transported to police headquarters following Monday’s arrest.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 由于; 适当的; 预定; 到期
n. 应有的权利; 应得到的东西; 应缴款
adv. 正向; 正对着
分布：到期的(31%)，应有的(25%)，应付的(13%)，应得物(13%)，会费(9%)，预定的(9%)
→来自拉丁语debere, 欠款，欠债，应还，词源同debt,indebted.
a.(to)应支付的;(车,船等)预定应到达的I didn't evaluate the blue glue due to the vague plague.因为不明确的瘟疫,我没有对蓝色胶水估价.
US [du:] adjective
EXPECTED 预计的
 ESSENTIAL
■expected to happen, arrive, etc. at a particular time 预计的，预期的
• What time is the next bus due? 下一班公车甚么时候来？
• The next meeting is due to be held in three months' time. 下次会议预计将在三个月后召开。
• Their first baby is due in January. 他们的第一个孩子预产期在一月份。
in due course formal
■at a suitable time in the future 在（将来）适当的时候
• You will receive notification of the results in due course. 在适当的时候你会收到结果通知的。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adjective
RESULTING 造成
due to
 IMPROVER
■because of 由于，因为
• A lot of her unhappiness is due to boredom. 她的不开心主要是因为无聊。
• Due to wet leaves on the line, this train will arrive an hour late. 由于湿滑的树叶散落在轨道上，这班列车将迟一小时来。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adjective
OWED 亏欠的
■owed as a debt or as a right 欠债的，应支付的；应给的
• The rent is due (= should be paid) at the end of the month. 租金应在月底交。
• Fifty pounds is mainly UKdue to me/ mainly USdue me by the people I worked for last month. 上个月雇主欠我50英镑。
• Our thanks are due to everyone. 我们应该感谢每一个人。
• UK legal He was found to have been driving without due (= the necessary) care and attention. 他被发现未审慎驾驶。
UK [dju:] US [du:] noun
give sb their due
■said when you are praising someone for something good they have done, although you dislike other things about them 说句公道话，实事求是地讲
• He failed again, but to give him his due, he did try hard. 他又失败了，但说句公道话，他确实尽力了。
dues [plural]
■the official payments that you make to an organization you belong to 会费
• Members of the society pay $1000 in annual dues. 这个社团的会员每年支付1000美元的会费。
UK [dju:] US [du:] adverb
■in a direction that is straight towards the north, south, east or west 正向，正对着（东、南、西或北）
• From here, you go due east until you get to a forest. 你从这里朝正东走，一直走到一片林区。
adj. 到期的；预期的；应付的；应得的
 - expected, mature, just, payable, prospective
adv. 正（置于方位词前）
 - plumb

Word: body
Front: body
[ˈbɒdi] (中 313/274 -K5)
Vocabulary: body
(once / 19 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Your body is everything that makes up your physical self, including your skin, bones, muscles, and organs. Your whole body might hurt after a day spent learning to snowboard.
All animals have a body, and you can also describe some inanimate objects as having a body. For example, a car's body is its main section, mostly made of metal and plastic. A written work's body is the major part of a text, generally not including things like introductions or epilogues. In science, a body is simply any separate object that has mass. The Old English root, bodig, means "man or animal's trunk or chest."
WORD FAMILY
body: antibody, bodied, bodies, bodiless, bodily, bodying, bodyless, underbody+/ antibody: antibodies/bodied: unbodied/bodiless: bodilessly/underbody: underbodies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her body was found at the central Melbourne location about 11:50 local time, Victoria Police said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Tulsa police say a bus driver discovered the body of a man Sunday morning in a church parking lot.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Blatant body checking is banned, but there is plenty of contact.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 身体; 尸体; 团体; 物体
vt. 赋予形体
时态：bodied, bodying, bodies
分布：身体(68%)，尸体(11%)，主体(7%)，躯体(4%)，正文(4%)，主要部分(3%)，团体(2%)，赋…以形体(1%)
→词源不详。可能同be, 存在，生长。
n.身体,本体;主体;尸体;物体;(一)群,批,堆No, nobody's body is noble, nor is his.不,没有任何人的躯体是高贵的,他的也不是.
US ['bɑ:.di] noun
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE 躯体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the whole physical structure that forms a person or animal （人或动物的）躯体，身体
• A good diet and plenty of exercise will help you to keep your body healthy. 良好的饮食和充足的锻炼将有助于保持身体健康。
• She rubbed sun lotion over her entire body. 她全身都擦了防晒霜。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the main part of a person's or animal's body, without the head, or without the head, arms and legs 躯干
• He had a fat body but rather thin legs and arms. 他身体很胖，但腿和两臂却很瘦。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a dead person 死尸，尸体
• A body was washed up on the beach last week. 上周有具尸体被冲上了海滩。
countable usually singular old-fashioned * a person
• How is a body supposed to live in these conditions? 人怎么可能住在这种环境里呢？
countable
■the painted metal shell of a vehicle, such as a car or an aircraft 车身；船体；机身
⇒ See also bodywork
countable UK (US bodysuit)
■a piece of tight-fitting women's clothing that covers the top half of the body, and which fastens between the legs （女子上半身穿的）连体紧身内衣
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
GROUP OF PEOPLE 人群
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have joined together for a particular reason 群体，团体，机构
• a governing body 管理机构
• an advisory body 顾问团
• The RSPCA is a respected body working for animal welfare. 皇家防止虐待动物协会是一个致力于维护动物福利的受人尊重的团体。
• There is a large body of people who are unaware of their basic rights. 有很大部分人没有意识到自己的基本权利。
in a body formal
■If people do something in a body, they do it together as a group, in an official way （以正式或官方的方式）全体一致地；一起合作
• The cleaning staff went in a body to the manager to complain. 清洁工一起去找经理投诉。
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
AMOUNT 数量
countable
■a large amount of something 大量
• There is a growing body of evidence to support their claim. 有越来越多的证据支持他们的说法。
• She collected a huge body of information on the subject. 她收集了大量有关这个题目的资讯。
• A substantial body of opinion (= A large group of people with the same opinion) is opposed to any change. 很多人反对作任何变动。
countable formal
■A body of water is a large area of water, such as a lake. 水域，水体
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
MAIN PART 主要部分
the body only singular
■the main part of a book, article, etc. （书、文章等的）正文，主体
• I thought the most interesting details in the book were not in the body of the text, but in the notes at the end. 我认为本书最有趣的部分不在正文中，而在书后的注释中。
■the main part of a large building （大型建筑的）主体部分
• to enter the body of the cathedral 进入大教堂的主体部分
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
OBJECT 物体
countable specialized
■a separate object or mass 物体；天体
• The distance between the two bodies in space was measured daily. 每天都测量这两个天体在太空中的距离。
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
QUALITY 质量
uncountable
■a strong or thick quality 醇厚；稠度，黏性
• This Bordeaux has a flowery bouquet and plenty of body (= strong flavour). 这种波尔多葡萄酒有股花香，味道浓郁香醇。
• Conditioner can give your hair more body. 护发素能使你的头发更浓密。
UK ['bɒd.i] US ['bɑ:.di] noun
keep body and soul together
■to be able to pay for your food, clothing and somewhere to live 勉强维持生活
• His wages are barely enough to keep body and soul together. 他的工资仅够勉强糊口。
n. 身体；主体；大量；团体；主要部分
 - person, lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, organization, community

Word: challenge
Front: challenge
[ˈtʃæləndʒ] (高研四六托雅 984/1506 -K4)
Vocabulary: challenge
(once / 113 pages)
1nv 2vn 3vn 4nv 5n
A challenge is something that puts you to the test — like running your first marathon or reading War and Peace.
Challenge, as a verb, is derived from a Latin word meaning "to accuse falsely," and it is still used much as it was in the 13th century, in the sense of questioning whether something is true or right. Students sometimes challenge a weeknight curfew, and lawyers might challenge the evidence submitted by the other side in a lawsuit. Challenge is also used as a noun for a competition in which people challenge one another to prove that they’re the best at something.
WORD FAMILY
challenge: challengeable, challenged, challenger, challenges, challenging, counterchallenge+/challengeable: unchallengeable/challenged: unchallenged/ challenger: challengers/ challenging: challengingly/unchallengeable: unchallengeably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brad Kaaya rewrote the Miami record book in three years, and is off to a bigger challenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This will be a very challenged leasing environment almost everywhere,” Mr. Parsons said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a challenge but it’s nothing that we can’t handle,” Burnett said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 挑战; 盘问; 质疑; 怀疑
vt. 质疑; 向…挑战
vi. 提出挑战，要求竞赛（或竞争）; 驳斥
时态：challenged, challenging, challenges
分布：挑战(91%)，质疑(6%)，盘问(2%)，邀请比赛(1%)
→来自kel, 欺骗，挑刺，词源同calumny, cavil.词义褒义化，由贬义的挑刺到褒义的挑战。
n.挑战(书);艰巨任务,难题v.向...挑战In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
【参】challenger（n 挑战者）；challenging（adj 激励的，挑战的）
noun
DIFFICULT JOB 棘手的工作
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(the situation of being faced with) something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and which therefore tests a person's ability 挑战；难题；考验
• Finding a solution to this problem is one of the greatest challenges faced by scientists today. 寻找这个难题的解决办法是当今科学家所面临的最大挑战之一。
• You know me - I like a challenge. 你了解我——我喜欢挑战。
• It's going to be a difficult job but I'm sure she'll rise to the challenge. 这份工作会很有难度，不过我相信她会知难而上的。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] noun
INVITATION 邀请
 ADVANCED countable
■an invitation to compete or take part, especially in a game or argument （尤指比赛或辩论）挑战（书），邀请
• "I bet you can't eat all that food on your plate." "Is that a challenge?" “我敢打赌你吃不完自己盘里的食物。”“这是在挑战我吗？”
• [+ to infinitive] She issued a challenge to her rival candidates to take part in a public debate. 她向与她竞争的候选人发出挑战，邀请他们参加一次公开辩论。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] noun
QUESTION 质疑
countable or uncountable
■asking whether something is true or legal 质疑，怀疑
• The result of the vote poses a serious challenge to the government's credibility. 投票结果使人们对政府的可信度提出了严重质疑。
• Because of the way this research was conducted, its findings are open to challenge. 因为研究方法的问题，该项研究的结果颇让人怀疑。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] noun
INSTRUCTION 指令
countable
■an instruction given by a soldier or guard at a border or gate, telling a person to stand still and state their name and reasons for being there （哨兵或警卫）喝停盘查
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] noun
REFUSAL 拒绝
countable legal
■a refusal to accept someone as a member of a jury （对某人出庭担任陪审员表示的）反对，拒绝
• A challenge to a member of the jury should be made before the trial begins. 反对某人为陪审团成员的申明应在开审之前宣布。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] verb transitive
INVITE 邀请
 ADVANCED
■to invite someone to compete or take part, especially in a game or argument （尤指比赛或辩论）挑战（书），邀请
• Tina has challenged me to a game of poker 蒂娜向我挑战，要我和她玩扑克牌一决高低。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] verb transitive
DOUBT 怀疑
 ADVANCED
■to question whether something is true or legal 质疑，怀疑
• Children challenge their parents' authority far more nowadays than they did in the past. 如今子女对父母权威的怀疑远远多于过去。
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] verb transitive
TEST 考验
■to test someone's ability or determination 考验（某人）的能力（或决心）
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] verb transitive
STOP 停下
■to tell someone at a border or gate to stand still and state their name and reasons for being there （在大门、边境等地）盘问，查问
['tʃæl.ɪndʒ] verb transitive
REFUSE TO ACCEPT 拒绝 legal
■to refuse to accept someone as a member of a jury （对某人出庭担任陪审员表示的）反对，拒绝
n. 挑战；怀疑
 - dare, doubt

Word: round
Front: round
[raʊnd] (中高 2372/730 -K2)
Back: adj. 圆形的; 弧形的; 丰满的，肥胖的; 整数的
adv. 到处; 在周围; 迂回地; 朝反方向
prep. 大约; 绕过，环绕; （表示位置）在…四周; 附近
n. 圆，圆形; 循环; 圆形物，球状物; （会议的）一回合
vt. & vi. 使成圆形; 绕行; 拐过，绕过; 把…四舍五入
时态：rounded, rounding, rounds
分布：圆的(48%)，围绕(11%)，圆形物(6%)，绕行(6%)，丰满的(6%)，球形的(5%)，巡视(5%)，四处(5%)，完整的(4%)，弄圆(2%)，大量的(2%)
→来自拉丁语 rotundus,圆的，词源同 rotund,rotate.引申诸相关词义。
a.圆的prep.围绕ad.在周围v.绕行n.(一)回合The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
AROUND 围绕
 ESSENTIAL
■in a circular direction or position; around 围绕；环绕；绕过
• The Moon goes round the Earth. 月球围绕地球转。
• We ran round (the outside of the house) to the back, looking for the dog. 我们跑到房子后面去找狗。
• The idea has been going round and round in my head all day (= I can't stop thinking about it). 这个想法一整天都萦绕在我心头。
• When one engine stopped, we had to turn round (= turn to face the opposite direction) and fly home. 飞机的一台引擎熄火了，我们不得不掉头飞回。
⇒ See also theatre in the round
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
IN ALL PARTS 到处
 ESSENTIAL
■in every part of a place, or in various parts of a place 在…各处；处处；到处
• The landlord showed me round (the house). 房主带我（在房子里）四处看了看。
• I had to go all round town to find a hotel that was open. 我不得不在城中四处寻找还在营业的宾馆。
• This virus has been going round (the school) (= many people have had it). 这种病毒（在学校）四处传播。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
SURROUNDING 围绕
 IMPROVER
■on all or some sides of something 在…周围；在…附近；方圆
• We sat round the fire. 我们围着火炉坐着。
• The house has trees all round. 这座房子四周都是树。
• The pyramid is 50 metres high and 100 metres round (the base). 这座金字塔高50米，底部周长100米。
• Everyone for a mile round (= in the area) heard the explosion. 方圆一英里之内的人都听到了爆炸声。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
DIRECTION 方向
 IMPROVER
■in a particular direction 在（某处）；在（某个方位）
• The garden is round the back (of the house). 花园在（房子）后面。
• I used to live round (= near) here when I was a child. 我童年时就住在这一带。
• You must come round (to my house) sometime soon. 你找个时间一定（到我家）来坐坐。
• UK not standard We're going round (= to) the pub for a quick drink. 我们要去酒馆抓紧喝上一杯。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
right/wrong way round
■facing the right/wrong way 方向正／相反地；朝向正面／反面
• He put the wheel on the right/wrong way round. 他把车轮子上好／反了。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round about
■approximately 大约，大概，左右
• "We'll be at your house at round about 9 o'clock, okay?" “我们将在九点左右到你家，好不好？”
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
round the corner
■very near here 在附近；在近处
• There's a great restaurant just round the corner. 在不远的地方就有一家特别好的饭店。
[raʊnd] preposition adverb mainly UK (US usually around)
way round
■a way of dealing with or avoiding a problem （解决或避免问题的）出路，解决办法，余地
• There's no way round this problem. 这个问题没法解决。
[raʊnd] adjective
CIRCULAR 圆形的
 ESSENTIAL
■shaped like a ball or circle, or curved 球形的；圆形的；弧形的
• Tennis balls and oranges are round. 网球和橘子是圆的。
• a round hole/stone/table/window 圆孔／石／桌／窗
• a round face 圆脸
• round eyes 圆眼睛
[raʊnd] adjective
COMPLETE 完整的
■(of a number) whole or complete; given to the nearest 1, 10, 100, etc. and not as exact amounts 整数的；用整数表示的；用约整数表示的
• 2.8 to the nearest round number is 3. 与2.8最接近的整数是三。
• "I've got 95 bottles here for you." "Could you make it a round hundred, please?" “我这里有95瓶给你。”“能不能凑个整数，给100瓶怎么样？”
[raʊnd] noun countable
GROUP 组
 IMPROVER
■a number of things or group of events 一连串的事情；一系列的事件；一系列活动
• Russia and America will hold another round of talks next month. 俄罗斯和美国将在下个月举行另一轮会谈。
• When we were young life was just one long round of parties/pleasure. 我们年轻时，生活的内容好像就是一个又一个聚会／一件又一件令人开心的事情。
■drinks that you buy for a group of people （一人给大家买的）每人一份（饮料），一巡（饮料）
• It's your turn to buy a round. 该你请大家都喝上一杯了。
■UK
■a single slice of toast, or a sandwich （面包的）一片；整片三明治
■UK (US route)
■a set of regular visits that you make to a number of places or people, especially in order to take products as part of your job （尤指作为送货工作的）例行拜访
• He has a milk/paper round. 他挨家送奶／报纸。
■specialized
■a song for several singers, who begin singing one after the other at various points in the song 轮唱曲，轮唱歌
[raʊnd] noun countable
COMPETITION PART 比赛部分
■a part of a competition （比赛的）一轮，一场，一局
• She was knocked out of the championship in the third round. 她在锦标赛的第三轮被淘汰。
■one of the periods of time during a boxing or wrestling match when the competitors are fighting （拳击、摔跤等比赛的）回合
■a complete game in golf （高尔夫球比赛打完场中所有洞的）一场
[raʊnd] noun countable
BULLET 子弹
■a bullet or other single piece of ammunition （子弹的）一发
• The soldiers had only twenty rounds left. 士兵们只剩下20发子弹了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
the daily round UK old-fashioned
■the tasks you have to do every day 日常工作；每天的例行工作
• I get exhausted just by the daily round. 每天的例行工作就已经让我筋疲力尽了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
go the rounds UK
■to go from person to person or place to place 到各处去；到处转；到处传播
• That story has gone the rounds in our office. 那件事已在我们办公室传遍了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
make/do the rounds
■to talk to a lot of people 交谈一圈；四处访问
• I've made/done the rounds of all the agents, but nobody has any tickets left. 我已经问过所有的代理点了，但是都没有票了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
on your rounds
■to be out on a regular visit 巡行；巡视；巡诊
• The doctor's out on his rounds. 大夫出去巡诊了。
[raʊnd] noun countable
round of applause
■when people clap 一阵掌声
• The singer got a big round of applause. 歌手的演唱赢得了一阵热烈的掌声。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
■to go around something 绕过；绕行；拐（弯）
• Colin rounded the corner at high speed. 科林急速拐弯。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth down
■to reduce a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数）下舍入，舍弃尾数把（数字）调低为整数
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth off
SHAPE
■to make something that is pointed or sharp into a smooth, curved shape by rubbing it 把…磨光修圆，打磨掉…的锋利边角
• He used a special machine to round off the corners of the old table. 他用了一台特制的机器将这张旧桌子的角打磨成圆形。
COMPLETE
■to complete an event or activity in a pleasant or satisfactory way 圆满完成，圆满结束
• To round off her education, her father sent her to a Swiss finishing school. 为了让她圆满完成学业，父亲把她送进了瑞士的一所女子精修学校。
• We rounded the meal off with a chocolate and rum cake. 最后我们又品尝了巧克力和糖蜜酒蛋糕，美美地吃完了这顿饭。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  round on sb/sth
■If you round on someone or something, you suddenly turn and attack them 突然回击；突然转身攻击；猛然反扑
• The fox rounded on its pursuers. 那只狐狸突然转身向追猎它的人扑来。
• figurative The Prime Minister rounded on his critics with a very forceful speech. 首相突然发表了措词强硬的讲话，回击批评他的人。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth/sb up
■to find and bring together a group of animals or people 使…聚拢；驱拢；使…聚集
• The cowboys rounded the cattle up. 牛仔们将牛赶到一起。
• I'll just go and round up Andrew and Patrick for the meeting. 我去把安德鲁和派翠克找来一起开会。
[raʊnd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] round sth up
■to increase a number to the nearest whole or simple number 把（数字）调高为整数
about, round, around
这组词都有“在周围、在附近”的意思，其区别是：
about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。
round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。
around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
n. 圆；循环；一回合； [数] 圆形物
 - circulation, revolution, rotation, cycle
adj. 圆的；完全的；大概的；肥胖的
 - complete, absolute, full, total, broad
adv. 在周围；迂回地；朝反方向；挨个
 - indirectly, circuitously
vt. 完成；围捕； [水运] 绕行；弄圆
 - accomplish, carry out, achieve, perform, complete
vi. 进展；变圆； [公路] 环行；发胖
 - circuit, advance
prep. 附近；绕过；大约；在…周围
 - about, around

Word: competition
Front: competition
[ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 1345/992 -K4)
Vocabulary: competition
(once / 205 pages)
n
If you are trying to win or attempting to prove you're the best, you're in a competition. The word also describes your opponent in sports, business, and politics.
If you're trying to beat out someone else — whether in the Olympics or a pie-baking contest — it's a competition, and the other contestants are called the competition too. If you describe something as a "friendly competition," you're saying the outcome isn't critical, or there's no money involved. If you do something impressive in order to win, people will say competition brings out the best in you. If you try to injure your opponent, they'll say it brings out the worst.
WORD FAMILY
competition: competitions+/ compete: competed, competes, competing, competition, competitive, competitor / competitive: competitively, competitiveness, noncompetitive, uncompetitive/ competitor: competitors/noncompetitive: noncompetitively/uncompetitive: uncompetitively
USAGE EXAMPLES
The FIS also said it was working with the Russian Snowboard Federation to look “for possible replacement competitions in Russia on the same dates.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’m happy to be back on the competition again. Abu Dhabi was a good start. I need to continue that way.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Now the company must spend more money to produce shows, including competition and reality shows, as well as biopics.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 竞争; 比赛; 竞争者; [生]生存竞争
分布：竞争(61%)，比赛(39%)
→来自compete, 竞争。
n.竞争,比赛;角逐,较量;[总称]竞争者The competitor is compelled to complete the competition.竞争者被迫完成了比赛.
US [ˌkɑ:m-] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when someone is trying to win something or be more successful than someone else 竞争
• Competition for jobs is intense. 求职的竞争非常激烈。
• There's a lot of competition between computer companies. 电脑公司间的竞争很激烈。
• The two companies are in competition with each other. 两家公司互相竞争。
• [+ to infinitive] There's fierce competition to join the Special Branch. 加入政治保安处要经过激烈的竞争。
• Foreign competition (= similar products from other countries) had reduced their sales. 来自国外的竞争使他们的销售额有所下跌。
• Why are you jealous of her? She's no competition! 你为甚么要嫉妒她？她根本不是你的对手！
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an organized event in which people try to win a prize by being the best, fastest, etc. 竞赛，比赛
• a swimming/chess competition 游泳／国际象棋比赛
• She's entered a crossword competition. 她参加了纵横填字比赛。
• humorous You don't need to eat so quickly! It's not a competition. 你不必吃得这么快！又不是比赛。
the competition only singular
■the person or people you are trying to be better than 竞争对手，竞争者
• The competition on the track looked fierce and her heart sank. 跑道上的对手看起来很厉害，她的心不禁一沉。
contest, match, competition
这组词都有“比赛，竞争”的意思，其区别是：
contest: 多指在音乐、书法、演讲等方面所进行的比赛或竞争。其结果，由评判委员会裁决。
match: 通常指体育运动项目的比赛，隐含势均力敌意味。
competition: 多指体育运动中的各项比赛、角逐，也指知识、技巧等方面的竞赛。
n. [生态] 竞争；比赛，竞赛
 - game, war, match, tournament, struggle

Word: don
Front: don
[dɒn] (6189/4780)
Vocabulary: don
(once / 837 pages)
1n 2n 3v
To don means to put on, as in clothing or hats. A hunter will don his camouflage clothes when he goes hunting.
What is the opposite of don, an old-fashioned word meaning "to put on?" Doff another old-fashioned word meaning "to take off." These two words have something else in common - both are contractions from the 14th century English expressions do on and do off respectively. Don your boots before going out in the snow and doff them when you come inside again! A don is also a Spanish nobleman and a dean of a college at Oxford or Cambridge, but these meanings come from the Latin dominus meaning "master."
WORD FAMILY
don: donned, donning, donnish, dons+/donnish: donnishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Oakland Raiders slipped on their pads, donned their uniforms and summoned the fortitude to play.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Onlookers donning oversized 2017 eyeglasses and green Statue of Liberty hats were screened by police Saturday afternoon ahead of the midnight bash.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Donning the mantle of economic optimist is a time-honored tradition for presidents, who are seen as perhaps the most singularly influential person over the economy.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 大学教师，（牛津、剑桥大学的）导师，特别研究员
vt. 穿上，披上
时态：donned, donning, dons
分布：穿上(100%)
→1.学究，来自拉丁语dominus, 主，上帝，词源同domain. 学生俚语。
【反】doff＝take off
US [dɑ:n] noun countable UK
■a lecturer (= college teacher) especially at Oxford or Cambridge University in England （尤指英国牛津、剑桥大学的）教师，讲师
UK [dɒn] US [dɑ:n] verb transitive (-nn-) formal
■to put on a piece of clothing 穿上（衣服）
• He donned his finest coat and hat. 他穿上了他最帅的外套，戴上了他最好的帽子。
Compare doff
n. 先生，阁下；指导教师，大学教师
 - sir, gentleman, academic, Mister
vt. 穿上
 - attire in, to put on

Word: hit
Front: hit
[hɪt] (中高研四六雅 535/927 -K5)
Vocabulary: hit
(once / 60 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v 6v 7v 8n
When you hit someone, you smack or strike them — either with an object or with your hand. If you're frustrated about how slowly the traffic is moving, you might hit the dashboard of your car with your fist. Ouch.
A boxer can hit a punching bag, and you can slip and hit your head on a chair. Other kinds of hits include bombs, bullets, or missiles striking targets; assassins or "hitmen" killing someone for pay; and reaching a certain goal, like when you hit a high note or your income hits six figures. You can also colloquially "hit the road," or get going; and "hit up" your friend for five dollars, or ask to borrow it.
WORD FAMILY
hit: hitless, hits, hitter, hitting+/hitter: hitters
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought and fought and then, in their final breaths they hit Penn State with a force that USC football lore will remember forever.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its decision was so ham-handed that the Justice Department hit Culpeper County with a lawsuit last month based on the Religious Land Use act.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Cunningham hit a 3 and then a jumper to pull the S.C.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 打，打击; 碰撞
vt. 击（球）; （在精神上）打击（某人）; 猜中; 迎合
n. 打，打击; 碰撞; （演出等）成功; 批评，讽刺
vi. （风暴、疾病等）袭击; 抨击; （偶然）碰上; （突然）想到（与 on, upon 连用）
时态：hit, hitting, hits
分布：碰撞(32%)，袭击(22%)，达到(13%)，讽刺(12%)，成功(9%)，偶然发现(4%)，符合(3%)，要求(3%)，冲撞(2%)
→来自古英语hittan,接触，掉落，来自keid,掉落，掉下，词源同accident,deciduous.引申词义击，打。
v.打,击;碰撞n.击中;成功而风行一时的事物It's a pity that the spitbox in the pit was hit and split.遗憾的是坑内的痰盂被打裂.
verb (hitting, hit, hit)
TOUCH 接触
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to swing your hand or an object onto the surface of something so that it touches it, usually with force 击；打；撞
• Teachers are not allowed to hit their pupils. 教师不许打学生。
• This type of glass won't shatter no matter how hard you hit it. 无论你怎么敲，这种玻璃都不会碎。
• She hit her thumb with the hammer. 她用锤子砸到了自己的拇指。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to touch something with sudden force 碰撞
• They were going at about 60 kilometres an hour when their car hit the tree. 他们的车撞到树上时，正以每小时约60公里的车速行驶。
• One journalist was hit in the leg by a stray bullet. 一名记者被流弹击中了腿部。
• That new shelf in the bathroom is too low - I just hit my head on it. 浴室里的那个新架子太低——我的头刚刚撞到了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
EFFECT 影响
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have an unpleasant or negative effect on a person or thing 产生不良影响；打击
• Production has been badly hit by the strike. 罢工严重影响生产。
• Demand for transatlantic flights has been hit by fears of terrorist attacks. 由于人们害怕遭遇恐怖袭击，飞越大西洋航班的需求受到影响。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
SHOOT 射击
 ADVANCED transitive often passive
■to shoot at or bomb a place or person, causing damage or injury 射击；轰炸
• Two schools were hit during the air raid. 空袭中有两所学校遭到轰炸。
• He was hit in the neck by a bullet from a sniper. 他被一名狙击手射出的子弹击中了颈部。
• Try to hit the middle of the target. 要尽量打中靶心。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
REACH 达到
transitive
■to arrive at a place or position 到达
• If we turn left at the next junction, we should hit the main road after five miles or so. 在下一个路口左转，再走五英里左右，我们就会抵达大马路。
transitive
■to succeed in reaching or achieving something 达到；实现
• Our profits hit an all-time high of £20 million last year. 去年我们的盈余达到了2000万英镑的最高纪录。
• I just can't hit (= sing) those high notes like I used to. 我就是不能像过去一样把那些高音唱上去。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
SUCCESS 成功
hit it off informal
■to like someone and become friendly immediately （与某人）相处得好，合得来
• I didn't really hit it off with his friends. 我和他的朋友们并不怎么合得来。
• Jake and Sue hit it off immediately. 杰克和苏一见如故。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
ATTACK 攻击
transitive mainly US slang
■to kill someone 杀死
• Three drug dealers were hit in the city over the weekend. 周末有三名毒贩在该市被击毙。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit sb between the eyes
■to shock someone or have a sudden strong effect on them 使（某人）大为震惊；使（某人）大受影响
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit sb where it hurts
■to do or say something to someone that will upset them as much as possible 刺到（某人）的痛处，碰到（某人）的敏感之处
• He's always worrying about his weight, so if you want to hit him where it hurts, tell him he's looking a bit fat. 他一直在担心自己的体重，如果你想刺中他的痛处，就说他有点胖。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit home
■to cause you to fully realize how unpleasant or difficult something is 使充分意识到（情况有多糟糕或困难）
• The full horror of the war only hit home when we started seeing the television pictures of it in our living rooms. 在家中客厅里看到电视画面后，我们才充分意识到这场战争有多恐怖。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the books mainly US and Australian informal
■to study 学习；做功课
• I can't go out tonight. I've got to hit the books. 我今晚不能出门，我要做功课。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the bottle
■to start to drink too much alcohol 开始酗酒
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the ceiling/roof
■to become extremely angry 暴跳如雷，极其恼火
• Dad'll hit the ceiling when he finds out I've left school. 爸爸要是发现我离开了学校一定会暴跳如雷的。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the deck
■to lie down quickly and suddenly so that you are hidden from view or sheltered from something dangerous 快速卧倒
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the ground running
■to immediately work hard and successfully at a new activity 雷厉风行；一举成功
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the hay/sack informal
■to go to bed in order to sleep 上床睡觉
• I've got a busy day tomorrow, so I think I'll hit the sack. 明天我会很忙，所以我看我该睡觉了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the headlines
■to appear in the news suddenly or receive a lot of attention in news reports 突然成为媒体头条；受到媒体强烈关注
• He hit the headlines two years ago when he was arrested for selling drugs to the Prime Minister's nephew. 两年前他因把毒品卖给首相的侄子而被捕，这使他突然受到媒体强烈关注。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the jackpot
■to suddenly get or win a lot of money 突然得到（或赢得）一大笔钱
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the nail on the head
■to describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem 说中要害
• I think Mick hit the nail on the head when he said that what's lacking from this company is a feeling of confidence. 米克说这家公司缺乏的是一种自信，我认为他说到重点了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the road
■to leave a place or begin a journey 离开，出发
• I'd love to stay longer but I must be hitting the road. 我很想多留一段时间，但我必须要走了。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
hit the spot
■to be exactly what is needed 正是所需要的
• That bacon sandwich really hit the spot! 那个培根三明治正是我想要的！
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
not know what hit you
■to feel shocked or confused because something bad has happened to you suddenly when you were not expecting it 过度惊吓而无法反应；吓呆了
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit back
■to attack or criticize someone who has attacked or criticized you 反击，反攻
• In tonight's speech, the minister is expected to hit back at critics who have attacked her handling of the crisis. 之前有一些批评家曾攻击部长对这危机的处理方式，今晚的发言中，她预计会对其加以反击。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit on sb US slang
■to show someone that you are sexually attracted to them 与（某人）调情
• Some guy hit on me while I was standing at the bar. 我站在吧台边的时候，有个家伙过来和我调情。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit on/upon sth
■to think of an idea when you didn't expect or intend to, especially one that solves a problem 突然想到；碰巧想出
• When we first hit on the idea, everyone told us it would never work. 当我们第一次想到这个主意时，所有人都跟我们说这行不通。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  hit out
■to criticise something or someone strongly 猛烈批评，严厉抨击
• The Medical Association yesterday hit out at government cuts in healthcare services. 昨天，医疗公会猛烈抨击了政府削减医疗保健开支的措施。
[hɪt] verb (hitting, hit, hit)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hit sb up US informal
■to ask someone for something 向（某人）索要
• She hit me up for $20. 她向我要20美元。
[hɪt] noun countable
SUCCESS 成功
 IMPROVER
■a thing or person that is very popular or successful 非常受欢迎（或成功）的事物（或人）
• The Beatles had a string of number-one hits in the 1960s. 20世纪60年代披头四乐队推出了一系列排行榜冠军曲目。
• Your cake was a real hit at the party - everyone commented. 聚会上你的蛋糕真是棒极了——每个人都在谈论。
hit 1 3. They've just released a CD of their greatest hits (= their most successful songs).
他们刚刚发行了一张他们的上榜歌曲精选CD。
[hɪt] noun countable
COMPUTING 电脑操作
■a request to use a web page on the Internet that is then counted to calculate the number of people looking at the page （对网际网路网页的）点击
• Our web page had 243 hits this week. 我们的网页本周的点击数为243次。
[hɪt] noun countable
TOUCH 接触
■when you hit something or someone, or when something or someone hits you 击，打
• She gave him a hit on the head which knocked him flying. 她击中了他的头部，打得他眼冒金星。
■in baseball, when the batter (= person trying to hit the ball) safely reaches first base after hitting the ball （棒球运动中的）安打
[hɪt] noun countable
SHOOT 射击
■when something that has been thrown, dropped, shot, etc. at a place or object reaches that place or object 击中，打中
• The rebel headquarters took a direct hit from a bomb during the attack. 在这波攻势中，一颗炸弹直接击中了叛军的总部。
• I scored a hit on my second shot. 我的第二枪击中了靶心。
[hɪt] noun countable
ATTACK 攻击 mainly US slang
■an act of murder 杀人，谋杀
• He was the victim of a mafia hit. 他是被黑手党谋杀的。
[hɪt] noun countable
are/make a hit with informal
■If you are/make a hit with someone, they like you a lot from the time that they first meet you 给（某人）留下很好的第一印象，使（某人）一见钟情
• You've made a big hit with my dad - he hasn't stopped talking about you. 我爸爸对你的第一印象很好——他一直在不停地谈论你。
strike, beat, hit, thrash, whip
这组词都有“打”的意思，其区别是：
strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。
beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。
hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。
thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。
whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。
knock, beat, strike, hit
knock: 敲门；
beat: 打鼓;连续打；
strike: 敲锣，钟敲几点，猛的一击；
hit: 击中，打一下
vt. 打击；袭击；碰撞；偶然发现；伤…的感情
 - dong, impact on
vi. 打；打击；碰撞；偶然碰上
 - impact on, beat upon
n. 打；打击；（演出等）成功；讽刺
 - success, prosperity, victory, blow, stroke

Word: administration
Front: administration
[ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn] (高研四六托雅 635/1383 -4)
Vocabulary: administration
(once / 85 pages)
1n 2n
Use the word administration to describe the group of people running an organization: “University administration declared Wednesday a snow day and sent everyone home early.”
You’ve probably heard the noun administration used to describe a political group, such as the Bush administration or the Obama administration. It can also be used to refer to the daily activities involved in running a group or a program: “Carla handles the administration of the summer camp.”
WORD FAMILY
administration: administrations+/ administer: administered, administering, administers, administrable, administration
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Cooper unveiled names of only a few people to serve in his administration before he was sworn in to office just after midnight Saturday.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The investigation panel included representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration, the U.S.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 管理; 实行; （政府）行政机关; （法律、处罚等的）施行
分布：管理(62%)，行政(30%)，行政部门(4%)，实施(3%)，任期(1%)
行政,管理(administer+ation)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
n.经营,管理;行政,行政机关,管理部门In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
noun
MANAGING 管理
 IMPROVER uncountable (informal admin)
■the arrangements and tasks needed to control the operation of a plan or organization 管理；经营；行政
• Teachers complain that more of their time is taken up with administration than with teaching. 教师抱怨他们花在行政工作上的时间超过了教学的时间。
• She has little experience in administration (= in organizing a business, etc.). 她没有甚么管理经验。
[ədˌmɪn.ɪ'streɪ.ʃən] noun
US GOVERNMENT 美国政府
 IMPROVER countable
■a period of government in the United States （美国的）政府任期
• the Bush administration/the last Republican administration 布希／上届共和党政府
[ədˌmɪn.ɪ'streɪ.ʃən] noun
GIVING 给予
uncountable
■when someone is given something 提供，施用
• There are strict controls on the administration of drugs. 药品的施用受严格管制。
n. [管理] 管理；行政；实施；行政机构
 - governance, management, supervision, regulation, enforcement

Word: index
Front: index
[ˈɪndeks] (研四六雅 2621/1793 -K3)
Vocabulary: index
(once / 216 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Can’t find any information on the yellow-eyed junco in your guide to rare birds? Check out your bird book's index. It’s an alphabetical list in the back of the book that catalogs all of the subjects covered by page number.
In financial terms, an index is a list of stocks that are traded on the stock market, such as the Dow Jones Indexes. “Index cards” were once used to catalog books in a library, but now they’re mostly used to prepare for a test or a presentation, thanks to computers. As a verb, index describes the action of creating an index, such as, “I’m going to index my photo collection on my computer, so I can find what I’m looking for.”
WORD FAMILY
index: indexation, indexed, indexer, indexes, indexical, indexing, indexless, indices+/indexer: indexers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The dollar index - which measures the greenback against six major rivals - climbed 0.4 percent.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Florida law requires annual adjustments to gas taxes based on changes in the consumer price index, which measures what people are paying for goods.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The rising minimum wage reflects an increase in the Consumer Price Index, which rose 0.7 percent during the past year.
Washington Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 索引; <数>指数; 指示; 标志
vt. 给…编索引; 把…编入索引; [经济学]按生活指数调整（工资、价格等）
vi. [机械学]转位
时态：indexed, indexing, indexes
分布：索引(65%)，指数(33%)，指出(1%)，编索引(1%)
→来自拉丁语indicare,指出，说明，来自in-,进入，使，-dic,指出，说，词源同digit,indication.引申词义指数，标志，特征等。其复数形式为indices.
n.索引,指针,指数,指标v.做索引I'm perplexed by the flexible complex index of sex and age.我被灵活复杂的性别与年龄索引迷惑住了.
noun (plural indices or indexes)
LIST 列表
 ADVANCED countable
■an alphabetical list, such as one printed at the back of a book showing which page a subject, name, etc. is found on （书后关于主题、姓名等的）索引
• Try looking up 'heart disease' in the index. 试试在索引中寻找“心脏病”这个条目。
countable
■a collection of information stored on a computer or on a set of cards, in alphabetical order （电脑或卡片上的）索引
• He has all his friends' names and addresses on a card index. 他将所有朋友的姓名及位址都做了卡片索引。
['ɪn.deks] noun (plural indices or indexes)
COMPARISON 比较
countable
■a system of numbers used for comparing values of things which change according to each other or a fixed standard 指数
• the FTSE 100 Index 伦敦《金融时报》指数
• the Dow Jones Index 道‧琼斯指数
• a wage/price index 工资／价格指数
countable usually singular
■something which shows how strong or common a condition or feeling is 标志；指标；表征
• Consumer spending is often a good index of public confidence in the economy. 消费支出经常是显示公众对经济的信心的有效指标。
['ɪn.deks] verb transitive
MAKE LIST 编入索引
■to prepare an index for a book or collection, or arrange it in an index 为…编索引；把…编入索引
• Our computer indexes several thousand new records every second. 我们的电脑每秒钟可把几千个新纪录编入索引。
• The book contains a lot of information, but it's not very well indexed. 这本书的资料很丰富，但索引做得不好。
['ɪn.deks] verb transitive
COMPARE 比较
■to change a system of numbers according to each other or a fixed standard 将…与…挂钩；使指数化
• Living expenses will be indexed to/in line with inflation (= to take inflation into consideration). 生活费用将与通货膨胀挂钩。
n. 指标；指数； [图情] 索引；指针
 - finger, indicatrix
vt. 指出；编入索引中
 - to point out, to indicate

Word: production
Front: production
[prəˈdʌkʃn] (高研四六雅 959/610 -K4)
Vocabulary: production
(once / 87 pages)
1n 2n
Production is the process of goods being made or manufactured. If people like the cupcakes you sell about school events, you might have to increase production by baking in both your kitchen and your neighbor's.
Anything that's made or grown is the result of production, from the harvesting of grains, vegetables, and fruits to the drilling of oil. Even your crafty friend handles the production of the handmade bookmarks she sells. Another common meaning of production is the work that goes into the making of a movie, play, or album. From this meaning comes the phrase make a production of, to do something in an overly complicated, or theatrical, way.
WORD FAMILY
production: productions+/counterproductive: counterproductively/overproduce: overproduced, overproducing, overproduction/overproduction: overproductions/ produce: overproduce, produced, producer, produces, producing, production, productive, underproduce/produced: self-produced/ producer: producers/ productive: counterproductive, nonproductive, productively, productiveness, productivity, unproductive/underproduce: underproduced, underproduces, underproducing, underproduction/unproductive: unproductively, unproductiveness
USAGE EXAMPLES
And in July, the company will present a free production in a to-be-determined Seattle park.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some manufacturing companies are required to cut production and heavily polluting vehicles are banned from the roads.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 生产，制作; 产品; 产量; 夸张的行动或形象，小题大做
分布：生产(85%)，产量(9%)，制作(3%)，作品(1%)，成果(1%)，分泌(1%)
→来自product,生产，产品。
n.生产,产品,作品,(研究)成果,总产量The producer introduced a productive technological product into production.制造者把一项多产的技术成果引进到生产中.
noun
MAKING 生产
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the process of making or growing goods to be sold 生产；制造
• Coke is used in the production of steel. 焦炭用于炼钢。
• We saw a quick film showing the various stages in the production of glass. 我们看了一部短片，片中展示玻璃制造过程中的不同阶段。
• The company's new model will be going into production early next year. 这家公司的新型号将于明年初开始生产。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the amount of something that is made or grown by a country or a company 产量
• Swedish industrial production has fallen steadily this year. 瑞典的工业产量今年逐步下降。
• Wheat production has risen over the years. 小麦产量在这几年内提高了。
[prə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
FILM/MUSIC 电影／音乐
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the activity of organizing the practical and financial matters connected with the preparation of a film, play or television or radio programme 制作，制片
• She's hoping to get into television production. 她希望参与电视节目制作。
• Disney's latest production (= film) looks likely to be their most successful ever. 迪士尼最新推出的这部电影看来很有可能是他们最成功的一部。
countable
■a particular series of performances of a theatrical entertainment such as a play or opera 上演；上映
• They're doing a new production of Macbeth at the National Theatre. 他们正在国家剧院上演新编排的《马克白》。
uncountable
■the preparation and general quality of a musical recording's sound, showing the way in which the music was recorded rather than the quality of the singing and the music （录音）制作，监制
• George Martin did the production on the Beatles records. 乔治‧马丁制作了披头四乐团的唱片。
[prə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
BRINGING OUT 拿出
uncountable formal
■the act of taking something out and showing it 拿出；出示
• Entry to the club is only permitted on production (= the showing) of a membership card. 进入俱乐部须出示会员卡。
[prə'dʌk.ʃən] noun
make a production (out) of sth
■to make something seem more difficult or complicated to do than it is 夸张，不必要地复杂化；小题大做
• If you ask Tom to do anything, he always makes such a production of it that you wish you'd just done it yourself. 如果你叫汤姆做事，他总是搞得小题大做，最终你会想如果是自己做了还好些。
product, manufacture, production, produce
这组词都有“产品，制品”的意思，其区别是：
product: 一般指工业产品，也可泛指各种各样的产品。
manufacture: 一般指机器大量制造的产品。
production: 含义广泛，不同场合有不同的意思，可表示“产品，产物”，尤指人类智力或艺术劳动的产品。
produce: 多指农产品(尤指蔬菜水果等)。
n. 成果；产品； [经] 生产；作品
 - feedback, outcome, writing, manufacture, work

Word: february

Word: really
Front: really
[ˈri:əli] (中 143/179 -K5)
Vocabulary: really
(once / 24 pages)
1adv 2adv
The adverb really refers to something actual or genuine. If your ring is really pure gold, does that mean he really likes you?
Although the actual origin of really is unknown, it was first used in the 15th Century in the Eucharist, referring to the actual presence of Christ, and that definition holds today. Another use of the word, that of a questioning interjection ("Oh, really?"), was first recorded in 1815 and carries with it a sense of disbelief. Oh, really? You're late to work because the bus was attacked by a pack of wild boars? Do you really expect your boss to believe that?
WORD FAMILY
really: reallys+/irreality: irrealities/ real: realer, reales, realest, realism, reality, really, realness, reals, reis, unreal/ realism: realisms, realist, realistic, unrealism/ realist: realists/ realistic: realistically, unrealistic/ reality: irreality, realities/unreal: unreality, unreally/unrealism: unrealisms/unrealistic: unrealistically/unreality: unrealities
USAGE EXAMPLES
And that pointed up the truth that “The Apprentice” never really was Mr. Trump’s show.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
At last, it seems, the race to turn CO2 into profit is really on.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 真，真正; 实在，果真; 实际上; 事实上
分布：事实上(44%)，实在(35%)，真正地(21%)
→real,真实的，现实的，-ly,副词后缀。
ad.确实,实在,真正地,果然I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
US ['ri:.ə-] adverb
NOT IMAGINARY 真正地
 ESSENTIAL
■in fact 事实上；实际上；真正地
• He isn't really angry - he's just pretending. 他不是真生气——他只是假装的。
• You don't really expect them to refuse, do you? 你实际上并没料到他们会拒绝，是不是？
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that something is certain （表示非常肯定）确实地，的确
• Thank you, but I really couldn't eat another thing. 多谢，但是我真的甚么也吃不下了。
• He's really going to do it this time. 这一次他是真的要去做这件事了。
UK ['rɪə.li] US ['ri:.ə-] adverb
VERY GREAT 非常
 ESSENTIAL
■very or very much 非常；很；极其
• She's really nice. 她人很好。
• This room is really hot. 这个房间里太热了。
• That's really interesting. 那真是太有趣了。
• It's a really difficult decision. 这确实是个很难做的决定。
• "Did you like it? Not really (= No)." “你喜欢它吗？”“不太喜欢。”
UK ['rɪə.li] US ['ri:.ə-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  reallyWarning: Common word-building error! If an adjective ends with 'l', add '-ly' to make an adverb. Don't write 'realy', write really.
UK ['rɪə.li] US ['ri:.ə-] exclamation
 IMPROVER
■used to express interest, surprise or anger （用于表示感兴趣、惊奇或恼怒）真的，是吗，真是的
• "I'm getting married to Fred." "Really? When?" “我就要和弗雷德结婚了。”“是吗？甚么时候？”
• "She's agreed to do a parachute jump for charity." "Really? Do you think she'll do it?" “她已经答应为慈善事业做一次跳伞表演。”“真的吗？你觉得她会做吗？”
• "He hasn't brought the book back." "Oh, really! That's the second time I've asked him!" “他没把书带回来。”“哎呀，真是的！我都跟他说了两次了！”
truly, indeed, really, actually
这组词都有“确实地，真正地”的意思，其区别是：
truly: 强调客观存在的真实性，没有任何虚假。
indeed: 一般用于肯定或证实对方所说的话，多承接前言，也用来加强或肯定自己说话的语气。
really: 主要用于强调与事实或现实不相违背，也可表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑。
actually: 侧重于实际的事，而不是凭空想象或推测的事。
adv. 实际上，事实上；真正地，真实地；真的吗？（表语气）
 - actually, truly, effectively, indeed, virtually

Word: plant
Front: plant
[plɑ:nt] (中高雅 623/690 -K5)
Vocabulary: plant
(once / 40 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A plant is a living thing that loves dirt, sun, and water but can’t move. That tree outside? Plant. Your dog? Not a plant. A plant can also be a factory, like a nuclear power plant.
Trees, flowers, and vegetables are all plants, and you help them get started every time you plant a seed in soil. Another kind of plant is a factory or another business where goods are manufactured, and then there's the plant that means "spy or informer." The Latin root of plant is planta, "sprout or shoot," which may stem from plantare, "push into the ground with the feet," from planta, "sole of the foot."
WORD FAMILY
plant: plantal, plantation, planted, planter, planting, plantlet, plants, replant+/ plantation: plantations/planted: unplanted/planter: planters/planting: plantings/plantlet: plantlets/replant: replanted, replanting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The industrial plant appears especially significant as it offers a breakthrough by capturing CO2 without subsidy.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Size is an important consideration with plants, says Mr. Hancock, who notes that the plants should complement the furnishings and space, not dominate it.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
His second decision was to announce big projects like new motorways, power plants and job creation schemes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 植物，草木; 设备; 工厂; 庄稼
vt. 种植; 安，插; 建设，布置; 移民于
时态：planted, planting, plants
分布：植物(62%)，种植(20%)，工厂(12%)，设备(3%)，建立(1%)，安插(1%)，设施(1%)
→来自拉丁语planta,草木，植物，嫩枝，脚底板，来自plat,展开，放平，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plan,place.引申动词词义种植，栽培，并由此引申工厂，工厂设备，电厂等诸多词义。
n.植物,作物;工厂;装置v.栽种,播种,栽培The lean man leans on the clean bean plant to read a leaf leaflet.瘦人斜靠在干净的豆科植物上读叶片传单.
【反】deracinate（v 根除；灭绝）
US [plænt] noun
LIVING THING 生物体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a living thing which grows in earth, in water or on other plants, and usually has a stem, leaves, roots and flowers and produces seeds 植物
• native plants and animals 原产于当地的动植物
• garden/greenhouse/indoor plants 花园／温室／室内植物
• a tomato plant 一株番茄
⇒ See also houseplant
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] noun
BUILDING/MACHINES 建筑物／机器
uncountable
■machines used in industry 机器，设备
• The industry was accused of having invested little in workers, plant or infrastructure. 工业界被指责在工人、工厂和基础设施方面投入太少。
countable
■a factory in which such machines are used 工厂
• Two more car-assembly plants were closed by the strike. 又有两家汽车装配厂因罢工而关闭。
uncountable UK and Australian English
■a large heavy machine or vehicle used in industry, for building roads, etc （用于修路等的重型）设备，装置，机械
• The sign by the roadworks said 'Slow - heavy plant crossing'. 道路工程旁边的告示牌上写著「减速——前方有重型施工机械”。
• The firm's main business was plant hire. 这家公司的主要业务是设备租赁。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] noun
PUT SECRETLY 偷偷放置
countable usually singular
■something illegal or stolen that has been put secretly in a person's clothing or among the things that belong to them to make them seem guilty of a crime 栽赃物品
• He insisted the money was a plant. 他坚持说被人栽赃嫁祸，钱不是他偷的。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
LIVING THING 生物体
 IMPROVER transitive
■to put a plant into the ground or into a container of earth so that it will grow 种植，栽种
• We planted trees and bushes in our new garden. 我们在新花园里种了树和灌木。
• Hyacinth bulbs planted in pots now will flower early in the spring. 如果现在种在花盆里，风信子的球茎会在早春开花。
transitive
■If you plant a particular area, you put plants into the ground there 于…栽种植物
• The plot was surrounded by a stone wall and planted with flowering trees. 那个地方围着石墙，种着繁花盛开的树。
• a densely planted garden (= one in which the plants are close together) 花木茂密的花园
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
PUT 放置
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to put something firmly and strongly in a particular place 放置，安放
• [R] My brother planted himself on the sofa in front of the television. 我哥哥坐在电视机前的沙发上。
• He planted a kiss on her forehead/a blow on his opponent's jaw. 他在她的额头上吻了一下／一拳打在对手的下巴上。
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to cause an idea or story to exist 注入，灌输
• That incident planted doubts about him in my mind. 那件事让我对他产生了怀疑。
• Who planted these rumours ? 谁制造了这些谣言？
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
PUT SECRETLY 偷偷放置
transitive usually + adverb or preposition informal
■to put something or someone in a position secretly, especially in order to deceive someone 藏匿；栽赃
• She insisted that the drugs had been planted on her without her knowledge. 她坚持说在她毫不知晓的情况下，有人把毒品栽赃于她。
• The bomb was planted in the station waiting room. 炸弹被放置在车站的候车室内。
UK [plɑ:nt] US [plænt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plant sth out
■to put a plant into the ground outside to continue growing 把…移植到室外
• Plant out the geraniums in early June. 在六月初把天竺葵移植到室外。
plant, grow
plant: 移植,移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees
grow: 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去, trees are growing
plant, mill, factory, works
这组词都有“工厂”的意思，其区别是：
plant: 多指电力或机械制造方面的工厂。
mill: 原义指粮食加工厂。现多指轻工业类的工厂。
factory: 最普通用词，可泛指任何制造产品的地方。
works: 多指钢铁等重工业方面的工厂，也指一些特定的厂。
n. [工经] 工厂，车间； [植] 植物；设备；庄稼
 - factory, equipment, furniture, facility, mill
vt. 种植；培养；栽培；安置
 - cultivate, crop, establish, rear, station
vi. 种植
 - put in, to raise

Word: agreement
Front: agreement
[əˈgri:mənt] (中高雅 1059/623 -K4)
Vocabulary: agreement
(once / 132 pages)
n
An agreement is made when two parties agree to something. So, for example, a mother might make an agreement with her son not to kiss him in public because, after kindergarten, well, that's just not cool.
If people's opinions are in accord, or match one another, then they are in agreement. If a teacher assigns a ten-page paper due the next day, the students would be in agreement that the assignment was unfair. A written or verbal contract can also be called an agreement. An agreement to deliver an article a month for a publication could not be broken simply because you have writer's block.
WORD FAMILY
agreement: agreements+/ agree: agreeable, agreed, agreeed, agreeing, agreement, agrees, disagree /agreeability: agreeabilities/ agreeable: agreeability, agreeableness, agreeabler, agreeablest, agreeably, disagreeable/agreeableness: agreeablenesses/ disagree: disagreed, disagreeing, disagreement, disagrees/disagreeable: disagreeableness, disagreeabler, disagreeablest, disagreeably/disagreeableness: disagreeablenesses/ disagreement: disagreements
USAGE EXAMPLES
Women’s national soccer team finally agrees to new collective bargaining agreement when U.S.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The historical society and the seller settled on an agreement of $175 to purchase the remaining diaries.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Paris Agreement is really an outline; more promise than reality.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 协定，协议; 同意，一致; 合同书; （词之间性、数、人称方面与…）一致
分布：协议(67%)，一致(21%)，同意(12%)
→agree,同意，-ment,名词后缀。
协议;一致(agree+ment)[grat,gree=pleasing,表示"感激,高兴"]
协议(agree同意)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.协定;协议;契约;达成协议;同意,一致The agreement disagrees in the degree of agreeable freedom.协议在使人愉快的自由程度上存在分歧.
noun
SAME OPINION 意见一致
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when people have the same opinion, or when they approve of or accept something 意见一致；同意；应允
• The whole family was in agreement with her about/on what they should do. 对于他们应该做甚么，全家人都和她意见一致。
• If the three parties cannot reach agreement now, there will be a civil war. 如果这三个政党现在不能达成共识，内战将不可避免。
• I don't think you'll ever get Tony's agreement to these proposals. 我认为，你千万不要指望托尼会同意这些计划。
• [+ that] There's widespread agreement that the law should be changed. 大家一致认为应该修改法律。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a decision or arrangement, often formal and written, between two or more groups or people 协议，协定；和约
• The dispute was settled by an agreement that satisfied both sides. 由于达成了一项双方都满意的协议，争端得到了解决。
• The government has entered into/signed an international arms-control agreement. 政府接受／签署了一项国际军备控制协议。
• They have broken (the terms of) the agreement on human rights. 他们违反了人权协议（条款）。
• Finally the two sides have reached an agreement. 双方终于达成了协议。
[ə'gri:.mənt] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
uncountable
■when two words have the same grammatical form. For example, the words are both singular or plural, masculine or feminine , etc. 语法上的一致（如性数、人称一致等）
• In the sentence 'Kate was brushing her hair', 'Kate' and 'her' are in agreement. 在句子 Kate was brushing her hair 中，Kate 和 her 在文法上一致。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. [法] 协议；同意，一致
 - accordance, protocol, unity, identity, keeping

Word: contact
Front: contact
[ˈkɒntækt] (研四六托雅宝 1480/1196 -K4)
Vocabulary: contact
(once / 101 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Contact is the act of touching or communicating with someone or something else. The question increasingly isn't whether there is other life in the universe, but how on earth we will ever make contact with it.
"To make contact" (the noun) means to establish some form of communication, be it physical, verbal, or some other kind. To contact (the verb) means to establish that communication. If you're looking to contact Madonna, good luck. She's got people whose only job it is to prevent folks like you from making contact with her. Batteries have two contacts, one positive and one negative. They are where the battery makes contact with the thing to which it provides power.
WORD FAMILY
contact: contacted, contacting, contacts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Johnson agreed to let the care manager contact him, and to return for a follow-up visit in two months.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Police are asking anyone with information to contact Crime Stoppers at 1800-577-TIPS or visit the website at www.nypdcrimestoppers.com.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Blatant body checking is banned, but there is plenty of contact.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 接触; 触点; [医]（传染病）接触人; 门路
vt. 使接触; 与…联系; 与…通讯（或通话）
vi. 联系，接触
时态：contacted, contacting, contacts
分布：联系(66%)，接触(31%)，接触的(2%)，熟人(1%)
→con-, 强调。-tact, 接触，词源同tactile, tangible.
接触;联系(con共同+tact→共同接触)[tact,tag,tig,ting=touch表示"接触"]
v./n.(使)接触,联系,交往The exact contact with practice has practical impact on me.同实践的密切接触对我有实际的影响.
【记】con共同，tact接触－共同接触
【参】intact（adj 完整无缺的；童贞的；未阉的）；tactile（adj 触觉的）
US ['kɑ:n-] noun
COMMUNICATION 交流
 IMPROVER uncountable
■communication with someone, especially by speaking or writing to them regularly （尤指经常透过交谈、书信的）联系，联络，交往
• "Have you been in contact with Andrew recently?" "Only by telephone." “你最近跟安德鲁联络过吗？”“只是打过电话。”
• I'm still in contact with her - we write a couple of times a year. 我和她仍有联系——我们一年写几封信。
• There isn't enough contact between teachers and parents. 老师和家长间联系不够。
• I've been busy at home and have hardly had any contact with the outside world. 我一直都在家里忙，和外面的世界几乎没有甚么联系。
• I'd hate to lose contact with my old school friends. 我不愿和从前的校友失去联系。
• She finally made contact with him in Italy. 她最终在义大利和他取得了联系。
• Air traffic control lost radio contact with the pilot of the aircraft ten minutes before the accident. 事故发生前十分钟，航空交通管制中心失去了和机师的无线电联系。
• The school likes to have a contact number (= telephone number, especially for emergencies) for parents during school hours. 学校希望有上课时间能联系到家长的电话号码。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
TOUCH 接触
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when two people or things touch each other 接触；触摸；碰到
• Don't let that glue come into contact with your skin. 别让那种胶水黏到你的皮肤上。
• Have you been in contact with (= touched or been very near) anyone with the disease? 你接触过患这种病的人吗？
• He hates physical contact of any sort - he doesn't even like to shake your hand. 他讨厌任何形式的身体接触——甚至不愿和人握手。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
PERSON 人
 IMPROVER countable
■a person, especially in a high position, who can give you useful information or introductions which will help you at work or socially （尤指身居高位，能提供有用资讯或引见的）熟人，（社会）关系
• I don't really know how she got the job, but I suspect her mother's got contacts. 我不知道她到底怎么得到这份工作的，不过我怀疑她母亲有些门路。
• If you need more stationery, I've got a good contact in a local printing firm. 如果你需要更多信纸，我在当地一家印刷公司倒是有熟人。
• We're building up (= increasing the number of) our contacts in the business. 我们在业内逐渐建立起自己的人脉。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] noun
ELECTRICITY 电
countable
■a part in a circuit which makes the circuit complete when it touches another part （电路的）接触点，接点
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to communicate with someone by telephoning them or sending them a letter, email, etc. （透过电话或写电子邮件等）联系，联络
• I tried to contact him at his office, but he wasn't in. 我试着给他的办公室打电话，但是他不在。
• You can contact me UK on / US at (= speak to me by telephoning) 388 9146. 你可以拨3889146和我联系。
• Unless the money is returned, we shall shortly be contacting our legal department. 如果不归还款项，我们马上就和法律部门联络。
UK ['kɒn.tækt] US ['kɑ:n-] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  contact Remember that when contact is a verb it is never followed by a preposition. Don't say 'contact with someone' or 'contact to someone', say contact someone :
✗ You can contact with me by phone or email. You can contact me by phone or email.
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
touch, contact
这组词都有“接触”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 指具体意义“接触”时，强调动作；表抽象意义时，侧重“联系”。
contact: 强调紧密接触的两个物体之间的相互关系。也可用作比喻。
n. [电] [电子] 接触，联系
 - touch, link
vi. 联系， [电] [电子] 接触
 - meet, to link

Word: letter
Front: letter
[ˈletə(r)] (中高雅 628/454 -K5)
Vocabulary: letter
(once / 17 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4nv
A letter is one of the characters that make up the alphabet. When a child first learns to write, she often starts with the letters in her name. Then she can write a message, or letter, to her grandmother.
The alphabet begins with the letters a, b, c, d. These are written as capital letters when they appear at the start of a sentence or a proper noun, such as a person's name. Another letter is the kind you write and send to someone through the mail. Letter comes from the Old French letre, "character, letter, or note," from the Latin littera, "letter of the alphabet," and also "a writing or document."
WORD FAMILY
letter: lettered, letterer, lettering, letters+/ lettered: unlettered /letterer: letterers/lettering: letterings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
They mailed 360 letters to residents, explained the plans and asked for input.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, the Vatican released the text of a letter that Francis sent last week to bishops about injustices to children.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 信; 证书，许可证; 字母，文字; 字面意义
vt. 用字母标明; 写字母于; 加标题
vi. 写印刷体字母
时态：lettered, lettering, letters
分布：信(90%)，字母(8%)，写下(1%)，印刷(1%)
→来自拉丁语litera,字母，文字，词源同literal.引申词义信件。
n.信,函件;字母,文字It's better to put letters at the inlet and outlet.最好在进口和出口处标上字母.
US ['letˌ.ɚ] noun countable
MESSAGE 资讯
 ESSENTIAL
■a written message from one person to another, usually put in an envelope and sent by the post 信，信件
• I got a letter from the bank this morning. 今天早晨我收到了一封银行的来函。
UK ['let.ər] US ['letˌ.ɚ] noun countable
SYMBOL 符号
 ESSENTIAL
■any of the set of symbols used to write a language, representing a sound in the language 字母
• the letter D 字母D
the letter of the law formal
■the exact words of the law and not its more important general meaning 法律的准确字面意义
UK ['let.ər] US ['letˌ.ɚ] noun countable
to the letter
■If you obey instructions or rules to the letter, you do exactly what you have been told to do, giving great attention to every detail 一丝不苟地；丝毫不差地
• I followed the instructions to the letter and it still went wrong. 我严格按指令行事，但还是出了问题。
message, correspondence, letter, note
这组词都有“信”的意思，其区别是：
message: 指书信、口信、电报等。
correspondence: 集合名词，指全部来往信件。
letter: 最普通用词，泛指一切形式的书信，尤指邮寄的信。
note: 指内容直截了当的短信或便条，正式或非正式均可。
letter, alphabet, script, character
这组词都有“字母”的意思，其区别是：
letter: 指单个的字母。
alphabet: 指整个字母系统或一种语言的字母表，不表单个字母。
script: 指书写或印刷的字母。
character: 通常指汉语的方块字，也指字符。
n. 信； [语] 字母，文字；证书；文学，学问；字面意义
 - literature, knowledge, learning, study, certificate

Word: accept
Front: accept
[əkˈsept] (中高研四 766/488 -K5)
Vocabulary: accept
(once / 38 pages)
1v 2v 3v
Please accept ("favorably receive") our apologies, but you're just going to have to accept ("put up with") the fact that this verb has almost a dozen different meanings.
You might accept ("take") bribes from people who dislike multiple meanings, or they might challenge you to a duel, which you might accept ("consent to"). When historians record your story, you might accept ("officially receive") their books and accept ("hold as true") the most flattering one. When you apply to cool-people clubs, they'll accept ("admit") you, and when you go broke, they'll accept ("take on") your debt, until the day your coffin accepts ("takes") your weary accepting bones.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
accept / except
To accept is to receive, and except is to exclude, usually. Both are busy little words skipping around to different meanings, but they never run into each other.
To accept is to receive something like tea, an idea, or a student into your college:
He accepted tea from Annette without looking at her. (Mary Cholmondeley)
Comments are accepted for a month before guidance is adopted. (Seattle Times)
Mary J. Blige Says She's Been Accepted To Howard University, Howard Disagrees (Huffington Post)
It's difficult to find accept used incorrectly. Score one for English speakers! It's accept's nemesis, except, that poses problems. Except usually means "unless" or "excluding," but it's sometimes used as verb "to leave out." Read all the examples below except the ones you don't like:
He defined solitary confinement as an inmate being held in isolation from all except guards for at least 22 hours a day. (Reuters)
Quiet, benign, his gestures small but eloquent, he barely talks except about the music. (New York Times)
But thickness excepted, he made about the same figure in the street next day. (Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson)
It's the verb form that confuses, and it's usually except when accept is wanted. So remember: to accept is to receive or believe something, but to except is to leave out. Accept something by giving it an A, or exclude it with a big fat X for except.
WORD FAMILY
accept: acceptable, acceptance, acceptant, acceptation, accepted, accepting, acceptive, accepts+/acceptability: acceptabilities/ acceptable: acceptability, acceptableness, acceptablest, acceptably, unacceptable, unacceptably/ acceptance: acceptances, nonacceptance/acceptation: acceptations/ accepted: acceptedly, unaccepted/accepting: acceptingly/unacceptable: unacceptability, unacceptableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I would be a horrible person if I didn’t accept it,” she says.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Singer Rebecca Ferguson says she will accept Donald Trump’s invitation to sing at his inauguration under one condition: she wants to sing “Strange Fruit.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Will we simply accept the scaling back of programs, both academic and athletic, at our magnificent University of Alaska?
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 承认; 同意; 承兑
vt. 接受; 承认; 承担; 承兑
时态：accepted, accepting, accepts
分布：接受(96%)，同意(4%)
→词根cept,抓住，见capture,抓住。此处由抓住代指领悟，接受。
接受;承认[cap,capt,cept,ceive,cip,cup=take,hold,seize,表示"拿,抓,握住"]
(ac+cept拿)接受,领取[cept=take拿取]
vt.接受,领受;认可,同意vi.同意,认可As an exception I accept all his concepts and conceptions except one.作为例外,我接受他所有的概念和构想,只有一个除外.
verb
TAKE 接受
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to agree to take something 接受；收受；领受
• Do you accept credit cards? 你们接受信用卡付帐吗？
• She was in London to accept an award for her latest novel. 她刚出版的那本小说获奖了，她当时正在伦敦领奖。
• I offered her an apology, but she wouldn't accept it. 我向她道歉，但是她不接受。
• I accept full responsibility for the failure of the plan. 我承担这项计划失败的全部责任。
• The new telephones will accept coins of any denomination. 新型电话机可以投任何面值的硬币。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say 'yes' to an offer or invitation 接受（提议或邀请）；同意
• We've offered her the job, but I don't know whether she'll accept it. 我们把这份工作给了她，但是我不知道她会不会接受。
• I've just accepted an invitation to the opening-night party. 我刚刚接受了参加首映晚会的邀请。
• I've been invited to their wedding but I haven't decided whether to accept. 他们邀请我参加他们的婚礼，但是我还没有决定是否去。
  Common Learner Errors  accept or agree? Warning: accept is not usually followed by another verb. Don't say someone 'accepts to do sth', say someone agrees to do sth :
✗ My father accepted to pick me up from the airport.
[ək'sept] verb
APPROVE 赞同
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to consider something or someone as satisfactory （对…满意而）接受，接纳；欢迎
• The manuscript was accepted for publication last week. 上周，手稿获得认可，准备出版。
• She was accepted as a full member of the society. 她被接纳为该协会的正式成员。
• His fellow workers refused to accept him (= to include him as one of their group). 他的同事不把他当作他们中的一分子。
[ək'sept] verb
BELIEVE 相信
 IMPROVER transitive
■to believe that something is true 相信；（认为真实而）接受
• The police refused to accept her version of the story. 警方不相信她的说法。
• He still hasn't accepted the situation (= realized that he cannot change it). 他仍无法接受现实。
• [+ that] I can't accept that there's nothing we can do. 我不相信我们无能为力了。
take, accept, admit, receive
这组词都有“接受、接纳”的意思，其区别是：
take: 与receive同意，是receive的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。
accept: 强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。
admit: 作“接受”讲时，强调准许或批准。
receive: 着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。
vt. 接受；承认；承担；承兑；容纳
 - undertake, adopt, recognize, contain, shoulder
vi. 承认；同意；承兑
 - recognize, grant

Word: total
Front: total
[ˈtəʊtl] (中高研四六雅 1038/831 -K5)
Vocabulary: total
(once / 54 pages)
nadjv
There are many meanings of total, but they all have something to do with completeness. A total is a whole or complete amount, and "to total" is to add numbers or to destroy something.
In math, you total numbers by adding them: the result is the total. If you add 8 and 8, the total is 16. If a car is totaled in an accident, it has been completely destroyed. A total defeat is a complete and utter defeat with no chance of recovering. The total resources of a company are all its resources, everything it has.
WORD FAMILY
total: subtotal, totaled, totaling, totalisator, totalise, totaliser, totalism, totality, totalizator, totalize, totalizer, totalled, totalling, totally, totals+/totalisator: totalisators/totalise: totalising/totalism: totalistic/totality: totalities/totalizator: totalizators/totalize: totalized, totalizes, totalizing/totalizer: totalizers
USAGE EXAMPLES
A year later, the Spurs were in total control and won in five games.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A total of 24 cities are under a pollution “red alert,” the highest warning level in China’s four-tiered system.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 总计的（金额等）; 全部的; 完全的; 绝对的
n. 总计，总数; 全体数量
vt. & vi. 总计达，计算…的总数
时态：totalled, totalling, totals
分布：总数(44%)，总的(15%)，总计(14%)，合计(13%)，完全的(8%)，共计(5%)，全体的(1%)
→来自拉丁语 totus,总的，全部的。
n.总数,合计a.总的,全部的v.合计,总数达Which method of making the metal helmet is more economical in total?生产这种金属头盔的方法哪一种总体上更节约?
US ['toʊ.tˌəl] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount you get when several smaller amounts are added together 总额；总数
• At that time of day, cars with only one occupant accounted for almost 80% of the total. 一天中的那个时候，只有一人乘坐的汽车几乎占车辆总数的80%。
• A total of 21 horses were entered for the race. 总共有21匹马报名参加比赛。
• We made £700 in total, over three days of trading. 在三天的交易中，我们一共赚了700英镑。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■including everything 总的，全部的
• the total cost 全部费用
• Total losses were $800. 总损失为800美元。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] adjective
VERY GREAT 非常大的
 ADVANCED
■very great or of the largest degree possible 完全的，彻底的；绝对的
• total secrecy 绝密
• a total disregard for their feelings 对他们的感受全然不顾
• total silence 万籁俱寂
• The organization of the event was a total shambles (= very bad). 这次活动的组织工作糟糕透了。
• The collapse, when it came, was total. 这种崩溃一旦来临，便无可救药。
UK ['təʊ.təl] US ['toʊ.tˌəl] verb [L only + noun] transitive (-ll- or US USUALLY -l-) US USUALLY
 ADVANCED
■to have as a complete amount, or to calculate this 总数达；合计为
• This is the eighth volume in the series, which totals 21 volumes in all. 该丛书总共有21册，这是第8册。
• We totalled (up) the money we had each earned, and then shared it equally among the three of us. 我们把每个人赚的钱加起来，然后我们三个人平分这笔钱。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 全部的；完全的；整个的
 - entire, all, overall, complete, absolute
vt. [数] 总数达
 - to the amount of
vi. 合计
 - amount, aggregate
n. [数] 总数，合计
 - sum, amount, gross

Word: spread
Front: spread
[spred] (中高研四六 1371/1575 -K4)
Vocabulary: spread
(once / 63 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3n 4nadj 5n 6n
When something is spread, it's stretched or extended as far as it can go. It's a beautiful sight to see a bald eagle spread its wings and fly.
When you spread a picnic blanket on the ground, you open it and stretch it across the grass. You can also see the ocean spread out in front of you, or spread butter on toast, for example. Any way you use it, spread implies an extension across some distance, a stretching of some sort. The expression spread too thin means you are having trouble finding the time and energy to do everything in your life.
WORD FAMILY
spread: dispread, overspread, spreader, spreading, spreads+/dispread: dispreading, dispreads/overspread: overspreading, overspreads/spreader: spreaders/spreading: spreadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Amnesty International says he was convicted of “spreading propaganda against the system” and “insulting the founder of the Islamic Republic.”
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It warns that sugary cereals, juices and spreads are all damaging to health.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 伸开; 展开; （使）传播; （使）散布
n. 范围; 连续的一段时间
vt. 涂; 把…覆盖在…上(over); 把…敲平; 散发（气、烟等）
vi. （景色、景致）展现; 传开; （人群）散开; 软化
adj. 张开的; [语言学]双唇展开的; （宝石）扁薄发光的; （文章、照片等）跨两栏（或多栏）的
时态：spread, spreading, spreads
分布：传播(69%)，散布(8%)，展开(6%)，范围(6%)，伸展(4%)，铺开(3%)，幅度(2%)，盛宴(1%)，差额(1%)
→来自古英语 spraedan,张开，展开，来自 Proto-Germanic*spreit,展开，散开，来自 sper, 播撒，散播，词源同 spark,sprawl.引申诸相关词义。
v./n.伸开,伸展;散布,传播The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
 ESSENTIAL
■to (cause to) cover, reach or have an effect on a wider or increasing area （使）展开，（使）铺开；（使）蔓延，（使）扩散
• The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind. 风很大，火势迅速蔓延开来。
• It started off as cancer of the liver but it spread to other areas of the body. 开始的时候是肝癌，后来扩散到了身体的其他部位。
• The redundancies are spread across the clothing, banking and building industries. 裁员风气席卷了服装业、银行业和建筑业。
• We spread the picnic rug out on the ground and sat down to eat. 我们把野餐毯铺在地上，坐下来吃东西。
• The AIDS virus is spread (= given to other people) through contact with blood and other body fluids. 爱滋病毒透过血液及其他体液的接触而传染。
• Are you spreading (= telling a lot of people) gossip/rumours again? 你是不是又在四处散播谣言了？
• If we spread (= divide) the work between us, it won't seem so bad. 如果我们大家分担一下工作，情况可能就没那么糟糕了。
• She spread her toast with a thick layer of butter./She spread a thick layer of butter on her toast. 她在吐司上涂了厚厚的一层牛油。
• It's a special sort of butter that spreads easily even when cold. 这是一种很特别的牛油，在凉的时候也很容易涂抹。
• The suburbs spread (out) for miles to either side of the city. 郊区向城市两边都伸展出数哩。
• Slowly a smile spread across her face. 她的脸上慢慢露出了微笑。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread your wings
■to use your abilities for the first time in your life to do new and exciting things 展翅高飞；初试身手
• She'd been working for the same company for fifteen years and it was time to leave and spread her wings. 她已经在同一家公司工作了15年，该是换个环境展翅高飞的时候了。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread the word
■to communicate a message to a lot of people 散布消息
• We've arranged a meeting for next Thursday so if you see anyone do spread the word. 我们安排在下周四开会，你如果看到谁的话，务必告诉他一声。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
spread yourself too thin
■to try to do too many things at the same time, so that you cannot give enough time or attention to any of them 同时做太多事情（以致没有足够时间或精神关注其中之一）
• I realised I'd been spreading myself too thin so I resigned as secretary of the golf club. 我发觉到我做的事情太多，因此我辞去了高尔夫球俱乐部的秘书一职。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
  Phrasal Verbs  spread out
■If people spread out, they move from being close together in a group to being in different places across a larger area （人）散开
• They spread out to search the whole area. 他们散开来搜查整个地区。
[spred] verb intransitive or transitive (spread, spread)
  Phrasal Verbs  spread sth over sth
■to arrange for something to happen in stages during a period of time 使…分期完成；使…分次进行；分摊
• The course is spread over two years. 课程两年完成。
• The repayments on the loan can be spread out over three years. 这笔贷款可以在三年内分期偿还。
[spred] noun
AREA COVERED 覆盖范围
 ADVANCED only singular
■when something moves to cover a larger area or affect a larger number of people 扩散，蔓延
• The spread of AIDS in the last few years has been alarming. 近几年爱滋病的广泛传播确实令人担忧。
only singular
■the area or range covered by something 涉及区域；范围
• The survey found a wide spread of opinion over the proposed new building. 调查广泛征集了对于拟议中的新建筑的意见。
countable
■a large article or advertisement covering one or more pages in a newspaper or magazine 整版（或横贯几版的）文章（或广告）
• There's a double-page spread on the latest fashions. 有一篇两面全版的文章介绍最新的时尚。
[spred] noun
SOFT FOOD 酱
countable or uncountable
■a soft food for putting on bread and biscuits 涂在面包（或饼干）上的食物；抹酱
• cheese/chocolate/fish spread 乳酪／巧克力／鱼酱
• There's bread and various spreads for tea. 茶点有面包和各种抹酱。
[spred] noun
LAND 地
countable US for
■ ranch
[spred] noun
MEAL 膳食
countable UK old-fashioned or US
■a meal, especially one for a special occasion with a lot of different dishes arranged on a table （尤指丰盛的）饭菜，酒席
• Sheila laid on / UK alsoput on (= made) a lovely spread for us. 希拉为我们准备了丰盛的饭菜。
distribute, propagate, spread, circulate
这组词都有“传播，散播”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把一定数量的东西分成若干等份进行分发。
propagate: 指自觉地努力推广，也指宣传或散布。
spread: 普通用词，使用广泛。指传播疾病、思想、文化、习惯或谣言等。
circulate: 既指某物在一物体内循环流动，又可指在一定范围内传播物品、刊物或思想、语言等。
scatter, diffuse, spread, disperse
这组词都有“使分散、使散开”的意思，其区别是：
scatter: 普通用词，指用暴力等手段使人或物向四处散开，或把物随意撒开。
diffuse: 指光线、声音或气味等在空中传送或散布，强调覆盖面积与物质分布相对密度之间的关系。
spread: 指一直延伸、蔓延，侧重遍及。
disperse: 多指把一群人或物等彻底驱散。
vi. 传播；伸展
 - extend, push
vt. 传播，散布；展开；伸展；铺开
 - distribute, string, transmit
n. 传播；伸展
 - circulation, extension, propagation, diffusion
adj. 伸展的
 - extense, patulous

Word: tend
Front: tend
[tend] (高研四六宝 1039/849 -K4)
Vocabulary: tend
(once / 35 pages)
1v 2v
If you manage, run, or work at a store, you can say you tend it. If you tend the bar in a restaurant, for example, you serve drinks, dry glasses, and fill dishes with pretzels.
You can also say you tend something if you care for it. You have to tend a vegetable garden, for example, if you expect to harvest more vegetables than weeds. If you are inclined to do something, then you tend to do that thing. You might tend to let your homework go until the last minute and then stay up all night to get it done — probably not the most efficient way to go about it.
WORD FAMILY
tend: tended, tendency, tender, tending, tends+/tended: untended/ tendency: tendencies, tendencious, tendentious / tendentious: tendentiously, tendentiousness/ tender: tendered, tenderer, tenderest, tendering, tenderise, tenderize, tenderized, tenderly, tenderness, tenders/tenderise: tenderisation, tenderised, tenderiser/tenderize: tenderization, tenderizer, tenderizes, tenderizing/tenderizer: tenderizers/tenderness: tendernesses/tending: tendings
USAGE EXAMPLES
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Many Strain-Japan families straddle their time between working jobs close to St. Louis and tending to family farms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 照料，照顾; 护理; 照管，管理
vi. 倾向（于），趋向（于）; 伺侯，招待; 关心; 注意
时态：tended, tending, tends
分布：趋向(41%)，照管(23%)，照料(23%)，易于(11%)，朝向(2%)
→来自拉丁语 tendere,延伸，拉长，词源同 attend,extend.引申词义倾向，趋向。
照看;倾向做[tend,tent,tens=stretch表示"伸展"]
v.趋向,往往是;照料,看护The tenderer surrendered her tremendously slender tender fingers.投标者交出了她异常纤细娇嫩的手指.
【参】attend（v 出席；照顾；注意）
verb
BE LIKELY 很有可能
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic 倾向；易于；往往会
• [+ to infinitive] We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country. 在我国这个地区，往往冬季寒冷而夏季温暖干燥。
[tend] verb
CARE 关心
transitive formal
■to care for something or someone 照顾；护理
• He carefully tended his sunflower plants. 他精心照料他的向日葵。
• The nurse gently tended the patient's cuts and bruises. 护士细心护理病人的伤口和瘀肿。
[tend] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  tend to sb/sth
■to deal with the problems or needs of a person or thing 照料，照顾；关心
• Would you mind waiting? I'm tending to another customer at the moment. 请您等一下好吗？我正在接待另一位顾客。
• Nurses tended to the injured. 护士照料伤员。
cherish, nurse, cultivate, foster, tend
这组词都有“照料、培育”的意思，其区别是：
cherish: 强调抚育或爱抚。
nurse: 通常指对无力自顾的婴儿、病人等进行照料或护理。
cultivate: 具体意义指耕耘、培育植物；抽象意义指培养兴趣或向往的理想事物。
foster: 指对孩子的关心、鼓励、供养及抚养其成长；也指鼓励、促进事物的增长与发展。
tend: 指出于责任心、博爱心而不是私人感情去对人或物进行照顾。
vi. 趋向，倾向；照料，照顾
 - trend, affect, attend
vt. 照料，照管
 - attend, mind

Word: culture
Front: culture
[ˈkʌltʃə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 611/983 -K4)
Vocabulary: culture
(once / 107 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n
A culture is a specific group of people during a particular time — like the hippie culture of the 1960's. Culture can also imply exposure to the arts. Visit a museum if you are in need of a dose of culture.
A useful thing to remember about culture is that it is closely related to cultivate, whose root meaning is "to till the soil." Even in Latin, the source language, cultura was used metaphorically (Cicero said philosophy was cultura animi, the "cultivation of the soul"), and in English it moved from the agricultural sense to training, development of language and literature, mental development through education, and finally the ideas, customs, and intellectual and artistic conditions of a society or group.
WORD FAMILY
culture: acculturate, counterculture, cultural, cultured, cultures, culturing, subculture +/acculturate: acculturated, acculturation, acculturative/ acculturation: acculturational/ counterculture: countercultures/ cultural: culturally, multicultural, transcultural / cultured: culturedly, uncultured / multicultural: multiculturalism / subculture: subcultures/ uncultured: unculturedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Professor Nigel Hunt said the UK needed "a culture change" at work.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture crawl I would, at breakneck pace, through an only-in-Manhattan New Year’s Eve, to show last year the door.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 文化; [生物学]（微生物等的）培养; 修养; 养殖
vt. 培植，培养
分布：文化(95%)，栽培(4%)，教养(1%)
→来自cult-,耕作。引申词义文化，即耕耘，培养。
文化(cult→[对心灵的]培养→人类文化)[cult=till,表示"耕种,培养"]
n.文化,文明;修养;耕种;栽培,培育;The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养.
US [-tʃɚ] noun
WAY OF LIFE 生活方式
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time 文化（尤指某一群体在某一时期普遍的风俗习惯和信仰）
• youth/working-class culture 青年／工人阶级文化
• She's studying modern Japanese language and culture. 她在研究现代日本语言和文化。
⇒ See also subculture
UK ['kʌl.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
ART 艺术
 ADVANCED uncountable
■music, art, theatre, literature, etc. 文化，文艺
• You won't find much culture in this sleepy little town, I'm afraid! 在这座死气沉沉的小镇里，恐怕你不会发现多少文化内涵！
• popular culture (= the books, music, etc. liked by most people) 通俗文化
UK ['kʌl.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] noun
GROWING 生长
countable or uncountable specialized
■cells, tissues, organs or organisms grown for scientific purposes, or the breeding and keeping of particular living things in order to get the substances they produce 培养出的细胞（或组织、器官、生物体）；培养，养殖
UK ['kʌl.tʃər] US [-tʃɚ] verb transitive specialized
■to breed and keep particular living things in order to get the substances they produce 栽培；培养；养殖
civilization, culture
这组词都有“文化，文明”的意思，其区别是：
civilization: 指广义的文化，标志人类发展开化的进程。强调物质方面的文明。
culture: 侧重指精神方面，即多由科技、文化等所体现的人类智力开发的程度。
n. 文化，文明；修养； [农学] 栽培
 - civilization, planting
vt. [细胞] [微] 培养（等于cultivate）
 - rear, foster, plant, nurse

Word: equity
Front: equity
[ˈekwəti] (雅宝 3863/3355 -3)
Vocabulary: equity
(once / 476 pages)
1n 2n
Equity is the state or quality of being fair. In classrooms, it's important to establish equity as any hint of unfairness turns everyone against the teacher.
In finance, equity refers to the value of a business or piece of property after subtracting the amount of the mortgage. Also in finance, equities are stocks, in contrast to bonds. Equity is from Middle English equite, from Old French équité, from Latin aequitas "equality," from aequus "equal."
WORD FAMILY
equity: equities, inequity +/ inequity: inequities
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is high for U.S. equities by historical averages, elevated for Japan, moderate for Europe and low for emerging markets.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Beyond the purchase of IndyMac, Mnuchin was an active private equity investor with stakes in retail companies and Hollywood film studios.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But equity investors responded to this year of surprises by placing buy orders.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 公平; 公道; 公正裁决; 公平合理（或公正）的事
adj. 股票的; 股市的
分布：公平(40%)，权益(30%)，衡平法(14%)，公正(12%)，产权(4%)
→来自equal, 平等的。
公平,公正(equ+ity)[equ,equi=equal,even,表示"相等,平均"]
【记】equi相等－人人平等－公平
【反】unfairness（n 不公平）；discrimination（n 辨别；歧视）；equitable（adj 公平公正的）－discriminatory（adj 有差别的）/unfair（adj 不公平的）
US [-tˌi] noun
VALUE 价值
countable or uncountable specialized
■the value of a company, which is divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders , or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided （公司的）股本，股票值；股票
• He sold his equity in the company last year. 他去年卖掉了这家公司的股票。
• The rights give holders the opportunity to purchase additional equity interests in the company at a big discount. 这些权利使得股票持有者有机会以很优惠的折扣价额外购买该公司股份。
uncountable
■the value of a property after you have paid any mortgage or other charges relating to it 资产净值
UK ['ek.wɪ.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
FAIRNESS 公平
uncountable formal
■when everyone is treated fairly and equally 公平；公正
• a society based on equity and social justice 建立在公平公正和社会公义基础之上的社会
uncountable legal
■in English-speaking countries, a system of justice which allows a fair judgment of a case where the laws that already exist are not satisfactory （英语国家的一种司法制度，允许在现存法律不适用时对案件作出公正判决的）衡平法
n. 公平，公正；衡平法；普通股；抵押资产的净值
 - fairness, righteousness

Word: cover
Front: cover
[ˈkʌvə(r)] (中高托雅 560/525 -K5)
Vocabulary: cover
(once / 20 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
To cover something is to conceal it by putting something on top of it. In many religions, it's important for people to cover their heads in various instances.
You might cover your picnic table with a bright tablecloth for a party, or cover the mirrors in your house when you're mourning a family member. Gardeners cover their beds with mulch or compost, scattering a layer on top, and painters cover dingy old paint with a fresh new coat. If a politician covers something up, he attempts to hide some mistake or wrongdoing. When cover is a noun, it can mean "a lid" or "a secret identity."
WORD FAMILY
cover: coverage, covered, covering, coverlet, covers, recover, uncover, undercover+/ coverage: coverages/covering: coverings, uncovering/coverlet: coverlets/irrecoverable: irrecoverably/ recover: recoverable, recovered, recoverer, recovering, recovers, recovery / recoverable: irrecoverable, recoverably, unrecoverable/recoverer: recoverers/ recovery: recoveries/uncover: uncovered, uncovers/uncovering: uncoverings/unrecoverable: unrecoverably
USAGE EXAMPLES
His biography covers a 33-year span, but he writes in scenes rather than as a chronology.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Tuesday was the last day to qualify for the seat that covers Dallas and Perry counties.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
An adjacent seating area contains a stone bench covered by a wood frame with palm fronds.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: v. 遮盖; 掩蔽; 涉及; 洒上
n. 覆盖物; 避难所; 掩护; 封面
时态：covered, covering, covers
分布：封面(36%)，覆盖(26%)，盖子(13%)，掩护(10%)，涉及(6%)，包含(4%)，表面(3%)，套子(1%)，给…保险(1%)
→来自拉丁词cooperire, 覆盖，来自co-, 强调，ob-, 去，往，per, 同wer-, 覆盖，保护，词源同warn, warrant. 比较aperture, 开口，孔，来自ap-, 离开，per, 覆盖，保护。
v.覆盖,包括,涉及n.盖子,套子;(书的)封面In the discussion I discovered that the lost cover was recovered.在讨论中我发现盖子失而复得.
US [-ɚ] verb
PLACE OVER 置于…上
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to put or spread something over something, or to lie on the surface of something 盖上；覆盖；遮盖；遮蔽
• The light was so bright that I had to cover my eyes. 灯光太亮，我只好遮住眼睛。
• Snow covered the hillsides. 白雪覆盖了山坡。
• She covered him (up) with a blanket. 她给他盖上了毯子。
• Cover the meat with a layer of cheese. 在肉上铺一层起司。
• The bandages were covered with/in blood. 鲜血浸透了绷带。
• How much of the Earth's surface is covered by/with water? 地球表面有多大面积被水覆盖？
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to deal with or direct attention to something 处理；涉及；包括；针对
• This leaflet covers what we've just discussed in more detail. 这本小册子有我们刚才讨论问题的更多细节。
• Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors? 这些停车限制对本地住户和外地人同样适用吗？
• The new office will cover the whole of Scotland. 新办事处的业务将覆盖全苏格兰。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
REPORT 报道
 ADVANCED transitive
■to report the news about a particular important event 报道
• She's covering the American election for BBC television. 她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
PROTECT 保护
 ADVANCED transitive
■to protect someone against loss, damage, accident or having something stolen, by having insurance 给…保险，承保
• Does your travel insurance cover you against/for the loss or theft of cash? 你的旅行保险能为你的现金丢失或失窃提供保险补偿吗？
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
TRAVEL 旅行
transitive
■to travel a particular distance 行，走过（一段路程）
• We covered 400km in three hours. 三个小时我们赶了400公里。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
BE ENOUGH 足够
transitive
■to be enough money to pay for something 足够支付
• The selling price barely covered the cost of the raw materials. 销售价刚刚够抵付原材料费。
• Would £50 cover your expenses? 50英镑够你花吗？
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
GIVE ARMED PROTECTION 给予武装保护
transitive
■to aim a gun or shoot at someone to try to stop them from shooting or escaping, or to protect someone else 以枪瞄准（以防射击或逃跑）；（用枪炮）掩护
• The police officer was covered by her colleagues while she ran towards the gunman's hideout. 员警在她同伴的掩护下奔向持枪歹徒藏身之处。
transitive
■When soldiers or police officers cover a place such as a road or building, they are in a position from which they can watch and defend it 守住；封锁（道路、建筑物等）
• We've got all the exits covered, so they've no chance of escape. 我们封锁了所有出口，所以他们插翅难逃。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
DO SOMEONE'S JOB 做某人的工作
intransitive or transitive
■to do someone else's job or duty when they are absent 代替，顶替（某人的工作或职责）
• I'm going to the doctor's tomorrow, so do you think you could cover my shift for me? 明天我要去看医生，你能代我的班吗？
• Sorry, I'm already covering for someone else. 抱歉，我已经在帮别人代班了。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
RECORD 录音
transitive
■to make a recording of a song or tune which has already been recorded by someone else 转录（歌曲等）；翻唱
• I think more singers have covered 'Yesterday' than any other song. 我想翻唱《昨日》的歌手人数超过其他任何一首歌的翻唱人数。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
cover your ass/butt/backside, etc. (also cover yourself) US offensive
■to do something to protect yourself from blame or criticism in the future （做某事以）保护自己的利益，不让别人抓住痛脚
• He'd do anything to cover his ass, including lie, cheat and murder. 为了保护自己他会不择手段，包括撒谎、欺骗，乃至杀人。
• I kept copies of my expense receipts, just to cover myself. 我把花费的票据都复印保留了一份，免得让人挑出毛病。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
cover your tracks
■to hide or destroy the things that show where you have been or what you have been doing 掩饰行踪或毁灭所做的事的痕迹
• Roberts covered his tracks by throwing the knife in the river and burying his wife's body. 罗伯茨把刀扔进河里，又掩埋了他妻子的尸体，以图掩藏证据。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cover sth up
■to stop people discovering the truth about something bad 掩盖；掩饰；隐瞒
• The company tried to cover up its employment of illegal immigrants. 这间公司企图掩盖其雇用非法移民的事实。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SOMETHING PLACED OVER 覆盖物
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something which is put on or over something else, usually to protect it, to keep something in, etc. 盖子；罩子；遮盖物；覆盖物
• I keep my computer printer under a protective plastic cover. 我用塑胶保护罩盖住电脑印表机。
• Remove the packaging and pierce the film cover before microwaving. 去掉包装，扎破保护膜，然后用微波炉加热。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the stiff outside part of a book or magazine, usually made of thick paper or cardboard and often shiny （书或杂志的）封面，封底
• Who should we put on the cover of the magazine this month? 本月我们杂志的封面人物该上谁呢？
• Paperback books have soft covers. 平装书用软书皮。
covers [plural]
■the blankets , sheets , etc. on a bed 床罩；床毯；床单
• Martha threw back the covers and bounced out of bed. 玛莎掀掉毯子，跳下床来。
read sth from cover to cover
■to read a book or magazine, etc. all the way through from the beginning to the end 把…从头读到尾
send sth under plain/separate cover formal
■to send something in a plain/separate envelope 用空白信封／另函寄出
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
PROTECTION 保险
 ADVANCED uncountable UK (US coverage)
■financial protection so that you get money if something bad happens 保险（范围）
• I've got £20 000 worth of cover for the contents of my house. 我为家里的东西投了价值二万英镑的保险。
• Have you got cover for accidental damage? 你保了意外损伤险了吗？
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
ARMED PROTECTION 军事保护
uncountable
■protection by someone who has a gun （持枪者为另一人所作的）掩护；保护
• We needed more cover from the enemy aircraft. 我们需要更多掩体以躲避敌人的空袭。
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SHELTER 遮蔽物
uncountable
■shelter or protection in an unpleasant or dangerous situation 掩蔽处；遮蔽处；保护
• We took cover from the storm in a bus shelter. 我们在公车站躲避暴风雨。
• The burglar broke into the house under cover of darkness. 窃贼在夜幕掩护下闯进那所房子。
uncountable
■plants, especially bushes, that are used as shelter by animals （尤指动物藏身的）覆盖植物，灌木丛
UK ['kʌv.ər] US [-ɚ] noun
SONG 歌曲
countable (also cover version)
■a performance or recording of a song or tune which has already been recorded by someone else 转录（歌曲等）；翻唱
• How many cover versions have been made of 'My Way'? 《我的路》有多少个翻唱版本？
constitute, cover, consist, contain, involve, compose
constitute: 制定，设立，任命
cover: 覆盖，涉及
consist: 在于，存在于
contain: 包含，强调包容关系，既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西
involve: 包含，所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申
compose: 创作（乐曲、诗歌等）
lid, cover
这组词都有“盖子，遮盖物”的意思，其区别是：
lid: 通常指可以揭开的如箱盖、坛盖、壶盖等盖子。
cover: 泛指所有的遮盖物。包括盖子或书籍、杂志的封面等。
vt. 包括；采访，报导；涉及
 - deal with, complete with
n. 封面，封皮；盖子；掩蔽物
 - envelope, coer
vi. 覆盖；代替
 - write over, substitute for

Word: increasingly
Front: increasingly
[ɪnˈkri:sɪŋli] (研四六 1585/1453 -K4)
Vocabulary: increasingly
(once / 429 pages)
adv
This adverb applies to anything that is happening more often, in greater numbers, or with greater intensity. An increasingly hot summer keeps getting hotter.
To increase something is to add to it numerically, like increasing the size of your family by having a baby. Anything that happens increasingly is growing in some way. An increasingly depressed person keeps getting sadder. An increasingly sick patient keeps getting worse. An increasingly corrupt government is getting less and less honest. When you see this word, you know something is intensifying.
WORD FAMILY
increasing: increasingly +/ increase: increased, increases, increasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
As he developed tolerance, the pain medications became increasingly ineffective.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the medical profession increasingly understands that painful as it is, the revolution is necessary and unstoppable.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 越来越多地; 日益，格外; 越来越…; 愈
分布：越来越多地(67%)，逐渐地(33%)
ad.不断增加地,日益After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■more and more 越来越多地，不断增加地
• to be increasingly important/common 越来越重要／普遍
• Increasingly, there is pressure on the council to reverse its decision. 要求市政会推翻其决定的压力越来越大。
adv. 越来越多地；渐增地
 - pyramidally, cumulatively

Word: subscribe
Front: subscribe
[səbˈskraɪb] (高研六雅宝 7979/6864 -1)
Vocabulary: subscribe
(once / 176 pages)
v
If you subscribe to something, you sign up to receive it regularly. If you subscribe to the New York Times, it's delivered to your door every morning or you get online access.
When you subscribe to a belief, you adopt it as your own. You might subscribe to the notion that children should be seen and not heard, or you might wholeheartedly subscribe to your town's proposal to save the wetlands. A less common use of subscribe is to sign your name on something, reflecting the origin of the word, which comes from the Latin subscribere, "to write below," that is, to sign at the bottom of a document.
WORD FAMILY
subscribe: subscribed, subscriber, subscribes, subscribing, subscription +/subscribed: oversubscribed/subscriber: subscribers/ subscription: subscriptions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Reports at the time cited Inada as saying she was unaware of his status and did not subscribe to neo-Nazi ideology.
Seattle Times(Dec 29, 2016)
More than two dozen newly subscribed customers will receive boxes containing sample personal care and beauty products.
Washington Times(Dec 26, 2016)
Even some of Trump's campaign advisers — including Larry Kudlow, a potential pick to lead the Council of Economic Advisers — subscribe to more traditional GOP views.
Washington Post(Dec 21, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 认捐，捐赠; 签署，题词，署名; 认购; 订阅，订购
时态：subscribed, subscribing, subscribes
分布：订阅(88%)，同意(5%)，支持(3%)，签名(3%)，捐赠(1%)
→sub-,在下，-scrib,写，词源同 scribe,script.即在合同下面签字，引申诸相关词义。
捐献,订购(sub+scribe写→在下面写上名字→订购)[sub-①表示"在下面,次一等,副手"②表示"接近,靠近"]
订阅;认购(sub在下面+scribe→在下面写上名字→签订单)[scrib,script=write,表示"写"]
vi.(to)订阅,订购;同意vt.捐助,赞助The subtle subscriber found the prescription manuscript.敏锐的认购者找到处方原稿.
【记】sub下面，scribe写－写下订单－订购
verb intransitive or transitive
■to pay money to an organization in order to receive a product, use a service regularly or support the organization 订阅，订购（产品）；（为某项服务）定期付费；定期捐助
• She subscribes to several women's magazines. 她订阅了几本女性杂志。
• I subscribe £10 a month to the charity. 我每个月向慈善团体捐助十英镑。
■specialized
■to offer to buy something or pay an amount for something as part of your business activities 认购
• Existing shareholders subscribed to only 49% of the new share issue. 现有股东只认购了新股的49%。
[səb'skraɪb] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  subscribe to sth
■to agree with or support an opinion, belief or theory 赞同，支持（观点、信仰、理论等）
• Frank subscribed firmly to the belief that human kindness would overcome evil. 法兰克坚信人类的善良能够战胜邪恶。
approve, consent, subscribe, comply, agree
这组词都有“同意、赞同”的意思，其区别是：
approve: 侧重对认为正确或满意的事表示赞同或批准。作不及物动词用时，常与of连用。
consent: 指同意别人的请求、建议或满足他人的愿望，着重意愿或感情，常和to连用。
subscribe: 指完全地赞成已阐明的立场。多用于比较愿意支持一种立场或为一种立场所辨护的情况。
comply: 指答应某人已经提出或可能要求做的某事，与with连用。
agree: 普通用词，侧重指对某事同其他人有相同的意见或想法。
vi. 订阅；捐款； [经] 认购；赞成；签署
 - sign, donate money
vt. 签署；赞成；捐助
 - ink, agree, sign, uphold

Word: amount
Front: amount
[əˈmaʊnt] (高研四托雅 782/584 -K4)
Vocabulary: amount
(once / 59 pages)
nv
An amount is a number, or quantity, of something. If you're surprised by the amount of work you have to do at your new job, you probably didn't expect such a long list of tasks.
You might complain about the amount of time it takes for the shoes you bought to arrive: amount here means the number of days before you can wear them. Amount is also a verb, meaning "add up to," like when you hope the tips you earn will amount to more than minimum wage. This meaning came before the noun amount, from the now obsolete definition, "to mount a horse," from the Old French amonter, "upward."
WORD FAMILY
amount: amounted, amounting, amounts
USAGE EXAMPLES
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
But such mechanisms are designed for limited amounts of information in a slow-moving world.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
A judge ordered Hamell to pay $1,875 in fines plus an additional amount in surcharges for operating while intoxicated and carrying weapons.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 量，数量; 总额; 本利之和; 全部效果，全部含义
vi. （在意义、价值、效果、程度等方面）等于; 等同，接近; 合计，总共; 发展成为
时态：amounted, amounting, amounts
分布：数量(66%)，总额(18%)，等于(10%)，总计(6%)
→前缀a-同ad-. 词根mount, 山，见mountain. 到山顶，汇总，总计。
n.总数,数量;数额v.共计;等同,接近(to)I mounted the mountain and found a fountain with large amount of water.我登上那座山发现一个水量很大的喷泉.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a collection or mass especially of something which cannot be counted （尤指不可数事物的）数量；数额；量；总数
• They didn't deliver the right amount of sand. 他们运来的沙子数量不对。
• Small amounts of land were used for keeping animals. 少量的土地用于饲养动物。
• He paid regular amounts of money to a charity. 他定期向一家慈善机构捐钱。
• I didn't expect the bill to come to this amount (= of money). 我没有料到帐单上的金额会这么大。
• The new tax caused a huge amount of public anger. 新税收引起了强烈公愤。
• I had a certain amount of (= some) difficulty finding the house. 我找到这房子费了不少劲。
• You wouldn't believe the amount of trouble (= what a lot of trouble) I've had with this car. 你决不会相信这辆汽车给我带来了多少麻烦。
[ə'maʊnt] noun countable
any amount of
■a very large amount of 极大量的…，很多…
• We had any amount of people applying for the job. 有很多人到我们这儿来应征这份工作。
[ə'maʊnt] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  amount of or number of? Remember: amount of is usually used with uncountable nouns. With countable nouns, don't say 'amount of', say number of :
✗ They received a large amount of complaints. They received a large number of complaints.
[ə'maʊnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [not continuous] amount to sth
ADD UP TO 合计达
 ADVANCED
■to become a particular amount 达到；总计
• The annual cost of income support to unmarried mothers amounted to £700 million in that year. 那一年，共花费了七亿英镑用于未婚母亲的收入补助。
BE 是
■to be the same as something, or to have the same effect as something 等于；意味着
• His behaviour amounted to serious professional misconduct. 他的行为相当于严重失职。
• He gave what amounted to an apology on behalf of his company. 他的话等于是替公司道了歉。
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
vi. [会计] 总计，合计；相当于； [数] 共计；产生…结果
 - foot, gross total
n. 数量；总额， [数] 总数
 - sum, quantity of, gross, total

Word: per
Front: per
[pə(r)] (高雅 669/743 -K)
Back: prep. 由; （表示根据）依照; （表示比率）（尤指数量，价格，时间）每
adv. 每次; 每个; 照常; 按惯例
adj. 高的，过的，全的
分布：每(91%)，每一(5%)，按照(3%)，经过(1%)
→来自拉丁语per,穿过，通过，凭借，方式，每，来自per,向前，前进。
prep.每;经,由This newspaper has a circulation of 100, 000 per year.这报纸的年发行量有十万份.
US [pɝ:] UK [pər] US [pɚ] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■used when expressing rates, prices or measurements to mean for each 每，每一
• The meal will cost $20 per person. 这顿饭每人要花20美元。
• The car was travelling at 70 miles per hour (70 mph). 那辆汽车以每小时70英哩的速度行驶着。
• There are more cafés per square mile here than anywhere else in the country. 该地区每平方英哩内的咖啡馆要比该国其他任何一个地方都多。
⇒ See also percent
UK [pɜ:r] US [pɝ:] UK [pər] US [pɚ] preposition
as per instructions formal
■according to the instructions 按照指示，根据说明
• I had two spoonfuls after lunch, as per instructions. 我依照说明午餐后吃了两匙。
UK [pɜ:r] US [pɝ:] UK [pər] US [pɚ] preposition
as per usual/normal
■as usual 照常，按惯例
• Carlo turned up without any money, as per usual. 卡洛出现时又像往常那样身无分文。
prep. 每；经；按照；每一
 - in accordance, in the light of

Word: boom
Front: boom
[bu:m] (高研托雅宝 3171/3920 -3)
Vocabulary: boom
(once / 292 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
A boom is a very loud, deep sound that echoes. The distant boom of fireworks might spook your nervous dog.
Guns, thunder, drums, deep voices — all of these are capable of a pretty loud boom. When they make the sound, you can also say that they boom: "I saw the flash of lightning and got ready for the thunder to boom." Another kind of boom is a prosperous period, like an oil boom or an economic boom. The long pole that holds a microphone or the sail on a boat is yet another type of boom.
WORD FAMILY
boom: boomed, boomer, booming, booms+/boomer: boomers/booming: boomingest, boomingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
But she seemed to find some form and confidence in the third game which included a booming winner from a crosscourt forehand.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Choice period detail: A story about the boom in skiing attributes the sport’s popularity to innovations in “metal skis and stretch pants.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Wearable tech, although still in its infancy, is booming, and companies are hunting for advancements.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: vi. 发出隆隆声; 快速发展; 暴涨
vt. 以低沉而有回响的声音发出; 使繁荣; 使迅速发展
n. 隆隆声; 繁荣; 激增
时态：boomed, booming, booms
分布：繁荣(79%)，激增(6%)，兴旺(4%)，吊杆(4%)，促进(1%)，尾桁(1%)，帆杠(1%)，支臂(1%)，水栅(1%)，使兴旺(1%)，发出低沉声(1%)
→拟声词。
v.迅速发展,兴旺;发出隆隆声Business is booming.商业正日趋繁荣.
【记】读音是一种噪音的象声词
noun
SOUND 声音
countable
■a deep and loud hollow sound 低沉有回响的声音；隆隆声
[bu:m] noun
PERIOD OF GROWTH 增长期
countable or uncountable
■a period of sudden economic growth, especially one that results in a lot of money being made （经济上的）繁荣，迅速发展
• This year has seen a boom in book sales. 今年图书销售激增。
• The insurance business suffered from a vicious cycle of boom and bust. 保险业经历了繁荣和萧条的恶性循环。
• the property boom 房地产业的繁荣
[bu:m] noun
BOAT 船
countable specialized
■(on a boat) a long pole that moves and that has a sail fastened to it 帆桁；张帆杆
[bu:m] noun
FILMING 拍摄
countable
■a long pole with a microphone on one end, used in television or film-making, which is held above the actors so that it records their voices but cannot be seen by the viewers （电视或电影制作中的）话筒吊杆
[bu:m] verb
MAKE A SOUND 发声
intransitive or transitive
■to make a very deep and loud hollow sound 发出低沉有力的声音；发出隆隆声，轰鸣
• The cannons boomed (out) in the night. 大炮在晚上隆隆作响。
• He boomed (out) an order to the soldiers. 他低沉有力地向士兵们发出命令。
[bu:m] verb
GROW 发展
intransitive
■to increase or become successful and produce a lot of money very quickly 繁荣，迅速发展
• OFTEN in continuous tenses The leisure industry is booming. 休闲产业正在蓬勃发展。
n. 繁荣； [机] 吊杆；隆隆声
 - prosperity, up, speed

Word: mark
Front: mark
[mɑ:k] (中高研四 1683/1255 -K4)
Vocabulary: mark
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
A mark is some kind of dot, line, or figure that emphasizes or distinguishes something. You might make a mark on your calendar to remind you of your best friend's birthday.
There are many kinds of marks, from punctuation — like quotation marks — to spots or scars on skin — "The bee sting left a mark on his cheek." When you mark something, you leave a mark on it, check it off, cross it out, or label it. You can also mark something by noticing or acknowledging it: "Let's mark your birthday with a big party!" Shopkeepers mark prices on goods, and a "mark down" is a reduction in price.
WORD FAMILY
mark: marked, marker, marking, marks+/ marked: markedly, unmarked/ marker: markers/marking: markings/unmarked: unmarkedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Flowers will mark the Pumas’ first outing in two weeks.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Winter Solstice, celebrated this year on Dec. 21, marks the shortest day and the longest night of the year.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 斑点; 记号; 成绩; 标准
vt. 作记号; 表示; 给…打分; 在…留下痕迹
vi. 评分; 注意; （比赛中）记分
时态：marked, marking, marks
分布：记号(35%)，痕迹(23%)，商标(18%)，分数(16%)，做标记(3%)，打分(3%)，留意(1%)，弄污(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*marko,来自merg,边界，界限，词源同march,margin.后引申词义界标，记号，作标记等多种词义。
n.痕迹;记号;分数v.标记,打分,使有特色The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US [mɑ:rk] noun
DIFFERENT AREA 不同的区域
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a small area on the surface of something which is damaged, dirty or different in some way 痕迹；污点；疤痕
• There were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands. 她裤子上抹过手的地方留下了污渍。
• His fingers had left marks on the table's polished surface. 他的手指在光亮的桌面上留下了指印。
• She had a red mark on her arm where she'd burnt herself. 她手臂上烧伤的地方留下了红色的疤痕。
countable
■a typical feature or one which allows you to recognize someone or something 标记；特征
• Did your attacker have any distinguishing marks, such as a scar or a birthmark? 袭击你的人有甚么明显的特征吗，比如伤疤或胎记甚么的？
• You can tell which puppy is which from the marks (also markings)on their fur. 你可以根据小狗皮毛上的斑纹来区分它们。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
SYMBOL 符号
 ADVANCED countable
■a symbol which is used for giving information 标识；记号
• I've put a mark on the map where I think we should go for a picnic. 我在地图上作了个记号，标出了我认为我们应该去野餐的地方。
• What do those marks in the middle of the road mean? 路中央的那些标记是甚么意思？
 ADVANCED countable
■a written or printed symbol （书写或印刷的）符号
• a question mark 问号
• an exclamation mark 感叹号
• punctuation marks 标点符号
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
FOR SCHOOL WORK 学业的
 ADVANCED countable mainly UK
■a judgment, expressed as a number or letter, about the quality of a piece of work done at school, college or university 分数；成绩
• What mark did you get in the biology exam? 你生物考试考了多少分？
• Matilda's had very good marks in/for English throughout the year. 马蒂尔达一年来英语成绩都很好。
• UK You scored full marks in the test - ten out of ten! 你测验得了满分——十分你全拿了！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
LEVEL 水准
only singular
■the level intended or wanted 目标，指标
• Sales have already passed the million mark. 销售额已突破百万元大关。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
REPRESENTATION 表明
countable
■an action which is understood to represent or show a characteristic of a person or thing or feeling （情感的）表示；（特征的）标志
• He took off his hat as a mark of respect for her dead husband. 他脱帽以示对她死去的丈夫的敬意。
• It's the mark of a gentleman to stand up when someone enters the room. 有人进屋时站起来是绅士之举。
• I'd like to give this bottle of wine as a mark of appreciation for all the work you've done for us. 我谨以这瓶酒对您为我们所做的一切表示谢意。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
MONEY 金钱
countable
■a Deutschmark 马克（德国马克）
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be off the mark
■If something someone says or writes is off the mark, it is not correct 不正确，不准确（指某人说的或写的东西不符合事实）
• His criticisms are way off the mark. 他的评论不对。
• Bedini and Curzi were probably not far off the mark in their analysis. 或许本迪尼和卡兹分析得有道理。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be quick/slow off the mark
■to be quick/slow to act or react to an event or a situation 反应迅速／迟钝
• The police were certainly quick off the mark reaching the scene of the accident. 警方确实反应迅速，很快到了意外现场。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
be up to the mark
■to be good enough 达到标准，够好
• Her latest batch of work just isn't up to the mark. 她最近的一批工作不合格。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
leave your /its mark on sb/sth
■to have an effect that changes someone or something, usually in a bad way 对…产生（通常指不良的）影响
• The experience had left its mark on her. 这段经历对她产生了影响。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
make a/ your mark (on sth)
■to have an important effect on something （对…）留下深远的影响
• Daniel didn't work here for very long, but he definitely made his mark on the place. 丹尼尔在这里工作时间不长，但他却实实在在地留下了深远的影响。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] noun
On your marks , get set , go ! (US also on your mark... get set... go)
■something called out to competitors at the beginning of a running race （赛跑出发前的口令）各就各位，预备，跑！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
PIECE OF WORK 工作
 IMPROVER transitive
■to correct mistakes in and give points for a piece of work 批改；给…评分
• I was up half the night marking exam papers. 我改考卷改到半夜。
• UK You'll be marked down (= given a lower mark) for poor spelling and punctuation. 你会因糟糕的拼写及标点而被扣分。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
DAMAGE/MAKE DIRTY 破坏／使肮脏
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to make a mark on something or someone 留痕迹（于）
• Make sure you don't mark the paintwork while you're moving the furniture around. 移动家俱时，千万别碰坏了油漆。
• A dark carpet won't mark as easily as a light one. 深色地毯不像浅色地毯那么容易留下痕迹。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
REPRESENT 表明
 ADVANCED transitive
■to represent or show a characteristic of a person or thing or feeling 标志；以…为特征
• The band's songs have always been marked by controversial lyrics. 这支乐队的歌曲的特点是歌词向来都颇有争议。
• The signing of the treaty marked a major milestone on the road to European union. 该条约的签署是欧洲一体化进程中的一个重要里程碑。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show respect for or commemorate 对…表示敬意；纪念
• Tomorrow's parade will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. 明天的游行旨在纪念该战役50周年。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
SYMBOL 符号
 ADVANCED transitive
■to show where something is by drawing or putting something somewhere 标明，标示
• I've marked the route around the one-way system on the town plan. 我已在城镇地图上将单向系统的路线标了出来。
• I'd like everyone to mark their progress on the chart every week. 我希望每个人每周都将自己的进度标在图表上。
• X marks the spot where the treasure is buried. 符号X标示了藏宝地点。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
SPORT 运动
transitive UK (US cover)
■to prevent a member of the opposing team from taking control of the ball by staying close to them all the time （球类团体比赛中）盯防
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
be marked out as sth UK (US be marked as sth)
■to be shown to be different because of a certain characteristic 被区分（或识别）出是
• I can't speak a word of French so I'm marked out as a foreigner as soon as I arrive in France. 我一句法语也不会说，所以一到法国就被认出是外国人。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
(You) mark my words! old-fashioned
■something that you say when you tell someone about something that you are certain will happen in the future （告诉别人某事将来肯定会发生时用语）（你）记住我的话！
• He'll cause trouble - you mark my words! 他会惹麻烦的——你记住我的话！
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
mark time
■to march in one place without moving forward 原地踏步
■to do little while waiting for something that is going to happen 停滞不前
• She's just marking time until she goes off to university. 她在上大学之前，一直是在混日子。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth down
REDUCE
■to reduce the price of something, usually in order to encourage people to buy it （尤指为促销而）降低…的价格
• Low consumer demand has forced us to mark down a wide range of goods, sometimes by as much as 30%. 低迷的消费需求迫使我们降低了许多商品的价格，有时降幅高达30%。
• Shares in the electricity companies were marked down following the announcement of the new energy tax. 新的能源税颁布后，电力公司的股价　随即纷纷下跌。
RECORD
■to write something on a piece of paper in order to make a record of it 记下，写下
• I've marked down the number of each item sold. 卖出的每件东西的号码我都记下来了。
• Look carefully at these questions and mark your answers down in the right-hand column. 仔细审题，然后在右栏中写下答案。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sb down as sth
■to consider someone as a particular type of person 将某人看作，认为（某人）是（某类人）
• I'd marked her down as a Labour Party supporter, but I was completely wrong. 我以为她是工党的支持者，但我完全错了。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth/sb off
■If you mark off things or people that are on a list, you record that you have dealt with them （从表中）勾去，划掉（表示已处理好）
• As I complete each task I mark it off. 我每做完一项工作，就将它划掉。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sth off
■to separate an area by putting something around it 划出；隔开
• Police had marked off the area where the body was found. 警方把发现尸体的地方封锁起来。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  mark sth out
■to show the shape or position of something by drawing a line around it 画出；画线标出
• He'd marked out a volleyball court on the beach with a stick. 他用棍子在沙滩上画出了一个排球场。
UK [mɑ:k] US [mɑ:rk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] mark sth up mark 1 * to increase the price of something
提高…的价格
• They buy paintings at auctions, mark them up and then resell them at a vast profit to collectors. 他们在拍卖会上购买画作，再加价转手卖给收藏家，赚取高额利润。
• In the days of hyperinflation, we would rush to the market as soon as we were paid and buy our weekly groceries before they were marked up. 在恶性通货膨胀时期，一发工资我们就冲到市场，赶在涨价之前买回一周所需的食品杂货。
• Shares in retail businesses were marked up on the news that consumer spending rose last month. 上个月消费支出上升的消息带动了零售业股价上涨。
sign, emblem, symbol, token, attribute, mark, signal, badge
这组词都有“标志、象征、符号”的意思，其区别是：
sign: 普通用词，指人们公认事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。
emblem: 指选定象征一个国家、民族或家庭等的图案或实物。
symbol: 指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。
token: 语气庄重，指礼品、纪念物等作为表示友谊、爱情等的象征或标志。
attribute: 指人或物及其地位、属性的象征。
mark: 普通用词，含义广泛。既可指方便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于他事物的特征。
signal: 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
badge: 一般指金属证章或写有姓名的带状标志物。
n. 标志；马克；符号；痕迹
 - symbol, sign, seal, flag, trace
vt. 标志；做标记于；打分数
 - signal

Word: alone
Front: alone
[əˈləʊn] (中高研四托雅 1097/1297 -K4)
Vocabulary: alone
(once / 24 pages)
adjadv
The word alone comes from a combination of the Middle English words "all" and "one," which is really all you need to know to understand the word. A person who is alone is all-in-one; there's no one else around.
Depending how you look at it, the word alone can have positive or negative connotations. A person with a bad attitude that no one wants to be around might find himself alone much of the time. But someone seeking solitude, might choose to be alone. Then there are those people or things that are so unique or special that they alone possess a certain quality. Superman alone could save the world from the evil hand of Lex Luthor.
WORD FAMILY
alone: alonely, aloneness, aloner, alones, alonest
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m very close with my kids and my parents, but there’s still that essential unknowingness, and maybe that’s about how we’re all alone,” she said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Barbers were in one plane and the third person killed was flying alone in the second plane.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whole body cryotherapy is also inherently dangerous, which is why it should never be done alone.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 单独的; 独一无二的; 独自的
adv. 单独地; 独自地; 孤独地; 只，只有
分布：仅仅(33%)，单独的(22%)，孤单的(21%)，独自地(21%)，独自一人的(3%)
→来自短语 all one .
a.单独的,孤独的ad.单独地,独自地;仅仅Once none of you is here, the man in throne will live alone in the lonely zone.一旦你们没有人在此,王位上的人就要孤独地生活在这个孤寂的地带.
US [-'loʊn] adjective [after verb] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■without other people 单独（的），独自（的）；孤独的（地），无伴的（地）
• He likes being alone in the house. 他喜欢自己一个人呆在家里。
• She decided to climb the mountain alone. 她决定独自去爬那座山。
• Do you like living alone? 你喜欢独居吗？
• At last, we're alone together (= there are just the two of us here). 我们终于可以享受二人世界了。
• The Swedes are not alone in finding their language under pressure from the spread of English. 感受到自己国家的母语面临着英语广泛使用的压力的不仅仅瑞典人而已。
• I don't like the man and I'm not alone in that (= other people agree). 我不喜欢那个人，而且并不是我一个人这样觉得。
UK [ə'ləʊn] US [-'loʊn] adjective [after noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■only; without any others 唯一，仅仅，只有
• She alone must decide what to do (= no one else can do it for her). 她必须自己决定做甚么。
• These facts alone (= even if nothing else is considered) show that he's not to be trusted. 单凭这些事实就可以看出他这个人不可信。
• He won't get the job through charm alone (= he will need something else). 单靠个人魅力他是不会得到这份工作的。
• The airfare alone would use up all my money, never mind the hotel bills. 光买飞机票就会让我分文不剩，更别说住旅馆了。
• Price alone is not a reliable indicator of quality. 价格本身并不能准确反映品质。
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
solitary, desolate, lone, alone, lonely
这组词都有“孤单的，寂寞的”的意思，其区别是：
solitary: 可指因被遗忘或遗弃而产生的孤独感，也可指人的生性孤僻。
desolate: 语气强烈，强调遭受损失和失去亲人所带来的难以忍受的痛苦。
lone: 较文雅，可与lonely换用。
alone: 普通用词，指独自一人的状态，有时含孤寂之意。
lonely: 强调孤独感，含“渴望和他人在一起”的意味。
only, lonely, alone
only: 与alone均可表“只有”，但alone须置于被修饰词之后，only往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
lonely: 表“孤独”，“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone: 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；
solitary, desolate, lonely, alone, lonesome
solitary: 独居的，独自的
desolate: 指某地无人烟的，荒凉的
lonely: 偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞” lonely和solitary可用以形容很少有人到的偏僻地方。
alone: 和solitary都用以形容一人或一事物与他人或他事物相分离，二者形容的人可能是其本人愿意如此，这两个词并无不愉快的含义。
lonesome: 孤独的 lonely和lonesome指并非本人愿意如此，含有不愉快之意。
adj. 独自的；单独的；孤独的
 - independent, isolated, separate, sole
adv. 独自地；单独地
 - respectively, solely

Word: wrong
Front: wrong
[rɒŋ] (中高 655/672 -K4)
Vocabulary: wrong
(once / 43 pages)
1adjadv 2adjvn 3adj
Use the adjective wrong to talk about something that is factually incorrect. You thought your paper was due a week from Friday, but you were wrong. It's due tomorrow. Better start typing!
You can use the word wrong to describe something that deviates from your moral principles. You might believe that the death penalty is just wrong, but not everyone agrees with you. The adjective wrong can also describe something that is inappropriate for a certain purpose. It's frustrating to get all the way home from the store before you realize you grabbed the wrong kind of milk — buttermilk instead of two percent.
WORD FAMILY
wrong: wronged, wronger, wrongest, wrongful, wronging, wrongly, wrongness, wrongs+/ inappropriate: inappropriately, inappropriateness/wrongful: wrongfully, wrongfulness/wrongness: inappropriate, wrongnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But after the first drive, it quickly became apparent that something was wrong.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“They were using the wrong gauge to measure their progress.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
At least it’s not what I sometimes get: “What’s wrong with you?”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 有毛病的，失常的; 错误的，不正确的; 不好的，不公正的; 反对的，相反的，颠倒的，背面的，里面的
adv. 不对，错误，失当; 不好，不公正; 逆，颠倒，翻转; 有毛病，不舒服
n. 过失，错误; 不义的行为; 不义行为; 犯罪
vt. 委屈，无理地对待，诽谤
时态：wronged, wronging, wrongs
分布：错误(54%)，错误的(34%)，冤枉(2%)，坏事(2%)，错误地(2%)，不公正(1%)，有毛病的(1%)，不适当的(1%)，不道德的(1%)，犯罪(1%)，欺骗(1%)
→来自wrengh,弯，转，偏离，来自wer的鼻音形式，弯，转，词源同wry,wring。引申义错误的。比较right,来自reg,直，词源同rectitude,regulate.
a.错的ad.错误地,不正确地n.错误v.委屈I took the wrong way.我走错了路.
US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT CORRECT 不正确
 ESSENTIAL
■not correct 错误的；不正确的
• Three of your answers were wrong. 你的回答中有三个是错的。
• That clock is wrong - it's 12.30 not 12.15. 那个时钟不准——是12：30，不是12：15。
• Some of his facts are questionable, others are plainly (= completely) wrong. 他提供的事实有些值得怀疑，其他的则完全错误。
Compare right
 ESSENTIAL
■If someone is wrong, they are not correct in their judgment or statement about something 弄错的；判断错的
• You were wrong about the time - the shop closed at 7 not 8. 你把时间搞错了——这商店是七点关门，不是八点。
• He's wrong in thinking that we will support the project financially. 他错误地以为我们会在资金上支持这个专案计划。
prove sb wrong
■to show by your actions that someone's judgment of you was not correct 证明（某人）是错误的
• I thought she couldn't do it, but she proved me wrong. 我原以为她做不来这件事，但她证明我错了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT SUITABLE 不合适的
 ESSENTIAL
■not suitable or correct, or not as it should be 不合适的；不想要的；不应该的
• She's the wrong person for the job. 她不是这份工作的合适人选。
• We must have taken a wrong turning. 我们一定是拐错弯了。
• I'm sorry, you've got the wrong number (= this is not the telephone number you wanted). 对不起，您打错电话了。
Compare right
 ADVANCED
■describes something that is not considered to be socially acceptable or suitable 不正当的；不可取的
• She got in with the wrong crowd (= a group of people who were not considered socially acceptable) at university. 她上大学时结交了一群狐群狗党。
 ADVANCED
■If you ask someone what is wrong, you want to know what is worrying or upsetting them 烦恼的；不顺心的
• You've been quiet all evening. Is there anything wrong? 你整晚都很沉默，有甚么不顺心的事吗？
• What's wrong with you today? 你今天怎么了？
the wrong way round/around
■If something is the wrong way round/around, the part that should be at the front is at the back 前后弄反的（地），颠倒的（地）
• You've got your skirt on the wrong way round. 你把裙子反过来穿了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
IMMORAL 不道德的
 ADVANCED
■not considered morally acceptable by most people 不道德的；不正当的；不对的
• Children should be taught that violence is wrong. 应该教育孩子暴力是不良行为。
• It was wrong of her to lie to you. 她对你撒谎是不对的。
• What's wrong with having a bit of fun? 找点乐趣有甚么不对？
Opposite right
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
NOT WORKING 不工作的
[after verb]
■not working correctly 不正常运作的；出毛病的
• Something's wrong with the television - the picture's gone fuzzy. 电视机出毛病了——图像不清楚。
• The doctors are still trying to find out what's wrong. 医生仍在试图找出问题的症结。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
catch sb on the wrong foot
■If something catches you on the wrong foot, you are not prepared for it 令（某人）措手不及
• I hadn't expected the question and it caught me on the wrong foot. 我没有预料到这个问题，它使我措手不及。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
get the wrong end of the stick informal
■to not understand a situation correctly 误解
• Her friend saw us arrive at the party together and got the wrong end of the stick. 她的朋友看到我们一同到达聚会现场，便产生了误解。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
get / fall into the wrong hands
■If something gets/falls into the wrong hands, a dangerous person or enemy starts to control it 落到危险分子（或敌人）手里
• If this sort of information fell into the wrong hands, we could be in serious trouble. 如果这种消息让对手知道，我们就麻烦了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
go down the wrong way
■If food or drink goes down the wrong way, it goes down the wrong tube in your throat and causes you to cough or stop breathing for a short time. （食物或饮料）误入气管，呛到了
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adjective
send / give out (all) the wrong signals
■to give an incorrect message 传达一个错误讯息
• If the government refuses to provide aid, it would send out all the wrong signals to the rest of the world. 如果政府拒绝提供援助，这将向世界上的其他国家传达错误的讯息。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adverb
 IMPROVER informal
■in a way that is not correct 错误地；不对
• You've spelt my name wrong. 你把我的名字拼写错了。
⇒ See also wrongly
get sth wrong informal
■to make a mistake in the way you answer or understand something 答错；理解错
• I spent hours doing that calculation and I still got the answer wrong. 我花了好几个小时解那道计算题，但还是做错了。
• You've got it all wrong - it was your boss that she was annoyed with and not you! 你完全理解错了——让她生气的是你们老板，而不是你！
go wrong
 IMPROVER
■If a situation or event goes wrong, it becomes unpleasant and is not a success 出问题；不如意；失败
• Our marriage began to go wrong after we had our first child. 我们在有了第一个孩子之后，婚姻开始出现问题。
 ADVANCED
■to make a mistake 犯错误；弄错
• These shelves are very easy to put together - you can't go wrong. 这些架子很容易组装——你不会弄错的。
• I thought I'd done this correctly, I just can't understand where I've gone wrong. 我以为自己这样做是对的，我就是不明白错在哪里。
■If a machine goes wrong, it stops working correctly. （机器）出毛病，不正常运作
• Our TV keeps going wrong. 我们的电视一直有毛病。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] adverb
don't get me wrong
■said when you think someone might not understand what you say, or be upset by it 别误会
• Don't get me wrong - I'd love to come but I'm too busy next week. 别误会——我确实想来，但是我下个礼拜太忙了。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] noun
uncountable
■what is considered to be morally unacceptable 不道德；不正当；错误
• He has no sense of right and wrong. 他没有甚么是非感。
• I was brought up to tell the truth and know right from wrong. 我从小就受教育要说真话、明辨是非。
• As far as her parents are concerned, she can do no wrong (= she is perfect in every way). 在她父母眼中，她是完美无瑕的。
countable
■an unfair action 冤枉；不公平的行为
• He has done us a great wrong. 他大大冤枉了我们。
• She was trying to right (= do something to make better) the wrongs of the past. 她试图纠正过去的冤屈。
in the wrong
■If someone is in the wrong, they have made a mistake or done something which is bad or illegal 犯错误；不对
• The driver was unquestionably in the wrong. 毫无疑问是那个司机不对。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] noun
Two wrongs don't make a right. saying
■said to emphasize that it is not acceptable to do something bad to someone just because they did something bad to you first 以牙还牙是不可取的。
UK [rɒŋ] US [rɑ:ŋ] verb transitive formal
■to treat someone in an unfair or unacceptable way 不公正地对待；冤枉
• She felt deeply wronged by his accusations. 他的指控使她觉得深受冤枉。
adv. 错误地；邪恶的，不正当地
 - in error, incorrectly
n. 坏事；不公正
 - bad, injustice
adj. 错误的；失常的；不适当的
 - false, incorrect, unhappy, improper, inadequate
vt. 委屈；无理地对待；诽谤
 - vilify, asperse

Word: shift
Front: shift
[ʃɪft] (研四六托雅 1680/2322 -K3)
Vocabulary: shift
(once / 148 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n 4n
Shift the verb and shift the noun are very similar in meaning. A shift is a change in something or an adjustment in the way something is done. You can either make a shift (that's the noun), or you can just shift (that's the verb).
What makes a shift different from, say, a change is that it implies some kind of movement; a sense that the thing that you're shifting is still the same thing, just moving in a different direction. For example, when you shift gears in a car you're simply moving from one gear to another. If you shift your focus, you're still focused, but the focus has moved. If the government shifts its policy, that policy, while different, is still a policy.
WORD FAMILY
shift: shifted, shifter, shifting, shiftless, shifts, shifty +/shifter: shifters/ shifting: shiftingly, shiftings/shiftless: shiftlesser, shiftlessly, shiftlessness/ shifty: shiftier, shiftiest, shiftily, shiftiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
But she said allowing such communities to fall below the citywide climate targets simply shifts the burden.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 改变; 去掉; 摆脱掉; 换挡
vt. 换…的衣服，更（衣）; 卖，出售; [计算机]使（数据）位移
vi. （汽车）换挡; 换衣服; 蒙混; 自己谋生
n. 移动，转移，转换; 变迁，变化，变换，替换，更换，掉换，更易，代用; （汽车等的）变速
时态：shifted, shifting, shifts
分布：改变(33%)，变化(24%)，移动(17%)，轮班(12%)，换挡(9%)，轮班职工(2%)，计谋(2%)，字型转换(1%)
→来自古英语 sciftan,分开，隔开，安排，布置，来自 Proto-Germanic*skiftan,分开，来自 skei, 分开，词源同 shed,sheath,science.引申词义安排，转移，转换。
v.替换,转移n.转换,转变;(轮)班,(换)班The drifter swiftly shifted the gift to the left of the lift.那个漂泊者敏捷地将礼物换到电梯的左边.
verb
MOVE OR CHANGE 移动或改变
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly （尤指略微地）移动；改变；转移
• She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. 她不安地把身体的重心由一只脚转移到另一只脚。
• The wind is expected to shift (to the east) tomorrow. 预计风明天转向（为东风）。
• Media attention has shifted recently onto environmental issues. 媒体关注的焦点最近转到了环保问题。
 IMPROVER transitive mainly US
■to move the gears of a vehicle into different positions in order to make it go faster or slower 换（档）
• In cars that are automatics, you don't have to bother with shifting gears. 开自排汽车无需换档。
[ʃɪft] verb
GET RID OF 去除
transitive UK informal
■to get rid of something unwanted, or to sell something 摆脱；去除；卖掉
• Modern detergents will shift most stains. 新式洗涤剂能去除大部分污渍。
• The people at the toy shop expect to shift a lot of stock in the run-up to Christmas. 玩具店商希望能在圣诞节前卖掉一大堆存货。
[ʃɪft] verb
shift yourself
■If you shift yourself when you have a job to do, you hurry to do the job as quickly as possible 尽快做，手脚俐落
• Come on, there's work to be done - shift yourself. 快点，还有事要做——手脚俐落点。
[ʃɪft] verb
shift (your) ground
■to change your opinion 改变（某人的）立场
• He's annoying to argue with because he keeps shifting his ground. 和他争论令人恼火，因为他不停地改变立场。
[ʃɪft] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] shift for yourself old-fashioned
■to earn your own income or buy and cook your own food, etc. 独立谋生；自己照顾自己
• He left home at 18 and had to shift for himself. 他18岁就离开家，不得不自己谋生。
[ʃɪft] noun
GROUP 团体
 ADVANCED countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night, or the period of time itself 轮班职工；班；轮班
• As the night shift leave/leaves, the day shift arrive/arrives. 夜班工人下班时，日班工人来上班。
• Are you on the night shift or the day shift (= Do you work during the night period or the day period) ? 你上夜班还是日班？
[ʃɪft] noun
CHANGE 改变
 IMPROVER countable
■a change in position or direction 移动；改变；变向
• a shift in the wind/temperature 风向／温度的改变
• The shift in the balance of power in the region has had far-reaching consequences. 这个地区力量均势的改变有着深远的影响。
• There has been a dramatic shift in public opinion towards peaceful negotiations. 大众对和平谈判的态度发生了重大变化。
[ʃɪft] noun
DRESS 连衣裙
countable
■a simple dress that hangs straight from the shoulders 直筒连衣裙
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
n. 移动；变化；手段；轮班
 - variation, removal, move, instrument, motion
vi. 移动；转变； [遗] 转换
 - to move, forward motion
vt. 转移；改变；替换
 - influence, fashion, vary

Word: condition
Front: condition
[kənˈdɪʃn] (中高研四六托雅 629/399 -K5)
Vocabulary: condition
(once / 29 pages)
1nv 2nv
A medical problem or illness can be referred to as a condition. Your skin condition isn't contagious, but it still looks bad — scabby and scaly. You won't even need makeup to dress as a zombie for Halloween.
A condition is also a requirement or prerequisite for something. As a condition of your acceptance to college, you may have to maintain certain grades and do well on a standardized test. Condition can refer as well to the state or quality of something. The condition of your apartment building might be so appalling that your mail carrier has stopped delivering your mail.
WORD FAMILY
condition: conditional, conditioned, conditioner, conditioning, conditions, precondition, recondition+/ conditional: conditionality, conditionally, unconditional / conditioned: conditioneder, unconditioned / conditioner: conditioners/conditioning: conditionings/ precondition: preconditioned, preconditioning, preconditions/recondition: reconditioned, reconditioning, reconditions/ unconditional: unconditionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
Whether it’s simple dry skin or a specific skin condition, try these tips:
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He spoke on the condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to speak publicly by his agency.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A senior DHS official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss a sensitive security matter, defended the report.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 状态; 环境; 健康状况; 条款
vt. 制约; 限制; 使习惯于; 使适应
vt. & vi. 对…具有重要影响; 影响（某事发生的方式）; 保持（头发或皮肤等的）健康; 养护
时态：conditioned, conditioning, conditions
分布：条件(69%)，情况(23%)，决定(4%)，训练(3%)，以 ... 为条件(1%)
→来自法语。con-, 强调。-dit, 说，词源同dictate, dictionary. 字母c脱落比较benefit, benefactor. 原指描述的情况，规定的情况，后指客观情况。
条件(con共同+dit+ion→共同给出的[条件])[don,dit=give,表示"给予"]
n.条件,状况,环境vt.决定;支配;训练The drug trafficker is concerned about the condition of the traditional concert.毒品贩子担心传统音乐会的状况.
noun
STATE 状态
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the particular state that something or someone is in 状况；状态
• Mum's still got our pram - it's very old, but it's in perfect condition. 妈妈还留着我们的婴儿车——虽然很旧了，但仍然完好。
• They left the flat in a terrible condition - there was mess everywhere. 他们把公寓房间弄得一团糟——到处一片狼藉。
• The hospital say her condition (= state of health) is improving slowly. 医院说她的健康状况正在慢慢好转。
• He's in no condition (= He is too ill or too drunk) to drive home. 他的状况根本不能自己开车回家。
conditions [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the physical situation that someone or something is in and affected by 物质条件；情况；实际环境
• weather conditions 天气条件
• working conditions 工作条件
• The prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. 犯人们被关押在条件异常恶劣的地方。
• Under what conditions do plants grow best? 植物在甚么条件下生长得最好？
 ADVANCED countable
■any of different types of diseases 疾病
• to suffer from a heart/skin condition 患有心脏／皮肤病
• a medical condition 内科疾病
out of condition
■not healthy enough for hard physical exercise, as a result of not taking part in sport or other physical activities （由于不参加锻炼或其他体力活动而）身体状况不佳，不在状态
[kən'dɪʃ.ən] noun
AGREED LIMIT 约定的限制
 IMPROVER countable
■an arrangement that must exist before something else can happen （协定的）条件，前提，条款
• One of the conditions in the contract is that we don't build on the land. 合同条款之一是我们不在这片土地上建造楼房。
• We're not in a position to make/set any conditions - we'll have to accept what they offer us. 我们没有资格提出任何条件——我们只能接受他们提供的一切。
• Under the conditions of the agreement, she must vacate the house on 12 July. 根据协定条款，她必须在7月12日腾出这所房子。
on (the) condition that
■only if 只要；条件是
• I'll come to the party on the condition that you don't wear those ridiculous trousers! 我会参加聚会，条件是你不要穿那条丢人现眼的裤子！
[kən'dɪʃ.ən] verb transitive
■to train or influence a person or animal mentally so that they do or expect a particular thing without thinking about it 训练；使习惯于；使适应；使（人或动物）形成条件反射
• a conditioned reflex/response 条件反射／反应
• [+ to infinitive] Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. 巴甫洛夫透过训练使狗一听到铃声就流口水。
• Women were conditioned to expect lower wages than men. 女性以前习惯于接受比男性低的工资。
[kən'dɪʃ.ən] verb transitive
■to try to improve the quality or appearance of your hair, skin, etc. by putting a conditioner on it （使用护发或护肤品）改善，保养（发质、皮肤等）
condition, terms
这两个名词均有“条件”之意。
condition: 通常指为实现许诺、协议、计划、合同等而订出的必须遵守或满足的作为前提的条件或要求。
terms: 指谈判或订立合同等时，一方或双方提出或同意的条件。
circumstance, status, condition, state, situation
这组词都有“状况、情况”的意思，其区别是：
circumstance: 多指周围的情况或某事发生时的情况。
status: 指一个人在政治、社会、经济、法律上的地位或身份，暗含地位显要意味。也可用于指政治等事态的状况。
condition: 一般强调产生影响的原因或环境，复数形式指笼统的情况。
state: 普通用词，指人或物在环境、外表、心灵以及健康方面的状况，或指在某一阶段的状态或形式。
situation: 指明确具体的环境情况或处境。
n. [数] 条件；情况；环境；身分
 - circumstance, situation, context, qualification, thing
vt. 使适应；使健康；决定；以…为条件
 - adapt, suit, season, conclude

Word: film
Front: film
[fɪlm] (中高雅 593/739 -K5)
Vocabulary: film
(once / 92 pages)
1nv 2n
A film, also known as a "movie" or a "motion picture," is a series of moving images shown on a screen, usually with sound, that make up a story. Some people like to see new films at the theater as soon as they're released.
You might pretend to be a fan of French films while secretly preferring animated films. The movie itself is a film, and you can also use the word to mean the photographic strip of plastic that runs through a camera and captures the film's images. It's also a verb, meaning to use such a camera: "Let's film a scene where you play with my cat!" The Old English root word is filmen, "membrane or thin skin."
WORD FAMILY
film: filmable, filmed, filming, films, filmy +/filmed: unfilmed/filming: filmings/ filmy: filmier, filmiest, filmily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
No, I was 11 and turned 12 while we were filming it.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jackson wanted to watch more game film on Griffin, who signed a two-year deal in March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 影片; 电影; 胶片; 薄层
vt. & vi. （把…）拍摄（成）电影[电视等]; 上镜头
vt. （给…）覆上一薄层; 生薄膜; 变得朦胧
时态：filmed, filming, films
分布：电影(86%)，胶卷(8%)，薄膜(5%)，把 ... 拍成电影(1%)
→来自pel,隐藏，覆盖，毛皮，词源同pellicle, pelt, surplice. 后用于指膜片，胶卷。
n.电影;胶片;薄膜,薄层vt.把..拍成电影The driller filled the grill with brilliant film.钻孔者在烤架上填满辉煌的胶片.
noun
MOVING PICTURES 活动图像
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable (US movie)
■a series of moving pictures, usually shown in a cinema or on television and often telling a story 电影；影片
• What's your favourite film? 你最喜欢哪部电影？
• We took the children to (see) a film. 我们带了孩子去看场电影。
• She had a long career in films/film (= the business of making films). 她曾长期从事电影业。
• a film star/critic 影星／影评人
• the film industry 电影业
• a film-maker 电影制作人
• Her last film was shot (= made) on location in South America. 她最近一部电影是在南美的外景地拍摄的。
• I hate people talking while I'm watching a film. 我讨厌看电影时有人讲话。
• Would you like to go and see a film tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
[fɪlm] noun
MATERIAL 材料
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■(a length of) dark plastic-like material which can record images as photographs or as a moving picture 胶片；胶卷；底片
• a roll of film 一卷底片
• a 24 exposure/16mm/high-speed film 可拍24张照片的／16毫米的／高感光底片
• A passer-by recorded the incident on film. 一个路人用底片拍下了这次事件。
• I'm getting my film developed at the chemist's. 我要去药房冲洗底片。
[fɪlm] noun
LAYER 层
countable
■a thin layer of something on a surface 薄薄的一层；薄膜
• a film of dust/oil/grease 薄薄的一层灰／油／油脂
• a film of smoke 一层轻烟
[fɪlm] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to record moving pictures with a camera, usually to make a film for the cinema or television 拍摄（电影）
• Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio. 大多数场景是在摄影棚里拍摄的。
• They filmed for a week in Spain. 他们在西班牙拍摄了一周。
[fɪlm] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  film over
■If something films over, it becomes lightly covered with a thin layer of something 盖上一层薄东西；变朦胧
• Her eyes suddenly filmed over (with tears). 她的眼睛一下子（因泪水而）变模糊了。
picture, film, cinema, movie
这组词都有“电影”的意思，其区别是：
picture: 从原义指银幕或电视屏幕上的图像引申指影片。
film: 指电影、影片，普通用词。
cinema: 与the连用指(上映的)电影，电影工业；可指电影院；在英国与the连用还可指电影艺术。
movie: 美国英语中的口语用词。
n. [电影] 电影；薄膜； [感光] 胶卷；轻烟
 - movie, membrane, cinema
vt. 在…上覆以薄膜；把…拍成电影
 - cinematograph

Word: avoid
Front: avoid
[əˈvɔɪd] (中高研四托雅宝 908/835 -K4)
Vocabulary: avoid
(once / 69 pages)
1v 2v
If you avoid drinking coffee right before bed because it tends to keep you awake and makes you jittery, that means that you stay away from coffee at night.
The verb avoid means to stop yourself from doing something or to keep something from happening. You might avoid the old lady next door who smells funny and always wants to pinch your cheek, or you could avoid a certain dangerous neighborhood in your city by taking a different route when you're walking home. It's easy to get avoid confused with a similar word, evade, which means "to avoid in a particularly tricky or sneaky way."
WORD FAMILY
avoid: avoidable, avoidance, avoided, avoiding, avoids+/ avoidable: avoidably, unavoidable /avoidance: avoidances/ unavoidable: unavoidability, unavoidably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The federal government and private insurers are rewarding health care providers that work together to coordinate care and avoid unnecessary expenses.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I’ve avoided trying to correct people, but I also don’t want to really get into it, so I just end up shrugging my shoulders.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s all about avoiding a relegation dogfight for struggling champion Leicester, which is six points from danger.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 避开，避免，预防; [法]使无效，撤销，废止
时态：avoided, avoiding, avoids
分布：避免(96%)，逃避(3%)，撤销(1%)
→前缀a-同ex-, 向外。void, 空。指空出来的，撤退，避免。
回避(a+void→空出来→回避)[vac,van,void=empty表示"空"]
vt.防止,避免;逃避,避开Thanks to the bankrupt banker, my ankle avoided an injury.多亏那位破产的银行家,我的脚踝免受伤害.
【记】a朝向，void空－空城计－避开
【参】void（n 空，空虚）；devoid of（缺乏…的）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to stay away from someone or something, or prevent something from happening or not allow yourself to do something 避开；避免，防止；逃避
• I try to avoid supermarkets on Saturdays - they're always so busy. 我尽量不在周六去超级市场——那时总是人特别多。
• [+ -ing verb] I try to avoid going shopping on Saturdays. 我尽量不在周六去购物。
• The report studiously avoided any mention of the controversial plan. 这份报告有意避而不谈那个有争议的计划。
• The plane narrowly avoided disaster when one of the engines cut out on take-off. 飞机起飞时有一个引擎熄火，差点酿成重大事故。
• I left the pub to avoid a fight (= prevent a fight from happening). 我不想动手打架，就离开了酒吧。
• Unnecessary paperwork should be avoided (= prevented) at all costs. 应该尽可能避免不必要的文书工作。
• I'm anxious to avoid the motorway at rush hour. 在交通高峰时段，我对高速公路唯恐避之不及。
• Do you think Tim's avoiding me? I haven't seen him all day. 你认为蒂姆是不是在躲着我啊？我一整天都没见到他。
[ə'vɔɪd] verb transitive
avoid sth like the plague
■to be determined to avoid something completely 像避瘟疫一样躲避；坚决避开
• I'm not a fan of parties - in fact I avoid them like the plague. 我对派对不感兴趣——实际上，我害怕派对如同害怕瘟神。
[ə'vɔɪd] verb transitive
  Common Learner Errors  avoid or prevent? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about not allowing someone else to do something, don't say 'avoid', say prevent :
✗ My parents tried to avoid me seeing him. My parents tried to prevent me seeing him.
flee, avoid, escape
flee: 逃走（但不一定逃脱）
avoid: 在……之前有意避开；
escape: 从……之中逃脱；
vt. 避免；避开，躲避；消除
 - eliminate, escape, shun

Word: thousand
Front: thousand
[ˈθaʊznd] (中高雅 651/631 -5)
Back: n. 一千; 数千; 许许多多; 千位数
adj. 一千的; 一千个的; 成千的; 许许多多的
分布：许许多多(100%)
→来自古英语thusend,千，来自Proto-Germanic*thusundi,千，词首*thu 可能来自teue,膨胀， 鼓起，词源同thigh,thumb,-sundi,来自Proto-Germanic*hundam,百，词源同hundred.该词字面 意思为好几百，后在翻译拉丁语mille(千，词源同million）的过程中逐渐确定为固定数词。
num./n./a.一千;[pl.]许许多多,成千上万The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
['θaʊ.zənd] (plural thousand or thousands)
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 1000 （数字）1000
a thousand/thousands of sth informal
■a large number 一个大的数字
• I've got a thousand things to do before we go on holiday. 我们去渡假前，我还有很多事情要做。
the thousands
■numbers between 1000 and 1 000 000 成千上万（介乎1,000和1,000,000之间的数字）
• His latest work is expected to sell in the thousands. 他的最新作品预计可卖出上千上万册。
['θaʊ.zənd] (plural thousand or thousands)
number
  Common Learner Errors  thousands (of sth) or thousand? When thousand is used after a particular number, it is used in the singular form and without 'of'. Don't say 'five/ten/fifteen thousands of sth', say five/ten/fifteen thousand sth:
✗ The stadium can hold fifty thousands of fans. The stadium can hold fifty thousand fans. When thousand is used without a particular number, it is used in the plural form and is sometimes followed by 'of': The stadium can hold thousands (of fans).
n. [数] 一千；一千个；许许多多
 - hundreds of, lots and lots
adj. 成千的；无数的
 - million, countless, infinite

Word: background
Front: background
[ˈbækgraʊnd] (中高研四托雅 1402/1369 -K3)
Vocabulary: background
(once / 258 pages)
nv
Background is what’s behind something — whether it’s physical, like a play’s scenery, or intangible, like a person's life story or the past facts of a current situation. If you are shy, you might try to stay in the background at parties and avoid attention.
The original idea of background was the use of stage scenery or painted drops that established a play's setting. Later, the idea expanded to include the figurative meaning of something that was present yet not immediately noticed, such as the background music in a movie. It also came to mean material that happened earlier and contributed to something. If your new boss does a "background check" on you, it's because she wants to know all the trouble you've caused in the past.
WORD FAMILY
background: backgrounded, backgrounder, backgrounding, backgrounds+/backgrounder: backgrounders
USAGE EXAMPLES
But other Navy officials, who spoke on background with The Times, said nerves are on edge over Mr. Duterte’s negative posturing toward the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gun control advocates say enforcement of the current background checks system is as much a policy goal as expanding background checks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
A commission appointed to study the issue in 2015 suggested more money be tied to individual students’ background.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （画等的）背景; 底色; 背景资料; 配乐
分布：背景(92%)，经历(3%)，幕后(3%)，后景(1%)，提供背景(1%)
n.背景,经历;幕后The backward man lacks black background.落后的男子缺少黑色背景.
noun
THINGS BEHIND 背景
 ADVANCED only singular
■the things that can be seen or heard behind other things that are closer or louder 背景；伴音；杂音
• The little figure that you can just see in the background of the photograph is me. 相片里后面那个刚好能看到的小个子就是我。
• If you listen carefully to this piece of music, you can hear a flute in the background. 如果你仔细听这首歌曲，就可以听到伴奏的笛声。
• We couldn't hear what they were saying on the tape - there was too much background noise. 我们听不清他们在录音带里说甚么——背景噪声太大了。
Compare the foreground
 ADVANCED countable
■the things that can be seen behind the main things or people in a picture （画、相片的）背景，衬托
• The artist himself did not paint the backgrounds to his pictures - they were done by his pupils. 画中的背景不是画家亲手画的——都是他的学生画的。
• He has photographed her against lots of different backgrounds. 他给她拍了许多不同背景的相片。
• They were filmed against a background of dark fir trees. 在一片黑黝黝的冷杉的映托下，他们被摄入了电影镜头。
• The book's cover has white lettering on a blue background. 书的封面是蓝底白字。
['bæk.graʊnd] noun
SITUATION 情况
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the conditions that existed before a particular event happened, and which help to explain why it happened （事件的）背景
• These decisions have had to be taken against a background of high unemployment. 因为失业率高企，只好采取这些措施。
• Can you give me some background on (= information about the conditions that existed before) the situation? 你能不能告诉我一些关于这情况的背景资料？
the background
■If someone or something is in the background, they are not the main point of attention 幕后；不引人注目的地方
• Her worries about her job have faded into the background since she learnt about her father's illness. 自从知道父亲生病后，她就没甚么心思处理自己的工作了。
['bæk.graʊnd] noun
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ADVANCED countable
■your family and your experience of education, living conditions, money, etc. 出身背景；学历；经历
• The school has pupils from many different ethnic/cultural/religious backgrounds. 这所学校的学生有着不同的种族／文化／宗教背景。
• They come from a privileged/wealthy background. 他们来自特权／富裕家庭。
• a background in publishing 出版方面的经历
['bæk.graʊnd] adjective [before noun]
■describes something that is done before, and in preparation for, something else 背景的；事先的
• Students are expected to do some background reading before the course starts. 学生们应该在课程开始之前看一些相关的书，了解一下情况。
• The book provides background information on the history of the region. 本书提供了有关该地区的历史背景资料。
n. [物] 背景；隐蔽的位置
 - prehistory

Word: annual
Front: annual
[ˈænjuəl] (高研四托雅 1361/1215 -K4)
Vocabulary: annual
(once / 114 pages)
adjn
When something is annual, it happens once a year. An annual holiday party should be a time for fun, but it also can be a sad yearly reminder of the passage of time.
An annual event happens every year: "I always forget to take sunglasses to my annual eye exam and am left wearing those horrible disposable shades." Annual earnings are made over the course of a year: "His annual income is on a steady decline." And an annual plant lives for only a year: "My neighbor Shirley always plants the most garishly bright annuals instead of more subdued perennials." Whether it's eye exams, income, or plants, you can expect to see something annual again in about 365 days.
WORD FAMILY
annual: annually, annuals, biannual, semiannual+/ biannual: biannually/semiannual: semiannually
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school’s annual holiday play and volleyball games are some of the community’s primary entertainment.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, a dozens of people gathered on a street corner to recite the names of the victims in what’s become an annual gathering.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每年的; 一年的; [植物]一年生的
n. 年刊; 一年生植物
分布：每年的(51%)，年刊(17%)，年度的(14%)，一年生植物(13%)，一年生的(5%)
一年一度的(ann+ual)[ann,enn=year,表示"年,一年"]
a.每年的,一年生的n.年刊;一年生植物The mutual spirits inspired us to reach the annual aim.相互的精神鼓舞了我们达到年度目标.
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■happening once every year, or relating to a period of one year 一年一度的；每年的
• an annual event/visit/holiday 一年一度的大事／每年一次的访问／每年的假期
• annual income/salary/profit 年收入／年薪／年利润
• Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year's activities. 公司发布年度报告，告知公众上一年的具体业务。
['æn.ju.əl] [-jʊl] noun countable
BOOK 书
■a book or magazine published once a year, especially for children, with the same title and style but different contents 年刊，年报；（尤指）儿童年册
US for * yearbook
• a high school annual 中学年刊
['æn.ju.əl] [-jʊl] noun countable
PLANT 植物
■a plant which grows, produces seeds, and dies within one year 一年生植物 Compare biennial ; perennial
adj. 年度的； [统计] 每年的
 - yearly, etesian
n. 年刊， [图情] 年鉴；一年生植物
 - year book, almanac

Word: whole
Front: whole
[həʊl] (中高研四六 467/452 -K5)
Vocabulary: whole
(once / 13 pages)
nadjadv
Something that exists in its entirety is whole. If there are eight slices of pizza and you eat half, you've eaten four of them. If you eat the whole pizza, you've somehow managed to eat all eight slices.
In terms of mental or physical health, whole describes someone who is healthy or uninjured. It might take you a while after a traumatic experience to feel whole again. Whole siblings are brothers and sisters who share both parents (as opposed to half siblings, who have only one parent in common). All the parts of an object taken collectively make up the whole of that object.
WORD FAMILY
whole: wholely, wholeness, wholes, wholesome, wholly, wholy+/unwholesome: unwholesomely, unwholesomeness/ wholesome: unwholesome, wholesomely, wholesomeness, wholesomer, wholesomest
USAGE EXAMPLES
The story is similar for the state-owned sector as a whole.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
In the end, the whole package is engagingly chipper, a memoir of delight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The whole process was slightly cloak and dagger but the non-retail nature only added to the allure of the sale.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的，所有的; 完整的
n. 整体，整个; 全部
分布：全部(34%)，整体(29%)，全部的(9%)，完全(9%)，完整的(9%)，完整(6%)，整体的(4%)
→来自古英语hal,整个的，完整的，健康的，来自kailo,整个的，词源同health,holy,hollow.
n.全部a.全体的;全部的;完整的;无缺的Who made a whole hole in the holy holiday?谁在神圣的假日里打了一个完整的孔?
US [hoʊl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■complete or not divided 全部的；整个的；整体的
• I spent the whole day cleaning. 我整天都在打扫。
• There's still a whole month till my birthday. 离我的生日还有整整一个月时间。
• After my exercise class, my whole body ached. 体育课之后，我浑身都痛。
• The whole town was destroyed by the earthquake. 地震摧毁了整个城镇。
• This whole thing (= situation) is ridiculous. 这一切太荒谬了。
• Bill does nothing but moan the whole time (= all the time). 比尔一直在呻吟。
• You have to stand up in court and promise to tell 'the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth'. 你必须站在法庭上宣誓：“事实，全部事实，只有事实。”
• Her dance compositions added a whole (= completely) new dimension to the contemporary dance repertoire. 她的舞蹈作品为现代舞剧目增添了全新的内容。
■informal
■used to emphasize something （用于表示强调）
• I've got a whole heap of work to do this afternoon. 我今天下午有一大堆工作要做。
• The new computers are a whole lot (= much) faster. 新电脑的速度要快得多了。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] adjective
go the whole hog
■to do something as completely as possible 彻底地做…；贯彻到底
• Having already limited local taxation, why not go the whole hog and abolish it completely? 既然已经对地方征税进行了限制，那为甚么不进行到底，彻底将它废除了呢？
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] adjective
the whole bit UK (US the whole enchilada)
■the whole of something, including everything that is related to it 全套；全部
• He's into jogging, squash, aerobics, the whole exercise bit. 他喜欢慢跑、壁球、有氧健身操，全部体育运动都喜欢。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
 IMPROVER
■a complete thing 全部；整体；全体
• Two halves make a whole. 两个一半构成一个整体。
• You must consider each problem as an aspect of the whole. 你必须把每个问题作为整体的一个方面来考虑。
the whole of sth
 ADVANCED
■all of something 整个…
• I'll be on holiday the whole of next week. 下周一整周我都要休假。
• The whole of his finger was bruised. 他整根手指都肿了。
• The whole of the village (= Everyone in the village) had come out for the party. 全村人都来参加聚会了。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
as a whole
■when considered as a group and not in parts 总体上；整个看来
• The population as a whole is getting healthier. 总体看来，居民的健康状况正在改善。
UK [həʊl] US [hoʊl] noun countable usually singular
on the whole
■generally 总的来说；整体上讲
• We have our bad times but on the whole we're fairly happy. 我们有过糟糕的时期，但整体上来说还是相当快乐的。
total, whole, sum
这组词都有“总数、全体”的意思，其区别是：
total: 指总量之大，强调每一构成部分或成分均被计算在内。
whole: 着重其中没有部分或成分被忽略不计。
sum: 指两个或更多的数目相加的总和。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 完整的；纯粹的
 - complete, pure, integrated, full, intact
n. 整体；全部
 - full, integer

Word: insist
Front: insist
[ɪnˈsɪst] (中高研四六托 1359/1411 -K4)
Vocabulary: insist
(once / 78 pages)
v
To insist on something is to demand or swear to it. You can insist that you didn't eat the last piece of cake, and then insist that your brother show your mom the bits of frosting on his fingers.
The verb insist comes from the Latin insistere, meaning “persist,” “dwell upon,” or “stand on.” To insist on something, like a room with a view, is to say that you must have it. To insist that you never met that man before in your life — even though there's a picture of the two of you together — is to claim that you're telling the truth. To insist on tapping your foot on the chair leg is annoying.
WORD FAMILY
insist: insisted, insistent, insisting, insists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The best way to protect the public is to insist on both.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It was all Gators after that, but Beathard insisted on staying on the field.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 坚持; 强调; 坚决要求; 坚决认为
时态：insisted, insisting, insists
分布：坚持(91%)，强调(5%)，坚决主张(4%)
→in-,进入，使，-sist,站，词源同stand,assist.引申词义坚持。
坚持;硬要(in进入＋sist→站进去→坚持)[sist=stand表示"站立"]
vi.(on)坚持要求,坚决主张,坚持My sister insists consistently on persistent resistance to transistor radios.妹妹一贯坚决主张持久抵制晶体管收音机.
verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to state or demand forcefully, especially despite opposition 坚持说，强调；坚决要求
• [+ (that)] Greg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong. 葛列格仍坚称自己没有做错任何事。
• Please go first - I insist! 请先走——我坚持这样！
• She insisted on seeing her lawyer. 她坚持要见她的律师。
persevere, insist, persist, cling, adhere
这组词都有“坚持”的意思，其区别是：
persevere: 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
insist: 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist: 用于褒义指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
cling: 和to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere: 与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含坚持不懈之意。
vt. 坚持，强调
 - emphasize, stay, tough, stress, highlight
vi. 坚持，强调
 - stay, stand on

Word: justice
Front: justice
[ˈdʒʌstɪs] (高研四六托 1481/1287 -K4)
Vocabulary: justice
(once / 99 pages)
n
Justice is the quality of being just or fair. Super heroes fight for justice because they want everything to be fair and not let bad guys win. Just ask Wonder Woman, Superman, or any other member of the Justice League.
Justice is usually associated with the law. A judge is also known as a justice, and the point of the law is to keep everything in a society fair according to society’s rules. Justice (capital “J”) is also the statue of a blindfolded woman holding scales and a sword. If something is brought to justice, the good guys have been rewarded and the bad guys punished — the scales are even.
WORD FAMILY
justice: injustice, justices+/ injustice: injustices
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andre is indignant about the way he is treated, but urges his angry family to let him seek justice through the court.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
The Protestant pastor says he believes in a larger meaning of civility, a definition that captures a truly civil approach to social justice.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
He is serving a 19-month prison sentence for bribery and obstruction of justice.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Justice
(once / 252 pages)
n
Justice refers to the part of the US government that deals with crime and punishment. It’s also someone who serves on the Supreme Court, as in Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman to be appointed.
The US Department of Justice is the division of government that's in charge of not only the FBI, the DEA, and the US Marshals, all of which investigate crime, but is also responsible for making sure that people's civil rights are protected. The Justice Department also oversees courts and prisons, making sure that justice — the concept of fairness and lawfulness — is safeguarded.
WORD FAMILY
Justice: Justices
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its decision was so ham-handed that the Justice Department hit Culpeper County with a lawsuit last month based on the Religious Land Use act.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s Justice Ministry later issued a statement saying Netanyahu was questioned “on suspicion of receiving benefits from business people.”
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 正义; 公正; 法律制裁; 审判员，法官
分布：正义(41%)，公正(21%)，司法(15%)，公平(12%)，法官(9%)，法律制裁(2%)
→来自just,公平的，公正的，-ice,名词后缀。
n.公正,公平;审判,司法The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已.
noun
FAIRNESS 公正
 ADVANCED uncountable
■fairness in the way people are dealt with 公正，公平；正义
• There's no justice in the world when people can be made to suffer like that. 如果人们被迫遭受这样的痛苦，那么世上就没有公平正义可言了。
• The winner has been disqualified for cheating, so justice has been done (= a fair situation has been achieved). 获胜者因舞弊而被取消了资格，正义得以伸张。
Opposite injustice
['dʒʌs.tɪs] noun
LAW 法律
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the system of laws in a country which judges and punishes people 司法制度；法律制度
• the justice system in this country consists of a series of law courts at different levels. 这个国家的司法体系由各级法庭组成。
• The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing to justice. 警方正竭尽全力将爆炸案的涉案歹徒绳之以法。
• They are victims of a miscarriage of justice (= when the law has been carried out wrongly). 他们是审判不公的受害者。
• He has been accused of obstructing the course of justice (= preventing the law being put into action). 他被控阻碍执法。
['dʒʌs.tɪs] noun
JUDGE 法官
 ADVANCED countable US
■a judge in a court of law 法官
• The President is expected to name a new Supreme Court justice within the next few days. 预计总统会在未来几天内任命一名新的最高法院法官。
• Justice Ben Overton 班‧奥佛顿法官
 ADVANCED countable UK
■used before the name of a judge in the High Court （用于英国高等法院的法官姓名前）法官
• Mr Justice Ellis 法官艾利斯先生
['dʒʌs.tɪs] noun
do justice to sb/sth (also do sb/sth justice)
■to treat someone or something in a way that is fair and shows their true qualities 公平地对待；合理地处理
• This postcard doesn't do justice to the wonderful scenery. 这张明信片没能充分展现那美丽的景色。
['dʒʌs.tɪs] noun
do justice to yourself (also do yourself justice)
■to do something as well as you can in order to show your true qualities and ability 充分发挥自己的能力
• She didn't really do justice to herself in the interview. 面试时她并未充分展示出自己的能力。
honesty, justice, integrity
这组词都有“诚实，正直”的意思，其区别是：
honesty: 普通用词，侧重为人忠厚，老实，正直，不欺骗，不说谎。
justice: 侧重办事或处事公正、公道不偏心。
integrity: 指品格纯正，有高度是非感，正直诚实，受人敬佩。
n. 司法，法律制裁；正义；法官， [法] 审判员
 - judge, right, judicature

Word: ally
Front: ally
[ˈælaɪ] (研六托雅 2408/3121 -K4)
Vocabulary: ally
(once / 95 pages)
nv
If you have an ally, you have someone who is on your side, like a more experienced teammate who is your ally in convincing the coach to give you more playing time.
Ally comes from the Latin word alligare, meaning "to bind to," like nations who are allies in wartime — they will act together, and protect one another. You can also use ally as a verb, meaning "join forces with." For example, you might ally yourself with influential people to advance your career. As a noun, pronounce ally like this: "AL-eye." As a verb, it's "uh-LIE."
WORD FAMILY
ally: Allies, alliance, allied, allies, allying, misally+/ alliance: alliances/misalliance: misalliances/misally: misalliance, misallied
USAGE EXAMPLES
The rebel groups questioned Russia’s ability to force the Syrian government and their allies to abide by the terms of the ceasefire deal.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Israel’s main ally, for allowing the United Nations to censure his government over its controversial plans to build new settlements in the occupied West Bank.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Taiwan was a Japanese colony from 1895 to the end of World War II and fought along Japan, a German ally, in the Asian theater.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 同盟国，同盟者; 助手，支持者; 协约国; 联盟
vt. &vi. （使）联盟，（使）同盟; （使）结盟，（使）联姻
时态：allied, allying, allies
分布：伙伴(40%)，同盟者(34%)，同盟国(26%)
→前缀al-同ad-. 词根lig, 绑定。
n.同盟者,同盟国,vt.使结盟;与...有关联France and England were allies in the war.法国和英国在战争中是同盟国.
【反】adversary（n 对手）
noun countable /ˈæl.aɪ/
 ADVANCED
■a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war （尤指战时的）同盟国，盟友
• North Korea is one of China's staunchest allies. 朝鲜是中国最忠实的盟友之一。
• During World War One, Turkey and Germany were allies/Turkey was an ally of Germany. 在第一次世界大战期间，土耳其和德国是盟国／土耳其是德国的盟国。
⇒ See also the Allies
 ADVANCED
■someone who helps and supports someone else 盟友；支持者
• He is generally considered to be the Prime Minister's closest political ally. 人们普遍认为他是首相最亲密的政治盟友。
verb[əˈlaɪ/
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] ally yourself to/with sb
■to join someone and support them 与（某人）结盟；与（某人）联合
• He allied himself with the left of the party. 他与该党的左翼结成联盟。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
n. 同盟国；伙伴；同盟者；助手
 - friend, partner, assistant, comrade, aid
vt. 使联盟；使联合
 - combine, associate
vi. 联合；结盟
 - band, combine, connect, league, hand in hand

Word: fiscal
Front: fiscal
[ˈfɪskl] (宝 3635/4888 -3)
Vocabulary: fiscal
(once / 377 pages)
adj
The word fiscal resembles the word financial, which makes sense because both involve money.
This word has to do with anything financial, which is another fancy word for the world of money. When you're an adult, you have fiscal responsibilities like paying rent, buying groceries, and paying taxes. If you put ten percent of your earnings in a savings account, that shows good fiscal sense. Businesses have a lot of fiscal matters to deal with, like paying salaries and trying to make a profit. If you need help with fiscal issues, consult an accountant.
WORD FAMILY
fiscal: fiscally+/fisc: fiscal, fiscs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iowa will save more than $100 million this fiscal year, Branstad insisted, even as the insurers themselves reported huge losses and demanded more cash.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The “fiscal cliff” compromise left almost no one happy.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Ground was broken in 1972, but a fiscal crisis in the city slammed the brakes on the project again.
Seattle Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: adj. （美）财政上的，会计的; 国库的
n. 财政年度，会计年度; 财政部长，（苏格兰等的）检察官，（西班牙及葡萄牙的）检察长; 印花税票
分布：财政的(63%)，国库的(37%)
→来自拉丁语fiscus, 钱篓，钱箱，国库，词源同basket, confiscate.比较budget.
财政的[fisc=pruse(钱包)]
【记】fisc国库，al－财政的
【参】confiscate（v 没收；充公）
adjective specialized
■connected with (public) money 财政的；国库的
• fiscal policy 财政政策
adj. 会计的，财政的；国库的
 - monetary, financial

Word: august
Vocabulary: august
(once / 1688 pages)
adj
August is not just the eighth month of the year; it also describes something esteemed or regal. The 200-year-old newspaper covering the royal wedding might be called an august institution.
The month August was named for Augustus Caesar who was an important and regal person. This is an easy way to remember the two meanings. Interestingly enough, linguists think that the word august did not descend from the same root as the month August. Find that hard to believe? August sources disagree. Oh, and don't forget to pronounce each word properly — the month has the accent on the first syllable, the adjective on the second.
WORD FAMILY
august: auguster, augustly
USAGE EXAMPLES
And that’s exactly how it’s being played in the august corners of the liberal media.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 31, 2016)
Yet, here is this vaunted genius opining in the august pages of the nation’s most revered newspaper.
Washington Times(Dec 27, 2016)
The Aztecs of Mexico’s central highlands revered pulque, pronounced POOL-kay, reserving it for the highest social classes and the most august occasions.
Seattle Times(Dec 06, 2016)

Word: shop
Front: shop
[ʃɒp] (中高雅 1338/648 -K4)
Back: n. 商店; 工厂; 办事处; 购物
vt. & vi. （到…）去买东西[购物]; 逛商店
vt. 购物; 买东西
时态：shopped, shopping, shops
分布：商店(58%)，购物(31%)，买东西(7%)，车间(3%)，逛商店(1%)
→来自古英语 scoppa,亭子，货摊，来自 Proto-Germanic*skup,谷仓，简易仓库，来自 skup, 弯，拱。后引申词义工厂，车间，作坊等，再后用于指商店，店铺，且成为主要词义。
n.商店,店铺;工厂,车间v.买东西The county councilor encountered the accountant at the counter of a countryside shop.县委委员在一乡村商店的柜台边碰到了会计师.
US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
PLACE TO BUY THINGS 购物场所
 ESSENTIAL (US usually store)
■a building, or a room in a building, where you can buy goods or get services 商店，店铺
• a book/clothes/record/sweet shop 书／服装／唱片／糖果店
• a barber's/betting shop 理发／投注店
• I need to go to the shops - I've got no food in the house. 我得去商店了——家里没有吃的东西了。
■UK
■the act of shopping, especially of shopping for food and other things needed in the house 购物；（尤指食品及其他日常用品的）采购
• I usually do the weekly shop on a Monday. 我通常在星期一买一周要用的东西。
be in the shops
■to be available to buy 面市，上市，可以买到
• His latest novel will be in the shops by Christmas. 他的最新小说将在圣诞节前上市。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
WORK AREA 工作区
■a place where a particular type of thing is made or repaired 工厂；修理厂
• He runs an auto-tyre repair shop. 他开了一家汽车轮胎修理厂。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
BUSINESS 商业 informal
■a business 公司；企业
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] noun countable
set up shop
■to start your own business 开创自己的企业；创业
• She set up shop back in 1965 with a very small restaurant in the Kings Road. 1965年她以国王路上一家很小的餐馆为起点开创了自己的事业。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
BUY THINGS 购物
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to buy things in shops 买，购买
• I like to shop at Harrods for clothes. 我喜欢在哈洛氏买衣服。
• If I'm just shopping for food, I tend to go to the local supermarket. 如果只是买些食品，我一般会去附近的超市。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
GIVE INFORMATION 提供资讯
transitive UK slang
■to give the police information about a criminal （向员警）告发
• His ex-wife shopped him to the police. 他的前妻向警方告发了他。
UK [ʃɒp] US [ʃɑ:p] verb (-pp-)
  Phrasal Verbs  shop around
■to compare the price and quality of the same or a similar object in different shops before you decide which one to buy 货比三家，逐店比较后选购
• When you're buying a flight, you should always shop around for the best deal. 买机票时，你得多询问几家，以便买到最便宜的票。
shop, store, department
这组词都有“商店”的意思，其区别是：
shop: 指规模较小，出售同一类商品的店铺。
store: 在美国指出售同一类商品的小型商店。在英国用复数形式表示百货商店。
department: 作商店解时，是美国英语，通常写为department store。
n. [贸易] 商店；店铺
 - store, market
vt. 购物
 - make a purchase
vi. 购物；买东西
 - make a purchase

Word: secretary
Vocabulary: secretary
(once / 68 pages)
n
If you handle the correspondence and clerical work for your boss or your company, you are a secretary. One of your duties as a secretary is to open the mail.
Today, the preferred term for the kind of secretary who works in an office is administrative assistant. The noun secretary can also refer to the person who is in charge of an administrative department in the government, like the Secretary of Defense. A secretary can also be a piece of furniture — specifically, a type of writing desk.
WORD FAMILY
secretary: secretarial, secretaries, secretaryship, undersecretary+/secretaryship: secretaryships/undersecretary: undersecretaries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Culture Secretary Karen Bradley said it was important to remember the "horrors" of the Ypres battlefields, and honour the memories of the many who died.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: particular
Front: particular
[pəˈtɪkjələ(r)] (高研四六宝 948/431 -K4)
Vocabulary: particular
(once / 31 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
As an adjective, particular describes something specific, such as when you prefer one particular type of cereal over another. The noun form means specific points or details, as in the particulars of a police investigation.
The idea of particular referring to details comes from the Latin particula, which means "particle" or "small part," and in Middle English the word meant something that referred to a single person or thing. You can note that in the phrase "in particular" which means "especially." As in, one breed of dog in particular would suit you best, with your floppy ears and friendly personality.
WORD FAMILY
particular: particularise, particularism, particularity, particularize, particularly, particulars+/particularise: particularisation, particularised, particularises, particularising/particularism: particularisms, particularistic/particularity: particularities/particularization: particularizations/particularize: particularization, particularized, particularizes, particularizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Indeed, officials say it is possible that the traffic is benign, since this particular IP address is not always connected to malicious activity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
And now that trend is amplified by other developments, including a reassessment of the whole issue brought on by the Selig vote in particular.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 特别的; 详细的; 独有的; 挑剔的
n. 特色，特点; （可分类，列举的）项目; 详细情节，细情，细目; 某一事项
分布：特定的(39%)，特别的(29%)，特殊的(22%)，细节(4%)，挑剔的(3%)，详情(2%)，专指的(1%)
→来自particle,个体，颗粒。即个别的，引申词义特别的，特殊的。
特别的;各自的(part+icuar有...的→有自己的部分→特别的)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
a.特殊的,苛求的,个别的n.详情,细节,特色The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] adjective
SPECIAL 特殊的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■special, or this and not any other 特定的，具体的
• She wanted a particular type of cactus. 她要某一品种的仙人掌。
• He wouldn't take just any book - he had to have this particular one! 他不会随便买书——他要买这本！
• "Why did you ask?" "Oh, no particular reason, just making conversation." “你为甚么问呢？”“哦，没甚么特别的原因，就是没话找话。”
in particular
 ADVANCED
■especially 特别，尤其　
• What in particular did you like about the last apartment that we saw? 我们最后看的那个公寓你特别喜欢它哪一点？
• Are you looking for anything in particular? 你在找些甚么吗？
UK [pə'tɪk.jʊ.lər] US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] adjective
NOT EASILY SATISFIED 不易满足的
[after verb]
■not easily satisfied and demanding that close attention should be given to every detail 讲究的；苛求的，挑剔的
• He's very particular about the kitchen - everything has to be perfectly clean and in its place. 他对厨房非常挑剔——每样东西都必须一尘不染，物归原位。
• She's very particular about what she eats. 她对吃的非常挑剔。
UK [pə'tɪk.jʊ.lər] US [pɚ'tɪk.jə.lɚ] noun
particulars [plural]
■details or information about a person or an event, especially when officially recorded 个人资料；具体资讯
• There's a form for you to note down all your particulars. 这里有一份表格，请在上面填写你所有的个人资料。
the particular formal
■If you are considering the particular, you are considering single examples rather than general matters or ideas 具体情况，详情，细节
• The report focuses on the particular rather than the general and so doesn't draw any overall conclusions. 这份报道着重详细情况，而非整体概貌，所以没有作出总体结论。
typical, unique, rare, common, particular, special
typical: 典型的
unique: 唯一的
rare: 罕见的，珍贵的
common: 共同的
particular: 特定的，特殊的
special: 特殊的，特别的
typical, unique, particular, unusual
typical: 典型的
unique: 独一无二的，其同类中唯一现存的
particular: 特别的 一整体或类别中单一可区分的部分或个体，侧重同类中某一个有别于其他的独特性质，或在一般情况下所有的独特性质
unusual: 不同寻常的
especial, peculiar, distinctive, unique, particular, special
especial: 特别的，含有优越或偏好的意义，多用于书面语。
peculiar: 独特的，独有的，强调某一个体或某一集团所独有的、与众不同的，常与介词about, in, to等搭配。
distinctive: 特别的，有特色的
unique: 独特的，强调独一无二的
particular: 特殊的，过于讲究的，强调同类中某一个体所具有的独特性质，常与介词about, as to, over, to搭配。
special: 特设的，专门的，着重指某事物具有自己特有的性质、性格或个性，与同类明显相异的，常与介词about, to搭配。
peculiar, especial, specific, particular, special, exceptional, extraordinary
这组词都有“特殊的，特别的”的意思，其区别是：
peculiar: 强调指与众不同或独特的意思。
especial: 和special含义很接近，较正式，但侧重有特殊的意义或重要性。
specific: 着重指某种、某类事物具有的特殊或特定的属性，也可指专门提出作特别考虑的事物。
particular: 侧重不同于普遍性的个性或特殊性。
special: 普通用词，指不同于一般、与众不同，着重事物的专门性，突出与一般不同。
exceptional: 指不同于一般，本身是特别的或异常的事物。
extraordinary: 语气比exceptional强，指极大地超过一般或正常情况。
adj. 特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的
 - extraordinary, strict, detailed, special, exclusive
n. 详细说明；个别项目
 - detailed specification, detailed description

Word: battle
Front: battle
[ˈbætl] (高研四六托 1199/1330 -K4)
Vocabulary: battle
(once / 42 pages)
nv
A battle is an open struggle, usually between two groups — like a baseball championship game or a food fight.
The word battle is often used in opposition to war, a series of battles. Perhaps you have heard someone tell you, after winning the first of many dance competitions, "You may have won the battle, but you haven’t won the war!" A battle doesn’t have to occur between two individuals or groups. You may endure an inner battle to cut down on junk food. If you skip those fries for lunch today, then you have won a small battle.
WORD FAMILY
battle: battled, battleful, battler, battles, battling+/battler: battlers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Which he is ready to do at Kapalua, despite battling a sinus infection the last 10 days.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Descendants of British soldiers who fought in the battle will be offered free tickets to the commemorations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The headline-grabbing arch conservative from Spartanburg County faced a trio of opponents in his primary battle to win a third term in the Senate.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 与…作战; 争斗
n. 战争，战役; 比赛，较量; 长期论战或长期作战; 激烈的竞争
时态：battled, battling, battles
分布：战斗(93%)，争斗(6%)，与 ... 竞争(1%)
→词源同beat, 击，打。-le, 表反复。
战斗(batt+le)[bat=beat,表示"打,击"]
n.战役,战斗;斗争v.战斗,斗争,搏斗The pattern of the battery doesn't matter to the battle against the little brittle cattle.电池的式样对与脆小牛作战无关要紧.
US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a fight between armed forces 战斗，战役，战争
• the Battle of the Somme 索姆河战役
• Her only brother was killed in battle (= while fighting). 她唯一的哥哥在战斗中牺牲了。
 IMPROVER
■an argument between two groups or against a situation that a group wants to change 争论；斗争
• The aid agency continues the battle against ignorance and superstition. 该援助机构持续对抗愚昧和迷信。
• The battle for women's rights still goes on. 争取妇女权利的斗争还在继续进行。
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
battle of wits
■when two people or two groups use their intelligence and ability to think quickly to try to defeat each other 斗智，智慧的较量
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] noun countable
do battle
■to fight or argue in a serious way 开战，交战；斗争；辩论
• No agreement was reached and both sides prepared to do battle. 双方没有达成协议，准备开战。
UK ['bæt.l] US ['bætˌ-] verb intransitive
 ADVANCED
■to fight 作战，战斗
• Twenty years ago this summer, police battled with residents in this inner city area for three days. 20年前的这个夏天，员警与该内城区的居民发生了持续三天的冲突。
• For years the two nations battled over territory. 多年来，两国一直为领土问题发生冲突。
 ADVANCED
■to try hard to achieve something in a difficult situation 斗争，奋斗
• He had to battle against prejudice to get a job. 他为求找到一份工作，不得不与偏见斗争。
• The parents battled for the right to be involved in the decision-making. 家长们为取得参与决策的权利而抗争。
• We battled with the elements to get the roof fixed. 我们顶着恶劣的天气修葺屋顶。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
n. 战役；斗争
 - war, conflict, campaign
vi. 斗争；作战
 - campaign, fight, war

Word: movement
Front: movement
[ˈmu:vmənt] (高研四六宝 707/564 -K4)
Vocabulary: movement
(once / 49 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
The noun movement means a change of position or location. If you're watching a play, you might notice that an actor's repeated movement from one side of the stage to the other shows her character's nervousness.
A campaign to create some change or achieve a goal is another kind of movement, like the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s. A major section of a musical piece is also called a movement. Each movement of a symphony can have a different tempo and feel, working to build the piece toward a dramatic finish. Beethoven's Fifth Symphony has four movements.
WORD FAMILY
movement: movements+/countermove: countermoves/ immovable: immovability, immovableness, immovables, immovably/immoveable: immoveably/movable: immovable, movability, movableness, movables, movably, unmovable/ move: countermove, movable, moveable, moved, movement, mover, moves, moving/moveable: immoveable, moveably/moved: unmoved/mover: movers/moving: movingly, nonmoving, self-moving, unmoving/unmovable: unmovably/unmoved: unmovedly/unmoving: unmovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 运动; 活动; 动作，举动; 乐章
分布：运动(79%)，动作(12%)，活动(9%)
→来自move,移动，-ment,名词后缀。引申词义乐章。
运动(move动)[-ment 1.表名词"行为或结果"2.表示具体物]
n.运动,活动;移动,迁移She is alert to every sound and movement.她对每一个声音和动作都很警觉.
noun
POSITION CHANGE 位置的改变
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a change of position 动；移动；运动
• He made a sudden movement and frightened the bird away. 他突然动了一下，鸟就受惊飞走了。
• For a long time after the accident, he had no movement in (= was unable to move) his legs. 出事以后的很长时间里，他的腿都不能动。
• Her movements were rather clumsy. 她的动作很笨拙。
sb's movements
■what someone is doing during a particular period （某人的）行动，活动
• I don't know his movements this week. 我不知道他本周的活动安排。
['mu:v.mənt] noun
GROUP OF PEOPLE 团体
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people with a particular set of aims （有特定目标的）运动
• the women's movement 妇女运动
• The suffragette movement campaigned for votes for women. 妇女参政运动旨在为妇女争取选举权利。
• [+ to infinitive] a movement to stop animals being killed for their fur 制止猎杀动物以获取皮毛的运动
['mu:v.mənt] noun
CHANGE OPINION 改变看法
countable or uncountable
■when you change an opinion or the way in which you live or work （意见、生活或工作模式的）改变
• There has been a movement (= change in the way people think and feel) towards more women going back to work while their children are still small. 现在有一种倾向，越来越多的妇女在孩子年纪尚小时就重返工作。
• Recently there has been some movement away from traditional methods of teaching. 近来教学方法出现了一些打破传统窠臼的趋势。
['mu:v.mənt] noun
PROGRESS 进展
uncountable
■when something progresses, changes or happens in a particular way or direction （按照一定方式或趋势的）发展，改变
• There has been little movement in the dollar (= It has not changed in value very much) today. 今天美元汇率变化很小。
['mu:v.mənt] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■one of the main parts of a piece of classical music that is separated from the other parts with pauses 乐章
• Beethoven's fifth symphony has four movements. 贝多芬的第五交响曲有四个乐章。
['mu:v.mənt] noun
CLOCK/WATCH 钟表
countable
■the part of a clock or watch which turns the narrow pointers that show the time （钟表的）机芯
['mu:v.mənt] noun
EXCRETE 排泄
countable polite word
■(used especially by doctors and nurses) an act of emptying the bowels （尤为医护人员用语）排泄粪便
• When did you last have a (bowel) movement? 你上次排便是甚么时候？
movement, motion, move
这组词都有“运动”的意思，其区别是：
movement: 通常抽象地指有规则的动作或定向运动，特指政治性的运动。
motion: 指不处于静止状态而在移动的过程中，强调运动本身，而不涉及其动因。
move: 着重开始的行动或变化。
n. 运动；活动；运转；乐章
 - activity, exercise, sport, campaign, running

Word: experience
Front: experience
[ɪkˈspɪəriəns] (中高研四六雅 420/430 -K5)
Vocabulary: experience
(once / 34 pages)
nv
If you experience something, you go through an unusual or exciting event. If you're experiencing the world's loopiest roller coaster, you'd better hope that the amusement park doesn't experience a power outage.
Sometimes experience means accumulated knowledge and sometimes it refers to a single spectacular event. If you have experience in cooking, you have worked in a restaurant before. Learning by experience is a method of acquiring knowledge by doing and not by reading. On the other hand, when you come back from summer camp, your mom will want to hear about your experiences. And white-water rafting is quite an unforgettable experience.
WORD FAMILY
experience: experienced, experiences, experiencing, experiential +/ experienced: inexperienced/experiencing: re-experiencing/experient: experience, inexperient/ experiential: experientially/inexperience: inexperiences/inexperient: inexperience
USAGE EXAMPLES
Los Angeles International Airport also said on its Twitter feed they were experiencing problems that were part of a nationwide Customs and Border Patrol outage.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Experienced birders often initially identify a species by its sound.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The age gap closes because we’ve been through this unique experience together.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经验，体验; 经历，阅历
vt. 亲身参与，亲身经历; 感受; 发现
时态：experienced, experiencing, experiences
分布：经验(51%)，经历(26%)，体验(20%)，感受(3%)
→来自experiment, 实验。
经验,经历(ex出+per+ience→尝试出来的东西→经验)[per=try,表示"尝试"]
n./vt.经验;经历;体验;阅历He has not much experience in programming.他没多少编程的经验.
US [-'spɪr.i-/ note_panel
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■(the process of getting) knowledge or skill from doing, seeing or feeling things 经验；经历；实践
• Do you have any experience of working with kids (= Have you ever worked with them) ? 你有照顾小孩的工作经验吗？
• The best way to learn is by experience (= by doing things). 最好的学习方式是在实践中学习。
• I know from experience that Tony never keeps his promises. 经验告诉我，汤尼从不会信守诺言。
• I don't think she has the experience for the job (= enough knowledge and skill for it). 我认为做这种工作她经验不足。
• In my experience, people generally smile back if you smile at them. 据我的经验，如果你对别人微笑，他们通常也会对你微笑的。
• The experience of pain (= what pain feels like) varies from one person to another. 对痛的感觉是因人而异的。
• There's nothing we can do about it now, we'll just have to put it down to experience (= consider it as a mistake we can learn from). 现在我们已经无计可施，只可以把它当作一次经验教训了。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■something that happens to you that affects how you feel 经历；阅历
• I had a rather unpleasant experience at the dentist's. 我有一次很不愉快的看牙医经历。
• It was interesting hearing about his experiences as a policeman. 听他讲当员警时的那些经历很有趣。
• I did meet him once and it was an experience I shall never forget. 我的确跟他见过一次面，那是我永生难忘的一段经历。
UK [ɪk'spɪə.ri.ənts] US [-'spɪr.i-/ note_panel
noun
  Common Learner Errors  experience The correct preposition to use after experience is of. Don't say 'experience in/on doing something', say experience of doing something :
✗ I have two years' experience in working in a bank. I have two years' experience of working in a bank.
UK [ɪk'spɪə.ri.ənts] US [-'spɪr.i-/ note_panel
noun
  Common Learner Errors  experience Warning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make an experience', say have an experience :
✗ I know several people who have made the same experience. I know several people who have had the same experience.
UK [ɪk'spɪə.ri.ənts] US [-'spɪr.i-/ note_panel
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■If you experience something, it happens to you, or you feel it 经历；体会到，感受到
• We experienced a lot of difficulty in selling our house. 我们卖房子几经波折。
• New companies often experience a loss in their first few years. 新公司在刚起步的几年中经常亏损。
• It was the worst pain I'd ever experienced. 那是我这辈子受过最剧烈的痛楚。
withstand, undergo, experience, encounter
withstand: 经受，忍受
undergo: 经历（考验、苦难）
experience: 亲身体验
encounter: 遭遇，遇到遭遇或碰上棘手的事
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
n. 经验；经历；体验
 - areer
vt. 经验；经历；体验
 - suffer, live, undergo

Word: friend
Front: friend
[frend] (中高 265/281 -K5)
Vocabulary: friend
(once / 16 pages)
1n 2n
A friend is your buddy, your pal, your amigo, your comrade. You know, someone you trust and like enough to hang out with on a regular basis.
The noun friend comes to us from the Old English word freond. Back then you had to be careful to not confuse freond with feond, which meant “fiend or enemy.” These days it's pretty tough to get mixed up though. Friends are the people you can count on, the ones that make you laugh and throw you birthday parties. Enemies are generally the mean ones.
WORD FAMILY
friend: friendless, friendly, friends, friendship +/friendless: friendlessly, friendlessness/friendliness: friendlinesses/ friendly: friendlier, friendlies, friendliest, friendlily, friendliness, unfriendly/ friendship: friendships/unfriendly: unfriendlier, unfriendliest, unfriendliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
When your friend says something ignorant and/or uncivilized, just say something on the spot.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Knauerhaze says the bodies of Holtrey and her friend were found Monday near the Pavilions shopping center in Newport Beach.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He also needs allies against Islamic State, but he sees treachery everywhere these days except among his new friends in Moscow.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 朋友，友人; 资助者; 助手; 近亲
v. <诗>与…为友
分布：朋友(96%)，友人(3%)，支持者(1%)
→来自pri, 爱，友爱，词源同free, Frigga. 引申词义朋友。
n.朋友For convenience of intensive study, he has an intense intention of making friend with me.为便于强化学习,他有和我交朋友的强烈意向.
noun countable
PERSON YOU LIKE 你喜爱的人
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who you know well and who you like a lot, but who is usually not a member of your family 朋友，友人
• She's my best/oldest/closest friend - we've known each other since we were five. 她是我最要好／交情最久／最亲密的朋友——我们五岁的时候就认识了。
• He's a family friend/friend of the family. 他是全家人的朋友。
• This restaurant was recommended to me by a friend of mine. 这间餐厅是我的一个朋友给我推荐的。
• We've been friends for years. 我们已是多年的朋友了。
• José and Pilar are (good) friends of ours. 何塞和皮拉尔是我们的（好）朋友。
• We're (good) friends with José and Pilar. 我们和何塞、皮拉尔是（好）朋友。
• She said that she and Peter were just (good) friends (= they were not having a sexual relationship). 她说自己和彼得只是（好）朋友而已。
• I've made a lot of friends in this job. 我从事这份工作结交了很多朋友。
• He finds it difficult to make friends. 他发现交朋友很难。
⇒ See also befriend
■someone who is not an enemy and who you can trust 自己人；盟友
• You don't have to pretend anymore - you're among friends now. 你不用再装了——现在大家都是自己人。
  Common Learner Errors  friendWarning: Choose the correct verb! To talk about starting a friendly relationship with someone, don't say 'meet/find/get friends', say make friends :
✗ If you don't speak English, it's hard to meet friends. If you don't speak English, it's hard to make friends.
[frend] noun countable
PERSON GIVING MONEY 捐资者
■someone who gives money to a theatre, other arts organization or charity in order to support it （剧院等艺术机构或慈善组织的）捐资者，赞助人
• The Friends of the Royal Academy raised £10 000 towards the cost of the exhibition. 皇家艺术学院之友为此次展览筹集了一万英镑。
[frend] noun countable
A friend in need (is a friend indeed). saying
■This means that a friend who helps you when you really need help is a true friend. 患难之交才是真朋友。
[frend] noun countable
have friends in high places
■to know important people who can help you get what you want 有身居高位的朋友
[frend] noun countable
What are friends for? (also That's what friends are for.) saying
■said to a friend who has thanked you for doing something special for them 否则要朋友干甚么？
[frend] noun countable
With friends like you , who needs enemies ? humorous saying
■said to or about someone who says he or she is your friend but who is treating you very badly 像你这样的朋友和敌人有甚么区别？
acquaintance, pal, mate, friend
这组词都有“朋友”的意思，其区别是：
acquaintance: 指彼此相识，但交往不甚密切，相互间没有深厚情感的人。
pal: 口语用词，指十分要好的朋友。
mate: 最普通用词，既可指好友、同事，又可指合伙人，还可指配偶的一方。
friend: 一般用词，指某人喜爱并乐意与之相交往的人。
n. 朋友；助手；赞助者
 - assistant, fellow, aid

Word: independent
Front: independent
[ˌɪndɪˈpendənt] (高研四六托 1265/1013 -K5)
Vocabulary: independent
(once / 82 pages)
1adjn 2adj
If your brother says you broke his guitar and you say you weren't anywhere near it, your parents may ask your sister for an independent opinion, as she has no reason to lie. An independent person is free from the control or influence of other people.
The root word, depend, originally meant "to hang down." We use the word hang in a similar way. If the decision to build a new stadium hangs on funding, the decision won't be made till the money comes in. To be independent means that you don't depend on your parents to pay your bills. Or, for a three year old, it may mean going to the bathroom "all by yourself." It's all relative.
WORD FAMILY
independent: independence, independency, independently, independents+/ depend: dependable, dependant, depended, dependent, depending, depends, interdepend/ dependable: dependability, dependableness, dependably, undependable/ dependant: dependants/ dependence: dependences/ dependency: dependencies/ dependent: dependence, dependency, dependently, dependents, independent / independence: independences/independency: independencies/interdepend: interdependent / interdependence: interdependences/interdependency: interdependencies/ interdependent: interdependence, interdependency, interdependently/undependable: undependability, undependableness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Another “cadet,” Sergey Smirnov, an independent businessman and blogger from the Ural Mountains city of Chelyabinsk, expressed even less interest in politics.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He subsequently started an independent insurance business and sells insurance today.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I think we created something new, something of a twist on horror movies on the independent scale that we haven’t seen yet.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 自主的; 不相关连的; 无党派的; 不相干的人所做的（或提供的）
n. 独立自主的人; 无党派人士
分布：独立的(90%)，自主的(6%)，无党派者(1%)，无偏见的(1%)，独立派人士(1%)，独自的(1%)
→in-,不，非，dependence,依靠。即不依靠的，独立的。
独立的(in不+dependent依靠的)[pend,pens=hang,表示"悬挂"]
a.(of)独立的,自主的The dependent dependant can't live independently.依靠别人的被赡养者不能独立生活.
adjective
NOT INFLUENCED 不受影响的
 ESSENTIAL
■not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events or things 独立的
• an independent enquiry / organization 独立调查／机构
• They all made the same comment, quite independent of each other (= without deciding together to do so). 他们都不约而同作出了相同的评论。
■describes a politician who does not agree or vote with any particular political party （从政者）无党派的
■specialized
■describes a grammatical clause which forms part of a sentence but can also form a separate sentence （分句）独立的
[ˌɪn.dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
NOT RULED 不受统治的
 ADVANCED
■An independent country is not governed or ruled by another country （国家）独立的
• Belize became fully independent from Britain in 1981. 贝里斯于1981年脱离英国完全独立。
• Tibet, once an independent country, is now part of China. 西藏曾经是一个独立国家，现在却是中国的一部分。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'pen.dənt] adjective
NOT HELPED 无帮助的
 ADVANCED
■not taking help or money from other people 自立的，独立的
• Grandma's very independent and does all her own shopping and cooking. 祖母非常独立，购物做饭全是自己做。
• I've always been financially independent. 在经济上我一直自食其力。
independent, dependent
independent: 不依靠的，独立的(of)。如：John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.
dependent: 依赖的，依靠的(on, upon)。如：Success is dependent on your hard work.
adj. 独立的；单独的；无党派的；不受约束的
 - alone, free, isolated, separate, specialty

Word: senior
Front: senior
[ˈsi:niə(r)] (高研四六雅 1090/1203 -K1)
Vocabulary: senior
(once / 154 pages)
adjn
You can use the word senior to describe anyone who's older than you are. You might say, "My brother is six years my senior," especially if you want to make him feel old.
Senior means "older," but it also means "old or aged," like your grandmother, who despite being a senior citizen, continues her skydiving hobby. A senior is also a student in the final year of either high school or college, or an authority: "She holds a senior position in the State Department." The Latin word senior means "older," and it's the basis of respectful terms in many languages, like señor in Spanish and sire in French.
WORD FAMILY
senior: seniority, seniors+/ seniority: seniorities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
An hour after the game, after the trophy ceremony, the senior was still in defensive-back mode.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In contrast, there’s something soothingly achievable about “Relax into Yoga for Seniors: A Six-Week Program for Strength, Balance, Flexibility and Pain Relief.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. （级别、地位等）较高的; 资深的; 年长的; <美>最高年级的
n. 上级; <美>毕业班学生; 较年长者; 地位较高的，资历较深的
分布：资深的(34%)，年长的(21%)，大四学生(11%)，高级的(10%)，地位较高的(9%)，上司(6%)，年长者(5%)，长辈(4%)
→sen-,年老，-or,比较级后缀，词源同 prior.即更老的，引申诸相关词义。
年长的[Sen=old,表示"老"]
年长的(sen年老)[-ior表形容词"较…的"]
a.年长的;地位较高的n.(大学)四年级学生The junior and senior of the senate all have driver's licenses.参议院的年长者和年少者都有驾驶执照.
US [-njɚ] adjective
OLDER 年长的
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■older 年长的
• Senior pupils are expected to set an example to the younger children. 高年级的学生应该给低年级的学生树立榜样。
Compare junior
 IMPROVER (UK and Australian written abbreviation Snr) (US written abbreviation Sr.)
■used after a man's name to refer to the older of two people in the same family who have the same name （置于姓名后，表示同一家人中同名的两人中的年长者）老，大
• Hello, may I speak to Ken Griffey senior, please? 喂，请问老肯‧格里菲在吗？
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] adjective
HIGH RANK 高级别
 IMPROVER
■high or higher in rank 级别高的
• senior management 高级管理部
• a senior government minister 政府高级部长
• She's senior to me, so I have to do what she tells me. 她是我的上级，所以我得听她的。
Compare junior
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
HIGH RANK 高级别
countable
■someone who is high or higher in rank 上级；上司
• It's important to impress your seniors if you want to be promoted. 如果你想得到晋升，给你的上级留下好印象很重要。
UK ['si:.ni.ər] US [-njɚ] noun
OLDER 年长的
20/30, etc. years your senior
■20/30, etc. years older than you 比…年长20／30岁等的
• She married a man twenty years her senior. 她嫁给了一个比她年长20岁的男人。
• She's my senior by three years (= She is three years older than me). 她比我大三岁。
countable US
■a student in their final year of high school or university （中学或大学的）毕业班学生
adj. 高级的；年长的；地位较高的；年资较深的，资格较老的
 - older, advanced, high
n. 上司；较年长者；毕业班学生
 - superior officer, nibs

Word: position
Front: position
[pəˈzɪʃn] (中高研四六雅 512/345 -K5)
Vocabulary: position
(once / 31 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n
A position is the point where something is located, as on a map, or the posture it's arranged in, such as an "upright position."
Position has many meanings. As a noun it can be a job or post in an organization (an "open position" is a job opening); the role assigned to the individual player of a team sport (guard, forward, and center are basketball positions); a view or perspective on a particular issue; or the place an item occupies on a list or sequence (in racing, "pole position" is first, on the inside). As a verb it can mean lay, place, pose, or set.
WORD FAMILY
position: positionable, positional, positioned, positioning, positions+/positional: positionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
When a child is raised with creationism — as MacMillan was — it’s the default position.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
We rebuke their positions on Israel, sort of.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 位置，方位; 地位，职位; 态度; 状态
vt. 安置; 把…放在适当位置; 给…定位; 驻扎军队
时态：positioned, positioning, positions
分布：位置(48%)，职位(25%)，立场(11%)，定位(9%)，状态(4%)，安置(3%)
→来自拉丁语positus,放置的，来自ponere的过去分词，词源同component,composite.引申词义位置，观点，态度等。
立场(posit+ion→放出的[立场];posit本身是一个单词,意为"认为,肯定")[pos,posit=put表示"放"]
n.位置;职位;姿势,姿态;见解,立场,形势Suppose you were exposed in the opposite position by your opponent, …假设你被对手暴露在相反的位置,....
noun
PLACE 地点
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the place where something or someone is, often in relation to other things 位置，方位，地点
• Well, I've found our position on the map if you want to see where we are. 好啦，如果你想知道我们现在所在位置的话，我已经在地图上找到了。
• You've moved the furniture around - the sofa is in a different position. 你把家俱移动过了——沙发的位置变了。
• I didn't know you played hockey - what position (= place or job in the team) do you play? 我不知道你打曲棍球——你在队上打甚么位置？
countable or uncountable
■the place where people are sent in order to carry out a course of action 阵地；（采取行动的）恰当位置
• The troops took up their battle positions at the front line. 部队进入了前线的战斗阵地。
• As soon as his officers were in position/had moved into position, the police commander walked up the path towards the house. 他的下属们一就位，警官就沿着小路向房子走去。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
SITUATION 状况
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■a situation 处境，状况
• My financial position is rather precarious at the moment. 现在我的经济状况相当不稳定。
• When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position. 你两个最好的朋友吵架时，你会陷入一种非常尴尬的境地。
be in a position to do sth
■to be able to do something, usually because you have the necessary experience, authority or money 能做…
• I'm not in a position to reveal any of the details of the project at present. 我目前不能披露这个计划的任何细节。
• I'm sure they'd like to help her out financially but they're not in a position to do so. 我肯定他们愿意在经济上资助她，但他们却心有余而力不足。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
RANK 地位
 IMPROVER countable
■a rank or level in a company, competition or society 地位；身份；等级
• Whether or not you're given a car depends on your position in the company. 你能否获得配车取决于你在公司的职位。
• UK She finished the race in third position. 她赛跑得了第三名。
 IMPROVER countable
■a job 工作；职务
• She applied for a position in the firm that I work for. 她向我工作的公司应征了一个职位。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
ARRANGEMENT OF BODY 身体姿势
 IMPROVER countable
■the way in which something is arranged 安置方式；姿势
• I go to sleep on my back but I always wake up in a different position. 我睡觉时是仰卧的，但醒来时总是另一个姿势。
• Keep the bottles in an upright position. 将这些瓶子竖着放。
• This is not a very comfortable position. 这不是一个非常舒服的姿势。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] noun
OPINION 观点
 ADVANCED countable usually singular formal
■an opinion 态度，立场
• What's the company's position on recycling? 公司对回收利用的态度如何？
• He takes the position (= believes) that individuals have a responsibility to look after themselves. 他认为个人有责任照顾好自己。
[pə'zɪʃ.ən] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something or someone in a particular place 安放，放置；使驻扎
• The army had been positioned to the north and east of the city. 军队驻扎在城市的北边和东边。
• [R] When it came to seating people for dinner, I positioned myself as far away from him as possible. 入座准备用餐时，我尽量坐在离他远的位置。
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
position, attitude, stand
这组词都有“态度、立场”的意思，其区别是：
position: 指对看法有分歧的问题所表示较冷静和节制的态度，常常是经认真考虑后决定的。
attitude: 普通用词，指对于事情的看法和采取的行动，多带不很显确或不便说明的感情色彩。
stand: 常指某人对某一问题的看法或立场，有时含个人感情色彩。

Word: weapon
Front: weapon
[ˈwepən] (研四六托雅 929/1559 -K4)
Vocabulary: weapon
(once / 102 pages)
n
A weapon is something used to hurt someone. Soldiers use weapons like guns and even sometimes use "weapons of mass destruction" — like bombs. In school, the only weapon you should use is a spitball.
A solider engaging in battle needs a weapon, as does a police officer defending herself against a violent attacker. Some weapons are specially designed for killing or injuring, such as guns and crossbows, while in other cases an ordinary object, like a stick, can be used as a weapon. The Old English root is wæpen, "instrument of fighting or defense." The spelling is tricky, and most people just have to memorize the ea in weapon.
WORD FAMILY
weapon: weaponize, weaponless, weapons+/weaponize: weaponized, weaponizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It's a bit like with nuclear weapons back in the 1950s.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Warning about the use of chemical weapons, President Obama tells Syria’s Assad regime that there is a “red line” that must not be crossed.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The proliferation of weapons of war on the streets of American cities should be addressed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 武器，兵器
vi. 武装，提供武器
分布：武器(95%)，兵器(5%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*waepan-,武器，可能来自weip的鼻音形式，弯，转，挥舞，词源同vibrate,wipe。引申词义挥舞武器，刀剑等，最后用做武器。
n.武器,兵器The reaper leaped over a heap of cheap weapons.收割者跃过一堆廉价的武器.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■any object used in fighting or war, such as a gun, bomb, sword, etc 武器，兵器；凶器
• a lethal weapon 致命武器
• chemical/nuclear/biological weapons 化学／核／生化武器
• The youths were dragged from their car and searched for weapons. 那些年轻人被从车里拖出来搜身，看是否携有武器。
n. 武器， [军] 兵器
 - arm, armament

Word: institution
Front: institution
[ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 987/880 -K4)
Vocabulary: institution
(once / 102 pages)
1n 2n
Universities, banks, and hospitals are all institutions. Until you arrived at the bank, you'd forgotten that financial institutions were closed for the holiday. Thank goodness for the ATM!
The noun institution also refers to a long held custom or practice in society. Even if your parents divorced when you were young, you might strongly believe in the institution of marriage. Or you might believe that once you enter the institution of marriage, your next stop will probably be a mental institution. Institution can also describe the act of putting something in place. The institution of new traffic rules — green means stop and red means go — caused a bit of confusion.
WORD FAMILY
institution: institutional, institutionalise, institutionalize, institutions+/ institute: instituted, institutes, instituting, institution / institutional: institutionally, noninstitutional/institutionalise: institutionalised/institutionalised: noninstitutionalised/ institutionalize: institutionalized, institutionalizes, institutionalizing/institutionalized: noninstitutionalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
And reach for each other they did, in their favorite places, their havens, their cherished institutions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brazil's prison system is precariously overcrowded and conditions in many institutions are horrific.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
In an interview, Ms. Schlenzka said that it was time for more women to lead arts institutions, generally.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （大学、银行等规模大的）机构; 惯例，制度，规定，建立; 社会事业机构; <口>名人，名物
分布：机构(64%)，制度(32%)，制定(3%)，名流(1%)
→来自institute,建立，建立的组织机构。
制度;惯例(设立出的制度)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.公共机构;协会;学校;研究所;制度;惯例The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
US [-'tu:-] noun
ORGANIZATION 机构
 IMPROVER countable
■a large and important organization, such as a university or bank （大学、银行等）机构，团体
• a medical/educational/financial institution 医疗／教育／金融机构
• Oxford and Cambridge universities are internationally respected institutions. 牛津和剑桥是国际上备受尊崇的大学。
UK [ˌɪnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [-'tu:-] noun
PLACE 地方
countable mainly disapproving
■a place or building where people are sent to be cared for, especially a hospital or prison 社会收容机构（尤指医院或监狱）
UK [ˌɪnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [-'tu:-] noun
CUSTOM 习俗
countable
■a custom or tradition that has existed for a long time and is accepted as an important part of a particular society 制度；习俗
• the venerable institution of marriage 神圣的婚姻制度
• figurative Mrs Daly is an institution - she's been with the company 40 years and knows absolutely everyone. 戴利夫人是老资历了——她在公司工作了40年，绝对了解每个人。
UK [ˌɪnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [-'tu:-] noun
START 开始
uncountable
■when a law, system, etc. begins or is introduced 开创；制定；设立
• The institution of a Freedom of Information Act has had a significant effect. 《资讯自由法》的制定产生了深远的影响。
universal, fundamental, institution
universal: 大众的
fundamental: 基础的，根本的
institution: 制度上的
n. [管理] 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构；习俗
 - system, convention

Word: size
Front: size
[saɪz] (中高雅 752/697 -K4)
Back: n. 大小，尺寸; 规模; 胶料，浆糊; 巨大，大量
vt. 按大小排列; 改变…的大小; 上胶料，上浆; 上涂料
adj. 一定尺寸的
时态：sized, sizing, sizes
分布：大小(62%)，尺寸(24%)，规模(8%)，尺码(3%)，浆料(2%)，胶料(1%)
→来自古法语 sise, 缩写自 assise, 评估， 开会， 估计， 来自拉丁语 assidere, 坐下， 词源同 assize,sit,session.原指确定征税规模或数量，后词义通用化为大小，尺寸等。
n.大小,尺寸,规模;尺码The administrator diminished the feminine miniature to minimal size.管理员将女性缩样缩减到最小尺寸.
noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■how large or small something or someone is 尺寸；大小；规模
• We are concerned about the size of our debt. 我们为自己的钜额债务感到忧心。
• Some kinds of trees grow to a huge size. 有些树长得很高大。
• What is the size of that window? 那扇窗户尺寸有多大?
• The field was about ten acres in size. 这块地的面积约有十英亩。
• He had a lump on his head the size of (= the same size as) an egg. 他头上肿了一个鸡蛋大小的包。
• The baby is a good size (= quite large). 这婴儿长得可真大。
• I was amazed at the size of their garden (= It was very big). 他们花园的占地之大令我吃惊。
[saɪz] noun
MEASURE 度量
 IMPROVER countable
■one of the standard measures according to which goods are made or sold 尺码，号
• a size 14 dress 14号的裙子
• Do these shoes come (= Are they made) in children's sizes? 这些鞋有儿童尺码的吗?
• What size are you?/What is your size?/What size do you take ? 你穿几号的?
• Would you like to try the coat (on) for size (= see how well it fits you) , sir? 您想试试这件外套大小合适吗，先生?
• We'll need to get the carpet cut to size (= cut so that it fits). 我们需要把那块地毯裁剪得大小正合适。
[saɪz] noun
GLUE 胶水
uncountable specialized
■a substance like glue which gives stiffness and a hard shiny surface to cloth, paper, etc. （使衣服、纸张等坚挺的）浆料，胶料
[saɪz] noun
that's about the size of it informal
■used to show your agreement with someone who has said something correct 正是；就是那么一回事
• "So you mean you won't come to the party with me?" "Yes, that's about the size of it." “那么你的意思是你不和我一起参加派对了?”“对，就是这样。”
[saɪz] verb transitive
■to cover or treat cloth, paper, etc. with size 给（衣服、纸张等）上浆，给…涂胶
[saɪz] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] size sth/sb up
■to examine something or someone carefully and decide what you think about them 打量；估计；判断
• We must size up the situation before we decide what to do. 决定做甚么之前，我们必须认真分析判断形势。
• The two cats walked in circles around each other, sizing each other up. 两只猫围着彼此转圈，并且互相打量着。
n. 大小；尺寸
 - measurement, magnitude, dimension

Word: bomb
Front: bomb
[bɒm] (高研四六 1992/2266 -K4)
Back: n. 炸弹; 彻底的失败; [橄榄球] 长传; 高压贮罐
vt. 轰炸，投弹于
vi. 投弹; [俚语] 惨败; [俚语] 涂鸦
时态：bombed, bombing, bombs
分布：炸弹(85%)，轰炸(9%)，投弹(3%)，失败(2%)，投弹于(1%)
→拟声词，模仿炸弹爆炸的声音。
n.炸弹v.投弹于,轰炸With my own ears I clearly heard the heart beat of the nuclear bomb.我亲耳清楚地听到原子弹的心脏的跳动.
US [bɑ:m] noun
WEAPON 武器
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a weapon that explodes and is used to kill or hurt people or to damage buildings 炸弹；爆炸装置
• A 100-pound bomb exploded/went off today, injuring three people. 今天一枚100磅的炸弹爆炸了，导致三人受伤。
• The terrorists had planted a bomb near the police station. 恐怖分子在警察局附近设置了一枚炸弹。
• During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. 二战期间，英国在德累斯顿城投下了大量炸弹。
the bomb
■one or more atom bombs 原子弹
• The US was the first country to have the bomb. 美国是第一个拥有原子弹的国家。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
FAILURE 失败
only singular US informal
■something which has failed 失败的东西
• The play was a real bomb. 这部戏彻底演砸了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
MONEY 钱
a bomb UK informal
■a lot of money 大笔钱
• That coat must have cost a bomb. 那件外套一定花了很多钱。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go (like/down) a bomb UK informal
■to be very successful or popular 大获成功；极受欢迎
• The party's really going a bomb, isn't it? 派对真的很成功，对吧?
• Your fruit punch went down a bomb. 你的水果潘趣酒真好喝。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] noun
go like a bomb
■to move very quickly 疾行；飞速行驶
• His new car goes like a bomb. 他的新汽车跑起来飞快。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
USE WEAPON 使用武器
 IMPROVER transitive
■to drop bombs on something 轰炸，投弹于
• Planes bombed the city every night. 飞机每晚都轰炸该市。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to destroy something by exploding a bomb inside it 炸毁
• This pub was bombed a few years ago. 这家酒吧几年前被炸毁了。
• The building was completely bombed out (= completely destroyed by a bomb). 这座大楼被彻底炸毁了。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
GO FAST 疾行
intransitive + adverb or preposition informal
■to travel very fast in a vehicle 疾行；飞驰
• He was bombing along on his motorbike. 他正骑着摩托车飞驰。
UK [bɒm] US [bɑ:m] verb
FAIL 失败
intransitive US informal
■to fail 失败
• Her last book really bombed. 她最近这本书一败涂地。
vi. 轰炸，投弹；失败
 - founder, fail in
n. [军] 炸弹
 - crump

Word: privacy
Front: privacy
[ˈprɪvəsi] (研六雅 3060/5243 -2)
Vocabulary: privacy
(once / 295 pages)
n
When you're away from the prying eyes of others, you have privacy — you're alone, secluded, and not in the public eye.
Sometimes you just don't want to be bothered by anyone, so you seek a place where you can be alone with your thoughts, free from distractions or intrusions. When that's the case, you are seeking privacy: private space and time away from others. Privacy has always been an issue for celebrities, who are followed around by photographers. If you value your privacy, don't run for office: politicians give up their privacy when they run for election.
WORD FAMILY
privacy: privacies+/ private: privacy, privately, privateness, privates, privatise, privatize, semiprivate/privatise: privatisation/ privatization: privatizations/ privatize: privatization, privatized, privatizes, privatizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But the Nettuno picture fell foul of the social media giant’s privacy policies, the Daily Telegraph reported.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But privacy and athletes’ rights advocates worry the technology will outpace the adoption of legal limits and standards.
New York Times(Sep 09, 2016)
Back: n. 隐私，秘密; 隐居; 私事; 不受公众干扰的状态
分布：隐私(87%)，私生活(6%)，秘密(5%)，隐居(2%)
→来自private,私人的，私密的，-acy,名词后缀。引申词义隐私，私密。
隐私(priv+acy)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
n.(不受干扰的)独处,自由,隐私;私生活The striver contrives to derive that privacy can't be deprived.奋斗者想方设法推导得出隐私(权)不可剥夺.
US ['praɪ.və-] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED
■someone's right to keep their personal matters and relationships secret 隐私权
• The new law is designed to protect people's privacy. 新法律旨在保护人们的隐私权。
 ADVANCED
■the state of being alone 独处
• I hate sharing a bedroom - I never get any privacy. 我不喜欢和别人共用一间卧室——因为根本没有隐私权。
n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处
 - secret, confidence, mystery

Word: green
Vocabulary: green
(once / 65 pages)
1adjnv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5n
Green is a color on the spectrum between blue and yellow, or made by mixing those colors. You might love the brilliant color of the green grass in the spring time.
Green is a color you tend to see everywhere in nature, especially in the summer. Grass, trees, and plants are varying shades of green, and so is the lettuce that's used to make "a green salad." Green also means "unripe" as in a tomato, or "inexperienced," as in someone who's new at a job. In the 16th century, Shakespeare coined the phrase "the green-ey'd monster," and since then green has symbolized jealousy or envy.
WORD FAMILY
green: greened, greener, greenery, greenest, greening, greenish, greenly, greenness, greens+/greenery: greeneries/greening: greenings/greenish: greenisher, greenishly, greenishness/greenness: greennesses/greens: greenses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Q. Why are there brown needles as well as green ones on the average evergreen?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
That means, in effect, that “the cost of being green is zero,” said Bill Brown, the chief executive of Net Power.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Leader Tim Farron is secure in his job, following a year in which Labour, the Conservatives and the Greens all held leadership elections.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)

Word: recession
Front: recession
[rɪˈseʃn] (研六托雅宝 3576/2273 -4)
Vocabulary: recession
(once / 486 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Jobs being cut? Houses not selling? Everyone talking about the poor sales of everything from cars to bouquets of flowers? That's a recession, a time of economic decline.
Recession comes from the Latin word recessus, meaning "a going back, retreat." Think of all the things that get made and sold in a country. When fewer people buy things, orders for them slow down. The sales "go back" to a lower amount. This is an economic recession. This noun can also describe other kinds of "going back," like the recession of floodwaters that enable people to begin cleaning up their homes that had been filled with water.
WORD FAMILY
recession: recessional, recessions+/ cede: ceded, cedes, ceding, cession, recede / cession: cessions/ recede: receded, recedes, receding, recession /recessional: recessionals
USAGE EXAMPLES
Still, the years after the Great Recession dug a deep hole for the companies to clear.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Great Recession hurt school funding, according to the lawsuit.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Since the Great Recession, the growth in the U.S.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 经济衰退，不景气; 后退，撤退; 凹处; 退场
分布：后退(100%)
→来自 recess,后退，-ion,名词后缀。引申词义经济衰退。
撤退;交还(recess+ion→走回去→撤退)[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a period when the economy of a country is not successful and conditions for business are bad （经济）衰退期
• The country is sliding into the depths of (a) recession. 这个国家一步步滑入经济衰退的谷底。
n. 衰退；不景气；后退；凹处
 - depression, downturn, decline, cavity

Word: access
Front: access
[ˈækses] (高研四六托雅宝 1113/999 -K3)
Vocabulary: access
(once / 150 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
Most libraries provide computers you can use to access the Internet. If chemicals are being stolen from a lab, you might ask who has access to the lab. Access is approaching or making use of something, or the ability to do so
Sometimes the word is applied to a person. If you work in the same room as your boss, you might have easy access to her. A really good boss will work hard to make herself accessible to her employees. Access is from Middle English, from Middle French acces "arrival," from Latin accessus "an approach," from accedere "to approach."
WORD FAMILY
access: accessed, accesses, accessible, accessing, de-access+/ accessibility: accessibilities/ accessible: accessibility, accessibly, inaccessible, unaccessible/inaccessibility: inaccessibilities/ inaccessible: inaccessibility, inaccessibly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Speeches normally dominate the first week of the Legislature - but not this year due to security reasons involving the Dakota Access pipeline protests.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 入口，出口; 接近，进入; 增长; 爆发
vt. 接近，进入; 使用，接近，获取
时态：accessed, accessing, accesses
分布：进入(75%)，入口(12%)，通道(10%)，使用之权(3%)
→accede的过去分词形式。-ss, 过去分词格。
接近;入口[ced,ceed,cess=go,表示"行走,前进"]
n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口vi.存取The accessory successor never made concessions to difficulties, so he succeeded in accessing successive successes.附属继承人从未向困难妥协,因此在走向连续的成功之路上
【记】ac朝向，cess走，来到－通路；
【参】have access to（接近，到达）；procession（n 行列，队伍）
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the method or possibility of getting near to a place or person, or the right to use or look at something 通道；使用途径；（接近某地或某人的）机会（或方法）；（使用某物的）权利
• The only access to the village is by boat. 到那个村子去的唯一方法是乘船。
• The main access to (= entrance to) the building is at the side. 大楼的主入口在侧面。
• The tax inspector had/gained complete access to the company files. 税务稽查员拥有／获得了查看公司所有档的权利。
• The system has been designed to give the user quick and easy access to the required information. 系统旨在方便使用者快速地获取所需资讯。
• The children's father was refused access to them at any time (= refused official permission to see them). 孩子的父亲任何时候都无权探视他们。
['æk.ses] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to open a computer file (= a collection of information stored on a computer) in order to look at or change information in it 读取（电脑资讯）
vt. 使用； [计] 存取；接近
 - make use of, fashion, employ, border, exercise
n. 进入；使用权； [电] 通路
 - opening, admittance

Word: rose
Front: rose
[rəʊz] (中高研四六 23633/2179 -1)
Back: n. 玫瑰; 粉红色; 蔷薇（花）; 粉红色的葡萄酒
adj. 玫瑰花的; 玫瑰色的; 粉红色的; 带有玫瑰香味的
vt. 使成玫瑰色，使（面颊）发红; 使有玫瑰香味
v. 起义（ rise的过去式）; 升起; （数量）增加; 休会
分布：玫瑰(48%)，玫瑰色的(20%)，蔷薇(18%)，玫瑰的(10%)，动词rise的过去式.(4%)
→来自拉丁语 rosa,玫瑰花，来自希腊语 rhodon,玫瑰花，来自古波斯语*wrda,花，来自 wrdos, 蔷薇植物。
n.玫瑰,蔷薇A storm of applause rose from the audience.观众暴雨般地鼓掌.
US [roʊz] verb past simple of
■ rise
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
PLANT 植物
 IMPROVER
■a garden plant with thorns on its stems and pleasant-smelling flowers, or a flower from this plant 玫瑰；蔷薇
• a rose bush 蔷薇丛
• She sent him a bunch of red roses. 她送了他一束红玫瑰。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
FOR A WATER CONTAINER 盛水壶的
■a circular object with small holes in it which is put on the end of a watering can (= a container used for pouring water on plants) （洒水壶上的）莲蓬式喷嘴
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
coming up roses
■If something is coming up roses, it is happening successfully. 进展顺利；蓬勃发展
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
not all roses (also not a bed of roses)
■If a situation is not all roses, there are unpleasant things to deal with as well as the pleasant ones 不尽如人意；并非尽善尽美
• Being in a relationship is not all roses, you know. 你知道，谈恋爱可并非总是柔情蜜意，也有不如意的事。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] noun countable
put the roses (back) into sb's cheeks informal
■If something puts the roses back into your cheeks, it makes you look healthy, especially after an illness （尤指在病后）使（某人）的脸色恢复红润
• A brisk walk will put the roses back into your cheeks. 快步行走会使你容光焕发。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] adjective noun uncountable
■(having) a pink colour 粉红色（的）；玫瑰色（的）
• The houses were painted various shades of rose. 房屋被粉刷成了色泽深浅不同的粉红色。
UK [rəʊz] US [roʊz] adjective noun uncountable
look at/ see sth through rose - coloured / tinted glasses (UK also look at/see sth through rose-coloured/tinted spectacles)
■to see only the pleasant things about a situation and not notice the things that are unpleasant 只看到事物好的方面；过于乐观地看待问题
• She's always looked at life through rose-tinted glasses. 她总是只看到生活顺心如意的一面。
n. [园艺] 玫瑰，蔷薇；玫瑰红
 - rugosa
v. 上升（rise的过去式）；增加；起立
 - advanced, improved

Word: deep
Front: deep
[di:p] (中高 975/1024 -K4)
Vocabulary: deep
(once / 19 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjn 3adj 4adj 5adj
How deep a body of water is can be measured from the surface of water to the bottom. You should always be sure you know how deep a swimming pool is before demonstrating your backward somersault dive.
Water can be deep or shallow, and exactly how deep it is can be measured. You can also describe a space not made of water as deep — like when you discover a little house made of candy deep, or far, in the woods. Things can even be figuratively deep when they are extreme, like "deep thoughts" or a "deep recession." The Old English word deop means "deep," but it also means, "awful, mysterious, and solemn."
WORD FAMILY
deep: deepen, deepest, deeply, deepness, deeps, depth +/deepen: deepened, deepening, deepens/deepening: deepenings/deeply: deeper/ depth: depths
USAGE EXAMPLES
He completed just 6 of 11 passes for 21 yards and missed a wide-open Amari Cooper on a deep pass in the second quarter.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Buyers of a four-bedroom family home in London need deep pockets - but perhaps not as cavernous as a year ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Severe weather was expected to bring a variety of threats to parts of the Deep South through the night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 深的; 深远的，深奥; 重大的，深刻的; 强烈的，痛切的，深厚的
n. 深处，深渊
adv. 深深地，深入地
级别：deeper, deepest
分布：深的(36%)，深处(31%)，深深地(16%)，深刻的(11%)，深切的(3%)，深奥的(3%)
→来自dheub, 深的，空的，词源同dive, dip.
a.深的,深长的;深奥的;强烈的ad.深入的,迟After a deep sleep, the weeping sweeper keeps on peeping the sheep on the steep.酣睡之后,哭泣的清扫者继续窥视峭壁上的羊.
adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■going or being a long way down from the top or surface, or being of a particular distance from the top to the bottom 深的（地），向下延伸的（地）；有…深的
• a deep well/mine 深井／矿
• a deep river/sea 很深的河／海
• a deep cut 很深的伤口
• The hole is so deep you can't see the bottom. 那个洞深不见底。
• The water's not deep here - look, I can touch the bottom. 这里的水不深——看，我可以碰到底部。
• Drill 20 holes, each 5 cm deep. 钻20个孔，每个孔5厘米深。
• The water's only ankle/knee/waist- deep, so we'll be able to get across the river easily. 水深只到足踝／膝盖／腰部，所以我们能轻松地过河。
• He thrust his hands deep in(to) his pockets. 他把手深深地插进口袋里。
• The submarine sailed deep under the ice cap. 潜艇在冰盖下很深的地方航行。
• Take a few deep breaths (= breaths that fill the lungs with air) and calm down. 做几次深呼吸，平静下来。
[di:p] adjective adverb
deep pockets
■If an organization or person has deep pockets, they have a lot of money （组织或人）财力雄厚
• Anyone who tries to help that company will need deep pockets - it is nearly bankrupt. 除非有财力雄厚的人相助，否则无法帮助这家将近倒闭的公司。
[di:p] adjective
STRONGLY FELT 感受强烈
 ADVANCED
■very strongly felt or experienced and usually lasting a long time 深切的，感受强烈的
• Their son has been a deep disappointment to them. 他们对儿子一直很失望。
• We're in deep trouble. 我们陷入了大麻烦。
• She fell into a lovely deep sleep. 她走进甜美的梦乡。
[di:p] adjective
LOW 低的
 ADVANCED
■(of a sound) low （声线）低沉的
• a wonderfully deep voice 美妙低沉的声线
[di:p] adjective
COMPLICATED 复杂的
 ADVANCED
■showing or needing serious thought; not easy to understand 深奥的，深刻的；难懂的
• His films are generally a bit deep for me. 他的电影我一般都看不太懂。
[di:p] adjective
FRONT TO BACK 从前到后
■If something is deep, it has a large distance between its edges, especially between its front and back edges 深的；厚的
• Is the alcove deep enough for bookshelves? 不知这个壁凹够不够深，能不能放得下书架？
• The wardrobe is 2 m high, 1 m wide and 60 cm deep. 衣柜2米高，1米宽，60厘米深。
• By midnight, there were customers standing six deep (= in six rows) at the bar. 到午夜时分，酒吧的里里外外已经站了六排的顾客。
deep in/inside/within sth
■near the middle of something, and a long distance from its edges 在…的中心附近；在…的深处
• Little Red Riding Hood's grandmother lived in a house deep in the forest. 小红帽的外婆住在森林深处的一座房子里。
[di:p] adjective
DARK 暗的
■(of a colour) strong and dark （颜色）深的
• The sky was deep blue. 天空湛蓝的。
[di:p] adjective
be in deep water (also get into deep water)
■to be in or get into serious trouble 陷入困境，惹上大麻烦
• The government is in deep water over its plans for tax increases. 政府因其加税计划而遇上大麻烦。
[di:p] adjective
deep in thought
■thinking very hard 深思，沉思
• She sat, not listening, but deep in thought. 她坐在那里，并没有听，而是在沉思。
[di:p] adjective
go off the deep end informal
■to get very angry about something or lose control of yourself 大怒，火冒三丈
[di:p] adjective
jump in at the deep end (also throw sb in at the deep end)
■If you jump or are thrown in at the deep end, you start doing something new and difficult without help or preparation. 独自应付难题；陷入未曾料到的艰难处境
[di:p] adjective
run/go deep
■If a feeling or problem runs deep, it is strong or serious and has existed for a long time 有很深的根源
• The anger runs deep on both sides. 双方积怨很深。
[di:p] noun
the deep literary
■the sea or the ocean 海，海洋
profound, deep
这组词都有“深的”的意思，其区别是：
profound: 语气较强，较为庄重，多指抽象的事物，多用于比喻。
deep: 普通用词，指由上到下，或由表及里的深度，可指具体或抽象事物。
deeply, deep
deeply: 抽象的深,深深地 deeply moved,
deep: 具体的深, dig deep
n. 深处；深渊
 - depths, gulf
adj. [地质] 深的；低沉的；深奥的
 - abstract, recondite
adv. 深入地；深深地；迟
 - late, home

Word: choice
Front: choice
[tʃɔɪs] (中高研四六托雅宝 630/725 -K4)
Vocabulary: choice
(once / 92 pages)
1n 2adj
When you come to a fork in the road, you have to make a choice. If you can't decide, maybe you should flip a coin.
If you have to choose between two schools, the one you end up going to is your choice. If there's only one option, we say we "have no choice," while "the choice is yours" means it's up to you. Choice can also be an adjective for something of high quality, something worth choosing. The choice apples had all been picked by the time you arrived, so you had to settle for the bruised ones.
WORD FAMILY
choice: choicely, choiceness, choicer, choices, choicest, pro-choice
USAGE EXAMPLES
The strike started December 28 after Pacific Choice Seafood in Humboldt County, California, offered to pay $2.75 a pound for the tasty crustacean.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We think this expanded choice, which the president-elect is proposing, should be part of that solution,” Mr. Caldwell said recently on CNN.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Arguably more important than the legislative agenda for gun rights groups is Mr. Trump’s choice to fill the U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 选择; 选择权; 精选品; 入选者
adj. 上等的，精选的
分布：选择(92%)，抉择(4%)，挑选(2%)，精选的(1%)，上等的(1%)
→词源同choose.
n.选择(机会),抉择,选择项;入选者a.精选的I didn't regret the choice I had made.我做了这个选择并不后悔.
noun
ACT 行为
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an act or the possibility of choosing 选择，挑选；抉择
• If the product doesn't work, you are given the choice of a refund or a replacement. 如果产品不能使用，可选择退款或换货。
• It's a difficult choice to make. 这很难抉择。
• It's your choice/The choice is yours (= only you can decide). 这由你决定。
• It was a choice between pain now or pain later, so I chose pain later. 这是在现在痛苦还是以后痛苦之间作出选择，所以我选择以后痛苦。
• Now you know all the facts, you can make an informed choice. 既然你已经了解了实际情况，你可以作出相应的选择了。
• I'd prefer not to work but I do n't have much choice (= this is not possible). 我倒是想不去工作了，可是我没有选择余地。
• He had no choice but to accept (= He had to accept). 他别无选择只能接受。
• Is she single by choice? 独身是她自己的选择吗？
• Champagne is their drink of choice (= the one they most often drink). 香槟是他们的首选饮料。
[tʃɔɪs] noun
VARIETY 不同种类
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the range of different things from which you can choose 可供选择的东西；选择范围
• There wasn't much choice on the menu. 菜单上供选择的菜式不多。
• The evening menu offers a wide choice of dishes. 晚餐菜单上可供选择的菜式很多。
• The dress is available in a choice of colours. 这裙子有好几种颜色可供挑选。
[tʃɔɪs] noun
PERSON/THING 人／物
 IMPROVER countable
■a person or thing that has been chosen or that can be chosen 入选者；被选中的东西；选项
• Harvard was not his first choice. 哈佛并不是他的首选。
• He wouldn't be my choice as a friend. 我不会选他作朋友。
• This type of nursery care may well be the best choice for your child. 这种托儿所对于你的孩子来说也许是最佳的选择。
[tʃɔɪs] noun
  Common Learner Errors  choice or choose? Warning: do not confuse the noun choice with the verb choose :
✗ There are a wide range of dishes to choice from. There are a wide range of dishes to choose from.
[tʃɔɪs] adjective
■of high quality 精选的；优质的；上等的
• I had the the most expensive dish on the menu - a choice fillet of fish. 我点了菜单上最贵的菜——精选鱼柳。
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 选择；选择权；精选品
 - chose, selection, option, election, pick
adj. 精选的；仔细推敲的
 - picked, select, chosen

Word: invest
Front: invest
[ɪnˈvest] (研四六雅 2001/2329 -K3)
Vocabulary: invest
(once / 63 pages)
1v 2v
When you invest, you put time or money into something, hoping that there will be returns greater than what was originally put in.
You commonly hear talk of investing money, but you can invest time in a project as well. You can invest your hopes or emotions in a person. The money, time, or hope is called the investment. Invest can also mean to endow with a power or quality. Laws invest police officers with abilities that regular citizens do not have. Invest originally meant to clothe. In fact, there is a room in some churches still called a vestry where priests get into their garb.
WORD FAMILY
invest: disinvest, invested, investing, investiture, investment, investor, invests+/disinvest: disinvestment/ investiture: investitures/ investment: investments/ investor: investors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wrap fragile ornaments in leftover tissue paper or newspaper, or invest in storage containers like archival ornament boxes from the Container Store.
New York Times(Dec 23, 2016)
U.S. companies are preparing to invest again after years on the sidelines, and rising interest rates are unlikely to impede them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He might want to invest in a cap.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 投资; 花费
vt. 授予，使就职; 给…穿衣，装饰; 使充满; 覆盖
时态：invested, investing, invests
分布：投资(91%)，投入(9%)
→in-,进入，使，-vest,衣服，词源同wear,vest.来自衣服的象征意义，特别是来自1610年大英帝国东印度公司，即使钱换一种形式，给钱改头换面，让投入的钱产生利润，通过购买股份的方式参与东印度公司的投资。
投资(in进+vest→把衣服中的钱放进事业中→投资)[uest=clothes,表示"衣服"]
vt.投资,投入(精力,时间等)Frankly speaking, I don't think it any good to invest in real estate.坦白地说,我不觉得投资房地产有什么好处.
verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put money, effort, time etc. into something to make a profit or get an advantage 投（资），投入
• The institute will invest 5 million in the project. 该机构将在这个专案上投资500万。
• He's not certain whether to invest in the property market. 他拿不定主意该不该投资房地产市场。
• You have all invested significant amounts of time and energy in making this project the success that it is. 你们都为这个专案的成功投入了大量的时间和精力。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest in sth
■to buy something because you think it will be useful, even if you think it is expensive 购买
• We've decided it's time to invest in a new computer. 我们觉得该买新电脑了。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest sb with sth formal
■to give authority or power to someone 授（权）给（某人）
• Our government has invested the minister for trade with all the necessary powers to resolve the dispute. 我国政府已授予贸易部长一切必要的权力来解决此次争端。
[ɪn'vest] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  invest sb/sth with sth literary
■to make someone or something seem to have a particular characteristic 赋予…以…，使…似乎具有（某种特征）
• In his poems everyday reality is invested with a sense of wonder and delight. 在他的诗歌里，现实生活被赋予了一种奇妙和快乐的感觉。
vt. 投资；覆盖；耗费；授予；包围
 - fund, award, give, house, sheet
vi. 投资，入股；花钱买
 - invent money in, plow into

Word: department
Front: department
[dɪˈpɑ:tmənt] (高研四六雅 1198/447 -K5)
Vocabulary: department
(once / 69 pages)
n
A department is one section or part of a larger group, like a company or a school. The philosophy department of a university is just one of many, including English, math, and sociology.
Your local hospital has an emergency department, as well as surgical and mental health departments, or units. A company might have finance departments and hiring departments, and a town government has public works and fire departments. A "department store" is likewise split into sections. In each case, the departments specialize in one certain aspect of the organization. You can also say, "Making cookies is my department," if you're the person in your family who's the baking expert.
WORD FAMILY
department: departmental, departments+/departmental: departmentally, interdepartmental, intradepartmental
USAGE EXAMPLES
Federal officials warned the state’s education department in a June letter that they plan to monitor more closely which states comply with the new guidelines.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Its decision was so ham-handed that the Justice Department hit Culpeper County with a lawsuit last month based on the Religious Land Use act.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Donelan said her department was not involved in the ejection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 部门，部; 系，学部; 知识范围; 车间
分布：部门(67%)，系(17%)，科(7%)，处(6%)，局(2%)，知识范围(1%)
→来自depart, 分开，离开。引申词义分开，部门。
部门;(大学)系(de下面+part+ment→下面的部分→部门;系)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.部,局,处,科,部门;系,学部Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
US [-'pɑ:rt-] (written abbreviation dept)
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■a part of an organization such as a school, business or government which deals with a particular area of study or work （组织或机构中的）部，系，处，科，室
• the geography department/the department of geography 地理系
• The accounts department is/are having a Christmas party this week. 本周财政部将举办圣诞晚会。
• the Department of Health and Social Security 健康与社会保障部
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t.mənt] US [-'pɑ:rt-] (written abbreviation dept)
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
be sb's department informal
■to be a particular person's area of responsibility 属于（某人的）职责范围内的事，是（某人的）份内之事
• Wasn't buying the tickets your department, Kev? 基夫，你不是负责买票吗？
UK [dɪ'pɑ:t.mənt] US [-'pɑ:rt-] (written abbreviation dept)
noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
in the brain/looks department humorous
■in intelligence or beauty 在智力／相貌方面
• He's a bit lacking in the brain department. 他的脑筋转得有点慢。
shop, store, department
这组词都有“商店”的意思，其区别是：
shop: 指规模较小，出售同一类商品的店铺。
store: 在美国指出售同一类商品的小型商店。在英国用复数形式表示百货商店。
department: 作商店解时，是美国英语，通常写为department store。
n. 部； [管理] 部门；系；科；局
 - ministry, division, bureau, sector

Word: kind
Front: kind
[kaɪnd] (中高 250/337 -K2)
Vocabulary: kind
(once / 14 pages)
1adj 2n
A helpful and considerate nature can be described as kind. It is kind of someone to volunteer to rake their elderly neighbor's leaves in the fall. As a noun, kind refers to the variety or specific type of something.
The adjective kind also describes showing sympathy or giving comfort. If someone's feelings are hurt, a kind word can go a long way to making that person feel better. When kind means "type," you might talk about a kind of cake — chocolate or vanilla — or a kind of person who likes to live alone. If you are kind of interested in something, you are only partially interested in it.
WORD FAMILY
kind: kinder, kindest, kindly, kindness, kinds, unkind+/kindliness: kindlinesses/kindly: kindlier, kindliest, kindlily, kindliness/ kindness: kindnesses/unkind: unkinder, unkindest, unkindly, unkindness/unkindly: unkindlily/unkindness: unkindnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was more a story of resilience, of surviving a nightmarish third quarter and finding some kind of resolve in the closing minutes.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to understand what is collected and be transparent. We need some kind of oversight in place before the line gets pushed too far.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
To read Trump’s win as some kind of sweeping victory for conservatism would be absurd.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 〈古〉方式，方法; 本质，天性; 同类; 某类
adj. 仁慈的，体贴的; 友善的，好心的; 温和; 宽宏大量的
级别：kinder, kindest
分布：善良的(33%)，种类(27%)，仁慈的(16%)，亲切的(11%)，本质(8%)，宽容的(5%)
→词源同kin,亲属，亲戚。即同民族的，同种族的，引申词义同类的，相似的，以及友好的，亲切的。
a.仁慈的,友好的,亲切的,和蔼的n.种类She has a kind heart.她有一颗善良的心.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■generous, helpful and thinking about other people's feelings 宽容的；有益的；体贴的
• She's a very kind and thoughtful person. 她是个非常宽容体贴的人。
• It's really kind of you to help us. 承蒙惠助，不胜感激。
• Please be kind to your sister! 请对你的妹妹好些！
• formal Would you be kind enough to/ so kind as to close the door? (= please would you do this) 请关门好吗？
■not causing harm or damage 温和的；无害的
• kind to the environment 对环境无害
• This soap is kinder to the skin. 这种肥皂对皮肤的损害较小。
[kaɪnd] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a group with similar characteristics, or a particular type 种类
• Today's vehicles use two kinds of fuel - petrol and diesel. 当今的交通工具使用两种燃料——汽油和柴油。
• What kind of (a) job are you looking for? 你在找甚么种类的工作？
• I just don't have that kind of money (= I haven't got so much money). 我确实没有那么多钱。
• The cupboard contained all kinds of strange things. 橱柜里有各种各样稀奇古怪的东西。
• Her travel company was the first of its kind (= of others that are similar). 她的旅行社是同类中的首家。
[kaɪnd] noun countable
in kind
■(of payment) given in the form of goods or services and not money 以实物支付，以货代款；以服务偿付
• She wouldn't take any money but said I could pay her in kind by lending her the car. 她不肯收钱，但说我可以把汽车借给她作为报酬。
formal
■If you do something in kind, you do the same thing to someone that they have just done to you. 以同样方法（或手段）
[kaɪnd] noun countable
kind of informal
■used when you are trying to explain or describe something, but you cannot be exact （用于表示不确定）有点儿，有几分，可以这样说
• It was kind of strange to see him again. 再见到他，感觉有点怪怪的。
⇒ See also kinda
[kaɪnd] noun countable
of a kind
■used to describe something that exists but is not very good 名不符实的；所谓的
• The school had a swimming pool of a kind, but it was too small for most classes to use. 学校有一个所谓的泳池，但对大多数班级来说都太小了，不够用。
[kaɪnd] noun countable
of the kind
■like or similar to what has been said （与说过的话）类似的
• "You said I was fat." "I didn't say anything of the kind!" “你说我胖。”“我没说过那种话！”
[kaɪnd] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  kind or kinds? Remember: use the plural form, kinds , after plural words like 'all', 'these', and 'many'. Don't say 'all/these/many kind of sth', say all/these/many kinds of sth :
✗ I like listening to all kind of music. I like listening to all kinds of music.
friendly, cordial, kind
这组词都有“友好的，亲切的”的意思，其区别是：
friendly: 指举止像朋友一样，往往怀着满腔热情，乐意助人。
cordial: 较正式用词，指亲切热诚，情意真挚。
kind: 指考虑周到，体谅他人，乐于助人。
category, sort, species, classification, class, type, variety, kind
这组词都有“种，类，类型”的意思，其区别是：
category: 书面用词，特指有确切定义的群体。
sort: 普通用词，文体较kind随便，指对人或对事物进行的大概分类，有时含贬义。
species: 书面用词，单复数同形。指生物分类上的种。
classification: 指根据已经确定的类型对某一实物作鉴别和归类。
class: 正式用词，指门类、种类或优劣等级；用于指动植物的分类时，表示“纲”。
type: 指客观界限比较清楚，有相同本质特点的同类事物，或指大致相似的同类事物。
variety: 强调有各自的特点，形式不同，品质不同的种类。
kind: 指性质相同，而且特征很相似，足以归为一类的人或东西。
n. 种类；性质
 - category, variety, property, nature, manner, sort
adj. 和蔼的；宽容的；令人感激的
 - nice, benign, tolerant

Word: partly
Front: partly
[ˈpɑ:tli] (高研四六 2824/1638 -K3)
Back: adv. 在一定程度上; 部分地; 不完全地; 半
分布：部分地(44%)，在一定程度上(31%)，不完全地(25%)
ad.部分地,不完全地,在一定程度上Apart from that apartment, the departed department leader was partly partial to this one.除了那套公寓外,已故系领导还有点偏爱这一套.
US ['pɑ:rt-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■to some extent, but not completely 某种程度上
• His attractiveness is partly due to his self-confidence. 他的魅力部分源于他的自信。
• The house is partly owned by her father. 她父亲拥有这幢房子的部分产权。
adv. 部分地；在一定程度上
 - half

Word: learn
Front: learn
[lɜ:n] (中高雅 304/520 -K5)
Vocabulary: learn
(once / 22 pages)
v
To learn is to gain new knowledge or skills through study, practice or experience. You probably learn something every day.
Whether you want to dance, understand chemistry, or know the alphabet backwards, you will have to learn. One of the most common ways to learn is through teachers and tutors, but people learn a lot from books, hobbies, jobs, and their families. Books and other reading material are a huge source of learning. Someone sent to prison learns they have to pay for their crime, but they might learn many things because they have plenty of time to read.
WORD FAMILY
learn: learned, learner, learning, learns, learnt, relearn, unlearn+/ learned: learneder, learnedest, learnedly, learnedness/learner: learners/ learning: learnings/relearn: relearned, relearning, relearns/unlearn: unlearned, unlearning, unlearns, unlearnt/unlearned: unlearnedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
And maybe there’s a lesson to be learned here: to move outside myself, to move beyond nausea; to focus on the other, not on self.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Parsing the specifics is part of Cousins’s job, how he learns from mistakes and moves on.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 学习，学会; 习得; 得知; 记住
vt. 记住; 学习; 得知; 认识到
vi. 学习; 获知
时态：learned, learning, learns
分布：学习(63%)，学会(32%)，得知(5%)
→来自leis,小径，垄沟，词源同lore,last.原指跟随别人的道路，引申词义学习。
v.学习,学,学会;(of,about)听到,获悉I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱.
US [lɝ:n] (learned or UK ALSO learnt, learned or UK ALSO learnt)
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get knowledge or skill in a new subject or activity 学，学习
• They learn Russian at school. 他们在学校学俄语。
• "Can you drive?" "I'm learning." “你会开车吗？”“我正在学。”
• I've learned a lot about computers since I started work here. 自从到这里工作后我学到了不少电脑知识。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm learning to play the piano. 我正在学弹钢琴。
• [+ question word + to infinitive] First you'll learn (how) to use this machine. 首先你要学习（怎样）使用这台机器。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to make yourself remember a piece of writing by reading it or repeating it many times 记住，记
• I don't know how actors manage to learn all those lines. 我不知道演员是怎样记住那么多台词的。
• We were told to learn Portia's speech by heart (= be able to say it from memory) for homework. 我们得到告知功课是要熟练背诵鲍西娅的演说。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to start to understand that you must change the way you behave 开始醒悟，开始明白
• She'll have to learn that she can't have everything she wants. 她必须明白她不可能想要甚么就有甚么。
• She soon learnt not to contradict him. 她很快就明白了不能和他作对。
• He's not afraid to learn from his mistakes. 他勇于从错误中汲取教训。
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to be told facts or information that you did not know 听说，获悉，被告知
• We were all shocked to learn of his death. 听到他的死讯我们都很震惊。
• [+ (that)] I later learnt (that) the message had never arrived. 我后来听说从来就没有收到过那个消息。
• I only learnt about the accident later. 那宗事故我只是后来才听说的。
UK [lɜ:n] US [lɝ:n] (learned or UK ALSO learnt, learned or UK ALSO learnt)
verb
learn your lesson ADVANCED
■to suffer a bad experience and know not to do it again 接受教训，吸取教训
• I got horribly drunk once at college and that was enough - I learnt my lesson. 我上大学时有一次喝酒醉得很厉害，那一次就够了——以后我就接受教训了。
UK [lɜ:n] US [lɝ:n] (learned or UK ALSO learnt, learned or UK ALSO learnt)
verb
learn to live with sth
■to accept a new but unpleasant situation that you cannot change 学会接受，学会与…共处
• It's hard not having him around but I've learned to live with it. 他不在身边我很难过，但我已经学会了接受这个现实。
UK [lɜ:n] US [lɝ:n] (learned or UK ALSO learnt, learned or UK ALSO learnt)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  learn or teach? Warning: choose the right word! To talk about giving someone knowledge or instructing or training someone, don't say 'learn', say teach :
✗ Parents must learn their children the difference between right and wrong. Parents must teach their children the difference between right and wrong.
learn, study
learn: 学习,侧重学习的结果,
study: 学习,侧重学习的过程,研究 study the problem
understand, recognize, perceive, learn, comprehension
understand: 理解
recognize: 认出，认得
perceive: 察觉，理解
learn: 学会
comprehension: 理解
understand, learn, comprehend, know
这组词都有“懂，知道，明了”的意思，其区别是：
understand: 指对事物已有彻底的认识，不仅知其性质、含义和细节，而且了解其内外的关系。
learn: 通常指通过他人而获得消息或情况，侧重从不知到知的变化过程。
comprehend: 侧重熟悉了解的过程。
know: 普通用词，多指通过学习、经验或他人传播而得到知识，含直接知道的意味。
vt. 学习；得知；认识到
 - to study, linken
vi. 学习；获悉
 - to study

Word: modern
Front: modern
[ˈmɒdn] (中高雅 1046/762 -K4)
Vocabulary: modern
(once / 64 pages)
1adjn 2n
Modern means contemporary or in the now. A beehive hairdo is not so modern, though depending on the wearer, it could still be hip.
When talking about time, modern is used to mean what's happening right now. Texting your friends rather than calling them is modern. A modern building is more likely to be made out of glass and steel than bricks. In art, however, modern has a more specific meaning, as it defines a style of art produced from the 1860s to the 1970s and includes everyone from Monet to Miro. To be correct, use contemporary to mean art that is being created now.
WORD FAMILY
modern: modernise, modernism, modernity, modernize, modernly, modernness, moderns, nonmodern, postmodern+/modernisation: modernisations/modernise: modernisation, modernised, modernises, modernising/modernised: unmodernised/ modernism: modernisms, modernist, modernistic/modernist: modernists/modernistic: modernistically/ modernity: modernities/modernization: modernizations/ modernize: modernization, modernized, modernizes, modernizing/modernized: unmodernized/postmodern: postmodernism/postmodernism: postmodernist
USAGE EXAMPLES
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Ramaz School holds games in a modern, brightly lit gym that is a far cry from the Lions’ Den.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 现代的; 近代的; 新式的; 当代风格的
n. 现代人，现代主义者; 时髦人士; [印]现代字体，指印刷中所用的一种字体
分布：现代的(65%)，现代人(20%)，时髦的(11%)，时尚人士(4%)
→来自mode,模式，方式，尺度，-ern,形容词后缀。引申词义现存的，最新的模式，现代的。
a.现代的,近代的,新式的He made a name for himself as one of the moderns.他给自已树立了现代派画家的声誉.
US ['mɑ:.dɚn] adjective
MOST RECENT 最近的
 ESSENTIAL
■designed and made using the most recent ideas and methods 现代的；新式的
• modern technology/architecture/medicine/art 现代科技／建筑／医学／艺术
• We're in the very modern-looking building opposite the station. 我们在车站对面那座非常现代化的大楼里。
• approving My grandpa's attitudes are very modern, considering his age. 考虑到我祖父的年龄的话，他的看法相当前卫。
UK ['mɒd.ən] US ['mɑ:.dɚn] adjective
PRESENT 现在的
■of the present or recent times, especially the period of history since the Middle Ages (= since1500 AD) 现代的；近代的
• What do you think is the role of religion in the modern world ? 你如何看待宗教在现代社会的角色？
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
adj. 现代的，近代的；时髦的
 - recent, fashionable, in, tony
n. 现代人；有思想的人
 - Homo sapiens sapiens

Word: draw
Front: draw
[drɔ:] (中高托 592/429 -K5)
Vocabulary: draw
(once / 23 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5n 6n
At the cartooning contest, you could draw out your pen and draw a narwhal, and the competition could still end in a draw. The meanings of draw include "to pull gently" and "to sketch" and "an even score".
The original meaning of draw comes from the Old English dragan, "drag." This meaning is still common today, like when you draw the curtains shut or when a horse draws a carriage through Central Park. The most common way to use the verb draw is to mean "produce an image using lines," which came from the idea of drawing a pen or pencil across paper. Occasionally, draw gets confused with drawer, a noun meaning "a compartment that slides out."
WORD FAMILY
draw: drawed, drawee, drawer, drawing, draws, drew, overdraw+/drawee: drawees/ drawer: drawers/drawers: underdrawers/ drawing: drawings/overdraw: overdrawing, overdrawn, overdraws, overdrew
USAGE EXAMPLES
To begin, Ms. Bower draws preliminary designs in a sketchbook with a pencil.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Only two main draw matches were completed on the rain-interrupted first day.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In his view, they do not prove anything new and are too thin to draw larger conclusions.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 绘画; 拖，拉; 招致; 吸引
vt. 画; 拉; 吸引
vi. 移动; 拔出剑; 皱缩; 汲取
n. 平局; 抽奖
时态：drew, drawn, drawing, draws
分布：画(39%)，平局(15%)，拉(15%)，抽签(12%)，绘制(11%)，拖(5%)，提取(2%)，接近(1%)
→来自dhragh, 拉，吸出，词源同drag. 引申义画画，描绘。
v.拉;画;汲取;引出;(to)挨近n.平局;拖曳The drawer put the strawberries and raw paws into a drawer in the saw-mill.绘图者把草莓和生熊掌放进锯板厂的抽屉里.
US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
PICTURE 图
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make a picture of something or someone with a pencil or pen 画，绘画
• Jonathan can draw brilliantly. 乔纳森的画画得相当棒。
• The children drew pictures of their families. 孩子们画了自己的家人。
• Draw a line at the bottom of the page. 在本页的底部画一条线 。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
ATTRACT 吸引
 IMPROVER transitive
■to attract attention or interest 吸引，引起（兴趣、注意）
• He's an excellent speaker who always draws a crowd. 他很擅长演讲，总能吸引大批的听众。
• Does he wear those ridiculous clothes to draw attention ? 他穿那些滑稽的衣服就是想吸引人们的注意吗？
• Could I draw your attention to item number three on the agenda? 我可以请你看一看议程的第三项内容吗？
draw your eye(s)
■to attract your attention 吸引注意力
• Her eyes were immediately drawn to the tall blond man standing at the bar. 她的注意力立即被酒吧里站着的一位高个头金发男子吸引住了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
MAKE 作
 ADVANCED transitive formal
■to make or show a comparison between things 作（比较），进行（对比）
• You can't really draw a comparison between the two cases - they're entirely different. 你不能拿这两个案子相比较——因为它们完全不同。
• It's sometimes very difficult to draw a clear distinction between the meanings of different words. 有时很难明确区分不同单词的含义。
draw a conclusion
 ADVANCED
■to consider the facts of a situation and make a decision about what is true, correct, likely to happen, etc. 得出结论，推论
• I'd seen them together so often I drew the logical conclusion that they were husband and wife. 我常看见他们在一起，所以认为他们是夫妻。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
MOVE 移动
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to move in a particular direction, especially in a vehicle （尤指乘车辆）移动，行进
• The train slowly drew into the station/drew in. 火车慢慢开进车站。
• As we drew alongside (= reached) the black car, I suddenly recognized my ex-boyfriend at the wheel. 当我们来到那辆黑色汽车跟前的时候，我突然发现开车的是我以前的男朋友。
• Montgomery drew level with Greene in the 100 metres final, but never passed him. 在100米决赛中蒙哥马利和格林并驾齐驱，但却一直未能超过他。
draw near/close, etc.
■to become nearer in space or time 靠近，接近
• As Christmas draws nearer, the shops start to get unbearably crowded. 随着圣诞节的临近，商店开始变得拥挤不堪。
• As she drew closer I realized that I knew her. 等她走近一些后我才发现我认识她。
draw to a close/an end
■to gradually finish 即将结束，即将完成
• As the evening drew to a close, people started reaching for their coats. 晚会即将结束的时候人们开始去拿自己的外套。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
CAUSE 引起
transitive
■If something draws a reaction, people react in the stated way 引起，激起（反应）
• Her speech last night in the Senate drew an angry response. 昨晚她在参议院的讲话引起了人们的愤怒。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
PULL 拉
transitive + adverb or preposition
■to pull or direct something in a particular direction 拉，拽，牵引
• She drew her coat tightly around her shoulders. 她拉紧外衣的肩膀处。
• The crowd watched as the referee drew the player aside/to one side / UK also on one side and spoke to him. 人们看到裁判把那名运动员带到一边和他说了些甚么。
draw the curtains
■to pull curtains so that they are either together or apart 拉窗帘
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
CHOOSE 选择
intransitive or transitive
■to choose a number, card, etc. from several numbers, cards, etc. without first seeing it, in a competition or a game 抽（签、牌），抽取
• I was dealt two aces and I drew a third. 发牌时我得到两张 A 牌，后来我又抽到了一张。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
TAKE OUT 拿出
transitive
■to take something out of a container or your pocket, especially a weapon 拿出，拔出，抽出（尤指武器）
• Suddenly he drew a gun/knife and held it to my throat. 突然他拿出一把枪／刀抵住我的喉咙。
transitive
■to cause a substance, especially blood, to come out of a body 使（尤指血液）流出，使渗出
• He bit me so hard that it drew blood. 他把我咬得都出血了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
USE 使用
transitive
■to get a feeling, idea, etc. from something or someone 获得，得到
• She drew comfort from the fact that he died peacefully. 他去世时很安详，为此她感到欣慰。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
INTO LUNGS 进入肺部
intransitive or transitive
■to take air or smoke into your lungs 吸入（空气或烟雾）；吸气
• She drew a deep breath and plunged into the water. 她深吸一口气，然后猛地跳入水中。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
EQUAL 相同
intransitive
■to finish a game with the same number of points as the other person or team （游戏）以平局告终；战平
• Coventry drew 1-1 with Manchester United in the semi-finals. 考文垂队在准决赛中以一比一与曼联队战平。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
MONEY 钱
[T + prep]
■to get money from a bank, account, etc. so that you can use it 取（款），取（钱），支取
• Alison drew some money out of her account to pay for our trip. 爱丽森从她的帐户中取了些钱给我们作旅费。
transitive
■to receive money regularly, especially as an employee or from the government （尤指从雇主或政府那里）定期领取（一定数额的钱）
• He's been drawing a pension for ten years. 他领取养老金已经十年了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
draw a blank informal
■to fail to get an answer or a result 未能答覆；毫无结果
• He asked me for my phone number and I drew a blank - I just couldn't remember it. 他向我要电话号码可我却没给他——我把号码给忘了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
draw a veil over sth UK
■If you draw a veil over a particular subject, you do not speak about it because it is unpleasant and you do not want to think about it 不提及，避讳（某个话题）
• Yes, well I think we'll just draw a veil over what went on last night. 是啊，我想昨晚发生的事情我们就不要提了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
draw breath UK
■to pause for a moment to allow your breathing to become calmer and easier 歇口气，缓口气
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
draw the line
■to never do something because you think it is wrong 绝不去做
• I swear quite a lot but even I draw the line at saying certain words. 我经常说脏话，但即使如此有些话我绝不会说。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  draw back
■to move away from someone or something, usually because you are surprised or frightened （通常指因惊异或恐惧而）退后，退缩
• She leaned forward to stroke the dog but quickly drew back when she saw its teeth. 她俯身去摸那条狗，但看到它的牙齿后马上退了回来。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  draw in UK
■If days, evenings or nights draw in, it becomes darker earlier because autumn or winter is coming. （天黑得）渐早；（白昼）渐短
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  draw sb into sth
■to make someone become involved in a difficult or unpleasant situation 把（某人）卷入，使（某人）参与
• They tried to draw me into their argument but I refused. 他们试图让我参加他们的争论，但我拒绝了。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draw sth off
■to remove a small amount of liquid from a larger amount, especially by allowing it to flow through a pipe （尤指透过管道）抽出，放出，排出
• She drew off a little of her home-made wine just to taste. 她取出一点儿自家酿的酒尝了尝。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  draw on sth
■to use information or your knowledge of something to help you do something 利用，依赖（资讯或知识）
• His novels draw heavily on his childhood. 他的小说大多取材于自己的童年经历。
• She had a wealth of experience to draw on. 她有丰富的经验可资借鉴。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draw sth out
■to cause something to last longer than is usual or necessary （时间上）延长，拉长，拖延
• The director drew the meeting out for another hour. 主管把会议又延长了一个小时。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draw sb out
■to help someone to express their thoughts and feelings more easily by making them feel less nervous 引导（某人）说出，使（某人）畅所欲言
■1. Like all good interviewers he manages to draw people out of themselves. draw 1 像所有优秀的采访者一样，他能设法引导人们说出自己的想法。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] draw sth up
PREPARE
 ADVANCED
■to prepare something, usually something official, in writing 起草，草拟
• I've drawn up a list of candidates that I'd like to interview. 我草拟了一个想要采访的候选人名单。
MOVE
■to move a chair near to someone or something 把（椅子）挪到跟前
• Draw up a chair and I'll tell you all about it. 拿张椅子过来，我把一切都告诉你。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] verb (drew, drawn)
  Phrasal Verbs  draw yourself up
■to make yourself look bigger by standing straight with your shoulders back, usually to try to seem more important 挺直腰杆，挺胸抬头（通常为使自己显得更重要）
• Like a lot of short men, he tends to draw himself up to his full height in public. 像许多矮个子男人一样，他在公共场合常常是腰杆挺得笔直。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] noun
ATTRACTION 吸引力
countable usually singular
■someone or something that a lot of people are interested in 有吸引力的人（或事物）
• We need someone at the event who'll be a big draw and attract the paying public. 我们需要一个深受大家喜欢的人到场，以吸引人们花钱买票。
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] noun
EQUAL SCORE 同分
countable
■a situation in which each team in a game has equal points and neither side wins 平局
UK [drɔ:] US [drɑ:] noun
CHOOSE 选择
countable UK (US also drawing)
■a competition that is decided by choosing a particular ticket or number 抽签；抽奖；抽彩票
draw, jerk, tow, pull, drag, haul, tug
这组词都有“拖、拉”的意思，其区别是：
draw: 指将人或物朝出力者的方向拖，不涉及力的大小，含平稳意味，常作借喻用。
jerk: 指快而突然地拉。
tow: 特指用绳子或链条等拖或拉本身无动力或无法使用自身动力的东西。
pull: 最普通用词，包含本组其它各词的一些意思，可指朝各个方向拉，侧重一时或突然拉动的动作。
drag: 指沿斜坡而上或水平方向缓慢地拖或拉十分沉重的人或物。作借喻时可指把人硬拉扯过来。
haul: 指用力拖或拉，不涉及方向，多作航海用词。
tug: 多指一阵阵地用力拖或拉，但不一定使被拉的人或物移动。
vt. 画；拉；吸引
 - picture, absorb, pull, attract, engage
vi. 拉；拖
 - pull
n. 平局；抽签
 - lot, tie

Word: shareholder
Front: shareholder
[ˈʃeəhəʊldə(r)] (4635/2276 -3)
Vocabulary: shareholder
(once / 600 pages)
n
A shareholder is someone who holds stock in a company. Shareholders partially own a company and can make more money when it does well.
When you share, you're using or enjoying something with others. Similarly, shareholders own shares — also known as stocks — in a company, so the shareholders all own a little piece of the company. Therefore, shareholders want the company to succeed, so their shares will be worth more money. If one shareholder owns more than 50% of the shares, that person can control the company. Otherwise, the shareholders will have to work together to make decisions.
WORD FAMILY
shareholder: shareholders
USAGE EXAMPLES
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say Jansen spent the funds on personal expenses without disclosing transactions to shareholders.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
She supports eliminating “say on pay” rules that allow shareholders to vote on executive compensation, and eliminating shareholder advisory groups.
New York Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 股东; 股票持有者
分布：股东(100%)
US ['ʃerˌhoʊl.dɚ] (mainly US stockholder)
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided 股票持有人，股东
• Shareholders will be voting on the proposed merger of the companies next week. 股东们下星期将投票表决拟议中的公司合并问题。
n. [金融] 股东；股票持有人
 - stockholder, holder of stock

Word: strategy
Front: strategy
[ˈstrætədʒi] (研四六托雅 844/1127 -K4)
Vocabulary: strategy
(once / 166 pages)
n
In the game of capture-the-flag, running toward your flag screaming is not a good strategy. A strategy is any plan you make to achieve a goal.
The word strategy was developed to describe plans people made for war, and strategies often rely on certain chief assets––the British strategy for world domination relied on its naval superiority, our strategy for this game relies on the other team's poor level of fitness. After they're exhausted, we go for the goal.
WORD FAMILY
strategy: strategic, strategical, strategies, strategist +/ strategic: strategically/ strategist: strategists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Lengthy delays prompted Lucas to abandon that bid in June and change strategy.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Avoiding computers may indeed be a relatively reliable, if productivity-limiting, strategy for guarding sensitive material.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 策略，战略; 战略学
分布：策略(59%)，战略(41%)
→来自希腊语 strategia,军事指挥部，来自 strategos,将军，指挥官，来自 stratos,军队，部队，来 自 ster,展开，词源同 stratum,strew.-eg,做，引导，词源同 agent,pedagogy,-y,行为，学说。 后词义通用化为战略，策略。
n.战略,策略;对策,政策The illustration illuminates the demonstrating Democrat's penetrating strategy.图解阐明了正在示威的民主党党员的渗透策略.
US ['stræ-] noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations 战略；策略；计谋；行动计划；策划，部署
• The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday. 总统昨天召开紧急会议，和国防指挥官商讨军事战略。
• Their marketing strategy for the product involves obtaining as much free publicity as possible. 他们对这产品采取的市场策略包括尽可能去争取免费的宣传机会。
• [+ to infinitive] We're working on new strategies to improve our share of the market. 我们正在制订新策略来增加我们的市场占有率。
tactic(s), strategy
这两个名词均有“策略，战术”之意。
tactic(s): 在军事上指在战场或军事行动中如何用兵的具体战术，多暗示指挥员在场具体指挥；也指为完成某计划而采取的策略或手段。
strategy: 指全局性的前线战略部署，也可指为达到某种目的而采取的策略。
n. [军] 战略，策略
 - device, tactic

Word: race
Front: race
[reɪs] (中高研四六托 716/1107 -K5)
Vocabulary: race
(once / 34 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Race means to speed or move quickly. A race is a contest to see who is moving the quickest. Race can also mean genetic grouping––if you are reading this, chances are you're a member of the "human race."
After watching an exciting horse race, your heart may be racing, meaning your pulse is moving fast. You may find yourself racing through your day if you have too much to do, or you might race a friend home from school to see which is fastest, walking or taking the bus. On a form that asks you your race, you will often be prompted with racial categories, such as Caucasian, African-American, or Native American.
WORD FAMILY
race: raced, racer, races, racial, racing, racism, racy+/interracial: interracially/racer: racers/ racial: biracial, interracial, multiracial, nonracial, racialism, racially/racialism: racialist/racialist: racialists/racing: racings/ racism: racist / racist: nonracist, racists/racy: racier, raciest, racily, raciness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Barkley shook six defenders to race 79 yards for a touchdown.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At last, it seems, the race to turn CO2 into profit is really on.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
PG: "Yesterday, no. Why today are we in the title race?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 赛跑; 人种; 竞争; 民族
v. 参加比赛; 快速移动; 空转
时态：raced, racing, races
分布：赛跑(39%)，种族(23%)，竞赛(23%)，竞争(10%)，人种(4%)，血统(1%)
→1.来自古英语 raes,跑动，跳，来自 Proto-Germanic*res,置换自 ers,移动，运动，词源同 errand.引申词义比赛，竞赛。 2.人种，种族，来自中古法语 razza,种族，世系，家族，可能来自拉丁语 radix,根，词源同 root,radish.
n.赛跑;人种,种族;属,种v.赛跑Lay a layer of clay on the displayed layout before the relay race.接力赛之前在展示的陈设上铺一层黏土.
noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a competition in which all the competitors try to be the fastest and to finish first 赛跑，速度竞赛
• Do you know who won/lost the race? 你知道比赛谁赢／输了吗？
• Let's have a swimming race. 让我们比一比看谁游得快。
• They're taking part in a race to the top of Ben Nevis. 他们将参加攀登本尼维斯山的比赛。
 ADVANCED countable
■an attempt to be the first to do or to get something 竞争；争夺；抢先
• Kieran and Andrew are in a race for promotion. 基兰和安德鲁为得到升职的机会而展开竞争。
• [+ to infinitive] Three newspapers are involved in a race to publish the story. 三家报纸都争相发表这篇报道。
• Another candidate has now entered the presidential race (= attempted to be elected as president). 另一个候选人现在也加入了竞选总统的行列。
• Finishing this project by December is going to be a race against time/the clock (= an attempt to finish fast within a time limit). 要在12月之前完成这个工程，那就要分秒必争。
races [plural]
■a series of horse races in a particular place on one day 赛马会
• He often has a day at the races. 他经常抽出一天时间去看赛马会。
[reɪs] noun
PEOPLE 一群人
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a group, especially of people, with particular similar physical characteristics, who are considered as belonging to the same type, or the fact of belonging to such a group （尤指）人种，种族
• People of many different races were living side by side. 许多不同种族的人生活在一起。
• Discrimination on grounds of race will not be tolerated. 不能容忍种族歧视。
• An increasing number of people in the country are of mixed race (= with parents of different races). 这个国家人口中混血儿的人数越来越多。
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who share the same language, history, characteristics, etc 民族
• The British are an island race. 英国人是个岛国民族。
[reɪs] noun
play the race card UK disapproving
■to try to win an election by saying unfair things about people from another race 打种族牌（指在竞选中力求获胜而发表带有种族偏见的言论） US disapproving
■to mention someone's race in order to influence the way people think about them 打种族牌（指故意提及某人的种族以影响人们对其的看法）
[reɪs] verb
COMPETITION 比赛
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) compete in a race （使）参加比赛；与…比赛
• He has been racing for over ten years. 他已经有10年多的赛龄了。
• I used to race (against) him when we were boys. 小的时候，我就经常和他赛跑。
• He's racing three of his dogs on Saturday. 星期六他将让他的3只狗参加赛狗。
[reɪs] verb
HURRY 赶紧
intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to move or go fast （使）快速移动（或行进；（使）疾走（或疾驰；（使）快速奔跑
• He raced down the street. 他在街上飞奔。
• The ambulance raced (= quickly took) the injured to a nearby hospital. 救护车把伤者迅速送到附近的一间医院。
• The summer seems to have raced by (= passed very quickly). 夏天好像转眼就过去了。
• He raced the car engine (= made it work faster than it needed to) as he sat impatiently at the traffic lights. 等候红绿灯时，他不耐烦地坐在车里，让汽车引擎疯狂地空转。
[reɪs] verb
sb's heart/mind/pulse races
■If your heart/mind/pulse races it works extremely fast because of excitement, drugs, illness, etc （某人）的心脏狂跳不已／脑筋急速转动／脉搏狂跳
• She was hot and sweaty and had a racing heart. 她热得汗流浃背，心怦怦狂跳。
• A glimpse of his bare torso set my pulse racing. 我瞥了一眼他赤裸的躯干，顿时感到血脉贲张。
trot, jog, run, race
这组词都有“跑”的意思，其区别是：
trot: 强调小跑时上下弹跳的动作，是介于跑与走之间轻快的快速运动。
jog: 指从容不迫地慢跑。
run: 最普通用词，指由于各种原因而急速奔跑。
race: 多用于赛跑，指以最快速度奔跑。
race, people, nation
这组词都有“民族，种族”的意思，其区别是：
race: 专指有共同祖先和相同肤色、面部特征等遗传特征以及共同风俗等的人群。
people: 侧重指由有共同文化、社会基础而所形成的人民整体。
nation: 特指居住于同一区域，有共同历史、语言、文化及心理素质等的人类群体。
n. 属，种； [人类] 种族，人种；家庭，门弟
 - family, house, genus

Word: ahead
Front: ahead
[əˈhed] (高 1025/1504 -K4)
Vocabulary: ahead
(once / 81 pages)
advadj
When you're ahead, you're further along or further forward. If you're ahead of all the other runners in a race, you're winning.
The team at the very front of a three-legged race is ahead, and the path that stretches in front of you as you walk through the woods is ahead of you. As well as signifying being physically first or in front, ahead can be used to talk about time: "She had her whole life ahead of her." The word was first used by sailors, to mean "in a forward direction."
WORD FAMILY
ahead
USAGE EXAMPLES
A fully nude man is in line ahead of us for coat check.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Red Raiders flummoxed the Cyclones on their home floor, a rare sight at Hilton Coliseum, and jumped ahead by as many as 14.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am pretty giddy,” said Mr. Cole as he looked ahead.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在（某人或某事物的）前面; 向前; 预先; 在将来，为未来
分布：向前(28%)，预先(20%)，提前(20%)，领先(20%)，在前(12%)
在前地(a+head头)[a-①加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"②加在单词前,表示"在…,...的"]
ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前The bead is put on the forehead of the dead shepherd ahead of the herd.珠子被戴在牧群前面的死牧羊人的前额上.
adverb
IN FRONT 在前面
 ESSENTIAL
■in front 在前面，在前方
• The road ahead is very busy. 前面路上很拥挤。
• Turn left at the traffic lights, and you'll see the hospital straight ahead. 在红绿灯那里左转，正前方就是医院，你一眼就能看见。
• Rick walked on ahead of us. 里克走在我们前面。
• You go on ahead of (= before) me, and I'll meet you there. 你先走，我们在那里会合。
 ESSENTIAL
■having more points than someone else in a competition or competitive situation （在比赛或竞争中）领先，占优势
• Apparently, the latest opinion polls put the Democrats 15% ahead of the Republicans. 据最近的一次民意调查显示，民主党领先了共和党15个百分点。
• Barcelona was ahead after ten minutes. 十分钟后巴塞隆纳队领先。
 ESSENTIAL
■making more progress than someone else 先进；超过，胜过
• Sophie is way (= far) ahead of the other children in her class. 索菲的成绩远远超过班上其他孩子。
[ə'hed] adverb
IN THE FUTURE 将来
 IMPROVER
■in or into the future; before 将来，未来，今后；在前面
• She has a difficult time ahead of her. 以后她会面临一段艰难的日子。
• He couldn't bear to think of the lonely year ahead. 今后一年要一个人孤零零地度过，他一想到这里就受不了。
adv. 领先；向前；预先
 - forth, in advance, previously, to, along
adj. 领先的；向前的
 - forward, antrorse

Word: mostly
Front: mostly
[ˈməʊstli] (研四六托 1324/2234 -K3)
Back: adv. 大部分，多半; 主要地; 基本上; 通常
分布：主要地(54%)，通常(46%)
ad.几乎全部地;主要地,大部分,基本上The audience consisted mostly of women.观众主要是妇女.
US ['moʊst-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■mainly 通常
• In the smaller villages, it's mostly (= usually) very quiet at nights. 在小村庄里，晚上通常很安静。
• The band are mostly (= Most of them are) teenagers, I think. 我想这支乐队的成员大多数是十几岁的青少年。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
most, mostly
most: 用于表感受的肯定句中,相当于very,当大部分,大多数解时是形容词或名词, most people,
mostly: 大部分,是副词  the people are mostly…
adv. 主要地；通常；多半地
 - mainly, basically, largely, usually, generally, primarily

Word: simply
Front: simply
[ˈsɪmpli] (高 583/568 -K4)
Back: adv. 简单地，朴素地; （引出概括或解释）不过，仅仅; 简直; <非正>实在
分布：仅仅(40%)，简单地(35%)，简直(25%)
→simple,简单的，单纯的，-ly,副词后缀。
ad.简单地;完全,简直;仅仅,只不过;朴素地It is simply a question of time.这只不过是个时间问题.
adverb
IMPORTANT 重要
 ESSENTIAL
■completely or absolutely 完全地；绝对地
• You look simply (= really) beautiful in that dress. 你穿那条裙子看起来真漂亮。
• The hunger in parts of Africa is terrible - there's (quite)simply (= without doubt) no other word for it. 非洲部分地区的饥荒真可怕——简直是言语难以形容。
■only 仅仅；只不过
• I don't like my job - I simply do it for the money. 我不喜欢自己的工作——我纯粹是为了钱才做的。
['sɪm.pli] adverb
EASY 容易
 IMPROVER
■in an easy way 浅显地；简单地
• He explained it as simply as he could, but the class still didn't understand. 他尽可能解释得简单些，但学生们依然理解不了。
['sɪm.pli] adverb
PLAIN 朴素
■in a plain way 朴素地
• a simply decorated apartment 装饰朴素的房间
adv. 简单地；仅仅；简直；朴素地；坦白地
 - merely, fairly, just, only, but

Word: instance
Front: instance
[ˈɪnstəns] (研四六 2957/2441 -K4)
Vocabulary: instance
(once / 61 pages)
nv
An instance is a specific example or case of something. One instance of being chased by a growling dog can make a person spend his whole life being afraid of animals.
It's common to find instance used in the expression "for instance," meaning "for example." Bright colors — for instance, pink, green, and blue — can cheer you up when you're feeling sad. Instance can also mean "occurrence." Several instances of cheating might be reported after a math test, for example. In the sixteenth century, the Medieval Latin word instantia meant "example to the contrary," leading to an early definition of instance as "single objection."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
instant / instance
Around the Vocabulary.com office, we might like an instance of tea, but we vehemently oppose instant tea.
That's because instance means an example or an occurrence:
Police investigated five instances of criminal mischief to motor vehicles on Forest Avenue
A student in the engineering academy, for instance, would have to take three engineering-specific electives.
There was an instance in a game in August where the catwalk came into play.
Instant, on the other hand, mean immediately or urgently:
Easy Reader: Philip Roth's Nemesis an Instant Classic
Starbucks announced last summer it would start retailing flavored instant coffee, and here it is.
Now think about the times when you fell victim to the instant desire to buy that new shinny thing.
Oddly enough, the two are related. Instance dates back to 1380 as meaning the current time, but it comes from the Medieval Latin (through Old French) instantia, which refers to both presence and urgency. Instant dates to about the same time, prior to 1398, as meaning a specific moment. It comes from the Medieval Latin instantem, meaning present and urgent. Instant picked up its modern meaning of immediately around 1443 from its English definition and instance seems to have never meant urgency, creating a distinction between the two.
But instant tea is still disgusting.
WORD FAMILY
instance: instanced, instances, instancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Tai chi, for instance, is an effective approach to accomplish this.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 例子，实例; 情况; 要求，建议; [法]诉讼手续
vt. 举…为例
时态：instanced, instancing, instances
分布：例子(40%)，情况(32%)，要求(11%)，场合(10%)，举例说明(5%)，诉讼程序(2%)
→in-,进入，使，靠近，-st,站立，词源同stand,state.其原义为站在附近，紧急待命，后来用于指例子，实例。
情况;例子(in内+stance→站在里面的东西→例子)[st,sta,stat,stan,stant,stin=stand表示"站,立"]
n.例子,事例,例证For instance, I can instantly know the constant distance.例如,我可以即刻知道该恒定距离.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a particular situation, event or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally 实例；情况
• There have been several instances of violence at the school. 学校里发生过几次暴力事件。
• I don't usually side with the management, but in this instance I agree with what they're saying. 我通常并不站在资方一边，但在这件事情上我同意他们所说的。
['ɪn.stənts] noun countable
for instance ADVANCED
■for example 例如
• In the electronics industry, for instance, 5000 jobs are being lost. 例如，电子业就会失去5000份工作。
['ɪn.stənts] verb transitive UK formal
■to give something as an example 引证；举例
• She argued the need for legal reform and instanced several recent cases with grossly unfair verdicts. 她极力说明有必要进行司法改革，并援引了最近出现的几个非常不公平的判例。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
n. 实例；情况；建议
 - situation, case, circumstance, suggestion, advice, proposal, thing

Word: double
Front: double
[ˈdʌbl] (中高雅 2202/1640 -K4)
Vocabulary: double
(once / 72 pages)
1adjadvnv 2n 3vadv 4v 5adj
Something is double if it has two parts or if there are two versions of it. If you order a double dip ice cream cone, there will be two scoops of ice cream for you to lick.
If you fall while you're roller skating and end up with a double arm fracture, it means you broke your arm in two places. A joke with a double meaning has two of them, and if you double your tips at the coffee shop by smiling more at customers, you're making twice as much money. In addition to the adjective and verb versions of double, there's the noun: your double is someone who looks exactly like you.
WORD FAMILY
double: doubled, doubler, doubles, doubling, doublingly, doubly +/doubler: doublers/doubling: doublings
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, it is estimated that if YouTube was included, the figure for streams accessed by music fans in the UK would double.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
It is much like the old Swedish proverb that expresses, “A shared joy is a doubled joy. A shared sorrow is half a sorrow.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Heinze said officials plan to request money from the Legislature this year to double the number of current sirens, costing $1.9 million.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 双的; 两倍的; 两面派的; 双人用的
vt. 使加倍; 把…对折; 重复
vi. 加倍，加倍努力; 快步走
adv. 两倍地; 双重地
n. 两倍; 双精度型
时态：doubled, doubling, doubles
分布：两倍(37%)，双重的(22%)，两倍的(15%)，双份(14%)，翻一番(8%)，成双的(3%)，使 ... 加倍(1%)
→来自拉丁语duplus, 双倍，du-, 二，词源同two, -pl, 倍，词源同ply.
翻倍[du,dub,doub=two,表示"二,双"]
a.两倍的;双重的ad.两倍地n.两部v.加倍I debated that the debtor was doubtless in double troubles.我争论说债务人很可能处在双重困境中.
【记】double-cross（v 背弃先前的协议；叛变联盟、朋友、伙伴）
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■twice the size, amount, price, etc., or consisting of two similar things together 两倍的；成双的；双份的
• I ordered a double espresso (= two standard amounts in one cup). 我点了一杯双份的浓缩咖啡。
• Go through the double doors and turn left. 穿过那道对开门，然后向左转。
• The word 'cool' has a double 'o' in the middle. 单词 cool 的中间有两个字母 o。
• Everything he says has a double meaning (= has two possible meanings). 他说的每句话都有双重含义。
• This painkiller is double strength (= has twice the normal amount of medicine). 这种止痛药具有双倍功效。
• UK Sabiha's telephone number is double three, one, five, double seven (= 331577). 萨比哈的电话号码是331577。
■A double flower or plant is a flower with more than the usual number of petals 重瓣花（其花瓣数量多于一般花的花瓣数量）
• a double primrose 重瓣樱草花
['dʌb.l] noun
PERSON 人
countable usually singular
■a person who looks exactly the same as someone else 一模一样的人；极相像的人
• Hey, Tony, I met someone at a party last week who was your double. 嘿，托尼，上周我在一次派对上遇到一个长得和你一模一样的人。
['dʌb.l] noun
TWO PLAYERS 双打
doubles uncountable
■a game of tennis or a similar sport between two teams of two people （网球等运动中的）双打
• men's/women's/mixed doubles 男子／女子／混合双打
• Who won the men's doubles at Wimbledon this year? 谁在今年温布顿网球赛中获得了男子双打冠军？
Compare singles
['dʌb.l] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
countable US
■in baseball, a hit that allows the batter (= person who hits the ball) to reach second base （棒球）二垒安打，指在防守队伍没有失误的情形下，一次就跑上二垒。
['dʌb.l] noun
at/on the double old-fashioned informal
■very quickly and without any delay 迅速，马上，立即
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to become twice as much or as many, or to make something twice as much or many 加一倍，翻一番
• The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years. 政府计划在25年内使高校在校生人数增加一倍。
• Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology. 自从引进新技术后，公司的利润增加了一倍。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (up) as sth
■to be also used as something else 也可用作，还能当作
• The kitchen table doubles as my desk when I'm writing. 我写东西时这个餐桌还可以当书桌用。
• Our spare bedroom doubles up as a study for Dan when he's working at home. 丹在家工作时我们的备用睡房可以给他当工作间用。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double back
■to turn and go back in the direction you have come from 走回头路，原路返回
• We realized we had taken the wrong road and had to double back. 我们发现走错了路，于是不得不原路返回。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double (sb) up/over
■If you double up/over, or if something doubles you up/over, you suddenly bend forwards and down, usually because of pain or laughter （通常指由于痛苦或大笑而）弯腰，前仰后合
• Most of the crowd doubled up with laughter at every joke. 人群中的大多数人每听完一个笑话都会笑得前仰后合。
• She was doubled up/over with the pain in her stomach. 她肚子痛得直不起腰来。
['dʌb.l] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  double up
■to share something, especially a room, with someone else 与他人共用（尤指房间）
• Terry will have to double up with Bill in the front bedroom. 特里只好与比尔一起睡在前面的睡房里了。
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
 ADVANCED
■something that is twice the amount, size, strength, etc. of something else 两倍（的），双倍（的）
• I paid double (= twice as much) for those trousers before the sale. 减价前我买这条裤子花了两倍的价钱。
• Electrical goods are almost double the price they were a few years ago. 与几年前相比，电器商品的价格几乎贵了一倍。
• "Would you like another whiskey?" "Yes. Make it a double (= two standard amounts in one glass)." “你想再来一杯威士卡吗?”“好的，来个双倍份量的。”
['dʌb.l] noun predeterminer
double or quits UK (US double or nothing)
■(in games where money is risked) an agreement that the player who owes money will owe twice as much if they lose, but will owe nothing if they win （在赌钱游戏中）赢了旧债一笔勾销，否则欠债要增加一倍
['dʌb.l] adverb
■in two parts or layers 双份地；双层地
• Fold the blanket double (= so that it is in two layers) and then you won't be cold. 把毯子叠成两层，这样你就不会冷了。
• They were bent double (= Their heads and shoulders were bent far forward and down) from decades of labour in the fields. 由于长年在田里劳作，他们的腰都给累弯了。
see double US
■to have a problem with your eyes so that you see two of everything, usually because you are drunk or ill （通常指因醉酒或疾病导致视力）出现重影
• I started seeing double, then I fainted. 我的眼前开始出现重影，然后就晕了过去。
adj. 双重的；两倍的
 - dual, two-fold
vi. 加倍，加倍努力；快步走
 - redouble
vt. 使加倍
 - duplicate
adv. 双重地；两倍地；弓身地
 - twifold, twofold

Word: society
Front: society
[səˈsaɪəti] (中高研四六 507/326 -K5)
Vocabulary: society
(once / 38 pages)
n
The noun society refers to people living in social order. Unless you are a reclusive person, you are a part of society in some way or another.
Society can also refer to fashionable elite, the "beau monde" or "smart set." An organization or club formed around a common interest is sometimes also called a society. To add to its mystique, this type of society might create special rules, greetings, or handshakes. Certain national societies that may have branches in your community include the Elks Lodge or the National Association of Professional Women.
WORD FAMILY
society: societal, societies+/ societal: societally
USAGE EXAMPLES
She was a past president of the Washington Society of Investment Analysts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
In addition to his football exploits, Kaaya was tapped into Miami's “Iron Arrow” honor society earlier this year.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 社会; 上流社会; 社团; 社群
adj. 上流社会的，社交界的
分布：社会(92%)，协会(3%)，社团(2%)，交往(2%)，社交圈(1%)
→soc-,社会的，群体的，-ety,名词后缀。
社会,社团[soc=companion表示"同伴",引申为"社会"]
n.社会;社团,协会,社;社交界,上流社会I have association with the socialists of the society.我与协会内的社会主义者有交往.
US [-tˌi] noun
PEOPLE 人群
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a society 社会
• a classless/multicultural/capitalist/civilized society 无阶级／多元文化／资本主义／文明的社会
• These changes strike at the heart of British/American/modern society. 这些变化冲击了英国／美国／现代社会的核心。
• There's a danger that we will end up blaming innocent children for society's problems. 我们最后有可能会把社会问题怪罪到无辜的孩子头上。
• We must also consider the needs of the younger/older members of society. 我们必须考虑到社会上年轻人／老年人的需求。
uncountable (also high society)
■the part of society that consists of people who are rich, powerful and fashionable 上层社会
• a society hostess/ball/function 上流社会的女主人／舞会／宴会
uncountable formal
■the state of being together with other people 交往；相伴
• She prefers her own society (= likes to be alone). 她喜欢独处。
  Common Learner Errors  societyRemember: it is not usual to use the definite article, 'the', when talking in a general way about all the people in a country or in several similar countries. Don't say 'the society', just say society :
✗ Homelessness is a serious problem for the society. Homelessness is a serious problem for society.
UK [sə'saɪ.ə.ti] US [-tˌi] noun
ORGANIZATION 组织
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an organization to which people who share similar interests can belong 组织；社团；协会
• an amateur dramatic society 业余戏剧协会
• the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 皇家鸟类保护协会
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
n. 社会；交往；社团；社交界
 - relations, corporation, association, league, club

Word: protect
Front: protect
[prəˈtekt] (中高研四六 749/1151 -K4)
Vocabulary: protect
(once / 43 pages)
v
Whether it’s your reputation or your jewelry, when you protect something you keep it safe from anything that might threaten or harm it.
The word protect came into English by way of the Latin verb protegere, a combination of pro- meaning “in front,” and tegere, meaning “to cover.” When you protect something, in a way you’re covering it or shielding it from harm. Often the word is used in the sense of protecting something, like a valued item or a person, but you can also protect against something. For example, you might get a flu shot to protect against the flu virus.
WORD FAMILY
protect: overprotect, protected, protecting, protection, protective, protector, protects+/ overprotect: overprotected, overprotecting, overprotection, overprotects/protected: unprotected/protecting: protectingly/ protection: protectionism, protections, self-protection/ protectionism: protectionist/protectionist: protectionists/ protective: overprotective, protectively, protectiveness, unprotective/ protector: protectors, protectorship/unprotected: unprotectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The best way to protect the public is to insist on both.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He thinks that the Russian government is corrupt and does not do enough to protect the interests of ethnic Russians.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 保护，保卫; 贸易保护; 备款以支付
时态：protected, protecting, protects
分布：保护(99%)，投保(1%)
→来自拉丁语protegere,保护，覆盖，来自pro-,向前，-teg,遮盖，覆盖，词源同protege,detective.-ct,过去分词格。
保护;防止(pro在前面+tect→在前面盖上→保护)[tect=cover,表示"盖上"]
v.(from)保护,保卫The detective detected that the arch was under the marching Arctic architects' protection.侦察察觉拱门受到行进的北极建筑师们的保护.
verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to keep someone or something safe from injury, damage or loss 保护，防护
• clothing that protects you against the cold 御寒的衣服
• It's important to protect your skin from the harmful effects of the sun. 保护皮肤不受太阳的伤害是很重要的。
• Surely the function of the law is to protect everyone's rights. 法律的作用当然是保护每个人的权利。
• Of course the company will act to protect its financial interests in the country if war begins. 如果战争爆发，这个公司当然会采取行动保护它在这个国家的经济利益。
• Patients' names have been changed to protect their privacy. 病人的名字被改换，以保护他们的隐私。
• Public pressure to protect the environment is strong and growing. 大众要求保护环境的呼声越来越强烈。
• Vitamin C may help protect against cancer. 维生素C可能有助于抗癌。
transitive
■If a government protects a part of its country's trade or industry, it helps it by taxing goods from other countries. 对…实行贸易保护
transitive
■to provide someone with insurance against injury, damages, etc. 为（某人）提供保险
shelter, guard, harbour, safeguard, defend, shield, protect
这组词都有“保护、保卫”的意思，其区别是：
shelter: 通常指寻找安全地方躲避风雨或使人免遭危害。
guard: 普通用词，指保持警惕以防可能的攻击或伤害。
harbour: 贬义词，指隐匿或非法保护、窝藏。
safeguard: 语气强，指采取积极措施预防可能发生的一切攻击或危险。
defend: 普通用词，指用武力或其它措施使人或物不受损害，消除危险。用作比喻时，指坚持某种行动、决定或意见。
shield: 语气比protect强，但侧重防止迫在眉睫的攻击或伤害。
protect: 普通用词，指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害。
vt. 保护，防卫；警戒
 - secure, watch, preserve

Word: contract
Front: contract
[ˈkɒntrækt] (研四六托雅宝 1269/628 -K4)
Vocabulary: contract
(once / 83 pages)
1nv 2v 3v 4n
When you and someone else have agreed on something and that agreement is both binding and enforceable by law, you have a contract. When you rent an apartment, you and your future landlord sign a rental contract.
You can also use the word in this sense as a verb meaning "to hire." Wouldn't you like to contract someone to clean your room for you? In other verbal uses of contract, place the accent on the second syllable — kun-TRAKT. If you contract a disease, you catch it, but only use this if it's something serious. You catch a cold, but contract malaria. Contract also means "shrink." When the economy contracts, consumers stop buying things, and people lose their jobs, and if you freeze water, it contracts too.
WORD FAMILY
contract: contractable, contracted, contracting, contraction, contractor, contracts, contractual, contracture, subcontract+/ contracted: contractedly/ contraction: contractions/ contractor: contractors/contractual: contractually/contracture: contractures/subcontract: subcontracted, subcontracting, subcontractor, subcontracts/subcontractor: subcontractors
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s Cousins’ next-to-last pass — a defeat-clinching interception — that will be remembered and used as evidence against his case for a long-term contract.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Roughly two hours before the puck drop, they announced the signing of Alves to a professional tryout contract and issued him jersey No. 40.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The 26-year-old is under contract for next season after signing a two-year, $15 million free agent contract deal in March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 合同; 契约; 协议
时态：contracted, contracting, contracts
分布：合同(78%)，契约(9%)，合约(8%)，订合同(2%)，婚约(1%)，缩小(1%)，缩短(1%)
→con-, 强调。-tract, 拉，拉紧，词源同attract, retreat. 引申义确立条款，签订合同。
契约v.收缩(con共同+tract→共同拉[回去]→收缩;对大家都有制约→合同)[tract=draw,表示"拉,拖"]
n.(承包)合同/契约v.订合同/契约;使缩小To make the contract attractive, the contractor subtracted a tractor from it.为了使合同有吸引力,承包商从中减去了一台拖拉机.
【记】con共同，tract拉－拉到一起－收缩；把人拉到一起－签合同
US [ˈkɑːn-]
 ESSENTIAL
■a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself 合同；契约
• a contract of employment 雇用合同
• a temporary/building contract 临时／建筑合同
• They could take legal action against you if you break (the terms of) the contract. 如果你违反合同（条款），他们可以起诉你。
• My solicitor is drawing up (= writing) a contract. 我的律师正在起草一份合同。
• Don't sign/enter into any contract before examining its conditions carefully. 没有仔细核查合同条款，不要签定任何合同。
• [+ to infinitive] They're the firm of architects who won the contract to design the National Museum extension. 他们就是赢得国家博物馆扩建工程设计合同的那家建筑公司。
be under contract
■to have formally agreed to work for a company or person on a stated job for a stated period of time 签订合同（为某公司或某人工作）；有合同约束
verb[kənˈtrækt/
SHORTEN 缩短
intransitive or transitive
■to make or become shorter or narrower or generally smaller （使）收缩；（使）缩小；（使）缩短
• In spoken English, 'do not' often contracts to 'don't'. 在英语口语中，do not 常常缩略成 don't。
• As it cooled, the metal contracted. 金属冷却后收缩了。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
BECOME ILL 生病
transitive slightly formal
■to catch or become ill with a disease 患上，感染（疾病）
• He contracted malaria while he was travelling. 他旅行时染上了疟疾。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
AGREEMENT 协议
intransitive or transitive
■to make a legal agreement with someone to do work or to have work done for you （与…）订立合同；（与…）订契约
• [+ to infinitive] They have just contracted our company to build shelters for the homeless. 他们刚跟我们公司签订合同，为无家可归的人建造收容所。
verb[kənˈtrækt/
  Phrasal Verbs  contract in/out UK
■to formally agree to take part/stop taking part in an official plan or system 签约加入／退出；同意加入／退出
• Have you contracted in to the pension scheme? 你参加养老金计划了吗？
verb[kənˈtrækt/
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] contract sth out
■to formally arrange for other people to do a particular job 订合同把…承包出去，合同外包
• The government contracted out hospital cleaning to private companies. 政府将医院的清洁工作承包给了私营公司。
compress, contract, shrink, condense
这组词都有“收缩，压缩”的意思，其区别是：
compress: 指把乱而不成形的东西压成一定形状。
contract: 主要指以内、外部力量进行紧缩，也可用作引申。
shrink: 侧重指因收缩而达不到原有的长度、体积或容积。
condense: 指将东西压缩得更紧密、紧凑，但不失去原有的内容。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
abstract, subtract, contract, attract
abstract: vt 抽取；
subtract: vt 减去
contract: vt 使缩小（招致，染上（疾病等））；
attract: vt 吸引；
vi. 收缩；感染；订约
 - communicate, shrink
vt. 感染；订约；使缩短
 - affect, catch, communicate
n. [经] 合同；婚约
 - compact, engagement

Word: violence
Front: violence
[ˈvaɪələns] (高研四六托 1037/1677 -K4)
Vocabulary: violence
(once / 134 pages)
n
Violence is aggression, usually physical aggression that causes harm. Beating someone up and attacking a defenseless village are both forms of violence.
From wars and acts of terrorism to bar brawls, violence is unfortunately very common in the world — and when there's violence, people get hurt. But you'll see a lot of organized violence and acts of aggression in sports: boxing and football are extremely violent, which is why people who play those sports get so many injuries. We can also say that something powerful or wild happens with violence, like a destructive tornado.
WORD FAMILY
violence: violences+/nonviolent: nonviolence, nonviolently/ violent: nonviolent, violence, violenter, violentest, violently
USAGE EXAMPLES
Worth reflecting on is the city’s upswell in violence last year that followed political protests against law enforcement and a pullback in policing.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
This violence began on Sunday and ended 17 hours later.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
About 60 percent of last year’s homicide victims were shot to death and more than one-quarter of them were related to domestic violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 暴力，强暴，暴虐; 猛烈，激烈; 歪曲（事实），曲解（意义）; 冒渎，不敬
分布：暴力(91%)，强暴(3%)，猛烈(3%)，暴行(3%)
→来自拉丁语vis,力量，能量，强健，来自weie,追寻，渴求，猎捕，词源同Venus,win, venison。后词义贬义化，用来指暴力。
n.猛烈,强烈;暴力,暴行;强暴He slammed the door with violence.他砰的一声猛地把门关上.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■actions or words which are intended to hurt people 暴力行为；激烈的言辞
• It seems that the attack was a gratuitous/random/mindless act of violence. 看起来这次袭击是一起无端／盲目／肆意的暴力行为。
• The recent outbreak/eruption of racial violence in the area is very troubling. 最近发生在该地区的种族暴力事件非常令人担忧。
• The report documents the staggering amount of domestic violence against women. 这份报告记述的女性遭受家庭暴力的事件数量惊人。
 ADVANCED
■extreme force 猛烈；强烈
• We were all surprised at the violence of his anger/rage. 我们都对他的怒火之盛感到惊讶。
• The storm turned out to be one of unexpected violence. 结果那场暴风雨出人意料地猛烈。
n. 暴力；侵犯；激烈；歪曲
 - invasion, infringement

Word: director
Front: director
[dəˈrektə(r)] (中高研四六雅 510/603 -K5)
Vocabulary: director
(once / 83 pages)
n
A director is a person who is in charge of something important. The advertising director for a large company is the head of the department that places ads in newspapers and on TV.
Businesses have directors, and movies and plays also have directors, who oversee the way the actors deliver their lines and interpret the script. An orchestra's conductor can also be called a "musical director," and much like a film director, she guides the musicians and supervises their performance. The Latin root, dirigere, means "set straight."
WORD FAMILY
director: directors, directorship+/ direct: directed, directest, directing, directive, directly, directness, director, directs, indirect, misdirect, redirect /directed: self-directed, undirected/ directive: directively, directiveness, directives, directivity/directorship: directorships/ indirect: indirectly, indirectness/misdirect: misdirected, misdirecting, misdirection, misdirects/misdirection: misdirections/ redirect: redirected, redirecting, redirects
USAGE EXAMPLES
On Monday, Jackson, Brown and strategy director Paul DePodesta spent 35 minutes doing their autopsy on a season they can’t wait to forget.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Banning Ranch Conservancy Executive Director Steve Ray said his group was always prepared for the lawsuit to reach the state's highest court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Parminder Singh, the former managing director for Twitter in India and the Middle East, left the company in early November.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主管，主任; 董事，理事; 负责人，监督者; 导演
分布：导演(48%)，经理(26%)，董事(25%)，指挥者(1%)
→来自direct, 引导，管理。即管理者，董事成员。
n.指导者,主任,导演The director's indirect direction led to the incorrect erection of the rectifier.指导者间接的指导导致整流器的错误安装.
noun countable
MANAGER 经理
 ESSENTIAL
■a manager of an organization, company, college, etc. 经理，管理者，主任，董事
• the board of directors 董事会
• She has become the director of the new information centre. 她成了新的资讯中心的主任。
■US
■someone in charge of a school for very young children （学校）校长，主任
[daɪ'rek.tər] noun countable
FILM MAKER 电影制作者
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is in charge of a film or play and tells the actors how to play their parts （电影或戏剧的）导演
• a famous film/movie director 著名电影导演
Compare producer
n. 主任， [管理] 主管； [电影] 导演；人事助理
 - co-director, boss-man

Word: my
Front: my
[maɪ] (中高 44/61 -K5)
Back: adj. 我的(I的所有格形式)
int. 啊呀; 天啊
分布：代词(98%)，形容词(2%)
→缩写自mine.
pron.(I的所有格)我的Do you catch my words?你听清我的话了吗?
determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■of or belonging to me (= the speaker or writer) 我的
• my parents 我的父母
• my feet 我的脚
• my name 我的名字
• my jacket 我的夹克
• It wasn't my fault. 这不是我的错。
• formal She was rather surprised at my asking (= that I asked) for the book to be returned. 我要她还书她感到相当惊讶。
⇒ See also I;me;mine
my own
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with me and no one else 我自己的
• I want my own car. 我想要一辆我自己的汽车。
• It was my own decision. 那是我自己的决定。
• This cake is all my own work (= I made it without help). 这个蛋糕完全是我自己做的。
■used in front of a noun as a way of expressing love or as a polite or humorous form of address （用于名词前，构成表示爱、礼貌或幽默语气的称呼语）
• My darling! 我亲爱的！
• Do you want any help, my dear? 你需要帮忙吗，亲爱的？
■relating to a part of some websites where you can choose to see only the information that is important to you 我的网页的（指网页上可选择的部分，只显示个人认为重要的资讯）
[maɪ] exclamation old-fashioned
■used to express surprise or pleasure （表示惊讶或高兴）
• My, what delicious food! 噢，多么美味的食物啊！
• My, oh, my, what a busy day! 哎呀，天哪，多忙的一天啊！
int. 哎呀（表示惊奇等）；喔唷
 - oh, dear

Word: mar
Front: mar
[mɑ:(r)] (雅宝 8573/8460 -2)
Vocabulary: mar
(once / 767 pages)
vn
A mar is a flaw, mark, or blemish, like a deep scratch on a wooden table. As a verb, to mar is to make such an imperfection — like the pen mark that mars your crisp, white shirt.
We often think of things that mar as immediately noticeable, like scratches, scars, and blemishes, but sometimes mar describes other ways of ruining something. For example, an unexpected run-in with a difficult person can mar your relaxing day at the beach, just as an unpleasant memory can mar a peaceful state of mind. The thing to remember is, it only takes one scratch, one mean comment, or one negative experience to mar something that is otherwise fine.
WORD FAMILY
mar: marred, marring+/ marred: unmarred
USAGE EXAMPLES
Heffner is now back in her home, and though her foot is still healing, her face is no longer marred by bruising.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
A second election win in 2011 was marred by allegations of major fraud.
The Guardian(Dec 31, 2016)
But town officials did talk about how they believe the project will mar the town’s rural character and potentially pollute the environment across the region.
Washington Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 毁坏，损坏; 弄糟; 糟蹋; 玷污
n. 污点; 瑕疵; 障碍; 损伤，毁损
时态：marred, marring, mars
分布：毁坏(34%)，破坏(27%)，污点(21%)，瑕疵(18%)
→来自古英语merran,毁坏，损毁，来自Proto-Germanic*marzjan,来自mers,骚扰，使混乱，可能来自mer,刮，磨，伤害，词源同mortar.
【记】读：骂，骂人会损伤一个人的名誉。
【参】maraud（v /n 劫掠；掠夺）
【反】enhance（v 提高；增强）
US [mɑ:r] (-rr-) slightly formal
verb transitive
■to spoil something, making it less perfect or less enjoyable 损坏；破坏；损伤
• Sadly, the text is marred by careless errors. 很遗憾，这篇文章因一些粗心大意的错误而大为失色。
• It was a really nice day, marred only by a little argument in the car on the way home. 这一天过得非常不错，只是回家路上在汽车里发生的一点口角令人扫兴。
• I hope the fact that Louise isn't coming won't mar your enjoyment of the evening. 路易丝今晚不来了，我希望这不会令你感到扫兴。
vt. 损毁；损伤；糟蹋；玷污
 - cloud, to injure
n. 污点；瑕疵
 - tainture, jaup

Word: insurance
Front: insurance
[ɪnˈʃʊərəns] (高研四六雅 1197/1347 -K4)
Vocabulary: insurance
(once / 249 pages)
n
Insurance is a contract where you pay a little money at a time so you can be compensated later, especially in the case of a disaster.
Many people consider insurance to be making a kind of bet that bad things will happen: that's a good bet to make, because nobody is lucky forever. Legally, you need car insurance to drive. Without medical insurance, a serious illness could leave you broke. Life insurance is important so your family gets support when you die. House or apartment insurance will help if you have a fire. Insurance agents sell insurance policies, and they always have lots of customers.
WORD FAMILY
insurance: insurances, self-insurance+/coinsure: coinsurance/insurability: uninsurability/insurable: insurability, uninsurable/ insure: coinsure, insurable, insurance, insured, insurer, insures, insuring, reinsure/ insured: uninsured/insurer: insurers/reinsure: reinsurance, reinsured, reinsures, reinsuring
USAGE EXAMPLES
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
He subsequently started an independent insurance business and sells insurance today.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 保险，保险业; 保险费; 预防措施
adj. [体]巩固球队领先局面，使对手不能因增加一分而成平局的
分布：保险(91%)，保险费(8%)，安全保障(1%)
→来自insure,投保。
保险(in+sur+ance)[sur=sure表示"肯定"]
n.保险,保险费,保险业I assure the injured jury that a sure insurance is ensured.我让受伤的陪审团确信一笔有把握的保险得到的确保.
【记】insure（vt 给…保险；确保）
US [-'ʃɔ:r.ənts] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc 保险
• life/health/car/travel insurance 人寿／健康／汽车／旅游保险
• I'll need to take out extra car insurance for another driver. 我必须为另一名驾驶者购买汽车保险。
• The insurance doesn't cover you for (= include) household items. 这份保险没有包括你的家居物品。
Compare assurance
n. [保险] 保险；保险费；保险契约；赔偿金
 - assurance, safety, premium, compensation

Word: damage
Front: damage
[ˈdæmɪdʒ] (高研四六雅 1522/1074 -K4)
Vocabulary: damage
(once / 128 pages)
1nv 2n
When you damage something you hurt it in a way that makes it less valuable or useful. Say you throw a baseball and it flies over your friend's head and cracks your dad's windshield. Congratulations, you've damaged your dad's car.
Damage can also be a noun. That crack in the windshield? It doesn't matter whether you 'fess up or blame your friend or a giant falling acorn. It made the car less valuable and harder to drive, therefore it is considered damage. Another meaning of damage implies the damage done to your wallet when you buy something. In a restaurant, you might hear someone ask "What's the damage?" when the check comes to the table.
WORD FAMILY
damage: damaged, damages, damaging+/ damaged: undamaged/damaging: damagingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Among her most damaging acts, she passed information on the location of U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
No one was hurt in the fires, but they did result in hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
At Abuja airport, a South African Airways plane was damaged on landing in August.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 损害，毁坏
n. 损害，损毁; 赔偿金
时态：damaged, damaging, damages
分布：损害(59%)，损失(30%)，毁坏(11%)
→来自拉丁语damnum, 损失，伤害，词源同damn.
v./n.损害,毁坏n.(pl.)损害赔偿费It is imaginable that breaking the engagement will damage his image.可以想象,违反婚约将损害他的形象.
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to harm or spoil something 损害，损坏，破坏
• Many buildings were badly damaged during the war. 许多建筑物在战争中严重受损。
• It was a scandal which damaged a lot of reputations. 这是一宗使人名誉扫地的丑闻。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■harm or injury 损害，危害；损坏；伤害
• Strong winds had caused serious damage to the roof. 强风使屋顶严重受损。
• Recent discoveries about corruption have done serious damage to the company's reputation. 近来曝光的一些腐败行为使那间公司的声誉受到严重损害。
• The doctors were worried that he might have suffered brain damage. 医生们担心他可能受到了脑损伤。
damages [plural] legal
■money which is paid to someone by a person or organization who has been responsible for causing them some injury or loss 赔偿（金），赔款
• The politician was awarded £50,000 damages over false allegations made by the newspaper. 那位政治家获得了报馆因报道失实而向他支付的五万英镑赔偿金。
• The police have been ordered to pay substantial damages to the families of the two dead boys. 警方被责令向两名死亡儿童的家人支付巨额赔偿金。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
the damage is done
■said to mean that it is too late to improve a bad situation 为时已晚，覆水难收
• I didn't even know I'd offended her till Colin told me and then it was too late - the damage was done. 经科林提醒，我才发觉自己冒犯了她，可是为时已晚。
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
What's the damage? informal humorous
■used to ask how much something has cost you 花了多少钱？
['dæm.ɪdʒ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  damage In its first meaning, damage does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of damage , do not say 'damages', say damage , some damage or a lot of damage :
✗ Tourism causes damages to the environment. Tourism causes a lot of damage to the environment.
damages, damage
damages: 复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
damage: 不可数名词, 损害,损失;
destroy, break, wreck, ruin, spoil, damage
这组词都有“破坏，损坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味。
break: 普通用词，指某物因被打破或撕破而受到破坏，可指有形或无形的破坏。
wreck: 侧重指船只、车辆、房屋等受到严重破坏或完全毁坏，也可指计划、健康受到损害。
ruin: 多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义。
spoil: 强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值，而且会导致不可避免的毁灭。
damage: 多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。
destroy, harm, ruin, damage
这组词都有“破坏”的意思，其区别是：
destroy: 指十分彻底的毁坏，破坏。如：The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.( 地震中整个城市被毁了。)
harm: 多指带来悲痛，产生恶果的伤害，可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如：Doctors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。)
ruin: 为正式用词，强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏，用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声，期望等。如：She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上，把它毁了。)另外，ruin的复数形式ruins表“废墟”。
damage: 一般指部分性的破坏，含可修复使用。
harm, hurt, damage, disable, injure, wound
这组词都有“损害，伤害”的意思，其区别是：
harm: 主要用于有生命的东西，语气略强于injure，指引起严重的痛苦和损伤；有时也用于抽象事物，指造成任何不良后果。
hurt: 普通用词，较口语化，侧重指给有生命的东西造成机体上或精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。
damage: 通常指对无生命物体的损害，并有降低其价值，破坏其功能等的后果。
disable: 强调使伤残。
injure: 较hurt正式，多用于有生命的事物。既可指伤害别人的事物。即可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等，又可指使别人受伤或东西受损，同时含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失功能的意味。
wound: 专指对身体的重伤，尤指在战斗中受的伤，强调外部创伤；也可指精神方面的伤害。
vi. 损害；损毁；赔偿金
 - do harm to, let in for
n. 损害；损毁
 - injury, harm, lesion
vt. 损害，毁坏
 - destroy, hurt, blast

Word: saving
Front: saving
[ˈseɪvɪŋ] (研四六雅 2193/2163 -K)
Back: n. 节约; 节俭; 储蓄金; 挽救
v. 拯救( save的现在分词); 收集; 保留; 避免
prep. 除…以外
adj. 可取的，保存的; 节省的，节约的; 补偿的; 救助的
分布：节约(51%)，存款(22%)，挽救(17%)，除了(5%)，除去(3%)，的现在分词(1%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
→save,节省，-ing,动名词后缀。
n.挽救,救助,节约,储蓄;(pl.)储蓄金,存款It took all our savings to buy the house.买这所房子化掉了我们全部的积蓄.
noun
savings [plural]
 IMPROVER
■the money which you keep in an account in a bank or similar financial organization 存款，储蓄金
• He spent all his savings on an expensive car. 他花了自己所有的存款买了一辆昂贵的汽车。
countable
■an amount of money that you do not need to spend 积蓄，省下的钱
• You can make huge savings (= save a lot of money) by buying food in bulk. 大量购买食品会省下很多钱。
n. [经] 节约；挽救；存款
 - economy, fund, deposit
adj. [经] 节约的；挽救的；补偿的； [法] 保留的
 - economical, managing
prep. 考虑到；除...之外
 - considering, given

Word: period
Front: period
[ˈpɪəriəd] (中高研四六托雅 617/324 -K4)
Vocabulary: period
(once / 40 pages)
1n 2n
A period is all about defining when something begins and ends. Class periods usually last about forty-five minutes. Following the last food fight, there was a period of relative peace in the school.
You know that dot at the end of a sentence? That's a period too. It means the sentence is over. You might say to a class forgetting to use this essential form of punctuation: In a short period of time, you will learn how to put periods on the end of sentences or I will put a period on this lesson.
WORD FAMILY
period: periodical, periods+/ periodical: periodically, periodicals
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Indians held a lead for all but the last minute of regulation, according to Walker, and lost their edge in the overtime period.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Precipitation during that period totaled just 38.79 inches — roughly half of the normal amount.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Preston Parks 3 for the Bulldogs tied the game at 91 with 1:14 left and forced the overtime period.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 时期; （一段）时间; 学时; 句号
adj. 具有某个时代特征的; （关于）过去某一特定历史时期的; （家具、服饰、建筑等）某一时代的
分布：时期(55%)，一段时间(16%)，周期(11%)，句号(8%)，学时(4%)，月经(4%)，课时(2%)
→来自希腊语periodos,圈，循环，来自peri-,在周围，hodos,上路，旅程，离开，词源同anode,method.引申词义时期，阶段，句号等。
n.时期,时代;学时;周期,一段时间;句点During this serious period, the superior asked the inferior a series of questions about the supermarket.在这段严肃时间内,上级问了下级一连串有关超级市场的问题.
US ['pɪr.i-] noun countable
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■a length of time 一段时间，时期
• Her work means that she spends long periods away from home. 她的工作意味着她须长时间离家在外。
• Unemployment in the first half of 1993 was 2% lower than in the same period the year before. 1993年上半年的失业率比前一年同期低2%。
• Fifteen people were killed in/over a period of four days. 在四天内有15人被杀。
• The study will be carried out over a six-month period. 调查将持续六个月。
 ADVANCED
■in school, a division of time in the day when a subject is taught 课时，学时，一节（课）
• We have six periods of science a week. 我们一周有六节自然科学课。
 ADVANCED
■a fixed time during the life of a person or in history （人一生中或历史上的）时期；阶段
• Most teenagers go through a rebellious period. 大部分青少年都要经过一个叛逆期。
• The house was built during the Elizabethan period. 这幢房子是在伊莉莎白时期建造的。
UK ['pɪə.ri.əd] US ['pɪr.i-] noun countable
BLOOD 血
■the bleeding from a woman's womb that happens once a month when she is not pregnant （妇女的）月经，经期
• period pains 经痛
• She'd missed a period and was worried. 她的月经没按期来，让她很担心。
UK ['pɪə.ri.əd] US ['pɪr.i-] noun countable
MARK 符号 mainly US for full stop
■mainly US
■said at the end of a statement to show that you believe you have said all there is to say on a subject and you are not going to discuss it any more （用于一句话的结尾，表示某一话题已讨论完毕，不愿再继续）到此为止，就这样
• There will be no more shouting, period! 别再喊叫了，到此为止！
UK ['pɪə.ri.əd] US ['pɪr.i-] adjective
period costume/dress/furniture
■the clothes or furniture of a particular time in history 某个历史时期的服饰／服装／家俱
• They performed 'Julius Caesar' in period dress. 他们穿着当时的服装演《凯撒大帝》这出戏。
times, epoch, age, era, period
这组词都有“时期、时代”的意思，其区别是：
times: 侧重某一特定时期。
epoch: 正式用词，侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期。
age: 常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期。
era: 书面语用词，指历史上的纪元、年代，可与epoch和age互换，侧重时期的延续性和整个历程。
period: 最普通用词，概念广泛，时间长短不限，既可指任何一个历史时期，又可指个人或自然界的一个发展阶段。
n. 周期，期间；时期；月经；课时
 - hour, circle, cycle, season, day

Word: israeli

Word: potential
Front: potential
[pəˈtenʃl] (高研四六托雅宝 1260/1438 -K4)
Vocabulary: potential
(once / 190 pages)
adjn
If you can describe something as possible but not yet actual, choose the adjective potential. Companies try to reach potential customers through advertising.
Potential, from the Latin potentia "power," sounds more complicated than it is. It describes something or someone that has the power to become something. A potential success is not yet a success but could be if circumstances are right. When a situation has the potential for disaster, it could turn bad easily. You have potential if you have a natural but undeveloped ability to do something and a building with potential will be really nice once it's fixed up.
WORD FAMILY
potential: potentiality, potentially, potentials+/ impotence: impotences/impotency: impotencies/ impotent: impotence, impotency, impotenter, impotently/ potency: potencies, potential, prepotency/ potent: impotent, potency, potenter, potentest, potently/potentiality: potentialities
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Decoding a genome now runs between a few hundred to a few thousand dollars, spawning a flurry of potential new applications.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Occasionally, the drugs provoke a severe auto-immune response, resulting in potential toxicities including inflammatory lung, liver and thyroid disorders.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 潜在的，有可能的; [语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的; 有能力的
n. 潜力，潜能; [物]电位，势能; 潜能的事物; [语]可能语气
分布：潜在的(42%)，潜力(35%)，潜能(9%)，可能的(7%)，电位(5%)，电势(2%)
→来自potent,强大的，有力的，-al,形容词后缀。引申词义潜力，潜在的，可能的。
潜力(由"能力"引申为"潜力")[poten=powerful,表示"有力的"]
a.潜在的,可能的n.潜能,潜力I'm intent on tentative retention of potential patents.我热衷于潜在专利权的暂时保留.
US [poʊ-] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■possible when the necessary conditions exist 潜在的，可能的
• A number of potential buyers have expressed interest in the company. 一些潜在的买主表达了对该公司的兴趣。
• Many potential customers are waiting for a fall in prices before buying. 很多潜在的顾客都在等着降价再购买。
• The accident is a grim reminder of the potential dangers involved in North Sea oil production. 该意外残酷地提醒人们生产北海石油可能会出现的危险。
UK [pəʊ'ten.tʃəl] US [poʊ-] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve or succeed 潜力，潜能
• The region has enormous potential for economic development. 该地区经济发展潜力无穷。
• I don't feel I'm achieving my full potential in my present job. 我觉得目前的工作没有完全发挥我的潜力。
• [+ to infinitive] You have the potential to reach the top of your profession. 你有潜力达到事业的顶峰。
• I think this room has got a lot of potential (= could be very good if some changes were made to it). 我觉得这个房间有很多改善空间。
latent, potential
这组词都有“潜在的”的意思，其区别是：
latent: 指存在但看不见的现象或潜在的性质。
potential: 强调潜在的可能性或能力。
n. 潜能；可能性； [电] 电势
 - possibility, probability, feasibility, maybe, chance
adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的
 - feasible, possible, underlying, latent

Word: brown
Front: brown
[braʊn] (中高托 1769/2018 -K5)
Back: adj. 棕色的; 褐色的; 被晒黑的; 未去壳的
n. 褐色; 棕色
v. 变成棕色; 成褐色; 晒黑; 烤得焦黄
时态：browned, browning, browns
分布：棕色(44%)，褐色(25%)，棕色的(19%)，褐色的(12%)
→来自PIE *bher, 照耀，发光。词源同bear, 熊。其明亮义见burnish, 擦亮的。
n./a.褐色(的),棕色(的)Mr Brown owns the brown towels in the downtown tower.布朗先生拥有闹市区塔里的棕色毛巾.
adjective noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(of) the colour of chocolate or soil 棕色（的），褐色（的）
• dark/light brown 深褐色／浅褐色
• Both my parents have curly brown hair. 我的父母都有一头棕色的鬈发。
[braʊn] verb intransitive or transitive
■to make food brown by cooking it （把食物）炒成褐色
• Lightly brown the onion before adding the tomatoes. 加番茄之前先把洋葱炒至略呈褐色。
• Allow the meat to brown before adding the vegetables. 把肉炒成褐色再加蔬菜。
adj. 棕色的，褐色的；太阳晒黑的
 - umber
n. 褐色，棕色
 - suntan

Word: quite
Front: quite
[kwaɪt] (中高 561/206 -K5)
Vocabulary: quite
(once / 17 pages)
adv
Quite means "really," "completely," "rather," "exceptionally," or "actually." That's quite a lot of synonyms for one word!
If you're quite sure, you're completely sure. If you're quite the athlete, you are exceptionally (or unusually) athletic. If it's quite cold outside, it's really cold. And if something is quite true, it actually is. Is that quite clear?
WORD FAMILY
quite: quites
USAGE EXAMPLES
Memphis is able to beat any team on any night, but Utah will pose quite a challenge.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Which for most of us amateurs doesn’t quite get the sound across.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 相当，很; 非常; 确实如此
分布：很(35%)，相当(27%)，十分(22%)，完全(16%)
→来自中古英语quit,quite,结清债务的，自由的。引申副词词义整个地，十分，相当。词义演 变比较even,just,very.
ad.十分,完全;相当,颇;的确,真正The writer writes the white book quite quietly in quilt.作家在被子里十分平静地写白皮书.
adverb predeterminer UK
 ESSENTIAL
■a little or a lot but not completely 相当，很，颇
• I'm quite tired but I can certainly walk a little further. 我有些累，但肯定还能再多走一会儿。
• There was quite a lot of traffic today but yesterday was even busier. 今天的交通够塞了，不过昨天更拥挤。
• It was quite a difficult job. 那工作实在很难做。
• He's quite attractive but not what I'd call gorgeous. 他相当有魅力，但称不上是我心目中的美男子。
• It would be quite a nuisance to write to everyone. 给所有人都写信准是件麻烦事。
[kwaɪt] adverb predeterminer UK
  Common Learner Errors  quite or quiet? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
[kwaɪt] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 完全地，彻底地
• The two situations are quite different. 两种情况截然不同。
• Are you quite sure you want to go? 你百分百肯定想去吗？
• The colours almost match but not quite. 颜色差不多相配，但不完全协调。
• I enjoyed her new book though it's not quite as good as her last one. 我喜欢她的新书，尽管没有她上一本书那么好。
• Quite honestly/frankly , the thought of it terrified me. 坦白/坦率地讲，想到它我就害怕。
not quite
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express that you are not certain about something 不确定，不肯定
• I don't quite know what to say. 我不太确定该说些甚么。
• I didn't quite catch what he said. 我不太懂他说的话。
■UK
■used to show agreement with someone's opinion （表示赞同）是这样
• "You'd think he could spare some money - he's not exactly poor." "Quite." “你觉得他能省下一些钱来——他并不是真的很穷。”“是这样的”。
quite the best/worst, etc. formal
■used for emphasis （表示强调）绝对是最好/最糟糕的等
• It was quite the worst dinner I have ever had. 那绝对是我吃过的最难吃的饭了。
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
adv. 很；相当；完全
 - greatly, badly, too, far, powerful

Word: event
Front: event
[ɪˈvent] (高研四雅 525/473 -K5)
Vocabulary: event
(once / 42 pages)
1n 2n
An event is something that happens, or might happen. In the event that you get stuck in traffic, the wedding will continue. It is too important an event to wait even for someone as important as you.
When something is eventful, many things happen during it. In a detective story, a protagonist can protect himself by mailing an envelope to the police to be opened "in the event of his death." In the novel White Noise, Don DeLillo describes an Airborne Toxic Event, both predicting and mocking the disasters of our time.
WORD FAMILY
event: eventful, events, eventuate, nonevent+/ eventful: eventfully, uneventful/eventuate: eventuated, eventuates, eventuating/nonevent: nonevents/uneventful: uneventfully
USAGE EXAMPLES
Traditionally turtles were eaten at major events, like a wedding or a chief’s funeral.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To reiterate: A story about a severe weather event that didn’t happen was more popular than most stories about events that did.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The main event, a stronger storm system, is expected to move into the Los Angeles County area late Saturday and continue until Monday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 事件，大事; 活动，经历; 结果; 运动项目
分布：事件(89%)，大事(6%)，项目(5%)
→e-, 向外。-vent, 来，词源同advent, venue. 引申义最终来到的，发生的。
事件(e出+vent→出来的事→事件)[ven,vent=come,表示"来"]
n.事件,事情A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■anything that happens, especially something important or unusual （尤指重大或不寻常的）事情，事件
• This year's Olympic Games will be the biggest ever sporting event. 今年的奥林匹克运动会将是历史上规模最大的体育盛事。
• Susannah's party was the social event of the year. 苏珊娜办的派对是当年社交界的一大盛事。
• The police are trying to determine the series of events that led up to the murder. 警方正试图顺藤摸瓜，查清引发谋杀的一连串事件。
 ADVANCED
■one of a set of races or competitions （赛跑或竞赛的）项目
• The women's 200 metre event will be followed by the men's 100 metres. 女子200公尺赛跑之后是男子100公尺赛跑项目。
in the event UK
■used to emphasize that what happened was not what you expected （强调出乎意料）结果，到头来（却）
• We had expected to arrive an hour late, but in the event we were early. 我们本以为会迟到一小时，结果竟然提前到了。
in the event of sth
■if something happens 如果…发生；万一
• In the event of a strike, the army will take over responsibility for firefighting. 如果发生罢工，部队将承担起消防职责。
in any event (UK also at all events)
■whatever happens 不管怎样，无论如何
• I might go home next month, but in any event, I'll be home for Christmas. 我也许下个月回家，但无论如何，我都会在家过圣诞节。
in either event
■in either of two situations （在两种情况下）无论哪种情况，无论怎样
• I can't decide whether to accept the Cambridge or the London job, but in either event I'll have to move house. 我无法决定是去剑桥还是伦敦工作，但无论哪种情况我都得搬家。
in that event
■if that happens 如果是那样的话，如果那种情况发生
• There's a possibility of my flight being delayed. In that event I'll phone to let you know. 我搭乘的班机可能会延误，如果是那样我会打电话通知你。
accident, happening, event, occurrence, incident
这组词都有“事故、事件”的意思，其区别是：
accident: 强调偶然或意外发生的不幸事情。
happening: 和occurrence这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
event: 可指任何大小事件，但尤指历史上的重大事件。
occurrence: 和happening这两个词多指日常生活中发生的一般事件，有时也指偶然发生的事。
incident: 既可指小事件或附带事件，又可指政治上具有影响的事件或事变。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
n. [计] [物] [数] 事件，大事；项目；结果
 - incident, occurrence, circumstance, outcome, item, scene, product

Word: software
Front: software
[ˈsɒftweə(r)] (高研四六 1577/1064 -K3)
Vocabulary: software
(once / 452 pages)
n
In computer science, software is a computer program you can load on your computer. Software includes everything from operating systems to game programs.
The word software was first used in print in 1958 by John Tukey, a statistician. Some experts suggest the actual word was coined in 1953 as a joke by Paul Niquette. He used the word to refer to the programs for a computer — as opposed to the hardware that made up the physical computer. You can purchase software, install software, and even fix software bugs.
WORD FAMILY
software
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Today’s biggest expense is not hardware but software,” says Mr. Leonard.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
In November, it was reported that software developed with Mark Zuckerberg’s support will allow third parties to monitor and suppress the visibility of posts.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The setup allows the company to frequently update the software to fix bugs and add new features.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 软件; 软体; 软设备
分布：软件(100%)
→soft,软的，ware,物件。
n.软件"Beware the software in the warhouse during the warfare," hare said glaring at me.兔子怒视着我说："战争期间当心仓库里的软件."
US ['sɑ:ft.wer] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the instructions which control what a computer does; computer programs （电脑）软体
• He's written a piece of software which calculates your tax returns for you. 他编写了一个能计算你退税额度的软体。
Compare hardware
UK ['sɒft.weər] US ['sɑ:ft.wer] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  software Software does not have a plural form and cannot be used with a or an. To talk about an amount of software , do not say 'softwares', say software , some software or a lot of software :
✗ I strongly recommend that we upgrade our softwares. I strongly recommend that we upgrade our software. To talk about software in the singular, do not say 'a software', say a piece of software :
✗ There was a demonstration of a software that I think we should buy. There was a demonstration of a piece of software that I think we should buy.

Word: domestic
Front: domestic
[dəˈmestɪk] (研四六托雅 1547/1381 -K4)
Vocabulary: domestic
(once / 116 pages)
adjn
Domestic generally means relating to someone's family, home, or home country. Domestic work is work done in the home––a domestic is someone who works in a home, such as a nanny or a maid.
Domestic is also used to refer to products that are produced in your country, or policies and affairs that relate to your country. And domestic animals, such as cats and dogs, are used to living with people. Domestic derives from Middle English, from Old French domestique, from Latin domesticus, from domus "house."
WORD FAMILY
domestic: domestically, domesticise, domesticity, domesticize, domestics, undomestic+/domesticity: domesticities
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, he added, they should be treated humanely, in accordance with international and domestic law.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
About 60 percent of last year’s homicide victims were shot to death and more than one-quarter of them were related to domestic violence.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For many though, their understanding of “domestic violence” remains limited to its physical manifestations.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 家庭的，家的; 国内的; 驯养的; 热心家务的
n. 佣人; 国货
分布：国内的(48%)，家庭的(15%)，佣人(15%)，驯养的(14%)，家仆(8%)
→来自拉丁语domus, 家，词源同domain. 即家里面的，本国的。
家里的;国内的(dom+estic表形容词→家里的)[dom=house,表示"屋,家"]
a.家里的;本国的;驯养的She is a very domestic sort of woman.她是个十足的家庭妇女.
adjective
COUNTRY 国家
 IMPROVER
■relating to a person's own country 本国的，国内的
• domestic airlines/flights 国内航空公司／航班
• Domestic opinion had turned against the war. 国内舆论已转而反对战争。
[də'mes.tɪk] adjective
HOME 家
 ADVANCED
■belonging or relating to the home, house or family 家庭的
• domestic chores/duties/arrangements 家务琐事／家庭责任／家务安排
[də'mes.tɪk] noun countable (also domestic help) old-fashioned
■someone paid to do work, such as cleaning and cooking, in someone else's house 佣人，保姆
adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的
 - internal, household, home, family
n. 国货；佣人
 - servant

Word: relation
Front: relation
[rɪˈleɪʃn] (中高研四六 1118/719 -K4)
Vocabulary: relation
(once / 45 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
Relation is a word that can describe a connection — between relatives or any two entities. You might consider your cousin as your relation, and you might have strained relations with him over your grandmother's estate.
The way that one thing affects another is their relation like the relation between childhood poverty and poor nutrition, for example. You can also call your relative a relation, as when you describe your great-grandfather as your oldest living relation. The phrase no relation means that even though two people share the same last name, they are not related — or aren't relations.
WORD FAMILY
relation: relational, relations, relationship +/interrelate: interrelated, interrelating, interrelation/ interrelated: interrelatedness/interrelation: interrelations, interrelationship/interrelationship: interrelationships/ relate: interrelate, related, relates, relating, relation, relative / related: relatedly, relatedness, unrelated /relational: relationally/ relationship: relationships/ relative: relatively, relatives, relativise, relativism, relativity, relativize/relativistic: relativistically/ relativity: relativistic, relativities/relativize: relativizes/ unrelated: unrelatedly, unrelatedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ibrahim Hooper, a spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, accused Trump of seeking to exploit the "tragic situation in Ohio."
Reuters(Dec 01, 2016)
These are sunny days, too, for Israel’s foreign relations.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Most of Mr. Putin’s hourlong speech, however, was devoted to domestic issues, not foreign relations.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 关系; 联系; 关联; 亲属
分布：关系(85%)，联系(8%)，亲戚(6%)，参考(1%)
→来自 relate,联系，相关。引申诸相关词义。
n.关系,联系;亲属,亲戚One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
noun
FRIENDSHIP 友好关系
relations [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■the way in which two people or groups of people feel and behave towards each other （人际或团体之间的）关系，联系，交往
• Relations between him and his new wife are rather strained. 他和新娶的妻子之间的关系很紧张。
• formal Britain enjoys friendly relations with Canada. 英国和加拿大的关系非常友好。
  Common Learner Errors  relation or relationship? Warning: Choose the right word! To talk in the singular about the way in which people feel and behave towards each other, don't say 'a relation', say a relationship :
✗ He has a very good relation with his colleagues.
[rɪ'leɪ.ʃən] noun
CONNECTION 关联
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the connection or similarity between two things 关联；关系；联系；相似
• The relation between the original book and this new film is very faint. 原著和这出新电影之间没太多联系。
• She bears no relation to (= She is not similar to) her brother. 她和她弟弟性格迥异。
in/with relation to sth
■in connection with something 关于；至于；就…而言
• She used the map to discover where she was in relation to her surroundings. 她对照地图看周围环境来确定她所处的位置。
[rɪ'leɪ.ʃən] noun
FAMILY MEMBER 亲戚
 IMPROVER countable
■a member of your family 亲戚；亲属
• The funeral was attended by friends and relations. 死者的亲友参加了葬礼。
• She's a relation by marriage because she married my cousin. 她是我的一个姻亲，因为她嫁给了我表哥。
[rɪ'leɪ.ʃən] noun
have (sexual) relations (with sb) formal
■to have sex or a sexual relationship with someone （与某人）有（性）关系
• The couple had been having sexual relations for a year. 这对夫妇在婚前就已经有一年的性关系了。
relation, relative
这组词都有“亲戚、亲属”的意思，其区别是：
relation: 一般指因血统或婚烟关系形成的亲戚。
relative: 普通用词，常可与relation换用，有时指一般的亲戚。
n. [计] 关系；叙述；故事；亲属关系
 - connection, statement, bearing, concern, story

Word: partner
Front: partner
[ˈpɑ:tnə(r)] (高研四六 1048/1144 -K4)
Vocabulary: partner
(once / 108 pages)
nv
If you open a lemonade stand with your brother, then your brother is your business partner.
Partner means "to pair up." At a square dance, the call "partner up!" means it's time to find someone to dance with. In business, there are often multiple partners — each one owns a share of the business, and has a share of the risk. Some people call their spouse or the person they're in a long-term relationship with their partner — it has more egalitarian senses than "husband" or "wife," and signals commitment even if you're not married.
WORD FAMILY
partner: partnered, partnering, partners, partnership +/ partnership: partnerships
USAGE EXAMPLES
As group president, Mr. Jain will, in effect, become a partner to Mr. Lutnick, helping him oversee Cantor’s various businesses and, crucially, providing strategic insights.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
On Tuesday, march organizers announced that Gloria Steinem and Planned Parenthood would be official partners of the march.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
He was also told by women’s rights organisations that mothers did not believe their partners were ready to care for their children.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 伙伴; 同伙; 同伴; 配偶
vt. 使合作; 与…合伙
vi. 合伙; 合股; 成为搭档
时态：partnered, partnering, partners
分布：伙伴(50%)，伴侣(22%)，合伙人(14%)，搭档(13%)，同 ... 合作(1%)
→来自part,部分，-er,人。即成为其中的一部分，引申词义伙伴，伴侣。
合作伙伴(part+ner人)[part,port=part,divide,表示"部分,分开"]
n.合作者,合伙人,合股人,伙伴,舞伴,配偶The Particle party's partner participated in the particular Parliament.粒子党的合伙人参与了特别议会.
US ['pɑ:rt.nɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person or organization you are closely involved with in some way 搭档，伙伴，同伴
• He gave up his job as a police officer after his partner was killed. 他在搭档被杀后辞去了警官的工作。
• The two companies are partners in a contract to build a new power station. 这两家公司订立合约，共同建造一座新的发电厂。
 ADVANCED
■one of the owners of a company （公司的）合伙人
• He's a partner in an insurance company/a law firm. 他是一家保险公司／律师事务所的合伙人。
 ADVANCED
■the person you are married to or living with as if you were married to them, or the person you are having a sexual relationship with 配偶；情人；性伴侣
■one of a pair of dancers or one of a pair who are playing a sport or a game together, especially when the pair are playing as a team 舞伴
UK ['pɑ:t.nər] US ['pɑ:rt.nɚ] verb transitive
■If you partner someone in a sport, a game or a dance, you act as their partner. （在体育运动、游戏或舞蹈中）与（某人）合作，与（某人）成为搭档
comrade, companion, colleague, partner, fellow, associate
这组词都有“同事，伙伴”的意思，其区别是：
comrade: 指具有共同的事业、利益关系相一致的人。
companion: 指陪伴他人的人，即同伴或陪伴。
colleague: 一般用于对同事的正式称呼，基本上专用在职业关系上。
partner: 指事业中处于合伙关系的人，或指婚姻、游戏、跳舞中的另一方。
fellow: 多用复数形式，指一块住、生活或同行共事的人。
associate: 普通用词，侧重指在利害关系上密切相关。
n. 伙伴； [法] 合伙人；配偶
 - comrade, associate
vi. [法] 合伙；合股；成为搭档
 - joint stock, tie up
vt. 使合作；与…合伙
 - team

Word: space
Front: space
[speɪs] (中高研四六雅 521/715 -K4)
Vocabulary: space
(once / 53 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n
Before hiring a moving company to bring a grand piano into your studio apartment, you should measure how much space you actually have available.
Space, along with time, is one of the basic concepts of reality, but there are plenty of non-philosophical ways to use it. Don't let your dog sleep in the bed — she'll take up too much space. There's a space between each of these words. If you're into rockets, you probably want to travel in space, beyond the earth's atmosphere. A space in your day is free time. (Weird, right?) The root word spatium means "area covered" in Latin.
WORD FAMILY
space: spaced, spaces, spacial, spacing, spacious, spacy, spatial, subspace+/spaced: unspaced/spacial: spatially/spacing: spacings/ spacious: spaciously, spaciousness/ spatial: nonspatial, spatiality
USAGE EXAMPLES
About 200 Muslims who hold their prayers in rented hotel space in Manassas want to build their own space.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The company is also under contract to fly cargo and, eventually, astronauts to the International Space Station.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Plans call for converting part of the building into exhibition space.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 空间，太空; 空白，间隔; 空隙; 片刻
vt. 把…分隔开，留间隔于…之间
vi. 以一定间隔排列
时态：spaced, spacing, spaces
分布：空间(76%)，太空(17%)，空格(3%)，间隙(1%)，空地(1%)，分隔(1%)，留间隔(1%)
→来自拉丁语 spatium,空间，区域，一段时间，可能来自 spe,展开，拉长，词源同 span,spoon. 后引申诸相关词义。拼写比较 vice,vitiate.
n.间隔;空地,余地;空间v.留间隔,隔开The preface is written on the surface of the furnace that faces the space facilities.序言写在面对太空设施的火炉表面.
noun
EMPTY PLACE 空地
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■an empty area which is available to be used （可利用的）空间，空地
• Is there any space for my clothes in that cupboard? 那个衣橱还放得下我的衣服吗？
• I've got to make (some) space for Mark's things. 我得为马克挪点地方放他的东西。
• When the roads are wet, you've got to leave plenty of space between you and the car in front. 路面湿滑，你必须和前车保持足够的距离。
• The blank space at the end of the form is for your name. 表格末端的空白处是让你签名的。
• We found a parking space close to the museum. 我们在博物馆附近找到了一个停车位。
⇒ See also airspace
 IMPROVER uncountable
■that which is around everything that exists and which is continuous in all directions 空间
• He was absent-mindedly staring/gazing into space (= looking, but seeing nothing). 他失神了，目光茫然。
• Virtual Reality aims to give us artificial worlds to explore, outside normal space and time. 虚拟现实旨在呈现一个正常空间和时间之外的人造世界供我们探索。
open space
■land, especially in a town, which has no buildings on it （尤指城市中的）空地，开阔地
• What I like about Cambridge is that there's so much open space - there are parks and commons everywhere. 我喜欢剑桥，因为那里有很多开阔地——到处都是公园和绿地。
• I love the wide open spaces (= large areas of countryside) of central Australia. 我喜欢澳大利亚中部广阔的原野。
in/within a short space of time
■very soon 不久，很快
• Within a short space of time you could be speaking perfect English! 不久你就会说上一口道地的英语！
in/within the space of six weeks/three hours, etc.
■during a period of six weeks/three hours, etc 六个星期／三个小时之内等等
• It all happened in the space of ten minutes. 这一切都发生在十分钟之内。
[speɪs] noun
BEYOND EARTH 地球之外
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the empty area outside the Earth's atmosphere , where the planets and the stars are 外太空，太空
• space exploration/travel 太空探索／旅行
• a space rocket 太空火箭
• Who was the first human being in space/the first to go into space? 谁是第一个进入太空的人？
[speɪs] verb transitive
■to arrange things or people so that there is some distance or time between them 把…以一定间隔排列；在…中留间隔
• That page looks badly spaced (= there is too much/too little distance between the lines or words). 那一页版面排得很不整齐。
• The flowers were spaced (out) evenly (= planted at equal distances) beside the path. 小路两旁花团簇生，间隔均匀。
• If you're in financial difficulty, we're happy to let you space (out) your payments (= pay in smaller amounts over a longer period of time) over two years. 如果经济上有困难，我们可以让你在两年内分期付款。
cosmos, space, universe
这组词都有“宇宙，太空”的意思，其区别是：
cosmos: 源于希腊语，指和谐的有秩序的宇宙，与chaos(天地开辟前的浑沌状态)相对。
space: 指大气层或太阳系之外的极高的天空，即太空之意。
universe: 指包括地球及其他天体的广大空间。
n. 空间；太空；距离
 - separation, vacuum, room, distance, remove
vi. 留间隔
 - keep distance
vt. 隔开
 - partition off, fence out

Word: answer
Front: answer
[ˈɑ:nsə(r)] (中高 767/808 -K5)
Vocabulary: answer
(once / 14 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4v 5v 6v
An answer is a response to a question, problem, or need. If you don’t get enough sleep, quitting your late-night TV habit might be the answer.
Answer, which can be a noun or a verb, comes from the Old English for swear, and the word originally meant an official, sworn response to a legal charge. We don’t have to be sworn in when we answer a question, however, we just need to reply. Answer also means "solution." Is the answer to poverty better education? If you meet a requirement, you answer it. If you are obligated to someone, you answer to him.
WORD FAMILY
answer: answerable, answered, answerer, answering, answers+/answerable: answerability, answerableness, answerably, unanswerable/answered: unanswered/answerer: answerers/answering: answeringly/unanswerable: unanswerably
USAGE EXAMPLES
It is quite similar to ‘passing the peace’ in church on Sunday when “The Lord be with you!” is answered with “And also with you!”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And the answer to that is no,” Mr. Walker said, according to a report in the Capital Times.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“They’re answering the public criticisms of U.S. experts,” said Joshua Pollack, editor of the U.S.-based Non proliferation Review.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 答复; 解答; 答辩; 适应
n. 回答; 答案; 反应; 足以媲美的人
时态：answered, answering, answers
分布：回答(53%)，答案(36%)，答复(8%)，接电话(3%)
→前缀anti-, 相对。词根swer, 发誓，见swear. 原指法律用语，发誓没干过某坏事，指控不实。后词义转化为回复，答复。
vt.回答,答复,答案v.回答,答复,响应The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US ['ænt.sɚ] noun countable
REACTION 反应
 ESSENTIAL
■a reaction to a question, letter, telephone call, etc. 回答；作答；答应；答覆；答案
• The Minister promised to give a written answer to the MP's detailed question. 对于议员提出的那个涉及很多细节的问题，部长答应给予书面答覆。
• We've written to him asking him if he's free on that date but we haven't had an answer yet. 我们已经去信问他那天是否有空，但还没有收到回信。
• I've just rung him but there was no answer. 我刚给他打过电话，但没人接。
• I didn't realise we had to write each answer on a new sheet of paper. 我没有意识到我们要把每一道题的答案写在另一张纸上。
• I got eight correct answers and two wrong ones in last week's exam. 上周考试，我做对了八道题，做错了两道。
• In answer to your letter of May 30th, I am writing to accept your offer of £3575 in compensation. 兹覆贵方5月30日来函，今特告我方接受贵方3575英镑赔偿金的提议。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] noun countable
SOLUTION 解决办法
 IMPROVER
■a solution to a problem 解决办法
• It's a difficult situation and I don't know what the answer is. 这种局面很棘手，我不知道该怎么办。
• There's no easy answer to the problem. 要解决这个问题并非易事。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] noun countable
sb's answer to sb/sth
■If something or someone is the answer to another thing or person, they are considered to be similar or as good 与…相当（或同样好）的人（或物）；…的对应物
• Channel 4 is independent television's answer to BBC2. 独立电视台的4频道和英国广播公司2频道节目性质相同。
• She's Lithuania's answer to Madonna. 她是立陶宛的玛丹娜。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
REACT 反应
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to say, write or do something as a reaction to a question, letter, telephone call etc. 回答；作答；答应；答覆；解答
• I can't answer (you) without more detailed information. 没有更详细的资讯，我无法（向你）作出答覆。
• You haven't answered my question. 你还没有回答我的问题。
• I wrote asking whether he'd be coming to the party but he hasn't answered yet. 我写信问他是否来参加聚会，但他还没有回覆。
• [+ speech] "I'd love to have dinner with you, but I won't be able to get there before nine o'clock, " she answered. “我很乐意和你共进晚餐，但我九点之前赶不到那里，”她答道。
• [+ that] She answered that she wouldn't be able to come before nine o'clock. 她回答说九点之前她来不了。
• Someone's at the door - would you answer it please? 有人敲门，你去开一下好吗？
• I phoned last night but nobody answered. 我昨晚打了电话，可是没人接。
• formal Does anyone here answer to the name of (= Is anyone here called) Wallis? 这儿有谁名叫沃利斯吗？
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
BE SUITABLE FOR 合适于
transitive
■to be suitable for and satisfy someone's needs 适应，适合（需要）
• He showed me some software that answered my requirements exactly. 他给我看了一些正符合我要求的软体。
• I've got a bit of furniture round the back that I think might answer your needs. 我后院里有少许家俱，我想你或许会用得上。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
MATCH 相配
intransitive or transitive (also answer to)
■to match a description （与描述）符合，相配，像
• A woman who answers to the suspect's description was seen in the area on the night of the crime. 案发当晚，有人在该地区看到过一个女人，正符合对嫌疑犯的描述。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  answer (sb) back
■to speak rudely when answering someone in authority （跟某人）回嘴，顶嘴
• Don't you dare answer me back, young lady! 小姐，你还敢跟我顶嘴！
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  answer back
■to react to criticism by arguing or explaining 辩护，答辩
• The company criticized in the documentary was given the opportunity to answer back. 纪录片所抨击的那家公司被给予辩白的机会。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  answer for sth
■to be responsible for something bad, or to be punished for something 对…负责任；因为…而受责罚
• I expect parents to answer for their children's behaviour. 我希望父母能对其子女的行为负责。
• "Why do you think there's so much violence nowadays?" "Well, violence on television has a lot to answer for (= is the cause of much of it)." “在你看来，为甚么现在会有那么多的暴力事件？”“这个嘛，很大程度上要归咎于电视对暴力的宣扬。”
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  answer for sb/sth
■If you say that you can answer for someone or for a quality that they have, you mean that you know from experience that they can be trusted, or that they have that quality 为…（的品质）担保，保证…可靠
• I can certainly answer for her professionalism, and whole-heartedly recommend her to any employer. 我当然可以对她的专业能力作出担保，并竭诚向任何雇主推荐她。
UK ['ɑ:nt.sər] US ['ænt.sɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  answer to sb
■to take orders from, obey and explain your actions to someone 对（某人）负责
• The great thing about working for yourself is that you don't have to answer to anyone. 为自己做事，好处就是不必对别人负责。
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
solve, resolve, answer
solve: 解决，解答。如：He solved all the problems in the exam.(他解出了所有试题。)solve的名词为solution，一般同to搭配。如：a solution to the problem
resolve: 表“解决”，“解答”是个正式用词。如：Have you resolved the problem yet?(你把问题解决了吗？)resolve还有“决定”，“下决心”等意思。
answer: 表“回答”，后面的宾语应是questions。
vt. 回答；符合
 - reply, meet with
vi. 回答；符合
 - reply, accord
n. 回答；答案； [法] 答辩
 - response, defence, reply, result

Word: meanwhile
Front: meanwhile
[ˈmi:nwaɪl] (高研四六 1847/1886 -K4)
Vocabulary: meanwhile
(once / 113 pages)
advn
Use the adverb meanwhile to mean "at the same time." For example, you might have a great evening at the bowling alley, but meanwhile, your parents are home wondering why you never showed up for dinner.
The word meanwhile is handy when you’re telling a story because sometimes it’s funny to realize what two things are happening at the same time. You might be frantically searching for your cat, meanwhile, he's lounging under your bed. Meanwhile can also refer to the time before something happens, as in "I have an interview in an hour, but meanwhile I'm going to take a nap." The word meanwhile is rooted in mean, with its meaning of "middle" or "intermediate."
WORD FAMILY
meanwhile: meanwhiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
Doctson, meanwhile, developed a medically mystifying Achilles’ tendon ailment that migrated from one ankle to the next.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, Islamic State militants launched an attack on the main road from Baghdad to Mosul, a key military supply route.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Settlers, meanwhile, brush it off as an irrelevance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 同时，其间
n. 其时，其间
分布：其间(62%)，同时(38%)
→mean,中间的，其间，while,一段时间。
n.其时,其间ad.当时,与此同时Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house.母亲去买东西, 我打扫屋子.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■until something expected happens, or while something else is happening 在此期间；（与此）同时
• Carl's starting college in September. Meanwhile, he's travelling around Europe. 卡尔九月将开始大学生活。此间他正在环游欧洲。
adv. 同时，其间
 - together, simul

Word: trial
Front: trial
[ˈtraɪəl] (高研四六托雅 898/1166 -K4)
Vocabulary: trial
(once / 81 pages)
n
When you run a series of tests on something, it's called a trial. If you invent a computer game and want to run it through a trial before releasing it, you might hire a bunch of teenagers to play it.
A trial is also a court hearing to legally determine the result of a particular case. If your cousin is arrested for stealing her neighbor's dog, she may be put on trial. This term can also be used more generically, especially to talk about something being tried in the court of public opinion. The fate of music education is on trial in many school districts facing budget cuts.
WORD FAMILY
trial: mistrial, pretrial, trials+/ mistrial: mistrials/ retrial: retrials/ retry: retrial, retried, retries, retrying/tried: triedest, untried/trier: triers/ try: retry, trial, tried, trier, tries, trying/trying: tryinger, tryingest, tryingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
While these data are preliminary, a larger clinical trial isS currently underway.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s ludicrous and arbitrary,” according to Devinsky, who says getting government approval for his epilepsy trial required dozens of hours of extra work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 试验; [法]审讯，审判; 磨难，困难; [体]选拔赛
adj. 试验的; [法]审讯的
分布：试验(45%)，审讯(20%)，试用(18%)，尝试(10%)，测试(3%)，惹麻烦的人(2%)，预赛或选拔赛(1%)，讨厌的事(1%)
→来自 try,甄选，选出，尝试，审理，-al,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
n.讯问,审讯;试验;试用;尝试Life is full of trials.人生充满着磨难.
noun
LEGAL PROCESS 法律程式
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter 审判，审理
• trial proceedings 审判程式
• Trial by jury is a fundamental right. 由陪审团审判是一项基本权利。
• It was a very complicated trial that went on for months. 该审判非常复杂，历时数月。
• She's going on/standing trial for fraud. 她因诈骗而将受审。
⇒ See also try
[traɪəl] noun
TEST 试验
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable something or someone is 试验；试用
• They're doing clinical trials on a new drug. 他们正在对一种新药进行临床试验。
• They've employed her for a six-month trial (period). 他们录用了她，试用期为六个月。
• mainly UK You can buy any of their garden equipment on trial] US usuallyon a trial basis , and if you don't like it you can give it back. 你买他们的任何园艺设备都可以试用，如果不喜欢可以退货。
[traɪəl] noun
PROBLEM 问题
countable
■a person or thing that is annoying and causes a lot of problems 惹麻烦的人；令人伤脑筋的事物；考验
• She was a real trial to her parents when she was younger. 她年轻时真令父母头痛。
• The book is all about the trials of growing up. 这本书讲的全是成长过程中经历的种种烦恼。
[traɪəl] noun
EXAMINATION 考试
countable Australian
■a mock (= examination taken at school for practice before a real examination) 预试（在学校中进行的一种模拟考试，或在实际考试之前进行的训练）
• In Australian schools, trials take place in July. 在澳大利亚的学校中，预试通常在七月举行。
[traɪəl] noun
trials and tribulations literary or humorous
■troubles and events that cause suffering 艰辛；麻烦；苦难
• the trials and tribulations of marriage 婚姻中的种种考验与磨炼
[traɪəl] verb transitive (-ll- or -l-)
■to test something in a formal way to discover how effective or suitable it is 试验；试用
• We're trialing the new drug in several hospitals. 我们正在几家医院试用这种新药。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
n. [试验] 试验；审讯；努力；磨炼
 - effort, hearing, pain, proof, experiment
adj. [试验] 试验的；审讯的
 - testing

Word: unlikely
Front: unlikely
[ʌnˈlaɪkli] (研四六托雅 2687/1636 -K4)
Back: adj. 未必的，不一定有把握的; 不太可能的; 不可能发生的; 不像是真的
级别：unlikelier, unlikeliest
分布：不太可能的(100%)
a.不太可能的Are you going to the party? I think it's unlikely.你去参加聚会吗?我想这是不大可能的.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■not likely 不大可能的；未必的
• [+ (that)] It 's pretty unlikely (that) they'll turn up now - it's nearly ten o'clock. 他们现在不大可能来了——都快十点了。
• He seems an unlikely-looking policeman (= He is not what I expect a policeman to look like). 他看上去不太像个员警。
opposite, contrary, otherwise, unlikely
opposite: adj 相反的，相对的，对面的；
contrary: adj 相反的，矛盾的，对抗的；
otherwise: 可做adv，意为“不同的，不那样的”；
unlikely: adj 不大可能的
adv. 未必
 - not necessarily

Word: zone
Front: zone
[ zəʊn] (高研四六托宝 1763/2336 -K3)
Vocabulary: zone
(once / 259 pages)
nv
A zone is an area that has some special characteristic, like a loading zone.
"The Twilight Zone" was a TV show where odd things happened. Similarly, any zone is a place that has some special feature. A loading zone is a spot where cars and trucks can unload things and people. A military zone is a place under control of the armed forces. To create a zone is called zoning: zoning breaks something into parts or sections. An election board zones an area into separate zones such as districts.
WORD FAMILY
zone: zonal, zoned, zones, zoning+/zonal: azonal, bizonal/zoning: zonings
USAGE EXAMPLES
At the Penn State 27-yard line, receiver Deontay Burnett unilaterally decided to scrap his pass route and beeline to the end zone.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Fans around the world plan to toast “The Professor” at 9 p.m. in their time zones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Set up by an interception less than a minute later, McSorley plowed into the end zone on a three-yard run.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: [地名] 地带、地区（德语）
时态：zoned, zoning, zones
→来自拉丁语zone,地理分布带，来自yos,带子，腰带，词源同zoster.
n.地区,区域v.分区,划分地带The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
US [zoʊn] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an area, especially one which is different from the areas around it because it has different characteristics or is used for different purposes （尤指有不同特征或用途的）地带，地区
• an earthquake zone 地震带
• a nuclear-free zone 无核区
• He was charged with driving 75 mph in a 55 mph zone. 他被指控在限速55英里的区域内驾车时速达到75英里。
• This stretch of coast has been designated a danger zone. 这段海岸已被划定为危险地带。
• The UN Security Council has established a no-fly zone (= one into which aircraft are not permitted to fly). 联合国安全理事会设定了一处禁飞区。
 IMPROVER specialized
■one of the five parts into which the Earth is divided according to temperature, marked by imaginary lines going round it from east to west （地球的）气候带
• temperate zones 温带
UK [zəʊn] US [zoʊn] noun countable
in the zone informal
■If you are in the zone, you are happy or excited because you are doing something very skilfully and easily. （做某事）得心应手
UK [zəʊn] US [zoʊn] verb transitive usually passive specialized
■to give a special purpose to a particular area, such as an area in a town 将…划作特殊区域；指定…为某项用途的区域
• The former dockyard has been zoned for tourist use. 以前的造船厂被辟为了旅游用地。
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, vicinity, area, district, zone
这组词都有“区域”的意思，其区别是：
region: n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区"；身体部位。
 • The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.   美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity: n.周围地区，附近地区。
 • The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.   警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
area: n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专业领域。
 • The New York area has high rents.   纽约地区房租很高。
district: n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
zone: n.指特定的地方、地带。
 • The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.   市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 地区； [地理] 地带
 - region, area, section, corner, quarter
vt. 环绕；使分成地带
 - environ, circle round

Word: stock
Front: stock
[stɒk] (研四六托雅宝 740/1082 -K5)
Vocabulary: stock
(once / 55 pages)
1nadjv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
Stock is collective noun for the stuff a store or a company has to sell, be it toilet paper, automobiles or clothing. Many stores close once a year for a few days to do an inventory of their stock.
Stock is used in all kinds of contexts, as both a noun and a verb, but always has an eye on the things that are present and available. Stock boys stock the shelves at grocery stores. Consumers stock up on toilet paper. Car thieves take stock (assess the stuff they can do) when they run out of gas and the sirens are getting louder. And finally, companies sell stock — small shares of ownership — in their companies to raise money.
WORD FAMILY
stock: overstock, restock, stocked, stocker, stocking, stockist, stockly, stocks, understock+/overstock: overstocked, overstocking, overstocks/restock: restocked, restocking, restocks/stocker: stockers/stocking: stockings/understock: understocked, understocking, understocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
Stocks in Taiwan and Singapore were higher, but they were lower in Indonesia.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Until last year, WuXi’s largest division was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Qarau’s commitment to replenishing the turtle stock involves monitoring them twice a week.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 股份，股票; 库存; 树干; 家畜
adj. 常备的，存货的; 陈旧的
vt. 提供货物; 备有
vi. 出新芽; 囤积
时态：stocked, stocking, stocks
分布：股票(66%)，存货(10%)，股份(7%)，储备(6%)，储存(3%)，家畜(2%)，采购(2%)，声望(1%)，树干(1%)，供给(1%)，存货的(1%)
→来自古英语 stocc,树干，树桩，柱子，来自 Proto-Germanic*stukkaz,树干，可能来自 steg, 棍子，柱子，树桩，词源同 stake,stack,stick.引申词义枪托，比喻义出身，家系，词义演变比 较 family tree.stock 存货，储备，供应，家畜，牲畜，股票，证券，高汤，原汤
n.备料,库存,现货;股票,公债v.储存The mocker knocked the stock with the knots on the stocking and sock.嘲笑者用长袜和短裤上的结鼓打存货.
【反】unique（adj 唯一的；独特的）
US [stɑ:k] noun
SUPPLY 供应物
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a supply of something for use or sale 储备物；供应物；存货：
• It is now halfway through winter and food stocks are already low. 现在冬天刚刚过半，但食物的储备已经不足。
• The local shop has a good stock of postcards and guidebooks. 本地商店备有大量明信片和旅游指南。
• Much of the city's housing stock (= the number of houses in the city) is over 100 years old. 城市中许多房子都有100多年历史了。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the total amount of goods or the amount of a particular type of goods available in a shop （商店的）库存，存货
• This shop sells its old stock at a very low prices. 这家商店以极低的价格出售以前的存货。
• We'll be getting our new stock in on Friday. 我们将于周五收到新货。
• The new edition is in/out of stock (= available/not available) in major bookshops. 新版在各大书店都有售／脱销了。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the amount of money which a company has through selling shares to people 股本，资本
• They own 20% of the company's stock. 他们拥有公司20%股份。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■part of the ownership of a company which people buy as an investment (= to make a profit) 股份；股票
• Stock prices fell yesterday in heavy trading. 股价昨日大幅下跌。
• She buys and sells stocks and shares. 她买卖股票。
countable or uncountable UK
■money which people invest in the government and which produces a fixed rate of interest 债券，公债
• government stock(s) 政府公债
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
LIQUID 液体
uncountable
■a liquid used to add flavour to food and which is made by boiling meat or fish bones or vegetables in water 高汤，原汁
• vegetable/beef/chicken stock 菜／牛肉／鸡汤
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
ANIMALS 动物
uncountable
■animals, such as cows or sheep, kept on a farm 家畜，牲畜
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
OPINION 意见
uncountable formal
■the degree to which a person or organization is popular and respected 名声，声望；声誉
• At present, the Prime Minister's stock is high/low. 目前，首相的声望很高／低。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
ORIGIN 起源
uncountable slightly formal
■the family or group which a person or animal comes from （人的）祖先，血统，家族，世系；（动物的）种，原种
• He's an American of Irish stock. 他是个爱尔兰血统的美国人。
• She's of peasant/noble stock. 她的祖先是农民／贵族。
• Some of the animals will be kept as breeding stock. 一些牲畜将留作种畜。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
HANDLE 把手
countable
■the support or handle of a tool, especially the triangular part of a gun that rests against your shoulder （工具的）柄；（尤指）枪托
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
FRAME 枷锁
the stocks [plural]
■(in Europe in the Middle Ages) a wooden frame which was fixed around someone's feet, hands and sometimes head, so that they were forced to sit or stand for a long time in public as a punishment 手枷，足枷，头枷（欧洲中世纪的刑具）
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
PLANT 植物
countable
■a garden plant with small pleasant-smelling, brightly coloured flowers 紫罗兰
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
put stock in sth
■If you put stock in something that someone says or does, you have a high opinion of it 信任；看重
• He's been wrong several times before, so I don't put much stock in what he says anymore. 他以前错过好几次，所以我不再十分相信他说的话。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] noun
take stock
■To take stock (of something) is to think carefully about a situation or event and form an opinion about it, so that you can decide what to do 仔细考虑；作出判断；评估
• After two years spent teaching abroad, she returned home for a month to take stock of her life. 在国外教了两年书之后，她回国留了一个月反省自己的生活。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■If a shop or factory stocks something, it keeps a supply of it （商店或工厂）储备，贮存
• Most supermarkets stock a wide range of wines. 大多数超级市场备有许多种类的葡萄酒。
■to fill something such as a cupboard or shelves with food or goods 为…备货；把…填满
• He has a Saturday job stocking shelves in the local supermarket. 他星期六有一份在本地超市上货的工作。
• I always stock up the fridge before my sister comes to stay. 我总是在妹妹来住前将冰箱备满食物。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  stock up
■to buy a large quantity of something 大量购买；囤积
• During the emergency, people stocked up on essential items like candles, medicines and tins of food. 在非常时期，人们囤积了诸如蜡烛、药物和罐头食品等基本用品。
UK [stɒk] US [stɑ:k] adjective
■(of an idea, expression or action) usual or typical, and used or done so many times that it is no longer original （想法、表达方式或行动）老一套的，陈腐的，一成不变的
• a stock phrase/response 常用的字眼／老一套的回答
• "Don't worry - worse things happen at sea" is her stock expression for whenever anything goes wrong. “别担心——若不这样可能会更糟呢。”这是每次出事时，她一贯会说的话。
n. [金融] 股份，股票； [贸易] 库存；血统；树干
 - birth, blood, stem
adj. [贸易] 存货的，常备的；平凡的
 - ordinary, mediocre
vt. 进货；备有；装把手于…
 - be furnished with
vi. 囤积；办货；出新芽
 - corner

Word: propose
Front: propose
[prəˈpəʊz] (研四六托雅 1694/1309 -K4)
Vocabulary: propose
(once / 39 pages)
v
The verb propose means "to suggest a plan," like the most well-known thing to propose: marriage. If you propose to your girlfriend, you propose getting married, and you probably give her a ring, too.
The word propose comes from the Old French root words pro, meaning "forth" and poser, meaning "put, place." Using propose to refer to an offer of marriage was first recorded in the 1700s but the verb also has other meanings. It can mean to present for consideration or criticism, like proposing a four-day school week or "to nominate someone for an elected office or official post."
WORD FAMILY
propose: proposal, proposed, proposer, proposes, proposing, proposition +/counterproposal: counterproposals/ proposal: counterproposal, proposals/proposer: proposers/ proposition: propositioned, propositioning, propositions
USAGE EXAMPLES
The zoning changes proposed along the trolley will allow relatively intense commercial and residential development there, which fits with the city’s climate action plan.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 29, 2016)
“We think this expanded choice, which the president-elect is proposing, should be part of that solution,” Mr. Caldwell said recently on CNN.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Opponents say the proposed ban is clearly unconstitutional.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提议，建议; 打算，计划; 推荐，提名; 求婚
vi. 做出计划，打算; 求婚
时态：proposed, proposing, proposes
分布：打算(41%)，求婚(25%)，计划(25%)，提名(8%)，向 ... 提议(1%)
→pro-,向前，-pos,放置，词源同position,composite.引申诸相关词义。
v.提议,建议;提名,推荐;求婚The composer was proposed to decompose his composition into components.作曲家被建议将著作分解成单元.
US [-'poʊz] verb
SUGGEST 建议
 IMPROVER transitive
■to offer or state a possible plan or action for other people to consider 建议；提议；提出
• [+ that] I propose that we wait until the budget has been announced before committing ourselves to any expenditure. 我建议我们在还没宣布预算以前不要有任何支出。
• [+ -ing verb] He proposed dealing directly with the suppliers. 他提议直接和供应商打交道。
• She proposed a boycott of the meeting. 她建议抵制这次会议。
• He proposed a motion that the chairman resign. 他提出动议请主席辞职。
transitive
■to suggest someone for a position or for membership of an organization 提名，推荐（某人）担任某职（或参加某组织）
• To be nominated for union president you need one person to propose you and another to second you. 要被提名为工会主席，你需要有一个推荐人和一个附议人。
intransitive
■to ask someone to marry you 求婚
• I remember the night your father proposed to me. 我还记得你父亲向我求婚的那个晚上。
propose a toast
■to ask people at a formal social occasion to express their good wishes or respect for someone by holding up their glasses, usually of alcohol, at the same time and then drinking from them 提议为…祝酒；提议为…干杯
• Now, if you'd all please raise your glasses, I'd like to propose a toast to the bride and groom. 现在，请大家举起酒杯，让我们为新郎和新娘干杯。
  Common Learner Errors  propose or offer? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about providing or supplying something such as an object or service, don't say 'propose', say offer
✗ This school proposes individual tuition on demand. This school offers individual tuition on demand.
UK [prə'pəʊz] US [-'poʊz] verb
INTEND 打算
transitive formal
■to intend to do something 计划，打算
• [+ to infinitive] How do you propose to complete the project in such a short time scale? 你打算怎样在这么短的时间内完成这个专案计划？
• [+ -ing verb] How do you propose tackling this problem? 你打算怎么解决这个问题？
• I do not propose to reveal details at this stage. 我不打算在这个阶段透露细节。
• What we are proposing is a radical change in approach. 我们打算在方法上来个彻底大转变。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
propose, advise, suggest
propose: 提议，供大家讨论
advise: 给对方建议劝告对方，但对方是否接受不抱希望（弱势对强势）；
suggest: 建议希望对方做某事，往往带有敦促、鼓励或警告之意（强势对弱势）
vt. 建议；打算，计划；求婚
 - schedule, design, map, think, purpose
vi. 建议；求婚；打算
 - aim, offer

Word: terrorist
Front: terrorist
[ˈterərɪst] (六 2841/4396 -3)
Vocabulary: terrorist
(once / 562 pages)
n
Someone who uses violence, mayhem, and destruction — or the threat of those things — to coerce people or countries into taking a certain action is a terrorist. A terrorist may be motivated by religious fervor, politics, or just plain old-fashioned greed.
Terrorist has at its root the word "terror," which comes from the Latin word terrorem, meaning great fear. Great fear is exactly what terrorists hope to create so they can manipulate the situation to their benefit. The label terrorist is a subjective one. To the British, the American colonists who destroyed shiploads of tea in Boston Harbor in 1773 were terrorists. To colonists, they were patriots and heroes.
WORD FAMILY
terrorist: terrorists+/ terrified: terrifiedly/ terrify: terrified, terrifies, terrifying/terrifying: terrifyingly/ terror: counterterror, terrify, terrorise, terrorism, terrorize, terrors/terrorise: terrorisation, terrorised, terrorises, terrorising/ terrorism: terrorist / terrorize: terrorization, terrorized, terrorizes, terrorizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Palestinian leaders are “naming public squares, streets and schools after terrorists.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In all there were several dozen serious terrorist attacks in Turkey in 2016, often targeting the police and army but just as often hitting civilians.
The Guardian(Jan 01, 2017)
So she tipped off the terrorists, ensuring everyone died and her secret would never be discovered.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 恐怖主义者，恐怖分子，恐怖分子
adj. 恐怖主义的
分布：恐怖分子(93%)，恐怖主义的(7%)
→来自 terror,恐惧，惊恐，-ist,人。
恐怖分子(terror恐怖+ist+sit表示人)[terr=frighten表示"恐,怕"]
US [-ɚ.ɪst] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes 恐怖分子（为政治目的采取暴力行动或威胁采取暴力行动的人）
• Several terrorists have been killed by their own bombs. 有几个恐怖分子自己也被炸弹炸死了。
• There has been an increase in terrorist attacks. 恐怖袭击事件有所增多。
• The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats. 政府已宣称决不会被恐怖分子的威胁吓倒。

Word: giant
Front: giant
[ˈdʒaɪənt] (研四六托 2539/3790 -K3)
Vocabulary: giant
(once / 120 pages)
nadj
A giant is someone that's unusually enormous. You can also use the word giant to describe something or someone that is really big. That giant green guy over there? That's the jolly green giant. Ho ho ho.
A star basketball player might be described as a giant, or a stunningly tall redwood tree, or even a very large business. These giants come from the giants of mythology, huge creatures that are featured in fairy and folk tales and inspired by the giants of Greek myth, who were a separate race of strong, aggressive gods. The Greek root is Gigas, with the plural form Gigantes.
WORD FAMILY
giant: giantism, giantly, giants, supergiant+/supergiant: supergiants
USAGE EXAMPLES
They fought with jabs from a kid quarterback, roundhouses from acrobatic receivers and knockdowns by giant linemen.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Giants at Packers: Perhaps the two most formidable challengers to the Cowboys in the NFC meet in the opening round.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
So as soon as that throw landed in the arms of Giants defensive back Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, the decision-making process began.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 巨人，大汉; 巨兽，巨物; 卓越人物
adj. 特大的，巨大的; 伟大的
分布：巨大的(51%)，巨人(44%)，大公司(3%)，巨物(2%)
→来自希腊语gigas, 巨大，词源同gigabyte.
n.巨人a.巨大的To the ants, the infant elephant is a giant in the plantation.对蚂蚁们来说,幼小的大象是种植园里的庞然大物.
noun countable
VERY TALL PERSON 巨人
 ADVANCED
■an imaginary creature like a man but extremely tall, strong and usually very cruel, appearing especially in children's stories （尤指儿童故事中凶残的）巨人
⇒ See also gigantic
■someone who is taller or larger than usual 身材异常高大的人，巨人
['dʒaɪ.ənt] noun countable
LARGE BUSINESS 大企业
■a very successful and powerful person or organization （成功且有影响的）伟人，巨头，大公司
• He was one of the intellectual/political giants of this century. 他是本世纪知识界的巨擘／政界巨头之一。
• The takeover battle is between two of America's industrial/retail giants (= large companies). 这场收购战是在两个美国工业／零售业巨头之间展开的。
['dʒaɪ.ənt] adjective
 IMPROVER
■extremely large 巨大的，特大的
• a giant earth-moving machine 大型掘土机
• to take giant steps 大步流星
tremendous, colossal, huge, gigantic, massive, vast, enormous, immense, giant
这组词都有“巨大的，庞大的”的意思，其区别是：
tremendous: 指某物很大，大得惊人；也可用作引申意义。
colossal: 侧重尺寸、规模和体积的无比巨大。
huge: 含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。
gigantic: 指面积或体积的巨大，但多用于引申意义。
massive: 指大的体积、数量和重量，侧重庞大而笨重。
vast: 多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。
enormous: 指体积、数量或程度远远超过一般标准。
immense: 正式用词，侧重空间的广阔，也指面积或分量的巨大。
giant: 非正式用词，多为褒义。指如巨人般的庞大体积。
n. 巨人；伟人； [植] [动] 巨大的动物
 - Titan, jotun
adj. [动] 巨大的；巨人般的
 - huge, tremendous, enormous, massive, macro

Word: accuse
Front: accuse
[əˈkju:z] (高研四六托雅宝 2024/1893 -K4)
Vocabulary: accuse
(once / 94 pages)
v
If you charge someone with misdeeds or misconduct, you accuse that person. If the last piece of devil's food cake is missing, your sister may accuse you of eating it — especially if you have chocolate on your mouth.
The verb accuse comes from the Latin word accusare, which itself is formed from the roots ad, meaning toward, and causa, reason or lawsuit. "Cause," "excuse," and even "ruse" are all from that same root word. Today, if you're accused of a crime, you may still be headed toward a lawsuit. However, to accuse someone of a crime doesn't necessarily make them guilty — plenty of people have been falsely accused.
WORD FAMILY
accuse: accusal, accusation, accusative, accusatory, accused, accuser, accuses, accusing, accusive+/accusal: accusals/ accusation: accusations, accusatorial, self-accusation/accusative: accusatives/accusatorial: accusatorially/accuser: accusers/accusing: accusingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The councilman accused media outlets of incorrectly reporting his proposal, which he said emulated similar laws in Santa Monica, New York and Miami Beach.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
He says 10 arrests were of motorists accused of driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs - up from six last year.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Jackson newspaper reports that an indictment accuses Calloway of trying to get accused murderer Marvin Banks away from the scene of the officers’ shootings.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 指责，谴责; 指控
时态：accused, accusing, accuses
分布：指责(76%)，控告(13%)，谴责(11%)
vt.控告,指责vi.指控,指责I refuse to accuse Fuse of diffusing confusion.我拒绝控告导火索散播混乱.
【参】accused（adj 被控告的；n 被告）；excuse（n 借口）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal or unkind 指控，控告；指责；谴责
• "It wasn't my fault." "Don't worry, I'm not accusing you." “不是我的错。”“别担心，我不是在指责你。”
• He's been accused of robbery/murder. 他被指控犯有抢劫／谋杀罪。
• Are you accusing me of lying ? 你是在指责我撒谎吗？
• The surgeon was accused of negligence. 这名外科医生被控怠忽职守。
stand accused of sth formal
■If you stand accused of doing something wrong, people say that you have done it 被指控…；因为…受谴责
• The government stands accused of eroding freedom of speech. 政府受到侵犯言论自由的谴责。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
sue, accuse, charge
sue: 常与for 搭配。如：Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
accuse: 指责，指控，常与of 搭配。如：His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge: 常与with搭配。如：The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
vt. 控告，指控；谴责；归咎于
 - blame, law
vi. 指责；控告
 - law, come in for blame

Word: blame
Front: blame
[bleɪm] (高研四六托雅 1797/2043 -K4)
Vocabulary: blame
(once / 105 pages)
1nv 2adj
Blame is about being responsible for something that's bad or has gone wrong. If you have a headache, you might blame it on the heat, or on not getting enough sleep.
A person can be to blame for something. Your mom might walk into the house, see a broken lamp and blame you. Often, in official contexts, blame is "assigned" or "placed." A common complaint among younger siblings is, "Why do I always get blamed for everything?"
WORD FAMILY
blame: blamable, blameable, blamed, blameful, blameless, blamely, blames, blameworthy, blaming, blamingly+/blamable: blamably/blameable: blameably/blamed: blamedest/blameful: blamefully/blameless: blamelessly, blamelessness/blameworthy: blameworthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Of course, he can always blame the “liberals.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
But it is wrong to blame the assembly for Kuwait’s stagnation.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
South Africa is currently experiencing its worst drought for 50 years, which some blame on climate change.
The Guardian(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 指责，责怪; 归咎于
n. 责备; 责任; 过失
时态：blamed, blaming, blames
分布：责备(79%)，过失(19%)，把 ... 归咎于(2%)
→来自 blasphemy的缩写。
v.责备;怪,把...归咎于n.责任,过错;责备The shameless lame man is to blame for the flaming frame.无耻的跛子应为燃烧的框架负责.
【记】其实是先出现的blaspheme（v 亵渎，辱骂），然后才有的blame，balme是由blaspheme演化而来的。
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening 责备；责怪；归咎于
• Don't blame me (= It is not my fault) if you miss the bus! 如果你没赶上车可别怪我！
• Hugh blames his mother for his lack of confidence. 晓治把自己缺乏自信心归咎于他的母亲。
• Hugh blames his lack of confidence on his mother. 晓治把自己缺乏自信心归咎于他的母亲。
• You can't really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved. 你的确不能因为海伦不愿意介入而责备她。
I don't blame you
■said in order to tell someone that you understand why they are doing something and that you agree with their reason for doing it 我不会怪你的；我理解你的心情
• I don't blame him for getting angry - she's behaving dreadfully. 我理解他生气的原因——她表现太糟糕了。
be to blame
■to be the reason for something that happens 是…的原因
• The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage. 炎热的天气是缺水的原因之一。
[bleɪm] verb transitive
A bad workman blames his tools. UK saying
■said when someone has blamed a mistake or failure on the things that they use for their work 拙匠埋怨工具差；人笨怪刀钝
[bleɪm] noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■when people say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening 责备；怪罪；归咎于
• Health officials put the blame for the disease on (= say that the reason for the disease is) poor housing conditions. 卫生官员们将该疾病的暴发归咎于恶劣的居住环境。
• They tried to pin (= put) the blame for the killing on an innocent army officer. 他们试图将杀人罪推到一名无辜的军官身上。
• We want to find out what happened, not to apportion blame (= to say someone or something was wrong). 我们想要弄清事情的真相，而不是要去怪罪谁。
take the blame
■If you take the blame for something, you say that you did it or that it is your fault 引咎；认错；对…负责
• If anything goes wrong, I'll take the blame. 出了问题我负责。
reproach, accuse, criticism, blame
reproach: 责备，指责从个人感受出发责难别人，责难的内容不一定正确，可能是吹毛求疵的话
accuse: 指责，控告 用法be……of
criticism: 批评，评论表示辨明某一个人的优缺点
blame: 责备，批评以贬低他人的方式说话，还表示批评
reproach, accuse, charge, rebuke, denounce, scold, condemn, blame
reproach: 侧重指因他人粗心、自私等引起不满而去指责、找岔。
accuse: 正式或非正式场合，私人或法律上均可用，被指控的情节可轻可重，常与of连用
charge: 常与accuse换用，但charge多指较严重的错误或罪行，而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉。与with连用
rebuke: 多指上级对下级进行的公开、强烈、严正而不宽容的责备。隐含一定权威的意味。
denounce: 与condemn同义，但着重公开性。
scold: 普通用词，多指上级对下级、长辈对后辈或雇主对雇员的态度粗暴、言词激烈的数落。
condemn: 正式用词，表示谴责，有较强的司法意味，侧重从道义或原则上的谴责。
blame: 普通用词，语气较弱，仅是一般的责难、归咎于，不含用语言责骂之意。
vt. 责备；归咎于
 - talk to, tell off
n. 责备；责任；过失
 - duty, liability, error, burden, trust

Word: range
Front: range
[reɪndʒ] (高研四六托雅 972/484 -K4)
Vocabulary: range
(once / 75 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5n 6v
The word range refers to a variety of things or to an area in which something operates. The store offers the living room set in a range of colors. What's the range of that remote-controlled airplane?
As a noun, range can also be used to describe a set of mountains such as the Sierra Nevada or it can mean a grassy plain where cattle graze. As a verb, use range to mean a span or variety of things. Your family conversation at the dinner table probably ranges over a variety of topics. At school, you learn about many subjects ranging from English literature to calculus to European history.
WORD FAMILY
range: ranged, ranges, ranging, rangy +/ ranging: rangingly/ rangy: rangier, rangiest, rangily
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is partly because it stimulates multiple biochemical pathways, which may account for its wide range of effects.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Estimates of the pricetag for that initial discovery range from several hundred to a few billion dollars.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 范围; 射程; 类别; （山脉，房屋等的）排列
vi. 搜索; 变化; 延伸; 漫游
vt. 排列; （按一定位置或顺序）排序; 把…分类; 徘徊
adj. 牧场的，放牧区的
时态：ranged, ranging, ranges
分布：范围(71%)，一系列(6%)，射程(5%)，山脉(4%)，漫游(3%)，排列(3%)，排(3%)，延伸(2%)，闲逛(1%)，炉灶(1%)，使…站在某一方(1%)
→来自古法语 range,排列，布置，成排，来自 reng,排，行，线，词源同 rank.引申诸相关词义。
山脉;范围[range=rank,表示"排列,顺序"]
n.范围,领域;排列,连续;(山)脉v.排列成行In the exchange the oranges are arranged into strange ranges.在交易所里橙子被排成奇怪的行.
noun
SET 一套
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of similar things （一）批；（一）类；（一）系列
• I offered her a range of options. 我给了她各种选择。
• There is a wide / whole range of opinions on this issue. 在这个问题上，存在着很多不同的意见。
 ESSENTIAL countable (US also line)
■the goods made by one company or goods of one particular type that are sold in a shop （某公司生产或某商店出售的）某一类产品，某一系列产品
• We stock the full range of model railway accessories. 我们备有铁路模型玩具的全套零配件。
• This jacket is part of our autumn/spring range. 这种外套是我们系列秋／春装中的一款。
countable
■a group of hills or mountains 山脉
• a mountain range 山脉
• the Pennine Range 奔宁山脉
• We could see a low range of hills in the distance. 我们可以看到远处有一些低矮的山丘。
[reɪndʒ] noun
LIMIT 界限
 IMPROVER only singular
■the amount, number or type of something between an upper and a lower limit （数量、种类等变化的）范围，幅度，区域
• The price range is from $100 to $500. 价格从100美元到500美元不等。
• The product is aimed at young people in the 18 - 25 age range. 这种产品的目标消费者群是18岁到25岁这个年龄段的青年人。
• The coat was in/out of my price range. 这件外套我买得起／买不起。
• This type of work is outside/beyond/out of my range (of experience). 这种工作我（没经验）做不了。
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■the distance within which you can see, hear or hit someone （视觉、听觉等的）范围；射程
• The ship was in/out of range of our guns. 那艘船在我们的射程之内／外。
• He was shot at point blank/at close range (= from very near). 他被近距离枪击了。
only singular
■the period of time in the future within which something is planned or expected to happen （计划、预期的）期限，时间段，时间范围
• long-range plans 长远规划
• short-/medium-/long -range weather forecasting 短期／中期／远期天气预报
only singular
■the distance that a vehicle or aircraft can travel without having to stop for more fuel （车辆、飞机）加一次油可行驶的距离
• short-/medium-/long-range airliners 短程／中程／远端航班
countable
■all the musical notes that a singer can sing or a musical instrument is able to produce 音域
[reɪndʒ] noun
WEAPONS AREA 武器使用场所
countable
■an area where people can practise shooting or where bombs or other weapons can be tested 射击场，靶场；（武器）试射场
• The soldiers were practising on the rifle/shooting range. 士兵们在步枪射击场／靶场练习射击。
• The bomb was tested on a missile range in the desert. 在沙漠中的导弹试验场进行了炸弹试爆。
[reɪndʒ] noun
LAND 土地
countable US
■land for animals to feed on 牧场；牧区
• The cowboys were herding the cattle on the range. 牛仔们正在牧场牧牛。
[reɪndʒ] noun
COOKER 炉具
countable (also kitchen range) UK
■an old type of cooker, with one or more ovens and cooking surfaces, which is heated with wood or coal and is kept hot all the time （烧木材或煤长期不熄火、单眼或多眼的老式）炉灶
countable US * a cooker
[reɪndʒ] verb
LIMIT 界限
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to have an upper and a lower limit in amount, number, etc （数量、种类等变化的）范围，幅度，区域
• Dress sizes range from petite to extra large. 连衣裙的尺码从小号到特大号，一应俱全。
• Prices range between $50 and $250. 价格在50美元到250美元之间。
[reɪndʒ] verb
POSITION 安置
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to position people or things together, especially in rows; to arrange 排列；（尤指）使排列成行
• [R] The crowd ranged itself along the route of the procession. 人群沿着行进的路线排成一条长龙。
• The troops were ranged in front of the commanding officer. 士兵们在指挥官面前列队。
[reɪndʒ] verb
MOVE 移动
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move or travel freely 漫游；闲逛；四处移动
• The hens range freely about/over the farm. 母鸡在农场中自由自在地四处走动。
• The walkers ranged through/over the hills all day. 这些徒步旅行者一整天都在这片丘陵地带穿行。
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of a piece of writing or speech) to deal with （文章或演讲）涉及，论及，涵盖
• Our discussion ranged over many current issues. 我们的讨论涉及当前很多问题。
• The findings of a wide -ranging (= including many subjects) survey of young people's attitudes are published today. 今天公布了年轻人对众多问题看法的调查结果。
[reɪndʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  transitive often passive range against/with sth/sb
■to join together as a group to oppose/support a particular idea, plan or group 加入反对／支援…的行列；联合起来反对／支援…
• Politicians from all parties are ranged against the new law. 各党派的政界人士联合起来反对这项新法律。
• [R] She ranged herself with my opponents. 她站到了我的对立阵营中。
hill, volcano, mountain, range, mount, peak
这组词都有“山”的意思，其区别是：
hill: 通常指小的土山、石山或浅丘。有时也指高山，复数表群山。
volcano: 特指主要由喷出的熔岩和火山灰堆积而成的圆锥形火山。
mountain: 通常指比hill高而陡的高山、山岳。但这种区别不是绝对的，“大”与“小”常常是相对而言。
range: 形成的山脉或岭。
mount: 常用于地名之前， 即一般放在专用名词前，书面用词。
peak: 指山峰，也可指山顶。
territory, scope, range, span
territory: 领土（的范围）
scope: （处理、研究事物的）范围
range: （种类或变化的）限度，范围，幅度，程度；视力或听力所达到的距离，声音所能传送的距离；（枪、炮、导弹等的）射程
span: 跨度，跨径；（某事物）自始至终的持续时间或期间
n. 范围；幅度；排； [地理] 山脉
 - extent, boundary, region, scope, spectrum, territory, area
vi. 平行，列为一行；延伸；漫游；射程达到
 - reach, parallel with
vt. 漫游；放牧；使并列；归类于；来回走动
 - feed, grass

Word: output
Front: output
[ˈaʊtpʊt] (高研四六托雅 4085/1540 -K3)
Vocabulary: output
(once / 721 pages)
1nv 2n
If your factory transforms steel into train wheels, your factory's output––what it produces––is train wheels. A country's output is the total quantity of goods it produces.
The word input is the opposite of output, but only in the sense of the process––if bananas, milk, and ice cream are the input, the output is a milkshake. But you don't usually talk about input in the aggregate, as something you measure over time for a factory, a company, or a country.
WORD FAMILY
output: outputs, outputted, outputting
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, cardiac output is a primary determinant of metabolic activity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sunday’s game showed a more aggressive Russell, and it was one of his best offensive outputs this season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The company slashed output by 30 percent in the January-March quarter this year due to accumulated inventory, the Nikkei reported.
Reuters(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 产量; 输出; 作品; [计]输出信号
vt. 输出
分布：输出(79%)，产量(19%)，输出功率(2%)
→out-,向外，put,放置。引申词义输出，产量。
n.产量,输出(量)Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
noun uncountable
 IMPROVER
■an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country, etc （人、机器、工厂、国家等的）产量
• Last year British manufacturing output fell by 14%. 去年英国制造业的产量下降了14%。
n. [计] 输出，输出量； [经] 产量；出产
 - export, crop, harvest, yield
vt. [计] 输出
 - export, bulk out

Word: coming
Front: coming
[ˈkʌmɪŋ] (4720/5247 -5)
Back: adj. 即将到来的; 下一个的; 将要遭到报应; 自食恶果
n. （尤指新事物的）到来; 到达
v. 来( come的现在分词); 到达; 达到（认识、理解或相信的程度）; 出生
分布：来临(68%)，将来的(13%)，就要来的(13%)，动词come的现在分词.(6%)
adjective [before noun]
■happening soon 即将来临的，就要发生的
• We look forward to greater success in the coming year. 我们期望来年取得更大的成功。
• I'll be back this coming Friday. 我这个星期五就回来。
adj. 即将到来的；接着的；前途有望的
 - following, oncoming
n. 来到；到达
 - arrival, arrived at

Word: block
Front: block
[blɒk] (高托雅 1314/1641 -K4)
Vocabulary: block
(once / 96 pages)
1vn 2nv 3n 4nv
A block is a painted wooden cube that kids build with, or a squarish chunk of anything, like a block of cheese or cement. And if you block someone, you prevent them from going past by getting in the way.
A sculptor might carve a bird out of a block of marble, and you might eat a whole block of chocolate after dinner. Another block is the row of buildings or houses between four streets: "I'm walking the dog around the block." When block is a verb it means "to obstruct," like when you block your dog from going near the cat food. All these meanings stem from the Old French root bloc, "block of wood."
WORD FAMILY
block: blockage, blocked, blocker, blocking, blockish, blocks, blocky, unblock+/ blockage: blockages/blocker: blockers/blocking: blockings/blockish: blockishly/blocky: blockily/unblock: unblocked, unblocking, unblocks
USAGE EXAMPLES
That’s at least a building block leading into Tuesday’s rematch in San Jose.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Pemex spokesman said relatively few gasoline stations were affected, although protesters temporarily blocked storage terminals, delaying the delivery of gasoline to retail points.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Blocking the funds, he said, would mean "that more people close to the edge fall over the edge."
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 块; 街区; <英>大楼，大厦; 障碍物，阻碍
vt. 阻止; 阻塞; 限制
时态：blocked, blocking, blocks
分布：阻塞(39%)，街区(32%)，大楼(14%)，木块(7%)，一组(6%)，石块(2%)
→来自PIE *bhel, 膨胀，鼓起。词源同balk, 大块，障碍。
n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻At the dock I'm shocked to see the pocket rocket made of a block of rock.在码头看到一块岩石做的小巧火箭,我感到震惊.
US [blɑ:k] noun
AREA 区域
 IMPROVER countable mainly US
■the distance along a street from where one road crosses it to the place where the next road crosses it, or one part of a street like this, especially in a town or city 街区；街段
• The museum is just six blocks away. 博物馆离这儿只有六条街。
• My friend and I live on the same block. 我和我的朋友住在同一个街区。
countable
■a square group of buildings or houses with roads on each side 街区里的大楼
• I took a walk around the block. 我围着大楼散步。
round/around the block
■on the next street which crosses this street 在前面拐过去的那条街上
• He lives just round the block. 他就住在前面刚拐过去弯的地方。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
PIECE 块
 ADVANCED countable
■a solid straight-sided piece of hard material 一大块（直边的坚硬物体）
• a block of wood/ice 一大块木头／冰
the block only singular old use
■a large piece of wood on which criminals had their head cut off （罪犯被斩首时的）垫头木
• Anne Boleyn went to (= was killed on) the block. 安妮·博林上了断头台。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
BUILDING 建筑物
countable
■a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people 大厦，大楼
• an office block 办公大楼
• UK a tower block 塔楼
• UK a block of flats 公寓大楼
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
GROUP 组
countable
■a group of things bought, dealt with, or considered together 一组；一批；一叠
• a block of tickets/seats/shares 一叠票／一个座位区／大宗股票
• Corporate-hospitality firms make block bookings (= buy large numbers of seats) at big sporting events. 负责安排活动招待客户的公司每逢有大型体育赛事就预订团体票。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
PREVENT 阻止
countable usually singular
■something that blocks a tube or opening; a blockage 阻塞，堵塞物
• A block in (= An object blocking) the pipe was preventing the water from coming through. 管道中的东西堵住了水流。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
go on the block US
■to be sold at an auction (= public sale) 被拍卖
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] noun
have/ put your head on the block
■to risk a bad thing happening to you by doing something or helping someone 冒着掉脑袋的危险；冒着受惩罚的危险
• I'm not going to put my head on the block for you. 我不会为你冒险的。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to prevent movement through something, or to prevent something from happening or succeeding 堵塞，阻挡，阻碍
• A fallen tree is blocking the road. 一棵倒下的树挡住了路。
• My view was blocked by a tall man in front of me. 我的视线被前面的高个男子挡住了。
• She was very talented and I felt her parents were blocking her progress. 她很有才华，我觉得她的父母妨碍了她的发展。
• A group of politicians blocked the proposal. 一群政客使该提案流产了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth in
■to put a vehicle so close to another vehicle that it cannot drive away （车辆）把（其他车辆）堵在里面
• Another car had parked behind me and blocked me in. 另一辆汽车停在我后面，把我的车堵在里面了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth off
■to close a road, path or entrance so that people cannot use it 封住（路）；封锁（入口）
• All the roads out of the town had been blocked off by the police. 所有出城的路都被员警封锁了。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth out
STOP FROM PASSING
■to stop light or noise from passing through something 挡住（光线或噪音）
• The tree outside the window blocks out the sun. 窗外的树遮住了阳光。
STOP FROM THINKING
■to stop yourself from thinking about an unpleasant memory because it upsets you 不去想（不愉快的往事）
• He's trying to block out memories of the accident. 他努力不去回想那场事故。
UK [blɒk] US [blɑ:k] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] block sth up
■to fill a narrow space with something so that nothing can pass through 堵塞，阻塞
• In autumn, leaves block the drains up. 秋天，树叶会堵塞排水管道。
hamper, hinder, block, prevent, bar, obstruct
这组词都有“阻止、阻塞”的意思，其区别是：
hamper: 侧重因受到约束或阻碍而造成的行动困难。
hinder: 语气较轻，多指阻碍、拖延人或事，强调使进展速度缓慢下来。
block: 语气强烈，指有效堵住了通道，使人或物无法通过。
prevent: 含义广泛，指采取预防措施或设置障碍去阻止某人或某事。
bar: 含义与block很接近，指阻塞通道或禁止出入，但有对暗示不用障碍物的阻止或禁止。
obstruct: 正式用词，语气强，多指以干扰或设置障碍的方式阻碍交通，使不能自由畅通。
n. [计] 块； [建] 街区；大厦；障碍物
 - piece, mass, barrier, bottleneck
vt. 阻止；阻塞；限制
 - stem, dispute, prohibit, discourage
adj. 成批的，大块的；交通堵塞的
 - batched, wholescale

Word: northern
Front: northern
[ˈnɔ:ðən] (中高研四六 1556/1445 -K)
Back: adj. 北方的，北部的; 来自北方的; 北风
分布：北部的(61%)，北方的(37%)，有北方特征的(2%)
→north,北方，-ern,形容词后缀。
a.北方的,北部的She has traveled in most northern countries.她曾游历过北方诸国.
US ['nɔ:r.ðɚn] (written abbreviation N) (US also No)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in or from the north part of an area 在北部的；从北部的
• northern Europe 北欧
• the Northern Hemisphere 北半球
adj. [地理] 北部的；北方的
 - boreal, upstate

Word: largely
Front: largely
[ˈlɑ:dʒli] (研四六托 1679/1323 -K4)
Vocabulary: largely
(once / 147 pages)
adv
Use the adverb largely to mean "mostly." You might say that you're largely pleased with the way your favorite baseball team played this season if they won more games than they lost.
If a group art project was largely completed at your house, that means you primarily worked on it there, and when a once-popular novelist is largely forgotten, she's generally fallen out of favor with today's readers. Largely is a useful alternative to "mostly," "mainly," or "chiefly," and it comes from the adjective large, in Old French "broad, wide, or generous," from a Latin root, largus, "abundant, plentiful, bountiful, or liberal."
WORD FAMILY
large: enlarge, largely, largeness, larger, larges, largest, largish, overlarge+/ enlarge: enlarged, enlargement, enlarger, enlarges, enlarging/enlargement: enlargements/enlarger: enlargers/largeness: largenesses/larger: largerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Ms. Bower is applying the same self-taught method that is largely how she approaches engraving.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But these first steps will be largely symbolic while lawmakers debate the details of dismantling the healthcare law.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Department of Defense saying in 2013 that the threat posed by the group was largely insignificant.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 大部分地，主要地; 大规模地; 丰富地
分布：主要地(66%)，大部分(34%)
ad.主要地,基本上;大量地,大规模地His success was largely due to his diligence.他的成功大半由于努力.
US ['lɑ:rdʒ-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■almost completely 主要地；大多；在很大程度上
• a largely male company 员工大多为男性的公司
• Their complaints have been largely ignored. 他们的抱怨几乎没有引起任何重视。
• Until recently the civil war had been largely unreported in the press. 直到最近报纸才开始报道那场内战。
principally, mainly, generally, largely, chiefly, primarily, mostly, greatly
这组词都有“主要地，大量地”的意思，其区别是：
principally: 侧重居首要地位。
mainly: 指主要部分，突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。
generally: 通常强调普遍性。
largely: 着重范围或分量大大超过别的成分。
chiefly: 侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。
primarily: 侧重基本地，首要地。
mostly: 强调数量占多半，近乎全部。
greatly: 通常强调程度的高。
adv. 主要地；大部分；大量地
 - mainly, basically, mostly, primarily, freely

Word: regulator
Front: regulator
[ˈregjuleɪtə(r)] (4729/8167 -3)
Back: n. 校准者，[机]调整器，校准器，调节器，[化]调节剂，[无线]稳定器，调节基因，（钟表的）整时器，标准钟; 管理者，调整者，整理者; 原则，标准; [英史]选举调查[监视]委员，监管者
分布：监管机构(78%)，调整器(15%)，调整者(7%)
→来自 regulate,管理，控制。 regurgitate 回流，回涌，反胃，反刍
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
■a device used to control things such as the speed of a clock, the temperature in a room, etc. 调节器；校准器；调整器
■an official who makes certain that the companies who operate a system, such as the national electricity supply, work effectively and fairly 管理者；调控者；监管者
n. [铁路] [矿业] 调整者；校准器
 - calibrator, etalon

Word: troop
Front: troop
[tru:p] (高研四六托 1137/1740 -4)
Vocabulary: troop
(once / 51 pages)
nv
A troop is a squad or team of soldiers. Your great grandfather might claim that his was the first army troop to march into France during World War II.
Though it's correct to use the noun troop in the singular form, it's more common to see its plural, troops. You can also refer to a group of Girl or Boy Scouts this way: "My troop won a prize for selling the most Girl Scout cookies this year." To troop is also to march, so a military troop might troop down the street in the Veteran's Day parade. The root word is the Old French trope, "band of people."
WORD FAMILY
troop: trooped, trooper, trooping, troops+/trooper: troopers
USAGE EXAMPLES
He was scheduled later to travel to the country’s self-governing northern Kurdish region to meet French troops and local officials.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
President Francois Hollande flew into Iraq on Monday and told French troops stationed there he was hoping for "a year of victory against terrorism".
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Later, he’ll travel to the country’s self-governing northern Kurdish region to meet French troops and local officials.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 军队; 一群; [军]骑兵连
vi. 成群结队地走; 群集; 结队
vt. 把（骑兵）编成骑兵连
时态：trooped, trooping, troops
分布：军队(50%)，群(30%)，组(7%)，群集(4%)，结队(4%)，大量(4%)，成群前行(1%)
→来自中古法语 troupe,来自古法语 trope,队伍，军队，来自法兰克日耳曼语*thorp,聚集，集中， 来自 Proto-Germanic*thurpa,村庄，聚居区，来自 treb,居住，定居，词源同 thorp,troupe.
n.(pl.)部队,军队;(一)群/队v.群集,集合The troop's stoop on the loop became the top topic at the bus stop.部队在环行道上的屈服在公共汽车站成了头等话题.
noun
troops
 IMPROVER [plural]
■soldiers on duty in a large group 部队，军队
• Traditionally, United Nations troops have been deployed only in a peacekeeping role. 传统上，联合国部队的部署只用于维和目的。
• The major powers have said they will not send in ground troops (= soldiers who fight on land). 一些大国声称不准备派遣地面部队。
• In 1988, about 220 000 American troops were stationed in Western Europe. 1988年大约有22万美国军队驻扎在西欧。
• All troops will be withdrawn by the end of the year. 年底前所有部队都将撤回。
countable
■a group of soldiers, especially ones who fight in strong military vehicles or on horses 军队，部队；（尤指）装甲兵部队，骑兵部队
• the King's Troop of the Royal Horse Artillery 隶属国王的皇家骑炮兵团
countable
■an organized group of young people who are Scouts 童子军
• We've got a troop of Scouts camping in one of our fields this weekend. 这个周末有一队童子军要在我们的一块地里野营。
[tru:p] adjective [before noun]
■for, relating to or involving troops 军队的；有关或涉及军队的
• Satellite photographs provide us with a lot of information about their troop movements. 卫星照片给我们提供了有关他们部队调防的大量资讯。
[tru:p] verb
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to walk somewhere in a large group, usually with one person behind another 成群结队地走；（通常指）列队而行
• The little boys trooped after him across the playing fields. 小男孩一个接一个跟在他后面穿过操场。
• The Norwich fans gave their team a loud cheer as they trooped off the field. 当球员们列队离开赛场时，诺里奇的球迷向他们大声欢呼。
• None of us knew what to expect as we trooped into her office. 当我们一个个进入她的办公室时，谁也不知道会发生甚么事情。
intransitive informal humorous
■to travel somewhere as a group, especially when told to （尤指被告知）成群前往
• I suppose head office expects us all to troop down to London for this meeting. 我猜想总部希望我们都去伦敦参加这次会议。
[tru:p] verb
the trooping of the colour UK
■a ceremony in which a military flag is carried in public with the soldiers that it represents marching behind it 军旗列队仪式
• We watched the trooping of the colour live from Horse Guards Parade. 我们在皇家骑兵卫队阅兵场现场观看军旗列队仪式。
army, force, troop
army: 军队，着重指军队这个整体，包括陆海空三军。当与navy和air force并列使用时，则指陆军。如：We will have not only a powerful army but also a powerful air force and a powerful navy.(我们不但要有强大的陆军，而且要有强大的空军和海军。)
force: 军队，部队，着重指武力，常用复数。如：Forces were sent out to stop the conflict.派出武装部队制止这场冲突。
troop: 部队，着重指构成军队的士兵成员，常用复数。如：They sent the troops to the front.他们把军队派往前线。
n. 军队；组；群；多数
 - army, majority, force, group, team
vi. 群集；成群而行；结队
 - host, pack

Word: difference
Front: difference
[ˈdɪfrəns] (中高研四雅 496/528 -K4)
Vocabulary: difference
(once / 58 pages)
1n 2n
Difference is a word for things that are not the same. Identical twins have few if any differences in appearance.
If you dye your hair green, everyone is going to notice a huge difference. People often have differences of opinion. No two people are alike, so there are all kinds of differences between individuals. In math, a difference is the remainder left after subtracting one number from another. Chimps and gorillas are both apes, but there are a lot of differences between them. If something doesn't really change an outcome, you can say, "It makes no difference."
WORD FAMILY
difference: differences, differential, differentiate +/ differ: differed, different, differing, differs/ different: difference, differently, indifferent / differential: differentially, differentials/ differentiate: dedifferentiate, differentiable, differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation, differentiator/differentiated: dedifferentiated, undifferentiated/ differentiation: dedifferentiation, differentiations/ indifference: indifferences/ indifferent: indifference, indifferenter, indifferently
USAGE EXAMPLES
This applies, too, to bestselling books, but the difference is that books often sell well for peculiar and unique reasons.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Some academic research suggests there is little difference between the shopping behavior of men and women when buying wine.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The difference between life and death might be determined by a delay of only 100 milliseconds in response time.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 差别，差异; [数]差数，差额; 意见分歧; 特色
vt. 辨别，区分
分布：不同(56%)，差异(35%)，差额(6%)，分歧(3%)
不同(differ的名词)[dif-和辅音重复表示"不,否定,分开"]
不同;争论(differ+ence)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
n.差别,差异,分歧The maximum plus or minus the minimum makes minute difference.最大值加上或者减去最小值只产生极小的差异.
US [-ɚ-] noun
NOT THE SAME 不同
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the way in which two or more things which you are comparing are not the same 区别，差别，不同
• What's the difference between an ape and a monkey? 猿和猴有甚么区别？
• Is there any significant difference in quality between these two items? 这两件东西在质量方面有显著的差别吗？
make a (big) difference ADVANCED (also make all the difference)
■to improve a situation (a lot) （极大地）改善
• Exercise can make a big difference to your state of health. 运动会极大地改善你的健康状况。
• Putting up some new wallpaper has made all the difference to the place. 贴上一些新壁纸后这个地方变得焕然一新了。
not make any difference ADVANCED (also not make the slightest difference)
■to not change a situation in any way 没有引起任何变化
• You can ask him again if you like, but it won't make any difference - he'll still say no. 你如果愿意可以再去问他，但结果还是一样——他还会说不。
• It makes no difference wh ere you put the aerial, the TV picture's still lousy. 不管你把天线放在甚么位置结果都一样，电视图像还是非常糟糕。
with a difference
■describes something unusual, and more interesting or better than other things of the same type 与众不同，不同寻常，别具一格，更胜一筹
• Try new Cremetti - the ice cream with a difference. 试试新的克里梅蒂——不同寻常的雪糕。
  Common Learner Errors  differenceWarning: choose the correct preposition! When you want to compare two or more things or people, the correct preposition to use is between. Don't say 'difference among/in/of', say difference between :
✗ Children must learn the difference among right and wrong.
UK ['dɪf.ər.ənts] US [-ɚ-] noun
NOT AGREEING 分歧
countable usually plural
■a disagreement 分歧，争论，争议
• They had an awful row several years ago, but now they've settled/resolved their differences. 几年前他们发生过一次激烈的争吵，不过现在他们的分歧已经消除了。
have a difference of opinion
■to disagree 意见不一致，有分歧
• They had a difference of opinion about/over their child's education. 他们在孩子的教育问题上意见不一。
UK ['dɪf.ər.ənts] US [-ɚ-] noun
for all the difference sth makes
■although you know that what you are doing will not change the situation 表示虽然知道所做的事情改变不了情况
• Well, you could try apologizing to her - for all the difference it will make. 好吧，你可以试着去向她道歉，尽管没甚么用。
difference, distinction, discrimination, discrepancy
这组词都有“差别，区别”的意思，其区别是：
difference: 普通用词，可指事物本质上的差异或数量上的差额，也可指事物在某一方面的差别，还可指人们之间的不同意见。
distinction: 较正式用词，除指事物在本质上的差别外，还指在某一方面或某一细节上的区分，要在认真观察、研究后才易觉察。
discrimination: 侧重指在判断、见识方面的差别，也可指待遇上的区别。
discrepancy: 多用于言论和记述方面，指两物之间缺乏使之相似或平衡的协调。
n. 差异；不同；争执
 - diversity, conflict, disparity, deviations

Word: tough
Front: tough
[tʌf] (高研四六托雅 1012/2160 -K4)
Vocabulary: tough
(once / 169 pages)
1adj 2adjn 3adj
The adjective tough is good for describing hard times. If you just got mugged, lost your job, got the flu, and broke your toe, you're having a really tough week.
Tough means "strong, hard, unbending," and you can use it to describe many different things, like a tough exam, or a tough piece of beef jerky, or a tough day that you just want to be over. If a judge punishes criminals harshly to set examples, she's "tough on crime." We call people toughs if they seem likely to beat you up. Tough things are made to withstand a beating, like the tires on your mountain bike. Pronounce: TUFF.
WORD FAMILY
tough: toughen, tougher, toughest, toughly, toughness, toughs+/toughen: toughened, toughening, toughens/toughened: untoughened
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a tough decision. But for all the right reasons.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Fleeing the prospect of a tough race, Forbes ran in the neighboring Republican district, anchored by Virginia Beach.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坚强的，坚韧的，不屈不挠的; 艰苦的，困难的，难办的; 牢固的，强壮的; 粗暴的
n. 粗暴的人; 暴徒，恶棍
vt. <口>忍耐，忍受（常与out连用）
adv. 强硬地，顽强地; 以强硬的态度
级别：tougher, toughest
分布：强硬的(39%)，艰苦的(37%)，严厉的(17%)，以强硬的态度(7%)
→来自古英语 toh,结实的，坚硬的，来自 Proto-Germanic*tanhuz,结实的，坚硬的，来自 denk, 咬，词源同 tongs,tang.拼写受 rough,enough 等影响。引申诸相关词义。词义的多样化演变比 较 hardy.
a.坚韧的,棘手的;强健的,吃苦耐劳的;粗暴的"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
adjective
STRONG 坚强的
 ESSENTIAL
■strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated 结实的；坚固的；坚强的
• These toys are made from tough plastic. 这些玩具是由结实的塑胶制成。
• Children's shoes need to be tough. 童鞋必须结实。
• You have to be tough to be successful in politics. 要在政界取得成功就必须坚强。
• informal Their lawyer is a real tough customer/nut (= person). 他们的律师真是很有主见。
 ESSENTIAL
■strong and determined 强硬的；严厉的
• Tough new safety standards have been introduced for cars. 汽车生产采用了更加严格的新安全标准。
• There have been calls for tougher controls/restrictions on what newspapers are allowed to print. 一直有人呼吁要对报纸允许刊登的内容严加控制／限制。
• After some tough bargaining, we finally agreed on a deal. 经过艰苦的讨价还价，我们最终达成了一笔交易。
• I think it's time the police got tougher on/with (= treated more severely) people who drink and drive. 我觉得警方该对酒后驾车者采取更加严厉的措施。
• The government is continuing to take a tough line on terrorism. 政府继续对恐怖主义采取强硬的态度。
[tʌf] adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的
 ESSENTIAL
■difficult to do or to deal with 困难的；棘手的
• They've had an exceptionally tough life. 他们渡过了一段特别艰苦的日子。
• They will be a tough team to beat. 他们会是一支很难战胜的队伍。
• The company is going through a tough time at the moment. 公司现在正值困难时期。
• We've had to make some very tough decisions. 我们不得不作出一些很难作的决定。
• My boss has given me a tough job/assignment. 我的老板给了我一个棘手的工作／任务。
• Many homeless people are facing a tough winter. 许多无家可归者正面临严冬的考验。
[tʌf] adjective
FOOD 食物
 ESSENTIAL
■describes food that is difficult to cut or eat （食物）老的，不易切开的，嚼不动的
• This steak is very tough. 这块牛排很不好嚼。
• These apples have tough skins. 这些苹果的皮很老。
[tʌf] adjective
VIOLENT 暴力的
 ADVANCED
■likely to be violent or to contain violence; not kind or pleasant 粗鲁的；暴力的；不友善的
• a tough neighbourhood 治安很差的社区
• Many of the country's toughest criminals are held in this prison. 这个国家中许多最凶残的罪犯都关在这座监狱里。
[tʌf] adjective
UNLUCKY 不幸的 informal
■unlucky 不幸的，倒楣的
• "I've been told I've got to work late today because I'm very behind on my work." "Oh, tough luck !"/ UK"Oh, that's a bit tough!" “我被告知今天必须加班，因为我落下了许多工作。”“哦，真倒楣！”
• It's tough on Geoff that he's going to miss the party. 杰弗真倒楣，他要错过这次派对了。
■informal
■sometimes used to show that you have no sympathy for someone's problems or difficulties 活该（表示不同情）
• "I haven't got any money left." "Well, (that's just) tough - you shouldn't have spent it all on cigarettes." “我的钱都花光了。”“哼，活该——你不该把钱都拿来买烟。”
[tʌf] adjective
It's tough at the top. humorous saying
■used to mean that people in important positions have a lot of advantages and get a lot of good things 处在高位可不简单
• "The managing director always flies first class." "It's tough at the top, isn't it?" “总经理乘飞机总是坐头等舱。”“职位高待遇就是不一样，对吧？”
[tʌf] adjective
(as) tough as old boots
■very strong, and not easily made weaker 十分强壮；非常坚强
• He might be in his eighties but he's tough as old boots, that man. 那个男人可能已经有80多岁了，可他身体依然硬朗。
(US also (as) tough as shoe leather) informal
■describes food that is very difficult to cut or eat （食物）非常老，很难切，嚼不动
[tʌf] adjective
tough luck (offensive tough shit) informal
■said to show that you have no sympathy for someone's problems or difficulties 活该（表示不同情）
• "They lost a lot of money on their investment." "Tough luck - they should have been more careful." “他们的投资损失惨重。”“活该——谁叫他们不小心呢。”
[tʌf] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] tough sth out informal
■to deal with a difficult period or situation without becoming any less certain or determined in your plans or opinions 度过（难关），从（困境）中挺过来
• It's a difficult situation, but if we can just tough it out, things are bound to get better soon. 处境的确很艰难，但如果我们能挺过去，情况很快就会好转的。
[tʌf] noun countable (also toughie) mainly US or old-fashioned informal
■a violent person 粗暴的人；暴徒
• Bands of armed toughs roamed the city. 几群持有武器的暴徒在这座城市游荡。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
adj. 艰苦的，困难的；坚强的，不屈不挠的；坚韧的，牢固的；强壮的，结实的
 - difficult, strong, hard, rough, firm
n. 恶棍
 - varlet, Highbinder
vt. 坚持；忍受，忍耐
 - stay, stomach, go, abide, resist
adv. 强硬地，顽强地
 - doggedly, pertinaciously

Word: cell
Front: cell
[sel] (高研四六托 895/769 -K4)
Vocabulary: cell
(once / 134 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
Cell has several different meanings, but all of them are similar. Whether it's in a prison or in your blood (or even in the political landscape), a cell is a small room, space, or unit.
Blood is composed of countless individual cells, as are virtually all of the organs of the body: skin, liver, lungs, brain, etc. The cell is the basic unit of all biology. A cell in a prison is the room in which a prisoner lives. But did you know that a cell can also be a small group of people devoted to a larger political cause? The government's security forces are constantly on the lookout for terrorist "sleeper cells" and would love to get the members of a sleeper cell into a prison cell.
WORD FAMILY
cell: cell-like, cells, cellular+/cellular: cellularity, cellularly, intercellular, intracellular, multicellular, noncellular, unicellular /cellularity: hypercellularity, hypocellularity
USAGE EXAMPLES
The scientists told the BBC television network that they believe the gut bacteria release chemicals that over-activate immune cells in the brain.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The problem is, most people today use cell phones, Martinez, 24, said.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Even when they leave their cells, inmates are handcuffed and escorted by guards.
Washington Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. <生>细胞; 小牢房; 电池; <诗>墓穴
vi. 住在牢房或小室中
vt. 囚禁
分布：细胞(80%)，电池(14%)，单人牢房(2%)，蜂房的巢室(2%)，小房间(1%)，政治小组(1%)
→来自kel, 隐藏，遮盖，词源同cellar, ceiling, hole. 即隐藏的小室，细胞义因其小室状结构而得名。比较cytology, 细胞学。
n.细胞;小房间;蜂房;电池The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
noun countable
ORGANISM 有机体
 IMPROVER
■the smallest basic unit of a plant or animal 细胞
[sel] noun countable
ROOM 房间
 ADVANCED
■a small room with not much furniture, especially in a prison or a monastery or convent （尤指修道院中的）小房间；单间牢房
[sel] noun countable
ELECTRICAL DEVICE 发电装置
 ADVANCED
■a device for producing electrical energy from chemical energy 电池
[sel] noun countable
PART 部分
■a small part of something 一小部分；小组织
• the cells of a honeycomb 蜂巢的巢室
prison, cell, jail
这组词都有“牢房，监狱”的意思，其区别是：
prison: 指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方，通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。
cell: 指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。
jail: (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。
n. [细胞] 细胞； [电] 电池；蜂房的巢室；单人小室
 - electric battery, electric element

Word: individual
Front: individual
[ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl] (研四六雅宝 762/738 -K4)
Vocabulary: individual
(once / 49 pages)
adjn
The word individual is all about being a single entity that cannot be divided. It can mean person or even personal. A team is made up of individuals, and each individual has individual strengths and weaknesses.
Sometimes individual is a way of referring to a person, quasi-formally. You might elevate the phrase "This guy walks into my shop," by saying, "This individual walks into my shop." You might also hear this word when talking about things that are divided: foods designed for lunchboxes, such as potato chips or juice boxes, are often prepackaged into individual servings.
WORD FAMILY
individual: individualise, individualism, individuality, individualize, individually, individuals+/individualise: individualisation, individualised, individualises, individualising/ individualism: individualisms, individualist, individualistic / individualist: individualists/ individualistic: individualistically/ individuality: individualities/individualization: individualizations/individualize: individualization, individualized, individualizes, individualizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For instance, that bill eliminated the tax penalties, tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies central to the ACA’s individual mandate to purchase health insurance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 个人的; 独特的; 个别的
n. 个人; 个体
分布：个人(68%)，个体(21%)，单独的(9%)，一个人的(1%)，独有的(1%)
→in-,不，非，divide,分开，分割。即不可分割的，原指耶稣的圣父，圣灵，圣子三位一体不可分开，后用来指单个的人，个人，个体。
个人的,个体的(in不+divide+ual→不能再分开了→个人)[vid,vis=separate,表示"分开"]
a.个人的,单独的;独特的n.个人,个体The hidden division is subdivided into individuals.隐藏的师被细分为个体.
noun countable
SINGLE 单个
 ESSENTIAL
■a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they belong 个人，个体
• Every individual has rights which must never be taken away. 每个人都有一些不可剥夺的权利。
• Like many creative individuals, she can be very bad-tempered. 像许多富有创造力的人一样，她的脾气有时会很不好。
• We try to treat our students as individuals. 我们力图把学生当成独立的个体来对待。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'vɪd.ju.əl] noun countable
DIFFERENT 不同的
■a person who thinks or behaves in their own original way （思想或行为）与众不同的人，有个性的人
• If nothing else, the school will turn her into an individual. 即使不能有其他建树，这所学校至少会将她培养成一个有其独特气质的人。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'vɪd.ju.əl] adjective
SINGLE 单个
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■existing and considered separately from the other things or people in a group 个体的，个人的
• Each individual table is finished by hand. 每一张桌子都是手工制的。
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■given to or relating to a single, separate person or thing 单个的
• We deal with each case on an individual basis. 我们单独处理每个病例。
[ˌɪn.dɪ'vɪd.ju.əl] adjective
DIFFERENT 不同的
■belonging or relating to, or suitable for, people or things that are different or particular in some way 独特的，特有的
• children with individual needs 有各自需求的孩子
• Marion has a very individual writing style. 玛丽安的写作风格与众不同。
distinctive, peculiar, individual, characteristic
这组词都有“特有的，显示特征的”的意思，其区别是：
distinctive: 突出与众不同的或令人称赞的个性或特征。
peculiar: 侧重指某人或某物本身与众不同；也可指种族、民族或性别，着重有其无可争议的特点。
individual: 指特指的人或物，着重其与众不同，强调可将其区别出的品质与特性。
characteristic: 侧重指具有区别能力，典型的或本质的事物。
personal, individual, private
这组词都有“个人的，私人的”的意思，其区别是：
personal: 指属于或关于某人或某些特定的人，以区别于其他人。
individual: 与集体的相对，指个别或个体的。
private: 指属于私人所有或具有私营性质，以区别于集体或公共的，有时含不公开的意味。
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
adj. [经] 个人的；个别的；独特的
 - personal, different, subjective, distinct, unique
n. [经] 个人， [生物] 个体
 - unity, private person

Word: declare
Front: declare
[dɪˈkleə(r)] (高研四六托雅 1736/1534 -K4)
Vocabulary: declare
(once / 35 pages)
v
If you declare victory, you are ending a war by saying you have won. Hopefully, the other side agrees, or your troops might declare you a fool. To declare is to state clearly and officially.
In elections, the government body that counts the votes declares the winner. Until the declaration is made, the results are not official. When you are traveling, you might be asked if you have anything to declare. You're not being asked for a statement of your beliefs, rather they want to know if you bought anything taxable abroad. If you hear your grandmother say, "Well, I declare!" you can be sure she is shocked and offended.
WORD FAMILY
declare: declarable, declaration, declarative, declaratory, declared, declarer, declares, declaring+/ declaration: declarations/ declarative: declaratively/declared: declaredly, undeclared/declarer: declarers
USAGE EXAMPLES
In return, he allegedly approved their licence applications and chairmanship appointment without declaring a conflict of interest.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
PASADENA, Calif. — In mid-August, after prolonged vacillation, Southern California Coach Clay Helton declared the junior Max Browne his starting quarterback.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After the introduction of the measles vaccine, the rate of the disease dropped precipitously; it was declared eliminated from the U.S. in 2000.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 宣布; 声明，声称; 申报; [法]供述
vi. 声明，发表宣言; 宣称
时态：declared, declaring, declares
分布：声明(79%)，申报(21%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-clar, 清晰，明确，词源同clear, clarify.引申义公告。
v.宣布,宣告,声明;断言,宣称I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
【记】de加强语义，clare＝clear使…清晰明了－宣布
【参】declaration（n 宣布；声明）
US [-'kler] verb
EXPRESS 表达
 IMPROVER transitive
■to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially 宣布；声明；公布
• They declared their support for the proposal 他们宣布支持这个提议。
• [+ (that)] She declared (that) it was the best chocolate cake she had ever tasted. 她说那是她吃过的最好的巧克力蛋糕。
• [+ obj + (to be) + noun/adj] They declared themselves (to be) bankrupt. 他们宣布破产了。
• [+ speech] "I won't do it!" he declared. “我不做！”他坚定地说。
• America declared war on Japan in 1941 (= announced officially that it was at war). 美国在1941对日本宣战。
• figurative The government have declared war on (= publicly announced their opposition to) the drug dealers. 政府已对贩毒者宣战。
• The country declared independence in 1952 (= announced that it was no longer under the control of another country). 该国于1952年宣布独立。
transitive
■to officially tell someone the value of goods you have bought, or the amount of money you have earned because you might have to pay tax 申报（应纳税的货物价值或收入）
• Nothing to declare. 无可申报。
• Goods to declare. 需要申报的货物。
UK [dɪ'kleər] US [-'kler] verb
CRICKET 板球
intransitive
■If a cricket team declares, they stop batting (= hitting the ball) because they think they already have enough runs (= points) to win （板球比赛中一方因获得足够取胜分数而）放弃击球，宣布结束赛局
• Pakistan declared at 350 for 7, leaving Australia to make an unlikely 5 runs an over to win. 巴基斯坦队在第七局获得350分后宣布结束赛局，因为澳大利亚队不可能在下一轮投球时取得获胜所需要的5分。
UK [dɪ'kleər] US [-'kler] verb
I declare old-fashioned
■used to express surprise 好奇怪呀，真没想到
• Well, I declare! 嘿，真没想到！
UK [dɪ'kleər] US [-'kler] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  declare for/against sth
■to give/not give someone or something your public support 公开支持／反对…
• She declared for the new airport plan. 她公开支持修建新机场的计划。
announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, advertise, broadcast, publish
这些动词均含“宣布，公开”之意。
announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇心的事情。
declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。
proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。
pronounce: 词义与announce, declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。
advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。
broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。
publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。
vt. 宣布，声明；断言，宣称
 - bill, state
vi. 声明，宣布
 - to announce, hand down

Word: threaten
Front: threaten
[ˈθretn] (研四六托 1395/1390 -K4)
Vocabulary: threaten
(once / 88 pages)
v
Something that threatens makes its danger known. Storm clouds threaten rain, and bullies threaten other kids.
Unfortunately, there are lots of people and things that threaten — it's a dangerous world. If someone threatens you with violence, you should call the police. The police may then threaten the criminal with arresting them. Nations threaten each other before going to war. You can also say a dangerous situation is threatening, like gloomy weather. Sometimes this word is used more lightheartedly, like if an old friend threatens to hug you to death.
WORD FAMILY
threaten: threatened, threatening, threatens+/ threat: threaten, threats/threatening: threateningly, unthreatening/unthreatening: unthreateningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump’s proposals also threaten to exacerbate the situation in the Middle East.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
These situations nearly always involve not just one harasser, but dozens or even thousands threatening or spreading a false rumor about their victim.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Then the crisis at Fort Sumter escalated, threatening to engulf the nation.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 预示（某事）; 恐吓; 危及; 预示凶兆
vi. 似将发生; 威胁
时态：threatened, threatening, threatens
分布：威胁(90%)，恐吓(8%)，似将发生(2%)
→threat,威胁，-en,使。
v.恐吓,威胁;有...危险,快要来临In the theater I threatened to treat the treaty with retreat.在剧院里,我威胁要以退却来对待条约.
verb
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to tell someone that you will kill or hurt them, or cause problems for them if they do not do what you want 威胁，恐吓；扬言要
• They threatened the shopkeeper with a gun. 他们用枪威胁店主。
• [+ to infinitive] They threatened to kill him unless he did as they asked. 他们威胁要杀他，除非他按他们说的去做。
transitive
■to be likely to cause harm or damage to something or someone 威胁到；危害到
• Changing patterns of agriculture are threatening the countryside. 农业模式的不断变化可能会对农村造成破坏。
intransitive
■If something bad threatens to happen, it is likely to happen 预示凶兆；逼近
• Look at those clouds! There's a storm threatening. 看那些云！暴风雨要来了。
menace, threaten
这组词都有“威胁、恐吓”的意思，其区别是：
menace: 系正式用词，着重以脸色或某种意志给以威胁，而不用语言明白表示出来。
threaten: 侧重扬言要对不服从者给予惩罚，有时指某种情况所预示的恶兆。
vt. 威胁；恐吓；预示
 - indicate, forecast, shadow, cow
vi. 威胁；可能来临
 - to menace, hang over

Word: elect
Front: elect
[ɪˈlekt] (高研四 2265/1794 -K4)
Vocabulary: elect
(once / 41 pages)
vadjn
To elect is to choose. A group of citizens may elect the next president, or you may just elect to stay home during the blizzard.
Most famously, in the political sense, elect means to choose a person for public office, usually via an election. It also means to choose a particular course in life of major consequence. You probably don't elect to drink Pepsi over Coke, but you do elect to study a particular major at college, or sign up for military service.
WORD FAMILY
elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect +/elected: nonelected/ election: electioneer, elections, electoral /electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electoral: electorally/ electorate: electorates/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also switched the state superintendent of education from an elected position to one appointed by the board.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This is a tall order for any elected official.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 选举; 挑出，挑选; 决定
vi. 选择，挑选; 进行选举
adj. 精选的，选出的; 选中的，当选而尚未就职的
n. 被选的人
时态：elected, electing, elects
分布：选举(69%)，选择(23%)，当选的(5%)，精选的(2%)，被选中者(1%)
→e-, 向外。-lect, 收集，选出，词源同collect,elite.
选出,选举(e出+lect→选出)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
v.选举,推选;选择,作出选择In the selection the lecturer neglected the negligible negative reflection on the election.在选集中演讲者忽视了对选举的微不足道的消极反思.
verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to decide on or choose, especially to choose a person for a particular job, by voting 选举，推选
• The Government is elected for a five-year term of office. 政府由选举产生，执政期为五年。
• [+ as + noun] We elected him as our representative. 我们选他当代表。
• [+ noun] She was elected Chair of the Board of Governors. 她被选为董事会主席。
• [+ to infinitive] The group elected one of its members to be their spokesperson. 该团体选出了他们的一名成员代表他们发言。
elect to do sth
 IMPROVER formal
■to choose to do a particular thing 选择做…
• She elected to take early retirement instead of moving to the new location. 她不想前往新的工作地点，就选择了提前退休。
[ɪ'lekt] plural noun
the elect
 IMPROVER formal
■in the Bible, people who are chosen by God （《圣经》中所称的）上帝的选民
 IMPROVER humorous
■any group of people who have been specially chosen for their particular qualities 特权集团；特殊阶层
elect, select, pick, prefer, choose, opt
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
elect: 指按照一定的规章或法律，用投票等方式进行的认真慎重的选择。
select: 书面用词，具有庄严、正式的感情色彩。强调精选。
pick: 口语用词，多指从个人角度仔细挑选，也含任意挑选之意。
prefer: 强调个人偏爱，不一定有选择的行动。
choose: 普通用词，侧重根据个人意愿和判断从众多的对象中进行选择，着重被选者的优点。
opt: 多指在几种可能性之间进行选择。
adj. 选出的；当选的；卓越的
 - remarkable, excellent, prominent
vt. 选举；选择；推选
 - opt for, to make a choice
vi. 作出选择；进行选举
 - take one's choice

Word: field
Front: field
[fi:ld] (中高雅 439/495 -K4)
Vocabulary: field
(once / 36 pages)
1n 2v 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n
This word has many meanings — such as a field of daffodils, a field of study, or a field of battle in a war. Think of a field as an area, either physically or subject-wise.
A type of business or area of study is a field. All the subjects you study in school are different fields of study. Baseball players field a ball, and you need nine players to field a team. All the horses in a race are the field. Your field of vision is what you can see. Researchers go into the field to collect data — for an education researcher, that’s a school. Most fields are specific areas of one sort or another.
WORD FAMILY
field: fielded, fielder, fielding, fields, midfield+/fielder: fielders
USAGE EXAMPLES
John Franklin III replaced White in the second quarter and completed two of four passes on his first drive that ended with a field goal.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Alonso hit 8 of 14 from the field and sank all seven of his free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Evans finished 9 of 19 from the field in what was his eighth 20-plus point game of the season.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 田; （作某种用途的）场地; （学习或研究的）领域; 运动场
vi. [棒球、板球等]担任外场员，担任守队队员; 接守，接防; 接，掷还（球）
adj. 实地的; [体育]1)。 在田赛场地进行的2)。 田赛的; 军事]野战的; 在实地工作的
vt. 保护; 把（农作物等）晒在场上; [棒球、板球等]按（或截）（球）; 即席圆满回答
时态：fielded, fielding, fields
分布：领域(55%)，田野(11%)，场地(10%)，运动场(8%)，田地(7%)，野外的(3%)，田间的(2%)，担任外场员(2%)，顺利处理(1%)，接球(1%)
→来自pele, 平的，展开，词源同plan, plat. 引申词义田野，领域等。
n.田野;运动场;(电或磁)场;领域,范围The unyielding man fiercely pierced the shield in the field.那个不屈的人凶猛地刺穿田野里的盾牌.
noun
LAND 土地
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an area of land, used for growing crops or keeping animals, usually surrounded by a fence 田；地；牧场
• We drove past fields of ripening wheat. 我们驱车经过快要成熟的麦田。
• The cows were all standing in one corner of the field. 乳牛全都站在牧场的一角。
the field
■an area of land in which you are working or studying 实地，现场
• I spoke to an aid worker who had recently returned from the field. 我和一位刚从现场归来的救援人员谈过。
[fi:ld] noun
SPORTS GROUND 运动场地
 IMPROVER countable
■an area, usually covered with grass, used for playing sport （通常有草坪的）运动场
• the school playing/sports field 学校运动场
• a football/hockey/rugby field 足球／曲棍球／橄榄球场
take the field
■to go onto the field at the start of a game 登场，上场
• There were loud cheers as the Irish team took the field. 爱尔兰队进场时欢呼声四起。
[fi:ld] noun
AREA OF INTEREST 兴趣领域
 IMPROVER countable
■an area of activity or interest 界；领域；范围
• the field of history/science/medicine 历史／科学／医学领域
• Are you still in the same field (= Are you doing the same type of work) ? 你还在做老本行吗？
not be/be outside your field
■to be something you do not know much about 不是（某人）的专长
• Programming really isn't my field - you'd better ask Phil. 程式设计真的不是我的专长，你最好问问菲尔。
[fi:ld] noun
COMPETITORS 竞争者
 ADVANCED only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the competitors taking part in a race or activity （参加比赛或活动的）全体运动员，全体人员
• The race started with a field of eleven, but two horses fell. 比赛开始时有11匹马，但有两匹马摔倒了。
• We have a strong field this afternoon. 今天下午我们阵容强大。
• Jones finished ahead of the field. 琼斯率先到达终点。
[fi:ld] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
countable specialized
■a division of a database (= collection of similar information on a computer) which contains a particular type of information, such as names or numbers 信息组；栏位
[fi:ld] noun
sb's field of vision
■the whole area that someone can see （某人的）视线范围，视野，视场
[fi:ld] noun
leave the field clear for sb
■to stop competing with someone, making it possible for them to succeed 为（某人）的成功扫除障碍；为（某人）的胜利让路
• John decided not to apply for the job, which left the field clear for Emma. 约翰决定不申请这份工作，这为艾玛扫除了障碍。
[fi:ld] verb
BALL 球
intransitive or transitive
■to catch or pick up the ball after it has been hit in a game such as cricket or baseball, and to try to prevent the other team from scoring （板球或棒球运动中）接（球），截（球），守（球），作守方
• He fielded the ball well. 他稳稳地接住了球。
• Our team is fielding first. 我们队先作守方。
[fi:ld] verb
ANSWER 回答
transitive
■to answer something cleverly or to avoid answering something directly 巧妙地回答
• He fielded some awkward questions very skilfully. 他非常巧妙地回答了几个尴尬的问题。
[fi:ld] verb
TEAM 组织
transitive
■to have or produce a team of people to take part in an activity or event 使参加活动（或比赛）；组织参加
• The company fielded a group of experts to take part in the conference. 公司组织了一个专家小组去参加会议。
field, territory, province, domain, sphere
这组词都有“范围，领域”的意思，其区别是：
field: 主要指经选定在一段时间内作专题研究的方面或领域，含夸张意味。
territory: 指科学知识、活动等的领域或范围。
province: 即可指科学、艺术、学问的领域或范围，又可指个人或机关职权的管辖范围。
domain: 指知识艺术、兴趣或人类活动的领域。
sphere: 指有明显分界线的范围或领域，强调彼此不会干扰、跨越，各不相关。
n. 领域；牧场；旷野；战场；运动场
 - domain, province, territory, world, kingdom, universe
adj. 扫描场；田赛的；野生的
 - wild, feral

Word: institute
Front: institute
[ˈɪnstɪtju:t] (高研四六托雅宝 7980/1630 -K4)
Vocabulary: institute
(once / 68 pages)
vn
An institute is an organization or association designed to study or promote something. If you're interested in politics, you might want to do an internship at one of Washington D.C.'s many political research institutes.
While you may have heard of an institute, whether it’s the National Institute for Art Advancement or the National Cancer Institute, you may not know institute in its verb form. To institute something means to establish or advance it. You might institute the hiring of Spanish-speakers at your company, or, if workers complain about being overworked, you might institute a new policy on taking breaks.
WORD FAMILY
institute: instituted, institutes, instituting, institution +/ institution: institutional, institutionalise, institutionalize, institutions/ institutional: institutionally, noninstitutional/institutionalise: institutionalised/institutionalised: noninstitutionalised/ institutionalize: institutionalized, institutionalizes, institutionalizing/institutionalized: noninstitutionalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The inventors of the new process are two young chemists at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Mr. Saltsman is research director at the Employment Policies Institute, which receives support from restaurants, foundations and individuals.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 建立; 制定; 开始; 着手
n. 协会; 学会; 学院; （教育、专业等）机构
时态：instituted, instituting, institutes
分布：学院(57%)，学会(16%)，协会(15%)，开始(5%)，制定(4%)，创立(3%)
→in-,进入，使，-stit,站立，词源同stand,state.即使站立，引申词义建立，制定，建立的组织机构等。
学会;学院v.制定,设立(in进入+stiute→建立进去→设立)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.学会,研究所;学院v.设立,设置,制定The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【记】in进入，stitute站，建立－站进去；进入建立的状态－创立
【区】institution（n 协会；制度）；institutionalize（v 使制度化）
【参】constitution（n 宪法；构造；章程）；restitution（n 归还；赔偿）
【反】rescind（v 废除）；abrogate（v 取消废除）；efface（v 抹掉）
US [-tu:t] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■an organization where people do a particular kind of scientific, educational or social work, or the buildings which it uses 研究所；学院
• the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 麻省理工学院
UK ['ɪnt.stɪ.tju:t] US [-tu:t] verb transitive formal
■to start or cause a system, rule, legal action, etc. to exist 建立；制定；开始
• She is threatening to institute legal proceedings against the hospital. 她威胁说要对该医院提出诉讼。
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
vt. 开始（调查）；制定；创立；提起（诉讼）
 - found, construct, father, initiate
n. 学会，协会；学院
 - academy, college, union, school

Word: sound
Front: sound
[saʊnd] (中高雅 702/780 -K2)
Vocabulary: sound
(once / 23 pages)
1nv 2v 3nv 4adj 5adj
A sound is a noise, something you can hear if you're in the right spot and it's loud enough. A doorbell, a fire alarm, a cat's meow, or your brother's snoring — they’re all sounds.
Long Island Sound is another kind of sound — it’s a branch of the Atlantic Ocean that runs between Connecticut and Long Island, New York. When you don’t know a word, you might sound out the syllables — say them aloud — to figure out the pronunciation. Sound can also mean "solid or good." Sound advice is good advice. Sound investments are secure. When you have a sound sleep, it's restful and uninterrupted — at least until your alarm sounds.
WORD FAMILY
sound: soundable, sounded, sounder, soundest, sounding, soundingly, soundless, soundly, soundness, sounds, unsound+/sounded: unsounded/sounder: sounders/sounding: soundings/soundless: soundlessly, soundlessness/unsound: unsoundable, unsoundly, unsoundness
USAGE EXAMPLES
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Which for most of us amateurs doesn’t quite get the sound across.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“Stress, anger and sadness break down the immune system. Sound is part of what I do daily to counterbalance that.”
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 声音，声响; 音调，声调; 声波; 嘈杂声
vi. 响，发声; 听起来，好像; 回响; [音乐]乐器等被奏响
vt. 使出声，使发声; 清楚地发出; 宣布，发表; 颂扬
adj. 健全的; 合理的; 完好的，无损的; 明智的
adv. 彻底地，充分地
时态：sounded, sounding, sounds
分布：声音(55%)，听起来(31%)，合理的(3%)，可靠的(2%)，发音(2%)，健康的(2%)，完好的(1%)，感觉(1%)，酣畅地(1%)，发出声音(1%)，探询(1%)
→来自古法语 son,声音，来自拉丁语 sonus,声音，来自 swen,发声，词源同 sonic,consonant. 引申诸相关词义。插入字母 d.sound 健康的，完好的，明智的，合理的
n.声音v.发声,响a.健全的,完好的;正当的The tiresome pirate sounded siren and let off fireworks.讨厌的海盗鸣汽笛放焰火.
【反】decrepit（adj 衰老的）tenable（adj 站得住脚的）－unsound（adj 不健全的；谬误的）
noun
NOISE 声音
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■something that you can hear or that can be heard 声音，声响
• They could hear the sound of a bell tolling in the distance. 他们能听到远处的钟声。
• She stood completely still, not making a sound. 她静静地站在那里，一声不吭。
• Suddenly we heard a loud knocking sound from the engine. 突然我们听见引擎发出响亮的砰砰声。
• Sound can travel over very large distances in water. 声音在水中能传播得很远。
uncountable
■the activity of recording and broadcasting sound such as from a performance of music or for a film （音乐演出、电影等的）音响录制和播出，音响制作
• a sound engineer/recording 音响师／录音
uncountable
■the volume or quality of the sound of a television or film （电视或电影的）音量，音色
• Could you turn the sound down/up on the TV. 你把电视机的音量调低／高一点好吗？
countable
■the particular quality of the music which a musician or a group of musicians produce （个人或乐队的）音乐特色，音乐风格
• The band's sound is a distinctive mixture of funk and rap. 这支乐队结合了乡土爵士乐和饶舌乐的音乐风格，很有特色。
[saʊnd] noun
SEEM 似乎
the sound of sth only singular
■how something seems to be, from what is said or written …给人的印象（或感觉）；…的言外之意
• I like the sound of the beef in red wine sauce. 我喜欢牛肉浇红酒酱的感觉。
• By/From the sound of it I don't think it was her fault. 听起来我认为不是她的错。
• So I'm going to be talking to over ninety people, am I? I don't like the sound of that! 那么，我要和90多个人谈话，是吗？我可不喜欢那样！
[saʊnd] noun
WATER PASSAGE 水道
countable
■a passage of sea connecting two larger areas of sea, or an area of sea mostly surrounded by land 海湾，海峡
• the Kalmar Sound 卡尔马海峡
[saʊnd] verb
SEEM 似乎
sound good/interesting/strange, etc.
 ESSENTIAL
■to seem good, interesting, strange, etc. from what is said or written 听起来不错／听起来有意思／似乎很奇怪等
• Your job sounds really interesting. 你的工作听起来真有趣。
• I know it sounds silly, but I'll miss him when he's gone. 我知道这听起来很傻，但他走了我会想他的。
sound like/as if/as though
 ESSENTIAL
■to seem like something, from what is said or written 听起来像／似乎
• That sounds like a good idea. 那听起来像是个不错的主意。
• It sounds like you've got a sore throat. 你听起来好像喉咙有些发炎。
• It sounds as if they had a good holiday. 听起来他们似乎度过了一个愉快的假期。
• You're going skiing with three friends? That sounds like fun. 你要和三个朋友去滑雪？听起来很好玩。
sound angry/happy/rude, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to seem angry, happy, rude, etc. when you speak 听起来很生气／高兴／无礼等
• He sounded very depressed when we spoke on the telephone yesterday. 我们昨天通电话的时候，他听起来很沮丧。
• At the press conference, he sounded at his most relaxed. 新闻发布会上，他听起来十分轻松。
[saʊnd] verb
NOISE 声响
intransitive or transitive
■to make a noise （使）发声；（使）作响
• If the alarm sounds, leave the building immediately. 如果警报声响起，马上离开大楼。
• It sounds like a bird. 听起来像一只鸟。
• He sounds (= speaks) just like someone I used to work with. 他说话很像我以前的一个同事。
• Sounding the car's horn, she drove at high speed through the crowded streets. 她按响汽车喇叭，猛踩油门，飞速穿过熙熙攘攘的大街。
sound the alarm
■to cause a noise to be made or say or shout a message to warn people about something 拉响警报；发出警报
• Quick, sound the alarm - there's a fire in the machine room! 快，拉警报——机房里着火了！
[saʊnd] verb
WATER DEPTH 水深
transitive
■to measure the depth of a mass of water, such as the sea, usually by sonar （用声纳）测量…的水深
⇒ See also echo sounder
[saʊnd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sound off informal
■to express your opinions forcefully, especially without being asked for them （尤指未经邀请）大发议论，言辞激烈地发表意见
• He's always sounding off about how he thinks the country should be run. 他总是大发议论，表明自己对治理国家的看法。
[saʊnd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sound sb out
■to discover informally what someone thinks or intends to do about a particular thing, so that you can be prepared or take suitable action 试探（某人）的看法，探（某人）的口风
• Perhaps you could sound the chairwoman out before the meeting, to see which way she's going to vote? 也许在开会之前你可以探探主席的口风，看她打算把票投给哪一方？
[saʊnd] adjective
GOOD CONDITION 良好的状况
■not broken or damaged; healthy; in good condition 无损伤的；完好的；健康的，健全的
• It's an old building but it's still structurally sound. 这是一座老建筑物，但结构依然完好。
• Considering his age, his body is quite sound. 就年龄来说，他的身体还是很不错的。
• Was she of sound mind (= not mentally ill) at the time of the incident? 事故发生时，她精神没有问题吧？
[saʊnd] adjective
GOOD JUDGMENT 好的判断
■showing good judgment; able to be trusted 合理的，明智的；可靠的
• She gave me some very sound advice. 她给了我一些非常好的建议。
• Are these pesticides environmentally sound (= will they not damage the environment) ? 这些杀虫剂是否对环境无害？
• Government bonds are a sound investment. 购买政府公债是一种稳当的投资。
[saʊnd] adjective
COMPLETE 完整的
■complete 全面的，透彻的
• How sound is her knowledge of the subject? 她对这一学科了解得有多透彻？
[saʊnd] adjective
be as sound as a bell UK informal
■to be very healthy or in very good condition 十分健康；状况极佳
[saʊnd] adverb [before noun] adjective
■(of sleep) deep and peaceful 熟睡（的），酣睡（的）
• He was sound asleep within moments of getting into bed. 他上床没多久就进入了梦乡。
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
voice, sound, noise
voice: 人的嗓音,
sound: 自然界各种各样的声音,
noise: 噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
vt. 听（诊）；测量，测…深；使发声；试探；宣告
 - hear, feel, scale
n. [声] 声音，语音；噪音；海峡；吵闹；听力范围； [医] 探条
 - voice, speech, noise, neck, row
adj. 健全的，健康的；合理的；可靠的；有效彻底的
 - healthy, reasonable, responsible, honest, logical
adv. 彻底地，充分地
 - thoroughly, fully, entirely, completely, well
vi. 听起来；发出声音；回响；测深
 - ring, noise

Word: sometimes
Front: sometimes
[ˈsʌmtaɪmz] (中高 445/478 -K4)
Back: adv. 有时，间或; 时而
分布：有时(56%)，间或(44%)
→sometime,有时，-s,副词后缀。
ad.不时,有时,间或Somewhere somebody sometimes does something good.在某处某人有时做某些好事.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■on some occasions but not always or often 有时
• Sometimes we take food with us and sometimes we buy food when we're there. 有时我们自己带食物，有时我们在那里买。
• Sometimes it's best not to say anything. 有时候，最好是甚么话都别说。
some times, some time, sometimes, sometime
some times: 有几次。如：I have been to the Great Wall for some times.(我去 长城有好几次了。)
some time: 一段时间。如：I have been a teacher for some time.(我当老师已有些年头了。)
sometimes: 有时。如：I sometimes play tennis.(我有时打 网球。)
sometime: 某个时候，指过去或将来的不确定时间。如：I will buy a car sometime in the future.(将来我会买车的。)
adv. 有时，间或
 - occasionally, betweentimes

Word: surprise
Front: surprise
[səˈpraɪz] (中高雅 1624/1807 -K5)
Vocabulary: surprise
(once / 34 pages)
vn
A surprise can be an unexpected or astonishing event, such as an ambush or a really great grade on a test you didn't study for.
Surprise can be a verb meaning to astonish or startle someone, a noun for the unexpected thing, or for the feeling produced by that surprise. It comes from the Latin word for "seize," and originally meant an unexpected military attack. When the novelist Charles Lever wrote in 1841 of "three cavalry regiments, their noiseless gestures and perfect stillness bespeaking at once that they were intended for a surprise party," he meant a surprise attack, not a birthday party.
WORD FAMILY
surprise: surprisal, surprised, surpriser, surprises, surprising+/surprisal: surprisals/ surprised: surprisedly, unsurprised/surpriser: surprisers/surprising: surprisingly, surprisingness, unsurprising/unsurprised: unsurprisedly/unsurprising: unsurprisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Irsay surprised many within the league by retaining both after last season.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s just so many checks and balances, it just doesn’t surprise me that he got caught before this plane was able to leave the gate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 使惊奇; 突袭; 意外发现
n. 惊喜，惊奇; 意外的事
时态：surprised, surprising, surprises
分布：惊喜(31%)，惊奇(23%)，惊讶(22%)，突然(12%)，突然袭击(7%)，使惊奇(4%)，使惊喜(1%)
→sur-,在上，-prise,抓住，缩写自 prehens,词源同 prison,comprehension.引申词义突然抓住，吃 惊，意外。
吃惊(sur突然+prise→突然被抓住→吃惊)[pris=take表示"拿住,抓住"]
v.使诧异,使惊异;奇袭n.诧异,惊异;奇袭Her visit did not cause me much surprise.她的来访并没有令我太惊讶.
US [sɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■an unexpected event, or the feeling caused by something unexpected happening 意外的事；惊讶
• Don't tell Anne we've arranged a party for her - I want it to be a surprise. 不要告诉安妮我们为她安排了一个派对——我想给她一个惊喜。
• It was a lovely/nasty, etc. surprise to get home and find the letter. 回到家就意外看到这封信，真是太好了／糟糕透了等等。
• Last night's heavy snow came as a complete surprise. 昨晚的那场大雪下得太突然了。
• You're always full of surprises (= doing unexpected things). 你总是做些出人意料的事。
• I wish you wouldn't keep springing surprises on me (= telling me unexpected things or causing unexpected things to happen). 我希望你不要总是让我感到吃惊意外。
• He looked at her in/with surprise. 他惊讶地看着她。
• To my great surprise, they agreed to all our demands. 让我非常惊讶的是，他们答应了我们的所有要求。
• They mounted a surprise attack at dawn. 他们在拂晓时分发动突然袭击。
• My uncle paid us a surprise visit yesterday. 昨天我叔叔突然来看我们。
Compare shock
UK [sə'praɪz] US [sɚ-] noun countable or uncountable
surprise, surprise
■said when someone has done something or when something has happened in a way which you expected and which you do not approve of （表示不赞同的事情在预料之中发生）真是意外啊
• "I've forgotten my keys again." "Surprise, surprise!" “我又忘记带锁匙了。”“真是意外啊！”
US said when you are telling someone about a situation in which something unexpected and pleasant has happened （表示发生了让人感到惊喜的事情）太让人意外了
• I asked him if he wanted to come to dinner with my parents, and surprise, surprise, he said yes! 我问他想不想跟我父母一起吃顿饭，结果真让人意外，他竟然答应了！
UK [sə'praɪz] US [sɚ-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make someone feel surprise 使诧异，使惊奇，使感到意外
• The news surprised everyone. 这消息让所有人都感到意外。
• [+ that] It doesn't surprise me that their parents don't want them to get married. 他们的父母不想让他们俩结婚，我并不感到意外。
• [+ to infinitive] It will not surprise anyone to learn that the offer has been rejected. 这项提议遭到否决，谁也不会感到意外。
• [+ question word] Janet was surprised how quickly the time passed. 珍妮特惊讶地发现时间竟然过得如此快。
■to find, catch or attack someone when they are not expecting it 意外发现；当场抓获；突然袭击
• The robbers had just opened the safe when they were surprised by the police. 抢匪们刚打开保险箱就被员警当场抓获了。
• [+ -ing verb] His mother surprised him helping himself to her gin. 他偷喝母亲的杜松子酒时被母亲逮了个正着。
stun, astound, astonish, surprise, amaze, startle
这组词都有“使惊愕，使惊讶，使惊奇”的意思，其区别是：
stun: 语气最强，指极度惊讶而目瞪口呆，不知所措。
astound: 语气强，指由于事情令人难以置信或实在罕见而使人感到震惊。
astonish: 语气较强，指出乎预料，意外发生，但又无法解释而感到惊奇。
surprise: 普通用词，多指因未预料或意外的事而引起的惊奇之感。
amaze: 语气较强，指因认为不可能或极少可能发生情况的出现而感到惊讶或迷惑不解。
startle: 指因突然的惊吓或意料不到的刺激等而使人惊跳或震惊。
n. 惊奇，诧异；突然袭击
 - wonder, marvelousness
vt. 使惊奇；奇袭
 - coup de main
adj. 令人惊讶的
 - astonishing, portentous

Word: brand
Front: brand
[brænd] (高研四六雅宝 2570/3387 -K3)
Vocabulary: brand
(once / 186 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
If your friend buys her jeans based on the brand, it means that the name on the label of her pants is very important to her. A brand is a product name.
The cereal aisle at the grocery store is a good place to see how many different brands there are of the same product. A company name, or the name it invents for a particular item or service, is a brand. Another kind of brand is the verb that means to mark or name something in a negative way. If you brand your classmate as a bully, you accuse him of bullying and expose his behavior to other people.
WORD FAMILY
brand: branded, branding, brands+/branded: misbranded, unbranded/branding: brandings
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that distinguishes the brand from standard wine advertising, which involves bottles “in the kitchen with cheese.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Kellogg’s stopped advertising on Breitbart after being spotlighted by Sleeping Giants, a social-media campaign that is pushing brands to cut their ties to the site.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
So I’m always down to try anything from the brand.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. [商]商标，牌子; 烙印; 〈比喻〉污名，耻辱; 燃烧着的木头
vt. 污辱; 铭刻于; 加商标于; 打烙印于
时态：branded, branding, brands
分布：牌子(53%)，商标(28%)，烙印(11%)，铭记(5%)，加污名于(1%)，标记(1%)，打烙印(1%)
→来自zero-grade 词根br, 加热，燃烧，词源同burn . 原指用燃烧的铁块给牲畜做记号，后指品牌。
n.商标,标记,牌子v.使铭记;打火印,打烙印The grandson branded the brandy randomly.孙子给白兰地随机地打上烙印.
noun countable
PRODUCT 产品
 IMPROVER
■a type of product made by a particular company 商标，牌子
• This isn't my usual brand of deodorant. 这不是我通常用的那个牌子的除臭剂。
• When I go to a supermarket I usually buy own (US store / Australian generic)brands (= the cheaper products with the shop's own name on them). 我去超市时常常购买超市的自家品牌产品。
brand of sth
■a particular type of something, or way of doing something 一种…，一类…；做…的方式
• a team that plays a distinctive brand of football 打法很独特的足球队
• Do you like his brand of humour? 你喜欢他那种幽默吗？
[brænd] noun countable
FLAME 火焰 literary
■a piece of burning wood used to give light 火炬；火把
[brænd] noun countable
MARK 做记号
■a mark that is burnt or frozen into the skin of an animal such as a cow to show who owns it 打烙印于；以烙铁打（标记）
• The brand was still visible on the animal's hide. 兽皮上还可以看见烙印。
[brænd] verb
JUDGE 判断
transitive + object + noun or adjective
■to say that you think someone is as stated 加污名于；谴责
• Because of one minor offence he was branded (as) a common criminal. 由于一次小过错他蒙上了共同犯罪的污名。
• The newspapers have branded the rebel MP disloyal. 报纸谴责反叛的国会议员背信弃义。
[brænd] verb
MARK 做记号
transitive
■to mark an animal such as a cow by burning or freezing its skin to show you own it 打烙印于；以烙铁打（标记）
• The cattle were rounded up and branded. 那些牛都被圈了起来并打了烙印。
trademark, brand
这组词都有“商标”的意思，其区别是：
trademark: 指通过合法注册而印在商品上的特殊标记，即商标。
brand: 指生产厂家为自己的产品所取的专用名称。
vt. 铭刻于，铭记；打烙印于；印…商标于
 - heart, stamp
n. [贸易] 商标， [经管] 牌子；烙印
 - logo, label

Word: scale
Front: scale
[skeɪl] (研四六托雅宝 1223/1115 -K4)
Vocabulary: scale
(once / 134 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4nv 5v
A scale is a series that climbs up or down. Think of scaling, or climbing, a mountain; a musical scale: do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do; or a scale you weigh yourself on––it counts up the pounds one after another after another.
Scale can be a ratio too––when maps are drawn "to scale," that means one mile of real road might translate to one inch of road on the map. Even fish scales can be understood this way––they repeat the same shape row after row after row. You can also rate something using a scale: "How much do you love pizza? Rate it on a scale of one to ten, with one being blech and ten being amazing."
WORD FAMILY
scale: descale, rescale, scalable, scaled, scaleless, scalelike, scales, scaley, scaling, scaly+/rescale: rescaled, rescaling/scalable: scalability, unscalable/scaling: scalings/scaly: scalier, scaliest, scaliness/unscalable: unscalably
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“This allows us to screen genetically similar siblings on a very large scale.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
According to the newspaper, Scales was being held in the general population area.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 规模; 比例（尺）; 鱼鳞; 级别
vt. 测量; 攀登; 刮去…的鳞片
vi. 衡量; 攀登; （鳞屑）脱落; 生水垢
时态：scaled, scaling, scales
分布：刻度(37%)，攀登(30%)，音阶(23%)，称重(3%)，量程(3%)，按比例决定(2%)，刮鳞；剥落(2%)
→来自古诺斯语 skel,贝壳，skal,碗，饮水容器，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaela,分开，劈开，来自 skel,砍，切，分开，词源同 shell,scallop.由贝壳引申词义碗，饮水器具，由贝壳的钙化 性质引申词义水垢，牙石，由碗，饮水容器引申词义秤，天平，即秤的原型，由该印欧语的 词根义引申词义鱼鳞，鳞片等。scale 梯子，攀登，攀爬，规模，范围，程度，等级，比例
n.刻度;天平,磅秤;比例尺;规模;音阶;鱼鳞The pale salesman wholesales scales on a large scale.面色苍白的推销员大规模批发比例尺(天平,鱼鳞).
noun
MEASURE 测量
 IMPROVER countable
■a set of numbers, amounts etc., used to measure or compare the level of something 尺度，刻度；等级；比例
• the Centigrade/Fahrenheit scale 摄氏／华氏温度
• How would you rate his work on a scale of 1 to 5? 按照一到五的等级，你给他的作业打几分？
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the relation between the real size of something and its size on a map, model or diagram 比例；比例尺
• a scale of 1:50 000 比例尺为1:50000
• This map is large scale (= things are shown in detail). 这张地图的比例尺很大。
• Is the bridge drawn to scale (= so that it shows the exact shape of the bridge, but much smaller) ? 这座桥是按比例画的吗？
• He was building a scale model of Concorde. 他正在做一架协和飞机的比例模型。
[skeɪl] noun
SIZE 尺寸
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the size or level of something, especially when this is large 大小；规模；范围
• We don't yet know the scale of the problem. 我们还不知道问题有多严重。
• Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale (= cause a lot of destruction). 核子武器杀伤力很大。
• My parents used to entertain friends on a large/small scale (= they had large/small parties). 我父母过去常常举行大／小规模的宴会招待朋友。
[skeɪl] noun
MACHINE 机器
scales [plural]
 ADVANCED UK (US scale)
■a device for weighing things or people 秤，磅秤
• kitchen/bathroom scales 厨房用秤／浴室体重计
a pair of scales
 ADVANCED UK
■a weighing device with two containers connected to a metal bar which is free to move up and down about its fixed central point. An object of known weight is put in one container and the thing to be weighed is put in the other. 一个天平
[skeɪl] noun
MUSIC 音乐
countable
■a set of notes played or sung in order, going up or down 音阶
• the scale of G major G大调音阶
• You must practise your scales every day. 你得每天练习音阶。
[skeɪl] noun
SKIN 皮肤
countable usually plural
■one of the many very small flat pieces which cover the skin of fish, snakes, etc. （鱼、蛇等动物皮肤表层的）鳞，鳞片
[skeɪl] noun
COVERING 覆盖物
uncountable (UK also limescale)
■a hard white or grey layer of material which forms on the inside of pipes or containers that heat water （水管或容器内壁的）水垢
[skeɪl] noun
large/small-scale
■describes an event or activity that is large/small in size 大／小规模的
• a large-scale investigation 大规模调查
[skeɪl] noun
the scales fall from sb's eyes literary
■If the scales fall from your eyes, you suddenly know and understand the truth. （某人）恍然大悟，顿时看清真相
[skeɪl] verb transitive
CLIMB 攀登
■to climb up a steep surface, such as a wall or the side of a mountain, often using special equipment 爬越；攀登
• The prisoner scaled the high prison wall and ran off. 囚犯攀越监狱的高墙逃跑了。
[skeɪl] verb transitive
CLEAN TEETH 清洁牙齿 specialized
■to remove tartar (= hard white substance) and plaque (= soft substance in which bacteria breed) from teeth 刮除（牙石或牙斑）
• The dentist scaled and polished my teeth last week. 上星期牙医帮我洗了牙并进行了抛光。
[skeɪl] verb transitive
scale the heights
■If you scale the heights of a type of work, you are very successful in it 登上事业高峰
• At the age of 35, she had already scaled the heights of the acting profession. 35岁那年，她已经登上演艺事业的巅峰。
[skeɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scale sth down (mainly US scale sth back)
■to make something smaller than it was or smaller than it was planned to be 缩减，缩小
• A shortage of money has forced them to scale down the project. 由于缺乏资金，他们被迫缩减企划案的规模。
scaled-down /ˌskeɪldˈdaʊn] adjective
• a scaled-down version/plan 缩小的版本／缩减的计划
[skeɪl] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] scale sth up
■to increase the size, amount or importance of something, usually an organization or process 增加，增大
• My company is scaling up its operations in the Middle East. 我公司正在扩大中东的业务。
n. 规模； [测] [数] 比例； [动] 鳞； [仪] 刻度；天平；数值范围
 - dimensions, ratio, graduation, calibration
vi. 衡量；攀登；剥落； [环境] 生水垢
 - chip, shell, climb
vt. 测量；攀登；刮鳞；依比例决定
 - sound, gauge

Word: soldier
Front: soldier
[ˈsəʊldʒə(r)] (中高托 1003/1731 -K4)
Vocabulary: soldier
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
In a war, soldiers are the people who do the fighting, on the ground, in planes, or from boats. Soldier is also a verb that means to serve in the military, or to continue on through difficult times.
What is an army without soldiers? It’s a bunch of guns on the ground. A soldier is the man or woman who fights for their government and carries the weapons, risking their life in the process. The word comes from the Latin solidus, which is the name of the gold coin used to pay soldiers who fought in the Roman army. To “soldier on” means to not give up even when life is tough, like soldiering on through difficult vocabulary.
WORD FAMILY
soldier: soldiered, soldiering, soldierlike, soldierly, soldiers, soldiership, soldiery+/soldiering: soldierings/soldierly: unsoldierly/soldiership: soldierships/soldiery: soldieries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Less than a week later, another bomb tore through a bus carrying off-duty soldiers, killing 13.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
A booby-trapped drone launched by Islamic State militants killed two Kurdish Peshmerga fighters and wounded two French soldiers in October near Mosul.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Descendants of British soldiers who fought in the battle will be offered free tickets to the commemorations.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 士兵; 军人; 战士
v. 坚持; 硬挺着
时态：soldiered, soldiering, soldiers
分布：士兵(78%)，军人(15%)，当兵(6%)，坚持做(1%)
→来自古法语 soldier,来自拉丁语 soldarius,战士，领军饷者，来自 solidus,古罗马金币，词源同 solid,完整的，纯的，纯金的。
n.士兵,军人Before the premier, the old soldier scolds the cold weather.老兵当着首相的面咒骂寒冷的天气.
US ['soʊl.dʒɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who is in an army and wears its uniform, especially someone who fights when there is a war 士兵，军人，战士
• Soldiers were patrolling the streets. 士兵们正在街上巡逻。
UK ['səʊl.dʒər] US ['soʊl.dʒɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  soldier on
■to continue doing something although it is difficult （不畏困难）坚持下去，勇往直前
• I admired the way she soldiered on when her business ran into trouble. 公司遇到麻烦时她能一如既往地坚持下去，对此我很敬佩。
n. 军人； [昆] 兵蚁；懒汉；一片烤面包
 - army man, serviceman
vi. 当兵；磨洋工；坚持干；假称害病
 - serve with the colours, go to war

Word: collapse
Front: collapse
[kəˈlæps] (研四六托雅宝 3212/3094 -K4)
Vocabulary: collapse
(once / 311 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n
To collapse means to fall over, cave in, or totally crumple. After finding out that the stock market has collapsed and your investments along with it, you'd probably collapse to the ground and sob uncontrollably.
From the Latin collapsus, meaning “fall together," comes our English collapse, a word that functions as both noun and verb. Empires collapse after revolutions, and your dog will eventually collapse from exhaustion if he keeps chasing his tail in circles. But if a company falls apart after the boss retires, or you have a total breakdown cramming for exams, that's a kind of collapse, too.
WORD FAMILY
collapse: collapsable, collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing+/collapsable: noncollapsable/ collapsible: noncollapsible
USAGE EXAMPLES
Airport officials say the landing gear on the Hawker Jet collapsed on landing Monday afternoon.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park said Monday no one was injured when the lava delta collapsed and sent showers of volcanic rock into the air.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Herzog said Monday by hospital telephone that he is being treated for a collapsed lung.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 折叠; 倒塌; 崩溃; （尤指工作劳累后）坐下
vt. 使倒塌; 使坍塌; 使瓦解
n. 垮台; （身体的）衰弱
时态：collapsed, collapsing, collapses
分布：崩溃(65%)，倒塌(18%)，折叠(9%)，暴跌(8%)
→col-, 强调。-lapse, 滑落。
倒塌(col+lapse滑倒→全部滑倒→倒塌)[col-,cor在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"]
倒坍;崩溃(col共同+lapse→全部滑下+倒塌)[laps=slip,表示"滑,滑走"]
v./n.倒塌;崩溃;(价格)暴跌;倒闭,破产With time elapsing, the flaps collapse up on his clapper's lap.随着时间流逝,袋盖在拍手者的膝上堆叠起来.
【记】col共同，lapse滑－共同滑倒－倒塌
verb
FALL 倒下
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support （由于压力、无力或缺乏支持而）倒塌，坍塌，崩溃，垮掉
• Thousands of buildings collapsed in the earthquake. 数以千计的建筑物在地震中倒塌了。
• The chair collapsed under her weight. 椅子承受不了她的重量散架了。
• figurative He thought his whole world had collapsed when his wife died. 妻子去世后他觉得自己的整个世界都坍塌了。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■If someone collapses, they fall down because they are ill or weak （因疾病或虚弱而）倒下，昏倒
• He collapsed and died of a heart attack. 他心脏病发作，倒地而亡。
intransitive or transitive
■to fold something into a smaller shape, usually so it can be stored, or (especially of furniture) to fold in this way （使）折叠（尤指家俱）
• All chairs collapse for easy storage. 所有的椅子折叠起来以便存放。
[kə'læps] verb
FAIL 失败
 IMPROVER intransitive
■(of people and business) to suddenly be unable to continue or work correctly （人或企业）崩溃，垮掉，失败
• Lots of people lost their jobs when the property market collapsed. 房地产市场崩溃后，许多人丢了工作。
• Talks between management and unions have collapsed. 劳资谈判彻底破裂。
• Share prices collapsed (= became lower suddenly) after news of poor trading. 贸易不景气的消息传出后股价暴跌。
[kə'læps] noun
FAILURE 失败
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the sudden failure of a system, organization, business, etc. （系统、组织、企业等的）崩溃，瓦解，失败
• I don't know what caused the collapse of her marriage. 我不知道她婚姻失败的原因是甚么。
• A poor economy has caused the collapse of thousands of small businesses. 经济萧条导致数以千计的小型企业破产。
• Negotiations between the two countries are on the brink/verge of collapse (= very soon going to fail). 两国的谈判濒临破裂。
• He suffered a mental/nervous collapse after ten years' teaching. 执教十年后，他的精神／神经崩溃了。
[kə'læps] noun
FALL 倒下
[S or U]
■when a person or structure becomes too weak to stand and suddenly falls 昏倒，昏迷；（建筑物的）倒塌，坍塌
• He was taken to hospital after his collapse on the pitch. 他昏倒在球场后被送往医院。
• the collapse of a tower block during the earthquake 地震中一座塔楼的倒塌
disaster, dilemma, collapse, epidemic
disaster: 灾难
dilemma: 窘境，困境
collapse: 崩溃
epidemic: 流行病
fall, collapse
这组词都有“倒塌”的意思，其区别是：
fall: 一般指由于失去平衡等原因而倒塌，也可作引申用。
collapse: 通常指房屋等突然倒塌。
vi. 倒塌；瓦解；暴跌
 - founder, fall in
vt. 使倒塌，使崩溃；使萎陷
 - crumple up
n. 倒塌；失败；衰竭
 - failure, loss, losing, defeat, reverse

Word: appeal
Front: appeal
[əˈpi:l] (高研四六托雅宝 1852/942 -K4)
Vocabulary: appeal
(once / 72 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv
Appeal means to ask, or address. If you appeal to someone's better nature, you're asking them for mercy. If a shirt doesn't appeal to you, you could also say it doesn't "speak" to you, or more simply, you don't like it.
Appeal also means to call upon a higher court to review a lower court's decision. If you appeal a court's conviction of you for shop lifting, you're asking a higher court to throw the decision out. Appeal descends from the Latin appellare "to address, call upon."
WORD FAMILY
appeal: appealable, appealed, appealing, appeals, appellant+/appealable: unappealable/ appealing: appealingly, appealingness, unappealing/appellant: appellants/unappealing: unappealingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This was unprecedented, and it held a strange appeal.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
If Mr. Roof is sentenced to death, the dispute about his mental health is likely to be central to any appeals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
City officials challenged that ruling, which sent the matter to state appeals court.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 上诉; [体育]诉请; 呼吁; （迫切的）要求（帮助、同情等）恳求
vi. （迫切）要求; 有吸引力; 求助（于）; 提请注意
vt. 将…移交上级法院审理
时态：appealed, appealing, appeals
分布：上诉(49%)，吸引力(21%)，呼吁(17%)，有吸引力(7%)，求助(3%)，诉请(2%)，恳求；呼吁(1%)
→前缀ap-同ad-. 词根pul, 击，打，见pulse. 原指推进，推动，后词义发生了变化。
vi.呼吁,恳求;申诉n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
【记】ap一再，peal＝pull拉－一再拉－吸引
noun
REQUEST 请求
 IMPROVER countable
■when a lot of people are asked to give money, information or help 呼吁，吁请，求助
• They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims. 他们正在呼吁社会为饥民捐款。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the centre of town at the weekend. 警方呼吁公众在周末远离市中心。
[ə'pi:l] noun
LEGAL 法律的
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a request especially to a court of law to change a previous decision （尤指为改变法院判决而作的）上诉，申诉
• The case went to the court of appeal/the appeal court. 案件被提交到上诉法院。
• He won his appeal and the sentence was halved. 他上诉获胜，刑期减半。
• She has lodged (= made) an appeal against the severity of the fine. 她认为罚款太高，已提出上诉。
[ə'pi:l] noun
QUALITY 特性
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or interesting 吸引力；感染力；魅力
• sex appeal 性魅力；性感
• Spielberg films have a wide appeal. 史匹柏的影片广受欢迎。
• Parties on river-boats have lost their appeal since one sank last year killing thirty-three people. 去年一艘游船沉没导致33人丧生，从那时起，河上泛舟游乐会已失去了吸引力。
[ə'pi:l] verb
REQUEST 请求
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money or help （尤指向公众）呼吁，吁请，求助，恳求
• They're appealing for clothes and blankets to send to the devastated region. 他们正在呼吁公众向受灾地区捐赠衣物和毛毯。
• The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. 警方正向公众求助，请他们提供有关失踪女孩的任何资料。
• I tried to appeal to (= ask for support based on) his sense of loyalty, stressing how good the company had been to him. 我努力请他对公司保持忠诚，着重强调公司一直待他不薄。
• [+ to infinitive] Church leaders have appealed to the government to halt the war. 教会领袖呼吁政府停止战争。
[ə'pi:l] verb
LEGAL 法律的
 ADVANCED intransitive legal
■to request a higher law court to consider again a decision made by a lower court, especially in order to reduce or prevent a punishment （尤指为减轻或免于惩罚而）上诉，申诉
• The teenager has been given leave (= allowed) by the High Court to appeal against her two-year sentence. 该少女被判刑两年，高级法院允许她如不服判决可提出上诉。
• They're appealing to the High Court to reduce the sentence to a fine. 他们正向高级法院提出上诉，要求将判刑改为罚款。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to formally request that especially a legal or official decision is changed （尤指为了改变法律或官方裁决而）诉请裁决，提出异议，申诉
• The parents appealed against the school's decision not to admit the child. 这个孩子的父母对学校拒收孩子的决定提出申诉。
• The footballer appealed to the referee for a free kick. 这个足球运动员请求裁判判罚任意球。
[ə'pi:l] verb
ATTRACT 吸引
 ADVANCED intransitive not continuous
■to interest or attract someone 有吸引力；有感染力；引起兴趣
• I've haven't been skiing - it's never really appealed. 我从来没有滑过雪——我对它从不感兴趣。
• It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25 year-olds. 这个节目的目标观众主要是16到25岁的年轻人。
• I think what appeals to me about his painting is the colours he uses. 我想，他的画感染我的地方在于他对色彩的运用。
beg, plead, petition, appeal, pray, entreat
这组词都有“请求，恳求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 比plead通俗，不用于法律范畴，指低声下气地请求，有时含贬义，指某人喋喋不休地要求得到帮助。
plead: 指谦卑而又不失尊严地请求，侧重迫切感。
petition: 指正式而热切地请愿或祈求。
appeal: 常指以道义原则为基础或以法律为依据的请求。
pray: 指祈求，多用于宗教用语中。
entreat: 意义与beg的大致相同，但较文雅。
vi. 呼吁，恳求； [法] 上诉；诉诸，求助；有吸引力，迎合爱好；（体育比赛中）诉诸裁判
 - attract, clamour for
n. 呼吁，请求；吸引力，感染力； [法] 上诉；诉诸裁判
 - asking, request, motion, charm

Word: survey
Front: survey
[ˈsɜ:veɪ] (研四六托雅 1241/1015 -K4)
Vocabulary: survey
(once / 141 pages)
vn
The verb survey means to look something over. When you buy your first home, it's a pleasure to stand on the porch and survey your property.
Survey has several meanings, all of which come from Medieval Latin and Anglo words for looking over. As a noun, survey can mean a detailed study of something, but it also means a short summary with a broad view. A survey course gives an overview of a particular subject area, but doesn't make you an expert. Survey is also a verb. If you survey an area hit by an earthquake, you look closely at it to measure the damage.
WORD FAMILY
survey: resurvey, surveyed, surveying, surveyor, surveys+/resurvey: resurveys/surveying: surveyings/ surveyor: surveyors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sugar is the prime culprit with the National Diet and Nutrition Survey showing four- to 10-year-olds consuming twice as much sugar as they should be.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
But 48% of those surveyed said they did not play the vinyl they bought - while 7% did not even own a turntable.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 测量土地
vt. 调查; 勘测; 俯瞰
n. 调查（表），调查所，测量，测量部，测量图; 概观，检查，鉴定书; 环顾
时态：surveyed, surveying, surveys
分布：调查(75%)，研究(14%)，测量(7%)，问卷(2%)，审视(1%)，环视(1%)
→来自盎格鲁法语 surveier,俯看，俯视，来自拉丁语 supervidere,俯看，监督，来自 super,在上， -vid,看，词源同 video,supervise.后引申词义测量，测绘等。
v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面审视,调查;测量图,勘定The lively survivor surveyed the conveyer.活泼的幸存者考察了输送装置.
US [ˈsɜ˞ː-]
QUESTIONS 问题
 IMPROVER
■an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions 调查
• A recent survey found/revealed/showed that 58% of people did not know where their heart is. 最近的一项调查显示，有58%的人不知道自己的心脏在甚么位置。
• to conduct/carry out/do a survey 进行调查
  Common Learner Errors  surveyWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make a survey', say do/carry out/conduct a survey :
✗ We should make a survey to find out what our customers want. We should conduct a survey to find out what our customers want.
noun countable UK [ˈsɜː.veɪ] US [ˈsɜ˞ː-]
EXAMINING 测量
■the measuring and recording of the details of an area of land （土地）测量，勘测，测绘
• a geological survey 地质勘测
■a description of the whole of a subject （对某一专题的）概述，全面评述
• His new book is a survey of European theatre in the nineteenth century. 他的新书概括介绍了19世纪的欧洲戏剧。
■UK (US AND Australian inspection)
■an examination of the structure of a building by a specially trained person 房屋鉴定，建筑物查勘
verb
LOOK AT 看 UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive slightly formal
■to look at or examine all of something, especially carefully （尤指认真地）审视，检查
• He got out of the car to survey the damage. 他下车仔细检查受损的情况。
• She has written a book which surveys (= describes in detail) the history of feminism. 她已经写完一本详细评述女权运动史的书。
■UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive
■to measure an area of land, and to record the details of it, especially on a map （尤指为绘制地图而）测量，勘测，测绘
• Before the new railway was built, its route was carefully surveyed. 在建设新铁路之前，其路线已经经过仔细测量。
■UK [sə'veɪ] US ['sɝ:.veɪ] transitive often passive UK (US AND Australian inspect)
■If a building is surveyed, it is examined carefully by a specially trained person, in order to discover whether there is anything wrong with its structure. 鉴定，查勘（建筑物）
verb
QUESTIONS 问题 UK ['sɜ:.veɪ] US ['sɝ:-] transitive
■to ask people questions in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour 调查
• The researchers surveyed the attitudes of 2500 college students. 研究人员调查了2500名大学生的看法。
• Many of the listeners surveyed said that they were not satisfied with the station's programmes. 许多接受调查的听众都说，他们不满意这个电台的节目。
verb
lord/master/mistress/king/queen of all you survey humorous
■If you are lord, master, mistress, king, or queen of all you survey, you own or control the place in which you live or work. 主人；当权者；主宰者
inquiry, investigation, research, survey
这些名词均有“调查”之意。
inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。
investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。
research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。
survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。
n. 调查；测量；审视；纵览
 - investigation, measurement, probe, research
vt. 调查； [测] [油气] 勘测；俯瞰
 - examine, check into

Word: difficult
Front: difficult
[ˈdɪfɪkəlt] (中高雅 608/439 -K5)
Vocabulary: difficult
(once / 58 pages)
adj
If something is difficult, it requires physical effort or brain power to complete, like climbing Mount Everest, a difficult journey.
Difficult has Latin parts: dis meaning "not, un" and facilis meaning "easy." So, something that is difficult is not easy, like marathon running. Difficult can also be used to describe a situation or person that is hard to control. For example, if you babysit a difficult child, he or she might run away from you and not obey you. And you might have a difficult time agreeing to watch that child again.
WORD FAMILY
difficult: difficulter, difficultest, difficultly, difficultness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Getting people in rural areas onto the national grid is proving too difficult and traditional solar panels generate meagre amounts of energy.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
She acknowledged that there were grants available to the UK tech sector, but added that they were difficult to qualify for.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
“With the legislation currently in place, it’s incredibly difficult for law enforcement to track down guns that emerge from the secondary market.”
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 困难的; 难做的; 难解的; 不易相处的
分布：困难的(77%)，艰难的(14%)，不易相处的(9%)
→dis-, 不，非。facile, 简单的，好做的，词源同fact, efficient. 即不好做的，困难的。
困难的(dif+fic做＋ult→不好做→困难的)[dif-和辅音重复表示"不,否定,分开"]
a.困难的,艰难的The faculty for agricultural culture isn't difficult to cultivate.农业栽培能力不难培养.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■needing skill or effort; not easy 困难的，费力的，艰难的
• a difficult problem/choice/task/language 难题／艰难的选择／艰钜的任务／难学的语言
• [+ to infinitive] It will be very difficult to prove that they are guilty. 证明他们有罪将非常困难。
• Many things make it difficult for women to reach the top in US business. 有很多因素使女性难以进入美国商界的上层。
• [+ -ing verb] He finds it extremely difficult being a single parent. 他发现当一名单亲家长非常艰辛。
 IMPROVER
■not friendly, easy to deal with, or behaving well 不友好的；难以接近的；难对付的；没教养的
• [+ to infinitive] The manager is difficult to deal with/a difficult person to deal with. 那位经理很难对付。
• His wife is a very difficult person. 他妻子是个难以接近的人。
• Please children, don't be so difficult! 孩子们，不要这样没规矩！
difficult, hard
这组词都有“困难”的意思，其区别是：
difficult: 比hard较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。
hard: 含义广，通俗用词，与easy相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。
adj. 困难的；不随和的；执拗的
 - hard, tough

Word: committee
Front: committee
[kəˈmɪti] (高研四六托雅 1428/450 -K5)
Vocabulary: committee
(once / 68 pages)
n
A committee is a group of people who come together to work on a project. Members of a committee commit their efforts to accomplishing a particular task, which can be anything from throwing a party to ending a war.
You could join the Committee to Protect Groundhogs, Bumblebees and Chickadees (yes, there really is one), or you might aspire to a committee that debates questions of national importance. Committees are often subgroups of larger bodies, and the U.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Agriculture, which focuses on issues in the farming and poultry industries, is a good example. Committee members become experts on issues in agriculture and the group can then make informed decisions efficiently.
WORD FAMILY
committee: committees, subcommittee+/ commit: commited, commiting, commitment, commits, committal, committed, committee, committing, recommit / commitment: commitments/committal: committals, noncommittal / committed: committedest, committedness, uncommitted/ noncommittal: noncommittally/ recommit: recommitted, recommitting/subcommittee: subcommittees
USAGE EXAMPLES
The vote Monday night would put the office under the control of the House Ethics committee, which is run by lawmakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Vuarnet died of a stroke, a statement by the committee said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“The Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms is planning on using public pressure,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 委员会
分布：委员会(100%)
委员会(commit+t+ee)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
n.委员会,全体委员The committee admits it committed an omission in commissioning the mission.委员会承认它在委任使团时犯的疏忽.
US [-'mɪtˌ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
 ESSENTIAL
■a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either make decisions or collect information for it （代表较大的组织决策或搜集资讯的）委员会
• She sits on/is on the school's development committee. 她是学校发展委员会的成员。
• The local council have just set up a committee to study recycling. 当地市政会刚刚成立了一个研究资源再利用问题的委员会。
• a committee meeting 委员会会议
UK [kə'mɪt.i] US [-'mɪtˌ-] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
  Common Learner Errors  committeeWarning: Check your spelling! Committee is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'mm', 'tt' and 'ee'.
committee, commission
这组词都有“委员会”的意思，其区别是：
committee: 既用作普通名词，也用作集体名词，指通过选举或其它方式而成立的一般委员会。
commission: 指为了某项任务专门成立的委员会。
n. 委员会
 - council, soviet

Word: farm
Front: farm
[fɑ:m] (中高雅 1258/1167 -K4)
Vocabulary: farm
(once / 57 pages)
1nv 2v
A farm is a plot of land that's used for growing food crops or raising livestock. A dairy farm might have cows and fields of grass for them to eat.
Some farms consist of barns or other buildings, greenhouses, and fields. Small farms often grow a variety of vegetables and raise small numbers of animals such as egg-laying hens and dairy goats. Large farms frequently focus on one crop and operate like factories. To work on a farm is to farm. In the 15th century, to farm was "to rent land," from the Anglo-French ferme, "a lease," from the Latin firmare, "to fix, settle, or strengthen."
WORD FAMILY
farm: farmed, farmer, farming, farms+/ farmer: farmerette, farmers/farmerette: farmerettes/ farming: farmings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Many Strain-Japan families straddle their time between working jobs close to St. Louis and tending to family farms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There are over 1,500 bison in Poland, mostly living freely in state-owned reserves but also on private farms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The downturn for Nebraska farms and ranches crept into small town main streets across the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 农场，农庄; 农家; 畜牧场; 农田
vt. 耕种; 养殖; 承包，包出; 佃出（土地）
vi. 经营农场
时态：farmed, farming, farms
分布：农场(93%)，农田(5%)，务农(2%)
→词源有争议。可能来自拉丁语firma, 固定付款，固定收租。而词义过渡到农场或农庄本身是较新的引申义。更多参照farmer.
n.农场,饲养场v.种田,经营农牧业On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [fɑ:rm] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■an area of land, together with a house and buildings, used for growing crops and/or keeping animals as a business 农场
• a dairy/arable farm 乳牛场／耕作农场
• farm animals 农场的牲畜
• fresh farm produce 新鲜农产品
• farm workers 农场工人
■a place where a particular type of animal is raised in large numbers to be sold 饲养场，养殖场
• a sheep/fish farm 牧羊场／养鱼场
UK [fɑ:m] US [fɑ:rm] verb transitive
■to use land for growing crops and/or raising animals as a business 种植；养殖
• The Stamfords have farmed this land for over a hundred years. 斯坦福德家族已在这片土地上耕作逾100年了。
UK [fɑ:m] US [fɑ:rm] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] farm sth out
■to give work to other people to do 把（工作）包给
• Magazines often farm out articles to freelance journalists. 杂志社常把文章外包给自由撰稿人。
UK [fɑ:m] US [fɑ:rm] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] farm sb out disapproving
■to arrange for another person to look after someone, especially your child 托人照顾（尤指自己的孩子）
• Almost since birth, their baby has been farmed out to nannies and nurseries. 他们的孩子几乎是一出生就交托给保姆和托儿所照顾。
vi. 种田，务农；经营农场
 - follow the plough
n. [农经] 农场；农家； [畜牧] 畜牧场
 - grange, steading
vt. 养殖；耕种；佃出（土地）
 - till, plant crops

Word: wide
Front: wide
[waɪd] (中高雅 940/600 -K5)
Back: adj. 宽的; 普遍的; 广阔的; 张大的，开得很大的
adv. 广泛地; 充分地; 广阔地
n. 广大的世界; [板]歪球
级别：wider, widest
分布：广泛的(52%)，广阔的(20%)，广阔地(15%)，渊博的(5%)，睁得大的(2%)，张的很大地(2%)，偏离目标的(2%)，没有完全获胜把握(2%)
→来自weidh,分开，词源同widow,with,divide,即分开的，宽的，进一步来自*dwi,二，词源同di-,two,*dhe,放置，词源同do,cred-,心，信任。即两边放置，分开。
a.宽阔的;睁大的;远离的ad.广阔地;偏差地The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■having a larger distance from one side to the other than is usual or expected, especially in comparison with the length of something; not narrow 宽的；宽阔的；宽广的
• a wide river/road/gap/foot 宽阔的河流／道路／巨大的裂口／大脚
• His eyes were wide (= opened much more than usual) with surprise. 他惊讶得睁大了眼睛。
⇒ See also width
 ESSENTIAL
■used when describing how long the distance between the two sides of something is or when asking for this information 宽度为…的；…宽的
• The rectangle is 5 cm long and 1.9 cm wide. 这个长方形长5厘米，宽1.9厘米。
• The swimming pool is 5 metres wide. 这个游泳池有五米宽。
• How wide are your skis? 你的滑雪板有多宽？
[waɪd] adjective
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that includes a large amount or many different types of thing, or that covers a large range or area 范围广阔的；广泛的
• They sell a wide range of skin-care products. 他们贩售各种各样的护肤品。
• She has a wide experience of teaching, in many different schools. 她先后在多所学校工作过，有丰富的教学经验。
• The Green Party no longer enjoys wide support (= the support of many people). 绿党不再受到广泛支持。
[waɪd] adjective
be wide of the mark
■to be wrong 错了；不准确
• Yesterday's weather forecast was a little wide of the mark, then. 昨天的天气预报有点不准。
[waɪd] adjective
give sth/sb a wide berth informal
■to avoid a person or place 避开某人／某地
• I tend to give the city centre a wide berth on Saturdays because it's so busy. 我星期六往往不去市中心，因为那里人太多了。
[waɪd] adverb
DISTANCE 距离
■farther than usual, or as far as possible 大大地；充分地
• " Open wide," said the dentist. “张大嘴，”牙医说。
• They moved the goal posts wider apart. 他们将球门柱间的距离拉得更大些。
[waɪd] adverb
AMOUNT 数量
■completely, or by a large amount 完全；大大地
• She left the door wide open. 她让门完全敞开着。
• It was 3 a.m. and we were still wide awake. 已经是凌晨三点钟了，我们仍然全无睡意。
broad, wide
broad: 侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
wide: 侧重于一边到另一边的距离,
adj. 广泛的；宽的，广阔的；张大的；远离目标的
 - extensive, comprehensive, broad, vast
adv. 广泛地；广阔地；充分地
 - fully, extensively, well, adequately, substantially

Word: powerful
Front: powerful
[ˈpaʊəfl] (高研四六 1159/1326 -K4)
Vocabulary: powerful
(once / 82 pages)
adjadv
Something that's powerful displays, well, power. Your neighbor who just finished training to be a fireman probably looks much more powerful than he used to.
We use powerful for many different senses of "strong." A powerful medicine is very effective. A powerful politician has more influence than most politicians. A powerful dog could probably knock you down. If you're reading a book written in folksy Southern vernacular, someone might use powerful to mean "very," as in, "that was a powerful good supper, Miss Jackson," or "you look powerful good tonight."
WORD FAMILY
powerful: powerfulest, powerfully, powerfulness+/ overpower: overpowered, overpowering, overpowers/overpowering: overpoweringly/ power: overpower, powered, powerful, powering, powerless, powers, superpower /powered: unpowered/powerless: powerlessly, powerlessness/ superpower: superpowers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a really powerful compound,” says Mikhail Kogan, the medical director of the George Washington University Center for Integrative Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The riot was sparked by a clash between two gangs in the prison and reflects shifting allegiances among Brazil’s powerful narco-trafficking groups, authorities said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Pharmaceutical companies want genetic information to concoct powerful new drugs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 强大的; 权力大的; （药）有效地
adv. 很; 非常
分布：强大的(67%)，强有力的(29%)，强健的(3%)，有权的(1%)
a.强大的,有力的,有权的The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US ['paʊɚ-] adjective
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL
■having a lot of power to control people and events 有权力的；有力量的；强大的
• The President is more powerful than the Prime Minister. 总统比总理权力更大。
• She's the most powerful person in the organization. 她是该组织中最有影响力的人。
UK ['paʊə.fəl] US ['paʊɚ-] adjective
STRENGTH 力量
■having a lot of strength or force 强有力的，强壮的
• She's an extremely powerful runner. 她是个非常矫健的赛跑选手。
• The picture quality is bad because the TV signal isn't powerful enough. 影像效果不好，因为电视讯号不强。
■having a very great effect 效力大的，强效的
• a powerful drug 特效药
• Her speech about cruelty to children was very powerful. 她关于虐待儿童问题的发言很有渲染力。
UK ['paʊə.fəl] US ['paʊɚ-] adjective
IMAGE SIZE 图片尺寸
■having the power to increase the size of an image of something that is very small or far away many times 高倍率的，高放大倍数的
• You'd need an extremely powerful microscope to see something so small. 看这么小的东西你需要超高倍显微镜。
mighty, powerful
这组词都有“强有力的”的意思，其区别是：
mighty: 书面语用词，指力量、威力或能力等非常大，非一般可比，多作引申用，有时含夸张意味。
powerful: 普通用词，指事物本身具有巨在的力量、能力或权力，也可作引申用。
adj. 强大的；强有力的
 - formidable, cogent
adv. 很；非常
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, too, highly, far

Word: elsewhere
Front: elsewhere
[ˌelsˈweə(r)] (研四六雅 2279/1639 -K3)
Vocabulary: elsewhere
(once / 171 pages)
adv
When something happens in a different place, you can say it happens elsewhere. Your mom might say, "That sandwich smells terrible. Please take it elsewhere."
The adverb elsewhere is a great word for emphasizing the idea of somewhere else. You might be unhappy with your job at a doughnut shop and decide it's time to look for work elsewhere, for example, or an antique shop owner might encourage you to buy a chair by saying, "It'll cost twice as much elsewhere!" In Old English, it was elles hwær.
WORD FAMILY
elsewhere: elsewheres
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several smaller bombings elsewhere in the city on Monday killed at least 20 civilians and wounded at least 70, according to medics and police officials.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elsewhere, though, data-localisation polices are meant to protect citizens from snooping by foreign powers.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
After this year of fake news in US politics and elsewhere, I am hopeful that consumers of news will become much more discerning.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 在别处，到别处; 他
分布：别处(100%)
ad.在别处,向别处I also heard of the false pulses elsewhere.我在别处也听说过这些虚假脉冲.
US [-'wer/ UK ['--] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at, in, from, or to another place or other places; anywhere or somewhere else 在别处；去别处；到别处
• The report looks at economic growth in Europe and elsewhere. 这份报告研究了欧洲和其他地区的经济成长状况。
• They couldn't find what they wanted and decided to look elsewhere. 他们找不到他们想要的东西，就决定到别处去看看。
adv. 在别处；到别处
 - otherwhere

Word: wall
Front: wall
[wɔ:l] (中高雅 571/577 -K5)
Back: n. 墙; 屏障; 隔阂; 壁垒
vt. & vi. 筑墙围住，用墙隔开; 围以墙
adj. 墙壁的
时态：walled, walling, walls
分布：墙壁(80%)，墙状物(5%)，垣(5%)，隔开(5%)，围住(5%)
→来自拉丁语vallum,木柱，墙，或来自wel,转，拱起，词源同involve,vault。引申词义词墙。
n.墙,壁,围墙vt.筑墙围住,用墙隔开The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
US [wɑ:l] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a vertical structure, often made of stone or brick, that divides or surrounds something 墙，墙壁，围墙
• The walls in this apartment are so thin you can hear just about every word the neighbours say. 这间公寓的墙太薄了，甚至隔壁的人说的每一句话你都可以听见。
• The walls look a bit bare - can't we put some pictures up? 这些墙看起来有点光秃秃的——我们能不能挂几幅画呢？
• We had to climb over a ten-foot wall to get into the garden. 我们不得不翻过一堵十呎高的墙以进到花园里。
• The Berlin Wall came down in 1989. 柏林围墙于1989年被推倒。
countable
■any outer part of a hollow structure in the body （身体中中空结构的）壁
• the wall of the womb/stomach 子宫／胃壁
• an artery wall 动脉血管壁
countable
■a mass of people or things formed in such a way that you cannot get through or past them 人墙；隔离墙
• The demonstrators formed a solid wall to stop the police from getting past them. 示威者组成一道结实的人墙，不让员警通过。
only singular literary
■a large, powerful, usually fast moving mass of something （通常指迅速移动的）墙状物
• After the rains, the houses were washed away by a wall of mud/water. 大雨过后，那些房子被墙一般的泥流／水流冲走了。
only singular
■a way of feeling or behaving that completely prevents two groups of people from communicating with or understanding each other （感情上的）隔阂，壁垒，障碍
• There is a wall of mistrust between the two groups. 这两个团体互不信任，中间像隔着一道墙。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] noun
drive sb up the wall
■to make someone extremely angry 令（某人）大怒，令（某人）暴跳如雷
• My flat-mate is driving me up the wall at the moment. 我的室友此时正让我大为光火。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] noun
go to the wall
■If a company goes to the wall it is destroyed financially （公司）破产，垮台
• After nine months of massive losses the company finally went to the wall. 经历了九个月的巨额亏损之后，这家公司最终宣告破产。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] noun
off the wall
■surprising and unusual 惊人的，不同寻常的
• an off-the-wall joke 离奇的玩笑
• off-the-wall leisure pursuits 不同寻常的业余爱好
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] noun
Walls have ears. saying
■something you say to warn someone that it is not safe to speak at that particular time because other people might be listening 隔墙有耳。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] noun
wall-to-wall
■(especially of carpets) covering the whole floor （尤指地毯）覆盖整个地板的
• a wall-to-wall carpet 铺满地面的地毯
■continuous or happening very often or everywhere around you 连续的；无所不在的，到处都是的
• I went away to college thinking it would be wall-to-wall parties and all the freedom I wanted. 我离家去上大学，以为那里到处都是派对，有我想要的无处不在的自由。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wall sth off
■to build a wall around a place 用围墙圈起（某地）；给（某地）四周建围墙
• They've walled off the electric sub-station for safety reasons. 出于安全的原因，他们在变电站周围建了围墙。
UK [wɔ:l] US [wɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] wall sth up
■to fill a space in a wall with brick or stone （用砖或石头）砌墙堵上
• We had to wall up an old window. 我们不得不把一扇旧窗户砌死。
n. 墙壁，围墙；似墙之物
 - enclosure, fence
vt. 用墙围住，围以墙
 - inwall
adj. 墙壁的
 - mural

Word: abroad
Front: abroad
[əˈbrɔ:d] (中高托 3363/2243 -K3)
Vocabulary: abroad
(once / 136 pages)
advadj
If you study abroad in your junior year of college, you are going to school in another country. Use abroad when you are talking about going to or from a place across an ocean.
Abroad really just means in a different country, but it is almost always used interchangeably with "overseas." You almost never hear an American say, "She lives abroad; she's studying in Canada." You might be eager to take a trip abroad. If so, get your passport ready. They won't let you board a plane going abroad without one.
WORD FAMILY
abroad
USAGE EXAMPLES
Sun spent much of his life not in the thick of action but abroad.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Christian Weiss, who supervises the coin and bank-note collection at the Swiss National Museum, said the Swiss favor cash even when traveling abroad.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Ms. Nasser was the second Israeli woman to be killed in a terrorist attack abroad in less than two weeks.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adv. 到国外，在海外; 广为流传地
adj. 往国外的
n. 海外，异国
分布：到国外(42%)，在国外(40%)，广为流传(18%)
→来自古英语on brede. broad, 宽，喻指出门，离家，后指出国。
ad.到国外,在国外;在传播,在流传The news about the broadened breadth is broadcast abroad.宽度加宽的消息被广播到国外.
adverb [after verb]
OTHER COUNTRY 外国　
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a foreign country or countries 在国外；到国外
• He's currently abroad on business. 目前他在国外出差。
• We always go abroad in the summer. 我们夏天总是到国外去。
[ə'brɔ:d] adverb [after verb]
OUTSIDE 外面
[after verb] literary OR old use
■outside; not at home 在户外的；室外的
• Not a soul was abroad that morning. 那天上午，户外空无一人。
[ə'brɔ:d] adverb [after verb]
MANY PEOPLE 很多人
[after verb] formal
■describes ideas, feelings and opinions that are shared by many people 广为流传的
• There's a rumour abroad that she intends to leave the company. 到处都在传言说她要离开公司。
aboard, broad, abroad, board
aboard: 在船(或飞机，车)上。如：I never went aboard a ship.
broad: 为形容词，宽广的。如：He has very broad shoulders.
abroad: 副词，在国外或海外。如：He often goes abroad.
board: 为动词，上(船，飞机，车)。如：The passengers are boarding the plane now.
n. 海外；异国
 - foreign country

Word: industrial
Front: industrial
[ɪnˈdʌstriəl] (研四六托雅 1913/863 -K4)
Vocabulary: industrial
(once / 166 pages)
1adj 2adj
Something industrial has to do with industry or factories. If you're taking a stroll alone at night, avoid the industrial areas — there aren't many people around after business hours and it can be kind of spooky.
Industrial, besides meaning "having to do with industry," has also come to mean "tough," capable of withstanding factor wear and tear. If you're carpeting your home, avoid industrial carpet. It's easy to clean but not so soft. An industrial nation is a developed nation with manufacturing as part of its economy. If you work in the industrial sector, as opposed to say the arts sector, you work in manufacturing.
WORD FAMILY
industrial: industrialer, industrialise, industrialism, industrialize, industrially, nonindustrial, postindustrial+/industrialise: industrialisation, industrialised/industrialism: industrialisms, industrialist/industrialist: industrialists/ industrialization: industrializations/industrialize: industrialization, industrialized, industrializes, industrializing/industrialized: unindustrialized/ industrious: industriously, industriousness/ industry: industrial, industries, industrious
USAGE EXAMPLES
Each amounts to an industrial control system that dispatches electricity from where it is generated to the consumers who use it.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
All kinds of companies, including century-old industrial stalwarts like General Motors and General Electric, are among the corporate giants acquiring tech start-ups of late.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Emergency personnel arrived just after midnight Sunday at the Campbell Industrial Park in Kapolei to find the two victims injured.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 工业的，产业的; 从事工业的; 供工业用的; 来自勤劳的
n. 工业股票; 工业工人
分布：工业的(57%)，产业的(31%)，工业公司(12%)
→来自industry,工业。
a.工业的,产业的The dust in the industrial zone frustrated the industrious man.工业区里的灰尘使勤勉的人灰心.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories, etc 工业的；产业的
• industrial output 工业产量
• industrial expansion 工业扩张
• an industrial landscape/nation 工业地貌／国家
• He has an industrial background (= He has worked in industry). 他在工业领域工作过。
[ɪn'dʌs.tri.əl] noun countable specialized
■a company whose main business is producing goods, or a share in such a company when it is traded on the stock market 从事工业的公司；工业股票
• He owns a series of industrials across the US and beyond. 他在美国以及其他地区拥有一系列工业公司。
• Industrials were up 1.2% at the close of trading. 在交易结束的时候工业股票上升了1.2个百分点。
industrials [plural noun] * shares in industrial companies
• On Thursday the industrials moved up more than 50 points.
industrious, industrial
industrious: 勤劳的，勤奋的。如：He is an industrious student.(他是个用功的学生。)
industrial: 工业的，产业的。如：Italy is becoming an industrial nation.(意大利逐步成为工业国。)

Word: suffer
Front: suffer
[ˈsʌfə(r)] (高研四六托 1099/821 -K4)
Vocabulary: suffer
(once / 31 pages)
1v 2v
The verb suffer means to feel pain or something equally unpleasant. You'd probably do anything you could to be sure your beloved cat didn't suffer when she got old and sick.
You can suffer from the pain of a broken leg, but you can also suffer from shyness, regret, poverty, or any number of unpleasant things. You can even describe something that becomes worse using the word suffer, like when someone's grades suffer during soccer season. The root of suffer is the Latin word sufferre, to bear, undergo, or endure. That's why someone who doesn't suffer fools gladly won't put up with nonsense.
WORD FAMILY
suffer: sufferable, sufferance, suffered, sufferer, suffering, suffers+/ insufferable: insufferably/sufferable: insufferable, sufferably, unsufferable/ sufferance: sufferances/sufferer: sufferers/ suffering: sufferingly, sufferings/unsufferable: unsufferably
USAGE EXAMPLES
Oakland already was without its quarterback and league MVP candidate, Derek Carr, after he suffered a broken bone in his leg.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Authorities say the toddler suffered a brain injury on Sept. 5, 2015, and died the next day.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Outwardly, Roosevelt was resolute in waging World War II. Privately, he suffered.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 受痛苦; 受损害; 变糟; 变差
vt. 忍受; 容忍; 容许; 遭受
时态：suffered, suffering, suffers
分布：遭受(54%)，忍受(26%)，受苦(14%)，受损失(4%)，处于不利地位(1%)，患病(1%)
→suf-,在下，-fer,承担，承载，词源同 bring,infer.引申诸相关比喻义。
受苦(suf+fer带→带到下面去→受苦)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
受苦;经受(suf在下面+fer→带到下面→受苦)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.(from)受痛苦,患病;受损失;遭受;忍受The puffy staff's stuffy chests are stuffed with sufficient suffering.喘气的职员们闷热的胸中填满了足够的痛苦.
US [-ɚ] verb
FEEL PAIN 感觉痛
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to experience physical or mental pain 受苦；受折磨
• I think he suffered quite a lot when his wife left him. 我想他妻子离开他时，他一定很痛苦。
• She suffers terribly in the winter when it's cold and her joints get stiff. 冬天天气寒冷，她的关节会变得僵硬，这让她非常难受。
• She's been suffering from (= been ill with) cancer for two years. 她患癌症已经两年了。
• Johnny suffers from (= is often ill with) asthma. 约翰尼患有哮喘。
• If you're not happy with it, you should complain. Don't just suffer in silence (= without saying anything). 如果你不喜欢，应该说出来。别闷在心里。
UK ['sʌf.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
EXPERIENCE 经历
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to experience or show the effects of something bad 经历，经受，遭受（坏事）
• The Democrats suffered a crushing defeat in the last election. 民主党在上次选举中惨败。
• Twenty-five policemen suffered minor injuries during the protest. 抗议事件中有25名员警受到轻伤。
• The city suffered another blow last month with the closure of the local car factory. 当地汽车厂上个月倒闭，这是该市受到的又一打击。
• If you will insist on eating three helpings of dessert, I'm afraid you'll have to suffer the consequences ! 如果你坚持要吃三份甜点，恐怕你会自作自受！
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I had to suffer her father moaning for half an hour on the phone last night! 昨晚我不得不忍受她父亲在电话里唠叨抱怨了半个小时！
• When you're working such long hours, it's inevitable that your marriage will start to suffer. 你老是这么加班，婚姻难免会受影响。
• Like a lot of his films, it suffers from being a bit too long. 和他的其他很多电影一样，这部电影也是有点太长了。
UK ['sʌf.ər] US [-ɚ] verb
not suffer fools gladly
■to have very little patience with people who you think are silly or have stupid ideas 不愿迁就笨人，不能容忍愚蠢者
withstand, tolerate, stand, endure, suffer, abide
这组词都有“忍受”的意思，其区别是：
withstand: 指因具有一定实力、权力或能力而能忍受某种情况。
tolerate: 指以自我克制的态度，对待令人反感或厌恶的东西，含默认宽容意味。
stand: 口语用词，常可与hear换用，但前者侧重指经受得起，后者强调容忍，是普通用语。
endure: 书面用词，指长时间忍受痛苦和不幸，着重体力或意志力的坚强不屈服。
suffer: 通常指非自愿或被迫忍受各种痛苦、困难或不快，强调受到苦难。
abide: 指忍受长期的痛苦或折磨，强调耐心和屈从。多用于否定句和疑问句中。
sustain, undergo, suffer, experience
这组词都有“经历，经受，遭受”的意思，其区别是：
sustain: 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。
undergo: 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险等事。
suffer: 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。
experience: 指亲身经受或体验某事。
vt. 遭受；忍受；经历
 - stomach, stand, experience, tough, abide
vi. 遭受，忍受；受痛苦；经验；受损害
 - stomach, come under

Word: constitution
Front: constitution
[ˌkɒnstɪˈtju:ʃn] (高研四六托雅宝 3917/2148 -3)
Vocabulary: constitution
(once / 123 pages)
1n 2n 3n
A constitution is a statement of the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or group, such as the U.S. Constitution. Another very common meaning of constitution is the physical makeup of a person.
The noun constitution is from Latin, from constitutus "set up, established" plus the suffix -ion- "act, state, or condition." So think of a constitution as how a body (yours, the government's) is set up. If you have a strong constitution, it means you don't get sick very often.
WORD FAMILY
constitution: constitutional, constitutionalize, constitutions+/ constituency: constituencies/ constituent: constituency, constituents/ constitute: constituent, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutive, reconstitute/constituted: self-constituted/ constitutional: constitutionalise, constitutionalist, constitutionally, constitutionals, unconstitutional /constitutionalise: constitutionalising/constitutionalize: constitutionalized, constitutionalizing/ constitutive: constitutively/reconstitute: reconstituted, reconstitutes, reconstituting/ unconstitutional: unconstitutionally
USAGE EXAMPLES
As governor, he created the Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission, which worked on revising the constitution until Wallace put a stop to the effort.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Utah’s constitution requires such action to maintain continuation of executive authority in the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
However, the country's constitution says the king is "inviolable" - or too significant to be treated with disrespect.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 建立，组成; 体格; 构成方式; 宪法
分布：宪法(89%)，体质(9%)，组织(2%)
→con-, 强调。-stit, 站，词源同stand, institute. 即站立的，比喻义国家基石，国家根本。
构成：宪法(constitute+ion)[atitut,stit=setup,place,表示"建立,放"]
n.构成,构造,组成(方式),成分;体格;宪法The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
【参】constitutional（adj 构成的；（拥护）宪法的）
US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
LAWS 法律
 IMPROVER
■(a written document which forms) the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs 宪法；章程
• Britain has no written constitution. 英国没有成文宪法。
• The Constitution of the United States 《美国宪法》
• Under (= As part of) the union constitution, a new committee must be elected each year. 根据工会章程，委员会必须每年改选一次。
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
HEALTH 健康
■the general state of someone's health 体质，体格
• He has a very strong constitution. 他体质很强壮。
UK [ˌkɒnt.stɪ'tju:.ʃən] US [ˌkɑ:nt.stɪ'tu:-] noun countable
PARTS 结构
■how something is formed from different constituents (= parts) 组成；构成；结构；构造
• the constitution of a chemical compound 化合物的结构
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
n. 宪法；体质；章程；构造
 - formation, fabric, structure, build, make

Word: failure
Front: failure
[ˈfeɪljə(r)] (高研四雅 1360/1147 -K4)
Vocabulary: failure
(once / 123 pages)
1n 2n
If you experience failure, things have not gone the way you'd hoped. I'm sorry to hear that your attempt to turn hay into gold has been a failure.
Failure can also mean when something suddenly stops working or when you don't do something that you're expected to. A power failure might create an opportunity for a romantic candlelight dinner. Your failure to pay the electric bill may lead to a lot of romantic candlelight dinners, as long as you at least paid the gas bill. Someone who has no success in life a failure, as is an effort that doesn't work like your failure of a presidential campaign.
WORD FAMILY
failure: failures+/ fail: failed, failing, fails, failure /failing: failings, unfailing/unfailing: unfailingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Half-a-dozen revolts that he helped organise against an ossified Qing dynasty were failures.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
But there are also many stories of fantastic economic failure.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
The world will pay the price for this failure for many years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 失败，不及格; 缺乏，不足; 破产，倒闭; 失败的事，失败者
分布：失败(87%)，失灵(4%)，不及格(3%)，失败者(3%)，疏忽(1%)，未能(1%)，悲惨的事(1%)
→来自fail, 失败。
失败(fail+ure→错误状态→失败)[fall,fail,fault=err,deceive,表示"犯错误,欺骗"]
n.失败,不及格;失败者;故障,失灵;未能Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.
US [-ljɚ] noun
NO SUCCESS 失败
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when someone or something does not succeed 失败；失败的人（或事）
• The meeting was a complete/total failure. 这次会议是彻头彻尾的失败。
• I'm a bit of a failure at making (= I cannot make) cakes. 我做蛋糕做得比较失败。
• I feel such a failure (= so unsuccessful). 我觉得自己太失败了。
• Their attempt to climb the Eiger ended in failure. 他们攀登艾格峰的尝试以失败告终。
• The whole project was doomed to failure right from the start (= It could never have succeeded). 整个专案计划从一开始就注定了要失败。
UK ['feɪ.ljər] US [-ljɚ] noun
NOT DO 没做到
 IMPROVER uncountable + to infinitive
■when you do not do something that you must do or are expected to do 未履行；没做到
• His failure to return her phone call told her that something was wrong. 他没给她回电话，这使她觉得有些事情不对头。
• Failure to keep the chemical at the right temperature could lead to an explosion. 化学品存放在不合适的温度下有可能会发生爆炸。
UK ['feɪ.ljər] US [-ljɚ] noun
STOP 停止
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■when something does not work, or stops working as well as it should 故障；失灵；衰退；衰竭
• He died of heart/liver failure. 他死于心脏／肝功能衰竭。
• The accident was caused by the failure of the reactor's cooling system. 反应堆冷却系统发生故障，酿成事故。
• The number of business failures rose steeply last year. 去年倒闭的公司数量激增。
• After three crop failures in a row, the people face starvation. 连续三年庄稼歉收，老百姓面临饥荒。
n. 失败；故障；失败者； [经] 破产
 - loss, defeat, losing, fault, trouble

Word: employee
Front: employee
[ɪmˈplɔɪi:] (研四六托雅 930/1129 -K4)
Vocabulary: employee
(once / 226 pages)
n
An employee is someone who's hired to do a particular job for pay. If you like to shop in a certain store, you might also enjoy being an employee there.
You can see the verb employ, meaning "put to use," in employee. You can employ a pen in writing a letter, just as a grocery store might employ workers to collect the shopping carts from the parking lot. A person who is put to work is an employee. Employee implies that the worker reports to a boss, and it's most commonly used for non-executives who work for a salary.
WORD FAMILY
employee: employees+/ employ: employable, employed, employee, employer, employing, employment, employs/employable: employables, unemployable/ employed: self-employed, underemployed, unemployed/ employer: employers/ employment: employments, unemployment / unemployment: unemployments
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gaskin is an employee of G2 Secure Staff, a United vendor based in Texas, airline officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
As employees, they would be eligible to press for a range of benefits that would upend the firms’ labor costs and business models.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Theories for the seeming slip ranged from carelessness to unfamiliarity with the English language to employee revenge.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 雇工，雇员，职工
分布：雇员(100%)
雇员(employ雇用)[-ee表名词"被动或主动的人"]
n.雇工,雇员The royal destroyer employs lots of loyal employees.皇家驱逐舰雇佣了很多忠心的雇员.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who is paid to work for someone else 受雇者，雇员，员工
• The number of employees in the company has trebled over the past decade. 在过去的十年中，这个公司的雇员人数增加了两倍。
• She's a former council employee/employee of the council. 她以前是为该委员会工作的雇员。
client, colleague, co-worker, employee
client: 客户
colleague: 同事
co-worker: 同事
employee: 雇员
n. [劳经] 雇员；从业员工
 - hireling

Word: beyond
Front: beyond
[bɪˈjɒnd] (中高研四 746/944 -K4)
Vocabulary: beyond
(once / 36 pages)
1adv 2adv
Beyond is an adverb that means “in addition” or “farther along." If you’re headed to the silo beyond the barn, that means you’re going to the silo that’s on the far side of the barn.
Beyond is related to the word yonder, which you might have heard in expressions like, “Over yonder hill, you’ll see a picket fence.” Yonder kind of means “that one over there, in the distance.” Beyond is past yonder. If you’re going above and beyond, it means you’re doing more than was expected. If you’re beyond Kelly in your math homework, it means you’ve done more than she has. And if the show was beyond your expectations, it was better than you had hoped.
WORD FAMILY
beyond: beyonds
USAGE EXAMPLES
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond defining its scope, there are competing ideas about what a convention should tackle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 2017 and beyond, we will be seeing cultural projects as urban projects – ones that engage with cities and their unrestrained, slightly messy, vibrancy.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 超过; 越过; 那一边; 在…较远的一边
adv. 在远处; 在更远处
n. 远处
分布：超出(65%)，在更远处(11%)，远处(8%)，来世(7%)，远于(4%)，另外(3%)，超出…之外(1%)，除 ... 之外(1%)
→前缀be-, 强调。yond, 那边，见yonder, 那边， 那里。
prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出;The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
FURTHER AWAY 更远
 ESSENTIAL
■further away in the distance (than something) 在…较远的一边；远于
• In the distance, beyond the river, was a small town. 在河对岸的远处有一座小镇。
• From the top of the hill we could see our house and the woods beyond. 站在这个小山头，能看到我们的房子和远处的森林。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
OUTSIDE A LIMIT 范围之外
 ESSENTIAL
■outside or after (a stated limit) （范围）超出；除…之外
• Few people live beyond the age of a hundred. 很少有人活过100岁。
• We cannot allow the work to continue beyond the end of the year. 我们不能允许这项工作拖延到下一年。
• I've got nothing to tell you beyond (= in addition to) what I told you earlier. 除了先前告诉你的事情，我没有别的可说了。
• The repercussions will be felt throughout the industry and beyond (= in other areas). 影响将波及整个产业及其他领域。
• Tonight's performance has been cancelled due to circumstances beyond our control (= events which we are unable to deal with). 由于出现了一些我们无法控制的情况，今晚的演出取消了。
• She has always lived beyond her means (= spent more than she has earned). 她生活总是入不敷出。
beyond belief/repair/ recognition, etc.
■too great or bad for anyone to believe/repair/recognize, etc. 太…而难以置信／无法修复／难以辨认等等
• His thoughtlessness is beyond belief. 他的轻率举止令人感到不可思议。
• He survived the accident, but his car was damaged beyond repair. 他在车祸中幸存，但他的车却彻底撞毁了。
beyond reasonable doubt UK and Australian English (US beyond a reasonable doubt)
■If a legal case or a person's guilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt, there is enough proof for the person accused of a crime to be judged guilty （案件或罪行）证据确凿的，确实的
• Her guilt was established beyond reasonable doubt. 她的罪行确凿无疑。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
NOT UNDERSTAND 无法理解 informal
■If something is beyond you, you are unable to understand it 令…无法理解；非…所能及
• I'm afraid physics is completely beyond me. 恐怕我根本就学不会物理学。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond compare literary
■Something that is beyond compare is so great that nothing can be compared to it 无可比拟，无与伦比
• Her beauty is beyond compare. 她的美貌无可比拟。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond your wildest dreams
■to a degree or in a way you had never thought possible 超出（某人）想像；出乎（某人）意料
• Suddenly she was rich beyond her wildest dreams. 她从未想过会突然发达。
• The scheme succeeded beyond my wildest dreams. 计划大获成功，完全出乎我的意料之外。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond a joke
■If something is beyond a joke, it has stopped being funny and is now a serious matter 超出开玩笑的限度；令人极为难堪（或气愤）
• I used to think he was funny, but his behaviour has now gone way beyond a joke. 我曾经以为他滑稽有趣，但他现在所做的已不是开玩笑的问题了。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond a shadow of a doubt
■If you know or believe something beyond a shadow of a doubt, you are certain that it is true 确实；不容置疑
• He is responsible beyond a shadow of a doubt. 毫无疑问，这应该由他负责。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
beyond the pale
■If someone's behaviour is beyond the pale, it is unacceptable 越轨的；无法接受的
• Her recent conduct is beyond the pale. 她最近的表现让人难以接受。
UK [bi'jɒnd] US [-'jɑ:nd] preposition adverb
from beyond the grave
■after a person has died 过世之后，去世之后
prep. 超过；越过；那一边；在...较远的一边
 - above, without, than, over, past
adv. 在远处；在更远处
 - away, afar
n. 远处
 - yon

Word: influence
Front: influence
[ˈɪnfluəns] (中高研四六雅 1392/1061 -K4)
Vocabulary: influence
(once / 39 pages)
nv
Influence is the power to have an important effect on someone or something. If someone influences someone else, they are changing a person or thing in an indirect but important way.
Sometimes a person who influences another doesn't intend to have any effect, but sometimes they are using influence to benefit themselves. An example of a personal benefit or advantage would be the use of political influence. Influence is also a verb, from Latin influere to flow in.
WORD FAMILY
influence: influenced, influences, influencing, influential +/ influential: influentially, uninfluential
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Berger’s methods, influenced by the ideas of Walter Benjamin, tended to attract either ardent admiration or seething criticism, with little in between.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later still, a new cohort of scholars, influenced by postmodernism and cultural studies, looked at how human consciousness is shaped by language.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 影响; 势力; 有影响的人（或事物）; [占星学]星力
vt. 影响; 感染; 支配; 对…起作用
时态：influenced, influencing, influences
分布：影响(91%)，影响力(5%)，势力(2%)，权势(1%)，感染(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-flu,流动，词源同fluid,fluent.即流进，引申词义影响。
影响(in进入+flu+ence→流入→影响)[flu=flow,表示"流动"]
n.(on)影响,感化;势力,权势v.影响,感化His influence is insignificant.他的影响力微不足道.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the power to have an effect on people or things, or a person or thing that is able to do this 影响，作用；有影响的人（或物）
• Helen's a bad/good influence on him. 海伦对他有不良／好的影响。
• He has a huge amount of influence over the city council. 他对市政委员会有着巨大的影响。
• Christopher hoped to exert his influence to make them change their minds. 克里斯多夫希望利用自己的影响力迫使他们改变主意。
• At the time she was under the influence of her father. 她当时受到父亲的影响。
['ɪn.flu.ənts] noun countable or uncountable
under the influence
■drunk 喝醉的
• Driving under the influence is a very serious offence. 醉酒驾车属于严重违规。
['ɪn.flu.ənts] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to affect or change how someone or something develops, behaves or thinks 影响
• She's very good at making friends and influencing people. 她很擅长交友并对他人施加影响。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] What influenced you to choose a career in nursing? 甚么使你选择了护士这个职业？
affect, influence, impress
这些动词均含“影响”之意。
affect: 作主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。
influence: 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。
impress: 强调影响既深刻又持久。
effect, validity, influence, efficiency
effect: 指某人或某事的影响产生特殊“效果”
validity: 有效性，合法性
influence: 强调“潜移默化”的影响
efficiency: 效率
effect, influence, affect
effect: n. 功效，影响 v. 产生，实现（目的）等
influence: v. 潜移默化的影响人的行为，性格，观点
affect: v. 对…..产生不良影响
n. 影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事
 - effect, infection, impression, affection, incidence
vt. 影响；改变
 - affect, impact of, impact on, reach, fashion