Title: TheEconomist_0-2K

Word: be
Front: be
[bi] (中高 2/2 -K5)
Vocabulary: be
(once / 1 page)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v
To be is to exist, or to take place. As Hamlet best put it: "To be or not to be, that is the question."
The verb be is one of the most frequently used words in English, and it often takes the form of am, are, were, or was. When you make plans to meet someone later, you could say, "I'll be on the steps in front of the library," and when you talk about your goals, you might confess, "I want to be a movie star." It's a verb with a complicated history, stemming mainly from the Old English bēon, "be, exist, or happen."
WORD FAMILY
be: am, are, been, being, is, was, were+/ being: beingness, beings, ill-being, nonbeing
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is what we’re supposed to be getting,” Powell said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He organized state computer operations into a centralized office - during the early computer era - creating a model that would be used decades later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The total was one off his career best.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 是; 有，存在; 做，成为; 发生
aux. 用来表示某人或某物即主语本身，用来表示某人或某物属于某一群体或有某种性质
时态：was, been, being, is
分布：是(48%)，在(20%)，有(20%)，到达(6%)，拜访(6%)
→来自PIE *bheue , 存在，生产，将要，同源词包括future, physics。
v.(就)是,等于;(存)在;到达,来到,发生He will be happy in the future.他将来会幸福的.
(being, was, were, been)
verb
DESCRIPTION 描述
 ESSENTIAL [L]
■used to say something about a person, thing or state, to show a permanent or temporary quality, state, job, etc. （用来说明人、事物或状态，表示性质、状态、工作等）
• He is rich. 他很富有。
• It's cold today. 今天很冷。
• I'm Andy. 我叫安迪。
• That's all for now. 到此为止。
• What do you want to be (= What job do you want to do) when you grow up? 你长大后想做甚么？
• These books are (= cost) 50p each. 这些书每本50便士。
• Being afraid of the dark, she always slept with the light on. 她怕黑，总是开着灯睡觉。
• Never having been ill himself, he wasn't a sympathetic listener. 他自己从未生过病，所以听到别人的病情时，并不怎么同情。
• Be quiet! 安静！
• Do be quiet! 一定要保持安静！
• [+ -ing verb] The problem is deciding what to do. 问题在于要决定做甚么。
• [+ to infinitive] The hardest part will be to find a replacement. 最困难的就是找个人代替。
• [+ that] The general feeling is that she should be asked to leave. 大家普遍认为她应该被辞退。
• It 's not that I don't like her - it 's just that we rarely agree on anything! 我并不是不喜欢她，只是我们的看法不尽相同！
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■used to show the position of a person or thing in space or time （表示时间或方位）
• The food was already on the table. 食物已经放在桌上了。
• Is anyone there? 那里有人吗？
• The meeting is now (= will happen) next Tuesday. 会议将于下周二召开。
• There 's a hair in my soup. 我的汤里有一根头发。
 ESSENTIAL [L]
■used to show what something is made of 由…组成（或制成）
• Is this plate pure gold? 这个碟子是纯金的吗？
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
ALLOW 允许 [+ to infinitive]
■used to say that someone should or must do something 应该，必须
• You're to sit in the corner and keep quiet. 你要坐在角落里，保持安静。
• Their mother said they were not to (= not allowed to) play near the river. 妈妈告诉他们不准在河边玩。
• There's no money left - what are we to do? 没有钱了——我们该怎么办？
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
FUTURE 将来 [+ to infinitive] formal
■used to show that something will happen in the future 将，将要
• We are to (= We are going to) visit Australia in the spring. 我们将在春天前往澳大利亚。
• She was never to see (= She never saw) her brother again. 她此后再也没有见过她的弟弟。
[+ to infinitive]
■used in conditional sentences to say what might happen （用于条件句中，表示可能）万一，假如
• If I were to refuse they'd be very annoyed. 如果我拒绝，他们会很气恼的。
• formal Were I to refuse they'd be very annoyed. 倘若我拒绝，他们会很气恼的。
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
CAN 能够 [+ to infinitive]
■used to say what can happen 能够
• The exhibition of modern prints is currently to be seen at the City Gallery. 现在在市立美术馆可以参观现代版画展。
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
EXIST 存在
   intransitive
■to exist or live 存在，生存
• formal Such terrible suffering should never be. 这种苦难绝不应该存在的。
• old use OR literary By the time the letter reached them their sister had ceased to be (= died). 当他们收到信件时，他们的姐姐已经去世了。
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  be in for sth
■to be going to experience something unpleasant very soon 即将遭遇…
• The weather forecast says we're in for heavy rain this evening. 天气报告说，这边今晚将有大雨。
• You'll be in for it (= She will be very angry) if you don't do what she tells you. 如果你不照她说的去做，她会大为光火的。
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
verb
  Common Learner Errors  beWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using be in the -ing form. Don't write 'beeing', write being.
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
auxiliary verb
CONTINUE 继续
 ESSENTIAL [+ -ing verb]
■used with the present participle of other verbs to describe actions that are or were still continuing （与动词的现在分词连用，表示动作正在进行）正在，在
• I'm still eating. 我还在吃饭。
• She's studying to be a lawyer. 她在学习，将来想成为律师。
• The audience clearly wasn't enjoying the show. 观众显然不喜欢这个节目。
• You're always complaining. 你总是在抱怨。
• I'll be coming back (= I plan to come back) on Tuesday. 我将于周二回来。
[strong form bi:] [weak form bi] [bɪ] (being, was, were, been)
auxiliary verb
PASSIVE 被动
 ESSENTIAL [+ past participle]
■used with the past participle of other verbs to form the passive （与动词的过去分词连用，表示被动）被
• I'd like to go but I haven't been ask ed. 我倒是想去，但没有邀请我。
• Troublemakers are encourag ed to leave. 闹事者被力劝赶快离开。
• A body has been discover ed by the police. 员警发现了一具尸体。
exist, live, be
这组词都有“存在”的意思，其区别是：
exist: 通常指可观察到的或众所周知的存在现象。
live: 多指有生命的东西的存在。指无生命事物时，强调可联想起生命的那些特点。
be: 指某时某地确存在的事物或现象，多与there连用。
prep. 在，存在；是
 - at

Word: in
Front: in
[ɪn] (中高雅 6/6 -K2)
Vocabulary: in
(once / 1 page)
1advadj 2n 3adj 4adj
When one thing is in another, it is surrounded by or within it, the way chocolate chips are in a bowl of cookie batter.
In is a word with many different uses. A child can be in a sandbox, and a teenager can be in love. You can sit in your car, or say to a friend, "See you in an hour!" An actor might be in a film, while your dad tells people he's in publishing, and both live in New York City. If your clothes are in, they're stylish, and if you're locked in your room, you're confined inside it.
WORD FAMILY
in: inmost+/inmost: inmostly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The day is full-fledged production, complete with corsages for lawmakers, prayers and judges swearing them in.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That’s what happened in 2011, the last time Dayton faced full GOP control.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: prep. 采用（某种方式）; 穿着，带着; （表示位置）在…里面，（表示领域，范围）在…以内; （表示品质、能力等）在…之中
adv. 在家; 进入，到达; 流行; 当选
adj. 在内的，朝内的; 在位的，执政的; [口语]流行的，时髦的; （车等）到站的
n. 执政党，掌权者; 知情者; <美口>入口，门路; <体>（板球或棒球）攻球的一方
分布：执政的(25%)，进(17%)，在里面的(13%)，在家(13%)，入(8%)，在某种关系中(4%)，在某地(4%)，在 ... 方面(4%)，向里(4%)，以...的方式(4%)，新来的(4%)
→来自古英语in,里面，上面，中间，进入，来自en,进入。词义上面已由on替代。
prep.在...里(内,上);用...(表示)ad.进,入My mother is in good health.我的母亲身体很好.
preposition
INSIDE 在里面
 ESSENTIAL
■inside or towards the inside of a container, place or area, or surrounded or closed off by something 在（…）里面；在（…）内
• Put the milk back in the fridge when you've finished with it. 喝完牛奶后把它放回冰箱。
• Is Mark still in bed? 马克还在睡觉吗？
• I got stuck in a traffic jam for half an hour. 我堵车堵了半个小时。
• They live in a charming old cottage. 他们住在一间可爱的老屋内。
• How much is that coat on display in the window (= in the space behind the window of the shop) ? 橱窗内展示的那件大衣多少钱？
• I've got a pain in my back. 我背痛。
• What's that in your hand? 你手里拿的是甚么东西？
• I've got something in (= on the surface of) my eye. 我眼睛里进了东西。
• They used to live in Paris, but now they're somewhere in Austria. 他们以前住在巴黎，但现在住在奥地利的某个地方。
• He's always looking at himself in the mirror (= at the image of his face produced by the mirror). 他老是在镜子前照来照去。
• I never know what's going on in her head (= what she's thinking about). 我从来不知道她在想甚么。
• My daughter's UKin hospital/ USin the hospital having her tonsils out. 我女儿在住院切除扁桃体。
• US Is Erika still in school (= does she still go to school) ? 埃丽卡还上学吗？
[ɪn] preposition
INTO 到…里面
■into something 到…里面
• Come on, we're late - get in the car. 快点，我们迟到了——快上车。
• Put it in the cupboard. 把它放进橱柜里。
• They threw him in the swimming pool. 他们把他扔进游泳池。
[ɪn] preposition
PART 部分
 ESSENTIAL
■forming a part of something 在…中，在…内
• He used to be the lead singer in a rock 'n' roll band. 他曾是一个摇滚乐队的主音歌手。
• There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay. 这篇文章中的拼写错误太多。
• I've been waiting in this queue for ages. 我在这个队里排了很长时间了。
• What do you look for in a relationship? 你想从情爱关系中得到甚么？
• I can see a future champion in Joely (= I think that Joely might become a champion). 我觉得乔利将来会成为冠军。
• Talent like hers is rare in someone so young. 像她这样年轻又有如此才华者实属罕见。
[ɪn] preposition
DURING 在…期间
 ESSENTIAL
■during part or all of a period of time 在…期间
• We're going to Italy in April. 我们将在四月去义大利。
• Some trees lose their leaves in (the) autumn. 有些树秋天落叶。
• I started working here in 1991. 我从1991年开始在这里工作。
• Life in the 19th century was very different from what it is now. 19世纪时的生活与现在大不相同。
• Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning). 再见，明早见。
• She was a brilliant gymnast in her youth (= when she was young). 她年轻时是个优秀的体操运动员。
• How many civilians died in the Vietnam War? 越南战争中有多少平民死亡？
• This is the first cigarette I've had in three years. 这是我三年来抽的第一支烟。
• I haven't had a decent night's sleep in years/ages (= for a long time). 我很久没有好好睡过一觉了。
in between
 IMPROVER
■between the two times mentioned 在期间
• I have breakfast at 7.30, lunch at 1 o'clock and sometimes a snack in between. 我7点30分吃早餐，下午1点吃午餐，有时在两餐之间吃一点零食。
[ɪn] preposition
NO MORE THAN 不超过
 ESSENTIAL
■needing or using no more time than a particular amount of time 在…之内
• Can you finish the job in two weeks? 你能在两周内完成这项工作吗？
• She could get that essay done in a couple of hours if she really tried. 如果她真的尽力的话，她可在几小时内完成那篇文章。
• They completed the journey in record time (= faster than ever done before). 他们完成行程耗时之短前所未有。
[ɪn] preposition
BEFORE THE END 在结束之前
 ESSENTIAL
■before or at the end of a particular period 在（一段时间）结束之前（或结束时）
• Dinner will be ready in ten minutes. 晚饭将在十分钟后准备好。
• We'll all be dead in a hundred years so there's no point worrying about it. 百年后我们都已死去，因此为此担心是没有必要的。
• I'm just setting off, so I should be with you in half an hour. 我正要出发，所以我半小时后应该会到你那里。
[ɪn] preposition
EXPERIENCING 经历着
 IMPROVER
■experiencing a situation or condition, or feeling an emotion 处于…中；处于…状态
• We watched in horror as they pulled the bodies from the wreckage. 我们惊恐地看着他们把尸体从残骸中拖出来。
• He's living in luxury in the south of France. 他正在法国南部过着奢侈的生活。
• She left in a bit of a hurry. 她离开时有点匆忙。
• You're in great danger. 你很危险。
• Could I have a word with you in private? 我能私下与你谈谈吗？
• Have you ever been in love? 你谈过恋爱吗？
• Your car's in very good condition, considering how old it is. 以这么旧的汽车来说，你车的状况算是很不错的了。
[ɪn] preposition
EXPRESSED 表达的
 IMPROVER
■expressed or written in a particular way （表达或书写的方式）用，以
• Cheques should be written in ink. 支票要用墨水笔填写。
• She usually paints in watercolour. 她通常用水彩画画。
• They spoke in Russian the whole time. 他们一直用俄语交谈。
• He always talks in a whisper. 他说话时声音总是那么小。
[ɪn] preposition
RESULT 结果
 IMPROVER
■used when referring to something that is done as a result of something else （表示一事为另一事的结果）作为
• I'd like to do something for you in return / exchange for everything you've done for me. 我想为你做些事来报答你为我所做的一切。
• The changes are in response to demand from our customers. 这些变化是应我们顾客的要求而作出的。
• He refused to say anything in reply to the journalists' questions. 他拒绝对记者的提问作任何回答。
[ɪn] preposition
ARRANGEMENT 安排
 IMPROVER
■used to show how things or people are arranged or divided （表示组织或划分方式）以，按照
• We all sat down in a circle. 我们大家围坐成一圈。
• The desks were arranged in rows of ten. 课桌每十张排成一列。
• Discounts are available to people travelling in large groups. 多人组团旅游享有折扣。
• Sometimes customers buy books in twos and threes, but rarely in larger quantities than that. 有时顾客会一次买两三本书，但很少超过这个数量。
• Cut the potatoes in two. 把马铃薯切成两半。
• People are dying in their thousands from typhoid, cold and starvation. 成千上万的人死于伤寒、寒冷和饥饿。
[ɪn] preposition
AGE/TEMPERATURE 年龄／温度
 IMPROVER
■used when referring approximately to someone's age or the weather temperature （表示年龄、气温）在…左右
• Nowadays many women are in their late thirties when they have their first child. 如今许多妇女生第一胎时都已经接近40岁了。
• Temperatures will be in the mid-twenties (= about 25 degrees). 气温将在25度左右。
[ɪn] preposition
INVOLVED 参与
 ADVANCED
■involved or connected with a particular subject or activity 参与；从事；与…有关
• I never knew you were in publishing. 我以前从不知道你在出版界工作。
• a degree in philosophy 哲学学位
• advances in medical science 医学的进步
[ɪn] preposition
WEARING 穿着
 ADVANCED
■wearing 穿着
• Do you recognize that man in the grey suit? 你能认出那个穿着灰色西装的男人吗？
• Pat can't resist men in uniform. 派特抗拒不了穿制服的男人的魅力。
• You look nice in green (= green clothes). 你穿绿色衣服很好看。
[ɪn] preposition
COMPARING AMOUNTS 比较数量
 ADVANCED
■used to compare one part of an amount of something with the total amount of it （表示比率）每…中
• Apparently one in ten people/one person in ten has problems with reading. 显然，每十个人中有一个阅读有问题。
• UK The basic rate of income tax is 25 pence in (USon)the pound. 所得税基本税率是每英镑25便士。
[ɪn] preposition
CHARACTERISTIC 特征
 ADVANCED
■used to show which characteristic or part of a person or thing is being described 在…方面
• The new version is worse in every respect - I much preferred the original. 新版本在各方面都较差——我较喜欢原来的版本。
• Are the two bags equal in weight? 两个提包一样重吗？
• She's deaf in her left ear. 她左耳失聪。
[ɪn] preposition
CAUSE 原因
 ADVANCED [+ -ing verb]
■used to show when doing one thing is the cause of another thing happening 因为，由于
• In refusing (= Because she refused) to work abroad, she missed an excellent job opportunity. 由于拒绝去国外工作，她错过了一个极好的工作机会。
• The government banned tobacco advertising and, in doing so (= because of this) , contributed greatly to the nation's health. 政府禁止烟草广告，这样做对国民的健康大有裨益。
in that formal
■because 因为，由于
• This research is important in that it confirms the link between aggression and alcohol. 这项研究非常重要，因为它证实了攻击行为和酗酒之间的联系。
[ɪn] preposition
be nothing/not much/very little in it informal
■said when two things that are being compared are the same or very similar 毫无差别／相差不多／相差无几
• One house has a slightly bigger garden, but there's really not much in it. 有一间房子花园稍大一点，但其实没有甚么差别。
[ɪn] preposition
in all
■with everything added together to make a total 总共，一共
• The bill came to £25 in all. 帐单一共是25英镑。
[ɪn] preposition
in all honesty/seriousness/truthfulness
■said when expressing your opinion honestly, seriously or truthfully 老实说／严肃地说／说真的
• In all honesty, I do have some criticisms to make. 老实说，我的确要作些批评。
[ɪn] adverb
FROM OUTSIDE 从外面
 ESSENTIAL in 1 * from outside, or towards the centre
从外面；朝中间；朝里
• Could you bring the clothes in for me? 你能帮我把衣服拿进来吗？
• The roof of their house caved in during a hurricane. 他们的屋顶在飓风来袭时坍塌了。
• Cut the pastry into a square and turn in the corners. 把油酥面团切成一个小方块，然后把四角向内折起。
be in and out of somewhere informal
■to often be staying in and receiving treatment in a particular place 经常出入于，是…的常客
• She's been in and out of hospitals ever since the accident. 自从那次意外之后，她成了医院的常客。
[ɪn] adverb
AT PLACE 在某地
 ESSENTIAL
■at home or at work 在家或在工作
• When did you get home? I never heard you come in. 你是甚么时候回家的？我一直都没听见你进来。
• Mr Ellis isn't in this week. 艾理斯先生这个星期不工作。
[ɪn] adverb
INSIDE 在里面
 ESSENTIAL
■within an object, area or substance 在（某个物体、地区或物质）里面
• We've been shut in all day. 我们被关了一整天。
• Has the soup got any salt in? 这汤放盐了吗？
[ɪn] adverb
TRANSPORT 交通
 ADVANCED
■having arrived at the place where people can get on or off 到达（上下车地点）
• What time is Roz's flight due in? 罗兹的航班该甚么时候到？
[ɪn] adverb
GIVEN 交给
 ADVANCED
■given or sent to someone official in order to be read 交给，呈上，递交
• When does your essay have to be in? 你的文章要甚么时候交？
• Remember to get your application in by the end of the week. 别忘了在周末前递交申请。
[ɪn] adverb
COAST 海岸
 ADVANCED
■towards the coast, beach or harbour 接近，抵达（海岸、沙滩或港口）
• The tide comes in very quickly here and you can soon find yourself stranded. 这里的潮水涨得很快，马上你就会发现自己被困住了。
• We stood watching the ship come in. 我们站在那里看船进港。
[ɪn] adverb
COMPLETION 完成
 ADVANCED
■used to refer to an activity which makes something complete （表示完成某事物的活动）
• Just pencil in the answer unless you're sure it's correct. 如果对答案不是很确定就先用铅笔填。
• The text is finished, but the pictures will have to be pasted in later. 文字完成了，但以后还需要把图片贴上去。
• UK Would you mind filling in a questionnaire about what you watch on television? 请填写一份关于你收看的电视节目的调查问卷好吗？
[ɪn] adverb
SPORT 体育
■If the ball is in during a game of tennis or a similar sport, it has not gone outside the edges of the area on which the game is played （网球等）在界内
• I won that point, I'm telling you! The ball was definitely in! 我敢说，我赢了那一分！球肯定在界内！
■taking your turn to play, especially taking your turn to hit the ball 轮到上场（尤指击球）
• Who's in next for our team? 我们队下一个轮到谁？
• It started to rain just as our team was going in to bat. 刚轮到我们队击球就下起了雨。
[ɪn] adverb
be/get in with sb
■to be or become popular or friendly with someone 受（某人）欢迎；与（某人）关系很好
• He's trying to get in with the teachers. 他试图与老师搞好关系。
[ɪn] adverb
in on sth
■involved with or knowing about a particular activity or plan 参与；了解
• He seems to be in on everything that happens at work. 他好像对公司里发生的事无所不知。
• She's trying to get in on a research project organised by the university. 她正试图参加大学组织的一个研究专案。
[ɪn] adverb
be well in there UK informal
■to be likely to experience something good because of a situation you are in 交上好运
• She's well in there now that she's married her boss's son. 她嫁给了老板的儿子，交上好运了。
[ɪn] adjective informal
■fashionable or popular 时髦的；流行的
• High heels are in this season. 此季高跟鞋很流行。
• The new jazz club seems to be the in place to go at the moment. 这家新的爵士乐俱乐部好像是当前的热门去处。
after, in
after: 接时间点， after 7:00,
in: 接时间段 in five minutes
at, on, in
这组词都有“在……”的意思，其区别是：
at: 表地点时，指空间位置上的某一点；表时间时，指在时间上的某一时刻。
on: 表地点时，指某物与另一物表面相接触，或与某地方接壤等；表时间时，指在某一天或某一天的某个时间，尤指在星期几。
in: 表地点时，指在某一立体空间范围内；表时间时，指一段时间或与年、月、季节时间连用。
can, in
这组词都有“罐头”的意思，其区别是：
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
in: 为英国英语。
prep. 按照（表示方式）；从事于；在…之内
 - within, inside
adj. 在里面的；时髦的
 - modern, fashionable, tony

Word: have
Front: have
[həv] (中高 8/8 -K5)
Vocabulary: have
(once / 1 page)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
To have something means you possess it somehow. You may have a big house or have a lot of freckles on your nose.
English gives us a lot of ways to have — this is a common word. You can have brown eyes and black hair, have the flu, have a red bike, and have strong feelings about football. You might have doubts about whether having a party at your house is a good idea. Adults can have babies. Babies have parents and blankies. You could have a good time or a bad time while you're having friends over for a visit.
WORD FAMILY
have: had, has, hast, hath, haves, having
USAGE EXAMPLES
He had a second microdiscectomy surgery on his back the following month.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
A judge has ordered the work to continue for now.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Coach John Fox announced Thursday that the veteran quarterback will have an operation to repair the labrum in his shoulder.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: aux. 用以构成完成式及完成式的不定式，表示已经…
vt. 有，具有; 拿，取得; 从事; 必须，不得不
n. 〈口〉有产者，有钱人; 富国; 〈英俚〉欺骗，诈骗
时态：had, having, has
分布：有(72%)，已经(11%)，吃(6%)，从事(3%)，允许(3%)，得到(2%)，雇用(2%)，享有(1%)
→来自古英语habban,拥有，占有，来自Proto-Germanic*haben,来自kap,抓住，词源同capable,heavy.
有[hav=possess表示"拥有"]
v.有,具有;体会,经受;从事;使;吃,喝I had a terrible dream last night.咋晚我做了一个恶梦.
auxiliary verb [+ past participle] (had, had) (also 've/'s)
 ESSENTIAL
■used with the past participle of other verbs to form the present and past perfect tenses （与动词的过去分词连用，构成现在完成式和过去完成式）
• I've heard that story before. 我以前听过那个故事。
• Diane's already gone. 戴安娜已经走了。
• John hasn't phoned. 约翰没有打过电话。
• I haven't visited London before. 我以前没去过伦敦。
• Have you seen Roz? 你见过罗兹吗？
• Has she been invited? 她接到邀请了吗？
• They still hadn't had any news when I spoke to them yesterday. 昨天我和他们交谈时他们仍没有收到任何消息。
• formal Had I known (= if I had known) you were coming, I'd have booked a larger room. 要是知道你会来，我会订一个大一点的房间。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
POSSESS 拥有
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous (also 've/'s) (mainly UK have got)
■to own or possess 有，拥有
• They have a beautiful home. 他们有一个漂亮的家。
• He has plenty of money but no style. 他有很多钱但没有品味。
• I've got two brothers. 我有两个兄弟。
• Have you got time to finish the report today? 你今天有时间写完报告吗？
• I've got a suggestion/an idea. 我有个建议／主意。
have the decency/good sense, etc. to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to do one good thing, although you do other bad or silly things 至少还（做了一件好事）
• At least he had the good sense to turn the gas off. 至少他还做了件好事，把煤气关了。
• At least she had the decency to apologize. 至少她还道了歉。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
BE ILL 生病
 ESSENTIAL transitive (mainly UK have got)
■If you have a particular illness, you suffer from it 生（病）
• Have you ever had measles? 你出过麻疹没有？
• I've got a cold. 我感冒了。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
DO 做
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to perform the action mentioned 做（提到的事）
• have a wash/bath/shower 冲澡／洗澡／洗淋浴
• I had a swim. 我游了一会儿泳。
• We had a short walk after lunch. 午饭后我们稍稍散了步。
• I've never done it before but I'd like to have a try (= to try). 我以前从没做过，但我想试一试。
• Why don't you have a rest? 你为甚么不休息一下？
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
EAT/DRINK 吃／喝
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to eat or drink something 吃；喝
• I had prawns and rice for lunch. 我午饭吃的是大明虾和米饭。
• Can I have a drink of water? 我能喝口水吗？
• When are we having dinner? 我们甚么时候吃饭？
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
RECEIVE 收到
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to receive, accept or allow something to happen 收到；接受，允许
• Here, have some more coffee. 来，再喝点咖啡。
• [+ to infinitive] My mother's having visitors (to stay) next week. 我母亲下星期有客人（来住）。
• Let me have the book back next week. 下星期把这本书还给我。
• In the end they solved their problems and she had him back (= allowed him to come and live with her again). 最后他们解决了问题，她允许他回到自己身边。
• I looked in all the shops for string but there was none to be had (= none that anyone could obtain). 我跑遍了所有的商店，可是全都没有细绳子可买。
• I kept telling him that you were French but he wouldn't have it (= would not accept that it was true). 我一直跟他说你是法国人，可是他就是不肯相信。
• [+ -ing verb] I won't have those kids running all over my flowerbeds (= I refuse to allow them to do this). 我不允许那些孩子在我的花圃里跑来跑去。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
CAUSE 导致
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause something to happen or someone to do something 引起，使
• [+ past participle] We're having the house painted next month. 下个月我们要粉刷房子。
• [+ infinitive without to] If you wait, I'll have someone collect it for you. 如果你等一会儿的话，我会叫人帮你去拿的。
• [+ obj + -ing verb] The film soon had us crying. 电影开演后不久就让我们感动得哭泣了。
• Guy'll have it working in no time. 盖伊很快就会让它开始运作。
• She had her parents down (= invited them to stay) for a week in the summer. 夏天，她把父母接来住了一个星期。
• We had the boat out (= went out in the boat) for the first time this week. 这是我们本周第一次乘船出游。
• We often have friends over/round (= invite them to come) on a Saturday night. 周六晚上我们经常邀请朋友来家里作客。
 ESSENTIAL [T + past participle]
■to suffer something that someone does to you 遭受…，被…
• She had her car stolen (= it was stolen) last week. 她的汽车上周被盗了。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
EXPERIENCE 经历
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to experience something 经历
• We're having a wonderful time here in Venice. 我们在威尼斯过得很愉快。
• We didn't have any difficulty/problem finding the house. 我们没遇到甚么波折就找到了房子。
• He hasn't been having much luck recently. 他最近的运气不太好。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
BABY 婴儿
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give birth to a baby 生，生育
• Elaine had a baby girl yesterday. 伊莱恩昨天生了个女儿。
• My mother had me at home. 我母亲是在家里生下我的。
be having a baby/twins, etc.
■to be pregnant/pregnant with twins (= two babies) etc 怀了孩子／双胞胎等
• I hear his wife's having a baby. 我听说他妻子怀孕了。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
SEX 性
transitive not continuous slang
■to have sex with someone 和…有性关系
• He asked me how many men I'd had. 他问我与多少男人有过性关系。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
and have done with it (also and be done with it)
■to deal with and finish the whole matter 了结整件事
• I think I'll just sell all the furniture and have done with it. 我想我会一了百了把家俱全卖了。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
A good time was had by all. saying
■said to mean that everyone enjoyed themselves 每个人都玩得很开心。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
have it in you
■to have a particular quality or ability 具有某种特质（或能力），有两下子
• His speech was really funny - we didn't know he had it in him. 他的发言真的很风趣——我们不知道他还有这一手。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
have it in for sb informal
■to be determined to harm or criticize someone 图谋伤害（某人）；有意跟（某人）过不去
• She's always had it in for me. 她总是跟我过不去。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
have it off (also have it away) UK slang
■to have sex 性交
• He was having it off with his friend's wife. 他与朋友的妻子发生了性关系。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
have it out with sb
■to talk to someone about something they have done which makes you angry, in order to try to solve the problem 把事情与（某人）谈开
• She'd been late for work every morning that week and I thought I'd better have it out with her. 那一周她每天上班都迟到，我想还是把这个问题明白给她指出来比较好。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
have nothing on sb or sth informal
■to not be as good as someone or something 没有…好
• He's a good player, but he's got nothing on his brother. 他是个不错的运动员，但是没有他弟弟优秀。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
not have any of it informal
■to be completely unwilling or to refuse 不愿意，拒绝
• I asked him to help out, but he wasn't having any of it. 我请他来帮个忙，但是他不愿意。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
  Phrasal Verbs  have sb on UK (US put sb on) informal
■to persuade someone that something is true when it is not, usually as a joke 哄骗（某人）
• That's your new car? You're having me on! 那是你的新汽车？你在骗我吧！
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
  Phrasal Verbs  have (got) sth on
 ESSENTIAL [M]
■If you have clothes or shoes on, you are wearing them 穿着
• I loved that dress you had on last night. 我喜欢你昨天晚上穿的那件长裙。
■If you have something on, you have planned to do it 计划做… have 1 1. Have you got anything on this week?
本周你有甚么安排吗？
• I've got something on this Tuesday, but I'm free on Wednesday. 星期二我有安排，但星期三没事。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
  Phrasal Verbs  have sth out
■to have something removed from your body 切除（身体某一部位）
• You'll have to have that tooth out. 你得拔掉那颗牙。
• He had his appendix out last week. 上周他切除了盲肠。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] verb (had, had)
  Phrasal Verbs  [usually passive] have sb up UK informal
■to take someone to court for a trial 传讯（某人）出庭
• He was had up for burglary. 他因破门盗窃而遭传讯。
[strong form hæv] [weak form həv] [əv] modal verb
have (got) to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to need to or be forced 必须，不得不
• I have to go to Manchester tomorrow on business. 我明天得去曼彻斯特出差。
• What time have you got to be there? 你得几点钟到那里？
• Do we have to finish this today? 我们今天必须把这事做完吗？
• We'll have to start keeping detailed records. 我们不得不开始作详尽的记录。
• Jackie's ill so they've had to change their plans. 杰基病了，因此他们不得不改变计划。
dine, gorge, have, swallow, eat, devour, consume
这组词都有“吃”的意思，其区别是：
dine: 正式用词，既可指一日三餐中的任何一餐，也可以指特殊的用餐。
gorge: 侧重指拼命地吃或塞，强调吃饱或吃得过量。
have: 可与eat换用，但强调一次性的动作。
swallow: 主要指吃的整个过程的第二部分“咽”，并常指咀嚼得匆匆忙忙地吃。
eat: 普通用词，使用广泛。既可用于人，也可用于动物。
devour: 指狼吞虎咽地吃，强调吃得既快又彻底。
consume: 侧重痛痛快快地吃得一干二净，可用于人和动物。
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 有；让；拿；从事；允许
 - undertake, let, pursue, address, carry

Word: to
Front: to
[tə] (中高 7/7 -K5)
Back: prep. 向，朝着; 到; 关于; 属于
adv. 朝一个方向的; 到某种状态; 关闭
分布：向(60%)，对于(29%)，为了(11%)
→来自古英语 to,朝向，在某方向，来自 West-Germanic*to,朝向，来自 do,指示代词词干， 朝，向，衍生前缀 de-.
prep.(表示方向)到;向;(表示间接关系)给.I give a book to him.我给他一本书.
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
INFINITIVE 不定式
 ESSENTIAL
■used before a verb to show that it is in the infinitive （用于动词前，表示不定式）
 ESSENTIAL
■used after some verbs, especially when the action described in the infinitive will happen later （用于某些动词后，尤其是不定式所描述的动作将会随后发生时）
• She agreed to help. 她答应帮忙。
• I'll have to tell him. 我得告诉他。
• Sadly she didn't live to see her grandchildren. 令人伤心的是，她没有活到孙辈出生的那天。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after many verbs of agreeing, needing and wanting （用于许多表示赞成、需要和想要的动词后）
• I need to eat something first. 我首先得吃点东西。
• I'd love to live in New York. 我想要住在纽约。
• That child ought to be in bed. 那个孩子应该上床睡觉。
 ESSENTIAL
■used instead of repeating a verb clause （用于代替动词分句，以免重复）
• "Are you going tonight?" "I'm certainly hoping to." “你今晚要走吗？”“我当然希望走。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used in phrases where there are reported orders and requests （用于表示间接命令、要求的短语中）
• He told me to wait. 他叫我等。
• Did anyone ask Daniel to book the room? 有人要丹尼尔订房间了吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used after some adjectives （用于某些形容词后）
• It's not likely to happen. 这事不大可能发生。
• Three months is too long to wait. 等三个月太久了。
• She's not strong enough to go walking up mountains. 她身体不够壮，爬不上山。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after some nouns （用于某些名词后）
• He has this enviable ability to ignore everything that's unpleasant in life. 他有这种令人羡慕的本事，能够不去理睬生活中的种种不快。
• This will be my second attempt to make flaky pastry. 这将是我第二次尝试制作薄馅饼皮。
 ESSENTIAL
■A clause containing to + infinitive can be used as the subject of a sentence （含有带 to 的不定式的分句可用作句子主语）
• To go overseas on your own is very brave. 只身去国外，真勇敢。
• My plan was to get it all arranged before I told anyone. 我的计划是先把一切都安排好再告诉别人。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after question words （用于疑问词后）
• I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。
• Can you tell me how to get there? 你能告诉我怎样去那里吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used with an infinitive to express use or purpose （与不定式连用，表示用途或目的）
• I'm going there to see my sister. 我要去那里探望我的姐姐。
• This tool is used to make holes in leather. 这个工具是用来在皮革上打孔的。
• To make this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. 做这个蛋糕，你需要两个鸡蛋、175克糖和175克面粉。
• He works to get paid, not because he enjoys it. 他工作是为了赚钱，而不是因为喜欢工作。
 ESSENTIAL
■You can introduce a clause with a phrase containing to + infinitive （含有带 to 的不定式的短语可引出分句）
• To be honest (= Speaking honestly) , Elaine, I prefer you in the grey shirt. 说实话，伊莱恩，我喜欢你穿灰色的衬衣。
• To be quite truthful with you, Betty, I never really liked the man. 坦率地跟你说，贝蒂，我从未真正喜欢过这个男人。
 ESSENTIAL
■used with an infinitive after 'there is' or 'there are' and a noun （与不定式连用，用于 there be + 名词这种结构后）
• There's an awful lot of work to be done. 有许许多多的工作要做。
to be going on with UK
■To be going on with means in order to continue with the present activity or situation 为了继续做下去
• Do we have enough paint to be going on with, or should I get some more while I'm out? 继续做下去我们的油漆够用吗，我是不是该外出时再买一些？
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
SHOWING DIRECTION 表示方向
 ESSENTIAL
■in the direction of 朝，向，往，对着
• We're going to town on the bus, okay? 我们坐公车去城里，好吗？
• We went to Prague last year. 我们去年去了布拉格。
• I asked someone the way to the town centre. 我向人问了去市中心的路。
• You can walk from here to the station in under ten minutes. 你可以从这里走到车站，用不了十分钟。
• I've asked Helen and Ben to dinner (= invited them to come and eat dinner with me) next week. 我邀请了海伦和本下星期来吃饭。
• We received another invitation to a wedding this morning. 今天上午我们又收到一份参加婚礼的请柬。
• I had my back to them, so I couldn't see what they were doing. 我背对着他们，所以看不见他们在做甚么。
• She walked over to the window. 她走到窗边来。
• He went up to a complete stranger and started talking. 他走到一个完全陌生的人跟前，开始和对方交谈起来。
• You've got your sweater on back to front (= with the back of the sweater on the chest). 你的毛衣前后穿反了。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
RECEIVING 收到
 ESSENTIAL
■used for showing who receives something or who experiences an action （表示动作的对象）对，给
• I lent my bike to my brother. 我把脚踏车借给了我哥哥。
• I told that to Glyn and he was horrified. 我把那件事告诉了格林，他吓坏了。
• Who's the letter addressed to? 这封信是寄给谁的？
 ESSENTIAL
■With many verbs that have two objects, 'to' can be used before the indirect object （与许多可接双受词的动词连用，用于间接受语前）
• Give me that gun./Give that gun to me. 给我那把枪／把那把枪给我。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
UNTIL 直到
 ESSENTIAL
■until a particular time, state or level is reached 距；到；至
• It's only two weeks to Christmas. 离圣诞节只有两星期。
• Unemployment has risen to almost eight million. 失业人数已经上升到差不多800万。
• He drank himself to death. 他酗酒而死。
• She nursed me back to health. 她看护我直到康复为止。
 ESSENTIAL
■used when saying the time, to mean before the stated hour （表示时间）在…之前；距；差
• It's twenty to six. 差20分就六点。
■used to suggest an extreme state （表示极端的状态）
• Look at your shirt - it's torn to shreds! 看看你的衬衫——都成碎片了！
• She was thrilled to bits. 她激动得不行。
• I was bored to tears. 我感到无聊极了。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
IN CONNECTION WITH 与…相关
 ESSENTIAL
■in connection with 与…相关
• What was their response to your query? 他们对你的询问作何反应？
• She was so rude to me. 她对我很无礼。
• There's a funny side to everything. 任何事物都有其滑稽的一面。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
FUTURE 将来
 IMPROVER
■used before an infinitive, usually with 'be', to form the future tense （用于不定式前，通常和 be 连用，构成未来式）
• The government announced today that it is to cut funding for the arts for next year. 今天政府宣布明年要削减对人文学科的资助。
⇒ See also to-be
■used in this pattern to say what someone should do or to give an order （表示命令或指出某人应该做甚么）
• You're not to (= You must not) bite your nails like that. 你不准那样咬指甲。
■Newspapers often use to + infinitive without 'be' in their headlines (= titles of articles) when reporting planned future events （报纸标题中常用 to + 不定式这种结构，前面不加 be，表示未来计划中的事）
• France to send troops in. 法国即将派兵
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
CAUSING 引起
 IMPROVER
■causing a particular feeling in a particular person 令（某人）感到…
• That's when I learned, to my horror, that she was coming here. 令我害怕的是，那时候我得知她正要到这里来。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
CONSIDERED BY 在…看来
 IMPROVER
■considered by 对…而言；在…看来
• I realize it may sound strange to you. 我意识到，对你而言这听上去可能很奇怪。
• I mean, fifty pounds is nothing to him (= he would not consider it a large amount). 我的意思是，50英镑对他而言算不了甚么。
• informal "I hear you've been going out with Sally." "Well, what's it to you? (= It should not interest you, and you have no right to ask about it)." “我听说你在和萨莉谈恋爱。”“哟，这和你有甚么关系？”
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
SERVING 服务
 ADVANCED
■serving 为…效力，为…服务
• As a personal trainer to the rich and famous, he earns over a million dollars a year. 他做富人和名流的私人教练一年赚100多万美元。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
AGAINST 靠着
 ADVANCED
■against or very near 靠着；顶着；非常接近
• Stand back to back. 背靠背站着。
• They were dancing cheek to cheek. 他们在跳贴面舞。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
MATCHING 匹配
 ADVANCED
■matching or belonging to 与…相配；属于
• He's given me the keys to his car - the fool! 他把他的车匙给了我——这个傻瓜！
• I've lost the trousers to this jacket. 我把和这件夹克相配的裤子弄丢了。
 ADVANCED
■having as a characteristic feature 有…的特征
• She has a mean side to her. 她的性格中有刻薄的一面。
• There is a very moral tone to this book. 这本书很有道德教育的意味。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
COMPARED WITH 与…相比
 ADVANCED
■compared with 与…相比
• She's earning a reasonable wage, but nothing to what she could if she was in the private sector. 她的收入还可以，但如果她在私人企业工作收入会高得多。
• Paul beat me by three games to two (= He won three and I won two). 保罗以3比2打败了我。
• He was old enough to be her father - she looked about thirty to his sixty. 他老得可以当她的爸爸——她看上去约30岁，而他有60岁。
 ADVANCED
■used to show the position of something or someone in comparison with something or someone else （表示相对位置）
• John's standing to the left of Adrian in the photo. 照片中约翰站在阿德里安的左边。
• The Yorkshire Dales are twenty miles to the north of the city. 约克郡山谷位于这个城市以北20英里处。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu/ to 1 IN HONOUR OF 为向…表示敬意
 ADVANCED
■in honour or memory of 为向…表示敬意；为了纪念
• I proposed a toast to the bride and the groom. 我提议为新娘新郎干杯。
• The record is dedicated to her mother, who died recently. 这张唱片是献给她不久前去世的母亲。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
FOR EACH 每
 ADVANCED
■for each; per 每
• How many francs are there to the pound? 一英镑等于多少法郎？
• This car does about fifty miles to the gallon. 这辆车每加仑汽油可行驶大约50英里。
• If we go swimming together I do six lengths to her twelve. 如果我们一起去游泳，她每游六个来回而我只能游三个。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
BETWEEN 介于…之间
 ADVANCED
■used in phrases which show a range （用于短语中，表示范围）
• There must have been thirty to thirty-five (= a number between 30 and 35) people there. 那里肯定有30到35个人。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
AT THE SAME TIME AS 与…同时
■at the same time as music or other sound 与（音乐或其他声音）同时，伴随
• I like exercising to music. 我喜欢跟着音乐做运动。
• He left the stage to the sound of booing. 他在一片嘘声中离开了舞台。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu]
POSITIVE 积极的
■relating to a positive reaction or result 适合，符合；利于
• Is the room to your liking , madam? 夫人，您满意这个房间吗？
• I think being present at the meeting would be to your advantage. 我认为出席会议会对你有利。
preposition UK [tuː]
    UK [tʊ]
    UK [tu]
    UK [tə] US [tə] US [ţə] US [tu/
  Common Learner Errors  to or too? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
adverb]tuː]
■into a closed position 关着地
• I'll just push the door to. 我只是要把门推上。
ought, to, should
这两个情态动词均可表示“应该，应当”之意。
ought to: 侧重反映客观情况，多在涉及法律、道义、责任、义务或原则时使用。
should: 侧重自己的主观看法，语气比ought to稍弱一些。
adv. 向前；（门等）关上
 - forth, ahead, along, forwards, front
prep. 到；向；（表示时间、方向）朝…方向
 - unto, towards, at, out

Word: it

Word: for
Front: for
[fə(r)] (中高 13/12 -K5)
Back: prep. 为，为了; 倾向于; 关于; 当作
conj. 因为，由于
分布：因为(33%)，关于(13%)，为(13%)，往(11%)，支持(11%)，代表(11%)，给(8%)
→来自per, 向前，穿过，词源同far, ford. 后主要用做介词或副词使用，与fore在中古英语时期才开始产生词义上的差别。
prep.为了;给;代替;向;支持conj.因为?Is this bus for Beijing?这趟巴士是去北京吗?
US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
INTENDED FOR 为…而准备
 ESSENTIAL
■intended to be given to （表示给予的物件）给
• There's a phone message for you. 你有一个电话留言。
• I'd better buy something for the new baby. 我最好给刚出生的宝宝买些东西。
• There's a prize for the fastest three runners in each category. 每个组别跑得最快的前三名将会获得奖品。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
PURPOSE 目的
 ESSENTIAL
■having the purpose of 为了
• There's a sign there saying 'boats for hire'. 告示牌上写著「小船出租”。
• This pool is for the use of hotel residents only. 这个游泳池只供饭店客人使用。
• I'm sorry, the books are not for sale. 对不起，这些书不卖。
• They've invited us round for dinner on Saturday. 他们已邀请我们星期六去吃晚饭。
• Everyone in the office is contributing money for his leaving present. 为了送他一份离职礼物，办公室里每个人都出了钱。
• I need some money for tonight. 我今晚需要些钱用。
• Which vitamins should you take for (= in order to cure) skin problems? 治疗皮肤病应该服用哪种维生素？
• Put those clothes in a pile for washing (= so that they can be washed). 把那些衣服堆在一起，准备拿去洗。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
BECAUSE OF 因为
 ESSENTIAL
■because of or as a result of something 因为，由于；作为…的结果
• I'm feeling all the better for my holiday. 因为要去度假，我感觉好多了。
• "How are you?" "Fine, and all the better for seeing you!" “你好吗？”“我很好，见到你就更好了！”
• She did fifteen years in prison for murder. 她因为谋杀罪坐了15年牢。
• I don't eat meat for various reasons. 我不吃肉，原因很多。
• I couldn't see for the tears in my eyes. 我眼睛里满是泪水，甚么都看不见。
• The things you do for love! 你出于爱所做的这些事！
• He's widely disliked in the company for his arrogance. 因为傲慢自大，在公司里大家都讨厌他。
• She couldn't talk for coughing (= she was coughing too much to talk). 她咳得说不出话来。
• Scotland is famous for its spectacular countryside. 苏格兰的乡村景色壮丽，远近闻名。
• He's best remembered for his novels. 他的小说最为知名。
• I didn't dare say anything for fear of (= because I was frightened of) offending him. 因为怕冒犯他，所以我甚么都不敢说。
if it wasn't/weren't for (also if it hadn't been for)
■without （如果）没有，要不是
• If it wasn't for the life jacket, I would have drowned. 如果没有这件救生衣，我就淹死了。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TIME/DISTANCE 时间／距离
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show an amount of time or distance （用来表示时间或距离）达，计
• We walked for miles. 我们步行了数英里。
• She's out of the office for a few days next week. 她下周会有几天不来上班。
• I'm just going to bed for an hour or so. 我就上床睡大约一小时。
• I haven't played tennis for years. 我已经有好多年没打网球了。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
OCCASION 场合
 ESSENTIAL
■on the occasion of or at the time of 在（某一场合或时间）
• What did you buy him for Christmas? 圣诞节你给他买了甚么？
• I'd like an appointment with the doctor for some time this week. 我想这周预约个时间看医生。
• We're having a party for Jim's 60th birthday. 我们要举办派对庆祝吉姆的60岁生日。
• I've booked a table at the restaurant for nine o'clock. 我已经在餐厅订了九点的桌位。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
COMPARING 比较
 ESSENTIAL
■used for comparing one thing with others of the same type （用于同类事物的比较）就…而言
• She's very mature for her age. 就她的年龄而言，她非常成熟。
• For every two people in favour of the law there are three against. 这项法律支持者和反对者的比率为2：3。
• The summer has been quite hot for England. 在英格兰，这个夏天算是很热了。
• It was a difficult decision, especially for a child. 这是困难的决定，尤其是对一个孩子来说。
• For a man of his wealth he's not exactly generous. 对像他这样身价的人来说，他一点都不大方。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
SUPPORT 支援
 ESSENTIAL
■in support of or in agreement with 支援，拥护；赞同
• I voted for the Greens at the last election. 上次大选我投了绿党的票。
• Those voting for the motion, 96, and those voting against, 54. 这一动议96票赞成，54票反对。
• So let's hear some applause for these talented young performers. 那么，我们为这些年轻的天才表演者鼓掌喝彩吧。
• Who's for (= Who wants to play) tennis? 谁想打网球？
be all for sth
■to approve of or support something very much 完全赞同；全力支援
• I've got nothing against change - I'm all for it. 我不反对改变——我完全赞成。
• I'm all for sexual equality, but I don't want my wife earning more than I do. 我完全支援男女平等，但我不希望妻子赚得比我多。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
IN RELATION TO 与…有关
 ESSENTIAL
■in relation to someone or something 对于，关于；在…方面
• Her feelings for him had changed. 她对他的情感发生了变化。
• He felt nothing but contempt for her. 他对她只有蔑视。
• I've got a lot of admiration for people who do that sort of work. 我十分敬佩做那种工作的人。
• He's quite good-looking but he's a bit too short for me. 他长得很帅，但是对我来说有点太矮了。
• The ice-cream was a little bit sweet for me. 我觉得这霜淇淋有点太甜了。
• That jacket looks a bit big for you. 那件外套你穿显得有点大。
• Jackie's already left and, as for me, I'm going at the end of the month. 杰基已经离开了，而我要呆到这个月底。
• Luckily for me (= I was lucky) , I already had another job when the redundancies were announced. 幸运的是，公司宣布要裁员的时候我已经找到了另一份工作。
• How are you doing for money/time (= have you got enough money/time) ? 你手头／时间还宽裕吗？
for all
■despite 尽管
• For all her qualifications, she's still useless at the job. 尽管她有种种资历，她还是不能胜任这项工作。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
PAYMENT 支付
 ESSENTIAL
■(getting) in exchange 以…为交换，以…为代价
• How much did you pay for your glasses? 你配这副眼镜花了多少钱？
• I've sponsored her £1 for every mile that she runs. 她每跑一英里我就捐助一英镑。
• She sold the house for quite a lot of money. 她这栋房子卖了一大笔钱。
• They've said they'll repair my car for £300. 他们说修好我的车要花300英镑。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
REPRESENTING 代表
 ESSENTIAL
■being employed by or representing a company, country, etc 受雇于；代表
• She works for a charity. 她为一家慈善机构工作。
• He used to swim for his country when he was younger. 他年轻时曾效力于国家游泳队。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TOWARDS 向
 ESSENTIAL
■towards; in the direction of 往，向
• They looked as if they were heading for the train station. 他们看上去像是朝火车站去了。
• Just follow signs for the town centre. 跟着指向市中心的标志牌走就行了。
• This time tomorrow we'll be setting off for the States. 明天这个时候我们将会动身去美国。
• It says this train is for (= going to stop at) Birmingham and Coventry only. 上面写着这列火车只在伯明罕和考文垂两站停车。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
MEANING 意思
 ESSENTIAL
■showing meaning 意思是；表示
• What's the Spanish word for 'vegetarian'? 西班牙语中 vegetarian（素食主义者）这个词怎么说？
• What does the 'M.J.' stand for? Maria Jose? M.J.代表甚么？代表 Maria Jose 吗？
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
TO GET 为获得
 ESSENTIAL
■in order to get or achieve 为得到，为获取
• I hate waiting for public transport. 我讨厌等大众交通。
• I had to run for the bus. 我要去赶公车了。
• Did you send off for details of the competition? 你去函索取介绍竞赛详情的资料了吗？
• I've applied for a job with another computer company. 我已向另一家电脑公司求职。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
DUTY 责任
■the duty or responsibility of 是…的义务（或责任）
• As to whether you should marry him - that's for you to decide. 至于你该不该嫁给他，这得由你自己决定。
• It's not for me to tell her what she should do with her life. 不该由我来告诉她应该过甚么样的生活。
• As to how many she invites, it's not really for me to say. 至于她请多少人，这好像不该我来说。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
IN TROUBLE 遇到麻烦
for it informal
■in trouble 有麻烦
• You'll be for it when she finds out! 等她查出来你就麻烦了！
■ for 1 UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ]
preposition
for all sb cares/knows informal
■said to show that something is not important to someone 对（某人）无所谓，对（某人）不重要
• You could be the Queen of England, for all I care - you're not coming in here without a ticket. 你就算是英格兰女王我也不管——没有票，你就别想进来。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
that/there's ... for you disapproving
■describes something that you think is a typical example of something bad …就是这样
• You spend two hours cooking a meal and they say "it's disgusting" - that's children for you! 你花两个小时做了顿饭，他们却说“难吃死了”——孩子就是这样！
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] preposition
what ... for? IMPROVER
■why 为甚么？
• What did you do that for? 你为甚么那么做？
• What are you emptying that cupboard for? 你为甚么把那个橱柜里的东西都拿出来？
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] conjunction old-fashioned or literary
BECAUSE 因为
■because; as 因为，由于…的缘故
• She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low. 由于心情沉重情绪低落，她一直沉默不语。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r/ UK [fər] US [fɚ] conjunction old-fashioned or literary
  Common Learner Errors  forRemember: for is only usually used to mean 'because' in old-fashioned or literary English. In ordinary language, don't say 'for', say because :
✗ Erik ate nothing for he was feeling sick. Erik ate nothing because he was feeling sick.
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
during, for
这两个前置词都有“在……期”之意。
during: 侧重指习惯性的某一段时间，而for指特定的某一段时间；during指继续的时间概念，突出事件发生的时刻，而for侧重事件持续时间的总长度。
prep. 为，为了；因为；给；对于；至于；适合于
 - regarding, towards, in the case of
conj. 因为
 - because, since, seeing, that

Word: on
Front: on
[ɒn] (中高雅 17/17 -K5)
Back: prep. （表示方向）向; （表示对象）对; （表示位置）在…上; （表示时间）在…之时
adv. （放，穿，连接）上; 向前，（继续）下去
adj. 活动着的情况，状态; 使用着的; 发生着的; 计划中的
分布：关于(38%)，表示持续性(13%)，穿着(13%)，由 ... 支撑着(6%)，值班(6%)，表示已连接、处于工作状态或使用中(6%)，基于(6%)，在 ... 之上(6%)，发生(6%)
→来自古英语an,来自Proto-Germanic*ana,来自an,在上面，词源同前缀ana-,analogy,anode.
a.连接上prep.在...上;靠近ad.向前,继续The street lights are usually turned on at 7:30.街灯通常七点半开.
US [ɑ:n] preposition
ABOVE 在…之上
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is in a position above something else and touching it, or that something is moving into such a position 在…上面；到…上面
• Look at all the books on your desk! 看看你书桌上这么多书！
• Ow, you're standing on my foot! 哎哟，你踩着我的脚了！
• Your suitcase is on top of the wardrobe. 你的手提箱在衣柜顶。
• They live in that old farmhouse on the hill. 他们住在山上的那间旧农舍里。
• I got on my bike and left. 我骑上脚踏车离开了。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
CONNECTED 有联系的
 ESSENTIAL
■covering the surface of, being held by, or connected to 在…上；连上的
• You've got blood on your shirt. 你的衬衫上沾了血。
• Which finger do you wear your ring on? 你把戒指戴在哪只手指上？
• Can you stand on your head? 你会倒立吗？
• We could hang this picture on the wall next to the door. 我们可以把这幅画挂在门旁的墙上。
• Dogs should be kept on their leads at all times. 狗应该一直用皮带拴着。
• UK We've just moved house and we're not on the phone (= not connected to the telephone service) yet. 我们刚搬了家，还没有接通电话。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show when something happens （发生）在…时候
• Many shops don't open on Sundays. 许多商店星期天不开门。
• What are you doing on Friday? 星期五你要做甚么？
• My birthday's on the 30th of May. 我的生日是5月30日。
• Would you mind telling me what you were doing on the afternoon of Friday the 13th of March? 能否告诉我3月13日星期五下午你在做甚么？
• Trains to London leave on the hour (= at exactly one o'clock, two o'clock, etc.) every hour. 开往伦敦的火车每小时整点开出。
• On a clear day you can see the mountains from here. 在晴天，从这儿可以看到那些山峦。
• She was dead on arrival (= dead when she arrived) at the hospital. 她刚到医院就死了。
• Please hand in your keys at reception on your departure from (= when you leave) the hotel. 离开饭店时，请把锁匙交到服务台。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
WRITING 写
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show where something has been written, printed or drawn （写、印或画）在…上
• Which page is that curry recipe on? 那道咖喱菜的做法在第几页？
• His initials were engraved on the back of his watch. 他姓名的首字母刻在了他手表的后盖上。
• What's on the menu (= What food is available) tonight? 今晚菜单上有甚么菜？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
TRAVEL 旅行
 ESSENTIAL
■used for showing some methods of travelling 乘，上（车等）
• I love travelling on trains. 我喜欢乘火车旅行。
• She'll be arriving on the five-thirty train. 她将乘坐5点30分的火车到达。
• We went to France on the ferry. 我们乘渡轮去法国。
• It'd be quicker to get there on foot. 步行到那里更快些。
• two figures on horseback 马背上的两个身影
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
PROCESS 过程
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that a condition or process is being experienced 处于…状况（或过程）中
• He accidentally set his bed on fire. 他无意中烧着了自己的床。
• Their flights to Paris are on special offer at the moment. 他们飞往巴黎的航班目前正有折扣优惠。
• Martin's on holiday this week. 马丁这星期在渡假。
• I'll be away on a training course next week. 下星期我要外出参加一个训练班。
• I often feel carsick when I'm on a long journey. 长途旅行时我经常感到晕车浪。
• Crime is on the increase (= is increasing) again. 犯罪活动又开始抬头了。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
RECORDING 录制／表演
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the form in which something is recorded or performed （记录、录制或演出）以…方式，透过，使用
• How much data can you store on a floppy disk? 一张软磁碟能储存多少数据？
• When's the movie coming out on video? 这部电影的录影带甚么时候推出？
• I was really embarrassed the first time I saw myself on film. 第一次看到自己上电影时，我觉得很尴尬。
• What's on television tonight? 今晚电视有甚么节目？
• I wish there was more jazz on the radio. 我希望收音机里多播放一些爵士乐。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
PAIN 痛苦
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show what causes pain or injury as a result of being touched 在…上（受伤或碰伤）
• I hit my head on the shelf as I was standing up. 我站起来的时候，头撞到架子。
• You'll cut yourself on that knife if you're not careful. 你要是不小心，会被那把刀刮伤的。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
TO 向
 IMPROVER
■to or towards 在；向，朝，对
• Our house is the first on the left after the post office. 我们家是邮局过后靠左第一家。
• The attack on the village lasted all night. 对该村庄的进攻持续了一整夜。
• I wish you wouldn't creep up on me like that! 我希望你不要那样蹑手蹑脚地靠近我！
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
RELATING 相关的
 IMPROVER
■relating to 关于，有关；涉及
• a book on pregnancy 关于妊娠的书
• Her thesis is on Italian women's literature. 她的论文是关于义大利女性文学的。
• The minister has refused to comment on the allegations. 部长拒绝对指控作出评论。
• Criticism has no effect on him. 批评对他不起作用。
• Have the police got anything on you (= have they got any information about you which can be used against you) ? 警方有没有抓住你甚么把柄？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER
■used to show something for which a payment is made 付钱买…；在…上（花费）
• He spent eighty pounds on a hat. 买一顶帽子，他花了80英镑。
• I've wasted a lot of money on this car. 我在这辆汽车上浪费了许多金钱。
• We made a big profit on that deal. 我们在那笔生意上获利甚丰。
• How much interest are you paying on the loan? 这笔贷款你要支付多少利息？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
NECESSARY 必要的
 IMPROVER
■used to show a person or thing that is necessary for something to happen or that is the origin of something （表示需要或缘由）靠，指望，凭
• We're relying on you. 我们要靠你了。
• I might come - it depends on Andrew. 我可能会来——这取决于安德鲁。
• Most children remain dependent on their parents while at university. 大多数孩子上大学期间仍然依赖他们的父母。
• His latest movie is based on a fairy story. 他的新电影是根据一个童话故事改编的。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
INVOLVEMENT 参与
 IMPROVER
■used to show when someone is involved or taking part in something （表示牵涉或参与其中）在从事…
• I'm working on a new book. 我正在写一本新书。
• In the last lesson we were on the causes of the First World War, weren't we? 上一堂课我们讲了第一次世界大战的起因，对吗？
• "Where had we got up to?" "We were on page 42." “我们讲到哪里了？”“我们讲到第42页了。”
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
FINANCIAL SUPPORT 经济支持
 IMPROVER
■used to show what is providing financial support or an income 以…为生，以…为收入
• I've only got £50 a week to live on at the moment. 目前我每周只靠50英镑的收入过活。
• He retired on a generous pension from the company. 他退休后靠公司提供的丰厚退休金生活。
• UK She's on (= earning) £15 000 a year. 她的全年收入为1.5万英镑。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
FOOD/FUEL/DRUG 食物／燃料／毒品
 ADVANCED
■used to show something which is used as food, fuel or a drug （指食物、燃料、药物等）用，吃，喝
• What do mice live on? 老鼠吃甚么为生？
• Does this radio run on batteries? 这台收音机是用电池的吗？
• Is he on drugs? 他吸毒吗？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
NEXT TO 挨着
 ADVANCED
■next to or along the side of 靠近，挨着；沿着；在…旁
• Cambridge is on the River Cam. 剑桥位于剑河之畔。
• Our house was on Sturton Street. 我们的房子在斯特顿大街上。
• Strasbourg is on the border of France and Germany. 斯特拉斯堡位处德法边界。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
MEMBER 成员
 ADVANCED
■used to show when someone is a member of a group or organization 是…的成员；属于…组织
• Have you ever served on a jury? 你参加过陪审团吗？
• There are no women on the committee. 该委员会没有女性。
• How many people are on your staff? 你有多少职员？
• She's a researcher on a women's magazine. 她在一家女性杂志做调查员。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
TOOL 工具
 ADVANCED
■used when referring to a tool, instrument or system that is used to do something （指工具、设备或系统）用，凭借
• I do all my household accounts on computer. 我用电脑来处理全部的家庭账目。
• Chris is on drums and Mike's on bass guitar. 克里斯打鼓，麦克弹低音电吉他。
• I'm on the phone. 我正在打电话。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
AGAIN 又 literary used to show when something is repeated one or more times （用于表示一再重复）又，再
• The government suffered defeat on defeat in the local elections. 本届政府在地方选举中一再受挫。
• Wave on wave of refugees has crossed the border to escape the fighting. 一批又一批的难民为躲避战争而越过边境。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
COMPARISON 比较
■used when making a comparison （用于比较）与…相比
• £950 is my final offer, and I can't improve on it. 950英镑是我出的最高价，我不可能再提价了。
• The productivity figures are down/up on last week's. 与上周相比，生产率下降／上升了。
§UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n/ on 1 preposition
POSSESSION 拥有
[before pronoun]
■used to show when someone has something with them in their pocket or in a bag that they are carrying 随身携带
• Have you got a spare cigarette on you? 你身上有没有多余的香烟？
• I haven't got my driving licence on me. 我没带驾驶执照。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
AFTER 在…之后
■happening after and usually because of 在…后；由于
• Acting on information given to them anonymously, the police arrested him. 警方根据匿名人士提供的消息采取行动，逮捕了他。
• He inherited a quarter of a million pounds on his mother's death. 他母亲死后，他继承了25万英镑。
• On their return they discovered that their house had been burgled. 他们回来后发现家里被盗。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
PAYMENT 支付 informal
■used to show who is paying for something 由…支付
• This meal is on me. 这顿饭我付钱。
• She had her operation done on the National Health Service. 她享受国民医疗保健制度，免费做了手术。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
FAULTY 出故障的
■used to show who suffers when something does not operate as it should （表示运转出故障时受影响的人）
• The phone suddenly went dead on me. 我正在打电话，电话突然断线了。
• Their car broke down on them in the middle of the motorway. 他们的汽车在高速公路上中途抛锚了。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
POINTS 分数 UK used to show the number of points a person or team has in a competition （竞赛中）得…分
• Clive's team is on five points while Joan's is on seven. 克莱夫所在队得5分，琼所在队得7分。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] preposition
on the go
■very busy 忙个不停的，特别忙的
• I've been on the go all day and I'm really tired. 我一整天都忙个不停，真的很累。
UK in the process of being produced 正在生产中，处于生产过程中
• Did you know that she's got a new book on the go (= being written) ? 你知道她正在写一本新书吗？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
CONNECTED 有联系的
 ESSENTIAL
■on your body or someone's body 穿着（的），带着（的）
• It's very cold so put a jumper on. 天气很冷，穿上一件羊毛套衫吧。
• She wanders round the house with nothing on. 她光着身体在房里四处走动。
• Can you remember what he had on (= was wearing) ? 你记得他穿甚么衣服吗？
• I tried on a few jackets, but none of them looked nice. 我试了好几件外套，可是都不好看。
 ESSENTIAL
■covering the surface of something or connected to something 盖上（的）；（ 连）上（的）
• Screw the lid on tightly. 把盖子拧紧。
• Make sure the top's on properly. 一定要把盖子盖好。
• Surgeons have managed to sew a man's ear back on after it was bitten off in a fight. 外科医生成功把一个人在打架中被咬掉的耳朵缝合了。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
OPERATING 运作中
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show when something is operating or starting to operate 开着；在工作中；开始运行
• Could you switch on the radio? 你能把开收音机吗？
• Would you turn the TV on? 请开电视机好吗？
• You left the bedroom light on. 你忘了关睡房的灯。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
NOT STOPPING 不停止
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing or not stopping 继续下去；不停地
• If her phone's engaged, keep on trying. 如果她的电话占线，继续打。
• Stop talking and get on with your work. 别说话了，继续做你们的事。
• If Elise would just hang on (= wait) a little longer she'd certainly get the promotion. 要是埃莉斯愿意再多坚持一下，她肯定会得到晋升。
• The noise just went on and on (= continued for a long time) and I thought it would never stop. 噪音一直响个不停，我想它永远也不会停的。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
TRAVEL 旅行
 IMPROVER
■into a bus, train, plane, etc., or in the correct position to start using some other method of travelling 上公车、火车、飞机等交通工具
• The train suddenly started moving as I was getting on. 我上车的时候，火车突然开动了。
• Her horse galloped off as soon as she was on. 她刚上马，马就飞奔起来。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
PERFORMING 表演
 IMPROVER
■performing 上场表演（的）；在演出（的）
• Hurry up with the make-up - I'm on in ten minutes. 赶快化妆——我10分钟后出场。
• The audience cheered as the band came on (= came onto the stage). 乐队上台的时候，观众们欢呼起来。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
MOVING FORWARD 前进
 ADVANCED
■in a way which results in forward movement 向前，前进地
• You cycle on and I'll meet you there. 你骑车向前走，我在那里和你会合。
• Move on, please, and let the ambulance through. 请往前，让救护车过去。
• When you've finished reading it would you pass it on to Paul? 你看完后把它传给保罗好吗？
• They never spoke to each other from that day on (= after that day). 从那天起，他们彼此之间再没说过话。
• What are you doing later on? 你过一会儿要做甚么？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
HAPPENING 发生
 ADVANCED
■happening or planned 正在发生；根据预定计划
• I'm busy tomorrow, but I've got nothing on the day after. 我明天很忙，不过后天没甚么事。
• I've got a lot on at the moment. 我这阵子事情很多。
• Is the party still on for tomorrow? 明天聚会仍然举行吗？
• Food had to be rationed when the war was on. 战时食物必须实行定量配给。
• Are there any good films on (= being shown) at the cinema this week? 这周电影院有甚么好电影吗？
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
POSITION 位置
■used when talking about the position of one thing compared with the position of another （用于表示相对位置）
• It's amazing nobody was injured because the two buses collided head on (= the front parts of the buses hit each other). 令人惊讶的是两辆车正面相撞，居然没有人受伤。
• UK The bike hit our car side on (= hit the side of the car rather than the front or back). 脚踏车撞到了我们的车的侧面。
• UK It would be easier to get the bookcase through the doorway if we turned it sideways on (= turned it so that one of its sides is at the front). 如果我们把书柜侧过来，通过门道就比较容易。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
be not on mainly UK
■Something that is not on is unacceptable and should not happen （表示不能接受、不应该发生）不行，行不通
• You can't be expected to work for nothing - it's not on. 不会有人想让你白做的——那肯定不行。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
be on about UK informal
■If you ask someone what they are on about, you are asking them, usually angrily, what they mean （通常指气愤地质问）是甚么意思
• I dunno what you're on about. 我不知道你是甚么意思。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
be/go on at sb UK
■to complain to someone again and again about their behaviour or to ask them to do something 一再催促（某人）；向（某人）唠叨
• My parents are always on at us about having a baby. 我父母老是催促我们生孩子。
• She's been on at me to get my hair cut. 她唠叨着催促我去理发。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
on and off (also off and on)
■If something happens on and off during a period of time, it happens sometimes 时断时续地；间歇地
• I've had toothache on and off for a couple of months. 我的牙断断续续疼了几个月。
UK [ɒn] US [ɑ:n] adverb
You're on! informal
■used as a way of expressing agreement to something happening （表示赞同）好！行！
• "I'll give you fifty quid for your bike." "You're on!" “我出50英磅买你的脚踏车。”“成交！”
over, on, above
over: 在正上方 fly over the hill
on: 在上面，接触，
above: 在上面，不接触，
at, on, in
这组词都有“在……”的意思，其区别是：
at: 表地点时，指空间位置上的某一点；表时间时，指在时间上的某一时刻。
on: 表地点时，指某物与另一物表面相接触，或与某地方接壤等；表时间时，指在某一天或某一天的某个时间，尤指在星期几。
in: 表地点时，指在某一立体空间范围内；表时间时，指一段时间或与年、月、季节时间连用。
adv. 向前地；作用中，行动中；继续着
 - forward, antrorsely
prep. 向，朝……；关于；在……之上；在……时候
 - towards, unto, at, concerning, about

Word: as
Front: as
[əz] (中高雅 33/33 -K5)
Vocabulary: as
(once / 2 pages)
adv
As is an adverb that's usually used to compare one thing to another. You could say, for example, that your cat is as smart as your sister.
When you're noting similarities between two things or people, especially when you talk about degree or amount, you'll find yourself using the common adverb as. You might complain that it's as hot as heck, or express disappointment that your homemade casserole doesn't taste as good as when your mom makes it. As comes from the Old English alswā, "similarly."
WORD FAMILY
as
USAGE EXAMPLES
“He is as good a shooter as there is in the world,” Crotty said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Here’s a doozy: How about the possibility that Mr. Trump will grant Edward J. Snowden clemency as part of a handover with Putin?
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 同样地，一样地; 例如
prep. 作为，以…的身份; 如同
conj. 像，像…一样; 由于; 同时，当…时; 尽管
n. 阿斯（古罗马重量单位，约373克）
分布：如同(18%)，同样地(13%)，因为(11%)，尽管(11%)，例如(11%)，像(11%)，作为(11%)，被认为(8%)，像 ... 一样(2%)，当 ... 之时(2%)，结果(2%)
→由古英语alswa 分化出来的两个单词as 和 also, 后在词义和语法上逐渐产生了变化。
ad.同样地conj.由于;像...一样prep.作为He kept a pup as a pet.他养了一只小狗当作宠物.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used in comparisons to refer to the degree of something （用于比较）像…（一样），和…（一样）
• She'll soon be as tall as her mother. 她很快就会和她母亲一样高了。
• I can't run as fast as you. 我跑得没你快。
• skin as soft as a baby's 像婴儿一样娇嫩的肌肤
• It's not as good as it used to be. 这个不如以前的好。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■used to describe the purpose or quality of someone or something 以…的身份；作为
• She works as a waitress. 她是名待者。
• It could be used as evidence against him. 这可以用作对他不利的证据。
• The news came as quite a shock to us. 这个消息令我们都很震惊。
• I meant it as a joke. 这话我只是当玩笑讲的。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
BECAUSE 因为
 ESSENTIAL
■because 因为，由于
• As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel. 因为天色已晚，我决定找间饭店投宿。
• You can go first as you're the oldest. 你可以第一个去，因为你年纪最大。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
WHILE 当…的时候
 ESSENTIAL
■while; during the time that 当…时；在…的同时；随着
• I saw him as I was coming into the building. 我进楼时看到了他。
• He gets more attractive as he gets older. 随着年龄的增长，他变得愈发有魅力。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
LIKE 像
 ESSENTIAL
■in the same way 以…的方式；如同…那样；像
• He got divorced, (just) as his parents had done years before. 他离婚了，（完全）重蹈了多年前他父母婚姻破裂的覆辙。
• This year, as in previous years, tickets sold very quickly. 像往年一样，今年的票卖得很快。
• As with his earlier movies, the special effects in his latest film are brilliant. 一如他以前的电影，他最新影片中的特效也非常精彩。
• As is often the case with children, Amy was completely better by the time the doctor arrived. 就像经常发生在儿童身上的情况一样，医生赶到时，艾美的病情已彻底好转了。
• As I was just saying, I think the proposal needs further consideration. 正如我刚才所说的，我认为这个提议需要进一步考虑。
• Knowing him as I do, I can't believe he would do such a thing. 以我对他的了解，我无法相信他会做这样的事。
  Common Learner Errors  as or like? Warning: as is not usually used before a noun or noun phrase to make comparisons. Before a noun or noun phrase, don't say 'as', say like :
✗ He hopes to become a teacher as his father. He hopes to become a teacher like his father. Remember: as only goes directly before a noun or noun phrase in the expression as... as... : He is as tall as his father.
  Common Learner Errors  as Warning: when as is used before a verb and has the meaning 'in the same way', it is not usually followed by 'it'. Don't say 'as it is/said/happened etc.', say as is/said/happened etc. :
✗ She was late, as it is often the case. She was late, as is often the case.
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
ALTHOUGH 虽然
■although 虽然，尽管
• Angry as he was, he couldn't help smiling. 尽管他很生气，但他还是忍不住笑了。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as and when UK (US if and when)
■at the time that something happens 当…时；到…的时候
• We don't own a car - we just rent one as and when we need it. 我们没有车——只是在需要的时候就去租一辆。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as for sb/sth
■used to talk about how another person or thing is affected by something 至于…；就…而言
• As for Louise, well, who cares what she thinks. 至于路易丝嘛，哼，谁管她是怎么想的。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
As if! informal
■said to show that you do not believe something is possible 不对！不是这样！
• "Did you get a pay rise?" "As if!" “你加薪了吗？”“没这回事！”
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as if/though
■used to describe how a situation seems to be 好像；似乎；彷佛
• She looked as if she'd had some bad news. 她看上去好像有甚么坏消息似的。
• I felt as though I'd been lying in the sun for hours. 我觉得好像已经晒了好几个小时的太阳。
• They stared at me as if I was crazy. 他们盯着我，就像看疯子一样。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as is
■in the state that something is in at the present time 按现状
• Will you wait till it's finished or take it home as is? 你是等着它完全做好呢，还是就这样拿回家？
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as it is
■already 已经
• I'm not buying the children anything else today - I've spent far too much money as it is. 今天我不会再给孩子们买任何别的东西了——我花的钱已经太多了。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as it were
■sometimes said after a figurative or unusual expression 可以说是；在一定程度上
• If he still refuses we could always apply a little pressure, as it were. 如果他还是拒绝，我们还可以在一定程度上向他施加一点压力。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as of/from
■starting from a particular time or date 自…起
• As of next month, all the airline's fares will be going up. 自下月起，所有航空公司的机票价格都会上调。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as to formal
■about 关于，至于
• He was uncertain as to which road to take. 他拿不定该走哪条路。
• There's no decision as to when the work might start. 至于工作甚么时候开始，还没有作出决定。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as to/for
■changing the subject to （表示转到另一个话题）至于，关于
• As to where we'll get the money from, we'll talk about that later. 至于在哪里去得到这笔钱，我们以后再说吧。
[weak form əz] [strong form æz] conjunction
as you wish/like formal
■used to agree to a request, especially when you do not approve （尤指实施并不同意某人的要求时）悉随尊便
• "I think we should leave now." "Very well. As you wish." “我觉得我们该走了。”“那好吧，悉随尊便。”
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
as, like
这两个词均有“像”之意。
as: 从属连词，引出方式从句。
like: 是前置词，后面跟的是宾语。
when, as, while
when: 从句动词点动词，持续性动词均可，
as: 重在表示动作同时发生，伴随进行，
while: 从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in.
though, although, as
这些连词均可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
though: 和although在意义上几乎毫无区别，但文体上后者是较正式用词，语气比though强。此外，在习惯用法上这两个词仍有以下一些差异：1.though可引出倒装语序的让步状语从句，although 则不能。2.though可与even连用，although则不能；在as though结构中，只用though，不能用although。3.though可以置于从句末，而although则不能。4.引出省略句时，通常用though。
as: 引出让步状语从句只用于倒装语序结构中，语气强于上述两个连词。
conj. 因为；随着；虽然；依照；当…时
 - because, although, since, for, seeing
prep. 如同；当作；以…的身份
 - in the light of, like
adv. 同样地；和…一样的
 - equally, similarly, same, likewise

Word: that
Front: that
[ðæt] (中高 12/14 -K5)
Back: det. 那个，那
pron. 那个，那
conj. 多么; 如此…以至; 用于某些动词、形容词和名词后，引出各种从句
adv. 不那么; 那样
分布：那个(61%)，那(25%)，非常(5%)，上文提到的(5%)，那么地(2%)，引导从句(2%)
→来自古英语 thaet,那，那个，来自 Proto-Germanic*that,那，那个，来自 tod,指示代词， 扩展自 to,指示代词，词源同 the,they.词义演变比较同源词 here,he.
a./pron.那,那个ad.那么conj.[引导从句]He knew that it was impossible.他知道那是不可能的.
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a person, object, idea, etc. which is separated from the speaker by space or time 那；那个；那人
• I've never liked that cousin of hers. 我从来没喜欢过她的那个表亲。
• Who's that? Is that the girl you told me about? 那是谁？是你跟我说起过的那个女孩吗？
• How much are those shoes? 那双鞋多少钱？
• formal His handwriting is like that (= the writing) of a much younger child. 他的字像小孩子写的。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to something which has been mentioned or was involved earlier, or to something with which the listener will be familiar （指已提到过的、与前文有关的或听话人熟悉的事物）那，那个
• Where's that pen (= the one I was using earlier) gone? 我刚才用的那支笔哪里去了？
• She lives in that house by the bus station (= you know which one I mean). 她住在公共汽车总站附近的那所房子。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
... at that informal
■in addition to that 此外，而且
• It's too expensive, and probably out-of-date at that. 它太贵了，而且可能已过时了。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
that is (to say)
■said when you want to give further details or be more exact about something 那就是说
• I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running. 我将在城里与你会面，那就是说，只要火车还开我就会见到你。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
That will do.
■said to mean that you do not want any more of something 够了
• "More peas?" "No, that'll do, thank you." “还要些豌豆吗？”“不，够了，谢谢。”
• That will do, Charles. I don't want to see any more of that kind of behaviour. 查理斯，够了，我不想再看到你那样的举动。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
that's it
■used to say that something has ended 就这样，完了
• Well, that's it, we've finished - we can go home now. 好啦，就这样吧，我们完工了——现在可以回家。
• That's it! I'm not putting up with any more of her rudeness. 够了！我再也受不了她的蛮横无礼。
■used to say that something is correct 这就对了；正是这样
• You switch the computer on at the back. That's it. 你打开电脑后面的开关。对，就这样。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
That's life. saying
■said when something bad has happened that you cannot change 人生就是这样。（表示无奈）
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
that's that (also that was that)
■an expression that shows that something has ended 就这样吧；就这样定了；再没有甚么可说的
• I won't agree to it and that's that (= I won't discuss it any longer). 我不会同意这件事的，不要再说了。
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
  Common Learner Errors  that or than? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
determiner]Dæt/
(plural those)
  Common Learner Errors  this/these or that/those? Use this or these to talk about people and things that are close to the speaker in space or time. This is Sarah, who will be working with us for a few months. Do you like these earrings I'm wearing? Use that or those to talk about people and things which are further away from the speaker in space or time. That girl over there is called Sarah. I liked those earrings you wore last night.
conjunction] strong form Dæt / /weak form Dət]
 ESSENTIAL
■used to introduce a clause which reports something or gives further information, although it can often be left out （用于引导从句，常可省略）
• She said (that) she'd collect it for me after work. 她说下班后会帮我把它取来。
• Is it true (that) she's gone back to teaching? 她真的又回去教书了吗？
• We'll be there at about 7.30, provided/providing (that) there's a suitable train. 如果恰好有火车的话，我们将在七点半左右到那里。
• It was so dark (that) I couldn't see anything. 天太黑，我甚么也看不见。
pronoun]strong form Dæt / /weak form Dət]
(plural those)
USED TO REFER 用于指称
 ESSENTIAL
■used as the subject or object of a verb to show which person or thing you are referring to, or to add information about a person or thing just mentioned. It is used for both people and things. It can often be left out （用作动词的主语或受词，指代人或事物或对刚提到的人或事物作补充，常常可省略）
• I can't find the books (that) I got from the library. 我找不到从图书馆借来的那些书。
• Is this the train that stops at Cambridge? 这是在剑桥停靠的火车吗？
• Have you been to the restaurant that's just opened in town? 你去过镇上新开张的那家餐厅吗？
pronoun]strong form Dæt / /weak form Dət]
(plural those)
SOMETHING NOT HERE 不在此处之物
 ESSENTIAL
■used to make a connection with an earlier statement （用于连接前文）那，这
• My usual train was cancelled. That's why I'm so late. 我常坐的那趟火车取消了，这就是我这么晚才到的原因。
• Lucy has just ruined her new dress. That's children for you (= Such behaviour is typical of children). 露西刚刚把她的新裙子弄坏了。孩子们都那样。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express a reaction to something （用于表达对某事的反应）那，这
• I didn't know she'd been so ill. That's terrible. 我不知道她病得那么厉害。这太糟了。
• Turn the engine on, then put the car in gear. That's right (= you are doing it correctly). 发动引擎，然后挂档，就是这样。
• Smile for the camera. That's more like it (= that smile is better than before). 对着照相机笑一笑。这样好多了。
adverb]Dæt/
 IMPROVER
■as much as suggested 那样；那么
• She's too young to walk that far. 她太小了，走不了那么远。
• It wasn't (all) that (= very) good. 它并非那么好。
that, this
that: 指代上文所提到的, I was ill. That's why…
this: 导出下文所要说的
adv. 那么；那样
 - so then, thuswise
conj. 因为；以至于
 - because, since, for, seeing

Word: by
Front: by
[baɪ] (中高 30/20 -K5)
Vocabulary: by
(once / 2 pages)
1adv 2adv
By means near, beside, or past. When your friend rides by on her bike, she passes close to you.
Your dog might run by too fast for you to catch her and put her leash on, or you might ask your dad to drive by the house he lived in when he first met your mom. In both cases, by means "past," or "passing a particular point." A more old-fashioned way to use the word is to mean "aside" or "in reserve," as when your aunt puts some homemade pickles by so she can eat them all winter.
WORD FAMILY
by
USAGE EXAMPLES
China’s eagerness to act, analysts say, also reflected a desire by the government to raise its profile on environmental issues.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The first 25 games or so are ruled by the passion and intensity of a nascent season.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The shoe in question was the Nike Air Rift, or “split-toe” inspired by Kenyan barefoot distance runners allowing extra toe movement.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…旁边; 表示方式; 由于; 经过
adv. 经过; 表示保留或保存时用; 短暂拜访
分布：通过(28%)，被(15%)，经过(15%)，靠近(12%)，经由(12%)，在旁边(9%)，不迟于(9%)
→来自PIE *ambhi, 在周围的。bhi, 同前缀bi-, 两。词源同two.
prep.被;凭借;经由;由于ad.在近旁;经过He sat down just by the window.他正坐在窗户的旁边.
preposition
CAUSE 引起
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the person or thing that does something （用于表示动作的施动者）被，由
• The motorcycle was driven by a tiny bald man. 一个秃顶的小个子男人驾驶着那辆摩托车。
• We were amazed by what she told us. 我们对她所说的事感到很惊讶。
• I'm reading some short stories (written) by Chekhov. 我在读契诃夫写的一些短篇小说。
• The book was translated by a well-known author. 这本书是由一位著名作家翻译的。
• I felt frightened by the anger in his voice. 我被他声音中的怒气吓坏了。
[baɪ] preposition
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show how something is done （用于表示方式）
• They travelled across Europe by train/car. 他们乘火车／开汽车在欧洲旅行。
• She did the decorating (all) by herself (= alone, without help from anyone). 所有装饰都是她一人做的。
• We went in by (= through) the front door. 我们是从前门进去的。
• Do you wish to be paid in cash or by cheque? 你想拿现金还是支票？
• He learned English by listening to the radio. 他透过听收音机来学习英语。
• Suddenly, she grabbed him by the arm (= took hold of this part of his body). 突然，她抓住了他的手臂。
• I refuse to live by (= following) their rules. 我拒绝遵守他们的规矩。
[baɪ] preposition
NOT LATER THAN 不迟于
 ESSENTIAL
■not later than; at or before 不迟于；早于
• She had promised to be back by five o'clock. 她答应过五点前回来。
• The application must be in by the 31st to be accepted. 申请必须在31号之前寄到才会被接受。
• By the time I got to the station the train had already gone. 等我到达火车站时，火车已经开走了。
[baɪ] preposition
MEASUREMENT 度量
■used to show measurements or amounts （用于表示度量或数量）
• Our office floor space measured twelve metres by ten (= was twelve metres in one direction and ten in the other). 我们办公室的面积为12米乘10米。
• Their wages were increased by 12%. 他们的工资上涨了12%。
• Freelance workers are paid by the hour (= for every hour they work). 自由职业者按小时领取报酬。
• These telephones have sold by the thousand. 这些电话已经售出几千部。
[baɪ] preposition
DURING 在…期间
■during 在…期间
• We travelled by night and rested by day. 我们夜间行进白天休息。
[baɪ] preposition
by nature/profession/trade, etc.
■used when describing someone's character/job, etc. 本性上／职业上等
• She is, by nature, a sunny, positive sort of a person. 她本性是那种乐观开朗、积极向上的人。
• He's a plumber by trade. 他的职业是水电工。
• She was, by profession, a lawyer. 她的职业是律师。
[baɪ] preposition
be all right/fine by sb
■If something is all right/fine by someone, they agree that it can happen （某人）同意，不反对
• "I'd prefer to go later." "That's fine by me." “我想晚点去。”“我没意见。”
• If it's all right by you, I'd like to leave now. 如果你不反对的话，我想现在走。
[baɪ] preposition
by and by old-fashioned
■after a short period 过了一会儿，不久
• By and by a man appeared. 过了一会儿，有一个人出现了。
[baɪ] preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■near, at the side of or (in distance or time) past 在（…）旁边，在（…）附近；经过
• A small child stood sullenly by her side. 一个小孩闷闷不乐地站在她身边。
• He wanted to keep her close by him always. 他想让她一直呆在自己身边。
• The policewoman walked by (= past) them without saying a word. 那个女警没说一句话就（从他们身边）走过去了。
• The years flew by. 岁月飞逝。
prep. 通过；被；依据；经由；在附近；在……之前
 - via, THRU through
adv. 通过；经过；附近；白俄罗斯
 - past

Word: from
Front: from
[frəm] (中高 26/27 -K5)
Back: prep. （表示时间）从…; （表示原因）因为; （表示来源）来自…; （表示分离）与…分离[隔开]
分布：来自(50%)，出自(50%)
→来自pro, 从...出发，向前，词源同far, froth, proceed.
prep.从,自从;由于;离;根据,按;去除He came from Japan.他来自日本.
US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
PLACE 地点
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the place where someone or something starts （表示起始点）从…开始，始于
• What time does the flight from Amsterdam arrive? 从阿姆斯特丹飞来的航班甚么时候到达？
• The wind is coming from the north. 风从北面吹来。
• She sent me a postcard from Majorca. 她从马略卡给我寄来一张明信片。
• He took a handkerchief from his pocket. 他从口袋里掏出一条手帕。
• She took her hairbrush from her handbag and began to brush her hair. 她从手提包里拿出梳子开始梳理头发。
• So did you really walk all the way from Bond Street? 那么你真的是从邦德街步行过来的？
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the time when something starts or the time when it was made or first existed （表示开始的时间）从…起
• Drinks will be served from seven o'clock. 七点开始供应饮料。
• The price of petrol will rise by 5p a gallon from tomorrow. 汽油价格从明天起每加仑上涨五便士。
• Most of the tapestries in this room date from the seventeenth century. 这个房间里的挂毯大多数都是17世纪制作的。
• The museum is open from 9.30 to 6.00 Tuesday to Sunday. 该博物馆周二至周日每天九点半至下午六点开放。
from that day/time on(wards) literary
■starting at that time and then continuing 从那天／时起
• From that day on, she vowed never to trust him again. 从那天起，她发誓永远不再信任他。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the distance between two places （表示两地的距离）从
• It's about two kilometres from the airport to your hotel. 从机场到你住的旅馆大约有两公里远。
• We're about a mile from home. 我们离家大约有一哩远。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
ORIGIN 来源
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the origin of something or someone （表示来源）从
• "Where are you from?" "I'm from Italy." “你是哪里人?”“我是义大利人。”
• I wonder who this card is from. 我不知道这个卡是谁寄来的。
• Could I speak to someone from the sales department? 请帮我找一下销售部的人接电话好吗？
• The sales executive from Unilever is here to see you. 联合利华的销售主管在等着见你。
• What sort of reaction did you get from him? 你从他那里得到甚么反应？
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
MATERIAL 材料
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the material of which something is made （表示制作原料）由…（制成）
• The desk is made from pine. 这张桌子是用松木做的。
• Meringues are made from sugar and egg whites. 蛋白酥是用糖和蛋白调制成的。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
LEVEL 水准
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the level at which a range of things begins, such as numbers or prices （表示数量、价格等的起点）从…
• Prices start from £2.99. 2.99英镑起价。
• Tickets will cost from $10 to $45. 票价从10美元到45美元不等。
• The number of people employed by the company has risen from 25 to 200 in three years. 该公司雇用的员工人数三年间从25人增长到了200人。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
CHANGE 改变
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show a change in the state of someone or something （表示状态的改变）从
• Things went from bad to worse. 情况变得越来越糟。
• She has been promoted from deputy manager to senior manager. 她已从副经理提升为高级经理。
• Since the success of her first play, she has gone from strength to strength (= her success has continued to increase). 自从第一部戏获得成功以后，她越来越走红。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
CAUSE 原因
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the cause of something or the reason why something happens （表示原因）由于，因为
• He was rushed to hospital but died from his injuries. 他被迅速送到医院，但因伤势严重不治身亡。
• She made her money from investing in property. 她投资房地产发了财。
• You could tell she wasn't lying from the fear in her voice. 你可以从她声音里的恐惧判断出她没有说谎。
• Wearing the correct type of clothing will reduce the risk from radiation. 衣着得当会降低辐射对身体的危害。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
CONSIDERING 就…而论
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the facts or opinions you consider before making a judgment or decision （表示判断或决策的根据）从…来看
• Just from looking at the clouds, I would say it's going to rain. 就看看天上的云，我也认为会下雨。
• It's difficult to guess what they will conclude from the evidence. 很难猜到他们会从这个证据中得出甚么结论。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
REMOVE 去除
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that someone has left a place, or that something has been removed or taken away （表示离开或去除）从
• They were exiled from their homes during the war. 战争期间，他们被逐出家园。
• Her handbag was snatched from her in the street. 她走在街上手提包被人抢了。
• A refining process is used to extract usable fuel from crude oil. 为从原油中提取可用的燃料，使用了一道精炼程式。
■If you take a smaller amount from a larger amount, you reduce the larger amount by the smaller one 从…减去
• Three from sixteen is thirteen. 16减3等于13。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
DIFFERENCE 差异
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show a difference between two people or things （用于说明两个人或事物之间的差异）和，与
• His opinion could hardly be more different from mine. 他的观点正好和我的完全相反。
• The two sisters are so similar that it's almost impossible to tell one from the other. 这两姐妹长得实在太像了，简直不太可能把她们区分开。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the position of something in comparison with other things, or the point of view of someone when considering a matter or problem （表示某物的相对位置或在考虑某事时某人的观点）在，从
• From the restaurant there is a beautiful view of Siena. 从那家餐馆可以看到西恩纳的美景。
• She was talking from her own experience of the problem. 她从自己的经验体会出发讲了这个问题。
• From our point of view, we do not see how these changes will be beneficial to the company. 从我们的角度看，我们看不出这些变动会对公司有甚么好处。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
PROTECTION 保护
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show what someone is being protected against （表示某人正受保护免遭危害）使免遭
• They found shelter from the storm under a large oak tree. 他们在一棵大橡树下躲避暴风雨。
UK [frɒm] US [frɑ:m/ UK [frəm] preposition
PREVENTING 阻止
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show what someone is not allowed to do or know, or what has been stopped happening （表示阻止某人或阻止某事发生）以防，以免
• He's been banned from driving for six months. 他被吊销驾驶执照六个月。
• For many years, the truth was kept from the public. 这么多年了，公众一直都不知道真相。
• The bank loan saved her company from bankruptcy. 银行的贷款把她的公司从破产边缘拯救了出来。
mould, shape, from, forge
这组词都有“使成形”的意思，其区别是：
mould: 通常指把有延展性的材料浇铸或塑成所需形状的物品。
shape: 比mould使用广泛，指用许多不同的方法制成不同形状的制品。
from: 通常指对尚未成形的物品作进一步加工，使成为成品。
forge: 意义较窄，指用锤子和砧对金属材料进行加工或锻造。
prep. 来自，从；由于；今后
 - by virtue of, ex-

Word: but
Front: but
[bət] (中高 23/24 -K5)
Vocabulary: but
(once / 2 pages)
adv
But is the word that turns a corner in a sentence. If a sentence starts out in one direction, but can change that direction. For example: "I like you, but I never want to see you again."
But can mean "however," "nonetheless," and "on the contrary" in three little letters. It's English efficiency at its best. But is short but powerful. But is everywhere but never unnecessary. But is never supposed to start a sentence, but sometimes it does. But sometimes means "just," as in: "I'll have but a few of those delicious candies." Grade schoolers might snicker, but the word would need another t to mean your "bottom."
WORD FAMILY
but: buts
USAGE EXAMPLES
But he also found it difficult to get a scout-team guy to do exactly what he wanted.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Say you are attracted to someone but run the other way when you see them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: conj. 但是; 而是; 除了; 只因为
prep. 除…以外
adv. 只; 不过; 只是; 另一方面
n. 借口; 推辞; 但是; 反对
pron. [关系代词，意义相当于 who…not, which…not]
vt. 对…说“但是”
分布：但是(45%)，只(28%)，仅仅(14%)，无不(9%)，除 ... 以外(4%)
→来自古英语butan。b同by, 在旁。-ut, 同out，向外。
conj.但是prep.除...以外ad.只,才,仅仅I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■used to introduce an added statement, usually something that is different from what you have said before 但是，不过；而；相反
• She's very hard-working but not very imaginative. 她工作很努力，但缺乏想像力。
• This is not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance. 这并不是恶意而为，只是由于无知。
• The play's good, but not that good - I've seen better. 这出戏还可以，但也不是多好——我看过更好的。
• I'm sorry, but I think you're wrong when you say she did it deliberately. 对不起，但我觉得你不能说她是故意那么做的。
• Call me old-fashioned, but I like handwritten letters. 叫我老古董好了，反正我喜欢手写的信。
• I can understand his unhappiness. But to attempt suicide! 我可以理解他很不快乐，但自杀有点太极端了吧！
• "She said she's leaving." "But why?" “她说她要走。”“可是为了甚么呢?”
• You can invite Keith to the party, but please don't ask that friend of his. 你可以邀请基斯参加聚会，但请不要邀请他的那个朋友。
• We must not complain about the problem, but (= instead we must) help to put it right. 我们不应该抱怨问题，而是应该帮助解决问题。
• She's not a painter but a writer (= She is a writer, not a painter). 她不是画家而是作家。
• She's not only a painter but also a writer (= She is both). 她不仅是画家而且是作家。
• He said he hadn't been there, but then (= it is not surprising that) he would say that. 他说他没去过那里，不过他那么说也不奇怪。
• I think it's true, but then (= it should be understood that) , I'm no expert. 我认为这不假，不过我并非专家。
[strong form bʌt] [weak form bət] preposition conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■except 除…外
• Eventually, all but one of them promised to come to his leaving party. 最后，除了一个人外，他们都答应来参加他的告别欢送会。
• He's anything but violent (= not violent in any way). 他一点也不粗暴。
• I'd have crashed the car but for your warning. 要不是有你的警告，我早就把汽车撞坏了。
• This is the last episode but one (= one before the last) of this drama serial. 这是这部连续剧的最后第二集。
• She's one of those guests who does nothing but complain. 她是那种只知道抱怨的客人。
• This car has been nothing but trouble - it's always breaking down! 这辆汽车哪里都有毛病——老是坏！
[strong form bʌt] [weak form bət] adverb
FOR EMPHASIS 强调
■used to give force to a statement （表示强调）
• Everyone, but everyone, will be there. 每个人，请注意是每个人，都必须到。
[strong form bʌt] [weak form bət] adverb
ONLY 仅仅 formal
■only; just 仅仅，只是
• She's but a young girl! 她只是个小女孩！
[strong form bʌt] [weak form bət] noun
no buts (about it)
■used to emphasize that something will happen even if the person you are talking to does not want it to 没有“但是”可言；没有商量的余地
• We're going to visit your aunt tomorrow and there'll be no buts about it. 我们明天要去看望你的婶婶，一定要去，没有商量的余地。
or else, but, or, but rather
or else: a. 否则，不然；b. 也可能
but: 但是
or: 或者
but rather: 而是
except, but, besides, except for
这组词都有“除……之外”的意思，其区别是：
except: 侧重于排除在外，从整体里减去。可与but换用，但语气较强。
but: 侧重指不包括在内。
besides: 着重于指另外还有。
except for: 多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定，还引出相反的原因或细节，从而部分地修正前面的主要意思，含惋惜意味。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
shed, cabin, but, cottage
这组词都有“小屋”的意思，其区别是：
shed: 一般指四壁没有完全封闭，供牲畜用或储藏东西、停放车辆等的简易棚屋。
cabin: 多指建造粗糙的简陋小木屋，也指旅客或船员住的船舱。现在也指节假日游游者的简便住房。
but: 多指供居住或遮避风雨的简易小屋。
cottage: 指穷苦人住的乡间小茅屋。现在也指雅致的小住宅，在美国可指别墅。
conj. 但是；而是；然而
 - granted, and, yet, whereas, only
adv. 仅仅，只
 - merely, simply, only, just, barely
prep. 除…以外
 - barring

Word: with
Front: with
[wɪð] (中高 16/16 -K5)
Back: prep. 和，跟; 随着; 关于; 和…一致
分布：随着(44%)，用(35%)，包括(14%)，和 ... 一起(7%)
→缩写自古英语wither,相对，相反，来自wi-tero,更加分开，*wi,分开，词源同widow，wide,*tero,比较级后缀，词源同alternate,interior。词义由相反过渡到再一次，和，与。词义演变比较again.
prep.跟...一起;用;具有;关于;因;随着He opened the door with his key.他用钥匙开了门.
preposition
COMPANY 伴随
 ESSENTIAL
■in the company or presence of a person or thing 和…一起；和；跟随；同
• I was with Sylvia at the time. 那时我和西尔维娅在一起。
• He lives with his grandmother. 他和奶奶一起生活。
• He's impossible to work with. 没法和他一起工作。
• I'm going to France with a couple of friends. 我要和几位朋友一起去法国。
• Ingrid Bergman starred with Humphrey Bogart in the film 'Casablanca'. 英格丽‧褒曼同汉弗莱‧博加特联袂主演了电影《北非谍影》。
• I left my coat with the cloakroom attendant. 我把外衣交给了衣帽间的服务员。
• Ice cream with your apple pie? 苹果批要不要配上霜淇淋？
• Mix the butter with the sugar and then add the egg. 把奶油和糖搅在一起，然后加鸡蛋。
• I'll be with you (= I will give you my attention) in a moment. 我马上就过来。
• She's staying with her parents (= at their house) for a few months. 她要在父母的家里住几个月。
• He's been with the department (= working in it) since 1982. 他从1982年就开始在这个部门工作了。
[wɪð] preposition
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL
■using something 用，使用；以；借
• He was shot at close range with a pistol. 他被手枪近距离击中。
• She wiped her lipstick off with a tissue. 她用纸巾擦掉了唇膏。
• Fix the two pieces together with glue. 用胶水把这两块黏在一起。
• Please handle this package with care. 这个包裹请轻拿轻放。
• They set up a business with the help of a bank loan. 他们用一笔银行贷款开了家公司。
[wɪð] preposition
DESCRIPTION 描述
 ESSENTIAL
■having or including something 拥有，有
• a tall woman with dark hair 高个黑发女子
• He's married with three children. 他结了婚，并有三个孩子。
• She left school with no qualifications. 她离开学校时没有取得毕业证书。
• He spoke with a soft Irish accent. 他说话时带有轻柔的爱尔兰口音。
• We're an international company with offices in Paris, New York and Sydney. 我们是一家跨国公司，在巴黎、纽约和雪梨都有办事处。
• Two coffees please, one with milk and one without. 请来两杯咖啡，一杯加奶，一杯不加。
• He arrived in Los Angeles with nothing but the clothes he was wearing. 他到了洛杉矶，除了衣服之外，身上一无所有。
• He woke up with a dreadful headache. 他醒来后头痛欲裂。
• I was second in the race with a time of 14.2 seconds. 我在赛跑中得了第二名，成绩是14.2秒。
• With a bit of luck, we should be back in time for dinner. 要是运气好的话，我们还可以及时赶回来吃晚饭。
• Both their children graduated with degrees in economics. 他们的两个孩子获得的都是经济学学位。
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of various phrases written at the end of a letter （用于信末祝辞中）
• With best wishes from Charles. 致以美好的祝愿，查尔斯。
• With love from Roberta. 爱你的罗伯塔。
 ESSENTIAL
■including 包括
• With your contribution, that makes a total of £45. 算上你的捐款，一共是45英镑。
[wɪð] preposition
RELATIONSHIP 关系
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or in the case of a person or thing 关于；对于；至于；对…来说
• How are things with you? 你过得怎么样？
• Russia has just drawn up a trade agreement with Norway. 俄罗斯刚刚与挪威草拟了一份贸易合约。
• This hasn't got anything to do with you (= This is not something you should be interested in). 这与你毫不相干。
• The government's policies have not been popular with (= among) the voters. 政府的政策并不受选民欢迎。
• He's very careless with his money. 在金钱方面，他很不小心。
• She talked a lot about her relationship with Charlotte. 有关自己与夏洛特之间的恋情，她说了很多 。
[wɪð] preposition
CONTAINING/COVERING 包括／覆盖
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show what is on or in something 在…上；在…中
• She'd laid the table with the best china. 她在桌子上摆了最精美的瓷器。
• Her blouse was spattered with blood. 她的上衣溅上了血。
• The room was littered with toys. 房间里玩具扔得到处都是。
• The trucks were laden with food and medicine. 那些货车满载食品和药品。
• She filled the jug up with cream. 她把罐子里装满了鲜奶油。
[wɪð] preposition
CAUSE 导致
 ESSENTIAL
■because of or caused by someone or something 因为；作为…的结果
• He winced with pain. 他痛得皱眉。
• I was trembling with fear. 我吓得直发抖。
• She's been at home with a bad cold for the past week. 她上周因重感冒在家休息。
• I can't work with all that noise going on. 噪声一直那么大，我根本没法工作。
• Hopes were dashed in the war-torn capital with the news that no aid would be arriving that week. 有消息说那一周所有的救援物资都难以送达遭受战火蹂躏的首都，人们的希望破灭了。
• With exams approaching, it's a good idea to review your class notes. 随着考试临近，复习一下你的课堂笔记是个不错的主意。
• (What) with all the excitement and confusion, I forgot to say goodbye to her. 在兴奋和混乱的状态下，我忘了跟她道别。
[wɪð] preposition
OPPOSITION 反对
 ESSENTIAL
■against something 反对；与…对立
• I ended up having an argument with her. 我最终和她吵了一架。
• She has fought a constant battle with depression throughout her career. 在整个职业生涯中，她都在不停地与忧郁症斗争。
• The two countries went to war with one another over oil prices. 两国因为石油价格而交战。
• A truck had evidently collided with a car. 显然是一辆货车与一辆小汽车相撞。
[wɪð] preposition
SEPARATION 分离
 IMPROVER
■used with words showing separation （与表示分离的词连用）
• I'd rather not part with my cash. 我不愿意花钱。
• He decided to put his failed marriage behind him and make a clean break with the past. 他决定忘掉自己失败的婚姻，与过去彻底分手。
[wɪð] preposition
AND 和
 IMPROVER
■and, or followed by 和；还有；连同
• I'd like a steak and fries with chocolate mousse to follow. 我想要牛排和炸薯条，还有巧克力慕丝。
• $200 is payable immediately with a further $100 payable on delivery. 马上付200美元，另外100美元交货时付清。
[wɪð] preposition
COMPARISON 比较
 IMPROVER
■used in comparisons （用于比较）同…相比
• I've got nothing in common with my brother. 我和我兄弟没甚么相似之处。
• This cake's very light compared with the last one you made. 这个蛋糕比你上次做的要松软多了。
[wɪð] preposition
SUPPORT 支持
 ADVANCED
■supporting someone or something 支持
• If you want to go for a promotion, I'll be with you all the way. 如果你想去争取提升，我会一直支持你。
• You've got to decide where you stand on this issue - you're either with me or against me. 你得决定在这件事上的立场——要么支持我，要么反对我。
Opposite against
[wɪð] preposition
DIRECTION 方向
■in the same direction as something 与…同方向
• The wind was with me on the home stretch and I ran well. 在赛跑的最后冲刺阶段赶上了顺风，所以我跑得很好。
Opposite against
[wɪð] preposition
TIME 时间
■at the same rate or time as something 随着
• This wine will improve with age. 这种酒会随着时间变得更加醇厚。
• Stopping distances for cars vary with the speed they are travelling at. 汽车的煞车距离根据当时车速的高低而不尽相同。
[wɪð] preposition
UNDERSTANDING 理解
be with sb informal
■to understand what someone is saying 理解（某人）的话
• You look puzzled - are you with me? 你看起来很迷惑——听懂我说甚么了吗？
• I'm sorry, I'm not with you. 对不起，我没听懂你的话。
[wɪð] preposition
DESPITE 尽管
■despite something 虽然，尽管
• With all her faults, she's still a really good friend. 尽管有那么多缺点，她仍然是个真正的好朋友。
[wɪð] preposition
EXPRESSIONS 表达
■used to express a wish or instruction （用于表示祝愿或指令）
• Away with you (= Go away) ! 滚开！
• Off to bed with you (= Go to bed) ! 快上床睡觉！
• On with the show (= Let it continue) ! 继续演出吧！
• Down with school (= We don't want/like it) ! 不要上学！
[wɪð] preposition
with that
■and then, or after doing or saying that 接着，随即
• "I still think you're wrong," he said and with that he drove off. “我仍然认为你是错的。”他说完就开车走了。
prep. 用；随着；支持；和…在一起
 - by means of, behind

Word: its
Front: its
[ɪts] (中高 78/58 -K5)
Back: pron. (it的所有格形式)它的; 厥
分布：代词(99%)，名词(1%)
pron.[it的所有格]它的Bowing its elbow, the owl sows in the bowl.猫头鹰弯着肘在碗中播种.
determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging to or relating to something that has already been mentioned 它的，其
• The dog hurt its paw. 狗的爪子受伤了。
• Their house has its own swimming pool. 他们的房子里有游泳池。
• The company increased its profits. 公司的利润增加了。
• I prefer the second option - its advantages are simplicity and cheapness. 我倾向于第二个选择——其优点是简单、便宜。

Word: not
Front: not
[nɒt] (中高 28/13 -K5)
Vocabulary: not
(once / 2 pages)
adv
The adverb not is used for negation. Do you like drinking cod liver oil? No, I do not like drinking cod liver oil.
Not is a powerful word. When Hamlet says "to be or not to be," he is questioning whether he should live or die, the inverse of living. Just be careful of what's called a "double negative," where you use not with another negating word and end up negating your negation. If you say you don't know nothing about something, that means you do know something. Not is often contracted as in don't, or isn't.
WORD FAMILY
not: nots
USAGE EXAMPLES
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The museum will not, as many assume, be a repository for “Star Wars” memorabilia.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Dubai police did not respond to a request for comment about security at the property.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 不; [用以表示否定、否认、拒绝、禁止等]不是; 几乎不; 未必，没有[用于否定后面的词或短语]
分布：不(45%)，没有(33%)，并非(22%)
→缩写自naught,零，无，没有。
ad.不,不是,不会;没有Air is not a liquid.空气不是液体.
US [nɑ:t] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used to form a negative phrase after verbs like 'be', 'can', 'have', 'will', 'must', etc. usually used in the short form 'n't' in speech （用于 be，can，have，will，must 等动词后构成否定表达，在口语中常简略为n't）不
• He's not fat! 他不胖！
• I won't tell her. 我不会告诉她。
• I can't go. 我不能去。
• Don't you like her? 你难道不喜欢她吗？
• It isn't difficult (= It is easy). 这并不难。
• I'm just not interested. 我只是不感兴趣。
• He's not bad-looking (= He is quite attractive) ! 他长得并不难看！
• He's not as tall as his father. 他没有他父亲那样高。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give the next word or group of words a negative meaning （用于否定其后的单词或词组）不，没有
• I told you not to do that. 我告诉过你别那样做。
• I like most vegetables but not cabbage. 大部分蔬菜我都喜欢，但卷心菜除外。
• "Come and play football, Dad" "Not now, Jamie." “来踢足球呀，爸爸。”“现在不行，杰米。”
• It was Yuko who said that, not Richard. 说那话的是尤克，不是李察。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after verbs like 'be afraid', 'hope', 'suspect', etc. in short, negative replies （用于 be afraid， hope， suspect 等动词后构成简略的否定回答）不，没有
• "Is he coming with us?" "I hope not." “他会跟我们一起来吗？”“希望不会。”
• "Have you finished?" "I'm afraid not." “你做完了吗？”“恐怕还没有。”
if not
 IMPROVER
■used to say what the situation will be if something does not happen 如果不是
• I hope to see you there but, if not, I'll call you. 我希望在那里能见到你，如果没有的话，我会给你打电话的。
or not
 IMPROVER
■used to express the possibility that something might not happen （用于表示某事也许不会发生）否，或许不
• Are you going to reply or not? 你会不会回覆？
• I still don't know whether she's coming or not. 我还不知道她是否会来。
■humorous
■sometimes used at the end of a statement to show that you did not mean what you have said （有时用于句末，表示所说非所想）才不是呢
• That was the best meal I've ever had - not! 那是我吃过的最好的一餐——是才怪呢！
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not all that informal
■not very 不太
• I'm not all that keen on swimming. 我并不特别喜欢游泳。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not at all IMPROVER
■used as a polite reply after someone has thanked you （用于对致谢的礼貌回答）别客气
• "Thanks for helping." "Not at all." “谢谢你的帮助。”“别客气。”
 IMPROVER
■used to say 'no' or 'not' strongly （用于表达强烈的否定）一点也不
• "Was he a nuisance?" "No, not at all." “他很招人讨厌吗？”“不，一点也不。”
• I'm not at all happy about it. 我对此一点都不满意。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not be up to much informal
■to not be of good quality 质量不好
• The food wasn't up to much. 吃的可不怎么样。
UK [nɒt] US [nɑ:t] adverb
not that
■used to say you are not suggesting something 并非，并不是说
• She wouldn't tell me how much it cost - not that I was really interested. 她不愿告诉我这花了多少钱——我并不真的想知道。
■used to say you do not think something is important （用于表示认为某事不重要）并非
• Not that I mind, but why didn't you phone yesterday? 虽然我不介意，但你昨天为甚么不打电话？
no, not
这两个词均可表示否定“不，没有”之意。
no: 与not有两点值得特别注意。1.no用作形容词时一般直接置于名词之前。名词前有a, any, much, enough等限定词时，不可用no，应用否定副词not。no修饰名词时，语气强于not。2.作为否定副词no与not都可与形容词比较级连用，但它们所表示的意思不相同。
adv. 不（用于否定句）
 - no, non, n't

Word: he
Front: he
[hi] (中高 15/11 -K5)
Back: pron. 他，它; 一个人
n. 雄性动物
分布：他(44%)，男人(21%)，雄性动物(21%)，任何人(14%)
→来自古英语he,来自ki,指示代词，这里，此处，词源同here,it,hither.后用于阳性第三人称代词，引申词义雄性。
pron.他;(不论性别的)一个人Does he need any help?他需要帮忙吗?
pronoun]strong form hiː / /weak form hi] /i]
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a man, boy or male animal that has already been mentioned 他（用于指代男人、男孩或雄性动物）
• Don't ask Andrew, he won't know. 不要问安德鲁，他不会知道的。
• There's no need to be frightened - he's a very friendly dog. 不必害怕——它是只非常温顺的狗。
 ESSENTIAL slightly old-fashioned
■used to refer to a person whose sex is not known 他（用于指代性别未知的人）
• The modern traveller can go where he likes. 现代旅行者可以去他想去的任何地方。
• As soon as the baby is born he'll start to take an interest in the world around him. 婴儿一出生，就会对他周围的世界产生兴趣。
pronoun]strong form hiː / /weak form hi] /i/
  Common Learner Errors  he (avoiding sexist language) Many people do not like the use of he to refer to a person whose sex is not known, as it seems unfair to women. Instead, they prefer to use they. 'Someone's on the phone.' 'What do they want?' He or she can be used, but this can be repetitive in normal conversation. He/she and s/he are sometimes used in writing, but they is also accepted now, even in formal writing. The same is true of his/their and him/them. Somebody called and left their number. If anybody needs to speak to me, tell them I'll be in the office this afternoon.
noun countable /hiː]
■a male 男性；雄性
• How can you tell whether the fish is a he or a she? 你怎么知道这条鱼是雄的还是雌的？
n. 男孩，男人；它（雄性动物）
 - boy, guy, man, jack, male

Word: this
Front: this
[ðɪs] (中高 20/23 -K5)
Back: pron. 这，这个; 这事，这人; 这时; 下面所说的事
adj. 这，这个; 刚过去的，即将到来的; 今…，本…
adv. 这样地; 就是这样; 这么地
分布：这个(42%)，这(32%)，这么(16%)，这样(10%)
→来自古英语 this,这个，来自 North Sea Germanic*tha-si,这个，来自 to,指示代词，词源同 that,they.-s,在 North Sea Germanic 表限定性后缀。
pron.这(个)a.这(个);今ad.这(样)This way, sir.先生, 这边请.
determiner (plural these)
 ESSENTIAL
■used for a person, object, idea, etc. to show which one is referred to 这，这个
• Can you sign this form here for me? 请你在这表上签个名好吗？
• These books are too heavy for me to carry. 这些书太重了，我拿不动。
• informal We met this girl (= the girl I am going to tell you about) in the hotel. 我们在旅馆里遇到这姑娘。
• This is the one I want. 这就是我要的那个。
• What's this? Is this what you're looking for? 这是甚么？这是你要找的吗？
• What's this I hear about your moving to Scotland? 我听说你要移居苏格兰，是怎么回事？
by this time (also before this)
■already 已经
• I thought you'd have finished by this time. 我以为你这之前已经完成了。
[ðɪs] determiner (plural these)
this and that (also this, that and the other) informal
■various things 各种各样的事情
• "What were you talking about?" "Oh, this and that." “你们刚才在谈论甚么？”“啊，闲聊。”
[ðɪs] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■as much as shown or to a particular degree 这么；这样
• It was only about this high off the ground. 它离地面只有这么高。
• She has never been this late for school before. 她以前上学从没有迟到过这么久。
that, this
that: 指代上文所提到的, I was ill. That's why…
this: 导出下文所要说的
adv. 这样地；这么
 - so much

Word: at
Front: at
[ət] (中高 22/22 -K5)
Back: prep. （表示位置）在; 在（某时间或时刻）; 以，达; 向，朝
n. 阿特（老挝辅币单位，100 阿特 = 1 基普）
分布：向(40%)，在(30%)，达(30%)
→来自PIE *ad, 向，同前缀ad-.
prep.[表示价格,速度等]以,达;在..方面It drives at about 100 kilometers an hour.它以每小时100公里的速度行驶.
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show an exact position or particular place （表示地点或位置）在…里，在…上，在…旁
• We'll meet you at the entrance. 我们会在入口跟你碰头。
• That bit at the beginning of the film was brilliant. 电影开头的那一段精彩极了。
• She's sitting at the table in the corner. 她坐在角落的一张桌子旁。
• She was standing at the top of the stairs. 她在楼梯顶端站着。
• The dog came and lay down at (= next to) my feet. 这只狗走过来趴在我的脚边。
• There's someone at the door (= someone is outside the door and wants to come in). 有人敲门。
• We spent the afternoon at a football match. 我们下午去看了一场足球比赛。
• I'll give you my number at work/home/the office. 我会把我工作单位／家里／办公室的电话号码给你。
• I enjoyed my three years at university. 我在大学渡过了三年美好的时光。
• I rang her but she was at lunch (= away from here, eating her lunch). 我打电话给她，但是她出去吃午饭了。
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show an exact or a particular time （表示确切或某一时间）在…时刻，在…期间，在…岁时
• There's a meeting at 2.30 this afternoon. 今天下午两点半有会议。
• Are you free at lunchtime? 你在午饭时间有空吗？
• In theory, women can still have children at the age of 50. 理论上说，妇女到了50岁仍可能生育。
• The bells ring at regular intervals through the day. 在一天中，这些钟每隔一段时间就会准时鸣响。
• At no time/point did the company do anything illegal. 这间公司从未做过任何违法的事情。
• I'm busy at the moment (= now) - can you call back later? 我现在很忙，你过一会儿再打回来行吗？
• It's a shame I wasn't here to meet you - I was in London at the time (= then). 那次我不在，没有见到你，真可惜呢——那时我在伦敦。
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL
■towards; in the direction of 对着…；朝着…
• She smiled at me. 她对我微笑了一下。
• They waved at us as we drove by. 我们开车经过时，他们向我们挥手。
• She aimed at the target. 她瞄准目标。
• "Look at me! Look at me!" called the little girl. “看看我！看看我！”那个小女孩叫着。
• He's always shouting at the children. 他老是向着孩子们大喊大叫。
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
CAUSE 原因
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the cause of something, especially a feeling （尤指感觉是）由于，因为，作为对…的反应
• We were surprised at the news. 我们听到这个消息很吃惊。
• I was quite excited at the prospect. 想到这种前景，我激动不已。
• Why does no one ever laugh at my jokes? 为甚么我讲了笑话，从来都没有人笑呢？
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
JUDGMENT 评判
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show the activity in which someone's ability is being judged 在…方面
• I was never very good at sports. 我从来都不太擅长体育运动。
• He's very good at getting on with people. 他很善于跟人打交道。
• She's hopeless at organizing things. 她做甚么事情都没有条理，简直不可救药。
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
EMAIL ADDRESS 电子邮件地址
 ESSENTIAL
■the @ symbol that joins the name of a person or a department in an organization to a domain name to make an email address （电子邮件地址中的）符号@
• You can email dictionary@cambridge.org to find out more about this dictionary. 如需了解更多本词典的资讯，请传送电子邮件至 dictionary@cambridge.org 查询。
• "What's your email address?" "It's dictionary at cambridge dot org." “你的电子邮件地址是甚么？” “是 dictionary@cambridge.org。”
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
AMOUNT 数量
 IMPROVER
■used to show a price, temperature, rate, speed, etc. （表示价格、温度、比率、速度等）以，达
• I'm not going to buy those shoes at $150! 那么一双鞋要150美元，我才不会买！
• Inflation is running at 5%. 通货膨胀率达到5%。
• He was driving at 120 mph when the police spotted him. 当员警发现他时，他正以120英里的时速行驶。
■(usually @)
■used in financial records to show the price, rate, etc. of a particular thing or of each of a number of things on a list （用于财务纪录中表示某一项目的价格、比率等的）符号@
preposition] weak form ət / / strong form æt]
CONDITION 状况
 ADVANCED
■used to show a state, condition or continuous activity （表示状态、状况或连续的活动）处于，从事于，忙于
• a country at war 处于战争状态的国家
• children at play 正在玩耍的孩子们
at, on, in
这组词都有“在……”的意思，其区别是：
at: 表地点时，指空间位置上的某一点；表时间时，指在时间上的某一时刻。
on: 表地点时，指某物与另一物表面相接触，或与某地方接壤等；表时间时，指在某一天或某一天的某个时间，尤指在星期几。
in: 表地点时，指在某一立体空间范围内；表时间时，指一段时间或与年、月、季节时间连用。
prep. 在（表示存在或出现的地点、场所、位置、空间）；以（某种价格、速度等）；向；因为；朝；忙于
 - be, towards, unto, out

Word: more
Front: more
[mɔ:(r)] (中 81/74 -K5)
Vocabulary: more
(once / 4 pages)
adjadv
When you want more of something, you don't have enough. This is a comparative word that has to do with addition. It's also the opposite of "less."
When you like something, it's hard not to want more of it. Most people want more money and friends. If you favorite TV show was canceled, you wish there were more episodes. If you're full and someone offers more cake, you could say "No! I can't take any more!" When you see the word more, something is getting greater in size, number, or quality. People who are greedy are constantly screaming "More!"
WORD FAMILY
more
USAGE EXAMPLES
Shinde also oversees a new complaints system, which receives more than 300 messages from frustrated drivers every day.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
At Miami International Airport, thousands of passengers from more than 30 international flights were delayed from entering the country, a spokesman said.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 更，更多; 达到或处于更大的范围或程度; 此外，更加
adj. 更多的; (many)的比较级; 附加的，额外的
pron. 更多的或附加的人或事物
n. 更多; 附加，添加
分布：更多(48%)，更多的(29%)，再(15%)，另外(3%)，更大的(2%)，进一步(2%)，另外的(1%)
→来自古英语mara,更大，更多，更强，更好，来自ma,多的，大的，来自Proto-Germanic*maizo,更加的，*izo,比较级后缀，-er的原型，可能来自mo,辛劳，劳作，词源同mole,morale.
a.更多的n.更多的人(或东西)ad.更,更多You ought to practice more.你应该经常练习.
US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■a larger or extra number or amount 更大（的）；更多（的）
• Would you like some more food? 你想再要些吃的吗？
• The doctors can't cope with any more patients. 医生无法收治更多的病人了。
• Add some more cream to the sauce. 在酱汁里多加点奶油。
• You need to listen more, and talk less! 你需要多听，少说！
• More people live in the capital than in the whole of the rest of the country. 住在首都的人，比住在这个国家其他地区的人的总和还要多。
• We spent more time on the last job than usual. 在上一份工作中我们所花的时间比平时更多。
• The noise was more than I could bear. 我实在无法忍受那种噪音了。
• It was a hundred times more fun than I'd expected. 那比我期待的要有趣百倍。
• She's more of a poet than a novelist. 与其说她是个小说家，不如说她是个诗人。
• Bring as much food as you can - the more, the better. 尽可能多带些食物来，越多越好。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to form the comparative of many adjectives and adverbs （用以构成形容词和副词的比较级）更
• She couldn't be more beautiful. 她非常漂亮。
• Let's find a more sensible way of doing it. 让我们找一个更明智的方法做这件事。
• You couldn't be more wrong. 你大错特错了。
• He finds physics far/much more difficult than other science subjects. 他觉得物理比其他理科学科难得多。
• Play that last section more passionately. 演奏最后那一部分时要更有激情。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize the large size of something （用于强调规模大）更大程度地，更大范围内
• More than 20 000 demonstrators crowded into the square. 两万多名示威者涌进了广场。
more and more
 ESSENTIAL
■increasingly 日益，越来越
• It gets more and more difficult to understand what is going on. 要搞清楚正在发生的事情日益困难。
the more...the more/less ADVANCED
■used to say that when an action or event continues, there will be a particular result 越…越…
• The more he drank, the more violent he became. 他喝得越多，就变得越狂暴。
• The more he insisted he was innocent, the less they seemed to believe him. 他越是坚持自己是无辜的，他们似乎就越不相信他。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
all the more ADVANCED
■even more than before 更加，越发，格外
• Several publishers rejected her book, but that just made her all the more determined. 几个出版商拒绝了出版她的书，但那恰恰使得她更加坚定。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
any more IMPROVER
■If you do not do something or something does not happen any more, you have stopped doing it or it does not now happen （不）再
• I don't do yoga any more. 我不再做瑜伽了。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
couldn't agree/disagree more formal
■If you say that you couldn't agree/disagree more, you mean that you agree/disagree completely. 完全同意／不同意
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
more often than not
■most of the time 往往，多半
• More often than not, a student will come up with the right answer. 学生多半会作出正确的回答。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
more or less ADVANCED
■mostly 主要；大体
• The project was more or less a success. 这项计划大致上成功。
 ADVANCED
■approximately 大约
• It's 500 kilos, more or less. 这大约有500公斤。
 ADVANCED
■very nearly 几乎，差不多
• He more or less admitted he'd done it. 他差不多算是承认了是他做的。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
more than
■very 非常，极其
• It's more than likely that there's oil here under the ground. 这里的地下很可能有石油。
• I was more than a little (= I was very) curious about the whole business. 我对整件事非常好奇。
• formal We will be more than glad/happy/willing to help you in any way we can. 我们会很高兴／乐意／愿意尽我们所能来帮助你。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
the more the merrier
■used to say an occasion will be more enjoyable if a lot of people are there 人越多越有意思
• "Do you mind if I bring a couple of friends to your party?" "Not at all - the more the merrier!" “你介意我带几个朋友来参加你的聚会吗？”“当然不会，人越多越有意思！”
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
not/no more than
■used to emphasize how small an amount is 最多，不超过，仅仅
• There are beautiful mountains not more than ten minutes' drive away. 开车不过十分钟，就能看见峻秀的山峦。
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
That's more like it! informal
■used to show that you think something or someone has improved 那样好多了！这才像话！
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
  Common Learner Errors  moreWarning: do not use more before the -er form of an adjective. Don't say 'more happier/easier/better', just say happier/easier/better :
✗ Having a computer at home would make my life more easier.
UK [mɔ:r] US [mɔ:r] determiner pronoun adverb
  Common Learner Errors  more The opposite of more is fewer for countable nouns and less for uncountable nouns. He takes more exercise now. He takes less exercise now. He smokes fewer cigarettes.
adv. 更多；此外；更大程度地
 - furthermore, again, besides, then, additionally
adj. 更多的；附加的
 - additional, added, attached, plus, second
n. 更多
 - mehr

Word: their
Front: their
[ðeə(r)] (中高 36/36 -K5)
Back: pron. 他（她，它）们的; 在提及性别不详的人时，用以代替 him 或 her
分布：他们的(69%)，它们的(19%)，她们的(12%)
→来自 they,他们，-r,所有格后缀，字母 y 音变为 i.
pron..[they的所有格]他(她,它)们的Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
US [ðer] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■of or belonging to them 他们的；她们的；它们的
• He gave them their coats. 他把他们的外衣交给了他们。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to one person in order to avoid saying 'his or her' ﹙用来指某个人，以代替 his 或 her﹚
• One of the students has left their book behind. 有个学生遗忘了一本书。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] determiner
  Common Learner Errors  their or there? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.

Word: they
Front: they
[ðeɪ] (中高 21/18 -K5)
Back: pron. 他/她/它们; 人们，大家; 政府，当局; 她们
分布：他们(100%)
→来自中古英语 they,thei,来自古诺斯语 their,来自 Proto-Germanic*thai,复数指示代词，那些的， 来自 to,指示代词，词源同 this,that.
pron.他们,它们They do least who talk most.话最多的人所做最少.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used as the subject of a verb to refer to people, animals or things already mentioned or, more generally, to a group of people not clearly described （作主语）他们，她们，它们
• I've known the Browns for a long time. They're very pleasant people. 我认识布朗一家已经很久了。他们都很友善。
• Where are my glasses? They were on the table just now. 我的眼镜哪里去了？刚才还在桌子上。
• They (= People who know) say things will be better in the new year. 据说新的一年情况会好转。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to avoid saying 'he or she' ﹙用于代替 he 或 she﹚他／她
• "There's someone on the phone for you." "What do they want?" “有人给你打电话。”“他／她有甚么事？”

Word: his
Front: his
[hɪz] (中高 25/25 -K5)
Back: pron. (he的所有格)他的; (he的物主代词)他的东西
det. 属于他的，用于名词前; 自己的; 指某人的; 上帝的
分布：他的(100%)
→来自古英语his,他的，它的，来自Proto-Germanic*hiz,这个，来自ke,这个，这里，词源同here,he.
pron.[he的所有格/物主代词]他的(所有物)This book is his, not yours.这本书是他的,不是你的.
determiner pronoun
MALE 阳性
 ESSENTIAL
■(something) belonging to or connected with a man, boy or male animal that has just been mentioned 他的；它的
• "Jo's got a new boyfriend." "Oh really? What's his name?" ｢乔交了个新男友。｣｢哦，真的吗？他叫甚么名字？｣
• Mark just phoned to say he'd left his coat behind. Do you know if this is his? 马克刚才打电话来说他的外套丢了。你知道这件是不是他的？
• formal Did Chris tell you about his winning some money in the lottery? 克里斯告诉你他买彩券中奖了吗？
his own
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with a particular man or boy and no one else 他自己的
• He got his very own computer for Christmas. 他得到一台属于他自己的电脑作为圣诞礼物。
[hɪz] determiner pronoun
FEMALE OR MALE 阴性或阳性
■(something) belonging to or connected with a person or animal that has just been mentioned and whose sex is not known or not considered to be important 他的（指刚提过的人或动物，其性别不详或并不重要）
• Anyone who drives his car at 100 miles an hour is asking for trouble. 任何开车时速达到100英里的人都是在自找麻烦。
• What a lovely dog! What's his name? 这只狗真可爱！它叫甚么名字？

Word: economist
Front: economist
[ɪˈkɒnəmɪst] (2994/4224)
Vocabulary: economist
(once / 353 pages)
n
The word economist is close economics, which is the science of money. An economist is a person who practices that science.
If your economics course isn't being taught by an economist, the chances are you should switch sections. In the 16th century, the word was used to describe the person who managed the household, which certainly explains courses in "home economics." But the current meaning of economist — a person who studies the flow of cash and credit between people, institutions, banks, etc. — first developed during the 18th century. Perhaps that's no surprise either, as that's when the global economy truly became, well, global.
WORD FAMILY
economist: economists+/ economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/ economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize /uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Businesses simply haven’t adjusted to a world of low interest rates,” said Paul Ashworth, chief North American economist for Capital Economics Ltd., a research firm.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Later that morning, at 10, the Commerce Department will report on factory orders in November, with economists looking for a decline of 2.6 percent.
New York Times(Jan 01, 2017)
“It’s clear that there’s been a bounce in sentiment since the election,” said Mark Zandi, chief economist for Moody’s Analytics.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 31, 2016)
Back: n. 经济学家，经济专家
分布：经济学家(100%)
US [-'kɑ:.nə-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who studies or has a special knowledge of economics 经济学家
n. [经] 经济学者；节俭的人
 - saver

Word: year
Front: year
[jɪə(r)] (中高 54/56 -K5)
Back: n. 年; 年纪; 一年的期间; 某年级的学生
分布：年(93%)，年度(4%)，学年(2%)，年龄(1%)
→来自yer,季节，年，时间，词源同hour,horoscope,horology,horoscope,可能来自ei,走，离开，做，词源同ire（拉丁语，走，离开）,itinerary,由走动引申词义时间的循环，小时，季节，年，而hour和year在本质上都是指时间，词义只是人为赋予的结果。
n.年,年度,学年a./ad.每年,一年一次Next year the bearded bear will bear a dear baby in the rear.明年,长胡子的熊将在后方产一头可爱的小崽.
US [jɪr] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a period of twelve months, especially from January 1st to December 31st 年，年份，（尤指一月一日至十二月三十一日间的）一年时间
• Annette worked in Italy for two years. 安妮特在义大利工作了两年。
• 1988 was one of the worst years of my life. 1988年是我生命中最糟糕的其中一年。
• We went to Egypt on holiday last year. 我们去年到埃及渡假。
• At this time of year the beaches are almost deserted. 一年之中的这个时候，海滩几乎空寂无人。
• This species keeps its leaves all (the) year (round)(= through the year). 这品种常年不落叶。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a period of twelve months relating to a particular activity （与某一活动有关的）一年，年度
• The financial/tax year begins in April. 财政／纳税年度从四月份开始。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the part of the year, in a school or university, during which courses are taught 学年
• the academic/school year 学年
• She's now in her final/first/second year at Manchester University. 她眼下在曼彻斯特大学读毕业班／一年级／二年级。
countable + singular or plural verb UK
■a group of students who start school, college, university or a course together 年级
• Kathy was in the year above me at college. 上大学时凯西比我高一届。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
for a man/woman/person of his/her years
■considering how old someone is 就他／她的年龄而言
• He dances well for a man of his years. 就他这个年龄的人来说，他跳舞跳得相当好了。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
for years ADVANCED
■for a long time 很久，好长时间
• Roz and I have been going there for years. 罗兹和我多年来常到那里。
(also in years)
■since a long time ago 很久以来
• I haven't seen my uncle for/in years. 我很长时间没见到我舅舅了。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
from / since the year dot UK (US from/since the year one) informal
■for an extremely long time 很长时间
• He's been in the local pantomime since the year dot. 他很长时间以来一直在本地从事哑剧表演。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
in/through all the years
■during the whole of a stated period of time 自始至终
• I've never once seen her angry in all the years I've known her. 我认识她这么多年，从来没见她生气过。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
of the year
■A thing or person of the year is one that has been chosen as the best in a particular year, especially in a competition （尤指竞赛中）年度最佳…
• Young Musician of the Year 本年度最杰出的青年音乐家
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
put years on sb
■If something puts years on a person, it makes them appear much older 使（某人）显得苍老
• Being tired and unhappy puts years on you. 疲劳和忧郁会使你显得苍老。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
take years off sb
■If something takes years off a person, it makes them appear or feel much younger 使某人显得年轻；使某人觉得年轻
• "Have you seen James without his beard?" "I know - it takes years off him!" “你见过詹姆斯不留胡子的样子吗？”“我知道──那样令他看起来年轻好几岁！”
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
year in year out
■every year, especially in a way that seems boring （尤指单调沉闷地）年复一年，年年
• We go to Mike's parents every summer - it's the same thing year in year out. 我们每年夏天都去麦克的父母家——年年如此。
UK [jɪər] US [jɪr] noun
  Common Learner Errors  yearRemember: After a number greater than 1, don't say 'year', say years :
✗ I spent two year in London studying English. I spent two years in London studying English.
n. [天] 年；年度；历年
 - annum

Word: will
Front: will
[wɪl] (中高 48/31 -K4)
Vocabulary: will
(once / 2 pages)
nv
Will means to want or to choose. If you have free will, you are allowed to choose what you want. If you make a will, you've write down what you want to have happen to your money and your stuff.
You may have heard the expression, "Where there's a will, there's a way." It means that if you want something enough, you'll find a way to make it happen. If you impose your will on someone else, you're making them do what you want, as opposed to what they want. If you are willful, you are impulsive and always do what you want. If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen just by the force of your wanting it to––you might will a car to keep running, even as the gas needle sits at empty.
WORD FAMILY
will: self-will, wilful, willed, willful, willing, wills, would+/unwilling: unwillingest, unwillingly, unwillingness/unwillingness: unwillingnesses/wilful: wilfuler, wilfulest, wilfulness/wilfulness: wilfulnesses/willed: self-willed, unwilled/ willful: willfully, willfulness/willing: unwilling, willinger, willingest, willingly, willingness, willings/ willingness: willingnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newly elected Congress meets later and the full House will vote on the proposed new rules.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Leaving the UK, Obama visits Turkey where he says: “The United States is not, and will never be, at war with Islam.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Perhaps history will be kinder to Obama’s economic legacy than US voters.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 愿意; 意志（力）; [法]遗嘱
vt. 决心要; 将（财产等）遗赠某人; 用意志力驱使（某事发生）
vi. 愿意， 希望， 想要
aux. 将，将会; 会，要
时态：willed, willing, wills
分布：将(72%)，愿意(7%)，必须(5%)，意志(5%)，决心(5%)，遗嘱(4%)，规定(1%)，愿望(1%)
→来自wel,希望，意愿，词源同volunteer,voluptuous.用于法律名词遗嘱。
aux./v.将;会;愿意n.意志;决心;愿望He will be forty on his next birthday.到下次生日, 他就四十岁了.
modal verb
FUTURE 将来
 ESSENTIAL (also 'll)
■used to talk about what is going to happen in the future, especially things that you are certain about or things that are planned 将，将要
• Clare will be five years old next month. 下个月克莱尔就五岁了。
• The train leaves at 8.58, so we'll be in Scotland by lunchtime. 火车8：58发车，所以我们中午前就能到苏格兰了。
• I'll see him tomorrow./I'll be seeing him tomorrow. 我明天要见他。
• Will Susie be there? 苏茜会去吗？
• It won't be easy to find another secretary. 再找一位秘书可不容易。
• There'll be trouble when she finds out. 她要是发现了就麻烦了。
  Common Learner Errors  willWill is usually followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'will did something', say will do something
✗ A special bus will collected you from the airport. A special bus will collect you from the airport.
[wɪl] modal verb
ABLE/WILLING 能／愿意
 ESSENTIAL (also 'll)
■used to talk about what someone or something is able or willing to do 能；愿意
• I'll give you a lift. 我用车顺便送你一下。
• Ask Ian if he'll take them. 问问伊安是否会带上他们。
• I've asked her but she won't come. 我问过她了，可她不愿来。
• The car won't start. 汽车发动不了。
• This quantity of lasagne will feed six people. 这些义大利千层面够六个人吃。
[wɪl] modal verb
REQUEST 请求
 ESSENTIAL
■used to ask someone to do something （用于要求别人做某事）
• Will you give me her address? 你能不能给我她的地址？
• Will you give that to Tony when you see him, please? 你能不能在见到托尼的时候，把这个转交给他？
 ESSENTIAL (also 'll)
■used as a polite way of inviting someone to do something, or of offering someone something （用于礼貌地提出邀请或提供某物）
• Will you join us for a drink, Evie? 要不要来喝一杯，埃薇？
• Will you come in for a while? 进来一会儿好吗？
• You'll have some cake, won't you, Charles? 查理斯，你要不要吃些蛋糕？
[wɪl] modal verb
IF 假如
 ESSENTIAL (also 'll)
■used in conditional sentences that start with 'if' and use the present tense （用于以 if 开头的条件句中）
• If he's late again, I'll be very angry. 要是他再迟到的话，我会很生气。
• I'll wait with Christopher if his mother isn't here when you go. 你走的时候，如果克里斯多福的妈妈还不来的话，我就陪他一起等。
[wɪl] modal verb
LIKELY 可能
 IMPROVER (also 'll)
■used to refer to what is likely 可能，大概
• That'll be Scott at the door. 敲门的可能是斯科特。
• That'll be his mother with him. 可能是他妈妈和他在一起。
• As you will all probably already know, election day is next week. 你们可能已经全都知道了，选举定在下星期。
[wɪl] modal verb
ORDER 命令
 IMPROVER (also 'll)
■used when angry to tell someone to do something （表示生气地命令某人）
• Will you stop being such a pain! 你能不能别那么讨厌！
• You'll go upstairs and you'll go straight to bed like your father told you! 你应该听你爸爸的话，上楼睡觉去。
[wɪl] modal verb
ALWAYS 总是
 ADVANCED (also 'll)
■used when referring to something that always or usually happens 总是；一直
• Accidents will happen. 事故总是会发生的。
• Fruit will keep longer in the fridge. 水果放在冰箱里保存的时间会更长。
• The product with the better-known brand name will always sell better. 名牌商品的销量总会好一些。
• She's 85 now, but she will insist on doing all her own housework. 她已经85岁了，但她还是一直坚持自己做家务。
[wɪl] modal verb
will have
■used to refer back to the past from a point in the future （用来构成将来完成时）
• By the time we get there, Jim will have left. 等我们到达那里时，吉姆就走了。
[wɪl] noun
MENTAL POWER 精神力量
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the mental power used to control and direct your thoughts and actions, or a determination to do something, despite any difficulties or opposition 意志；毅力；决心
• From an early age she had a very strong will. 从很小时起，她就有坚强的意志。
• [+ to infinitive] After six months in hospital she began to lose the will to live (= the desire and determination to stay alive). 住院六个月后，她开始失去活下去的勇气。
 IMPROVER only singular
■what someone wants to happen 意愿；心愿；希望
• It was God's will. 这是上帝的意愿。
• Against their will (= Although they did not want to) , they were forced to hold a meeting. 他们被迫违背自己的意愿，召开了一次会议。
• The government has failed to impose its will upon regional communities (= to make them do as it wants). 政府没能将自己的意愿强加给地方。
⇒ See also free will
[wɪl] noun
DOCUMENT 文件
 ADVANCED countable
■an official statement of what a person has decided should be done with their money and property after their death 遗嘱
• Have you made a will yet? 你立遗嘱了吗？
• She left me some money in her will. 她在遗嘱中留给我一些钱。
[wɪl] noun
at will
■If you can do something at will, you can do it any time you want 随心所欲地；自如地
• He can cry at will. 他想哭就能哭出来。
[wɪl] noun
Where there's a will there's a way. saying
■used to mean that if you are determined enough, you can find a way to achieve what you want, even if it is very difficult 有志者事竟成。
[wɪl] noun
with a will old-fashioned
■with energy and determination 充满干劲地；坚定地
• They worked with a will and had cleared the path by 10.00 a.m. 他们起劲地做，上午十点之前就把小路清理出来了。
[wɪl] verb
MAKE HAPPEN 决意
[+ obj + to infinitive]
■If you will something to happen, you try to make it happen by the power of your thoughts 设法用意志力驱使；决意
• [R] She willed herself to remember his name. 她努力记住他的名字。
intransitive or transitive formal
■to want something 想要；渴望
• Stay or go, as you will. 留还是走，随你自己选。
[wɪl] verb
LEAVE 离世
transitive
■to arrange to give money or property to others after your death 遗赠
n. 意志；情感； [法] 遗嘱；意图；心愿
 - emotion, intention, purpose, meaning, wish
vt. 决心要；遗赠；用意志力使
 - bequeath
vi. 愿意；下决心
 - prefer, decide

Word: which
Front: which
[wɪtʃ] (中高 58/28 -K5)
Back: pron. 哪一个; 哪一些; 哪个; 那，指前面提到的事物
adj. 哪一个; 哪一些
分布：哪一个(45%)，哪一些(37%)，哪些(18%)
→来自古英语hwi-lic,什么样的，hwi,什么，词源同what,lic,样子，物体，词源同like。引申词义哪一个，哪一件。
a./pron.哪个,哪些;什么样的;那个,那些The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
determiner pronoun
QUESTION 问题
 ESSENTIAL
■(used in questions and structures in which there is a fixed or limited set of answers or possibilities) what one or ones （用于答案数目固定或有限的问题中）哪个；哪些
• Which party would you prefer to go to - Anna's or Ian's ? 你更想去哪个聚会——安娜的还是伊恩的？
• Which doctor did you see - Sewards? 你看的是哪一位医生——西沃兹医生吗？
• Which time suits you better - 12.30 or one o'clock? 哪个时间你更方便——12点半还是1点？
• "Jacinta was there with her boyfriend." "Which one? She's got several." “哈辛塔和她的男朋友在那边。”“哪个男朋友？她有好几个。”
• Which is mine? The smaller one? 哪个是我的？小一点的这个？
• See if you can guess which one is me in my old school photo. 看看你能否看出上学时的老照片中哪个是我。
• It's either Spanish or Portuguese that she speaks, but I've forgotten which. 她说的要么是西班牙语，要么是葡萄牙语，我忘了是哪一种了。
• Which of the desserts did you have? 你吃的是哪一种甜品？
• Which of your parents do you feel closer to? 你觉得跟父母哪一方更亲近？
  Common Learner Errors  which or what? Warning: choose the correct pronoun! 'Which' is used when the question is about a choice between a limited number of things: Which is your favourite subject - maths or geography? If the question is about a choice between a number of things that is not known or mentioned, don't say 'which', say what
✗ Which is your favourite subject? What is your favourite subject?
[wɪtʃ] determiner pronoun
ADDS INFORMATION 补充资讯
 ESSENTIAL
■used to add extra information to a previous clause, in writing usually after a comma （用于为前面的从句补充额外资讯，书面英语中通常用于逗号之后）那个，那些，那种情况
• That bar on Milton Street, which by the way is very nice, is owned by Trevor's brother. 米尔顿大街上的那家酒吧，顺便提一句那里非常棒，是特雷弗的哥哥开的。
• She says it's Charlotte's fault, which is rubbish, and that she blames her. 她说那是夏洛特的错，真是一派胡言，竟然还责怪她。
• Anyway, that evening, which I'll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel's place. 总之，那天夜里我住在了雷切尔那里，我以后会告诉你更多那天晚上的事。
• It's the third in a sequence of three books, the first of which I really enjoyed. 这是那套系列书里的第三本，该系列共有三本，我非常喜欢其中的第一本。
• He showed me round the town, which was very kind of him. 他带我参观了这个城镇，他真是太好了。
• The picking of the fruit, for which work they receive no money, takes about a week. 采摘水果，这项工作没有工资，大约花一周时间。
[wɪtʃ] determiner pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  whichWarning: Check your spelling! Which is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'h' after 'w'.
[wɪtʃ] pronoun
USED TO REFER 用于提及
 ESSENTIAL
■used as the subject or object of a verb to show what thing or things you are referring to, or to add information about the thing just mentioned. It is usually used for things, not people （用作动词的主语或受词，指代所提及的事物，或为刚提到的事物补充资讯，通常不用于指人）
• These are principles which we all believe in. 这些是我们所有人都坚信的原则。
• You know that little Italian restaurant - the one which I mentioned in my letter? 你知道那家义大利小餐馆——就是我在信里提到过的那家？
• Is that the film in which he kills his mother? 这是那部他杀死了自己妈妈的电影吗？
• The death of his son was an experience from which he never fully recovered. 他再也不能从儿子死亡的打击中完全恢复过来。
• It isn't a subject to which I devote a great deal of thought. 这不是个让我花费很多心思去思考的问题。
[wɪtʃ] pronoun
which is which
■used in expressions that relate to being able to see the difference between two very similar things or people 哪个是哪个（用于区分两个相似的人或物时）
• For the first few months the babies looked so alike I couldn't tell which was which. 头几个月里，婴儿长得都很像，以至于我分不清哪个是哪个。
[wɪtʃ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  which or who? Warning : choose the correct pronoun! 'Which' is usually used for things, not people. To add information about the person or people just mentioned, don't say 'which', say who : I met a girl called Marcia who had just finished college.
which, what
which: 在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
what: 的选择基础是无限制的,

Word: all
Front: all
[ɔ:l] (中高雅 43/39 -K5)
Vocabulary: all
(once / 2 pages)
advadj
When you say “I wouldn't do it for all the tea in China!” you are talking about every single leaf of tea in the entire country of China. That's a lot of tea.
When you talk about all of one thing, you mean the whole thing. When Shakespeare writes, in As You Like It, “All the world's a stage,” he means the whole world. When I ask, “Did you eat all of the pie?” I mean, “Is there a piece left for me?”. If you are "all upset" about something, you are very upset; what's upset you has got a hold of you. Would some pie cheer you up?
WORD FAMILY
all: aller, alls
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was all Gators after that, but Beathard insisted on staying on the field.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Open last September, withdrawing from all tennis to deal with a persistent shoulder injury.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Instead of mini-moneymakers, though, the entire campus — potholed parking lots and all — needs anchors.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全部的; 一切的; 各种的; 极度的，尽量的
pron. 全部; 一切; 每个人，每件东西; 全部情况
adv. 全部地; 完全地; 每个; 非常
n. 全体; [常作A-]整体; [常与my, your, his, her等连用]（某人）所有的一切
分布：全部(37%)，全部的(17%)，一切(17%)，所有的(11%)，非常(8%)，完全(8%)，都(2%)
→词源不详。
a.全部的;非常的ad.完全地,很pron.全部Everything seems to be all right.一切看来都很好.
US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■every one (of), or the complete amount or number (of), or the whole (of) 每一个；全部，全体；所有
• All animals have to eat in order to live. 所有动物都必须吃东西才能生存。
• She's got four children, all under the age of five. 她有四个孩子，都不到五岁。
• The cast all lined up on stage to take their bow. 全体演员都在台上站成一排向观众鞠躬。
• Have you drunk all (of) the milk? 你把牛奶都喝光了？
• Have you drunk it all? 你把它全喝光了？
• All the eggs got broken. 鸡蛋都破了。
• Now the money's all mine! 现在钱全都是我的了！
• All my friends agree. 我的朋友全都同意。
• I've been trying all day/week to contact you. 整整一天／星期我都在设法联络你。
• She had £2000 under the bed and the thieves took it all. 她把2000英镑藏在床下，贼把钱全都偷走了。
• I had to use all my powers of persuasion to get her to agree. 我不得不使出浑身解数劝她同意。
• Remember all that trouble we had with the police last year? 去年我们跟员警闹出那么一堆麻烦事，你不记得啦？
• So long as he's happy - that's all that matters (= the most important thing). 只要他幸福就好了——那是最重要的。
• All (= The only thing) I need is a roof over my head and a decent meal. 我需要的不过是一个栖身之所和一顿饱饭。
• The judge cleared the court of all but (= everyone except) herself and the witness. 法官命令所有人离开法庭，只留下她自己和证人。
• Why do you get so angry with me all the time (= very often) ? 你为甚么老是对我怒气冲冲的？
• It's very kind of you to come all the way to meet me. 你这么大老远赶来接我，真是太感谢了。
all in all
■considering all the different parts of the situation together 总的来说，从各方面来说；总之
• All in all, I think you've done very well. 总而言之，我觉得你做得很不错。
all the... you have
■the only and small amount or number of something you have 仅有的…；唯一的…
• Her parents died when she was a baby, so I was all the family she ever had. 她尚在繦褓之中的时候双亲就过世了，因此我是她唯一的亲人。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
All good things (must) come to an end. saying
■said when you accept that even enjoyable experiences cannot last forever 天下无不散的筵席
• It's been a fantastic couple of weeks but all good things must come to an end. 这几个星期过得真好，但千好万好总有终。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
all of sth
■used to emphasize the amount or number of something, usually when something is small in a disappointing or unusual way （通常用于强调数量很少）总共才…，都算上才…
• In the last two years the book has sold all of 200 copies. 过去的两年里，这书总共才卖了200本。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
be all (that) you can do informal
■If it is all (that) you can do to do something, you are trying very hard to do it and it is difficult 尽己所能；咬牙苦撑
• This is so boring, it's all I can do to stay awake. 这太乏味了，我咬牙苦撑才不至于睡着。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
That's all I/you/we need!
■used when something bad has happened to make a situation that is already difficult worse （使情况更糟的坏事发生时说的反话）好，就差那个了！怕甚么来甚么！
• And now it's raining - that's all I need! 现在又下雨了——该遇上的全都遇上了！
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  allWarning: check your word order! All usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. We all enjoy learning English. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , often usually goes directly after it:
✗ We all are excited about your visit. We are all excited about your visit.
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  all Warning: check your word order! All usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do all something', say all do something :
✗ The students need all to do more exercise. The students all need to do more exercise. All can also go before the subject of the sentence: All the students need to do more exercise. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , all usually goes directly after it:
✗ The students all are too lazy. The students are all too lazy.
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] determiner predeterminer pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  all or everything? Warning: choose the correct pronoun! All is usually used to mean 'everything' only before a relative clause: I told him all that I could remember. When using a pronoun to refer to all things, don't say 'all' say everything :
✗ My English is good but I don't understand all. My English is good but I don't understand everything.
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■completely 完全地
• The cake was all eaten last night. 昨晚蛋糕全都吃完了。
• The downstairs rooms were painted all in greens and blues. 楼下的房间全都粉刷成了绿色和蓝色。
• The baby got food all over her dress. 宝宝弄得身上都是饭。
• Don't let her get you all upset. 不要因为她的缘故而伤心烦恼。
• She's been all over town looking for you. 她跑遍全城到处找你。
• I've been hearing all about your weekend! 你周末发生的事我全都听说了！
• We had a difficult time but it's all over now. 有段日子我们确实过得很艰难，但是现在一切都过去了。
• The Princess lived all alone/by her self in the middle of the forest. 公主一个人孤零零地住在森林深处。
■used after a number to mean that both teams or players in a game have equal points （指比赛双方分数相同）…平
• The score at half-time was still four all. 到中场时，比分仍然是4平。
all but
■almost 几乎，差不多
• The game was all but over by the time we arrived. 我们到那里时，比赛差不多要结束了。
■2. I'd all but given up on you.
■all round UK (US all around)
■in every way 全面地，在各方面
• It was a ghastly business all round. 从哪方面说这都是笔极其糟糕的生意。
• It's been a good day all around. 这一天过得真好，十全十美。
all the better/stronger/richer/more exciting, etc.
■even or much better, stronger, richer, etc. 更好，更强，更加富足
• She felt all the better for the drink. 喝下饮料后她感觉好多了。
• I've lost ten kilos in weight and I feel all the fitter for it. 我已经减了十公斤，现在感觉身体更健康了。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
be all in
■If you say that you are all in, you mean that you are very tired and unable to do anything more. 筋疲力尽；疲乏到极点
• I'm going home now - I'm all in. 我已经筋疲力尽了，现在要回家了。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
be sb all over informal
■to be the typical behaviour of a particular person 正是（某人的）行事方式；（某人）就是这样
• She's always talking - that's Claire all over. 她总是说个不停——克莱尔就是这样的。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
be all go UK
■If a situation or place is all go, it is extremely busy 忙得要命；事情特别多
• It was all go in town today. 今天城里特别热闹。
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
be not all there informal
■to be slightly stupid or strange 有点愚蠢，缺心眼儿；脑筋不大正常
UK [ɔ:l] US [ɑ:l] adverb
go all out
■to put all your energy or enthusiasm into what you are doing 全力以赴，竭尽全力
• The team went all out for a win. 球队全力以赴，志在必得。
total, entire, gross, full, complete, whole, all
这组词都有“完整的，全部的，整个的”的意思，其区别是：
total: 与complete用法相近，但强调总量。
entire: 除了有whole的意思外，还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。
gross: 侧重指未打折扣，未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。
full: 侧重指内容，含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。
complete: 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整，已达标准。
whole: 比entire更普通，强调每个组成部分都包括在内，无一漏掉或舍去。
all: 有时可与whole, entire和total换用。
adj. 全部的
 - entire, overall, total
adv. 全然地；越发
 - utterly, sheerly
n. 全部
 - full, entirety, allness

Word: say
Front: say
[seɪ] (中高雅 19/32 -K5)
Vocabulary: say
(once / 2 pages)
1vn 2v
To have your say means to get an opportunity to deliver your opinion on something. If you're at a loud and hostile town council meeting, you might not get a chance to have your say unless you shout it.
Say means to speak, so any time you utter a word, you're saying it. If you write an editorial about dogs in the paper, that's also a form of saying. Someone could quote you as saying "dogs should be worshipped." You can say something with your body language, too. Like most common words, say is very old, coming from the Old English sęcgan, meaning "to tell."
WORD FAMILY
say: said, saying, says, unsay+/ said: saidest, unsaid/ saying: sayings/unsay: unsaying, unsays
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I felt great,” White said before glancing down at his right arm.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Several media reports said the man was believed to be from a Central Asian nation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators say Gratton confronted the two men and shot them in the roadway.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vi. 说， 讲; 表明，宣称; 假设; 约莫
vt. 表明; 念; 说明; 比方说
n. 发言权; 说话; 要说的话; 发言权
时态：said, saying, says
分布：说(88%)，讲(5%)，比如说(2%)，发言权(2%)，表明(2%)，意见(1%)
→来自古英语 secgan,说，告知，来自 Proto-Germanic*sagjanan,说，告知，来自 sekw,说， 告知，词源同 saga,saw.引申诸相关词义。
vt.说,讲;说明;比如说vi.说,发表意见Say your say.把想说的都说出来.
verb (said, said)
SPEAK 说话
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to pronounce words or sounds, to express a thought, opinion, or suggestion, or to state a fact or instruction 说；讲；陈述；表达；说明
• Small children find it difficult to say long words. 小孩子觉得长字不好说。
• She said goodbye to all her friends and left. 她跟所有的朋友道别后就离开了。
• Ben never forgets to say "Please" and "Thank you". 班从来不忘说“请”和“谢谢”。
• How do you say 'goodbye' in French? “法语里的‘再见’怎么说？”
• I'm sorry, what did you say? 对不起，你刚才说甚么？
• Do you know what she said to him? 你知道她对他说了甚么吗？
• What did they say about the house? 关于这栋房子他们怎么说？
• [+ speech] "I'm going out this evening, " she said. “今晚我要出去，”她说。
• [+ (that)] The doctors say (that) it will take him a few weeks to recover. 医生说他需要几周时间才能康复。
• [+ question word] She didn't say wh ether she was coming. 她没说她要不要来。
• Did she say (= tell you) wh y she wasn't coming? 她有告诉你为甚么不来了吗？
• [+ to infinitive] informal He said (= told me) to meet him here. 他说（叫我）在这里和他见面。
• I've got something to say to you. 我有些事要跟你讲。
• The offer was so good that I couldn't say no (= couldn't refuse). 这个价格太令人满意了，我无法拒绝。
  Common Learner Errors  say or tell? When talking about the truth, lies, jokes, news, stories or secrets, don't use 'say', use tell :
✗ I knew that he was saying the truth.
✗ Dave is always saying jokes and funny stories.
✗ I have some fantastic news to say you.
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
THINK 认为
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to think or believe 认为；相信
• [+ (that)] People/They say (that) he's over 100. 据说他已经100多岁了。
• "It's going to be a very hot summer." " So they say (= That is what people believe)." “今年夏天会很热。”“大家都这么说。”
• She is a firm leader, too firm, some might say (= some people believe that she is too firm). 她是一个严格的队长，有人可能会认为她太严格了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give (as) an opinion or suggestion about something 发表意见；表达观点
• "Who do you think will get the job?" "I'd rather not say." “你认为谁会得到这份工作?”“我宁愿不发表意见。”
• What are you saying, exactly (= What do you mean) ? 你到底是甚么意思？
• [+ (that)] We've been driving all day - I say (that) we start looking for a hotel now. 我们已经开了一整天车——我觉得我们现在应该找一家旅馆了。
• informal What do you say we (= What do you think about the idea that we should) sell the car? 你觉得我们把车卖了怎么样？
transitive
■to show what you think without using words 表明；表现；显示
• [+ (that)] The look on his face said (= showed) (that) he knew what had happened. 他脸上的表情说明他知道发生了甚么事情。
transitive always passive
■When something or someone is said to be a particular thing, that is what people think or believe about them 据说，据信
• [+ (that)] It is said (that) Latin is a difficult language to learn. 据说拉丁语是一种很难学的语言。
• [+ to be + noun/adj] He's said to be over 100. 据说他100多岁了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
GIVE INFORMATION 提供资讯
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give information in writing, numbers or signs 说明；指示
• My watch says 3 o'clock. 我的表是三点钟。
• Can you read what that notice says? 你看得清楚公告吗？
• [+ (that)] It says in the paper (that) they've found the man who did it. 报上说他们找到了做那件事的人。
• [+ to infinitive] It says on the bottle to take three tablets a day. 瓶上标签上写着一日服用三片。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
before you can say Jack Robinson old-fashioned informal
■used to say that something happens very quickly 转瞬间，一眨眼
• Before you could say Jack Robinson, she'd jumped into the car and driven away. 一眨眼的功夫，她已经跳上汽车开走了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
does what it says on the tin UK informal
■If something does what it says on the tin, it does exactly what it is intended to do 说到做到，实际功能（或服务等）与声称的相符
• The hotel does exactly what it says on the tin and offers customers a relaxing break. 这家饭店果然能兑现承诺，让客人轻轻松松地享受假期。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
have a lot to say for yourself informal disapproving
■to talk too much and seem to have a high opinion of yourself 自吹自擂
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
have nothing to say for yourself informal
■to not be willing to take part in conversations or express your opinions 不愿交谈，不愿表态
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
having said that
■despite what has just been said 尽管如此，话说回来
• He forgets most things, but having said that, he always remembers my birthday. 他很健忘，不过，他一直记得我的生日。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I must say
■I must admit 我必须说，我不得不承认
• I must say, I don't think much of her dress. 我不得不承认，我认为她的穿着不怎么样。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I wouldn't say no informal
■used to say that you would like something that is offered to you （表示想要某物）好的
• "Would you like another drink?" "I wouldn't say no." “再来一杯吗？”“好吧。”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
I'll say! informal
■used to show that you agree very strongly with what has been said 当然！的确如此！
• "Does he eat a lot?" "I'll say!" “他吃得很多吗？”“当然！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
it goes without saying
■used to mean that something is obvious 不言而喻，不证自明，不用说
• Of course, it goes without saying that you'll be paid for the extra hours you work. 当然，不用说，你加班是有报酬的。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
it says a lot for sb/sth
■used to show how determined someone or something is 很能说明决心（用于表达某人或某物如何坚定）
• It says a lot for her determination that she practises her cello so often. 她如此频繁地练习大提琴，可见得她的确下定了决心。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
not say boo US informal
■to say nothing 甚么也没说，一言未发
• You didn't say boo to me about going to your mother's this weekend. 你从没和我提起过这个周末要去看你母亲的事情。
US (UK not say boo to a goose) informal
■to be very nervous and easily frightened 非常胆小
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
not to say
■and possibly even 虽不能说，即使说不上
• It would be unwise, not to say stupid, to leave your first job after only six months. 第一份工作才做六个月就辞掉，这虽说不上愚蠢，但也不明智。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
(let's) say
■used to introduce a suggestion or possible example of something （用于引出建议或举例）
• Try and finish the work by, let's say, Friday. 我建议尽量在星期五前完成这项工作。
• Say/Let's say (= If we accept) (that) the journey takes three hours, you'll arrive at 2 o'clock. 假定这段路程需要三小时的话，你们将在两点钟到达。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say your piece
■to say what you are obviously wanting to say 直抒胸臆，直言不讳
• Just say your piece and then go. 只管说你想说的话，说完就离开。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say goodbye to sth
■to accept that you will not have something any more or that you will not get it 不再拥有；得不到
• If Europe fails to agree on this, we can say goodbye to any common foreign policy. 如果欧洲不能就此达成共识，我们就不会有任何共同的外交政策了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say no more
■said to show that you understand exactly what the other person is suggesting 知道了，不用再讲了
• "I saw him coming out of her flat." "Say no more!" “我看见他从她的公寓里出来。”“明白了，不要再说了！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say the word
■used to tell someone that you will do what they want at the time when they ask you 吩咐一下，说一声，表示一下
• You only have to/Just say the word, and I'll come and help. 你只要说一声，我就会来帮忙。
[seɪ] verb (said, said) say 1 say this/that much for sb/sth
* to say something good about someone or something considered to be bad 为…说好话，为…美言
• I'll say this much for Kay, she always agrees to help whenever we ask her. 我要帮凯说几句好话，只要我们提出来，她总是愿意伸出援手。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say uncle US informal
■to admit failure 承认失败，认输
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
say when
■said when you are pouring a drink for someone and you want them to tell you when to stop pouring 斟够了请说一声
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
says something about sb/sth (also says a lot about sb/sth)
■to show what a particular person or thing is like 说明，表明（某人或某物的个性特质、真正面貌）
• The way he drives says a lot about his character. 从他开车的方式很容易就看出他的性格。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
that is to say ...
■or more exactly 更确切地讲；也就是说
• Our friends, that is to say our son's friends, will meet us at the airport. 我们的朋友，更确切地讲是我们儿子的朋友会到机场接我们。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
That's not saying much.
■used to show that you do not think what someone has said is special 没甚么特别的；没甚么不同寻常的
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
there's little to be said for sth
■said to mean that something has disadvantages 不利；没有好处
• Personally, I think there's little to be said for such a policy. 我个人认为这样的政策没有甚么好处。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
there's something to be said for (also there's a lot to be said for)
■said to mean that something has advantages 有利，有好处
• There's a lot to be said for living alone. 自己住有很多好处。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
to say nothing of ...
■and in addition there is 更不用说；而且还； 遑论
• It would be an enormous amount of work, to say nothing of the cost. 工作量会很大，遑论费用了。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
to say the least
■used to show that what you are describing is in fact much more serious or important than you have suggested 至少可以说
• It's going to be awkward, to say the least. 至少会很棘手。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
what sb says, goes informal
■said to mean that you must do whatever a particular person says （某人）怎么说就得怎么做；服从（某人的）命令
• Around here, mate, what I say, goes! 老兄，在这里，我怎么说就怎么做！
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
What have you got to say for yourself ?
■used to ask someone to explain why they have done something bad 你还有甚么好说的？ 你如何解释？
• Well, you've ruined my car - what have you got to say for yourself? 噢，你把我的车弄坏了——你想怎么解释？
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
when all is said and done
■said when you are about to tell someone the most important fact they should remember in a situation 说到底，终究
• When all is said and done, you can only do your best. 终究你只能尽力而为。
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
Who can say?
■no one knows 谁能说得准？谁会知道？
• "Is it possible?" "Who can say?" “这可能吗?”“谁知道？”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You can say that again !
■used to show that you completely agree with what someone has said 你说得很对！一点也没错！
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You can't say fairer than that. UK informal
■used to say that you think an offer or arrangement is good 价格再公道不过了；协定的条件已很优厚了
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You don't say! informal
■used either to express surprise or lack of surprise in a humorous and slightly unkind way （表示惊讶）不会这样吧！不至于吧！（幽默且不太客气地表示并不惊讶）我就知道！
• "He's lost his job." "You don't say!" “他丢掉了工作。”“不会吧！”
[seɪ] verb (said, said)
You said it! informal
■used to say that you agree with what has just been said 你说对了！正是如此！没错！
• "How stupid of me to lend him that money!" "You said it!" “我借钱给他，真傻。”“没错！”
[seɪ] exclamation
■used to express surprise or pleasure, or to attract attention to what you are about to say （用以表示惊讶、惊喜或唤起听话人的注意）哎呀
• US Say, that's really good of you! 哎呀，你真好！
• US Say, how about going out tonight? 嗨，今晚出去玩吧！
• UK old-fashioned or humorous I say, what a splendid hat you're wearing! 呀，你的帽子真漂亮！
[seɪ] noun [S or U]
■(the right to give) an opinion about something 意见；决定权；发言权
• Can't you keep quiet for a minute and let me have my say. 你不能安静一会儿让我发表一下意见吗？
• The judge usually has the final say. 法官通常拥有最终的决定权。
[seɪ] noun [S or U]
have a/some, etc. say in sth
■to be involved in making a decision about something 在…方面有发言权
• When he's 18, he'll begin to have a/some say in the running of the family business. 等他到了18岁就可以在家族企业的经营中拥有发言权。
• The staff had little/no say in the restructuring of the company. 职员们在公司重组过程中几乎没有／没有发言权。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vt. 讲；说明；例如；声称；假设；指明
 - let, point out, suppose
vi. 讲；表示；念；假定；背诵
 - make a gesture, to express

Word: one
Front: one
[wʌn] (中高雅 51/46 -K5)
Vocabulary: one
(once / 2 pages)
1nadj 2adj 3adj
One refers to a single person or thing, as well as the number one. If you’re looking for a whole number between zero and two, you can only find one.
One is all alone, but it at least it gets to be the first in line. It also gets to be the one and only, far and away the best, and one of a kind. If something (or someone) is "the one" you’ve been looking for, it’s exactly what you want. Sometimes one actually refers to more than one person being united in some way; if you and your friend are of "one mind," you think alike about something.
WORD FAMILY
one: onely, oneness, ones
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s only been one rematch in Super Bowl history.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Afterward, Banner suggested that it was one of the most important wins in USC history.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His one noticeable zinger, “You guys are ducking more questions than Congress,” sounded scripted.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: num. （数字）一; 一个; （基数）一，第一
n. 一个人; 一点钟; 一体; 独一
pron. 一个人; 任何人; 本人，人家; 东西
adj. 某一个的; 一体的; 一方的
→来自古英语an,来自Proto-Germanic*ainaz,来自aino,一，词源同an,inch,unit.
num.一pron.一个(只)(表示代替可数的东西)One day in May, she met a young man.五月里的某一天,她遇见一位年轻人.
number determiner
NUMBER 数字
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 1 （数字）1
• You've got three bags and I've only got one. 你有3个袋子，我只有1个。
• She'll be one year old tomorrow. 明天她就一岁了。
• one hundred and ninety-one people 191人
• Americans drive one third of the 400 million cars on the planet. 这个星球上4亿辆汽车中有1/3是美国人驾驶的。
• Four parcels came this morning, but only one was for Mark. 今天上午来了4个包裹，可是只有1个是给马克的。
• Paint one side, leave it to dry, and then paint the other. 刷一面，晾干后，再刷另一面。
• He can't tell one wine from another, so don't give him any of the expensive stuff. 他品不出酒的好坏差别，所以别给他名贵的。
[wʌn] number determiner
MEMBER 成员
one of
 ESSENTIAL
■a member of a group of people or things （一群人或事物）中的一个，之一
• One of their daughters has just got married. 他们其中一个女儿刚结婚。
• PolyGram is one of the world's largest record companies. 宝丽金公司是世界最大的唱片公司之一。
• Finding a cure for cancer is one of the biggest challenges facing medical researchers. 寻找治疗癌症的方法是医学研究者面临的最大挑战之一。
• Our organization is just one of many charities that are providing famine relief in the region. 我们的组织只是给这个地区提供饥荒救济的众多慈善组织之一。
  Common Learner Errors  one ofRemember: when one of is followed by a noun, the noun should be in the plural form.
✗ One of my friend is in hospital. One of my friends is in hospital.
[wʌn] number determiner
FUTURE TIME 将来的时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a time in the future which is not yet decided （用于指将来某个未确定的时间）某一
• Why don't we meet for lunch one day next week? 我们何不在下周的某天一起吃顿午饭？
• I'd like to go skiing one Christmas. 我想在某个圣诞节去滑雪。
[wʌn] number determiner
PARTICULAR OCCASION 某一次
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a particular occasion while avoiding stating the exact moment 某一天的；某一刻的；某一次的
• One night we stayed up talking till dawn. 有一天晚上，我们一直聊到天亮。
• He was attacked as he was walking home from work late one afternoon. 有一天傍晚，他在下班回家的路上遇袭。
• One moment he says he loves me, the next moment he's asking for a divorce. 他一会儿说爱我，一会儿又要离婚。
• She never seems to know what she's doing from one minute to the next. 她似乎从不清楚每时每刻自己在做甚么。
[wʌn] number determiner
SINGLE 单个的
 IMPROVER
■a single thing; not two or more 单独一个；一个
• Do you think five of us will manage to squeeze into the one car? 你觉得我们5个人能够挤进一辆车吗？
• There's too much data to fit onto just the one disk. 数据太多，单单一张磁碟存不下。
• Eat them one at a time (= separately). 一次吃一个。
• I think we should paint the bedroom all one (= in a single) colour. 我觉得我们应该把睡房漆成一种颜色。
(all) in one
■combined in a single person or object 集于一体，合为一体；兼具
• With this model you get a radio, CD player and cassette deck all in one. 这种型号的产品将收音机、CD播放机和盒式磁带录放机集于一身。
[wʌn] number determiner
ONLY 唯一的
 ADVANCED
■used when saying there is no other person or thing 唯一的一个
• He's the one person you can rely on in an emergency. 在紧急情况下，他是你唯一可以依靠的人。
• This may be your one and only (= only ever) opportunity to meet her. 这可能是你见到她的唯一机会。
• My final guest on tonight's show needs no introduction. Please welcome the one and only Michael Jordan! 我们今晚节目的最后一位元嘉宾无需介绍。请欢迎独一无二的麦可‧乔登！
[wʌn] number determiner
UNKNOWN PERSON 不认识的人 formal
■used before the name of someone who is not known （用于不认识的人的名字前）某一个
• Her solicitor is one John Wintersgill. 她的律师是个名叫约翰‧温特斯吉尔的人。
[wʌn] number determiner
EMPHASIS 强调 mainly US used to emphasize an adjective （用于强调形容词）一个
• His mother is one (= a very) generous woman. 他母亲非常慷慨。
• That's one (= a very) big ice-cream you've got there. 你那霜淇淋真的好大呀。
• It was one hell of a (= a very great) shock to find out I'd lost my job. 发现自己已经失业，实在令我震惊。
[wʌn] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a particular thing or person within a group or range of things or people that are possible or available （一群人或一批东西中的）一个
• I've got a few books on Chinese food. You can borrow one if you like. 我买了几本关于中国菜的书，如果你喜欢可以借一本。
• Which one would you like? 你喜欢哪一个？
• Would you make a copy for everybody in the office and a few extra ones for the visitors. 请你给办公室里每人印一份，再多印几份给来访者。
• "Which cake would you like?" "The one at the front." “你喜欢哪个蛋糕？”“前面的那个。”
• French croissants are so much better than the English ones. 法国羊角面包比英国羊角面包好吃得多。
• There were lots of people standing watching, and not one of them offered to help. 有许多人站着旁观，却没有一个人主动帮忙。
• I've received no replies to my job applications - not a single one (= none). 我的求职申请没有任何回覆——一个都没有。
• Chris is the one (= the person) with curly brown hair. 克里斯就是那个褐色鬈发的人。
not be one to do sth informal
■to never do something 从来不做
• I'm not one to criticize other people, as you know. 你知道，我这人从来不批评人。
be one for sth informal
■to like something very much 热衷于，喜爱
• I've never been one for staying out late. 我从不喜欢在外逗留到很晚。
• He's a great one for the ladies. 他非常喜欢和女士来往。
[wʌn] pronoun
COMPARISON 比较
 ADVANCED
■used to talk about one person or thing compared with other similar or related people or things （表示与另一类似或相关的人或物相对照的）一个
• They look so similar it's often difficult to distinguish one from the other. 它们看上去这么相似，常常很难区分开来。
• You may have one or the other, but not both. 这个和那个，你可以选一个，但不能都要。
• Crime and freedom are inseparable. You can't have one without the other. 犯罪和自由如影随形，不可能只取其一。
[wʌn] pronoun
ANY PERSON 任何人
 ADVANCED formal
■any person, but not a particular person 任何人；一个人
• One has an obligation to one's friends. 任何人对朋友都是负有责任的。
• One ought to make the effort to vote. 任何人都应该尽量去投票。
[wʌn] pronoun
I OR ME 我 formal
■the person speaking or writing （讲话者或笔者用于自称）我，本人
• Of course, one (= I) would be delighted to dine with the Queen. 当然，我很乐意与女王一起进餐。
[wʌn] pronoun
be a one UK old-fashioned informal
■to be someone who is funny in a slightly rude way or in a way that shows no respect 是个活宝贝；是个有点无礼的人
• "He told me I couldn't have the job and I told him I never really wanted it in the first place." "Ooh, you are a one." “他告诉我不可能得到那份工作，我对他说我根本就不稀罕。”“噢，你可真放肆。”
[wʌn] pronoun
be at one (also be as one) slightly formal
■to agree 意见一致，同意
• We disagree on most things, but on this question we are at one with each other. 我们在大多数问题上有分歧，可是在这个问题上，我们的意见完全一致。
[wʌn] pronoun
be one of a kind
■to be very unusual and special 独一无二的；特别的
• He's one of a kind, he really is. 他独一无二，确实如此。
[wʌn] pronoun
down in one informal
■If you drink a glass of alcohol down in one, you drink the whole glass without stopping. 一口气喝下，一饮而尽
[wʌn] pronoun
for one
■used to say that you think your opinion or action is right, even if others do not （用于表示认为自己的观点或行为正确，即使别人不这样认为）对…来说
• The rest of you may disagree, but I, for one, think we should proceed with the plan. 你们可能不同意，可是对我来说，我觉得我们应该继续执行这项计划。
[wʌn] pronoun
go off on one UK informal
■to suddenly become very angry and start shouting or behaving violently 突然变得很愤怒，并开始大声喊叫或行为激烈
• He went off on one because he thought I was threatening his dog. 他觉得我在威胁他的狗，所以暴跳如雷。
[wʌn] pronoun
Got it in one!
■something that you say when someone has guessed something correctly 猜对了
• 'Don't tell me - is Anna pregnant again?' 'Got it in one!' “你先别说，安娜又怀孕了，对不对？”“猜对了！”
[wʌn] pronoun
a hundred/thousand/million and one
■very many 非常多的，许许多多的，极多的
• I can't stand around chatting - I've got a hundred and one things to do this morning. 我不能站在这儿闲聊——今天上午我有一大堆事情要做。
[wʌn] pronoun
in ones and twos
■in small numbers 三三两两；零零散散
• The replies came back in ones and twos. 零零散散地收到了些答覆。
[wʌn] pronoun
one after another ADVANCED (also one after the other)
■many, in a series 相继，一个接一个
• I'll eat chocolates one after the other until the box is finished. 我会一块接一块地吃巧克力，直到盒子空了为止。
[wʌn] pronoun
one and all literary
■everyone 大家，每个人，所有人
• The news of his resignation came as a surprise to one and all. 他辞职的消息叫每个人都很吃惊。
[wʌn] pronoun
one by one IMPROVER
■separately, one after the other 逐个地；一个接一个 one 1 1. One by one the old buildings in the city have been demolished and replaced with modern tower blocks.
这座城市里的旧楼一幢接一幢地被拆除，取而代之的是现代化高楼大厦。
• They entered the room one by one. 他们一个接一个走进房间。
[wʌn] pronoun
one day IMPROVER
■at some time in the future （将来的）某一天；有朝一日
• I'd like to go to Berlin again one day. 我想有朝一日再去一次柏林。
[wʌn] pronoun
one or two ADVANCED
■a few 几个，一两个
• I'd like to make one or two suggestions. 我想提一两个建议。
[wʌn] pronoun
one way or another ADVANCED
■in some way that is not stated 以某种方式
• Everyone at the party was related (in)one way or another. 聚会上的人都有这样或那样的亲戚关系。
 ADVANCED
■in any way that is possible 无论如何，无论怎样
• These bills have to be paid one way or another. 这些帐单无论如何都要支付。
• We have to make a decision one way or another about what needs to be done. 不管怎样，我们必须决定需要做甚么。
[wʌn] pronoun
the one about informal
■the joke about 关于…的笑话
• Have you heard the one about the Italian, the American and the Australian? 你听过那个关于义大利人、美国人和澳大利亚人的笑话吗？
it, one
it: 同一物体,
one: 同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
adj. 一的；唯一的
 - unique, sole
n. 一
 - ane

Word: than
Front: than
[ðən] (中高 73/89 -K5)

Word: about
Front: about
[əˈbaʊt] (中高 46/63 -K5)
Vocabulary: about
(once / 4 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv 4adv 5adj
The adverb about, when used with a quantity, means approximately or roughly. If a teenager wants to have a couple of friends over, his mom might ask about how many "a couple" is — in his mind it may be about 50.
The adverb about can also be used for things that are almost, or just on the verge of happening. If you're about to graduate from high school, you're just finishing up your senior year. About also means around or on all sides. If you don't like animals, going to the petting zoo is a bad idea. The animals will be all about you.
WORD FAMILY
about: abouts
USAGE EXAMPLES
The White House is warning Trump officials not to reverse course and says Cubans are worried about the next administration’s intentions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gold XAU= was sluggish, with the precious metal sliding about 0.1 percent to $1,150.82, after a flat start to the year on Monday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Like the last two minutes of NBA games, the Caps’ playoff performance is all we care about.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 关于; 大约; 在…周围
adv. 大约; 在附近; 在四周; 几乎
adj. 在附近的; 四处走动的; 在起作用的; 在流行中的
分布：关于(47%)，大约(37%)，到处(6%)，附近(3%)，在流行中的(3%)，在周围(1%)，正要的(1%)，在 ... 周围(1%)，即将的(1%)
→来自古英语onbutan, a- 同on , -b同by, -ut为out词根。字面意思为在外面的,后指大约。
ad.在周围;大约prep.关于;在周围a.准备Tell me something about your trip.说说你旅游的情况吧.
preposition
CONNECTED WITH 和…有关
 ESSENTIAL
■on the subject of; connected with 在…方面；有关，关于，涉及
• What's that book about? 这本书是关于甚么的？
• a film about the Spanish Civil War 反映西班牙内战的电影
• We were talking/laughing about Sophie. 我们正谈论 ／ 嘲笑索菲。
• He's always (going) on about what a great job he's got. 他总是喋喋不休地炫耀他的工作有多么好。
• I'm worried about David. 我真为大卫担心。
• I really don't know what all the fuss is about. 我真不知道这么大惊小怪到底是怎么回事。
• I wish you'd do something about (= take action to solve the problem of) your bedroom - it's a real mess. 我希望你能收拾一下你的卧室——里面乱七八糟。
• UK informal Could you make me a coffee too while you're about it (= while you are making one for yourself) ? 你去冲咖啡的时候能不能给我也弄一杯？
• What didn't you like about the play? 这出剧哪些地方你不喜欢？
• There's something about (= in the character of) her attitude that worries me. 她态度中表现出的一些问题让我担心。
• There's something special about him (= in his character). 他性格中有种与众不同的东西。
• "Is that your car?" "Yes, what about it (= why are you asking me) ?" “那是你的车吗？”“是的，怎么啦？”（有时这种说话方式带有一种愤怒或威胁的语气）
  Common Learner Errors  about or regarding? Warning: about is usually only used to introduce a topic in informal styles. In formal writing, don't use 'About...', use Regarding... or With regard to... :
✗ About my wages, I kindly request that you review the situation.
[ə'baʊt] preposition
NO ORDER 没有条理
 IMPROVER (US around)
■positioned around a place, often without a clear purpose or order 无序地，凌乱地
• Their belongings were flung about the room. 他们的东西被凌乱地丢在房间里。
[ə'baʊt] preposition
POSITION 位置 UK slightly formal
■in a particular place 在特定的地方
• Do you have such a thing as a pen about you/your person (= Have you got a pen) ? 你身上会不会碰巧有笔？
[ə'baʊt] preposition
How/What about? ADVANCED
■used when suggesting or offering something to someone （用于建议或主动提供给别人某物）…怎么样？
• How about a trip to the zoo this afternoon? 今天下午去动物园好不好？
• "Coffee, Sarah?" "No, thanks." "What about you, Kate?" “萨拉，要咖啡吗？”“不了，谢谢” “凯特，你呢？”
[ə'baʊt] adverb
APPROXIMATELY 大约
 ESSENTIAL
■a little more or less than the stated number or amount; approximately 大约，大概，左右
• about six feet tall 高约六英尺
• about two months ago 大约两个月前
• "What time are you leaving work today?" "About five." “你今天甚么时候下班？”“五点左右。”
• We're about (= almost) ready to leave. 我们差不多准备好要走了。
• Well, I think that's about it for now (= we have almost finished what we are doing for the present). 好啦，我想现在已经差不多做完了。
[ə'baʊt] adverb
ALL DIRECTIONS 全部方向
 IMPROVER (US around)
■in many different directions 四面八方
• They heard someone moving about outside. 他们听到外面有人走动。
• I've been running about all morning trying to find you. 我跑了一个早上到处找你。
[ə'baʊt] adverb
NO ORDER 没有条理
 IMPROVER (US around)
■positioned around a place, often without a clear purpose or order 无序地，凌乱地
• She always leaves her clothes lying about on the floor. 她的衣服总是东一件西一件乱丢在地板上。
[ə'baʊt] adverb
PLACE 地方
■in or near a place 在…里或附近
• Is John about (= somewhere near) ? 约翰在附近吗？
• There's a lot of flu about (= many people have it) at the moment. 目前这一带很多人患流感。
[ə'baʊt] adjective
INTENDING 打算
be about to do sth
 IMPROVER
■to be going to do something very soon 刚要…；行将…
• I was about to leave when Mark arrived. 马克到的时候我刚要走。
• She looked as if she was about to cry. 她看来好像马上就要哭出来了。
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
about, round, around
这组词都有“在周围、在附近”的意思，其区别是：
about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。
round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。
around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
prep. 关于；大约
 - concerning, as for, with reference to, round, in relation to
adj. 在附近的；四处走动的；在起作用的
 - close-at-hand
adv. 大约；周围；到处
 - around, approximately, everywhere, throughout, something

Word: up
Front: up
[ʌp] (中高 50/52 -K2)
Back: adv. 在上面，在高处; 起床，起来; 向上; 由低到高
adj. 向上的; 上升的; 竖立的，垂直的; 举起的
vt. & vi. 增加; 加速; 提高; 举起，拿起
prep. 在…的上端; 向高处; 沿…而去; 向…上游
n. 上升，升高; 兴旺，繁荣; 上坡; （价格等）上涨
时态：upped, upping, up
分布：起来(41%)，增加(19%)，向上(16%)，上升(12%)，向上的(7%)，上行的(3%)，往上(2%)
→来自upo, 在下面，从下往上，向上，词源同sub-, over.
ad.向上,...起来;...完;起床prep.向上The boy climbed up the tree.这个男孩爬上树.
adverb
HIGHER 更高
 ESSENTIAL
■towards a higher position; towards a higher value, number or level 向较高处；向上；（价值、数位或水准）加大；增高
• Put those books up on the top shelf. 把那些书放到书架顶层。
• A gravel road leads through the jungle and up into the Andes. 一条砾石铺成的路穿过丛林，向上进入安第斯山。
• Pushing the number of unit sales up every quarter can't be continued indefinitely. 单位销售数位每个季度都增长的趋势不可能无限期持续下去。
• The water was up to /had come up to the level of the windows. 水已经涨到窗户那么高了。
■out of the ground （从地下）往地面
• He spent the afternoon digging carrots up. 他挖了一下午的胡萝卜。
up and down
■from a higher to a lower position repeatedly 起起伏伏，上上下下
• My little daughter started jumping up and down with rage when she heard she couldn't go. 我的小女儿在得知她不能去后非常生气，开始不停地跳上跳下。
[ʌp] adverb
VERTICAL 垂直的
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into a vertical position 处于直立状态；垂直
• Would you stand up for a moment, I want to see how tall you are. 你能站起来一会儿吗，我想看看你有多高。
Compare down
[ʌp] adverb
TOP 顶部
 ESSENTIAL
■in a high position; at the top 在高处；在上面；在顶端
• Our boardroom is up on the twenty-third floor. 我们的会议室在上面的23层。
• You can tell which way up the crates have to be because they all say 'TOP'. 你可以看出条板箱该哪面朝上，因为每个箱子都写有“此面朝上”的字样。
Compare down
[ʌp] adverb
NEAR 接近
 ESSENTIAL
■very near 非常靠近
• Carrying a gun, he walked up to the cashier and demanded money. 他拿着枪，走到收银员跟前逼其把钱拿出来。
• A limousine drew up (= parked) outside the hotel. 一辆大型豪华车开过来，停在饭店外面。
[ʌp] adverb
INCREASE 增长
 ESSENTIAL
■to a greater degree; in order to increase 由弱到强；由低到高
• The fire heats the room up (= makes it warmer) within minutes. 炉火使房间在几分钟内就暖和起来。
• Grandma always turns the TV up really loud because she can't hear very well. 祖母总是把电视音量调得很大，因为她听力不好。
• Try not to get worked up (= increasingly excited or angry) , I'm sure we can sort the problem out. 尽量不要激动，我相信我们能解决这个问题。
 IMPROVER
■If a level or amount is up, it has increased （水准或数量）增加的，上升的
• The cost of car insurance is up, but not very much. 车辆保险费用有所提高，但增幅不大。
• Last year the company's turnover was $240 billion, up 3% on (= compared with) the previous year. 去年该公司的营业额是2400亿美元，比前年增加了3%。
[ʌp] adverb
NOT IN BED 起床
 ESSENTIAL
■not in bed 起床（的）
• It's time to get up now! 现在该起床啦！
• Oh, I've been up all night, finishing my essay. 噢，我一夜没睡写完了我的文章。
up and about/around
■to be able to get out of bed and move around again after a period of illness, because your health has improved enough （病后）可以下床活动
[ʌp] adverb
EXIST 存在
 IMPROVER
■into existence, view or attention 出现；发生；看到；给予考虑
• Originally the charity was set up to help orphans in urban areas. 成立慈善机构的初衷是要帮助城里的孤儿。
• Sorry darling, something unexpected has come up (= has happened) at the office, and I'll be home late. 对不起，亲爱的，办公室里出了点儿意外，我会晚点回家。
• Coming up (= Happening next) after the break, we have a man who claims he can communicate with fish. 休息之后，我们有请一位自称能与鱼沟通的人上场。
• Would this be a good time to bring up the issue of salary? 现在提薪水的问题合适吗？
[ʌp] adverb
EQUAL 相等
 IMPROVER
■so as to be equal in quality, knowledge or achievement （在品质、知识或成就方面）相等，比得上
• She couldn't go to school for a few weeks because of illness, but she'll be able to catch up (with her lessons) quickly. 她因病几周不能去上课，但她（的功课）很快就能赶上来。
• So much scientific research is being performed that it's virtually impossible to keep up (with all the new developments). 有那么多的科学研究在进行，要跟上（所有的新进展）几乎是不可能的。
• US informal Kate and I were both playing well, and after ten minutes the score was 6-up (= 6 points each). 凯特和我表现都很出色，十分钟后比分为六比六。
[ʌp] adverb
TOGETHER 一起
 IMPROVER
■in a state of being together with other similar things 一起；聚拢地
• You've got half an hour to gather up anything you'll need for the journey. 你有半个小时的时间来收拾旅途中所需的东西。
• Add up the column of figures in your head and then tell me what the sum is. 在心里把这一列数位加起来，然后告诉我总数。
[ʌp] adverb
TIGHTLY 紧紧地
 IMPROVER
■tightly or firmly in order to keep something safe or in position 紧紧地；牢固地
• Can you do my shoelaces up for me? 你能帮我把鞋带系上吗？
• Tie up the top of the bag so the rubbish doesn't fall out. 把袋口扎好，以防垃圾外泄。
• You'd better wrap up (= wear warm clothes) - it's cold outside. 你最好穿暖和些——外面很冷。
[ʌp] adverb
SMALLER 较小
 IMPROVER
■broken or cut into smaller pieces; made smaller in area 分成小块；成碎片
• He cut the letter up into a hundred pieces. 他把信剪得粉粹。
• She folded the newspaper up and put it in her bag. 她把报纸叠起来放进包里。
• The car blew up (= exploded) when flames reached its fuel tank. 当火焰触及油箱时，汽车爆炸了。
[ʌp] adverb
AGE 年纪
 IMPROVER
■to a greater age 长大
• No one said that growing up would be easy or painless. 没有人认为成长很轻松、没有痛苦。
• Many single parents struggle to bring their children up on a low income. 许多单身父母靠微薄的收入把孩子抚养大。
[ʌp] adverb
PROBLEM 问题
[after verb]
■used when talking or asking about what is happening （用于谈论或询问发生了甚么事）
• Everyone was talking in whispers, and I could tell something was up (= something unusual was happening). 大家都在窃窃私语，我可以断定一定发生了甚么不同寻常的事。
• What's up (= What is happening or what is wrong) ? 怎么回事？
[ʌp] adverb
FINISHED 完成的
[after verb]
■When a period of time is up, it is finished （一段时间）结束的，完结的
• When the two hours were up nobody had answered all of the questions. 两个小时过去了，没有人回答完所有问题。
• Your time is up - it's someone else's turn on the training equipment now. 你的时间到了——现在轮到别人使用训练设备了。
[ʌp] adverb
IMPROVE 改善
■into an improved position or state 向较好的位置（或状态）
• By lap 26, Senna had moved up into second position. 到第26圈，塞纳已上升至二位。
• Stein had a bad start to the race, but by the ninth lap she was up with the leaders. 斯坦起跑不好，但到第九圈时，她赶上了领先者。
Compare down
[ʌp] adverb
END 结束
■to an end, finish or state of being complete 结束；彻底地，完全地
• Finish up the old packet of biscuits before you open a new one. 先把旧的那盒饼干吃完，再打开一盒新的。
• Crime won't help - you'll end up in prison. 犯罪不能解决问题——最终会让你进监狱。
• I'd like to round up the meeting by thanking all those who were able to attend at such short notice. 在本次会议结束之际，我要感谢所有在这么短的时间收到通知就赶来出席会议的人。
[ʌp] adverb
DIRECTION 方向
■towards the north or towards a more important place, especially a city 向北方，北上；往更重要的地方（尤指城市）
• On Tuesday she'll be travelling up to Newcastle from Birmingham. 周二她将从伯明罕北上前往纽卡素。
• She comes up from her village about once a month on the train. 她大约每月乘火车从村里进一趟城。
[ʌp] adverb
INTENDED 打算的
up for sth
■intended, suggested or being considered for something 计划要；被建议；正被考虑
• That house at the end of our road is up for sale again. 我们这条路尽头的那座房子又要出售了。
• Are you really up for promotion? 你真的会被提升吗？
[ʌp] adverb
EAGER 渴望
up for (doing) sth informal
■willing and able to do or take part in an activity 愿意做（或参与）
• After a long day at work I wasn't really up for a party. 工作了一整天之后，我真的不愿意参加甚么聚会了。
• We're going swimming. Are you up for it? 我们去游泳。你想一起去吗？
• I'm up for organizing the meeting if nobody else wants to do it. 如果没人愿意，我愿意组织这次会议。
[ʌp] adverb
TRIAL 审判
[after verb]
■on trial in a court 出庭受审的
• If he doesn't pay the fine soon, he'll be up before the magistrate. 如果他不马上交上罚款，就将会被地方法庭传讯。
• Max is up for armed robbery. 马克斯被控持械抢劫而出庭受审。
[ʌp] adverb
ROAD 道路
[after verb] UK
■When a road is up, it is being repaired and so is unsuitable for use （道路）正在维修的
• The council has got the road up because of a broken sewer. 因为下水管道破裂，市政会正在整修道路。
[ʌp] adverb
INTENDED 打算
■to be considered, or as a suggestion 供考虑；作为建议
• How many candidates will your party be putting up (= offering for election) at the elections next week? 你们党打算推举多少候选人参加下周的选举？
[ʌp] adverb
HAIR 头发
■If someone's long hair is up, it is arranged on the top or back of their head （长发）向头上（或脑后）梳理的 up 1 1. You look lovely with your hair up.
你头发向上梳看起来很可爱。
[ʌp] adverb
be up there with sb informal
■to match someone else in ability or in a particular skill （能力或某一技艺）可与（某人）媲美
• As a composer, he was up there with the best. 他的作曲才华堪称一流。
[ʌp] adverb
up and down
■sometimes happy and sometimes sad （情绪）波动的，时好时坏的
• She's been very up and down since her husband went into hospital. 自从丈夫住院以后，她的情绪波动很大。
[ʌp] adverb
up and down somewhere
■everywhere in a particular area 到处，处处
• Cinemas up and down the country are reporting huge audiences for the film. 据报道，该影片在全国各地电影院的入座率都很高。
[ʌp] adverb
up to (doing) sth
■good enough for a particular activity 好得能胜任
• He wants to compete at international level, but frankly I don't think he's up to it. 他想参加国际比赛，但说实话，我认为他还达不到那个水准。
■strong enough for a particular activity 强壮得能进行（某种活动）
• It was a serious fall - it'll be a while before you feel up to walking again. 摔得很严重——得过一阵子你才能行走。
[ʌp] adverb
be up to sth
■to be doing something
• What are you up to at the moment? 那时候你干什么呢？
[ʌp] adverb
up with old-fashioned informal
■shouted or written on notices to show support 支援…，要求…（表示支援的口号或标语）
• Up with freedom, down with repression! 支援自由，反对镇压！
[ʌp] preposition
HIGHER 更高
 ESSENTIAL
■to or in a higher level or position 在（或向）较高水准（或位置）
• We followed her up the stairs to a large meeting room. 我们跟随她上楼进入一个大会议室。
[ʌp] preposition
TOP 顶部
 ESSENTIAL
■at the top of 在…上面；在…上部
• You'll find a dusty attic up these stairs. 沿着这些楼梯向上，你就会看到一个布满灰尘的阁楼。
• If you want Fred, he's up that ladder. 如果你找弗雷德，他就在那个梯子上。
[ʌp] preposition
ALONG 沿着
 ESSENTIAL
■(further) along （继续）沿着，顺着
• The car shot off up the road at high speed. 车沿着公路飞驰。
• They live just up the road. 他们就住在路边。
up and down
■along the surface of something first in one direction and then in the opposite direction, usually repeatedly 来回，往复
• He was running up and down the path, shouting. 他沿着小路来回跑，大声呼喊。
[ʌp] preposition
ORIGIN 起源
■towards the starting point of something, especially a river or stream 向起点；（尤指）向上游；向发源地
• Rowing up (the) river against the current was very hard work. 划船逆流而上很费力气。
⇒ See also upriver;upstream
[ʌp] preposition
TO 去 UK not standard
■to or at 到，去；在
• Are you going up the club tonight? 今晚你去俱乐部吗?
Compare down
[ʌp] preposition
be up yourself UK Australian slang
■to think that you are better and more important than other people 觉得自己高人一等
• She's so up herself since she landed this new job, it's unbearable. 自从她找到这份新工作之后，她就自觉高人一等，这真让人难以忍受。
[ʌp] preposition
Up yours! offensive
■used to show that you very much dislike someone or the things that someone has just said or done （表示反感）去你的！
[ʌp] adjective
HIGHER 更高
 IMPROVER
■moving up 向上的；往上移动的
• an up escalator 向上的扶梯
⇒ See also upper
[ʌp] adjective
IN OPERATION 在运转中
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■When a system, computer or similar machine is up, it is operating, especially in its usual way （尤指以正常状态）在运转，在运行
• Andy, do you know when the network will be up again? 安迪，你知道网路甚么时候能恢复正常吗?
Opposite down
[ʌp] adjective
HAPPY 快乐 informal
■feeling happy 快乐的；高兴的
• She's been really up since she started her new job. 自从开始新的工作之后，她一直很高兴。
[ʌp] adjective
up and running
■If something, especially a system or a machine, is up and running it is operating （尤指系统或机器）运行，运转
• The engineer soon got the air-conditioning up and running again. 工程师很快就使空调重新运转起来。
[ʌp] noun
on the up (and up) mainly US informal
■describes someone who is honest and can be trusted 诚实的；值得信赖的 UK improving all the time 蒸蒸日上；不断进步
• Her career has been on the up and up since she moved into sales. 自从转做销售后，她的事业蒸蒸日上。
[ʌp] verb informal
HIGHER 更高
transitive (-pp-)
■to increase something such as a price 提高，增加，提升（价格）等
• We won't be able to make a profit on the deal without upping the sale price. 这笔买卖的销售价格不提高，我们就无钱可赚。
• It looks like tax rates are going to be upped again. 看来税率又要提高了。
[ʌp] verb informal
VERTICAL 垂直的
up and ...
■used with another verb to emphasize that someone left a place or did something in a sudden and possibly unexpected way （与另一动词连用，强调突然或者出人意料地离开或做某事）
• After dinner they just upped and left/went without saying goodbye. 吃完饭后他们就突然起身不辞而别。
adv. 起来；上涨；向上
 - upward, zenithward
prep. 在…之上；向…的较高处
 - onto, upon
adj. 涨的；起床的；向上的
 - upgrade, upward
n. 上升；繁荣
 - prosperity, rise, upgrade, raise, ascension

Word: would
Front: would
[wʊd] (中高 41/34 -K5)
Back: aux. 将，将要; 愿意; 会，打算; 大概
v. (will 的过去式，用于转述)将
分布：将(57%)，愿意(21%)，大概(7%)，可能(7%)，总会(6%)，will的过去式(2%)
→来自will的过去虚拟时态，拼写比较could,should.
aux./v.将;可能;将会;总是,总会;宁愿I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
modal verb
FUTURE 未来
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used to refer to future time from the point of view of the past （从过去的角度指将来发生的事）将，将要
• He said he would see his brother tomorrow. 他说明天要去见他的兄弟。
• They knew there would be trouble unless the report was finished by the next day. 他们知道，除非第二天能完成报告，否则就有麻烦了。
• We realised it wouldn't be easy to find another secretary. 我们意识到再找一位秘书不会很容易。
would have
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer back to a time in the past from a point of view in the future （从将来的角度指过去应该发生的事）就会，应该
• We thought they would have got home by five o'clock, but there was no reply when we phoned. 我们以为他们会在五时前到家，可是打电话时却没有人接听。
  Common Learner Errors  wouldWould is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'would to do something', say would do something
✗ He promised that he would to come with me. He promised that he would come with me.
  Common Learner Errors  would or should? Warning: Choose the correct verb! To say what you think is the correct or best thing to do, don't say 'would', say should :
✗ I think the new assistant would be able to speak English. I think the new assistant should be able to speak English.
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
INTENTION 意图
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used to refer to an intention from the point of view of the past （从过去的角度指某一意图）将，会，要
• He said he would always love her (= He said "I will always love you"). 他说他会永远爱她。
• They promised that they would help. 他们承诺会帮忙。
• There was nobody left who would (= was willing to) do it. 剩下的人里没人愿意做这件事。
• I asked him to move his car but he said he wouldn't (= he refused). 我要他挪一下车，可是他拒绝了。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
POSSIBLE 可能
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used to refer to a situation that you can imagine happening （指想像会发生的情形）会，将
• I would hate to miss the show. 错过这次演出，我会很遗憾的。
• I'd go myself but I'm too busy. 我要不是太忙，就会亲自去了。
• It would have been very boring to sit through the whole speech. 若当时听完整场演讲的话，会是十分枯燥的。
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used with if in conditional sentences (= sentences which refer to what happens if something else happens) （与 if 引导的条件句连用）
• What would you do if you lost your job? 要是失去了工作，你会怎么办？
• If I'd had time, I would have gone to see Graham. 如果那时我有时间的话，我本来会去看望格雷厄姆的。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used as a more polite form of will in requests and offers （用于提要求时代替 will，语气更加客气）
• Would you mind sharing a room? 你介不介意和别人共用一个房间？
• Would you like me to come with you? 要不要我和你一起去？
• Would you like some cake? 你想吃点蛋糕吗？
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
WILLING 愿意
 ESSENTIAL past simple of
■ will (ABLE/WILLING) : used to talk about what someone was willing to do or what something was able to do （用于谈论某人愿意做某事或某事的可行性）
• The car wouldn't start this morning. 今天早晨车子发动不起来。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
WISH 希望
would rather/sooner (also 'd)
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that you prefer to have or do one thing more than another 更愿意；情愿
• I'd rather have a beer. 我更乐意喝杯啤酒。
• Which would you sooner do - go swimming or play tennis? 你更愿意玩哪一样——游泳还是打网球？
• Wouldn't you rather finish it tomorrow? 你难道不想明天完成它吗？
• He'd rather die than (= He certainly does not want to) let me think he needed help. 他死也不想让我觉得他需要帮助。
Would that ... formal
■used to express a strong wish or desire 要是…多好；但愿
• Would that (= If only) she could see her famous son now. 她要是现在能看见自己那已经出了名的儿子就好了。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
OFTEN 常常
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used to talk about things in the past that happened often or always （用于谈论过去经常或总是发生的事）常常，总是
• He would always turn and wave at the end of the street. 他总会在街的尽头转过身来挥挥手。
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd) disapproving
■used to suggest that what happens is expected because it is typical, especially of a person's behaviour （用于指某人的典型行为）老是，总是
• "Margot rang to say she's too busy to come." "She would - she always has an excuse." “玛戈打电话来说她太忙，来不了。”“她总是这样──永远有借口。”
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
OPINION 观点
 ESSENTIAL (also 'd)
■used to express an opinion in a polite way without being forceful （用于礼貌地表明观点）
• I would imagine we need to speak to the headteacher about this first. 我猜想我们需要先去问问校长有关这件事的意见。
• It's not what we would have expected from a professional service. 这可不是我们期望从一所专业服务机构得到的服务。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
ADVISE 建议
 IMPROVER (also 'd)
■ should (ADVISE) （表示劝告）
• I wouldn't (= I advise you not to) worry about it, if I were you. 如果我是你，我就不会为它担心。
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
REASON 原因
 ADVANCED (also 'd)
■ should (REASON)
• Why would anyone want to eat something so horrible? 为甚么会有人想吃这么可怕的东西？
[wʊd] [wəd] [əd] modal verb
LIKELY 可能 (also 'd)
■used to refer to what is quite likely 可能；大概
• "The guy on the phone had an Australian accent." "That would be Tom, I expect." “打电话的那个人一口澳大利亚口音。”“我估计可能是汤姆。”
would, used to
这组词都有“过去惯常，过去总是”的意思，其区别是：
would: 指过去经常发生的行为，主观感情色彩较浓，只表过去惯常行为，既不表状态也不表持续动作。不含“过去如此，现在不再这样”的意味。
used to: 指客观地表示过去的习惯，既可是过去经常发生的动作，又可是过去一向存在的状态，比would通俗，往往含今昔感。
aux. 将，将要；愿意
 - shall, may

Word: who
Front: who
[hu:] (中高 38/45 -K5)
Back: pron. 谁; 什么人; 关系代词，有先行词; 孰
分布：谁(100%)
→来自古英语hwa,谁，哪个，什么，来自kwo,印欧语疑问代词根，词源同who,which,where,how,quantity,quality.
pron.谁,什么人;...的人;他,她,他们The girl who spoke is my best friend.那讲话的女孩是我最好的朋友.
pronoun
QUESTIONS 询问
 ESSENTIAL
■used especially in questions as the subject or object of a verb, when asking which person or people, or when asking what someone's name is 谁，甚么人
• Who did this? 这是谁做的？
• Who's she? 她是谁？
• Who are all those people? 那些人是谁？
• She asked me if I knew who had got the job. 她问我是否知道谁获得了那份工作。
• Who (also formalwhom)do you want to talk to? 您要找哪位（接电话）？
• I don't know who (also formalwhom)to ask to the party. 我不知道该邀请谁参加聚会。
 ESSENTIAL
■used with verbs that relate to knowing, when you want to say that something is not known （与表示“知道”的动词连用，表示不知道）
• "Are they going to get married?" "Who knows ?" (= It is not possible to know at the moment.) “他们是要结婚了吗？”“谁知道呢。”
• Who can tell what will happen now? 谁知道会发生甚么呢？
[hu:] pronoun
USED TO REFER 用于指代
 ESSENTIAL
■used as the subject or object of a verb to show which person you are referring to, or to add information about a person just mentioned. It is used for people, not things （用作动词的主语或受词，表示所提及的人，或附加所提及的人的资讯）
• I think it was your Dad who phoned. 我认为打电话的人是你爸爸。
• She's one of those people who love to be the centre of attention. 她是那种喜欢引人注意的人。
• He rang James, who was a good friend as well as the family doctor. 他打电话给詹姆斯，詹姆斯既是家庭医生又是他的好朋友。
• The other people who (also that)live in the house are really friendly. 其他住在这所房子里的人十分友好。
• This is Gabriel, who (also formalwhom)I told you about. 这是加布里埃尔，我跟你说起过他。
[hu:] pronoun
who's who
■the name and position of each person, especially in an organization （某组织中各人的职位和工作）每人的情况，谁是谁
Who's Who
■a book containing information about the world's richest or most famous people 名人录，人名词典
• The guest list reads like a Who's Who of top American businessmen. 宾客名单读起来像是美国巨贾豪商的名人录。
what, who
what: 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
who: 指姓名或关系,

Word: some
Front: some
[səm] (中高 60/53 -K5)
Vocabulary: some
(once / 4 pages)
adjadv
The word some keeps it vague. When you have some time to kill, you've got an unspecified amount of time — it could be five minutes or five hours.
The word some sounds like sum which means "a total quantity or amount." However, some, unlike sum, refers to an unspecified amount. If you have some money in your pocket, who knows the sum of that amount? Some can also refer to an unknown person or thing. If a person you don't know shows up, you might refer to him as "some guy."
WORD FAMILY
some: somely, somer, somes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some tips are gimmicks, and some may not work as well for you as they did in tests.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Here’s a look at some memorable championship rematches in recent years:
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 一些; 某个; 大约; 相当多的
pron. 一些; 若干; 其中的一部分; （数量不确切时用）有些人
adv. 非常; 相当; <美>稍微
分布：一些(46%)，若干(24%)，大约(21%)，非常(9%)
→来自中古英语 some,来自古英语 sum,一些，来自 Proto-Germanic*sumaz,一些，来自 sem, 一，一起，词源同 same,assemble.
a.几个;一些;有些;某(人或物)pron.一些I have some work to do this evening.今晚我有些事要做.
determiner
UNKNOWN AMOUNT 未知的数目
 ESSENTIAL ]sʌm] [səm /
■an amount or number of something which is not stated or not known; a part of something 一些，若干
• There's some cake in the kitchen if you'd like it. 想吃蛋糕的话，厨房有一些。
• Here's some news you might be interested in. 这里有些消息，或许你会感兴趣。
• We've been having some problems with our TV over the last few weeks. 最近几周我们的电视一直有些问题。
• Could you give me some idea of when the building work will finish? 你能否告诉我这幢大楼何时完工？
• I've got to do some more work before I can go out. 我还要再做完一些工作才能出去。
  Common Learner Errors  some or any? Some is used in positive sentences. Any is used in questions and negative sentences. There are some flowers in the garden, but there aren't any trees. Has he got any brothers or sisters? Some is sometimes used in offers or requests, or other questions when we expect people to answer 'yes'. Would you like some more cake? The same rules are true for something and anything , someone and anyone , and somewhere and anywhere.
determiner
LARGE AMOUNT 大量
 ADVANCED ]sʌm] [səm /
■a large amount or number of something 相当多，大量
• It'll be some time before we meet again. 我们要等上相当长的时间才能再见面。
• It was some years later when they next met. 过了很多年他们才又见面。
• We discussed the problem at some length. 这个问题我们讨论了很长时间。
determiner
PARTICULAR THING 某个
 ADVANCED ]sʌm] [səm /
■used to refer to a particular person or thing without stating exactly which one 某个（人或物）
• Some lucky person will win more than $1 000 000 in the competition. 某个幸运者将在比赛中赢得100多万美元的奖金。
• Some idiot's locked the door! 哪个笨蛋把门锁上了！
• There must be some way you can relieve the pain. 你一定有办法纾缓疼痛。
determiner
ANGER 发怒 /sʌm/ informal
■used before a noun, especially at the beginning of a sentence to show anger or disapproval, often by repeating a word which was not accurately used （用于名词前，尤用于句首，表示恼火或反对）
• Some people just don't know when to shut up. 有些人就是不知道甚么时候该闭上嘴。
• Some help you were! You sat on your backside most of the afternoon! 你这算甚么帮忙！你大半个下午都安安稳稳地坐着！
• "A friend of mine sold me a radio that doesn't work." "Some friend!" “一个朋友竟卖给我一台故障的收音机。”“算甚么朋友！”
determiner
EXCELLENT 优秀的 /sʌm/ informal
■used before a noun to show how good something or someone is 好的，优秀的
• Wow, that was some dinner! 哇，那真是一顿大餐！
determiner
and then some mainly US informal
■and even more 甚至更多
• It looked like 20 000 people and then some at the demonstration. 参加示威游行的人看起来有两万人，甚至更多。
determiner
some ... or other
■refers to one of several possibilities when the exact one is not known or not stated （表示不确知或未详细说明）某个
• They found the painting in some antique shop or other. 他们在某个古玩店里发现了这幅画。
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL ]strong form sʌm] [weak form səm /
■an amount or number of something which is not stated or not known; a part of something 一些，若干，一部分
• If you need more paper then just take some. 如果你需要更多的纸，那就再拿一些。
• "Would you like to have dinner with us?" "No thanks, I've already had some." “你想和我们一起用餐吗？”“不，谢谢，我已经吃过一些东西了。”
• Some of you here have already met Imran. 你们这里有些人已经见过伊姆兰了。
• Have some of this champagne - it's very good. 来一点这种香槟酒吧——很棒的。
 ADVANCED ]strong form sʌm /
■some people 一些人，有些人
• Some have compared his work to Picasso's. 一些人把他的作品和毕卡索的相提并论。
adverb]strong form sʌm / /weak form səm]
APPROXIMATELY 大约
■used before a number to mean approximately; about 大约，约
• Some fifty tons of stone are taken from the quarry every day. 每天大约有50吨石头从采石场运出。
• The water is some twenty to thirty metres beneath the ground. 地下大约20至30米深的地方有水。
adverb]strong form sʌm / /weak form səm]
SMALL AMOUNT 少量 US informal
■by a small amount or degree; a little 稍微，有一点
• She says she's feeling some better. 她说她感觉好一点了。
• We could turn down the heat some if that would make you more comfortable. 如果把暖气温度调低会让你觉得更舒服些的话，我们就调低一点。
adj. 一些；某一；大约
 - certain

Word: government
Front: government
[ˈgʌvənmənt] (中高研四六雅 201/124 -K5)
Vocabulary: government
(once / 16 pages)
n
Your government is the system of people, laws, and officials that define and control the country that you live in. The U.S. government, for example, is a representative democracy with three branches.
There are many different kinds of government, but they all do essentially the same thing: "govern" or oversee the rules, regulations, and interactions of the people who live under them. For the most part, a government is concerned with public life, though many of the laws that a government like ours establishes and enforces can regulate what happens in private life, too. If you work for the government, you're in public life. If you work for a company, you're in the private sector.
WORD FAMILY
government: governmental, governments, self-government+/ govern: governable, governance, governed, governing, government, governor, governs, misgovern/governable: ungovernable/governed: ungoverned/governing: governings, self-governing/ governmental: governmentally/ governor: governors, governorship/governorship: governorships/misgovern: misgoverned, misgoverning, misgovernment, misgoverns/misgovernment: misgovernments/ungovernable: ungovernably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The United States spends more than $64 billion each year on oral health care, of which only 4 percent is paid for by government programs.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“It’s ludicrous and arbitrary,” according to Devinsky, who says getting government approval for his epilepsy trial required dozens of hours of extra work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 政府; 政体; 治理的形式; 管辖，治理
分布：政府(97%)，政体(2%)，统治(1%)
→来自govern, 管理。
n.政府,内阁;管理,支配;政治,政体Moreover, the new government overlooked the governor over the oven.而且,新政府忽视了炉子上方的州长.
US [-ɚn-] noun
GROUP 团体
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb] (written abbreviation govt)
■the group of people who officially control a country 政府；内阁
• the government of Israel 以色列政府
• The government is/are expected to announce its/their tax proposals today. 预计今天政府会公布税收计划。
• The minister has announced that there will be no change in government policy. 部长宣布政府政策将不会有任何改变。
• Senior government officials will be attending a meeting tomorrow. 政府高级官员们明天将参加一个会议。
• Theatre companies are very concerned about cuts in government grants to the arts. 政府削减艺术拨款，各戏剧演出公司对此非常担心。
• A government enquiry has been launched. 政府调查已经启动。
  Common Learner Errors  governmentRemember: to talk about the group of people who officially control a particular country, use the definite article, the. Don't say 'government', say the government :
✗ Government should do more to help the unemployed. The government should do more to help the unemployed.
UK ['gʌv.ən.mənt/ UK [-əm-] US [-ɚn-] noun
SYSTEM 体制
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the system used for controlling a country, city, or group of people 政体；体制
• The 1990s have seen a shift to democratic government in Eastern Europe. 20世纪90年代东欧国家纷纷向民主体制转轨。
• What this state needs is really strong government. 这个国家需要的是一个健全有力的政体。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the activities involved in controlling a country, city, group of people, etc 统治；执政；治理；管理
• The party that was elected to power has no experience of government. 当选上台的这个政党没有执政经验。
• UK The party was in government (= controlled the country) for four years in the 1960s. 这个政党在20世纪60年代曾执政四年。
Her/His Majesty's Government
■the group of people who control Britain 英国女王／国王陛下的政府，英国政府
UK ['gʌv.ən.mənt/ UK [-əm-] US [-ɚn-] noun
  Common Learner Errors  governmentWarning: Check your spelling! Government is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.Remember : the correct spelling has 'n' before the 'm'.
n. [管理] 政府；政体；管辖
 - regime, presidency

Word: do
Front: do
[du] (中高 18/19 -K5)
Vocabulary: do
(once / 2 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6n 7n
To do is to act, perform, or undertake. When you do chores, you engage in the activity of cleaning the kitchen or taking out the trash.
Do is one of the most frequently used verbs in English. You do many things in a typical day: you might do the dishes, do your job, and later on, do your taxes. If you meet an old-fashioned gentleman, he might say, "How do you do?" essentially meaning, "Hello." After a difficult test, your friend could ask, "How did you do?" You can also do as you please, or just do nothing all day long.
WORD FAMILY
do: did, doable, doer, does, doing, done, doth, overdo+/ doable: doabler/doer: doers/doing: doings/ done: doner, overdone, underdone, undone/overdo: overdid, overdoing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Nick naively hopes no other women saw it, but of course they did.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
To reiterate: A story about a severe weather event that didn’t happen was more popular than most stories about events that did.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Brewer criticized school busing, as did foes of desegregation, but he appeared moderate on race when compared with Wallace.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: aux. 构成疑问句和否定句; 代替动词; 用于加强语气
vt. 做; 干; 进行; 从事
vi. 表现; 进展; 引起; 行过
n. 社交聚会; 社交活动; 宴会
时态：did, done, doing, does
→来自dhe, 做，制造，放置，词源同fact, theme.
aux.v.vt.做,干,办,从事;引起vi.行动What are you doing?你在做什么?
[du] [du:] (did, done)
auxiliary verb
FOR QUESTIONS/NEGATIVES 用于疑问句／否定句
 ESSENTIAL
■used with another verb to form questions and negative sentences, including negative orders, and sometimes in affirmative sentences for reasons of style （与另一动词连用构成疑问句和否定句，包括倒装句，有时因文体原因亦可用于肯定句）
• Where do you work? 你在哪里上班？
• Why did you do that? 你为甚么那么做？
• Why don't we have lunch together on Friday? 我们周五何不一起吃午饭呢？
• Doesn't Matthew look old these days? 这些天马修是不是看起来有些老？
• "Didn't you realise she was deaf?" "No I didn't."/"Of course I did." “你没发现她耳聋吗?”“没有。”／“当然发现了。”
• Not only did I speak to her, I even got her autograph! 我不仅和她说了话，而且还得到了她的亲笔签名。
• formal Never did I hear such a terrible noise. 我从没听到过如此可怕的噪音。
• Don't (you) speak to me like that! （你）别和我这样说话！
• UK Don't let's argue about it (= Let's not argue about it). 这件事我们不要再争了。
• formal So quietly did she speak (= She spoke so quietly) that I could scarcely hear her. 她说话的声音太小，我几乎听不到。
• Little does he know (= He knows nothing about it) , but we're flying to Geneva next weekend to celebrate his birthday. 他还不知道呢，下周末我们要飞往日内瓦去给他庆祝生日。
• "I want three cakes, two chocolate bars and an ice cream." "Do you now/indeed ? (= That is surprising or unreasonable)." “我要三件蛋糕、两条巧克力棒和一个雪糕。”“你现在就要／真的要吗？”
 ESSENTIAL
■used instead of the main verb in questions that are added to the end of a sentence to check information （在用来确认资讯的疑问句中代替主要动词）
• You met him at our dinner party, didn't you? 晚餐会上你和他见过面，对不对？
• You don't understand the question, do you? 你没理解这个问题，是吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used instead of the main verb in questions that are added to the end of a sentence as a way of expressing surprise （在表示惊奇的疑问句中代替主要动词）
• So Susannah and Guy finally got married, did they? 苏珊娜和盖伊终于结婚了，是吗？
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
auxiliary verb
TO AVOID REPEATING 避免重复
 ESSENTIAL
■used to avoid repeating a verb or verb phrase （用于避免动词或动词短语的重复）
• She runs much faster than he does. 她跑得比他快多了。
• Maria looks much healthier than she did. 玛丽亚看起来比过去健康了许多。
• "I don't like intense heat." " Nor/Neither do I." “我不喜欢酷热的天气。”“我也是。”
• "I hate intense heat." " So do I." “我讨厌炎热的天气。”“我也是。”
• "You left your umbrella." " So I did. I'm becoming so forgetful these days." “你忘了拿雨伞。”“还真是，这些天我有些健忘。”
• "Would you mind tidying up the kitchen?" mainly UK"I have done already./I already have done." “你愿意收拾一下厨房吗？”“我已经收拾过了。”
• "May I join you?" "Please do!" “我可以加入你们吗?”“请吧！”
• "Who said that?" "I did." “谁说的?”“我。”
• "Tilly speaks fluent Japanese." "Does she really?" “蒂丽日语说得很流利。”“真的吗?”
• "I thought I'd take a day off school today." "Oh no you don't (= I'm not going to let you do that) !" “我本想今天请一天假不上学了。”“哦，那可不行！”
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
auxiliary verb
FOR EMPHASIS 用于强调
 IMPROVER [+ infinitive without to]
■used to give extra force to the main verb （用于强调主要动词）
• Do shut up, Georgia, and get on with your homework. 千万别说了，乔治娅，赶紧做功课吧。
• Do write and let me know how you're getting on. 务必写信告诉我你的情况。
• "Can I buy stamps here?" "Well, we do sell them, but we haven't got any at the moment." “我能在这儿买些邮票吗？”“我们这里确实卖邮票，但现在没货。”
• He cooks a lot does Alex. He does far more than me. 亚历克斯常做饭，他比我做的次数多得多。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
PERFORM 执行
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to perform, take part in or achieve something 做；履行；执行
• That was a really stupid thing to do. 那么做真是太愚蠢了。
• Why were you sent home from school early? What have you done now? 你为甚么放学这么早？你又干了甚么事？
• What are you doing over the weekend? 这周末你准备干甚么？
• The only thing we can do now is wait and see what happens. 我们现在唯一能做的就是坐观事态发展。
• You should be able to do it by yourself/on your own. 你自己应该能做到。
• What have you done (= caused to happen) to her? 你对她都干了些甚么？
• What (on Earth) were you doing in the library (= Why were you there and what action were you performing) at two o'clock in the morning? 凌晨两点钟你（到底）在图书馆干甚么？
• What are these toys doing here (= Why are they here) ? 这些玩具放在这里干甚么？
• What do you do (for a living) (= What is your job) ? 你做甚么工作？
• What can I do for you (= How can I help you) ? 我能为您做些甚么？
• What have you done with (= Where have you put) my coat? Have you hidden it? 你把我的外套弄哪里去了? 你给藏起来了吗？
• She just hasn't known what to do with herself (= how to keep herself busy) since she retired. 自从退休以后，她一直都不知道该干些甚么。
do sth about sth
■to take action to deal with something 对…采取行动
• It's a global problem - what can individuals do about it? 这是全球性的问题——个人能为此做些甚么？
do well/badly by sb formal
■to treat someone well or badly 招待（某人）周全／不周
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
ACT 行动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to act or take action 干，行动
• Stop arguing with me, Daryl, and do as you're told! 别再和我争辩了，达里尔，叫你干甚么你就干甚么！
• She told me not to ask any questions, just to do as she did. 她叫我不要问任何问题，只管像她那样去干就行了。
• "Was it wrong of me to go to the police?" "Oh no, I'm sure you did right/did the right thing." “我去找员警不对吗？”“哦，不，我肯定你干的没错。”
• You'd do well to take some professional advice on this matter. 在这件事上听听专业人士的意见会大有裨益。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
CONNECTED 与…相关
to do with
 ADVANCED
■connected with 与…相关
• "Why did you want to talk to me?" "Well, it's to do with a complaint that's been made about your work." “为甚么你要跟我谈话?”“因为这涉及到一件对你工作的投诉。”
• "But I didn't have any money." "What has that got to do with it? You still shouldn't have taken my purse without asking me." “可是我没有钱了。”“那和这件事有甚么关系?你还是不应该不问自取拿走我的钱包呀。”
• She's refused to have anything (more) to do with him since he was arrested for drinking and driving. 自从他因酒后驾车被捕后，她就拒绝与他（再）有任何联系。
• "I thought I should tell you I saw your son smoking today." "Mind your own business, would you? It has nothing to do with you what my son does!" “我今天看见你儿子抽烟了，我觉得应该把这件事告诉你。”“你还是管好自己的事吧，行不行？我儿子做甚么和你一点关系都没有！”
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
DEAL WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to deal with; to be responsible for 处理；对…负责
• Lucia is going to do the publicity for the school play. 露西娅将负责这部校园剧的宣传工作。
• If they ask any awkward questions, just let me do the talking. 一旦他们提出棘手的问题，就让我来负责回答。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
STUDY 研究
 IMPROVER transitive
■to study a subject 研究，学习，读（专业）
• Diane did anthropology at university. 戴安娜在大学读的是人类学。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
SOLVE 解决
 IMPROVER transitive
■to solve, or find the answer to something 解决；解答；回答
• to do a puzzle 玩智力游戏
• I've never been able to do crosswords. 我从来不会玩填字游戏。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
MAKE 制作
 IMPROVER transitive
■to make, produce or create something 制作，生产，创作
• I can't come out tonight - I've got to do my history essay. 今晚我不能出去——我得把历史课的论文写出来。
• [+ two objects] Can you do me 20 photocopies of this report/do 20 photocopies of this report for me? 你能把这份报告给我复印20份吗？
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
FINISH 完成
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If you say that you have done with something or someone, or have done performing a particular action, you mean that you have finished what you were doing with something or someone, or what you were saying to someone, or that you have finished the action 结束，完成
• Have you done with those scissors yet? 你用完剪刀了吗？
• Where the hell are you going? I haven't done with you yet. 你到底想去哪里？我跟你还没说完呢。
• [+ -ing verb] I haven't done talking to you yet. 我跟你还没说完呢。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
CLEAN/MAKE TIDY 打扫／整理
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to clean or tidy, or make something look attractive 打扫，清洁；整理；装饰
■1. I want to do (= clean) the living room this afternoon. do 1 今天下午我要打扫一下客厅。
• I cooked the dinner so you can do (= wash) the dishes. 我做了晚饭，所以你来洗碗吧。
• do your hair/make-up/nails 做头发／化妆／修指甲
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
ARRANGE 安排
 ADVANCED transitive
■to arrange something 安排，排列，安放
• You've done those flowers beautifully. 你把那些花儿插得真漂亮。
• Can anyone here do (= tie) bow-ties? 这里有人会打领结吗？
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
TRAVEL 旅行
 ADVANCED transitive
■to travel a particular distance or to travel at a particular speed 走过，旅行过（一段路程）；以…速度行进
• It's an old car and it's done over 80 000 miles. 这是一辆旧车，已经跑了八万多英里。
• My new car does 50 miles to the gallon/30 km to the litre uses one gallon of fuel to travel 50 miles, or one litre to travel 30 km. 我的新车一加仑汽油能跑50英里／一升汽油能跑30公里。
• We were doing 150 (km an hour) along the motorway. 我们以每小时150公里的速度在高速公路上行驶。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to complete a journey 完成（一段旅程）
• We did the journey to Wales in five hours. 我们用五小时走完了到威尔士的路程。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
BE ACCEPTABLE 可以接受
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to be acceptable, suitable or enough (for) 可以接受；适合；够用
• Will this room do or would you prefer one with a shower? 这个房间行吗？还是你想要个带淋浴间的房间？
• This kind of behaviour just won't do. 这种行为根本不能接受。
• [+ to infinitive] It doesn't do to criticize your parents. 不可以批评父母。
• I haven't got any grapefruit juice, but I've got some orange juice. Will that do (you)? 我没有葡萄柚汁，但有一些柳橙汁。（你）要吗？
• "Is that enough potato, or would you like some more?" "That'll do (= be enough for) me, thanks." “那些马铃薯够吗?你还要吗?”“我要那些就够了，谢谢。”
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
CAUSE TO HAVE 使拥有
 ADVANCED transitive
■to provide or sell something, or to cause someone to have something 提供；销售；供给
• There's a special offer on and they're doing three for the price of two. 现在他们正在特价优惠中，花两件的价钱可以买三件。
• Do you do travel insurance as well as flights? 除了飞行以外你们提供旅游保险吗？
• The pub only does food at lunchtimes, not in the evenings. 这家酒馆只在午饭时提供食物，晚饭时没有。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
COOK 烹饪
 ADVANCED transitive
■to cook or prepare food 做（饭），烹制，准备（食物）
• Who's doing the food for your party? 谁为你的派对准备食品？
• [+ two objects] I'll do you some scrambled eggs. 我来给你做点炒鸡蛋。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
MANAGE 设法
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb
■to develop or continue with the stated amount of success; to manage 进展；继续保持；设法做到
• How is Mary doing in her new job/school? 玛丽在新的工作岗位上表现／在新学校里学得怎么样？
• Both the new mother and her baby are doing very well. 产妇和新生儿目前都状况良好。
• Are your roses doing all right this year? 今年你的玫瑰长得好吗？
• Many shops are doing badly because of the economic situation. 由于目前的经济形势，很多商店都处于惨淡经营的状态。
• I did rather well when I traded in my car - they gave me a good price for it. 我做的折旧贴换新车很划算——他们给我的旧车出了个好价钱。
• Alexa has done well for her self (= has achieved great personal success) , getting such a highly paid job. 亚历克莎得到这样一份高薪的工作，干得真不错。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
PLAY 扮演
transitive
■to perform a play or to play the part of a character 演出；扮演
• The children are doing a play at the end of term. 期末孩子们要演戏。
• She's done all the important Shakespearean roles apart from Lady Macbeth. 她扮演过莎士比亚戏剧中除马克白夫人以外的所有重要角色。
• I hope she doesn't do a Helen (= do what Helen did) and get divorced six months after her wedding. 我希望她不要像海伦那样结婚六个月就离婚。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
VISIT 参观
transitive informal
■to visit the interesting places in a town or country, or to look around an interesting place 参观，游览
• We didn't manage to do Nice when we were in France. 我们在法国时没能去尼斯游览。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
STEAL 偷窃
transitive informal
■to enter a building illegally and steal from it （入室）盗窃，偷盗
• Our house was done while we were away. 我们外出时家中失窃了。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
CHEAT 欺骗
transitive informal
■to cheat someone 欺骗，欺诈；骗取
• Fifty bucks for that old bike! You've been done! 那辆旧脚踏车花了50美元！你上当了！
• He did me for a thousand quid for that car. 他那辆汽车骗了我1000英镑。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
PRISON 监狱
transitive informal
■to spend time in prison 服刑，坐牢
• He did three years for his part in the robbery. 他因参与抢劫坐了三年牢。
• If you're not careful you'll end up doing time again. 如果不小心你还会再进监狱。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
PUNISH 惩罚
transitive mainly UK informal
■to punish someone 惩罚，处罚
• If you mess with me again, I'll do you good and proper. 你如果再跟我捣乱，我可要好好治治你了。
• I got done (= stopped by the police) for speeding on my way home last night. 昨晚回家时，我超速驾驶被员警截住了。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
TAKE DRUG 吸毒
transitive informal
■to take an illegal drug 服用（毒品），吸（毒）
• How long have you been doing heroin? 你服用海洛因有多久了？
• I don't do drugs. 我不吸毒。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
HAPPEN 发生
be doing informal
■to be happening 发生
• This town is so boring in the evening - there's never anything doing. 晚上这座城镇很无聊——从来都没有甚么事情发生。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
can't be doing with sth UK informal
■to be unable to bear something, or to have no patience with it 无法忍受，不能容忍；对…没有耐心
• I can't be doing with all this shouting and screaming. 我受不了这样又喊又叫。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
Do as you would be done by. saying
■said to show that you believe in treating others as you would like them to treat you 己所不欲，勿施于人。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
do it informal
■to have sex 发生性关系，做爱
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
do something/nothing, etc. for/to sb informal
■to have/not have a strong and positive effect on someone, or to be/not be something or someone that they like or enjoy 对／不对（某人）有正面影响；为／不为（某人）所喜爱
• Watching that film really did something to me. 看了那部电影我还真的有些收获。
• Chopin has never really done it/anything for me. 萧邦从来没有对我产生过甚么影响。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
That does it!
■said when someone or something goes beyond the limit of what is acceptable 太不像话了！
• That does it! I will not tolerate that sort of behaviour in this class. 太不像话了！我不能容忍这个班里出现这样的行为。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
That will never do! old-fashioned
■used to say that a situation is wrong and unacceptable 绝对不行！
■1. "The dinner was excellent except that they served red wine with the chicken." "Dear me! That will never do!" do 2 “晚餐很棒，只是不该用红酒配鸡肉。”“天啊！那怎么行啊！”
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
That'll do!
■used to tell someone to stop behaving badly 够了！行了！
• That'll do, Timothy! Please just sit down and keep quiet. 够了，蒂莫西！请坐下别说话。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
That's done it! informal
■said when someone or something has caused damage or a difficulty 这可糟了！
• "That's done it!" said Anna as she looked at the damage. "Now I really will have to get a new car." “这可糟了！”安娜看着损坏的地方说，“看来我真得买辆新汽车了。”
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)
What's done is done. saying
■said when you cannot change something that has already happened 事已至此。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do away with sth
■to get rid of something or stop using something 摆脱，抛弃；废除
• These ridiculous rules and regulations should have been done away with years ago. 这些荒唐的规章制度几年前就该废除了。
• Computerization has enabled us to do away with a lot of paperwork. 电脑的广泛应用让我们摆脱了很多文书工作。
• How on Earth could they do away with a lovely old building like that and put a car park there instead? 他们怎么能拆掉一座那样漂亮的老建筑去修建停车场呢？
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do away with sb informal
■to murder someone 干掉（某人），杀死（某人）
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do sb down
■to criticize someone in order to make them feel ashamed or to make other people lose respect for them 羞辱（某人）；贬低（某人）
• She felt that everyone in the meeting was trying to do her down. 她觉得会上每一个人都在试图羞辱她。
• [R] Stop doing your self down. 别再眨低你自己了。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do for sb/sth UK old-fashioned informal
■to seriously damage something, or to seriously hurt or kill someone 严重损坏；严重伤害；杀死
• Driving on those rough roads has really done for my car. 在那种崎岖的路上行驶对我的汽车磨损很严重。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do sth for sb/sth
■If a doctor of medicine does something for someone or their illness, they make them better 治愈；使好转
• Can you do anything for my bad back, doctor? 医生，你能治一治我的背痛吗？
• These pills I've been taking have done nothing for me. 我一直吃的这些药丸对我一点用都没有。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do sb in
KILL slang
■to attack or kill someone 袭击（某人），干掉（某人），杀死（某人）
• They threatened to do me in if I didn't pay up by Friday. 他们威胁说如果我周五之前不还钱就要杀了我。
TIRE informal
■to make someone extremely tired 使（某人）极劳累，使（某人）极疲惫
• That hockey match really did me in. 那场曲棍球比赛真把我给累坏了。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  [R] do yourself in slang
■to kill yourself 自杀
• She threatened to do herself in when her husband ran off with her best friend. 丈夫和她最好的朋友跑了，她扬言说自己不想活了。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  [M] do sth out UK informal
■to clean or tidy something 清洁，打扫；整理
• I'd like you to do out your room before Chris comes to stay. 我希望你在克里斯来住之前把你的房间打扫干净。
■to decorate something 装饰，装点，布置
• They did the room out with balloons and streamers ready for the party. 他们为了派对把房间用气球和彩带装饰起来。
• We've had the bathroom done out in pale yellow. 我们让人把浴室刷成了浅黄色。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do sb out of sth informal
■to stop someone from getting or keeping something, especially in a dishonest or unfair way （尤指以不诚实或不公正的手段）使（某人）蒙受损失；骗取，骗走
• Pensioners have been done out of millions of pounds as a result of the changes. 这些变革使领取养老金者损失了数百万英镑。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  [M] do sb over mainly UK informal
■to attack someone violently 猛烈攻击（某人），狠揍（某人）
• They said they'd do me over if I refused to drive the getaway car. 他们说如果我拒绝开车带他们逃走，他们就要狠揍我一顿。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do sth over US
■to do something again because you did not do it well the first time 重做
• This essay's the worst you've ever done. I think you should do it over. 这篇论文是你写得最差的一篇。我觉得你应该重写。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  [M] do (sth) up
 ESSENTIAL
■to fasten something or become fastened 系牢
• Can you help me to do up my dress? 你能帮我把衣服扣上吗？
• Do your shoes/laces up before you trip over. 把鞋带系好，免得绊倒。
• These trousers must have shrunk - I can't do the zip up. 这条裤子一定是缩水了——我都拉不上拉链了。
• Why won't this zip do up? 这条拉链为甚么拉不上？
Opposite undo
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  [M] do sth up
REPAIR
 ADVANCED
■to repair or decorate a building so that it looks attractive 整修；装修，装饰
• I'd like to buy a run-down cottage that I can do up. 我想买一个破旧的小屋自己装修一下。
WRAP
■to wrap something in paper 包装，包裹
• She always does her presents up beautifully in gold and silver paper. 她总是用金银纸把礼物包装得非常精美。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
verb[duː] (did, done)  Phrasal Verbs  do without (sth)
 IMPROVER
■to manage without having something 凑合，应付，将就
• There's no mayonnaise left, so I'm afraid you'll just have to do without. 蛋黄酱用完了，恐怕你只得将就着不用它了。
• Thank you Kate, we can do without language like that (= we don't want to hear your rude language). 谢谢你，凯特，其实用不着跟我们那样说话。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
noun countable /duː] (plural dos)
TREATMENT 对待 UK informal
■a way of treating people 对待，待人
• There are no special privileges for the managers - we believe in fair dos all round (= equal treatment for everyone) in this company. 经理没有任何特权——在这间公司里我们讲究人人平等。
■2. It's a poor do (= a bad/unfair situation) when a so-called developed country can't even provide homes for all its citizens.
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
noun countable /duː] (plural dos)
RULE 规定
dos and don'ts
■rules about what you must do and must not do in a particular situation 有关在特定场合的行为准则的规定
• In the back of the guide there's a list of the dos and don'ts of local etiquette. 指南后面有一个当地礼节规定的清单。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
noun countable /duː] (plural dos)
PARTY 聚会 do 3 mainly UK informal
* a party or other social event 派对，社交活动
• Julie's having a bit of a do for her fortieth birthday. 朱莉要搞一个类似派对的活动来庆祝她的40岁生日。
• It was one of those dos where nobody really knew each other. 那是一次来宾们相互都不认识的社交活动。
[də] [du] [du:] (did, done)
noun countable /duː] (plural dos)
HAIR 头发 US for hairdo
execute, conduct, do, perform, fulfil
这组词都有“做，执行，实施，完成”的意思，其区别是：
execute: 指需专门技术熟练技巧去完成某种复杂的任务或表演等，也指用行动把计划或打算付诸实施或执行某项命令。
conduct: 和perform一样比较正式，二者意义相近，但conduct含指导、领导或监督等意味。
do: 最普通常用词，指完成某项具体工作、任务，也指完成某种行为或动作。
perform: 指完成困难较大、较复杂的任务。较正式用词。
fulfil: 指履行和实现所许诺的、所期望或要求的事情，含最终完成的意味。
n. 要求；规定；C大调音阶中的第一音
 - requirement, provision, need, desire, demand
vt. 做；进行；完成；解答
 - accomplish, carry out, come, achieve, perform
vi. 做；进行；完成
 - progress, wage

Word: other
Front: other
[ˈʌðə(r)] (中高 75/69 -K5)
Vocabulary: other
(once / 4 pages)
adj
Use the adjective other to distinguish something as being different or distinct. You might ask your friend if she's coming to the movies with you, or if she has other plans.
If you don't get the first job you apply for, you'll have to see if other places are hiring. If you're sweating in the hot summer sunshine, you might want to cross to the other side of the street. Other can take various meanings, from "opposite" to "strange" to "additional." You might also notice other in phrases like "how the other half live," meaning rich versus poor people, or "the other day" — a few days ago.
WORD FAMILY
other: otherly, otherness, others
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s not exactly an everyday thing in other sports, either.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 别的; 其他的; （两个中的）另一个; 其余的
pron. 其他的; （指两个人或事物中的第二个）那个; （指一组中其余的人或事物）其余的; （指与说话人所在位置等相反的方向或地点）另一边
n. [the other]对立面；对立的事物
分布：其他的(53%)，另一个(25%)，另外的(13%)，另一边(7%)，以其他方式(2%)
→来自古英语other,来自an-tero,异化自al-tero,两个中的另外一个，来自*al,另外，其它，词源同alias,else,*tero,比较级后缀，词源同alternate,exterior.在古英语中鼻音n在摩擦音前自然脱落。
a.另外的,其他的n./pron.另一个人(或事)The cat catches a fat rat and scatters the others under the mat.猫抓了一只肥鼠并驱散了席子下面的其它老鼠.
US [-ɚ] determiner
ADDITIONAL 另外的
 ESSENTIAL
■as well as the thing or person already mentioned 其他的，别的，另外的
• The product has many other time-saving features. 该产品还有许多其他的省时特性。
• There is no other work available at the moment. 目前没有其他的工作了。
• There is only one other person who could help us. 只有另外一个人可以帮助我们。
• Are there any other people we should speak to? 另外还有我们应该与之交谈的人吗？
• I've found one earring - do you know where the other one is? 我找到了一只耳环——你知道另一只在哪里吗？
⇒ See also another
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the end of a list to show that there are more things, without being exact about what they are （用于列举之后）其他的
• The plan has been opposed by schools, businesses and other local organizations. 该计划遭到学校、企业及其他当地组织的反对。
• These two books will be especially useful for editors, journalists and other professional users of the language. 这两本书将对编辑、记者及其他使用该语言的专业人士尤为有用。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner
OPPOSITE 对面
the other side/end (of sth)
 ESSENTIAL
■the opposite side or end of something 另一边；另一端
• Put the chair at the other end of the desk. 把椅子放到桌子的另一边去。
• The man was waiting on the other side of the street. 那个人在街对面等着。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■different from the thing or person already mentioned 不同的，其他的，别的
• I've no cash - is there no other way of paying? 我没有现金——没有其他支付方式吗？
• He likes travelling abroad and learning about other people's customs and traditions. 他喜欢到国外旅行，并了解其他民族的风俗习惯。
⇒ See also another
the other day/week, etc.
 IMPROVER
■referring to a day, week, etc. in the recent past without saying exactly when it was （指最近某个大概的时间）那个，某个
• I saw him just the other day/night. 我几天前／几天前的晚上／几周前刚见过他。
other than
 ADVANCED formal
■different from or except 不同于；除了
• Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children. 除了小册子上规定的假日外，其他假日小孩座位不免费。
• The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. 除了你本人，谁也不能在这张表格上签字。
 ADVANCED
■in a negative sentence, used to mean 'except' ﹝用于否定句﹞除了
• There's nothing on TV tonight, other than rubbish. 今晚的电视除了垃圾，再没别的了。
in other words
 ADVANCED
■used to introduce an explanation that is simpler than the one given earlier 换句话说，换言之
• He was economical with the truth - in other words, he was lying. 他没说多少实话——换言之，他在撒谎。
or other informal
 ADVANCED
■used when you cannot or do not want to be exact about the information you are giving 某些；某个
• The event was held in some park or other. 这个活动是在某个公园举行的。
• We'll find someone or other to help us. 我们会找个人来帮我们的。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■the second of two things or people, or the thing or person that is left in a group or set of things （两者中的）另一个，第二个；（一组或一套中的）另一个
• Hold the racquet in one hand and the ball in the other. 一只手握拍，另一只手持球。
• Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, while others prefer a meat-based diet. 有的人偏爱素食，而另一些人偏爱肉食。
• She gave me one book last week and promised to bring the others on Wednesday. 上周她给了我一本书，并答应周三把其他的书带来。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
others [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■more ones 别的，其他的
• I only know about this book, but there might be others (= other books). 我只知道这本书，不过或许还有别的。
 ESSENTIAL
■people in general, not including yourself 别人，其他人
• You shouldn't expect others to do your work for you. 你不应该指望别人替你做事。
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  other To talk about people in general, not including yourself, don't say 'the others', just say others :
✗ Parents must teach their children to respect the others. Parents must teach their children to respect others.
UK ['ʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  others or other? Warning: do not confuse the pronoun 'others' with the determiner other. Before a plural noun, don't say 'others', say other :
✗ I would like to meet others people with the same hobby. I would like to meet other people with the same hobby. Remember: before a singular noun, the correct determiner is another : I met another person with the same hobby.
another, other
another: 后接名词单数  another student
other: 后接名词复数, other students,
adj. 其他的，另外的
 - another, else

Word: country
Front: country
[ˈkʌntri] (中高雅 166/175 -K5)
Vocabulary: country
(once / 12 pages)
n
A country is a nation, a body of land with one government. Also, rural areas outside cities and towns are called the country.
There are many countries in the world: places that have a central government and a common identity. America was once just a bunch of colonies of England. It wasn't until they fought for independence from England that America became a country. Also, "the country" is any place that's away from cities and rural: the country has farms and open spaces. Country life is quieter than city life — except for the early morning roosters.
WORD FAMILY
country: countries
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
UN resolutions call for an end to the country's nuclear and missile tests.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
At least two new laws demonstrate the country’s gradual move toward more sustainable products.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 国家; 国民; 乡下; 地区
分布：国家(72%)，国家的(13%)，乡村(9%)，乡村音乐(2%)，乡村的(1%)，乡村音乐的(1%)，故乡的(1%)，区域(1%)
→来自counter-, 相对，原指相对于他国而言的本国土地，即国家。后相对于城市而言的土地，即乡村。
n.国家;农村,乡下China is a large country with a long history.中国是一个幅员辽阔历史悠久的国家.
noun
POLITICAL UNIT 政治单位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an area of land that has its own government, army, etc. 国家；国土
• Which is the largest country in Europe? 欧洲最大的国家是哪个？
• Sri Lanka is my native country, but I've been living in Belgium for the past five years. 斯里兰卡是我的祖国，但最近五年我一直住在比利时。
• The climate is cooler in the east of the country. 该国东部气候比较凉爽。
the country
 IMPROVER
■all the people who live in a country （某）国人；国民
• The whole country celebrated the signing of the peace treaty. 全国人民庆祝和平条约的签订。
  Common Learner Errors  countryWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of country , don't write 'countrys', write countries.
  Common Learner Errors  country, land, nation, or state? Country is the most general of these words. It usually means an area of land with its own government and people. China, Japan, and other countries in Asia Nation is used to talk about a country, especially when you mean the people or the culture of that country. The whole nation celebrated the 100th anniversary of independence. State is used to talk about a country as a political or official area. Some countries are divided into political units that are also called states. Belgium became an independent state in 1830. America is divided into 50 states. the State of Florida Land means an area of ground, especially when used for farming or building. It can also be used to mean a country, but this is a literary usage. We bought some land to build a house on. He told stories of distant lands.
['kʌn.tri] noun
NATURAL LAND 自然地带
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■land which is not in towns, cities or industrial areas and is either used for farming or left in its natural condition 乡村，乡下
• He lives out in the country somewhere. 他住在乡下某个地方。
• Would you prefer to live in the country instead of a town? 与城里相比，你更愿意住乡下吗？
• Country life isn't always as peaceful as city-dwellers think. 乡村生活并不总是像城镇居民想像的那样宁静。
• It's often quicker to travel across country and avoid the major roads altogether. 穿越乡村完全避开主干道往往会走得更快。
['kʌn.tri] noun
LAND 土地
uncountable
■an area of land considered in relation to a particular feature 地区，地域
• Stratford-on-Avon is the capital of Shakespeare country. 埃文河畔斯特拉特福是莎士比亚故乡的首府。
• The empty roads make this area good cycling country. 空荡荡的公路使这个地区成为骑车的好场所。
['kʌn.tri] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable (also country and western) (also country music)
■popular music which is based on a type of traditional music from the western and southern US （美国西部和南部的）乡村音乐
• the enduring appeal of country and western 西部乡村音乐不朽的魅力
['kʌn.tri] noun
across country
■travelling in a direction where roads or public transport do not go, or where main roads or railways do not go 乡间旅游（在一些没有大路和公共交通设施的地方旅游）
• Getting a train across country from Cambridge to Chester can be difficult. 搭乘火车在剑桥和贾斯特之间进行乡间旅行可不容易。
['kʌn.tri] noun
go to the country UK
■to have an election 举行大选
• The Prime Minister has decided to go to the country. 首相决定举行大选。
['kʌn.tri] noun
  Common Learner Errors  countryWarning: Check your spelling! Country is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners.
land, state, power, nation, country
这组词都有“国家”的意思，其区别是：
land: 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。
state: 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家，即由政府所代表的国家。
power: 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。
nation: 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。
country: 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。
n. 国家；故乡
 - nation, state, soil, hometown
adj. 乡下的；粗野的
 - rural, robust, gross, rough, bush

Word: may
Front: may
[meɪ] (中高雅 119/83 -K4)
Vocabulary: may
(once / 6 pages)
n
While may most often appears as a helping verb to indicate that something is possible or allowed, it can also be a noun for a kind of shrub or small tree, also called a "hawthorn."
The may has flowers that can range from white to red, and it's also got deep red berries. Since it has a pretty flower that blooms in the spring, it's associated with the month of May. In the 17th-century poem by Robert Herrick, titled "Corinna's Going A-Maying," Corinna is gathering the flowers of the may tree, a springtime activity that goes back as far as medieval times.
WORD FAMILY
may: maies
USAGE EXAMPLES
Similar units may be available at the consumer level soon.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: aux. 可以; 也许; 会; 但愿
n. [May]五月; 山楂属植物; （五朔节装饰用的）绿枝花枝; （春天开花的）绣线菊属植物
分布：名词(100%)
→来自拉丁语Maius mensis,即大地女神Maia月。比较April,June.may 也许，可能
n.五月She may still be waiting for us.她可能还在等我们.
may
aux.v.可能,也许;可以,被允许;祝,愿She may still be waiting for us.她可能还在等我们.
modal verb
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express possibility （表示可能性）可能，也许
• There may be other problems that we don't know about. 可能有我们不知道的其他问题。
• I may see you tomorrow before I leave. 明天我走前也许还能见到你。
• The cause of the accident may never be discovered. 意外的起因也许永远无法查清。
• The explosion may have been caused by a faulty electrical connection. 爆炸可能是由电路连接错误引起的。
• We'd better not interfere - she may not like it. 我们最好别干涉——她可能会不高兴。
• There may be some evidence to suggest she's guilty, but it's hardly conclusive. 也许有迹象显示她有罪，但不怎么令人信服。
Compare might
  Common Learner Errors  may May is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'may does something', say may do something
✗ It may sounds strange but it works! It may sound strange but it works!
  Common Learner Errors  may be or maybe? May and be appear together as two separate words when they are both used as verbs: I may be late for dinner tonight. Remember: the adverb maybe is always written as one word: Maybe you should leave work earlier?
  Common Learner Errors  may or can? Warning: Choose the correct verb! To talk about the possibility that something will happen when you are not certain, use may Rory may be late again. The traffic is very heavy. When you are certain that something is possible, don't say 'may', say can :
✗ You may get to my house by bus or by train. You can get to my house by bus or by train.
[meɪ] modal verb
PERMISSION 允许
 ESSENTIAL slightly formal
■used to ask or give permission （用于请求许可或表示允许）可以
• A reader may borrow up to six books at any one time. 读者一次最多可借阅六本书。
• "May I help myself to some more food?" "Yes, of course." “我能再要些吃的吗？”“好的，当然可以。”
• Hi, my name's Tiffany. How may I help you? “你好，我叫蒂芙妮，能帮你做些甚么吗？”
Compare might
[meɪ] modal verb
WISH 祝愿 formal
■used to introduce a wish or a hope （表示祝愿或希望）祝，愿
• May you have a long and fruitful marriage. 祝你们婚姻长久美满。
[meɪ] modal verb
be that as it may slightly formal
■used to mean that you accept that a piece of information is true but it does not change your opinion of the subject you are discussing 就算是那样
• Building a new children's home will cost a lot of money but, be that as it may, there is an urgent need for the facility. 兴建一所新的儿童之家要花很多钱，但即使如此也要非建不可。
[meɪ] modal verb
may I ask
■used in questions to show disapproval （用于疑问句表示不赞同）能问一下…吗
• What, may I ask, was the point of repeating the tests? 我想问一下，重复这些测试的目的是甚么？
[meɪ] modal verb
may well
■If you say that something may well happen, you mean that it is likely to happen 很有可能
• She may well not want to travel alone. 她很有可能不想独自旅行。
[meɪ] noun uncountable (also may blossom)
■the flowers of the hawthorn tree 山楂花
can, may
这两个情态动词均含有“能，可能，可以”之意。
can和may常被错用，应注意3点:
can表示体力或智力方面的能力。may没有这种功能。
can和may都可表示请求允许做某事，前者较口语化，最常用；may用于正式文体，多含尊敬之意。
can和may都可能表示可能性，前者表理论上的可能性，而后者表示现实的可能性。在这种用法中，can一般不能用来表将来的可能性，多用在否定和疑问句中表现在的可能性，而may既可表现在又可表将来的可能性。
aux. 可能，可以；愿意
 - should, must, would

Word: so
Front: so
[səʊ] (中高 55/48 -K3)
Back: adv. 这样; 很; （表示程度）这么; 同样
conj. （表示因果关系）因此; （表示目的）为了; （引出下文）; （认为某事无关紧要，尤用于反驳他人的指责时）（口语）
pron. 如此; 这样; 大约; 左右
int. [表示同意、赞成等] 好啦，就这样吧！停下！（停住）别动！; [表示惊讶、冷淡等] 哦; 真的吗
adj. 真的; 事实如此的; 如此的; 整齐的
分布：所以(29%)，因此(17%)，这样(17%)，如此(14%)，那么(11%)，非常(7%)，以便(3%)，真的(2%)
→来自中古英语 so,来自古英语 swa,因此，来自 Proto-Germanic*swa,因此，来自 swo,反身 代词词干，可能来自 so,指示代词干，词源同 sic,soon.
ad.那么;非常;也;不错conj.因此;以便I hope so.我希望如此.
US [soʊ] adverb
VERY 非常
 ESSENTIAL
■very, extremely, or to such a degree 很，非常，这么，那么
• The house is so beautiful. 这房子太漂亮了！
• Thank you for being so patient. 谢谢你这么耐心。
• Don't be so stupid! 不要这么傻了！
• I didn't know she had so many children! 我不知道她有这么多孩子！
• You can only do so much to help (= There is a limit to how much you can help). 你只能帮忙到这个地步。
• UK informal She's ever so kind and nice. 她向来这样和蔼可亲。
• I'm so tired (that) I could sleep in this chair! 我太累了，连坐在这椅子上都能睡着！
• I'm not so desperate as to agree to that. 我并不急着非同意不可。
• The word itself is so rare as to be almost obsolete. 这个词本身就十分罕见，几乎要被淘汰了。
• I've never been to so expensive a restaurant (= such an expensive restaurant) before. 我以前从没来过这么贵的餐厅。
■mainly US not standard
■used before a noun or before 'not' to emphasize what is being said （用在名词或 not 前表示强调）
• Don't wear that - it's so last year (= it was fashionable last year but not now). 别穿那个了——去年才流行那个呢，现在早就过时了。
• I'm sorry, but she is so not a size 10 (= she is very much larger than a size 10). 对不起，但是她的尺寸绝对要比10号大很多。
■used at the end of a sentence to mean to a very great degree （放在句末表示程度高）
• Is that why you hate him so? 这就是你如此痛恨他的原因吗？
• You worry so! 你太多虑了！
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] adverb
SAME WAY 同样
 ESSENTIAL
■used usually before the verbs 'have', 'be' or 'do', and other auxiliary verbs to express the meaning 'in the same way' or 'in a similar way' （通常用于 have，be，do 等助动词前）同样，像这样
• "I've got an enormous amount of work to do." "So have I." “我有很多很多工作要做。”“我也一样。”
• "I'm allergic to nuts." "So is my brother." “我对坚果过敏。”“我弟弟也是。”
• Neil left just after midnight and so did Roz. 尼尔一过午夜就走了，罗兹也走了。
• Just as you like to have a night out with the lads, so I like to go out with the girls now and again. 就像你喜欢和小伙子晚上出去一样，我偶尔也喜欢和女孩子一起出去。
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] adverb
MENTIONED EARLIER 先前提到过
 ESSENTIAL
■used to avoid repeating a phrase mentioned earlier （用于代替先前提到的短语以避免重复）这样，如此
• "I hope they stay together." "I hope so too." “我希望他们在一起。”“我也希望如此。”
• "Do you think he's upset?" "I don't think so." “你认为他不高兴了吗？”“我想没有。”
• James is coming tonight, or so he said. 詹姆斯今晚要来，至少他是这么说的。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that a situation mentioned earlier is correct or true 是这样，像那样
• "Is it true that we're not getting a pay increase this year?" "I'm afraid so." “我们今年真的不会加薪吗？”“恐怕是这样的。”
• "Anthony and Mia don't get on very well." "Is that so?" “安东尼和米娅相处得不怎么好。”“真是那样吗？”
• "The forecast says it might rain." "If so we'll have the party inside." “天气预报说可能要下雨。”“如果真是那样的话，我们就在室内开派对。”
■used to say that a fact that has just been stated is certainly true 的确如此，的确这样
• "My eyes are slightly different colours." "So they are." “我两眼的颜色略有差别。”“的确如此。”
• "That's her brother - he looks like James Dean." "So he does." “那是她弟弟——看起来像詹姆斯•迪恩。”“的确如此。”
■used instead of repeating an adjective that has already been mentioned （用于代替已提到过的形容词以避免重复）
• She's quite reasonable to work with - more so than I was led to believe. 她是个可以共事的人，通情达理——好得让我难以相信。
• He's quite bright - well, certainly more so than his brother. 他很聪明——嗯，比他弟弟还要聪明。
■US child's word
■used, especially by children, to argue against a negative statement （尤为儿语）偏偏，就是
• "You didn't even see the movie." "I did so!" “你根本没有看过这部电影。”“我就是看过！”
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] adverb
IN THIS WAY 这样
■in this way; like this 以这种方式，这样
• The pillars, which are outside the building, are so placed in order to provide the maximum space inside. 建筑物外面的柱子如此排列是为了能提供最大的室内空间。
• I've so arranged my trip that I'll be home on Friday evening. 我这样安排自己的旅程就能在星期五晚上到家。
■used when you are showing how something is done （用于示范如何做）就这样
• Just fold this piece of paper back, so, and make a crease here. 把这张纸反折，就这样，在这里折一条痕。
• Gently fold in the eggs like so. 就这样轻轻拌入鸡蛋。
■used when you are representing the size of something （用于表示大小）这么，那么
• "How tall is he next to you?" "Oh, about so big, " she said, indicating the level of her neck. “他到你哪里？”“哦，大约这么高。”她在自己的脖子上比划了一下说道。
• "The table that I liked best was about so wide, " she said, holding her arms out a metre and a half. “我最喜欢的桌子大约有这么宽。”她说着，张开双臂至一米半的间距。
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] conjunction
SENTENCE BEGINNING 句首
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a sentence to connect it with something that has been said or has happened previously （放在句首，表示和已说过或已发生过的事相联系）如此，这样，那么
• So, there I was standing at the edge of the road with only my underwear on... 就这样，我站在路边，只穿着内衣……
• So, just to finish what I was saying earlier... 那么，就把我刚才所说的内容讲完……
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a way of making certain that you or someone else understand something correctly, often when you are repeating the important points of a plan （用于进行确认）那么，这么说
• So we leave on the Thursday and get back the next Tuesday, is that right? 这么说，我们星期四出发，下个星期二回来，对吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a discovery that you have just made （表示发现）这就是，原来是
• So that's what he does when I'm not around! 那就是我不在的时候他所做的事！
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a short pause, sometimes to emphasize what you are saying （表示停顿，有时用于强调所说的内容）
• So, here we are again - just you and me. 你看，我们又在一起了——就只有你和我。
 ESSENTIAL
■used before you introduce a subject of conversation that is of present interest, especially when you are asking a question （表示引出谈话内容，尤用于提问）那么
• So, who do you think is going to win the election? 那么，你认为谁会赢得大选？
■informal
■used to show that you agree with something that someone has just said, but you do not think that it is important （表示某人所说的内容并不重要）是呀，没错
• So the car's expensive - well, I can afford it. 没错，这辆车的确很贵——但是我买得起。
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] conjunction
THEREFORE 因此
 ESSENTIAL
■and for that reason; therefore 所以，因此
• My knee started hurting so I stopped running. 我的膝盖开始疼痛，因此我停下来不再跑了。
• I was lost so I bought a street map. 我迷路了，所以买了一张街道地图。
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] conjunction
so there informal humorous
■used for emphasis, or to show that something is being done in opposition to someone else's wishes （表示强调或与某人的愿望相反）事情就是这样，没甚么可说的
• Mine's bigger than yours, so there! 我的比你大，本来就是这样！
• No, I won't help you, so there! 不，我不会帮你的，没甚么好说的了！
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] conjunction
So what? informal
■used to mean 'it's not important' and 'I don't care' 那又怎样？
• So what if I'm 35 and I'm not married - I lead a perfectly fulfilling life! 我35岁还没结婚，那又怎样？——我的生活十分充实！
• "Andrew won't like it, you know." "So what? - I don't care what Andrew thinks!" “你知道，安德鲁不会喜欢的。”“那又怎样？——我不在乎安德鲁是怎么想的！”
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] conjunction adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■used before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentioned 为了，以便
• [+ (that)] I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight. 我刻意不吃午饭，为的就是让自己今晚能感到饥饿。
• Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me. 把锁匙放在外面，好让我记得拿。
so as to
■in order to 为了，以便
• I always keep fruit in the fridge so as to keep insects off it. 我总是把水果放在冰箱里，以防虫子。
UK [səʊ] US [soʊ] adjective
just/exactly so
■perfectly tidy and well arranged 非常整齐的，井井有条的
• He's a perfectionist - everything has to be just so. 他是个完美主义者——一切都必须是一丝不茍的。
accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus
这些连接副词均有“因此，所以”之意。
accordingly: 书面用词，强调根据某种原因而得出的结果，其前可用冒号或分号，但不用逗号。
consequently: 正式用词，侧重符合逻辑的结果。
hence: 较正式用词，指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西，但强调其重要性。
so: 用于比较随便的场合，口语中多用。
therefore: 通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。
thus: 多用于书面语中，可与therefore换用。
adv. 如此，这么；确是如此
 - thus, this
conj. 所以；因此
 - thus, therfore

Word: if
Front: if
[ɪf] (中高 40/40 -K5)
Back: conj. 如果，倘若; 即使; 〈口〉是否; 假设
n. 条件，设想
分布：如果(31%)，是否(18%)，即使(18%)，条件(18%)，设想(12%)，每当(3%)
→来自i,那个，那里，它，词源同id,idem,yonder.用作连词指如果。
conj.(用于连接宾语从句)是否;是不是I wonder if you are a spy.我不知道你是不是个间谍.
conjunction
IN THAT SITUATION 在那种情况下
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that a particular thing can or will happen only after something else happens or becomes true 假如，如果
• I'll pay you double if you get the work finished by Friday. 如果你周五前完工，我付你双倍的报酬。
• We'll have the party in the garden if the weather's good. If not (= If the weather is not good) , it'll have to be inside. 如果天气好的话，我们将在花园里开派对。如果不好，就只好在室内了。
• If anyone rings for me, please tell them I'll be back in the office at 4 o'clock. 要是有人给我打电话，请告诉他们我四点钟回办公室。
• If she hadn't called, I wouldn't have known. 要不是她打电话来，我还不知道呢。
• I wouldn't work for them (even) if they paid me twice my current salary. 即使他们付给我的工资是现在的两倍，我也不会为他们工作。
• We'll deal with that problem if and when it arises. 等到那个问题出现我们再处理。
• If disturbed, the bird may abandon the nest, leaving the chicks to die. 如果受到惊扰，鸟可能会弃巢而去，留下雏鸟，任由它们死亡。
 ESSENTIAL
■although 虽然，即使
• She's a lovely woman, even if she can be a bit tiring at times. 虽然有时会有点烦人，可她还算是个可爱的女子。
• literary It was a hot, if windy day. 那天虽然有风，却依然很热。
 ESSENTIAL
■every time 当，每当
• If water is heated to 100°C it turns to steam. 水被加热到摄氏100度时，就会变成蒸汽。
• If I don't get enough sleep I get a headache. 我睡眠不足时就会头痛。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean 'if it is true that' 如果…是真的
• I'm very sorry if I've offended you. 如果我冒犯了你的话，我很抱歉。
  Common Learner Errors  ifRemember: when you are using if to talk about something happening in the future, use the present simple tense. Don't say 'if sth will happen', say if something happens :
✗ I will try to visit you if I will have time. I will try to visit you if I have time. However, if a clause beginning with if is the object of the sentence, it is possible to use 'will': I don't know if I will have time to visit you.
[ɪf] conjunction
WHETHER 是否
 ESSENTIAL
■(used to introduce a clause, often in indirect speech) whether （用于引出从句，常为间接引语）是否
• Mrs Kramer rang half an hour ago to ask if her cake was ready. 克雷默夫人半小时前来电话问她的蛋糕做好了没有。
• I don't care if he likes it or not - I'm coming! 我不在乎他喜不喜欢，我反正要来！
• I was wondering if you'd like to come to the cinema with me this evening? 不知你今晚想不想与我一起去看电影？
[ɪf] conjunction
REQUEST 请求
■used when you want to make a polite request or remark （用于礼貌地作出请求或评论）
• If you'd like to take a seat, Mr Chang will be with you in a moment. 请您先坐一会儿吧，张先生一会儿就过来。
• Would you mind if I open/opened (= Can I open) the window? 我开窗您介意吗？
• There are, if you don't mind me saying so, one or two problems with this plan. 恕我冒昧，我觉得这个计划有一两个问题。
[ɪf] conjunction
if I were you ADVANCED
■used when you give someone advice 如果我是你的话
• If I were you, I'd probably go. 如果我是你，我可能会去。
• I think I'd take the money if I were you. 如果我是你，我想我会接受这笔钱。
[ɪf] noun countable usually singular informal
■something which is not certain or not yet decided 不确定因素；未决之事；疑问
• There's a big if hanging over the project still (= it is uncertain whether the project will happen). 这个计划能否付诸实行仍然悬而未决。
[ɪf] noun countable usually singular informal
no ifs and buts UK (US no ifs, ands or buts)
■something that you say to a child to stop them arguing with you when you want them to do something （对儿童用语）别找借口
• I want no ifs and buts - just get on and tidy your room now. 别找借口——现在就赶快打扫你的房间。
if, whether
这组词都有“是否”的意思，其区别是：
if: 作“是否”解时，多用于口语，引出宾语从句，不能直接跟or not连用。
whether: 多用于书面语中，可与or或or not连用，除引出宾语从句外，还可引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或与不定式连用。
conj. （表条件）如果；即使；是否；（表假设）假如
 - whether, provided
n. 条件；设想
 - condition, qualification, conception, assumption

Word: make
Front: make
[meɪk] (中高雅 45/43 -K3)
Vocabulary: make
(once / 3 pages)
1v 2n 3v 4v 5n
If you offer to sell me your car, I might ask you, "What make is it?" Then you tell me what brand, year and model it is, because in this case make means "type made."
The noun make is either a type or a fancy card move, but as a verb, it has tons of uses, either related to forming things (you made a pie!), or forcing things (you made me make a pie). You can also make money. It can mean "act," like when you "make like a dog." You can make first place, and then make out with someone to celebrate. You really do make a nice couple.
WORD FAMILY
make: made, maker, makes, making, remake, unmake+/ made: madely, mader, madest, madingly, self-made, unmade/maker: makers/making: makings, remaking/remake: remade, remakes/remaking: remakings/unmake: unmakes, unmaking
USAGE EXAMPLES
Holmes, meanwhile, opened with a bogey, then made seven birdies and an eagle over the final 17 holes to shoot an eight-under par 64.
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
“I know so many people that would say, ‘Oh, that officer came to my house and made me feel safe again.’
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
According to the district’s policy, the request must go before a committee made up of the student’s principal, librarian, teacher and parent.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 做，制造; 生产，制定; 使成为; 使产生
vi. 开始; 尝试; 行进; 增大
n. 制造; 生产量; 性格; 形状，样式
时态：made, making, makes
分布：做(49%)，制造(37%)，使得(5%)，成功(3%)，性格(2%)，达成(2%)，生产量(1%)，式样(1%)
→来自古英语macian,制造，形成，安排，来自mag,捏，揉，形成，词源同match,massage.最早可能是来自人类始祖捏泥土以建房，后引申多种词义。
n.(产品)来源,制法vt.制造,做成,准备They make bottles out of glass.他们用玻璃做瓶
verb (made, made)
PRODUCE 生产
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to produce something, often using a particular substance or material 做；制作；制造
• Shall I make some coffee? 我煮些咖啡好吗？
• He'd made a chocolate cake. 他做了一个巧克力蛋糕。
• She makes all her own clothes. 她所有的衣服都是自己做的。
• [+ two objects] He made us some coffee./He made some coffee for us. 他为我们煮了些咖啡。
• The pot is made to withstand high temperatures. 这个罐子经特别制作，能抵抗高温。
• He works for a company that makes garden furniture. 他在一家生产庭院家俱的公司工作。
• The label on the box said 'made in Taiwan'. 盒子上的标签写著「台湾制造”。
• Butter is made out of/from milk. 奶油由牛奶制成。
• earrings made of gold 金制的耳环
• Her new trainer has promised to make an olympic athlete of her. 她的新教练承诺将她训练成奥运选手。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■To make a film or television programme is to direct , produce it, or act in it 执导；制作；拍摄；出演
• John Huston made some great films. 约翰•休斯顿执导过一些十分优秀的影片。
• The film was made by Goldcrest Productions. 这部影片是由金冠制片公司制作的。
• So why didn't Garbo make any films after 1941? 为甚么嘉宝1941年后就不再拍电影了？
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
CAUSE 导致
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause something 造成；引起；导致
• The kids made such a mess in the kitchen. 孩子将厨房弄得一团糟。
• The bullet made a hole right through his chest. 子弹射穿了他的胸膛。
• [+ infinitive without to] The wind is making my eyes water. 风吹得我眼睛直流泪。
• What made you change your mind? 甚么使你改变了想法？
• Just seeing Woody Allen's face is enough to make me laugh. 只要看一眼伍迪•艾伦的脸就足以使我发笑。
• The photograph makes me look about 80! 照片上的我看起来都快80岁了！
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
CAUSE TO BE 使成为
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause to be, to become or to appear as 使成为；使变成；使显得
• [+ noun] It's the good weather that makes Spain such a popular tourist destination. 良好的气候使西班牙成为旅游胜地。
• [R + past participle] She had to shout to make herself heard above the sound of the music. 她只有大声喊叫才能盖过音乐声让别人听到她的声音。
• I can make myself understood in French, but I'm not fluent. 我说法语别人都明白，但说得不流利。
• They went up to the Ambassador and made themselves known (to her). 他们走到大使面前，（向她）作了自我介绍。
• [+ adj] The company accounts have not yet been made public. 公司账目至今尚未公开。
• The book's advertised as "navigation made easy ". 这本书的广告宣传词是“航海不再难”。
• The President has made Henry Paulson his Secretary of the Treasury. 总统已任命亨利‧保尔森为财政部长。
• I'll have a steak - no, make that chicken. 我要一份牛排——不，改成鸡肉。
make certain/sure ADVANCED
■to take action so that you are certain that something happens, is true, etc 确定；确保
• I'll just make sure I've turned the oven off. 我要确定一下是否关掉了烤箱。
• Make certain (that) we have enough drink for the party. 我们要确保聚会上有足够的饮料。
• Make sure you're home by midnight. 你务必要在午夜前回到家。
• Jones made sure of his place in the side with three fine goals. 钟斯以三个漂亮的进球确保了他在队里的位置。
• I think I locked the door but I'll go back and check just to make sure. 我想我把门锁上了，但还是要回去检查确认一下。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
PERFORM 执行
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to perform an action 作出…的举动
• I must make a telephone call. 我必须打个电话。
• Somebody has made a donation of £1 million to Oxfam. 有人向乐施会捐赠了100万英镑。
• I need to make a trip to the shops. 我要去商店买点东西。
• On foot they could only make about 20 miles a day. 步行的话他们每天只能走20英里左右。
• We must make a decision by tomorrow. 到明天我们就必须作出决定。
• You're not making any effort. 你一点都不努力。
• Someone has made a mistake/an error. 有人犯了错误／出了差错。
• We're making good progress. 我们进展顺利。
• She has made a request for a new car. 她申请要一辆新汽车。
• We made an offer of £150 000 for the house. 我们出价15万英镑买这座房子。
• She made a short speech. 她作了简短的发言。
• Shall we make a start on the work? 我们现在开始工作好吗？
• Can I make a suggestion ? 我能否提个建议？
• We made good time getting across town. 我们快速穿过了小镇。
• There's a drunk at the door making trouble. 有个醉汉在门口闹事。
make room/space/way
■If you make room/space/way for something or someone, you move or move other things, so that there is space for them. 腾出地方／让路
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
FORCE 强迫
make sb do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to force someone or something to do something 强迫…做
• You can't make him go if he doesn't want to. 如果他不想去，你不能强迫他去。
• The vet put something down the dog's throat to make it vomit. 兽医为狗灌了些东西，迫使它呕吐。
be made to do sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to be forced to do something 被迫做
• The prisoners are made to dig holes and fill them in again. 那些囚犯被强迫挖洞，然后再将之填平。
  Common Learner Errors  make sb do sth When make has the meaning 'to force', it is followed by a verb in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'make someone to do something', say make someone do something.
✗ They made us to pay extra for the drinks. They made us pay extra for the drinks. Warning: in passive sentences, use the infinitive with 'to'. Don't say 'be made do something', say be made to do something.
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
BE OR BECOME 是／成为
 IMPROVER [L only + noun]
■to be or become something, usually by having the necessary characteristics （通常因有必需的特点而）成为，变为
• I don't think he will ever make a (good) lawyer. 我认为他不能够当（好）律师。
• He's a competent enough officer, but I doubt he'll ever make general. 他是个很能干的军官，但我怀疑他能否成为将军。
• It's a story that would make a great film. 这是个能用来拍好电影的故事。
• She decided the back room would make a good study. 她认为后面的房间很适合用作书房。
• Champagne and caviar make a wonderful combination. 香槟和鱼子酱搭配起来棒极了。
• The story makes fascinating reading. 这个故事读起来很精彩。
 IMPROVER [L only + noun]
■If people or things make a particular pattern, they are arranged in that way 形成；组成
• Let's make a circle. 我们来围成一个圈。
• Those seven bright stars make the shape of a saucepan. 那七颗明亮的星星构成一个长柄锅的形状。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
TOTAL 总数
 IMPROVER [L only + noun] transitive
■to produce a total when added together 等于；合计为
• 12 and 12 make 24. 12加12等于24。
• Today's earthquake makes five since the beginning of the year. 今天的地震是今年以来的第五次。
• [+ obj + noun] I've got 29 different teapots in my collection - if I buy this one that'll make it 30. 我已经收集了29个各式各样的茶壶——如果买下这个，就有30个了。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
CALCULATE 计算
 ADVANCED transitive + object + noun
■to calculate as 计算；估计
• How much do you make the total? 你算出的总数是多少？
• I make the answer (to be) 105.6. 我算出的答案是105.6。
• What do you make the time?/What time do you make it? 你估计现在几点了？
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
EARN/GET 赚得／获得
 ADVANCED transitive
■to earn or get 赚得；获得
• She makes $100 000 a year as a doctor. 她行医每年收入十万美元。
• How do you make a living as a painter? 你当画家如何谋生？
• The company has made huge profits/losses. 公司盈利丰厚／亏损严重。
• He's very good at making new friends. 他善于结交新朋友。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
ARRIVE 到达
 ADVANCED transitive informal
■to arrive at or reach, especially successfully （尤指成功地）赶到，到达
• She made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane. 她及时赶到机场，搭上了班机。
• He made it to the bed and then collapsed. 他走到床边就倒下了。
• Could you make a meeting at 8 am?/Could you make 8 am for the meeting? 能在早上八点见面吗？
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
PERFECT 完美
transitive informal
■to cause to be perfect 使完美；完善
• Those little bows round the neck really make the dress! 领口的小蝴蝶结确实为这条连身裙锦上添花！
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
be made for sb/sth
■to be exactly suitable for someone or something 和…是绝配
• Paul and Ann were made for each other. 保罗和安是天造地设的一对。
• This wallpaper's just made for my bedroom. 这种墙纸和我的卧室简直是绝配。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
be made of money
■to be rich 富有
• No you can't have another bike - I'm not made of money! 不行，你不能再买脚踏车了——我又不是富翁！
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
Do you want to make something/anything of it? informal
■something that you say to someone as a way of threatening or offering to fight them when they disagree with you 你想来真的吗？
[meɪk] verb (made, made) make 1 make sth up as you go along
* to invent a story or a tune without having thought before about how it will end 随口编造
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make a day/night/evening/weekend of it
■to make an activity longer or combine a series of activities so that they last for the whole of that particular period of time 花一天／夜／晚／个周末的时间做…
• Let's make an evening of it and catch the last train home. 我们玩一个晚上，然后赶最后一班火车回家。
• We don't get out often so we thought we'd make a day of it. 我们不常出来，所以决定要出来就呆上一整天。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make as if to do sth
■If you make as if to do something, you seem as if that is what you are going to do 好像要做；假装要做
• He made as if to speak. 他似乎有话要说。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make do
■to manage to live without things that you would like to have or with things of a worse quality than you would like 凑合；将就
• We didn't have cupboards so we made do with boxes. 我们没有橱柜，只好将就用箱子了。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make it (to the top)
■to be very successful 非常成功
• She's very ambitious but I doubt she'll ever make it to the top. 她很有抱负，但我怀疑她究竟能否成功。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make it up to sb
■to do something good for someone you have upset, in order to become friends with them again 补偿（自己伤害了的人）
• I'm sorry we can't take you with us, but I promise I'll make it up to you somehow. 很抱歉我们不能带你去，但我保证以后设法补偿你。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make it with sb US informal
■to have sex with someone 与（某人）性交
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make like US
■to pretend 假装，装作
• She made like she was about to leave, but then stayed for hours. 她装出要走的样子，可一呆又是几个小时。
• Stop making like you know everything, OK? 别装作无所不知，好吗？
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make much/a lot of sb informal
■to treat someone very well 对（某人）很好
• His mother used to make much of him when he went home for holidays. 过去他放假回家时，母亲总是为他忙前忙后。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make or break sth
■to make something a success or a failure 成就或毁掉
• Recognition by this organization can make or break a career. 获这个组织承认可能会成就事业，也可能会毁了事业。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
be make or break for sb/sth
■to make someone or something a success or a failure 是…的成败关键
• The Milan show will be make or break for his new designs. 米兰时装展将会决定他的新设计的成败。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make time
■to make certain you have some time when you are not busy in order to do something you think you should do 腾出时间
• It's important to make time to read to your children. 腾出一点时间念书给你的孩子听很重要。
• In a relationship you have to make time for each other. 恋爱中的男女必须为彼此挤出点时间。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
make to do sth formal
■If you make to do something, you are just going to do it when something interrupts you 正想做（而被打断）
• I made to leave but she called me back. 我正要离开，她把我叫了回去。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
what sb is (really) made of
■how strong, clever or brave someone is （某人）的真本事
• The 1500 metres race next week will be a chance for her to show what she's made of. 下周的1500米赛跑是她大显身手的机会。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make for somewhere/sth
■to go in the direction of a place or thing 走向；向…前进
• They made for the centre of town. 他们向城镇中心进发。
⇒ See also make towards
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make for sth
■to result in or make possible 导致；使成为可能
• Having faster computers would make for a more efficient system. 配备速度更快的电脑可以提高系统的工作效率。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make sth into sth IMPROVER
■to change something into something else 把…变成
• They've made the spare room into an office. 他们已把空置的房间改成办公室。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make of sth/sb
■If you ask someone what they make of someone or something, you want to know their opinion about that person or thing, often because there is something strange about them 看待；理解
• Can you make anything of this information? 你怎么看这个消息？
• What do you make of the new boss? 你认为新老板如何？
• I don't know what to make of it. 我不知道如何理解它才对。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make sth of sth
make enough/much/more, etc. of sth
■to give a particular level of value or importance to something 给予…足够／很多／更多等的重视
• You should make more of your IT skills on the application form. 你填申请表时应该更加突出你的 IT 技能。
• I think we make too much of the benefits of Western society. 我认为我们过分强调了西方社会的好处。
Compare make light of at light
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make off informal
■to leave quickly, usually in order to escape 匆忙离开；（通常指）逃走
• The burglars made off before the police arrived. 窃贼在警方赶到前逃走了。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make off with sth informal
■to steal something 偷走
• Somebody broke into the shop and made off with several TVs and videos. 有人闯入商店，偷走了几台电视机和录影机。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] make sth/sb out
■to see, hear or understand something or someone with difficulty （费力）看出，听清，辨认出，弄懂
• The numbers are too small - I can't make them out at all. 数字太小了——我根本看不清。
• I can't make out your writing. 我看不懂你写了甚么。
• She's a strange person - I can't make her out at all. 她是个怪人——我完全搞不懂她。
• [+ question word] Nobody can make out why you should have been attacked. 没有人明白你为甚么遇击。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] make sth out
■to write all the necessary information on an official document 开出；填写
• I made a cheque out for £20 to 'Henry's Supermarket'. 我开了一张20英镑的支票，抬头是“亨利超市”。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make out sth informal
■to state, usually falsely, that something is true 声称；（通常指）谎称
• [R + to infinitive] He made himself out to be a millionaire. 他谎称自己是百万富翁。
• [+ to be] The British weather is not always as bad as it is made out to be. 英国的天气并非总是像人们所说的那样糟糕。
• [+ (that)] He made out (that) he had been living in Paris all year. 他声称自己当年整年都住在巴黎。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make out US informal
SUCCEED
■to deal with a situation, usually in a successful way （通常指成功地）处理，应付
• How is Frances making out in her new job? 弗朗西丝的新工作做得怎么样？
• The business made out better than expected in 1992 and profits were slightly up. 1992年企业经营状况比预期理想，利润略微上升。
HAVE SEX
■to kiss and touch in a sexual way, or to succeed in having sex with someone 亲吻爱抚；性交
• Boys at that age are only interested in making out with girls. 那个年纪的男孩只对和女孩亲热感兴趣。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] make sth over to sb
■to give something, such as money or land, to someone so that they legally own it 将…移交给（某人）；（以法律形式）把…转让给（某人）
• Just before her death, she had made over $100 000 to her new husband. 就在临死之前，她将10万美元转给了新任丈夫。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make towards sth/sb mainly UK
■to go in the direction of something or someone 向…走去，走向 make 2 1. He made towards the door, but stopped and turned to face me.
他向门口走去，但又停了下来，转身看着我。
⇒ See also make for
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] make sth up
INVENT
 IMPROVER
■to invent something, such as an excuse or a story, often in order to deceive （常为骗人而）编造（借口、故事等）
• I made up an excuse about having to look after the kids. 我编了个借口，说必须照顾小孩。
• My dad was always really good at making up stories. 我爸爸总是很善于编故事。
PREPARE
■to prepare or arrange something by putting different things together 准备；安排；整理
• Could you make up a list of all the things that need to be done? 你能否将要做的所有事情列张清单？
• He asked the man behind the counter to make up a box with a mixed selection of chocolates. 他请售货员把多种巧克力拼凑起来，放好在盒子里。
• The maid will make up your room later. 服务员稍后将打扫您的房间。
■specialized
■to produce or prepare something from cloth （用布）缝制，制作
• We could use the rest of the material to make up some curtains. 我们可以用剩下的布料做些窗帘。
■specialized
■If you make up a page, book or newspaper, you arrange the text and pictures in the form in which they will be printed. 为（页面、书或报纸）排版
■If you make up a bed for someone, you put sheets and covers on a bed so that they have a place to sleep in your home. 铺床
■UK
■If you make up a fire, you prepare it or put more wood or coal on it when it is burning. 生（火）；给（火）添柴（或煤）
COMPLETE
■to make an amount of something complete or correct 补充，补足
• I have £20 000 and I need £25 000 but my parents have promised to make up the difference. 我有两万英镑，但我却需要两万五千，幸好父母答应帮我凑齐。
• UK I suspect we were only invited to make up numbers (= to provide enough people). 我怀疑我们只是被邀请来充数的。
REPLACE
■to reduce or replace something, usually an amount of time or work, that has been lost 补上；补偿；弥补；替代
• We're hoping to make up time on the return journey by not stopping at night. 我们希望在回程时通宵赶路，以弥补失去了的时间。
• You'll have to make up the work you've missed while you were away. 你必须补做缺勤期间本应完成的工作。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] make (sb/sth) up
■to put make-up on your face, or on another person's face, to improve or change its appearance （为…）化妆；（给…）化装
• She takes ages to make up in the mornings. 她每天早上花很长时间化妆。
• For the film, they made him up as an Indian. 在这部电影中，他需要化装成印第安人。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make up sth
■to form a particular thing, amount or number as a whole 组成，构成
• Road accident victims make up almost a quarter of the hospital's patients. 车祸伤者几乎占了医院病人的四分之一。
• The book is made up of a number of different articles. 这本书汇集了多篇文章。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make up (also make it up)
■to forgive someone and be friendly with them again after an argument or disagreement 和解，言归于好
• They kissed and made up, as usual. 像往常一样，他们亲个吻和好了。
• We often quarrel but we always make it up soon after. 我们常常吵架，但总是很快就和好。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make up for sth ADVANCED
■to take the place of something lost or damaged or to compensate for something bad with something good 补偿，弥补
• No amount of money can make up for the death of a child. 无论多少钱都无法补偿孩子的死。
• This year's good harvest will make up for last year's bad one. 今年的丰收将弥补去年的歉收。
• [+ -ing verb] He bought me dinner to make up for being so late the day before. 他请我吃晚餐，作为对前一天迟到的补偿。
make up for lost time
■to enjoy an experience as much as possible because you did not have the opportunity to do it earlier in life 弥补失去的时光，尽情享受
• I didn't travel much in my twenties but I'm certainly making up for lost time now. 我二十多岁时很少去旅行，现在一定要弥补失去的时光。
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make up to sb UK disapproving
■to be too friendly to someone or to praise them in order to get advantages 讨好，奉承，巴结（某人）
• Have you seen the disgusting way she makes up to the boss? 你见过她巴结老板的丑态吗？
[meɪk] verb (made, made)
  Phrasal Verbs  make with sth US old-fashioned slang
■to give, bring or do something 给；带着；做
• He pointed a gun and said "Make with the money bags, baby!" 他用枪指着对方说：“把钱袋给我，小子！”
[meɪk] noun countable
■a type of product or the name of the company which made it （产品的）型号；品牌，牌子
• What make is your stereo? 你的音响是甚么品牌的？
[meɪk] noun countable
be on the make disapproving
■to be trying very hard to get more money and power 拚命追逐名利
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
manufacture, fabricate, make, produce
这组词都有“做，制造”的意思，其区别是：
manufacture: 正式用词，一般指用机器大规模地批量生产各种生活或生产用品。
fabricate: 特指按照标准样式制作或把材料或部件组合成一个整体。
make: 普通用词，很常用，含义广，既可指制造具体的东西，也可指完成一种行为。
produce: 普通用词，侧重大量地生产出各种生产用品和生活用品。强调结果。也用于引申。
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
vt. 使得；进行；布置，准备，整理；制造；认为；获得；形成；安排；引起；构成
 - earn, acquire, prepare, provide, expect
vi. 开始；前进；增大；被制造
 - proceed, progress, increase
n. 制造；构造； [心理] 性情
 - formation, manufacture, constitution, fabric, machining

Word: out
Front: out
[aʊt] (中高 64/62 -K5)
Back: adv. 出局; 在外，在外部; 完全，彻底; 出版
prep. （表示来源）从; （从…里）出来; （表示不在原状态）脱离; 离去
vt. 使熄灭; 揭露; 驱逐
adj. 外面的; 出局的; 下台的; 外围的
n. 不流行; 出局
时态：outed, outing, outs
分布：出(66%)，出来(13%)，在外(5%)，完(3%)，伸出(3%)，暴露(2%)，驱逐(2%)，熄灭(2%)，向外(2%)，在外面(1%)，公开…的同性恋身份(1%)
→来自古英语ut,向外，来自ud,向上，向外，离开，词源同utter.
ad.出去;离家;突出来a.外面的,往外去的He jumped out of the window.他跳窗出去了.
adverb preposition
AWAY FROM INSIDE 向外移动
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show movement away from the inside of a place or container 出；向外
• She opened the window and stuck her head out. 她打开窗户，将头探了出去。
• The bag burst and the apples fell out. 袋子裂开了，苹果掉了出来。
• I jumped out of bed and ran downstairs. 我跳下床，冲下楼去。
• He leaned out the window. 他将身子探出窗外。
• He opened the drawer and took out a pair of socks. 他打开抽屉，取出一双袜子。
• Get out! 出去！
• Out you go (= Go out) ! 滚出去！
• My secretary will see you out (= go with you to the door). 我的秘书会送你出去。
• Turn the trousers inside out (= put the inside on the outside). 把裤子翻过来。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
OUTSIDE 在外面
 ESSENTIAL
■outside a building or room 在外面，在室外
• Would you like to wait out here, and the doctor will come and fetch you in a minute? 你在这外面等好吗？医生很快会来请你进去。
• Danger! Keep out (= Do not enter) ! 危险！不要进来！
• It's bitterly cold out, today. 今天外面真冷。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
ABSENT 不在的
 ESSENTIAL
■absent for a short time from the place where you live or work 暂时外出的，暂时不在的
• I came round to see you this morning, but you were out. 今天上午我来拜访你，可是你不在。
• Someone phoned for you while you were out. 你出去的时候有人打电话找你。
 IMPROVER
■used to refer to a period of time when someone goes away from home for a social activity 出去，外出（参加社交活动）
• I can't go out tonight - I've got work to do. 今晚我不能出去了——我有事要做。
• Do you want to eat out (= eat in a restaurant) tonight? 今晚你想到外面吃饭吗？
• He's asked me out (= asked me to go with him) to the cinema next week. 他请我下周和他去看电影。
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone is away from the main office in order to do a particular job 执行外勤工作的
• The thieves were spotted by a postman out on his rounds (= as he was delivering the post). 一个正在投递邮件的邮差发现了小偷。
• The police were out in force (= There were a lot of police) at the football match. 这场足球比赛中，警方出动了大批警力。
■In a library, if a book is out, it has been borrowed by someone （图书馆的书）借出的，被借走的
• Both copies of 'Wuthering Heights' were out. 两本《咆哮山庄》都被借走了。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
DISAPPEAR 消失
 ESSENTIAL
■to the point where something is removed or disappears 去掉；清除；消失
• The stain won't come out. 这个污渍去不掉。
• Cross out any words that are not on the list. 将表上没有的词全部划掉。
• Never use water to put out fires in electrical equipment. 电器失火时，千万不要用水灭火。
• Our time/money/patience ran out. 我们的时间／钱／耐心耗完了。
out of
 IMPROVER
■when no more of something is available 耗尽；用完；没有
• We're nearly out of petrol. 我们快没汽油了。
• I'm running out of patience/time/money. 我快没有耐心／时间／钱了。
⇒ See also out of
[aʊt] adverb preposition
DEFEATED 被打败的
 IMPROVER
■(in sport) no longer able to play because your turn has finished （体育比赛中）出局（的），被淘汰（的）
• Two of the best players on the team were out after ten minutes. 十分钟后，该队最出色的球员中，有两名出局了。
• New Zealand were all out for 246 (= The team finished with a score of 246). 纽西兰队以246分被淘汰。
■(in politics) no longer able to govern because you have lost an election （政治上）不执政（的），在野（的），下台（的）
• The Social Democrats were voted out after 15 years in power. 社会民主党执政15年后被选下了台。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
GIVE 给
 IMPROVER
■to many people 给（许多人），分发
• The teacher gave out photocopies to all the children. 老师把复印的材料分发给所有孩子。
• Greenpeace sent a letter out to all its supporters. 绿色和平组织给所有支持者都发了一封信。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
MOVE AWAY 移开
 IMPROVER
■spreading out from a central point over a wider area 分散开
• The police search party spread out across the fields. 警方的搜索队在田野里四处散开。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
AVAILABLE 可得到的
 ADVANCED
■When a book, magazine, film or musical recording is out, it is available to the public （书、杂志、电影、音乐带等）出版（的），问世（的）
• Is the new Harry Potter book out yet? 《哈利‧波特》的新续集出版了吗？
• The new Spielberg movie comes out in August. 史匹柏新拍的电影八月份上映。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
APPEAR 出现
 ADVANCED
■able to be seen 能看见的（地）；出现的（地）
• The stars are out tonight. 今晚看得见星星。
• The rain stopped and the sun came out (= appeared). 雨停了，太阳出来了。
• In spring all the flowers came out (= their petals opened). 春天里百花盛开。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
VERY 非常
 ADVANCED
■used to make the meaning of a word stronger （用于增强词义）完全地，彻底地
• We walked all day and were tired out. mainly USall played out (= very tired) by the time we got home. 我们走了一整天，回到家时累得筋疲力尽。
• It's up to you to sort this out (= solve it completely). 要靠你来彻底解决它了。
• Your room needs a good clean out. 你的房间需要好好打扫一番。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
LOUD 大声地
 ADVANCED
■used with verbs describing sounds to emphasize the loudness of the sound 大声地
• He cried out in pain as he hit his head. 他撞到了头，痛得大叫。
• Charlie Chaplin films always make me laugh out loud. 查理‧卓别林的电影总能令我笑破肚皮。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
FAR AWAY 遥远地
 ADVANCED
■a long distance away from land, a town or your own country 离（大陆、城市或祖国）很远，遥远地
• The fishing boats were out at sea for three days. 渔船出海3天了。
• They live out in the countryside, miles from anywhere. 他们住在偏远的乡下，离甚么地方都很远。
• He lived out in Zambia for seven years. 他在尚比亚侨居了7年。
• mainly US The weather's better out west (= a long distance away in the west of the country). 西部边远地区的天气比较好。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
LIGHT/FIRE 灯／火
 ADVANCED
■If a light or fire is out, it is no longer shining or burning （灯或火）熄灭
• When we got home, all the lights were out. 等我们到家的时候，所有的灯都灭了。
• Is that fire completely out? 那火全都扑灭了吗？
[aʊt] adverb preposition
COAST 海岸
 ADVANCED
■away from the coast or beach 离岸而去（的）
• Is the tide coming in or going out? 潮水是在涨还是在退？
• You can only see the beach when the tide is out. 只有在退潮后才能看到海滩。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
MADE PUBLIC 被公开 informal
■(of information) no longer kept secret （资讯）公开的（地），泄露的（地）
• You can't hide your gambling any longer - the secret's out. 你无法再隐瞒自己赌博的事了——这个秘密已经泄露出去。
■informal
■(of a homosexual) not keeping their sexual preferences a secret （同性恋者）公开性取向（的）
• She's been out for three years. 她公开称自己是同性恋者已经有三年了。
• Don't let his sister know he's gay, because he hasn't come out to his family yet. 不要让他姐姐知道他是个同性恋者，因为他还没有跟家人说起这事。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
SPORT 运动
■(of a ball in a sport such as tennis) landing outside one of the lines which mark the area where the game is played （网球等运动中球）出界的
• He thought the ball had bounced on the line, but the umpire said it was out. 他认为球落在线上，但裁判说球出界了。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
UNCONSCIOUS 不省人事的
■unconscious or sleeping 不省人事地（的），昏迷地（的）；熟睡地（的）
• He passes out (= loses consciousness) at the sight of blood. 他一看到血就会昏过去。
• I was hit on the head, and I must have been out cold (= completely unconscious) for about ten minutes. 我的头被击中，肯定昏迷了有十分钟左右。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
NOT ACCURATE 不准确的 informal
■not accurate 不准确的；错误的；有出入的
• Our estimates were only out by a few dollars. 我们的估算只有几美元的偏差。
• You were 25cm out in your measurements. 你的测量差了25厘米。
• Those sales figures were way out (= completely wrong). 那些销售数据完全不准确。
• US I'm out $25 on this trip (= It cost me $25 more than expected). 我这次旅行的花费超出预算25美元。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
EXISTING 现有的 informal
■(used with superlatives) available or in existence （用于最高级后）可用地，现有地
• This is the best automatic camera out. 这是现有的最好的自动照相机。
• I think he's the greatest footballer out. 我认为他是目前最伟大的足球员。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
FINISHED 结束的
■used to show that a period of time is finished （时间）结束的，完结的
• I think I can finish this project before the month's out. 我觉得我在这个月结束之前能完成这个项目。
[aʊt] adverb preposition out 1 NOT ACCEPTABLE 不可接受的
informal
■not acceptable or not possible 不可接受的；不可能的
• Smoking is definitely out among my friends. 在我的朋友中，吸烟是绝对不允许的。
• The option of taking on more staff is out at present. 雇用更多职员这选择目前并不可行。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
NOT FASHIONABLE 不流行的 informal
■no longer fashionable or popular 不再流行的（地）；不再时髦的（地）；过时的（地）
• Every month the magazine lists what's out and what's in (= fashionable). 每个月这份杂志都会列出甚么过时及甚么流行。
• Trousers like that went out (= stopped being fashionable) in the 70s. 像那样的裤子在70年代就过时了。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
INTEND 打算
out for/to informal
■doing something, or intending to do or get something, for an often selfish or unpleasant reason （常出于自私或令人不快的动机）做；意图做（或得到）；蓄意
• She doesn't usually help the charity - she's only out for the publicity. 她一般不资助慈善事业——她只是为了令自己扬名。
• [+ to infinitive] He's always been out to cause trouble between us. 他总是存心在我俩之间制造麻烦。
⇒ See also out of
[aʊt] adverb preposition
out and about
■active; doing the things you usually do 活跃的；正常行动的
• The doctor says she's making a good recovery and she should be out and about in a few days' time. 医生说她复原得很好，几天后应该就可以正常行动了。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
out and away old-fashioned
■used with superlatives to mean by a great amount 无可比拟的（用于形容最高级）
• She is out and away the best student I have ever taught. 她无疑是我教过的学生当中最出色的。
[aʊt] adverb preposition
Out with it! informal
■said to someone when you want them to tell you something which they do not want you to know 说出来吧！
• What did he say, then? Come on, out with it! 那他是怎么说的？快点，说吧！
[aʊt] verb transitive often passive
■If a famous person is outed, their homosexuality (= being sexually attracted to people of their own sex) is made public when they want to keep it secret 公开（名人）的同性恋身份
• Hardly a week went by without someone famous being outed. 几乎每周都有一个名人被揭露出是同性恋者。
[aʊt] noun
countable usually singular
■informalan excuse or reason for avoiding an unpleasant situation 借口；理由
• We must arrange the negotiations so we have an out if we need it. 我们必须安排好谈判，这样一旦需要我们就能有个借口。
on the outs US informal
■People who are on the outs have argued and are not now friendly with each other 吵架了；不友好，闹矛盾
• Lizzie and Tyler are on the outs again. 莉齐和泰勒又吵架了。
adv. 出现；在外；出局；出声地；不流行地
 - aloud, outward
adj. 外面的；出局的；下台的
 - outer, outside, external
n. 出局
 - putout
prep. 向；离去
 - towards, unto, at, on, to
vi. 出来；暴露
 - emerge, come forth
vt. 使熄灭；驱逐
 - expel, dispel

Word: right
Front: right
[raɪt] (中高 193/244 -K3)
Vocabulary: right
(once / 9 pages)
1adjadvnv 2adjnadv 3adjv 4nadj
Right is a direction, the opposite of left. Most people are right-handed. Right is also correct: the opposite of wrong.
Many times this word has something to do with what is good, proper, or correct, like the right thing to do. You can get the right answer to a question. You can be morally correct or "in the right." You can right a wrong by making up for an injustice. People have rights: in this country, we are guaranteed life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The first 10 Amendments to our Constitution are called the "Bill of Rights."
WORD FAMILY
right: righted, righter, rightest, rightful, righting, rightish, rightism, rightly, rightmost, rightness, rights+/ rightful: rightfully, rightfulness/rightism: rightist/rightist: rightists/rightness: rightnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
All appeared fine with his injured right throwing shoulder, which caused him to miss the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I said, ‘If you are not right, and you are not executing all of the way through, you will not be successful.’
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a tough decision. But for all the right reasons.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 立刻，马上; 向右，右边; 恰当地; 一直
adj. 右方的; 正确的; 合适的; 好的，正常的
n. 正确，正当; 右边; 权利; 右手
vt. 纠正; 扶直，使正; 整理; 补偿
vi. （船舶等）复正，恢复平稳
时态：righted, righting, rights
分布：正确(31%)，权利(17%)，正确的(17%)，右边(9%)，对的(8%)，合适的(5%)，向右(5%)，纠正(3%)，立即(2%)，右边的(2%)，正确地(1%)
→来自古英语 riht,直的，好的，正确的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rekhtaz,直的，来自 reg,拉直， 升直，词源同 regulate,correct,regal.后由正确的引申词义右边的，以及名词词义公正，正义， 权利等。右边与好的，正确的相联系来自传统观念，参照印度人右手吃饭，左手入厕。
a.右的,正确的n.右,权利ad.在右边,正确地The bright fighter is frightened and flies upright in straight line from the right.那架明亮的战斗机受到惊吓后呈直线地从右边垂直飞起来.
adjective
CORRECT 正确的
 ESSENTIAL
■correct 正确的；准确的；对的；正当的
• You got three answers right and two wrong. 你答对了三道题，错了两道。
• I set the clock to the right time. 我把钟调准了。
• "Is that Ms Kramer?" "Yes, that's right." “是克雷默女士吗？”“是的，我就是。”
• Am I right in thinking (= Is it true) that you will be at the conference? 你要去参加会议，是这么回事吧？
• You're right to be annoyed - you've been treated very badly. 你生气是理所应当的——一直以来他们对你的态度都很差。
• You must put matters right (= make the situation better) by telling the truth. 你必须说出实情，这样事情才会出现转机。
Compare wrong
 ADVANCED
■If you are right about something or someone, you are correct in your judgment or statement about it or them （判断或说法）准确的，确切的，恰当的
• You were right about Pete - he's a real troublemaker. 你对彼特的看法没错——他的确只会制造麻烦。
  Common Learner Errors  right or true? Right is usually used to say something is correct or to agree with something someone has said. He gave the right answer. "That's right, they live in central London." True is usually used to say that something is based on facts. Is it true that she's leaving? Everything I've told you is true.
[raɪt] adjective
SUITABLE 合适的
 ESSENTIAL
■suitable or correct, or as it should be 合适的，恰当的；理想的；符合要求的
• He's the right person for the job. 他是做这个工作的合适人选。
• I think you've made the right decision. 我认为你作出的决定是恰当的。
• The temperature of the swimming pool was just right (= exactly as I wanted it). 游泳池的水温正合适。
• That hat looks just right on you. 那顶帽子你戴着再合适不过了。
• He thought the time was right to let his intentions be known. 他认为公开自己意图的时机已经成熟。
Compare wrong describes a person who is considered to be socially important or a place that such people go to （人或地方）重要的，显贵的，显赫的
• She knows all the right people. 她认识所有的头面人物。
• He likes to be seen in the right clubs and restaurants. 他喜欢让人看到他出入那些高级俱乐部和饭店。
the right way round/up UK (US the right way around/up)
■in the correct position 在正确的位置；不偏不倚
• The lid has to go on the right way round or it won't fit. 盖子得放正，不然的话就盖不严。
• Keep the bottle the right way up. 把瓶子放正了。
[raɪt] adjective
MORALLY ACCEPTABLE 合乎道德的
 ESSENTIAL [after verb]
■considered fair or morally acceptable by most people 公正的；正当的；符合道德的；正义的
• I don't believe they should have put him in prison. It isn't right. 我觉得他们不应该把他关进监狱，这是不公正的。
• [+ to infinitive] It 's not right to criticize someone behind their back. 在背后批评人不道德。
• [+ that] It is only (= completely) right that men and women should be paid the same for doing the same work. 只有做到男女同工同酬才公正。
Compare wrong
[raɪt] adjective
HEALTHY 健康的
■healthy, or working correctly 健康的；正常的
• Since eating that food last night, I haven't felt quite right. 昨晚自打我吃了那些东西，就一直感到很难受。
• Something isn't quite right with the brakes on your bike. 你的脚踏车车闸不好用了。
[raɪt] adjective
EXACTLY 恰好
[before noun] informal
■used for emphasizing when something is bad （强调非常糟糕）十足的
• He's a right idiot. 他是个十足的白痴。
• His house is a right mess. 他家里脏乱透顶。
[raɪt] adjective
be as right as rain informal
■to be healthy, especially after having been ill for a period of time （尤指病后）完全康复，十分健康
[raɪt] adjective
be not (quite) right in the head informal
■to not have one or more of the mental abilities that most people have 精神不正常
[raɪt] adjective
be not in your right mind
■to be not thinking clearly or to be mentally ill 精神不正常；神志不清
• My poor old granny isn't in her right mind half the time. 真可怜，我那年迈的奶奶现在明白一阵，糊涂一阵。
[raɪt] adjective
be on the right lines
■If you are on the right lines, you are doing something in a way that will bring good results 根据正确的原则，循着正确的方向
• Do you think we're on the right lines with this project? 你认为我们这个专案计划是在循着正确的方向做吗？
[raɪt] adjective
be on the right track
■to be doing something in a way that will bring good results 做法对路；方法得当
• These results suggest that we are on the right track. 这些结果表明，我们的做法是正确的。
[raɪt] adjective
in the right place at the right time
■in the best position or place to take advantage of an opportunity 在恰当的时机出现在恰当的地点；占天时地利
• The key to success is to be in the right place at the right time. 成功的关键就是要在恰当的时机出现在恰当的地点。
[raɪt] adjective
press / push the right button(s)
■to do exactly what is necessary to get the result that you want 抓住要点，抓住要害
• You have to know how to push all the right buttons if you want to be a successful diplomat. 如果你想成为一个成功的外交官，就必须要懂得如何抓住要点。
[raɪt] adjective
put/set sb right informal
■to stop someone believing something which is not true, or to correct them by telling them the truth 纠正（某人）的错误想法；使（某人）明白正确的道理
• She thought she wouldn't have to work hard, but we soon put her right on that. 她认为不需要努力工作，但是我们很快就纠正了她这种错误的想法。
■to make someone feel better 使（某人）恢复健康；使（某人）复原
• A good night's sleep will soon put you right. 你好好睡一宿，很快就会恢复的。
[raɪt] adjective
a right one informal
■someone or something that you think is very silly 愚蠢的人（或事）
• "We've got a right one here, eh!" “我们这里有个笨蛋，是不是！”
[raɪt] adjective adverb
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL
■on or towards the side of your body that is to the east when you are facing north 右边的，右侧的；向右的；在右边；向右
• Most people write with their right hand. 大多数人用右手写字。
• Turn/Go right (= Turn into the road on the right side) at the first traffic lights. 在第一个红绿灯处向右转。
• US I took/made / informalhung a right (= turned into the next road on the right side) after crossing the bridge. 我过桥后向右转。
• In this photo, my wife is the woman standing on/to my right. 在这张照片里，我妻子就是站在我右边的那个人。
Compare left
[raɪt] adjective adverb
give your right arm informal
■If you say that you would give your right arm to do or have something, you mean you would like it very much 不惜一切代价；（为了…）愿舍弃很多
• I would give my right arm to meet the President. 只要能见到总统，要甚么我都给。
[raɪt] adjective adverb
right , left and centre (US right and left)
■all the time or everywhere 时时，时刻；四面八方，处处
• He spends money right, left and centre. 他到处乱花钱。
[raɪt] noun
DIRECTION 方向
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the right side 右边；右面；右部
• English is written and read from left to right. 英语是从左向右读写的。
• King's Avenue is the first right (= the first road on the right side). 国王大道是右边的第一条道。
[raɪt] noun
POLITICS 政治
the right (also the Right) only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
 IMPROVER
■political parties or people that have traditional opinions, and who believe in low taxes, private ownership of property and industry, and less help for the poor 右派政党；右派人士
• In Britain, the right was/were in power after 1979. 1979年以后，英国右派政党上台执政。
• He's a man of the far (= extreme) right. 他是一个极右翼分子。
Compare the left at left
[raɪt] noun
MORALLY ACCEPTABLE 合乎道德的
uncountable
■what is considered to be morally good or acceptable 正义；公正；正当
• Your conscience should tell you the difference between right and wrong. 凭你的良知应该能够分清是非。
in the right
■If you are in the right, what you are doing is morally or legally correct. 有理；正确；合法
countable
■the claim which a person or animal has to be treated in a fair, morally acceptable or legal way, or to have the things that are necessary for life 权利；正当要求
• She campaigned for women's rights during the 1960s. 20世纪60年代，她参加了争取妇女权利的运动。
• Everyone has a right to education. 人人都享有受教育的权利。
• She has no more right to a company car than I have (= She does not deserve one more than I do). 她并不比我更有权利要求公司配车。
• [+ to infinitive] You're not my boss, so what right (= authority) have you got to criticize me? 你又不是我的老板，你有甚么资格批评我？
• You have every right (= You have a good reason) to complain. 你完全有理由抱怨。
within your rights
■If you are within your rights to do something, you are legally allowed to do it 在自身合法范围内；（做某事）是正当的
■1. I think I'm quite within my rights to demand a full refund. right 1 我认为我完全有权利要求全额退款。
■rights [plural]
■the legal authority over who may use a book or film 著作权，版权；发行权
• He has acquired the film rights to the book (= He is allowed to make a film of the book). 他已经取得了将这本书拍成电影的制片权。
put/set sth to rights
■to improve or correct something 使走上正轨；使恢复正常；纠正
• The company needs over a million dollars to set its finances to rights. 这间公司需要100多万美元才可以使其财务重回正常轨道。
[raɪt] noun
by right of
■because of 因为；由于
• She spoke first, by right of her position as director. 因为她是董事，所以先发言。
[raɪt] noun
by rights
■if the situation was fair 按理说；正当合理地
• By rights, it should be my turn next. 按理说，下一个该轮到我了。
[raɪt] noun
in your own right
■If someone has a position in their own right, they have earned it or got it by themselves and not because of anyone else 依靠自己的能力；根据自己的权利；凭自己的资格
• She's a millionaire in her own right. 她全靠自己的能力赚得百万家产。
[raɪt] noun
the rights and wrongs
■the details of who or what is fair or unfair 是非曲直的真实情况；孰是孰非
• I don't care about the rights and wrongs of the matter - I just want you both to stop arguing. 我不关心在这件事上孰是孰非——我只是想让你们两个都不要再吵了。
[raɪt] exclamation informal
AGREEMENT 同意
 ADVANCED
■used to express agreement with someone or to show that you have understood what someone has said （表示同意或听懂别人说的话）好，行，对
• "Johnny, you climb up first." "Right." “庄尼，你打头，第一个爬。”“好的。”
 ADVANCED
■said when you want to make a group of people notice you, especially so that you can start an activity （尤指为了开始一项活动而引起人们的注意）嗨，喂，好了
• Right, you lot. Could you all stop talking, and then we'll begin. 好了，各位。请不要再说话，我们就要开始了。
■said between parts of a story that you are telling, in order to make certain that people are paying attention and understanding （用于讲述故事时吸引人注意或者弄清楚听者是否明白）对吧，哎
■1. "So there I was right, middle of the night, right, and this guy came up to me...
[raɪt] exclamation informal
Right you are (also Right oh) old-fashioned informal
■said to show that you understand and agree 明白啦；一点不错；好的
• "Give me a shout when you're ready." "Right you are." “你要是准备好了就叫我一声。”“好的。”
[raɪt] exclamation informal
too right UK informal
■said when you agree completely 一点不错，太对了；太有道理了
• "You can't do anything in this town if you haven't got any money." "Too right." “在这个城市里你要是没有钱，甚么也做不成。”“一点都不错。”
[raɪt] adverb
EXACTLY 恰好
■exactly or all the way 正好，恰好；一直，径直
• I've got a pimple right on the end of my nose. 一个粉刺正好长在我鼻尖上。
• They built a row of hotels right along the sea-front. 他们沿着海岸修了一排宾馆。
■used for emphasis （表示强调）完全地，彻底地
• The car ran right (= completely) out of fuel. 车把汽油彻底用光了。
• She walked right (= all the way) past me without noticing me. 她跟我走了个面对面，可是没有注意到我。
• I'll be right back/I'll be right with you (= I will return very soon). 我马上就回来。
right away/now
■immediately 立即，立刻，马上
• You'd better leave right now. 你最好马上离开。
right now
■at the present time 就是现在；就在此刻
• We're very busy right now. 我们现在很忙。
[raɪt] adverb
TITLE 头衔
■used as part of the title of particular people, such as bishops and some members of Parliament （用于称呼主教、议员等）
• the Right Honourable Sarah Bast, MP 莎拉．巴斯特议员阁下
[raɪt] adverb
CORRECT 正确的
■correctly 正确的；准确的；对的；正当的
• Why does he never do anything right? 为甚么他老是做甚么都做不好？
[raɪt] adverb
SUITABLE 合适的
go right
■If something goes right, it is successful or happens in a way that you hoped it would 一切顺利；称心如意
• Things haven't been going right for me these past few months. 最近这几个月，我过得不太顺利。
[raɪt] adverb
right behind sb
■If someone is right behind you, they give you their complete support 全力支援，鼎力拥护（某人）
• My whole family are right behind me in this crisis. 在这次危机中，全家人都全力支持我。
[raɪt] verb transitive formal
■If you right a situation or a mistake, you make it better or correct it 改正，纠正；使恢复正常
• It's a terrible situation and we should right it as soon as possible. 这种局面太糟糕了，我们应当尽快使它恢复正常。
■If a boat rights itself, it turns itself back to its correct position in the water 将（船）扶正；使（船）翻转（到正常位置）
• The canoe will right itself if it capsizes. 独木舟如果翻了，它会自己正过来。
privilege, power, right
privilege: 特权
power: 力量，权力
right: 权利
correct, accurate, exact, true, right, precise
这组词都有“准确的，正确的”的意思，其区别是：
correct: 最常用词，主要指按一定标准或规则来衡量，没有谬误和差错或无缺点错误。
accurate: 指通过谨慎的努力达到符合事实或实际，侧重不同程度的准确性，与事实无出入。
exact: 着重在质与量方面的准确，语气比accurate强。
true: 暗指绝对准确，尤指复制品与原件丝毫不差。
right: 使用广泛，可与这些词中的correct换用，但常暗示道德、理解、行动等方面的正确。
precise: 侧重极端准确，更强调细节的精确无误。
adj. 正确的；直接的；右方的
 - immediate, true, direct, correct, just
n. 正确；右边；正义
 - validity, justice
adv. 正确地；恰当地；彻底地
 - correctly, properly, thoroughly, entirely, completely, exactly, fully
vt. 纠正
 - repair, remedy

Word: now
Front: now
[naʊ] (中高 72/67 -K5)
Vocabulary: now
(once / 4 pages)
1advn 2adv 3adv
Think of now as being the immediate present, the moment you are currently in. It’s part of the elusive concept of time, and each now, as it passes, becomes "then" even as it is replaced by a new now.
If someone calls to ask you what you are doing and you reply that you've been waiting tables but you hope to be a movie star and in fact you've saved almost enough bus fare to make it to Hollywood . . . they might interrupt you to explain: "I mean what are you doing right now." In which case you might reply that you're cooking some noodles. If you do something "every now and then," you don't do it all the time but every once in a while.
WORD FAMILY
now: nowness, nows
USAGE EXAMPLES
The firm’s headquarters are now based in London’s Paddington district.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For now, workers manicure the golf course’s empty greens.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Kalamazoo, Mich., now sends nurses into homes to combat the city’s high rate of infant mortality.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 现在; 其时; 立刻; （改变话题或要对方做某事前，引起对方注意）喂
adj. 现在的; 当今的; 现任的
n. 现在; 目前; 目前
conj. 由于; 既然
分布：现在(94%)，此刻(3%)，立刻(1%)，目前的(1%)，现存的(1%)
→来自古英语nu,现在，可能原义为新的，词源同new.
ad.现在,如今,目前;当时,于是,然后I used to abuse the unusual usage, but now I'm not used to doing so.我过去常滥用这个不寻常的用法,但我现在不习惯这样做.
adverb
AT PRESENT 现在
 ESSENTIAL
■at the present time, not in the past or future 现在，此刻，目前
• She used to be a teacher, but now she works in publishing. 她过去曾是一名教师，但现在从事出版工作。
• I may eat something later, but I'm not hungry now. 我过一会儿可能会想吃点儿东西，但现在不饿。
• Many people now own a video recorder. 如今许多人都有录影机。
 ESSENTIAL
■immediately 马上，立刻
• I don't want to wait until tomorrow, I want it now! 我不想等到明天，我现在就要！
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express how long something has been happening, from when it began to the present time 至今
• She's been a vegetarian for ten years now. 她吃素已经十年了。
■used in stories or reports of past events to describe a new situation or event （用于描述过去的新情况或新事件）此刻，这时候
• It was getting dark now and we were tired. 这时候天越来越黑，我们疲惫不堪。
■used when describing a situation that is the result of what someone just said or did （用于描述刚刚所说或所做之事的结果）这样一来
• Oh yes, now I know who you mean. 哦，是的，这样一来我就知道你指的是谁了。
any minute/moment/second/time now
 ADVANCED
■very soon 很快，不久
• Our guests will be arriving any moment now and the house is still a mess. 我们的客人马上就要到了，可家里还是乱糟糟的。
now for... informal
■used to introduce a new subject （用于引出新话题）接着要谈
• And now for what we're going to do tomorrow. 现在我们来讨论一下明天要做甚么。
[naʊ] adverb
IN SPEECH 在话语中
■used in statements and questions to introduce or give emphasis to what you are saying （用于陈述句和疑问句，引导后面的话或对其加以强调）
• Now, where did I put my hat? 唉，我把我的帽子放哪里了？
• There was a knock at the door. Now Jan knew her mother had promised to visit, so she assumed it was her. 有人敲门。简知道妈妈答应过要来，所以认为敲门的是她。
• Hurry, now, or you'll miss the bus! 快点，否则你就赶不上公车了！
• Sorry, I can't today. Now if you'd asked me yesterday, I would have said yes. 抱歉，我今天不行。如果你昨天问我的话，我会说行的。
[naʊ] adverb
It's now or never. saying
■said when you must do something immediately, especially because you will not get another chance 机不可失；勿失良机
[naʊ] adverb
(every) now and then/again
■sometimes, but not very often 有时，偶尔
• We meet up for lunch now and then, but not as often as we used to. 我们偶尔聚在一起吃个午饭，但不如过去那么频繁了。
[naʊ] adverb
now then
■said to attract attention to what you are going to ask or suggest （引起注意）喂，听着
• Now then, what's all this fuss about? 喂，这样大惊小怪的是为甚么呢？
[naʊ] adverb
Now you're talking. saying
■said when someone makes a suggestion or offer that is better than one that they have already made 这下你说对了；这个建议可真是不错
[naʊ] adverb
now, now
■said when you want to make someone feel better or give them a gentle warning （用于安慰）好了，好了；（用于委婉的警告）行了，行了
• Now, now, don't cry. 好了，好了，别哭了。
• Now, now, children, stop fighting! 行了，孩子们，别打了！
[naʊ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the present moment or time 现在，此刻
• Now isn't a good time to speak to him. 现在不适合跟他谈话。
• I thought you'd have finished by now. 我以为你现在该完成了。
• You should have mentioned it before now. 你本该之前就提到它。
• That's all for now (= until a future point in time). 暂时就这样吧。
from now on/as from now
■from this moment and always in the future 从现在开始
• From now on the gates will be locked at midnight. 从现在开始，大门会在午夜上锁。
[naʊ] conjunction
now (that)...
 IMPROVER
■used to give an explanation of a new situation 既然，由于
• Now I've got a car, I don't get as much exercise as I used to. 有车之后，我的活动量不如从前大了。
• She's enjoying the job now that she's got more responsibility. 因为承担了更多的职责，所以她很喜欢这份工作。
adv. 现在；如今；立刻
 - soon, immediately, shortly
adj. 现在的
 - current, present, nowaday
n. 现在；目前
 - present, these days
conj. 由于；既然
 - since, when, seeing

Word: can
Front: can
[kæn] (中高托 37/35 -K2)
Vocabulary: can
(once / 2 pages)
1nv 2v 3n 4n 5n
A can is a metal container, usually cylindrical in shape, which has an airtight seal when it's new. All kinds of goods come in cans, from fruit and vegetables to paint and oil.
The verb can means to preserve food in a can or glass jar. If your garden produces more tomatoes than you can possibly eat, you might make salsa and can it to eat all winter long. Can is also a slang word with several meanings. It means rear end, toilet, and it also means to fire someone: "Watch out, the boss canned three people yesterday! You could be next."
WORD FAMILY
can: canful, canned, cannery, canning, cannot, cans, could+/cannery: canneries
USAGE EXAMPLES
Current business controversies suggest that Enron-style oversight failures could be occurring in some of today’s corporate boardrooms.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“I think that’s why he felt he could deescalate things. He was very soft-spoken. He just talked to people, calmed them down.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A mandatory evacuation order was still in place there and it was not clear when, if at all, residents could return to their houses.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: aux. 能; 能够; 可以; 可能
vt. 将…装入密封罐中保存
n. 罐头; （用金属或塑料制作的）容器; （马口铁或其他金属制作的）食品罐头
分布：能(50%)，可以(44%)，罐头(5%)，罐装(1%)
→来自PIE *gno, 知道，词源同know.can 金属罐
aux.v.能;可以n.罐头;容器vt.把...装罐Can you give me a lift?你能让我搭个便车吗?
noun]kæn/
CONTAINER 容器
countable (UK also tin)
■a closed metal container, especially a cylindrical one, in which some types of drink and food are sold （尤指圆柱形的）罐，筒，听
• a can of soup/beans 一罐汤／豆
countable (UK also tin)
■the amount of food or drink that is contained in a can 一罐的量
• You'll need a can of tuna for this recipe. 做这道菜需要一罐鲔鱼。
countable
■a metal container, especially one with a lid, handle and shaped opening for pouring （尤指带盖和把的）金属罐
• an oil can 油罐
• a can of paint 一桶油漆
noun]kæn/
PRISON 监狱
the can only singular US informal for
■prison 监狱
• He spent ten years in the can for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫而蹲了十年大牢。
noun]kæn/
TOILET 厕所
the can US informal for
■toilet
noun]kæn/
can of worms informal
■a situation which causes a lot of problems for you when you start to deal with it 一堆麻烦事；棘手的问题；复杂而难解决的问题
• Corruption is a serious problem, but nobody has yet been willing to open up that can of worms. 腐败是很严重的问题，可是还没有人愿意触及这个难题。
noun]kæn/
in the can informal
■If a film is in the can, filming has finished and it is ready to be prepared for showing to the public. （影片）已经完成拍摄的，已经录制好的
verb transitive /kæn/
(-nn-)
FOOD 食物
■to put food and drink into a closed metal container without air 罐装，将（食物、饮料）装罐
• He works in a factory where they can fruit. 他在一家罐装水果的工厂工作。
verb transitive /kæn/
(-nn-)
STOP 停止 mainly US informal
■to stop doing something or making noise 停止做；不再吵闹
• Hey, can it , would you? I'm trying to sleep. 嗨，别吵了，行吗？我在睡觉呢。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
ABILITY 能力
 ESSENTIAL
■to be able to 能，会
• Can you drive? 你会开车吗？
• She can speak four languages. 她会讲四种语言。
• Can you read that sign from this distance? 你从这么远的距离能看清楚那标牌上的东西吗？
• The doctors are doing all that they can, but she's still not breathing properly. 医生都在竭尽所能，可是她仍然不能正常呼吸。
• Do the best you can - I realize the circumstances are not ideal. 尽力而为吧——我知道情况不理想。
• If the party is awful, we can always leave (= that would be one possible solution to our problem). 如果聚会很糟，我们总可以离开。
• "She's really furious about it." "Can you blame her (= I'm not surprised) ?" “她对此确实很生气。”“你能怪她吗？”
can do US informal
■used to say that you can and will do something 可以，行，好
• "Will you mail this letter for me, please?" "Can do." “请你帮我把这封信寄了，好吗？”“行。”
• "I need you to pick up the kids today." "Sorry, no can do (= no I can't)." “今天我需要你去接孩子。”“抱歉，不行。”
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
PERMISSION 允许
 ESSENTIAL
■to be allowed to （表示许可）可以，能
• Can I use your bike, John? 约翰，我能用你的脚踏车吗？
• You can park over there. 你们可以把车停在那边。
• You can have a piece of cake after you've eaten your vegetables! 吃完蔬菜你就可以吃块蛋糕！
 ADVANCED informal
■sometimes used to tell someone angrily to do something （生气地命令某人）必须，得
• If you carry on being horrible to your sister, Sophie, you can just go to bed! 索菲，如果你对你妹妹还这么凶，就上床睡觉去！
  Common Learner Errors  can, could or may? Can is used in standard spoken English when asking for permission. Could is slightly more formal. Both of these are acceptable in most forms of written English, although in very formal writing, such as official instructions, may is usually used instead. Persons under 14 unaccompanied by an adult may not enter.
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL
■used to request something （用于请求）能，可以
• If you see Adrian, can you tell him I'm in London next weekend? 如果你见到阿德里安，能告诉他我下周末在伦敦吗？
• Can you make a little less noise, please? I'm trying to work. 请你别发出那么大的声音好吗？我正在工作。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express possibility （表示可能性）可以，能，会
• You can get stamps from the local newsagents. 你可以从当地的报刊经销人那里弄到邮票。
• You can get very nasty skin diseases from bathing in dirty water. 在脏水里洗澡会得严重的皮肤病。
• Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟可能会导致癌症。
• Noise can be quite a problem when you're living in a flat. 住公寓噪音会很成问题。
• He can be really annoying at times (= He is sometimes very annoying). 有时候他很烦人。
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən]
OFFER 提供
 ESSENTIAL
■used in polite offers of help （用于礼貌地提出帮忙）可以，能
• Can I help you with those bags? 我帮您拿那些提包好吗？
• I'm afraid Ms Ferguson has already left the office. Can I be of any help? 恐怕弗格森女士已经离开办公室了。我能帮甚么忙吗？
modal verb] strong form kæn / / weak form kən /
  Common Learner Errors  can Can is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'can to do something', say can do something :
✗ I'm glad you can to come to my cousin's wedding. I'm glad you can come to my cousin's wedding.
can, may
这两个情态动词均含有“能，可能，可以”之意。
can和may常被错用，应注意3点:
can表示体力或智力方面的能力。may没有这种功能。
can和may都可表示请求允许做某事，前者较口语化，最常用；may用于正式文体，多含尊敬之意。
can和may都可能表示可能性，前者表理论上的可能性，而后者表示现实的可能性。在这种用法中，can一般不能用来表将来的可能性，多用在否定和疑问句中表现在的可能性，而may既可表现在又可表将来的可能性。
can, in
这组词都有“罐头”的意思，其区别是：
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
in: 为英国英语。
can, tin
这两个名词均有“罐头”之意。
can: 为美国英语，现在英国也用。
tin: 为英国英语。
n. [食品] 罐头，一罐；金属容器
 - tin, debe

Word: bank
Front: bank
[bæŋk] (中高雅 663/406 -K1)
Vocabulary: bank
(once / 29 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4n 5vn
Unless you hide it under your mattress, you probably keep your money in a bank, or a business that stores and invests money.
There are several different meanings of the word bank. Besides the ones connected with money — like a savings bank or a piggy bank — a bank is also a slope of grass or earth, such as a river bank. Both of these are rooted in a Germanic word, bankiz, or "bank of earth." From this root came words meaning "shelf" and "table." The money-related bank came from the "table" meaning, banque in Middle French, as in "moneylender's exchange table."
WORD FAMILY
bank: bankable, banked, banker, banking, banks+/banker: bankers/banking: bankings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In truth, customers lost only $1.5 million, which, if we’re being honest, is minuscule for a bank the size of Wells Fargo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Bank Stadium operator SMG said in a statement that they apparently climbed over a guard rail to access the ridge truss.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The inn on this site was first built in 1520 - on the north bank of the Thames to the east of the City.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 银行; （条形的）堆; （河的）岸; 库存
vt. & vi. 堆积; 筑（堤）; 将（钱）存入银行
vi. （转弯时）倾斜飞行; （在某银行）开账户，存款
vt. （用煤等）封炉火
时态：banked, banking, banks
分布：银行(88%)，岸(5%)，库(3%)，堤(2%)，开户(1%)，把钱存入银行(1%)
→词源同bench，长凳，原指土凳，堤岸。银行义来自14世纪意大利威尼斯商人在市场摆一条凳子从事货币存储及放贷业务, 也即现代银行的起源。
银行(由柜台转化而来)[bank=bench(长椅)]
n.银行;岸,堤;vi.存入(经营)银行;信赖Thanks to the bankrupt banker, my ankle avoided an injury.多亏那位破产的银行家,我的脚踝免受伤害.
noun countable
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL
■an organization where people and businesses can invest or borrow money, change it to foreign money, etc., or a building where these services are offered 银行
• High street banks have been accused of exploiting small firms. 大型银行被指责剥削小企业。
• I need to go to the bank at lunch time. 我要利用午饭时间去一趟银行。
• I had to take out a bank loan to start my own business. 为了创办自己的公司，我不得不从银行借款。
■In gambling , the bank is money that belongs to the owner and can be won by the players. 庄家的赌本
[bæŋk] noun countable
RIVER 河
 ADVANCED
■sloping raised land, especially along the sides of a river 堤，岸
• By the time we reached the opposite bank, the boat was sinking fast. 当我们到达对岸时，船正在快速地下沉。
• These flowers generally grow on river banks and near streams. 这些花通常在河堤上和溪流附近开花。
[bæŋk] noun countable
MASS 堆
■a pile or mass of earth, clouds, etc. 一堆，一团（泥、云等）
• A dark bank of cloud loomed on the horizon. 天际隐约出现一大片黑云。
[bæŋk] noun countable
MACHINES 机器
■a row of similar things, especially machines or parts of machines 一排，一列，一组（尤指机器或机器零件）
• a bank of switches 一排开关
[bæŋk] noun countable
MEDICAL 医学
■A bank of something, such as blood or human organs for medical use, is a place which stores these things for later use （储藏血液、器官等的）库
• a blood bank 血库
• a sperm bank 精子库
[bæŋk] verb
MONEY 钱
intransitive or transitive
■to keep your money in a particular bank, or to put money into a bank 把钱存入银行，在某银行拥有存款
• I used to bank with Lloyd's. 我过去常把钱存在劳埃德银行。
transitive informal
■to win or earn a particular amount of money 赢得或赚取一定金额的钱
• She banked £500 in tips that day! 那天她赚了500英镑的小费！
[bæŋk] verb
TURN 转向
intransitive
■(of an aircraft) to fly with one wing higher than the other when turning （飞机）倾斜着飞行
• We felt the plane bank steeply as it changed direction. 我们感觉到飞机改变方向时倾斜得很厉害。
[bæŋk] verb
MASS 堆
intransitive or transitive
■to collect in or form into a mass, or to make something do this 堆积，或使某物堆积
• The snow had banked up in the corner of the garden. 雪堆积在园子的角落里。
• We banked up the fire (= put more coal on it) to keep it burning all night. 我们把炉火封好，这样就可以整晚不灭。
[bæŋk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  bank on sb/sth
■to expect something or depend on something happening 指望，信赖，依赖，依靠
• Can I bank on your support? 我能指望你吗？
• [+ -ing verb] I wouldn't bank on him being there. 我可不会指望他会在那里。
• "Do you think she'll come?" "I wouldn't bank on it ". “你觉得她会来吗？”“我可不指望。”
• I'd banked on getting a pay rise this year. 我本来指望今年能加薪的。
shore, bank, seaside, beach, coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，其区别是：
shore: 指紧靠大湖泊或海洋的陆地边缘或靠海的休养地。
bank: 多指有一定坡度的河岸、湖岸或堤岸。
seaside: 尤指疗养地、游览地区的海边。
beach: 指倾斜度小，被海、湖或河水冲刷而有沙或卵石积存的地方。
coast: 地理学上的名词，专指被视为边界的沿海陆地的尽头。
n. [金融] 银行；岸； [地理] 浅滩；储库
 - shallow, ford
vi. 堆积；倾斜转弯
 - pile, heap up

Word: conjurer
Front: conjurer
[kʌn'dʒʊrə] (37205/40521)
Back: n. 魔术师; 巫师，行妖术者
分布：魔术师(79%)，巫师(15%)，=conjuror.(6%)
US [-dʒɚ.ɚ] noun countable
■a person who performs magic to entertain people 魔术师
n. 魔术师；巫师
 - magician, sorcerer

Word: when
Front: when
[wen] (中高 57/54 -K5)
Back: adv. 什么时候; （用于时间的表达方式之后）在那时; 其时; 当时
conj. 在…时; 既然; 如果
pron. 什么时候; 那时
n. 时间，时候; 日期; 场合
分布：什么时候(48%)，时间(20%)，然后(16%)，可是(8%)，当 ... 时(8%)
→来自kwo,印欧语疑问代词根，词源同who,where,why,how.
ad./pron.何时;当时conj.那时;然后;而When did you go to bed last night?昨晚你什么时候睡觉的?
adverb conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■at what time; at the time at which 甚么时候，何时
• "I did tell you about it." "When? I don't remember." “我确实告诉过你这件事。”“甚么时候？我不记得了。”
• When are you going? 你甚么时候走？
• When's the baby due? 婴儿会在甚么时候出生？
• We'll go when you're ready. 你准备好了，我们就出发。
• Tell me when to start. 告诉我甚么时候开始。
• Ask him when he's next coming home. 问问他下次甚么时候回家。
• When do you expect to have the project completed (by) ? 你预计这个专案计划甚么时候完成？
• She was only twenty when she had her first baby. 她生第一个孩子时只有20岁。
• He was quite shocked when I told him. 我告诉他时，他非常震惊。
• I hate it when there's no one in the office. 我讨厌办公室里一个人也没有。
• I went there when I was a child. 我小时候去过那里。
• I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang. 我正要洗澡，电话响了。
[wen] adverb conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  whenRemember: if you are using when to talk about something happening in the future, use the present simple tense. Don't say 'when sth will happen', say when something happens :
✗ Say 'hello' to Sarah for me when you will see her. Say 'hello' to Sarah for me when you see her. However, if a clause beginning with when is the object of the sentence, it is possible to use 'will': I don't know when I will see Sarah again.
[wen] adverb conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  when or if? Warning: choose the correct conjunction! To talk about a situation that is not certain but may be true, or may be possible in the future, don't say 'when', say if :
✗ It would be better for the environment when everyone cycled to work. It would be better for the environment if everyone cycled to work.
[wen] pronoun
■what/which time 甚么时候，何时
• "Did you know Lucy was back in England?" "Is she - since when?" “你知道露西已经回到英格兰了吗？”“是吗──甚么时候？”
[wen] pronoun
since when
■used angrily in speech to ask someone why they believe a situation to be different from how it really is （表示愤怒地质问为甚么情况会不同了）从甚么时候起
• Since when did you have the right to tell me what to do? 从甚么时候起你开始有权对我指手划脚？
[wen] conjunction
CONSIDERING THAT 考虑到
 ESSENTIAL
■considering the fact that 当…时；考虑到
• How can you say you don't like something when you've never even tried it! 你连试都没试过，怎么能说不喜欢呢？
• You can't complain of being lonely when you don't make any effort to meet people. 你自己不主动去认识别人，又怎么能抱怨孤独呢？
• Why is she training to be a teacher when she doesn't even like children? 她既然连孩子都不喜欢，为甚么要去接受培训当老师呢？
• I don't suppose I can really call myself a vegetarian when I eat fish. 因为我吃鱼，所以我觉得不能称自己为真正的素食主义者。
[wen] conjunction
ALTHOUGH 尽管
 ESSENTIAL
■despite the fact that 尽管；可是；但是
• He says he hasn't got any money when in fact he's got thousands of dollars in his account. 他说自己一分钱也没有，可实际上他的银行帐户里有几千美元。
• I don't understand how he can say that everything's fine when it's so obvious that it's not. 我不明白他为甚么要说一切都很好，实际情况显然并非如此。
when, as, while
when: 从句动词点动词，持续性动词均可，
as: 重在表示动作同时发生，伴随进行，
while: 从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in.
conj. 考虑到；既然；当…时
 - considering, since, as, now
n. 时间
 - time, zeit, termin

Word: most
Front: most
[məʊst] (中高雅 144/153 -K5)
Back: adv. 最，最多（大）; much的最高级; 非常，很; 几乎
adj. many的最高级; 最多的，最大的; 大概的; 大多数的，大部分的
n. 最大限度; 大部分; 大多数人
分布：最(52%)，大多数(24%)，大部分(13%)，大多数的(4%)，最多(3%)，最多的(3%)，极其(1%)
→来自古英语mast,最大量，最多，来自ma,大，多，词源同more.-st,最高级后缀。
a.最多的;大多数的ad.最;极其n.大多数Most of them are teachers.他们大多数是教员.
US [moʊst] determiner pronoun adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■the biggest number or amount of; more than anything or anyone else 最多（的）；最大（的）；最
• What's the most you've ever won at cards? 纸牌游戏中你最多赢过多少？
• Which of you earns the most money? 你们当中谁赚钱最多？
• He wanted to do the most good he could with the £200, so he gave it to charity. 他想用200英镑做最多的好事，所以他把款项捐给了慈善机构。
• The kids loved the fair, but they enjoyed the bumper cars most of all. 孩子都喜爱露天游乐场，但他们最喜欢的是碰碰车。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to form the superlative of many adjectives and adverbs （用于构成许多形容词和副词的最高级）最
• Joanne is the most intelligent person I know. 琼安是我认识的人中最聪明的。
• The department needs three more computers in order to work most effectively (= to work as effectively as possible). 那个部门如果想使工作效率最大化，还需要添置三台电脑。
 ESSENTIAL
■almost all 大多数（的），大部分（的）；几乎全部（的）
• I don't eat meat, but I like most types of fish. 我不吃肉，但几乎所有的鱼都喜欢吃。
• In this school, most of the children are from the Chinese community. 在这所学校，大部分孩子都来自华人社区。
■formal
■very 极其，很，十分
• It was a most beautiful morning. 那是个十分美丽的早上。
■mainly US informal
■almost 几乎，差不多
• You'll find her in the bar most every evening about six o'clock. 几乎每晚六点左右你都能在酒吧找到她。
make the most of sth
■to take full advantage of something because it may not last long 充分利用，尽量利用
• It's a lovely day - we must make the most of it. 今天天气很好——我们一定要趁此良好天气尽情享受一下。
UK [məʊst] US [moʊst] determiner pronoun adverb
  Common Learner Errors  most of or most? Use most of before a plural noun that has a determiner or pronoun in front of it: Most of the students live with host families. Before a plural noun that does not have a determiner or pronoun in front of it, don't say 'most of', just say most :
✗ Most of students live with host families. Most students live with host families. Warning: To talk about almost all of something, do not use 'the' before most or most of
✗ The most of the students live with host families.
majority, most
majority: 只能修饰可数名词,  the majority of people
most: 可数不可数均可
most, mostly
most: 用于表感受的肯定句中,相当于very,当大部分,大多数解时是形容词或名词, most people,
mostly: 大部分,是副词  the people are mostly…
adv. 最；非常，极其；最多；几乎
 - extremely, badly, highly, greatly, almost, nearly, too
adj. 大部分的，多数的；最多的
 - large, maximum
n. 大部分，大多数
 - bulk, masses of

Word: such
Front: such
[sʌtʃ] (中高 183/108 -K5)
Back: adj. 这样的; 如此的; 这么大的; 非常的
pron. 这样的事物[人]
分布：这(73%)，这样的(18%)，那(6%)，如此的(2%)，如此地(1%)
→来自古英语 swilc,类似的，来自 Proto-Germanic*swalikaz,类似的，等同于 so+like.
a.这样的;上述的ad.那么pron.这样的人/事物Such is the winter weather here.这里冬季的气候就是如此.
predeterminer determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■used before a noun or noun phrase to add emphasis （用于名词或名词短语前表示强调）如此，这么
• That's such a good film. 那部电影真不错。
• It seems like such a long way to drive for just one day. 一天之内要开这么远的路好像不太可能。
• Oh Richard, you're such an idiot! 噢，理查，你这个白痴！
• Such cruelty really is beyond my comprehension. 如此残忍真让我无法理解。
• I'd put on such a lot of weight that I couldn't get into my trousers. 我胖了这么多，连裤子都穿不进去了。
[sʌtʃ] predeterminer determiner
  Common Learner Errors  suchRemember: when it refers to a singular countable noun, such is followed by a or an. Don't say 'such person/event/situation etc.', say such a person/event/situation etc
✗ We had such good holiday in Greece last year. We had such a good holiday in Greece last year.
[sʌtʃ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■of a particular or similar type 那样的；这样的，同样的
• Small companies such as ours are very vulnerable in a recession. 像我们这样的小公司，在经济不景气的时候非常容易受影响。
• I'm looking for a cloth for cleaning silver. Do you have such a thing ? 我在找擦银器的布。你有这样的东西吗？
• Present on this grand occasion were Andrew Davies, Melissa Peters and other such stars. 出席这次盛大典礼的有安德鲁‧戴维斯、蒙莉莎‧彼得斯等大牌明星。
• I tried to tell her in such a way that she wouldn't be offended. 我尽量用一种不得罪她的方式告诉她。
• He said it was an Edwardian washstand or some such thing - I can't remember exactly. 他说那是一个爱德华时代的盥洗盆之类的东西——我记不清了。
• old-fashioned informal I just bought one or two things - bread and milk and such (also suchlike). 我只买了一两样东西——面包、牛奶之类的。
• formal Our lunch was such (= of a type) that we don't really need an evening meal. 我们午餐大吃了一顿，都不怎么需要再吃晚饭了。
such as
 IMPROVER
■for example 例如，比如
• That sum of money is to cover costs such as travel and accommodation. 那笔钱是用来支付交通费和住宿费的。
[sʌtʃ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
such as it is
■used to suggest that something you have referred to is of low quality or not enough 尽管不好；虽说不多
• You're welcome to borrow my tennis racket, such as it is. 你可以借我的网球拍，虽说它不怎么好。
• Breakfast, such as it was, consisted of a plain roll and a cup of coffee. 所谓的早餐，就只有一个无馅的面包卷和一杯咖啡。
[sʌtʃ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
such is life
■used to refer to an event that has happened and that you must accept, because you know that this is the way life is （表示无可奈何）这就是生活，人生就是如此
• So here I am, without a girlfriend again. Oh well, such is life. 瞧，我的女朋友又离开我了。唉，人生就是这样。
[sʌtʃ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
there's no such thing/person (as)
■used to say that something or someone does not exist 没有（…）这样的东西／人
• Darling, Mummy's told you before, there's no such thing as ghosts! 宝贝，妈妈以前告诉过你，世界上根本没有甚么鬼！
[sʌtʃ] noun
as such
■in the true or exact meaning of the word or phrase 从字面意义来看，严格地说
• There wasn't much vegetarian food as such, although there were several different types of cheese. 尽管有几种不同的乳酪，但严格意义上的素食没有多少。
• We don't have a secretary as such, but we do have a student who comes in to do a bit of filing. 我们没有真正意义上的秘书，不过确实有个学生来做些文件整理工作。

Word: over
Front: over
[ˈəʊvə(r)] (中高 124/110 -K5)
Vocabulary: over
(once / 5 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv 4adj 5adv 6n
If something is over it is finished, across, or above. When a movie is over, you get up and leave. A blanket that's over your feet covers your toes. A painting over a fireplace hangs above it.
Over is related to the German word über, meaning "above," like putting one piece of paper over another, or a ruling over your school, you popular person. Over can describe a distant position: your phone is over there. Or it can mean "throughout an area," like traveling over roads and oceans, or going over the plan before the team starts working.
WORD FAMILY
over: overly, overs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An uneven 109-98 victory over the lowly Suns in Staples Center would hardly classify as a “fix.”
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: prep. （表示方向）越过; （部份或全部覆盖）在…上面; 由于; （表示论及）关于
adv. 结束; 再; （倒）下; 从一边至另一边
adj. 过去的; 外面的; 在上的; 上级的
n. 额外; 剩余; 剩余（或多余）的量; 剩余物
int. [电信学]报文完，请回复！
vt. 走过，跳过; [美国方言]从…恢复过来
分布：结束(64%)，落下(6%)，在 ... 的上方(6%)，在 ... 期间(6%)，穿过(6%)，完全覆盖(6%)，遍及地(6%)
→来自古英语ofer,来自Proto-Germanic*uberi,来自uper,向上，在上，来自upo的比较级，词源同up,super.引申词义超过。
ad.在上方;遍及地prep.在的上方a.结束的We'll go out when the rain is over.雨停了我们就出去.
US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
HIGHER POSITION 更高处
 ESSENTIAL
■above or higher than something else, sometimes so that one thing covers the other; above 在…上方
• The sign over the door said "Exit". 门上方的牌子上写著「出口”。
• She held the umbrella over both of us. 她给我们两人都撑着伞。
• Helicopters dropped leaflets over the city. 直升机在城市上空散发传单。
• I put my hands over my eyes/ears because I couldn't bear to watch/listen. 我用手捂住眼睛／耳朵，因为我看／听不下去。
• I couldn't hear what she was saying over the noise of the planes taking off (= the aircraft were louder than her voice). 因为飞机起飞时噪声太大，我听不清她在说甚么。
Compare under
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
COVERING 涂盖
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position that is covering something 覆盖；在…上面
• Put a clean cloth over the cakes while they cool. 在蛋糕变凉的时候，在上面放一块干净的布。
• I put a shawl over my shoulders. 我在肩上披了条披肩。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
ACROSS 越过
 ESSENTIAL
■across from one side to the other, especially by going up and then down （越）过；从一边到另一边
• She jumped over the gate. 她跃过大门。
• The road goes over the mountains, not through a tunnel. 这条路并不是穿过隧道，而是翻山而过。
• She is always chatting with her neighbour over the garden wall. 她总是和邻居隔着花园的墙闲聊。
• From the top of the tower you could see for miles over the city. 在塔顶上你能俯瞰这个城市，可以看到好几英里远。
• Tanks travel over the most difficult ground. 坦克能在最难通行的道路上行驶。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
FALLING 坠落
 ESSENTIAL
■falling down from somewhere 从…坠落
• The coin rolled over the edge of the table. 硬币从桌边滚了下来。
• Harold jumped out of the car just before it went over the cliff. 就在汽车从悬崖边翻落下去之前，哈乐德从车里跳了出来。
 ESSENTIAL
■falling because of stepping on something 因为踩到某物而摔倒
• She tripped over the rug. 她被小地毯绊倒了。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
MORE THAN 超过
 ESSENTIAL
■more than 在…以上，多于
• Most of the carpets cost/are over £100. 大多数地毯都要卖100英镑以上。
• Children over the age of 12 (= older than 12) must have full-price tickets. 12岁以上的孩子必须买全票。
• I value quality of life over money. 我把生活品质看得比金钱更重要。
 ADVANCED
■increasing to further than a particular limit or point 超过
• They are already $25 million over budget. 他们的花费已经超过预算2500万美元了。
over and above
■in addition to 除了，此外，另外
• They receive extra money over and above the usual welfare payments. 除了通常的福利费以外，他们还收到一笔额外的补助。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
OTHER SIDE 另一边
 IMPROVER
■on the other side of 在…的另一边
• There's a pub over the road we could go to. 我们可以去路那边的一家酒吧。
• The story continues over the page. 故事转下一页。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
CONNECTED WITH 与…相关的
 IMPROVER
■(referring to a cause of interest, worry, discussion, etc.) connected with or about 与…有关，关于，因为
• There's no point in arguing over something so unimportant. 争论这样的小事毫无意义。
• I need time to talk/think over your proposal (= to discuss/consider it carefully). 我需要时间谈谈／考虑考虑你的提议。
• The legal battle was over who should have custody of the child. 这场法律之争是关于谁应该获得这孩子的监护权。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
DURING 在…期间
 ADVANCED
■during something, or while doing something 在… 期间
• I was in Seattle over the summer. 整个夏天我都在西雅图。
• Shall we discuss it over lunch/over a drink? 我们边吃午饭／边喝点东西边讨论这个问题好吗？
• They took/spent an hour over lunch (= Their meal lasted an hour). 他们吃午饭花了一个小时。
• It's fascinating to watch how a baby changes and develops over time (= as time passes). 看着一个婴儿随着时间流逝而成长真是件奇妙的事。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
FEELING BETTER 感觉好些
be/get over sth
 ADVANCED
■to feel physically or mentally better after an illness or an upsetting experience 从（疾病或不愉快的经历中）恢复过来
• It takes you a while to get over an illness like that. 得那样的病需要一段时间才能恢复过来。
• His girlfriend finished with him last year and he's not over her yet. 去年他女朋友就跟他分手了，但他仍难以释怀。
• He's not fully recovered, but he's over the worst (= has experienced the worst stage of the illness and is now improving). 他还没有痊愈，不过已经渡过了最危险的阶段。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED
■in control of or teaching someone or something （表示控制或管教）在…之上，高于
• A good teacher has an easy authority over a class. 出色的老师轻而易举就能让一整班的学生听话。
• She's a sales manager but she has a regional sales director over (= with a higher rank than) her. 她是位销售经理，可是她上面还有一位地区销售主管。
• The victory over the French at Waterloo was Wellington's greatest triumph. 在滑铁卢打败法军是威灵顿最大的胜利。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
USING 使用
 ADVANCED
■using 用
• They spoke over the phone. 他们在电话里交谈。
• We heard the news over the radio. 我们是从收音机里听到这个消息的。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
MATHS 数学
■sometimes used when talking about a calculation in which one number is divided by another number 除以
• 40 over 7 is roughly 6. 40除以7约等于6。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
all over somewhere ADVANCED
■everywhere in a particular place 到处，遍及
• Soon the news was all over town. 很快，消息就传遍了全镇。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] preposition
be all over sb informal
■to be touching someone in a sexual way everywhere on their body （指性行为）将（某人）压在身下
• She was all over him, kissing him and stroking him. 她把他整个压在身下，亲吻并抚摸他。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
DOWN 向下
 ESSENTIAL
■from a higher to a lower position; down （从…）向下
• The little boy fell over and started to cry. 小男孩摔倒后哭了起来。
• He was run/knocked over by a taxi. 他被一辆出租车撞倒了。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
ACROSS 越过
 ESSENTIAL
■across; from one side or place to another 越过；（从一边或一地）到另一边（或另一地）
• She leaned over and kissed me. 她俯身过来吻了我。
• A fighter plane flew over. 一架战斗机在空中掠过。
• Why don't you come over (= come to my house) for dinner on Thursday? 星期四过来吃晚餐吧？
• I've got a friend over from Canada this week (= A friend came from Canada and is staying with me). 这周有个从加拿大来的朋友住在我这儿。
• Now we're going over to (= there will be a broadcast from) Wembley for commentary on the Cup Final. 现在我们来听听来自温布利体育场的关于杯赛决赛的实况报道。
• Come over here (= to this place from where you are) - it's warmer. 过来——这儿较暖。
• Who's that man over there (= in that place) ? 那边那个男人是谁？
 ESSENTIAL
■describes the way an object moves or is moved so that a different part of it is facing up 翻过，翻转
• She turned another page over. 她又翻了一页。
• The dog rolled over onto its back. 狗翻过身仰面躺着。
• The children rolled over and over (= turned over many times) down the gentle slope. 孩子们在缓坡上一次次地滚下来玩。
 ESSENTIAL
■changing or exchanging position 变换，交换（位置）
• Would you mind changing/swapping those plates over? 可以把那些碟子调换一下位置吗？
• She changed over to editing from marketing. 她不做行销，改当编辑了。
• Why should we hand over the money to the Russians? 为甚么我们要把钱交给俄国人？
• I've done all I can - now it's over to you (= it's your turn to take action). 我能做的都做了——现在该看你的行动。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
HIGHER POSITION 更高处
 ESSENTIAL
■above or higher than something else, sometimes so that one thing covers the other 在…上方
• A fighter plane flew over. 一架战斗机在空中掠过。
• A man came to paint over (= cover with paint) the cracks in the wall. 来了一个人用油漆涂盖墙上的裂缝。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
MORE THAN 超过
 ESSENTIAL
■more than a particular amount or level 超过，以上
• People who are 65 years old and over can get half-price tickets. 65岁或以上人士可半价购票。
■ over 1 UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ]
adverb
FINISHED 完成的
 IMPROVER
■(especially of an event) finished （尤指事件）结束的，完毕的
• I'll be glad when the competition is over. 竞赛结束，我会很高兴。
• I used to have a thriving business and a happy marriage, but that's all over now (= finished). 我曾经生意兴旺，婚姻幸福，但现在全都完了。
over and done with
■completely finished 彻底结束；了结
• She gets unpleasant tasks over and done with as quickly as possible. 她会尽快处理好棘手的任务。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
EXTRA 额外地
 ADVANCED
■extra; not used 额外地；不用地；剩余地
• I have some American dollars left over from the last time I was there. 上回我去美国还剩了些美元。
• UK When all the guests had gone, we realized there was lots of food over. 客人都走了以后，我们发现还剩下很多食物。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
AGAIN 又
 ADVANCED US
■again or repeatedly 再，又；重复地
• You've ruined it - now I'll have to do it over! 你把它弄砸了——现在我要再做一遍！
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
FINISHED TALKING 通话完毕
■said when you are talking to someone by radio, to mean that you have finished speaking and will wait for their answer （用于无线电通话）完毕，请回话
• "This is flight 595X. Do you read me? Over." “595X航班，你听到了吗？完毕。”
Over and out.
■said when you are talking to someone by radio in order to end the conversation （用于无线电通话）通话完毕
• "Thank you, control tower. Over and out." “谢谢，控制塔。通话完毕”
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
over and over (again) IMPROVER
■happening or done many times 一再地，再三地
• I read the article over and over till it made sense. 我把文章读了一遍又一遍，直到读懂为止。
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] adverb
It isn't over until the fat lady sings. saying
■used for saying that it is still possible for a situation to change 形容某情形仍有机会改变
UK ['əʊ.vər] US ['oʊ.vɚ] noun countable
■(in cricket) a set of six bowl s (= throws) from the same end of the field （板球中的）一轮投球数
over, on, above
over: 在正上方 fly over the hill
on: 在上面，接触，
above: 在上面，不接触，
over, through, along, across
这组词都有“横过、穿过”的意思，其区别是：
over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。
along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
across: 指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
adv. 结束；越过；从头到尾
 - all up
prep. 越过；在…之上；遍于…之上
 - upon, onto, beyond, past, up
adj. 结束的；上面的
 - ended, upper, closing, past, concluding
vt. 越过
 - negotiate, surmount

Word: group
Front: group
[gru:p] (中高雅宝 163/142 -K5)
Vocabulary: group
(once / 31 pages)
nv
A group is an organization of people or things, like a reading group at a public library that holds book discussions every month.
Group comes from the word for lump, or cluster. If you're out walking at night and see a group of wild dogs coming at you, best to go the other way. You could always find a group of people to walk with if you don't want to be alone. Group can also be used as a verb. If you're painting a still life, you might collect a bunch of objects from your house and group them together in an eye-pleasing arrangement.
WORD FAMILY
group: grouped, grouper, grouping, groups, intragroup, regroup, subgroup+/grouper: groupers/grouping: groupings/ regroup: regrouped, regrouping, regroups/subgroup: subgroups
USAGE EXAMPLES
“This is a special group of guys. Oh, man, this is the time to step up.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A statement issued to the Diamondback from ProtectUMD about why no Jewish groups signed the demands said that any community was welcome to participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
“It’s a pretty consistent group, so there’s a community here, which is a bit different than some of the big gyms,” said Heather, 30.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 组，团体; 群，批; （雕塑等的）群像; （英美的）空军大队
vt. & vi. 使成群，集合
vt. 分类，归类
时态：grouped, grouping, groups
分布：组(59%)，群(23%)，团体(9%)，集团(8%)，聚合(1%)
→来自ger, 弯，转，成团，词源同crowd,aggregate.
n.群,组v.分组Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.
【反】isolate（vt 使隔离；使孤立）
noun
SET 一组
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a number of people or things that are put together or considered as a unit 组；群；批；簇
• I'm meeting a group of friends for dinner tonight. 今晚我要与一班朋友聚餐。
• The car was parked near a small group of trees. 汽车停在一片小树林附近。
• She showed me another group of pictures, this time of children playing. 她又给我看了另外一组照片，这次是小朋友玩耍的情景。
[gru:p] noun
MUSIC 音乐
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a number of people who play music together, especially pop music （尤指流行音乐）乐团，乐队，组合
• What's your favourite group? 你最喜欢的乐队是哪个？
• a pop/rock group 流行／摇滚乐队
[gru:p] verb intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to form a group or put people or things into a group （使）成群；（使）成组；（使）分类
• We all grouped together round the bride for a family photograph. 我们所有人都簇拥在新娘四周拍了张全家福。
• I grouped the children according to age. 我按年龄把小朋友分成小组。
• The books were grouped by size. 这些书是根据开本大小分类的。
personal, inhabitants, group, people, corporation, individuals
personal: 人员，职员
inhabitants: 居民
group: 团体
people: 民族，种族
corporation: 公司
individuals: 个人，有某种特点的人
band, mob, masses, gang, swarm, group, throug, crowd
这组词都有“群，帮，伙”的意思，其区别是：
band: 多指一群有明确宗旨，为共同目的而结合在一起的人，常含贬义。
mob: 指无组织、乱七八糟凑合在一起的乌合之众，或指聚集在一起寻衅滋事的人群，多为暴徒。
masses: 指群众或人民大众。
gang: 常指从事非法、暴力或敌对活动的帮派或团伙。有时呈中性，词义同group。
swarm: 指人数众多，杂乱无章，不停移动的一群人。
group: 普通用词，通常指有组织、有秩序的一群人，也可指无意汇集在一起的一群人。
throug: 书面用词，意义接近crowd，侧重密集地挤在一起的一群，含挤在一起向前推进之意。
crowd: 常指无组织地乱哄哄地挤在一起的人群。
n. 组；团体
 - organization, community, team, body, suit
vi. 聚合
 - converge, polymerise

Word: big
Front: big
[bɪg] (中高 162/260 -K5)
Vocabulary: big
(once / 21 pages)
1adjadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5adjadv 6adj
Something big is just plain large or important. A big class has a lot of kids. A big room is larger than average. A big newspaper story is one that makes the front page.
Some people hate the idea of "big government" which means a federal government that plays a significant role in the day-to-day lives of its people. You might talk big at your reunion, but you really haven't traveled the world. (You went to Hoboken and Walla Walla!) Big can also pertain to age, as in "Will you be a big girl and get dressed all by yourself?"
WORD FAMILY
big: bigger, biggest, biggish, bigly, bigness, bigs+/bigger: biggerer/bigness: bignesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brad Kaaya rewrote the Miami record book in three years, and is off to a bigger challenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A CT scan found a 15-centimeter tumor in his chest, so big it was pressing on his windpipe.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Other approaches focus on netting drones, either via bigger drones or by guns firing a net and a parachute via compressed gas.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 大的; 重要的; （计划）庞大的; 大方的
adv. 大量地; 成功地; 夸大地; 宽宏大量地
n. 大亨; 大公司
级别：bigger, biggest
分布：大的(71%)，重要的(11%)，夸大地(5%)，成功地(5%)，受欢迎的(4%)，杰出的组织和个人(2%)，宏大地(1%)，有雄心的(1%)
→词源不详。
a.大的;重要的;宽宏大量的;大受欢迎的The lost Bible is possibly the biggest loss of my possessions.丢失的圣经可能是我最大的财产损失.
adjective (bigger, biggest)
LARGE 大的
 ESSENTIAL
■large in size or amount （尺寸或数量）大的，巨大的
• He's a big man. 他是个身材高大的人。
• Could I try these shoes in a bigger size? 这双鞋我能试一双大一点的吗？
• They've got a big house in the country. 他们在乡下有一幢大房子。
• She has blonde hair and big blue eyes. 她有一头金黄的头发和一双大大的蓝眼睛。
• She's had a big pay rise. 她的薪水增加了很多。
• I had a great big slice of chocolate cake for tea. 我吃了一大件巧克力蛋糕作为茶点。
• A thousand people took part in the region's biggest -ever cycle race. 有1000人参加了本地区有史以来规模最大的自行车赛。
• informal You write August with a big (= capital) 'a'. August 这个单词的首字母 a 要大写。
• informal She's always been a big spender (= She has always spent a lot of money). 她总是挥霍金钱。
• informal You're not a very big eater , are you? (= You do not eat a lot). 你吃得并不多，对吗？
■informal
■older or more like an adult 年龄较大的，年长的；长大的
• Her big (= older) sister/brother told her to go away. 她姐姐／哥哥叫她走开。
• I'm ashamed of you. You're big enough to know better (= at an age where you should know that your behaviour is not acceptable). 我为你感到羞耻。你这么大了，该知道好歹了。
[before noun] informal
■used to add emphasis （用于强调）
• You're a big (= such a) bully! 你真是一个大恶霸！
• He fell for her in a big way (= was greatly attracted to her). 他被她深深吸引了。
  Common Learner Errors  big or great? Remember: you do not usually use 'big' before uncountable nouns. Don't say 'big progress/fun/shame/admiration', say great progress/fun/shame/admiration :
✗ My work is of big importance to me.
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
IMPORTANT 重要的
 ESSENTIAL
■important, because of being powerful or having a lot of influence or a serious effect 重要的；影响大的；严重的
• He had a big decision to make. 他必须做一个重要的决定。
• There's a big difference between starting up a business and just talking about it. 真正创办一间企业和只是口头说说，是有很大区别的。
• The big story in the news this week is the minister's resignation. 本周的重要新闻是部长获准请辞。
• The four biggest banks are all planning to cut their service charges. 四大银行都在计划降低服务收费。
be big in somewhere/sth informal
■to be important or famous in a particular place or type of work 重要；名气大
• They're big in Japan, but no one's heard of them here. 他们在日本的名气很大，但这里的人并没有听说过他们。
■informal
■If a product or activity is big, it is extremely popular 流行的，受欢迎的
• Grunge music was very big in the early 1990s. 油渍摇滚在20世纪90年代早期大受欢迎。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
a big ask
■something you ask someone to do that will be difficult for them 令人为难的请求
• It's a big ask I know, but we need the project finished by June. 我知道这个要求令你为难，但是我们需要在六月之前完工。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
be big of sb informal disapproving
■If an action is big of you, it is kind, good, or helpful. This phrase is usually used humorously or angrily to mean the opposite （某人）真好心，好慷慨（通常用作反语，表示幽默或气愤）
• You can spare me an hour next week? That's really big of you! 下周你能为我抽出一个小时？你可真慷慨！
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
be big on sth informal
■to like something very much 很喜欢…
• I'm not very big on classical music. 我不太喜欢古典音乐。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
be no big deal informal
■to not be a serious problem 没有关系，没甚么了不起
• We'll have to pay a little more - it's no big deal. 我们将不得不多付一点钱——这没有关系的。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
Big deal! informal
■said when you do not think that what someone has said or done is important or special 没甚么了不起！
• "I ran five miles this morning." "Big deal! I ran ten." “今天早上我跑了五英里。”“没甚么了不起！我跑了十英里。”
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
big fish/gun/noise (US big shot/wheel) informal
■a person who has an important or powerful position in a group or organization 大人物，要人
• She's a big gun in city politics. 她是市政要人。
• He's a big shot in advertising. 他是广告界的大人物。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
the big/bigger picture
■the most important facts about a situation and the effects of that situation on other things （情况的）最重要的资讯事实；（情况的）影响
• In my political work I try to concentrate on the big picture and not be distracted by details. 在我的政治工作中，我试着着眼大局，而不是为枝节而分心。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
the bigger the better
■how much you value or want something is decided by how big it is 越大越好
• He likes getting big presents - the bigger the better as far as he's concerned. 他喜欢收到大礼物——他认为礼物越大越好。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
The bigger they are, the harder they fall. saying
■said to emphasize that the more important or powerful a person is, the more difficult it is for them when they lose their power or importance 爬得越高，摔得越重。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
the big I am informal disapproving
■If someone is acting the big I am or giving it the big I am, they are behaving as if they are very important 自大，自负，自以为是
• He was always giving it the big I am with his little gang. 他总是在自己的小圈圈里表现得狂妄自大。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
have big ideas informal
■to have plans which need great effort, skill and luck to achieve 有远大的理想，有抱负
• She's got big ideas about starting up her own company. 她的远大理想是创办自己的公司。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
make it big informal
■to become famous or successful 功成名就，飞黄腾达
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
too big for your boots UK (US too big for your britches) informal
■behaving as if you are more important than you really are 自以为是；摆架子
• He's been getting a bit too big for his boots since he got that promotion. 自从那次晋升后，他变得越来越自大了。
[bɪg] adjective (bigger, biggest)
What's the big idea? informal
■used to ask someone why they have done something annoying 你这是甚么意思?
• What's the big idea? I was watching that programme! 你怎么回事？我正在看那个节目呢！
[bɪg] verb informal
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] big sb/sth up
■to talk a lot about how excellent someone or something is, sometimes praising them or it more than is deserved （过分）夸奖，赞扬
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 大的；重要的；量大的
 - larger, crucial, important, considerable, material
adv. 大量地；顺利；夸大地
 - largely, freely, heavy, importantly, tall

Word: there
Front: there
[ðeə(r)] (中高 53/37 -K5)
Vocabulary: there
(once / 3 pages)
advn
There is a noun meaning "another place." So if you're not here, you can only be there.
This very general term names a place apart from here, but it has many uses. It can mean “at that point or place,” as in "It is there that the argument starts to seem silly.” People say "There, there" to console someone who is sad. This word describes a situation too, as in "There is a problem" or "There's no place like home." If you're pointing something out that's hard to see, you'll say "There! Right there!"
WORD FAMILY
there: thereness, theres
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s just so much history here,” Michelle said of their two businesses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A surge in violence in Afghanistan sees Obama pledge an extra 17,000 military personnel, doubling the US presence there.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Because there was no government-run health plan in America, people without commercial health insurance were at the mercy of the world’s most expensive health system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 在那里; 那里; 在那一点上
pron. 表示某物或某人的存在或某事的发生（常用作be, seem或appear的主语）
int. （表示满足、烦恼）你瞧，好啦，得啦
分布：在那里(40%)，那个地方(23%)，那一点(15%)，到那里(15%)，从那里(7%)
→来自古英语 thaer,那里，来自 Proto-Germanic*thaer,那里，来自 tar,那里，来自 to,指 示代词，词源同 the,that,-r,所有格后缀。
ad.在那儿;往那儿;[作引导词表示"存在"]There is a book on the desk.书桌上有一本书.
US [ðer] adverb
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL
■(to, at or in) that place 往那里；在那里；到那里
• Put the chair there. 把椅子放在那里。
• The museum is closed today. We'll go there tomorrow. 博物馆今天关门了，我们明天再去。
• There's that book you were looking for. 你要找的那本书在那里。
• I'll have to stop you there, we've run out of time. 我只好让你在那里打住，我们已经没有时间了。
• I've left the boxes over/out/under there. 我把盒子放在那边了。
get there IMPROVER
■to arrive somewhere 到那里
• We'll never get there in time. 我们绝对不可能及时赶到那里。
■informal
■to succeed 成功
• Try again, you'll get there in the end. 再试一次，最终你会成功的。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
INTRODUCING SUBJECT 引出主题
 ESSENTIAL
■used to introduce the subject of a sentence, especially before the verbs be , seem and appear （用于引出句子，尤用于动词 be，seem 和 appear 前）
• There's someone on the phone for you. 有找你的电话。
• There's no doubt who is the best candidate. 谁是最佳候选人毋庸置疑。
• I took out my wallet but there was no money in it. 我拿出钱包，发现一分钱都没有。
• By the time I got back, there was no food left. 到我回来的时候，吃的都没有了。
• There appeared/seemed to be some difficulty in fixing a date for the meeting. 看来要定下会议的日期有些困难。
• not standard There's (= There are) lives at stake and we can't afford to take any risks. 人命关天，我们可不能冒险。
■literary
■used to begin some children's stories written in a traditional style （用作儿童故事的开场白）
• There once was/lived a poor widow who had a beautiful daughter. 从前有一个穷寡妇，她有个漂亮的女儿。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
be there for sb
■to be available to provide help and support for someone 总在（某人）身边（提供帮助或支援）；不离（某人）左右
• We haven't always been close, but she was there for me when I needed her. 我们并非始终都很亲密，但每当我需要她时，她总会在我身边。
• Best friends are always there for each other in times of trouble. 在困难时最好的朋友总会伴随身边。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
there you go again
■a way of emphasizing that an action is often repeated （某人）又来这一套了
• There they go again, making trouble. 他们又来这一套了，尽找麻烦。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
there and back
■adding together the distance or time to and from a particular place 往返
• It was 20 miles there and back. 到那里往返共20英里。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
there you are ADVANCED (informal there you go)
■used when giving something to someone, usually after a request for the thing, such as giving someone goods that they have bought 给你；拿去吧
■used to mean 'I told you so' 你瞧，看吧（表示我告诉过你）
• There you are, I knew you'd forget if you didn't write it down. 看，我就知道你不把它写下来会忘记的。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
there you go
■used to express the fact that you cannot change a situation so you must accept it 没关系，让它去吧
• We didn't win the competition, but there you go - we can always try again next year. 比赛我们没有赢，不过没关系——明年我们可以再争取。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
There's a good boy/girl/dog!
■used to show approval or encouragement 好孩子／好姑娘／好狗狗！
• Tie your shoelaces, there's a good girl! 系好你的鞋带，乖女儿！
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  there or their? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] exclamation
■used to express sympathy or satisfaction （用于表示同情或满足）你瞧，好啦
• There, I've made it work at last. 你瞧，我终于把它弄好了。
UK [ðeər] US [ðer] exclamation
there, there (also there now)
■something you say to comfort someone, especially a child （尤用于安慰孩子）好啦，好啦
• There, there, don't cry. 好啦，好啦，不哭。
adv. 在那里；在那边；在那点上
 - whereat

Word: many
Front: many
[ˈmeni] (中高 99/98 -K5)
Vocabulary: many
(once / 7 pages)
adj
If you have a great number of refrigerator magnets, you have many of them. Many means "a lot of items."
Many can be traced back to the Welsh word mynych meaning "frequent." To get many of something, you do something frequently, or often, like having many miles on a car because you often drive it long distances. If you ask, "How many people will be at the party?" you want to know the number of guests who are expected. If the answer is "many," you know there will be numerous people, though you haven't been given an exact figure.
WORD FAMILY
many: manily
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In many places, health interventions based on geographic data are already happening.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
However, we’ve observed that many people find the exercises onerous.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 许多，多的
pron. （与复数动词连用）大多数人
分布：许多(80%)，许多人(16%)，许多的(3%)，许多人或物(1%)
→来自古英语manig,许多，来自Proto-Germanic*managaz,来自menegh,大量的，可能来自mo,辛劳，努力，劳作，词源同mole,more,most.
a.许多的,多的pron.许多人或物,许多Many people think so.许多人认为是这样的.
determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used mainly in negative sentences and questions to mean 'a large number of' （主要用于否定句和疑问句中）许多
• I don't have many clothes. 我衣服不多。
• Not many people have heard of him. 听说过他的人不多。
• There are n't very many weekends between now and Christmas. 现在到圣诞节间没有多少个周末了。
• Were there many cars on the road? 路上车多吗？
• How many students are there in each class? 每班有多少个学生？
• Many people would disagree with your ideas. 许多人会不同意你的看法。
• Rachel was at the party with her many admirers. 瑞吉儿和她众多的追求者一起参加了聚会。
• I've met him so many times and I still can't remember his name! 我见过他许多次了，可还是记不住他的名字！
• There are too many people chasing too few jobs. 找工作的人太多，而职位又太少。
• If there are only five of us going to the concert, then I've booked one too many seats. 如果我们当中只有五个人去听音乐会，那我就多订了一张票。
• If there were as many women as there are men in parliament, the situation would be very different. 如果议会中女性人数和男性一样多，情形就会大不相同了。
• As many as (= The surprisingly large number of) 6 000 people may have been infected with the disease. 可能有多达6000人已染上此病。
• There are already twelve bottles of wine, so if I buy as many again (= another twelve bottles) we'll have enough. 已经有12瓶葡萄酒，如果我再买12瓶，那我们就足够了。
• A good/great many people who voted for her in the last election will not be doing so this time. 许多在上次选举中投票给她的人这次不会那么做了。
• She'd had five children in as many (= in the same number of) years and decided it was enough. 她五年里就生了五个孩子，认为已经足够了。
['men.i] determiner pronoun
in so many words
■directly, or in a way that makes it very clear what you mean 直截了当地，明确地
• "Did he say he was unhappy with Anna?" "Well, not in so many words but that was certainly the impression I got." “他说对安娜不满了吗？”“并没有明确说，但我感觉是那样。”
• I told her, in so many words, to stop interfering. 我明确告诉她不要再干涉了。
['men.i] determiner pronoun
many a time
■many times 许多次
• I've told you many a time not to ride your bike on the pavement. 我告诉过你很多次了，不要在人行道上骑脚踏车。
['men.i] determiner pronoun
many happy returns (of the day)
■said to mean 'Happy Birthday' 生日快乐
['men.i] determiner pronoun
many's the
■used to show something has happened many times or for long periods of time 多次；长时间
• Many's the hour I've spent by the telephone just waiting in case he called. 我在电话旁守候多时，免得他打电话来时没人接。
['men.i] determiner pronoun
one too many informal
■If you have had one too many, you have drunk too much alcohol. 喝多了酒，多喝了几杯
many, a lot of, much
many: 和可数名词连用,  I haven't many books.
a lot of: 可数,不可数均可,但不用于否定句
much: 和不可数名词连用,
adj. 许多的
 - numerous, multiple, hundred, lotsa, plentiful

Word: only
Front: only
[ˈəʊnli] (中高 101/70 -K5)
Back: adj. 唯一的; 仅有的; 最好的，最适当的
adv. 只，仅仅; 结果却，不料
conj. 但是，可是; 要不是
分布：只有(66%)，仅仅(11%)，唯一的(9%)，但是(6%)，最好的(3%)，刚刚(2%)，除非(1%)，然而(1%)，出众的(1%)
→来自one,一，-ly,形容词后缀。即一次性的。
ad.仅仅,只不过a.唯一的conj.可是,不过In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
US ['oʊn-] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that there is a single one or very few of something, or that there are no others 唯一的；仅有的
• I was the only person on the train. 我是火车上唯一的乘客。
• Is this really the only way to do it? 这真的是做这件事唯一的方法吗？
• The only thing that matters is that the baby is healthy. 唯一要紧的是婴儿身体健康。
• It was the only thing I could do under the circumstances. 在这种情况下，这是我唯一能够做的。
• Rita was the only person to complain. 只有丽塔一人抱怨。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adjective [before noun]
  Common Learner Errors  onlyWarning: check your word order! Only usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence.
✗ I only will accept the job if you increase my salary. I will only accept the job if you increase my salary. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , only usually goes directly after it
✗ The winner only was five years old. The winner was only five years old.
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
NOT MORE 局限
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is limited to not more than, or is not anything other than, the people, things, amount or activity stated 只，仅，才
• At present these televisions are only available in Japan. 目前这种电视机只有在日本才能买到。
• Only Sue and Mark bothered to turn up for the meeting. 只有休和马克当回事，出席了这次会议。
• This club is for members only. 这家俱乐部只对会员开放。
• Only an idiot would do that. 只有白痴才会做那样的事。
• These shoes only cost £20. 这鞋只要20英镑。
• Don't worry - it's only a scratch. 别担心——只是擦破点皮而已。
• I was only joking. 我不过是在开玩笑。
• I was only trying to help. 我只不过想帮忙。
• I only arrived half an hour ago. 我半小时前才到的。
• She spoke to me only (= no more than) a few minutes ago on the phone. 她就在几分钟前和我通过电话。
• It's only four o'clock and (= It is surprising that it is no later than four o'clock because) it's already getting dark. 才4点，天就开始黑了。
• "Who's there?" "It's only me (= it is not someone you should worry about). I've locked myself out." “谁在那里？”“是我而已。我把自己关在外面了。”
• It's only natural that you should worry about your children. 你担心自己的孩子，这是很自然的事情。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
only just
 IMPROVER
■used to refer to something that happens almost immediately after something else 刚刚，才
• People were leaving and I'd only just arrived. 人们都要离开了，而我才刚刚到。
• We'd only just set off when the car broke down. 我们才刚刚出发，车就抛锚了。
 IMPROVER
■almost not 差点儿不；险些没；刚好
• There was only just enough food to go round. 食物刚刚够每人一份。
• We arrived in time for our flight, but only just (= but we almost did not). 我们及时赶上了飞机，差一点就错过了。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
not only... (but) also
 ADVANCED
■used to say that two related things are true or happened, especially when this is surprising or shocking 不但…而且
• Not only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books. 他不但迟到，还忘了带书。
• If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization. 如果这个项目失败，不仅会影响到我们部门，还会影响整个机构。
have only (got) to
■If you say you have only (got) to do something, you mean that it is all you need to do in order to achieve something else 只要，只需，尽管
• If you want any help, you have only to ask. 如果你需要任何帮助，尽管开口。
• You've only got to look at her face to see that she's not well. 你只要看看她的脸色，就知道她不舒服。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
BAD RESULT 坏结果
■used when saying that something unpleasant will happen as a result of an action or a failure to act （表示由于某个行动或未能采取行动而导致不好的事情发生）只，只会
• If you don't do something about it now it will only get worse. 如果你现在不做点事的话，事情只会变得更糟。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
FEEL SORRY 表示遗憾
■used to show that you feel sorry about something that cannot happen when explaining why it cannot happen （表示遗憾）只能
• I'd love to go to Australia. I only wish I could afford to. 我很想去澳大利亚。我只是希望自己能负担得起就好了。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
SILLY 傻 informal
■used to show that you think someone has done something silly （表示认为某人做了傻事）不过，只是
• She's only locked herself out of her flat again! 她只是又一次把自己关在门外！
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
if only ADVANCED
■used when you want to say how doing something simple would make it possible to avoid something unpleasant 只要，倘若，要是
• If only she'd listen to what he's saying, I'm sure they could work it out. 要是她肯听他的话，我肯定他们能够解决这个问题。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] adverb
only to do sth
■used to show that something is surprising or unexpected when something done earlier is considered 不料却，没想到却
• He spent ages negotiating for a pay increase, only to resign from his job soon after he'd received it. 他花了很长时间协商要求提高工资，不料工资刚提高不久却辞了职。
UK ['əʊn.li] US ['oʊn-] conjunction
 IMPROVER
■used to show what is the single or main reason why something mentioned in the first part of the sentence cannot be performed or is not completely true 可是，但是；不过，只是
• I'd invite Frances to the party, only (= but I will not because) I don't want her husband to come. 我本想邀请法兰西斯参加派对，只是我不想她的丈夫也来，所以也就不邀请她了。
• I'd phone him myself, only (= but I cannot because) I've got to go out. 我本要亲自给他打电话，可是我要出门。
• I'd be happy to do it for you, only (= but) don't expect it to be done before next week. 我很高兴为你效劳，不过别指望能下星期前完成。
• This fabric is similar to wool, only (= except that it is) cheaper. 这种布料跟毛料类似，只是价格更便宜。
unique, single, only, alone, sole
这组词都有“唯一的”的意思，其区别是：
unique: 非正式用词，侧重在一类中唯一无可匹敌、无与伦比的特征。
single: 语气较强，强调仅此一个，再无第二个。
only: 普通用词，常可与sole换用，但侧重仅限于指定的人或物，而不需要更多。
alone: 着重专指某人或某物，而不是别的。
sole: 语气强于only，指仅有一个或一群，只考虑这一个或这一群。
only, lonely, alone
only: 与alone均可表“只有”，但alone须置于被修饰词之后，only往往置于被修饰词前。如：He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。)
lonely: 表“孤独”，“寂寞”，能作定语和表语。如：When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。)
alone: 只表“独自”的客观状态，没有感情色彩，只作表语；
adv. 只，仅仅；不料
 - merely, simply, but, just, barely
adj. 唯一的，仅有的；最合适的
 - unique, one, sole
conj. 但是；不过；可是
 - granted, but, and, yet, however

Word: even
Front: even
[ˈi:vn] (中高托雅宝 107/113 -K1)
Vocabulary: even
(once / 7 pages)
1adjv 2adj 3adv 4adv 5n
Even means level and flat. When you're planning to build one of your famously elaborate sandcastles on the beach, you probably make sure the sand is even before you start.
Something smooth and regular, like a wall that's prepped for painting, is even. Even also describes a balance like when you give all the kids an even amount of candy, or something that is calm, like a person who has an even temper. In math, an even number is one that can be divided by two without a remainder. The adverb even is used to emphasize something, like when your friend doesn't even see you waving frantically at her.
WORD FAMILY
even: evened, evener, evenest, eveningly, evenly, evenness, evens, uneven +/ uneven: unevenly, unevenness/unevenness: unevennesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“China became quite aware that even in their ‘legal market’ there was tremendous laundering through an illegal system,” Ms. Lieberman said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sadly they are even more popular with Asian mainlanders shopping in the major cities, and the ballot/queue system was in full effect there too.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
And some were hoping to see Mars and even Neptune if the skies remained clear.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 甚至; 更加; 即使; 恰巧在…时候
adj. 公平的; 平坦的; 偶数的; 平均的
vt. 使平坦; 使相等
vi. 变平; 成为相等
时态：evened, evening, evens
分布：甚至(74%)，更(21%)，平坦的(1%)，相等的(1%)，使平坦(1%)，偶数的(1%)，相等(1%)
→1.平的，甚至，来自aim, 相似，持平，词源同emulate, imitate. 形容词用修饰副词，参照very, 真实的。
ad.甚至(更)a.均匀的;平的;相等的;偶数的A day goes through daybreak, morning, noon, afternoon, evening and midnight.一天经过拂晓,上午,正午,下午,傍晚和午夜.
adverb
SURPRISE 惊奇
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is surprising, unusual, unexpected, or extreme （用来表示令人惊讶、不同寻常、出乎意料或极端的事物）甚至，连，即使
• I don't even know where it is. 我甚至连它在哪里都不知道。
• Everyone I know likes the smell of bacon - even Mike does and he's a vegetarian. 我认识的所有人都喜欢培根的味道——即使麦克也不例外，他可是个素食主义者呀。
• We were all on time - even Chris and he's usually late for everything. 我们都准时到达——就连平时做事一向拖拖拉拉的克利斯都没迟到。
• It's a very difficult job - it might even take a year to finish it. 这是项非常艰巨的工作——甚至可能要花一年时间才能完成。
• "I never cry." "Not even when you hurt yourself really badly?" “我从来不哭。”“就连把自己伤得很严重的时候也不哭吗？”
• Even with a load of electronic gadgetry, you still need some musical ability to write a successful song. 即使你有一大堆精巧的电子装置，要写出一首能走红的歌还是需要一些音乐才能。
even as
■at the same time as 正当，恰好在…的时候
• I tried to reason with him, but even as I started to explain what had happened he stood up to leave. 我试图和他理论，可是我刚一开口解释所发生的事情，他就起身要走。
even if
 ESSENTIAL
■whether or not 即使，纵使
• Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train. 即使乘计程车去，你还是赶不上火车。
even now/then
 IMPROVER
■despite something 尽管这样／那样；虽然情况如此／是那样
• I've thought about it so much, but even now I can't believe how lucky I was to survive the accident. 我一直在不停地想，但尽管如此，我还是无法相信自己怎会如此幸运，竟能在事故中死里逃生。
• I gave Jim very clear instructions, but even then he managed to make a mess of it. 我非常清楚地告诉了吉姆怎么做，但尽管如此，他还是把事情弄得一团糟。
even so
 IMPROVER
■despite what has just been said 即使如此；即使这样
• I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert. 我头痛得要命，但尽管如此我还是去了音乐会。
• An immediate interest cut might give a small boost to the economy. Even so, any recovery is likely to be very slow. 立即降低利率或许会对经济小有促进，但即使如此，经济复苏无论如何都将是非常缓慢的。
even though
 ESSENTIAL
■although 即使；虽然
• Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister. 尽管他年仅16岁就辍学了，但最终还是当上了首相。
  Common Learner Errors  even thoughRemember: even though is never written as one word. Don't write 'eventhough', write even though :
✗ Eventhough I had a very nice time, I was glad to come home. Even though I had a very nice time, I was glad to come home.
['i:.vən] adverb
EMPHASIS 强调
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize a comparison （用于强调比较）甚至更，愈加，还
• The next 36 hours will be even colder with snow showers becoming more widespread. 未来36小时，天气将更加寒冷，更大范围地区将出现阵雪。
• Any devaluation of sterling would make it even more difficult to keep inflation low. 英镑任何幅度的贬值都将增加，保持低通膨水准的难度。
['i:.vən] adverb
MORE EXACTLY 更确切地
 IMPROVER
■used when you want to be more exact or detailed about something you have just said （用于引出更准确或更详细的说法）甚至可以说，更确切地说，其实：
• I find some of his habits rather unpleasant, disgusting even. 我觉得他的一些习惯很是令人讨厌，甚至可以说是令人作呕。
• She has always been very kind to me, even generous on occasion. 她对我一直都很好，有时甚至还很慷慨。
['i:.vən] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  evenWarning: check your word order! Even usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence.
✗ I said 'Hello', but he even didn't look at me. I said 'Hello', but he didn't even look at me. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , even usually goes directly after it:
✗ He even is rude to his parents. He is even rude to his parents.
['i:.vən] adjective
FLAT 平的
 IMPROVER
■flat and smooth, or on the same level 平坦的，平滑的；处于同一平面的
• We resurfaced the floor because it wasn't even. 因为地板不平，我们重新铺了一次。
['i:.vən] adjective
CONTINUOUS 持续的
 ADVANCED
■continuous or regular 平稳的；均匀的；变化不大的
• You should try to work at an even rate instead of taking it easy one day and working flat out the next. 你应该尽量保持平稳的工作速度，而不是一天优哉游哉，第二天就忙得不可开交。
['i:.vən] adjective
EQUAL 相等的
 ADVANCED
■equal or equally balanced 相等的，均等的；均衡的
• Both sides played well - it was a very even contest. 双方打得都很精彩——这是场势均力敌的比赛。
• The weather forecast said that there's an even chance of thunderstorms tonight (= that it is equally likely that there will or will not be storms). 天气预报说今晚发生大雷暴的机率是50%。
■US (UK evens)
■equally likely to happen as to not happen （发生与不发生的）机会相等的；（正反的）可能性参半的
• The chances of her getting the job are about evens. 她获得这份工作的机会约为50%。
■describes a situation where you risk money on something where the risk is equally balanced and which will pay back twice the amount of money that is paid, if it is successful （赌博）输赢机会相等的
• an even bet 同额赌注
• If I were having a bet I'd take even money on United. 要是我下注的话，我就以同额赌注押联队。
['i:.vən] adjective
NUMBER 数位
 ADVANCED
■forming a whole number which can be divided exactly by two 偶数的，双数的
• 6 is an even number and 7 is an odd number. 六是偶数，七是奇数。
['i:.vən] adjective
get even with sb informal
■to do something equally bad to someone who has done something bad to you 跟（某人）算帐；与（某人）扯平
['i:.vən] adjective
on an even keel
■regular and well-balanced and not likely to change suddenly 平稳下来；顺顺当当
• The new manager succeeded in putting the business back on an even keel. 新任经理成功地使公司业务恢复正常。
['i:.vən] verb transitive
■to make two things equal 使相等；使平均；使平衡
• Sheila was awarded a scholarship in Chemistry, and now her brother has evened the score with a scholarship in Economics. 席拉得过化学奖学金，现在她弟弟获得了经济学奖学金，和她旗鼓相当了。
• The whisky industry is campaigning for the taxes on different alcoholic drinks to be evened up. 威士忌酒业界现正在积极争取实施不同酒类按相同标准收税。
['i:.vən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] even (sth) out ADVANCED
■to become equal, or to make something equal （使）相等；（使）平均
• The university has a system designed to even out the differences between rich and poor colleges. 这所大学设有一项消除贫富学院之间差异的制度。
smooth, level, flat, even
这组词都有“平的，平坦的”的意思，其区别是：
smooth: 侧重指表面十分平滑，无任何粗糙的感觉。引申作圆滑解。
level: 强调没有高低之处，且在同一水平面，可引申指才能相等或与相邻某物平行。
flat: 指光滑平整的表面，但不一定是水平的。
even: 通常指平面上的各点或一条直线的各点处在同一平面或直线上。
adj. [数] 偶数的；平坦的；相等的
 - flat, equivalent, equal, level
adv. 甚至；即使；还；实际上
 - actually, really, too, effectively, yet
vt. 使平坦；使相等
 - equate with
vi. 变平；变得可比较；成为相等
 - flatten out

Word: time
Front: time
[taɪm] (中高雅 52/50 -K5)
Vocabulary: time
(once / 4 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv 4n 5n
Time is the movement from past to present to future. You can tell time with a clock, and it takes time to do anything.
You can have a great time at a party, serve time in jail, or keep time while making music. You can time the runners in a race by keeping track of how long it takes them to finish. Time flies when you're having fun, but sometimes it feels like you have all the time in the world. It's hard to find the right time for some things — like proposing marriage. When you die, your time has run out.
WORD FAMILY
time: mistime, overtime, timed, timeless, timely, timer, times, timing+/mistime: mistimed, mistimes, mistiming/ overtime: overtimes/timed: ill-timed, timedly/ timeless: timelessly, timelessness/ timely: timelier, timeliest, timelily, timeliness, untimely /timer: timers/times: timeses/timing: timings/ untimely: untimeliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
You’re three time more likely to eat the first food you see than the fifth one.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“This is the first time that something like this is being done in the country.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 时间; 时刻; 时代; 次
vt. 为…安排时间; 测定…的时间; 调准（机械的）速度; 拨准（钟、表）的快慢
vi. 合拍; 和谐; 打拍子
adj. 定时的; 定期的; [美国英语]分期（付款）的
int. [体育]时间到，（一场或一局等的）比赛时限，暂停
时态：timed, timing, times
分布：时间(88%)，时代(4%)，时间的(3%)，时期(2%)，计时(1%)，倍(1%)，节拍(1%)
→来自古英语 tima,一段时间，限时，来自 Proto-Germanic*timon,一段时间，来自 di-mon, 来自*da,分开，切分，词源同 tide,democracy,*mon,名词后缀，即-men,-ment.后引申诸相关词 义，并由一段时间引申词义次，回。
n.时间,时刻;次,回;时代,时期;倍,乘With time elapsing, the flaps collapse up on his clapper's lap.随着时间流逝,袋盖在拍手者的膝上堆叠起来.
noun
MINUTES/DAYS/YEARS 分／日／年
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■that part of existence which is measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc., or this process considered as a whole 时间
• He wants to spend more time with his family. 他想多花时间陪家人。
• Time passes so quickly when you're enjoying yourself. 玩得高兴时，时间过得特别快。
• She grew more and more fascinated by the subject as time went on/by. 随着时间推移，她对这学科越来越着迷。
• The curtains have faded over/with time (= as years have gone past). 年深日久，窗帘已经褪色了。
• You'll forget her in time (= in the future). 你迟早会忘记她的。
• Over the course of time (= as years have gone past) , holes have formed in the rock. 随着岁月的流逝，岩石上出现了洞眼。
• I only worked there for a short period of time. 我只在那里工作过一段短时间。
• I'd like to visit them all but time is short (= there is little time left). 所有地方我都想参观，可时间不够。
all the time IMPROVER
■continuously 不停，一直
• I wish you'd stop criticizing me all the time. 我希望你别再没完没了地批评我。
waste time IMPROVER
■to not make good use of the hours, etc. that you have available 浪费时间
• If you'd got on with your work instead of wasting time chatting, you'd be finished by now. 如果你当时继续工作而不是浪费时间去聊天，你现在已经完成任务了。
in no time (also in next to no time)
■very quickly or very soon 很快，马上，立刻
• The children ate their dinner in no time. 孩子们很快吃完了饭。
• We'll be home in next to no time. 我们将立刻回家。
no time to lose
■If you say there is or that you have no time to lose, it means that you must do quickly whatever it is that you want to do 没时间耽搁
• Come on, there's no time to lose, we must get home before John finds out. 赶快，没有时间耽搁了，我们必须在约翰发现之前赶到家。
for all time literary
■always 总是
• I will love you for all time. 我会永远爱你。
of all time
■that has ever lived or existed 有史以来
• She's been called the greatest opera singer of all time. 她被称为有史以来最伟大的歌剧演唱家。
[taɪm] noun
ABLE TO DO STH 可做些东西
have time
 ESSENTIAL
■If you have got time, you have enough time to do something 有时间
• We haven't got much time before the train leaves. 在火车开动之前，我们的时间不多了。
• Have you got time for a quick drink after work? 下班后你有没有时间小酌一杯？
• I'd like to learn to sail, but I haven't the time (= I am too busy). 我想学驾帆船，可我没时间。
• [+ to infinitive] I haven't got time to go to the shops today. 我今天没有时间去商店购物。
run out of time IMPROVER
■to not have enough hours, etc. available to finish something you are trying to do 时间不够
• She ran out of time and didn't finish the last question. 她时间不够，最后一道题没有答完。
be (all) out of time mainly US informal
■to not have enough minutes, etc. available 没有足够的时间
• I'd like to continue this discussion but we're all out of time. 我很想继续这讨论，但我们的时间不够。
time's up informal
■there are no more minutes, hours, etc. available 时间到了
• OK everyone, time's up for this week - see you all again at next week's class. 好了，各位，这星期的课就上到这里——下星期上课再见。
[taɪm] noun
PERIOD 时期
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a particular period of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc. for which something has been happening, or which is needed for something, or which is available for something 一段时间
• I enjoyed my course at first, but after a time I got bored with it. 起初我很喜欢修习这课程，但过了一段时间后就厌烦了。
• They stayed with us for a short time. 他们和我们在一起呆了一会儿。
• That was the best restaurant I've been to for/in a long time (= a long period has gone past since I went to such a good restaurant). 那是我很长一段时间以来去过最好的餐厅。
• It was some time ago that I last heard from her. 我最后一次收到她的信已有一段时间了。
• We're going on holiday in two weeks' time (= after two weeks have gone past). 我们过两周要去渡假。
• During her time (= While she was) in office, the Prime Minister introduced a large number of changes. 首相在执政期间推行了多项改革。
• When Paula was ill, I took her some magazines to help her pass the time (= to try to make the hours, etc. feel as if they were going past less slowly). 宝拉生病时，我给她带去一些杂志帮她消磨时间。
• If you'd taken more time with/over (= spent more hours doing) this essay, you could have done it much better. 如果你在这篇文章上多花些时间，本可以写得好得多。
• It takes a long time (= many hours are needed) to get from London to Sydney. 从伦敦到雪梨要花很长时间。
• We'd save time on our journey (= It would be quicker) if we went by train. 如果我们坐火车去，就会在旅程上节省时间。
• What do you like doing in your spare/free time (= the time when you're not working) ? 你闲暇时间喜欢做甚么？
• I don't know how you find time to do all the things you do. 我不知道你是怎么抽出时间做所有这些事情的。
• I thought we'd give her a bit more time (= allow her more time) to get the job done. 我原以为我们会给她多一点时间完成工作。
at the time IMPROVER
■at the particular point when something was thought of or done 在当时
• It seemed like a good idea at the time. 在当时这似乎是个好主意。
have/take time off
 ADVANCED
■to stop work, in order to do something else 抽出时间
• I asked my boss if I could have some time off (from work) to go to the dentist. 我问老板我能不能抽出一些时间去看牙医。
for a time
 ADVANCED
■for a short period 一些时候，一小段时间
• For a time, we all thought that Sheila and Frank would get married. 我们都一度认为希拉和弗兰克会结婚。
for the time being
 ADVANCED
■for a limited period 暂时，暂且
• Leave the ironing for the time being - I'll do it later. 暂且放一放烫衣服的工作——我晚些来烫。
at any time
 ADVANCED
■ever 在任何时候
• Parking is not allowed here at any time. 这里任何时候都不得停车。
from time to time
 ADVANCED
■sometimes but not often 偶尔，有时
• From time to time I still think of her. 我偶尔还会想起她。
time after time
■again and again 一次又一次
• Time after time she gets involved in relationships with unsuitable men. 她一次次地与不般配的男人陷入情感纠葛。
time and (time) again
■very often 屡次，经常
• I've told you time and time again - look before you cross the road. 我多次跟你说——过马路之前要先看一看。
at your time of life
■at a person's present age 在…的年纪
• At his time of life, he ought to be taking things easy. 他这样年纪应该享享清福了。
[taɪm] noun
PARTICULAR POINT 特定的时间点
 ESSENTIAL countable or only singular or uncountable
■a particular point in the day, as expressed in hours and minutes or shown on a clock, or a particular point in the day, week, month or year, etc 时刻；时间点；钟点
• "What's the time?" "It's ten o'clock." “现在甚么时间？”“十点。”
• What time is it? 现在几点了？
• What time do you finish work? 你甚么时候完成工作？
• Have you got the time (on you) (= Do you know what time it is) ? 你知道几点吗？
• He's teaching his daughter to tell the time (= to recognize what time it is by looking at a clock). 他在教女儿看钟表。
• Did you find out the times of the trains to London (= the particular points in the day at which they leave) ? 你查到去伦敦的火车的开车时间吗？
• The estimated time of arrival/departure of this flight is 11.15. 这次航班估计在11点15分到达／起飞。
• Oh dear, is that the (right) time (= Is it that late) ? 哦，天哪，有这么晚了吗？
• The kitchen clock is gaining/losing time (= is showing a particular point in the day that is increasingly later or earlier than the real one). 厨房的钟快／慢了。
• My watch has never kept very good time (= been correct in showing what particular point in the day it is). 我的手表从来都不准。
• We always have dinner at the same time every day. 我们每天总是在同一时间吃晚饭。
• I was exhausted by the time (= when) I got home. 我到家时已经筋疲力尽了。
• "What would be the best time of day for us to deliver the table?" "Oh, any time will be OK." “我们甚么时候送桌子最合适？”“哦，甚么时候都行。”
• Today's temperatures will be normal for the time of year (= will be as they are expected to be at this particular point in the year). 今天的气温会和往年此时的平均气温一样。
• Just think, this time (= at the same particular point during) next week we'll be in Mauritius. 想想吧，下星期这个时候我们就在模里西斯了。
• We regret that at the present time (US alsoat this time)(= for now, although it is hoped not in the future) we are unable to supply the goods you ordered. 很遗憾，我们现在无法供应您订的货。
• The time is fast drawing near/approaching when (= it will soon be the particular point at which) we'll have to make a decision one way or the other. 要么这样，要么那样，很快就到我们必须下决心的时刻。
uncountable
■the system of recording hours used in different parts of the world （世界各地不同的）计时体系
• Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治平均时
• daylight saving time 夏令时
[taɪm] noun
SUITABLE POINT 合适的时间点
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■a particular point of the day, week, month, year, etc. that is suitable for a particular activity, or at which something is expected to happen （从事特定活动或某事应该发生的）时间，时候
• holiday time 假期
• party time 玩乐时间
time 1 3. Put your toys away now, it's time for bed.
现在收拾好玩具，该睡觉了。
• It's time (that) I was leaving. 我该动身了。
• [+ to infinitive] Is it time to go home yet? 该回家了吗？
• When would be a good time for me to call you? 我甚么时候合适给你打电话？
• This is not the time (= not a suitable moment) to be thinking about buying a house. 现在不是考虑买房子的时候。
• This is no time (= not a suitable moment) to change your mind. 现在不是你改变主意的时候。
• I feel that the time has come (= now is a suitable moment) for me to move on. 我觉得是我离开的时候了。
• The repairs to the road were finished two weeks ahead of time (= sooner than was expected). 道路维修工程提前两星期完成。
• Why is it that the trains never run on time (= make their journeys in the expected number of hours, etc.) ? 为甚么火车从不准时？
• She's grown old before her time (= sooner than she might have been expected to have done). 她过早衰老。
in time IMPROVER
■early enough 及早，及时
• I got home just in time - it's starting to rain. 我正好及时赶到家——随后就开始下雨了。
• If we don't hurry up, we won't be in time to catch the train. 如果我们拖拖拉拉的，就不能及时赶上火车。
• We arrived in good time (= We arrived early) for the start of the match. 我们到得早，看到比赛的开头。
(bang/dead/right) on time informal
 IMPROVER
■happening or done at the particular moment that it was expected to happen or be done 极为准时
• The bus arrived dead on time. 公共汽车到站极为准时。
ahead of time mainly US
■earlier than a particular moment 提前
• Let's meet for lunch. I'll call you ahead of time to fix up exactly when and where. 我们见面吃个午饭吧。我会提前打电话跟你定时间和地点。
about time (also high time) informal
 ADVANCED
■If it is about time/high time that someone did something, it should have been done sooner or a long time ago 早该
• It's about time (that) the school improved its meals service. 学校早该改善膳食服务。
• It is high time for Europe to take responsibility for its own defence. 欧洲早该自行承担防御责任。
about time (too) (also not before time) informal
■said when someone does something or something happens that you think should have been done or have happened much sooner 早该
• "So Ben's finally found a job." "Yes, and about time too." “这么说，本终于找到工作了。”“对，早就该找到了。”
[taɪm] noun
OCCASION 时候
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an occasion or period, or the experience connected with it 次，回；时候；一段经历
• The last time we went to Paris, it rained every day. 上次我们去巴黎的时候，每天都下雨。
• Every time] Each time I ask you to do something, you always say you're too busy. 每次我叫你做事，你都说太忙。
• They go swimming three or four times a week. 他们每周去游泳三四次。
• There are times when I wish I didn't live where I do. 有时我真希望我不是住在现在的地方。
• The UKfour-times/ USfour-time champion (= the person who had been the winner on four occasions in the past) was unexpectedly defeated in the second round of the competition. 这名曾四度夺冠的选手出人意料地在比赛的第二轮就被打败了。
• If I'd known at the time (= then) that she was his former wife, I'd never have said what I did. 我当时要是知道她是他前妻的话，我就不会那样说了。
• Sometimes I enjoy my English lessons, but at other times (= on other occasions) I find them really boring. 有时我很喜欢英语课，但有时也感觉很枯燥。
• For the umpteenth/hundredth/thousandth time, (= I've told you on many occasions to) stop hitting your sister. 我无数次／上百次／上千次告诉过你，别再打你妹妹。
• Did you have a bad/good time (= an unenjoyable/enjoyable experience) at the conference? 你在大会上感到不舒服／舒服吗？
• She had an easy/hard time of it (= a comfortable/uncomfortable experience) with the birth of her second baby. 她生第二个孩子时很顺利／艰难。
at all times
■continuously 一直，总是
• When you're at the airport, you should make sure you have your luggage with you at all times. 在机场，要把行李一直带在你身边。
at (any) one time (also at a time) (also at any given time)
■at or during any particular point or moment in the day 每次；任何时候
• Only a certain number of people are allowed in the building at any one time. 该建筑任何时候都只允许一定数量的人员在内。
• I'm sorry, but I'm too busy to help you now - I can only do one thing at a time. 对不起，我现在太忙了，不能帮你——我一次只能做一件事。
at times
■sometimes 有时
• You can be really annoying at times, you know. 要知道，你有时很令人恼火。
the times UK
■on many occasions 多次
• The times I've told you, ask before you borrow my clothes. 我已经告诉你许多次了，在借用我的衣服之前要先问一声。
[taɪm] noun
HISTORICAL PERIOD 历史时期
 ADVANCED countable (also times)
■a period in history 历史时期；时代
• Charles Dickens' novel "A Tale of Two Cities" is set at the time of the French Revolution. 查理斯‧狄更斯的小说《双城记》是以法国大革命时期为背景的。
• In/During medieval times, women thought to be witches were burnt at the stake. 中世纪时期，人们把被认为是女巫的女人在火刑柱上烧死。
• In times gone by, all crops were harvested by hand. 在过去的时代，所有农作物都是人手收割。
• Times were hard (= The conditions of life were uncomfortable) when I was a boy. 我小时候日子很艰难。
• He is widely regarded as one of the best writers of modern/our times (= the present or very recent past). 人们普遍认为他是现代／我们这个时代最优秀的作家之一。
• I never thought it would happen in my time (= before I died). 我怎么也想不到这会在我有生之年发生。
• We sat and talked about old times (= things that had happened to us in the past.) 我们坐下来谈论往事。
at one time (also times)
 ADVANCED
■in the past 过去；一度
• At one time, George Eliot lived here. 乔治‧艾略特曾一度住在这里。
ahead of your time (UK also before your time)
■having new ideas, opinions or ways of living long before most other people do 领先时代的，超越时代的
before your time
■If something or someone is before your time, they happened or existed before you were born or were old enough to remember them 在…出生前；在…记事前
• I don't remember The Beatles - they were before my time. 我对披头四乐队没有甚么印象——那是我出生前的事。
⇒ See also ahead of time
time was
■said to mean that there was a period in the past when something used to happen or be true 在过去；想当年
• Time was (when) you could buy a loaf of bread for sixpence. 过去，你花六便士就能买到一条面包。
[taɪm] noun
RACE 比赛
countable or uncountable
■Your time in a race is the number of minutes, hours, etc. you take to complete it （赛跑中所用的）时间
• Her time for the marathon was just under three hours. 她的马拉松成绩差一点不到三小时。
• He won the 100 metres in record time. 他以创纪录的成绩赢得了100米赛跑。
[taɪm] noun
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable
■the number of beats in a bar of music, or the speed at which a piece of music is intended to be played 拍子；节奏
• This piece is written in 4/4 time. 这支曲子是四分之四拍的。
• Small children often have difficulty singing in time with the music (= at the same speed at which the music is being played). 幼儿唱歌时常常难以与音乐合拍。
• It seemed to me as if the violins were playing out of time (= at a different speed from the other instruments playing the same piece of music). 我觉得小提琴似乎不合拍。
• To beat time is to make a regular series of sounds at the same speed as a piece of music is intended to be played. 打拍子就是跟着音乐的节奏制造出一系列有规律的声响
• Watching the conductor will help you to keep time (= to play the music at the speed at which it is intended to be played). 看着指挥有助你跟上节拍。
[taɪm] noun
PRISON 监狱
do time informal
■to spend a period of weeks, months, years, etc. in prison （在监狱）服刑
• It's not always easy to find a job after you've done time. 出狱后要找到工作可不容易。
[taɪm] noun
DRINKING 喝
uncountable
■the particular point in the day at which people who are drinking in a bar in Britain have to finish their drinks and leave （英国酒吧的）打烊时间
• "Time, please," called the landlord. “对不起，要打烊了。”店主叫道。
• Is it time already? 已经到打烊的时间了吗？
[taɪm] noun
all the time in the world
■a large number of minutes, hours, etc. available 许多时间
• The doctor made me feel as if she had all the time in the world to listen to my problems. 这个医生让我觉得她似乎有很多时间来倾听我的问题。
[taɪm] noun
behind the times
■If someone or something is behind the times, they are old-fashioned. 落后于时代，过时
[taɪm] noun
be pressed for time
■to be in a hurry 时间紧迫
• I'd love to stop and chat but I'm rather pressed for time. 我真想停下来聊聊天，但我的时间太紧了。
[taɪm] noun
change with/keep up with/move with the times
■to change your ideas, opinions or way of living or working to make them modern 跟上时代潮流，与时俱进
• I don't really like working on a computer, but you have to move with the times, I suppose. 我实在不喜欢使用电脑工作，但我觉得人总得跟上时代潮流吧。
[taɪm] noun
give sb a hard time informal
■to make things difficult or unpleasant for someone 使（某人）日子不好过
• Her kids always give her a hard time when she takes them shopping. 她带孩子们去购物时，他们总是给她惹麻烦。
• My mother gave me a really hard time (= was angry with me) about staying out late. 我母亲对我在外面留到很晚感到很生气。
[taɪm] noun time 2 give sb the time of day
* If someone will not give you the time of day, they are unfriendly and refuse to speak to you 理睬，搭理（某人）
• We had an argument with our neighbours, and now they won't even give us the time of day. 我们和邻居吵了一架，到现在他们还不搭理我们。
[taɪm] noun
have a lot of time for sb informal
■to like someone and be interested in them 对（某人）有好感，喜欢（某人）
• She's really nice - I have a lot of time for Helen. 海伦人真好——我很喜欢她。
[taɪm] noun
have no time for sb
■to disapprove of someone and not want to be involved with them 对（某人）没好感，讨厌（某人）
• I've got no time for people who are always complaining. 我不喜欢老是抱怨的人。
[taɪm] noun
have time to kill
■to have nothing to do for a particular period 有时间可以消磨
• We've got some time to kill before our train arrives - shall we have a drink? 火车到达之前我们还有些时间可以打发——去喝一杯怎么样？
[taɪm] noun
a matter/question of time
■used when you think that something will happen at some point in the near future （只不过是）时间问题
• If you carry on driving like that, it'll only be a matter of time before you have an accident. 如果你老是那样开车，迟早会出事的。
[taɪm] noun
There's a time and a place (for everything). saying
■said when someone is behaving in a way which you do not think is suitable for the situation they are in （凡事）要讲究时间和场合。
[taɪm] noun
There's no time like the present. saying
■said to encourage someone to take action immediately instead of waiting 目前正是好时机。
[taɪm] noun
Time and tide wait for no man. UK literary saying
■said to emphasize that people cannot stop the passing of time, and therefore should not delay doing things 岁月不待人；时不我待
[taɪm] noun
Time flies. saying
■used to mean that time passes very and surprisingly quickly 时光飞逝
• Time flies when you're having fun. 玩得高兴的时候，时间过得飞快。
[taɪm] noun
Time hangs heavy. saying
■said when minutes, hours, weeks, etc. seem to go past very slowly 时间难以打发
• Time hangs heavy in prison. 在监狱里真是度日如年。
[taɪm] noun
Time is money. saying
■said to emphasize that you should not waste time, because you could be using it to earn money 时间就是金钱。
[taɪm] noun
Time is of the essence. formal saying
■said to encourage someone to hurry 时间是关键。
[taɪm] noun
time is on sb's side (also have time on your side)
■If you say that time is on your side, or that you have time on your side, you mean that you do not have to do quickly whatever it is that you want or have to do （某人）有充裕的时间
• We don't have to make a final decision till next week, so time is on our side. 下星期之前我们不必作出最后决定，因此我们有充裕时间。
[taɪm] noun
the time is ripe
■If you say that the time is ripe, you mean that it is a suitable point for a particular activity 时机成熟了
• I'm waiting till the time is ripe before I tell my parents that I failed my exams. 我要等到时机成熟后再告诉父母考试不及格的事。
[taɪm] noun
the time of your life
■an extremely enjoyable experience 极其快乐的时光
• We had the time of our lives at Ali's party. 在阿里家举行的派对上，我们渡过了极其快乐的时光。
[taɪm] noun
have time on your hands
■to have nothing to do 无事可做
• Now that her children are all at school, Mary has found that she has time on her hands, so she is taking a college course. 由于孩子都上学了，玛丽发现自己没事可做，所以她打算修一门大学课程。
[taɪm] noun
time stands still
■When time stands still, everything around you seems to stop 时间仿佛凝固了，周围的一切似乎凝住了
• I saw the car coming straight towards me, and for a moment time stood still. 我看见汽车朝我直开过来，一瞬间时间仿佛凝固了。
[taɪm] noun
(only) time will/can tell
■used to say that the truth or a result will only be known in the future after events have happened （只有）时间能证明
• Only time will tell whether we made the right decision. 只有时间才能证明我们的决定是否正确。
[taɪm] noun
Time's a great healer. (also Time heals (all wounds).) saying
■said to mean that a painful or difficult situation will seem less bad as time passes 时间是治愈创伤的良药。
[taɪm] noun
Times are changing. saying
■said to emphasize that society is very different from the way it was in the past 时代在变。
[taɪm] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to decide that something will happen at a particular time 确定…的时间，为…安排时间
• [+ to infinitive] We timed our trip to coincide with my cousin's wedding. 我们把我们的旅行安排在表哥结婚的时候。
■to measure how long it takes for something to happen or for someone to do something 为…计时，测定…所需的时间
• Will you time me to see how long it takes me to swim a length? 请你给我测一下游一个单程要花多少时间好吗？
■to arrange something so that it happens at an exactly suitable time 掌握好…的时机
• If you time your departure carefully, you should be able to miss the worst of the traffic. 如果精心安排好出发的时间，你应该能够避开交通堵塞最严重的时段。
• She won the game with a brilliantly timed shot (= one played at exactly the right moment). 她掌握时机，用出色的一击赢得这场比赛。
n. [物] 时间；时代；次数；节拍；倍数
 - era, age, when, multiple
adj. 定时的；定期的；分期的
 - regular, stated, periodic, delayed

Word: people
Front: people
[ˈpi:pl] (中高 62/75 -K5)
Vocabulary: people
(once / 8 pages)
nv
Human beings are people. Individuals, folks, humankind — we're all people.
The word people is usually a noun, as in: two or more humans. It can also mean "all the citizens," as in a political leader who understands the needs of the people. People can also be a verb meaning "to inhabit or fill with people," as in: we need to people the empty seats so that tonight's speaker isn't disappointed with a small audience.
WORD FAMILY
people: peopled, peoples, peopling+/peopled: unpeopled
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a real stickiness. People are here for a reason. It’s a good place to do business,’ Gary Campkin said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“A museum should not be cloistered away from the people,” LA Mayor Garcetti said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Parts of the South are bracing for more rain Tuesday, a day after severe storms killed four people in Alabama.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 人，人类; 居民; 人民; 种族
vt. 居住于，布满; 使住满人，在…殖民; 把动物放养在
时态：peopled, peopling, peoples
分布：人(65%)，人们(21%)，人民(12%)，居住于(1%)，使住人(1%)
→来自拉丁语populus,人民，民众，词源同population,popular.
n.人们,人;[the-]人民;一国人民,民族In church the nurse cursed the people pursuing the purple purse.在教堂里,护士诅咒了追求紫色钱包的人们.
plural noun
 ESSENTIAL
■men, women and children 人
• Many people never take any exercise. 许多人从来不做任何运动。
• We've invited thirty people to our party. 我们邀请了30个人来参加聚会。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to persons in general or everyone, or informally to the group of people that you are speaking to 人们；大家
• People will think you've gone mad. 人们会以为你疯了。
• People like to be made to feel important. 人们都喜欢受到别人看重。
• Now that we've discussed our problems, are people happy with the decisions taken? 我们既然已经讨论了问题，大家对所作的决定都满意吗？
■men and women who are involved in a particular type of work （某行业或领域的）人
• We'll have to get the people from the tax office to look at these accounts. 我们必须请税务局的人来查看一下这些帐目。
• Most of her friends are media people. 她大部分的朋友都是媒体界人士。
the people
■the large number of ordinary men and women who do not have positions of power in society 人民，平民，民众，老百姓
• She claims to be the voice of the people. 她自称是老百姓的代言人。
• The President has lost the support of the people. 总统失去了人民的支持。
• the people's Princess 平民王妃
sb's people informal
■the people someone is related to 家人，亲人，家属
• Her people come from Scotland originally. 她家人原籍苏格兰。
['pi:.pl] plural noun
man/woman of the people
■a person, usually involved in politics, who is liked by a lot of ordinary people and seems to understand and like them 平民政治家，民众拥戴的人
['pi:.pl] plural noun
of all people
■used to show that you are especially surprised at a particular person's behaviour because it does not seem typical of them 在所有的人当中偏偏（或唯有）
• I thought that you, of all people, would believe me! 我本来以为在所有人当中起码你会相信我！
['pi:.pl] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■all the men, women and children who live in a particular country 一国人民；民族
• The French are known as a food-loving people. 众所周知，法国人是热爱美食的民族。
■a society 社会
• Customs similar to this one are found among many peoples of the world. 在世界上许多民族中都有类似这样的风俗。
['pi:.pl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  people sth/somewhere by/with sb
■If something or somewhere is peopled by/with a particular type of person, it is filled with them 充满，充斥着（某种类型的人）
• Her novels are peopled with the rich and beautiful. 她小说里满是些有钱的俊男美女。
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
personal, inhabitants, group, people, corporation, individuals
personal: 人员，职员
inhabitants: 居民
group: 团体
people: 民族，种族
corporation: 公司
individuals: 个人，有某种特点的人
race, people, nation
这组词都有“民族，种族”的意思，其区别是：
race: 专指有共同祖先和相同肤色、面部特征等遗传特征以及共同风俗等的人群。
people: 侧重指由有共同文化、社会基础而所形成的人民整体。
nation: 特指居住于同一区域，有共同历史、语言、文化及心理素质等的人类群体。
people, population
people: 具体的人 China has a large population.
population: 人口,人数,
individual, native, people, inhabitant
individual: 个人，有某种特点的人
native: 本地人，出生于某国（或某地）的人
people: 民族，种族，部落
inhabitant: （某地的）居民
people, masses, crowd, throng, mob
这些名词均有“人们，人群”之意。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
n. [人类] 人；人类；民族；公民
 - mankind, humanity, nation, citizen, folk
vt. 居住于；使住满人
 - populate, inhabit

Word: world
Front: world
[wɜ:ld] (中高雅 123/146 -K5)
Vocabulary: world
(once / 9 pages)
nadj
The noun world usually refers to the earth, including both the planet itself and the organisms that live on it. If you say, "I want to get out and see the world," you want to go everywhere and see everything.
World can also mean someone's individual experiences — your world changed when you got a cat — or one particular region or group, like an actor famous throughout the Spanish-speaking world. While today you can use the words world and earth interchangeably, world originally meant just human experience; the Old English wer, or man, plus ald, or age, together formed weralt: the age of man.
WORD FAMILY
world: underworld, worldly, worlds+/underworld: underworlds/ worldliness: worldlinesses/ worldly: unworldly, worldlier, worldliest, worldliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He meets the British prime minister, Gordon Brown, and other world leaders.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Because there was no government-run health plan in America, people without commercial health insurance were at the mercy of the world’s most expensive health system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But the US is still a global economic and financial power in a deeply interconnected world.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 世界; 地球; 领域; 尘世
分布：世界(86%)，世界的(8%)，领域(2%)，世间(2%)，地球(1%)，世人(1%)
→缩写自古英语worold,一段时间，人类，人类的存在，wor-,人，男人，词源同virile,werewolf,old,老人，时代，字面意思即男人的时代，人的存在，后引申词义人的一生，今生，人世，人类的活动与事务，世界。词义演变比较university,cosmos.
n.世界,地球;...界,领域;世间;全世界The wordy lord left his sword on the world.多话的君主把他的剑留在了世界上.
US [wɝ:ld] noun
THE EARTH 地球
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the Earth and all the people, places and things on it 地球，世界
• Different parts of the world have very different climatic conditions. 世界上不同地区的气候状况大不相同。
• Which bridge has the longest span in the world? 世界上哪座桥的跨度最大？
• News of the disaster shocked the (whole/entire) world. 关于那场灾难的消息震惊了（整个）世界。
• We live in a changing world and people must learn to adapt. 我们生活在一个不断变化的世界，人们必须学会适应。
• She's a world authority on foetal development. 她是世界上胎儿发育领域的权威。
• a world record/championship 世界纪录／冠军
  Common Learner Errors  worldRemember: the most usual preposition to use with 'the world' is in : Don't say 'of the world' or 'on the world', say in the world :
✗ I live in the biggest city of the world. I live in the biggest city in the world.
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
GROUP/AREA 群体／地区
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■a group of things such as countries or animals, or an area of human activity or understanding 领域；界；世界
• the Muslim World 穆斯林（回教）世界
• the modern/industrialized world 现代／工业化世界
• the animal world 动物界
• stars from the rock music world 摇滚音乐界的明星们
• Unexpected things can happen in the world of subatomic particles. 在亚原子粒子世界中，可能会有出人意料的情况发生。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
PLANET 行星
countable
■a planet or other part of the universe, especially one where life might or does exist （尤指可能或确有生命存在的）星球，天体
• There was a man on the news last night who reckons we've been visited by beings from other worlds. 昨晚的新闻报道中，有个男子认为外星生物曾经拜访过我们。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
at one with the world
■happy because you feel that you belong in the world and generally agree with what happens 与世界融为一体；与世界和谐相处
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
be worlds apart
■to be completely opposed or different 完全相反；截然不同
• They are worlds apart in their political views. 他们的政治观点截然相反。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
do sb the world of good
■to make someone feel much healthier or happier 使某人感到更健康或更高兴
• We had a week away in the sun and it's done us both the world of good. 我们到了别处渡假一个星期，尽情享受阳光，这对我俩的身心都十分有益。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
for all the world
■exactly 完全
• She sounds for all the world like her mother on the telephone. 她的声音在电话里听起来和她妈妈的声音完全一样。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
go/come down in the world UK (US move down in the world) informal
■to have less money or a worse social position than you had before 潦倒；落泊
• They used to live in a big house with lots of servants, but they've come down in the world since then. 他们曾经住在一所大房子里，仆役成群，可后来家道中落。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
go/come up in the world UK (US move up in the world) informal
■to have more money or a better social position than you had before 飞黄腾达；发迹
• Roger and Ann have gone up in the world - these days they only ever travel first-class. 罗杰和安已经飞黄腾达——现在他们旅行只坐头等舱。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
have the world at your feet
■to be extremely successful and admired by a great number of people 极为成功；为世人仰慕
• Five years after her debut, the diminutive star of the Royal Ballet has the world at her feet. 在初次登台五年之后，这位皇家芭蕾舞团的娇小明星就大获成功。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
in a world of your own (also in another world)
■thinking your own thoughts and ideas and not giving much attention to what is happening around you 沉浸在自己的世界中，与外界隔绝
• When she was young, she lived in a world of her own and had very few friends. 她年轻时生活在自己的世界中，没有甚么朋友。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
make a world of difference
■If something makes a world of difference, it improves something very much 大大提高，使…有很大提高
• A little sympathy makes a world of difference to someone who's been badly treated. 对于那些遭到虐待的人来说，一点点同情心就会让他们觉得备受关爱。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
make the world go around/round
■to be extremely important, so that many ordinary events could not happen without it 极其重要；必不可少
• Love/Money makes the world go round. 爱情／金钱是极为重要的。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
a man/woman of the world
■someone who has a lot of experience of life and people, and can deal with most situations 阅历丰富的人，老练的人
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
mean/be (all) the world to sb
■to be extremely important to someone 是（某人）的一切；对（某人）来说非常重要
• Her children mean all the world to her. 她的几个孩子就是她的一切。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
not for (all) the world
■never; not in any situation 不管怎样都不，无论如何都不
• If I took that job I'd have to leave the kids and I wouldn't do that for all the world. 如果我接受那份工作，就要必须离开孩子们，而我无论如何都不会那样做。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
out of this world informal
■extremely good 极好的；非常棒的
• What a restaurant - the food was out of this world! 多好的餐馆呀——饭菜真是棒极了！
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
the ways of the world
■the types of behaviour and ways of doing things that are acceptable 世情，人情世故
• He's very young and still has a lot to learn about the ways of the world. 他非常年轻，还有很多人情世故要学。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
what/how/why, etc. in the world informal
■used to emphasize your surprise when asking a question （用在疑问句中强调很吃惊）究竟，到底
• What in the world are you doing in the cupboard? 你究竟在储藏室里做甚么呢？
• Who in the world could do such a thing? 到底有谁能做这样的事？
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
What's the world coming to?
■something that you say which means that life is not as pleasant or safe as it was in the past 用以形容生活已经不像过去那样舒适或安全了
• What's the world coming to when you can't leave your house for five minutes without someone trying to break in and rob you? 现在你离开家仅五分钟就可能遭人进屋洗劫，这是甚么世道啊！
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
the world and his wife UK
■a great many people, especially in a particular place at a particular time （尤指某一时间、某一地点的）所有的人，各色人等
• It's going to be quite a party - the world and his wife will be there. 那将是个不小的派对——各色人等都会到场。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
the world is sb's oyster
■If the world is someone's oyster, they can do what they want to or go where they want to （某人）可以随心所欲，（某人）可以为所欲为
• You're young and healthy and you have no commitments - the world is your oyster. 你年轻、健康，并且没有甚么负担——可以随心所欲地做你想做的事。
UK [wɜ:ld] US [wɝ:ld] noun
a world of difference
■If there is a world of difference between two people or things, they are very different 很大差别
• There's a world of difference between the service in the two hotels. 这两家饭店的服务有天壤之别。
earth, globe, world
这组词都有“地球”的意思，其区别是：
earth: 指表面有陆地和水，人类所居住行星的名字。有时与“天”相对，泛指“地”。
globe: 指我们生活的地球，但强调其实体和圆形。
world: 通常相当于earth与globe，现多用指地球，地球上的世界，社会和人。
n. 世界；领域；宇宙；世俗；全人类；物质生活
 - universe, domain, province, territory, kingdom

Word: american

Word: print
Front: print
[prɪnt] (中高研四 2207/2432 -K4)
Vocabulary: print
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n
Print is text, type, or writing — it's the words you write on paper or read in a book. If you print your name, you don’t write it in cursive. You write it so someone can actually read it.
When something's "in print," it's been published. Another kind of print, besides text (letters, numbers, and characters), is the impression left by a finger (a fingerprint), a foot, or even an animal's paw. The verb to print means to write in clear, block letters, or to publish a copy of a book, newspaper, or magazine. If something's "out of print," it's hard to find because no one is publishing new copies of it.
WORD FAMILY
print: misprint, overprint, printable, printed, printer, printing, prints, reprint +/misprint: misprinted, misprinting, misprints/overprint: overprinted, overprinting, overprints/printable: unprintable/ printer: printers/printing: printings/ reprint: reprinted, reprinting, reprints/reprinting: reprintings/unprintable: unprintably
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was wearing a St. Thomas jersey with “16”—her son’s number—printed on the front and the back.
The New Yorker(Jan 01, 2017)
There are zones dedicated to drones, beauty tech and 3D printing.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. （由底片印出的）照片; 印刷字体; 印痕; 印成的图画
vt. （在松软的表面）压印; 把…付印
vt. & vi. 用印刷体写; 冲洗（照片）; 登载; 在纸上印
时态：printed, printing, prints
分布：打印(68%)，印刷(20%)，出版(5%)，版画(2%)，印刷字体(1%)，印花(1%)，印记(1%)，铭刻(1%)，印刷的(1%)
→来自古法语preinte,按压，来自拉丁语premere,按，压，词源同press.-t,过去分词格。引申词义打印，印刷。
n.印刷,印刷品,字体v.印刷,出版;洗印I hint that the faint saint painted the printer with a pint of paint.我暗示说虚弱的圣徒用了一品脱油漆涂印刷机.
noun
TEXT 文本
 IMPROVER uncountable
■letters, numbers, words or symbols that have been produced on paper by a machine using ink 印出的字体，印刷字体
• The title is in bold print. 标题是粗体字。
• This novel is available in large print for readers with poor eyesight. 这本小说有大字本，以满足视力差的读者的需要。
• The book was rushed into print (= was produced and published) as quickly as possible. 这本书很快就印了出来。
• The print quality (= The quality of the text produced) of the new laser printer is excellent. 这台新雷射印表机的列印品质很好。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■newspapers, books and magazines 印刷品，出版物
• The debate is still raging, both in print and on the radio and television. 这场争论仍然在报刊、电台、电视上激烈地进行着。
in/out of print
■If a book is in print, it is possible to buy a new copy of it, and if it is out of print, it is not now possible （书）仍可买到的／已绝版的
• Is her work still in print? 她的书还能买得到吗？
• Classic literature never goes out of print. 经典文学作品永远不会绝版。
[prɪnt] noun
PICTURE 图片
countable
■a photographic copy of a painting, or a picture made by pressing paper onto a special surface covered in ink, or a single photograph from a film （用照相制版法制作的）绘画复制品；印出的版画；（底片洗出的单张）照片
• a print of Van Gogh's 'Sunflowers' 梵谷作品《向日葵》的复制品
• a signed Hockney print 附有霍克尼签名的复制画
• I'd like a second set of prints of this film, please. 我还想再洗一套这卷底片的照片。
[prɪnt] noun
PATTERN 图案
countable
■any type of pattern produced using ink on a piece of clothing （织品上的）印花
• a floral/paisley print 花卉／佩斯利涡漩纹印花图案
[prɪnt] noun
FINGER 手指
countable informal for
■ fingerprint
• The burglar had left his prints all over the window. 窗户上到处都是窃贼留下的指纹。
[prɪnt] verb
TEXT 文本
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to produce writing or images on paper or other material with a machine 印，印刷
• The leaflets will be printed on recycled paper. 这些传单会用再生纸来印刷。
• I'm waiting for a document to print. 我正在等文件印出来。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to include a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine （在报纸或杂志上）刊登，刊载
• Some newspapers still refuse to print certain swear words. 有些报纸仍然拒绝某些脏话见报。
• They printed his letter in Tuesday's paper. 他们在星期二的报纸上刊载了他的信。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to produce a newspaper, magazine or book in large quantities （大量）出版发行
• 20 000 copies of the novel will be printed in hardback. 这本小说将以精装本的形式发行两万册。
[prɪnt] verb
WRITE 写
intransitive or transitive
■to write without joining the letters together 用印刷体写
• Please print your name clearly below your signature. 请用印刷体在签名下方把你的名字写清楚。
[prɪnt] verb
PICTURE 图片
transitive
■to produce a photograph on paper 冲印
• Photographs are better if they are printed from the original negative. 照片要是用原始底片冲洗，效果会更好。
[prɪnt] verb
PATTERN 图案
transitive
■to produce a pattern on material or paper 印花样于
• The designs are printed onto the fabric by hand. 这些图案是手工印在织品上的。
[prɪnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] print sth out
■to produce a printed copy of a document that has been written on a computer （从电脑）列印出
• Could you print out a copy of that letter for me? 你能把那封信列印一份给我吗？
n. [印刷] 印刷业；印花布；印刷字体；印章；印记
 - impression, seal
vt. [印刷] 印刷； [计] 打印；刊载；用印刷体写；在…印花样
 - strike off
vi. [印刷] 印刷；出版；用印刷体写
 - bring out, get out

Word: them
Front: them
[ðəm] (中高 59/46212 -K5)
Back: pron. 他们; 她们; 它们
分布：他们(79%)，它们(17%)，她们(4%)
→来自 they 的宾格形式，比较 he,him.
pron.他们/她们/它们(they的宾格形式)The attacker cracked the racks and stacked them on the track.攻击者打裂搁板并把它们堆在跑道上.
pronoun]strong form Dem / /weak form Dəm]
 ESSENTIAL
■the object form of 'they' used after a verb or preposition （they 的受格）他们，她们，它们
• I've lost my keys. I can't find them anywhere. 我丢了锁匙，到处都找不着。
• It's them. They've arrived early. 是他们，他们来得早。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to one person whose sex is not known instead of saying 'him' or 'her' ﹙用来指性格不详的人，以代替 him 或 her﹚
• When each passenger arrives, we ask them to fill in a form. 每位旅客到达后，我们请他们填表。
pronoun]strong form Dem / /weak form Dəm]
them and us informal
■used when describing disagreements or differences especially between different social groups 他们和我们；别人和自己人
• If parents are encouraged to be involved in school, there is less chance of a them-and-us situation developing. 如果鼓励家长参与学校事务，家长和学校之间的矛盾就会少些。
• The senior staff have their own restaurant. - It's definitely a case of them and us. 高级职员有他们自己的餐厅，这明显是一种划分员工等级的做法。
determiner]Dem/not standard for
■ those
• Who gave you them sweets? 谁给你的那些糖果？

Word: no
Front: no
[nəʊ] (中高 93/68 -K5)
Vocabulary: no
(once / 4 pages)
adjadvn
No is the ultimate negative: it means "not any," or "not at all," and it's also used to express a generally negative response. If there's no milk for your cereal in the morning, there's not a drop left.
A sign in a school hallway that says "No running" means that it's absolutely not allowed. And, the response, "No, thanks" when you offer your friend half of your liverwurst sandwich means that she is really not interested. You might vote no on a special ballot question about extending school to Saturdays or exclaim, "Oh no!" to express disappointment when your team loses a big game. No comes from the Old English negative, na.
WORD FAMILY
no: noes
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The biggest issues are traffic jams, no parking, accidents, and oil spills on the road,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The border agency said that there was “no indication” of malice involved in the system crash.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 不; 否; 一点也没有
adj. 没有的; 不许的; 一点儿也没有; 决不是的
n. 不; 否定，否认; 反对票; 否决票
abbr. 数字(number); 元素锘(nobelium)的符号
分布：不(50%)，没有(44%)，不是(4%)，禁止(1%)，否定的回答(1%)
→来自古英语na,没有，绝不，来自ne,没有，词源同not,a,永远，词源同age,eon.即永远没有，不。
ad.不是,不a.没有的;不允许n.不,拒绝I have no more time to waste here.我没有更多的时间浪费在这里了.
US [noʊ] determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■not any; not one; not a 没有，无
• There's no butter left. 没有奶油了。
• There are no pockets in these trousers. 这些裤子没有裤袋。
• That's my kind of holiday - no telephone, no TV and no worries. 那是我的渡假方式——没有电话，没有电视，也没有烦恼。
• There's no chance (= no possibility) of us getting there by eight. 我们不可能在八点之前到达那里。
 ESSENTIAL
■used in signs and on notices to show that something is not allowed （用于标牌和布告）不许，禁止
• No smoking/fishing. 禁止吸烟／垂钓
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] determiner
there's no knowing/telling/saying informal
■it is not possible to know what will happen 无法预料
• She's very unpredictable so there's no knowing how she'll react to the news. 她让人捉摸不透，所以说不定她对这消息会有甚么反应。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] adverb
NEGATIVE ANSWER 否定回答
 ESSENTIAL
■used to give negative answers （用于给出否定回答）不，不是
• "Did you go to the shops?" "No, I forgot." “你去了商店了吗？”“没有，我忘了。”
• "Would you like any more cake?" "No thank you." “你想再要点蛋糕吗？”“不用，谢谢。”
• "Have you got any homework tonight?" "No." “你今晚有作业吗？”“没有。”
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] adverb
NOT 不
 ESSENTIAL
■not; not any 并不；毫不
• The exam is no more difficult than the tests you've been doing in class. 这次考试并不比你们一直做的课堂测验难。
• The issues are of no great interest (= only a little interest) to me. 我对这些问题兴趣不大。
  Common Learner Errors  no or not? Warning: Choose the correct adverb! You can use no before the -er form of an adjective to make comparisons: Their house is no bigger than ours. Before other forms of adjectives, don't say 'no', say not
✗ Their house is no big. Their house is not big. Remember: before a determiner like 'many', 'much' and 'enough', don't say 'no', say not :
✗ There was no enough legroom on the coach.
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] noun countable (plural noes)
■a negative answer or reaction 否定；拒绝
• "Have you had any replies about the camping weekend?" "So far I've had two yeses, a no, and a maybe." “关于周末露营，你得到甚么回覆了吗？” “到目前为止，有两人愿意去，一人不去，还有一人不确定。”
■a voter or a vote against a question which is being discussed 投反对票者；反对票
• 14 ayes to 169 noes - the noes have it. 14票赞成，169票反对——反对派胜出。
Compare aye
no, not
这两个词均可表示否定“不，没有”之意。
no: 与not有两点值得特别注意。1.no用作形容词时一般直接置于名词之前。名词前有a, any, much, enough等限定词时，不可用no，应用否定副词not。no修饰名词时，语气强于not。2.作为否定副词no与not都可与形容词比较级连用，但它们所表示的意思不相同。
adv. 不
 - not, non, n't
adj. 没有；不是
 - nah

Word: into
Front: into
[ˈɪntə] (中高 65/57 -K5)
Back: prep. （表示方向）进入…中; （表示所属）输入; （表示状态）进入…状态; （表示时间）持续到
分布：除(38%)，朝(25%)，进入(25%)，到 ... 里(12%)
→来自古英语in to.比较upon.
prep.到...里面,进入;成为(表示变化)He worked late into the night.他工作到深夜.
preposition
INSIDE 里面
 ESSENTIAL
■towards the inside or middle of something and about to be contained, surrounded or closed off by it 进入，到…里面
• Would you put the jar back into the cupboard for me, please? 请帮我把罐子放回碗橱里，好吗？
• Shall we go into the garden? 我们去花园好吗？
• Stop running around and get into bed! 别乱跑了，快上床！
• I can't get into these trousers anymore. They're far too small for me. 我再也穿不上这些裤子了，都太小了。
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
CHANGE 变化
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show when a person or thing is changing from one form or condition to another 成为，转为
• Peel the cucumber and chop it into small cubes. 把黄瓜削皮，再切成小方块。
• There was a series of explosions and the van burst into flames (= started to burn violently). 发生了一连串的爆炸，随后货车开始燃起熊熊大火。
• Her novels have been translated into nineteen languages. 她的小说已被译成19种语言。
• We're planning to turn the smallest bedroom into an office. 我们正计划将最小的睡房改成办公室。
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
TOUCHING FORCEFULLY 撞
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show movement which involves something touching something else with a lot of force but without moving inside it 碰上，撞上
• He's always walking into things when he hasn't got his glasses on. 他不戴眼镜时总是东撞西碰的。
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
TOWARDS 朝
 IMPROVER
■in the direction of something or someone 朝着…的方向
• She was looking straight into his eyes. 她直视着他的眼睛。
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
ABOUT 关于
 ADVANCED
■involving or about something 涉及，关于
• an inquiry into the cause of the accident 对事故原因的调查
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
DIVISION 除
■used when referring to the division of one number by another number 除
• What's 5 into 125? 125除以5是多少？
['ɪn.tu:] preposition
INTERESTED 感兴趣的
■enthusiastic about or interested in 极喜欢，对…很有兴趣
• Jackie's really into classical music. 杰基非常喜欢古典音乐。

Word: two
Front: two
[tu:] (中高 80/60 -5)
Vocabulary: two
(once / 5 pages)
1nadj 2n
Two is a whole number that's greater than one, but less than three. If you found one fuzzy mitten and then your friend gave you another one, you would have two mittens — perfect for your two hands.
In a deck of cards, there are four twos — one in each suit. In most games, the two is considered the lowest card. Two can also be used as an adjective to describe anything that numbers one more than one. In cards, if you have a pair of twos, you have two twos. This spelling of two always refers to a number and shouldn't be confused with the homonyms "to" or "too."
WORD FAMILY
two: twos, twosome+/twosome: twosomes
USAGE EXAMPLES
Three people are killed after two brothers plant homemade pressure cooker bombs near the finishing line of the Boston Marathon.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Flames were jutting from two sides of the two-story structure when firefighters arrived to the scene.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
All appeared fine with his injured right throwing shoulder, which caused him to miss the final two games of the regular season.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 两个; 两个东西; 两点钟; 一对
adj. 两个的; 我同
num. 两个; 第二; 二
分布：两个(82%)，二(18%)
→来自古英语 twa,二，缩写自 twegen,二，来自 Proto-Germanic*twa,二，来自 dwo,二，词 源同 binary,double.衍生前缀 bi-,di-,dia-,dis-.
num.二,两个n.两个(人或物)Likewise, my bike gave a striking strike to the two men alike.同样,我的自行车给那两个相象的人惊人的打击.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 2 （数字）2
• They've got two houses. 他们有两幢房子。
• I spent two years in Ethiopia. 我在衣索比亚逗留了两年。
• It's two o'clock. 两点了。
• He'll be two (years old) in February. 二月他就两岁了。
[tu:] number
be in two minds UK (US be of two minds)
■to be unable to decide about something 犹豫不决；拿不定主意
• I was in two minds whether or not to come this morning. 今天早晨要不要来，我拿不定主意。
[tu:] number
be two of a kind
■If two people are two of a kind, they are very similar 属于同一类；相似
• "Patrick and Glyn got on really well, didn't they?" "Yes, well they're two of a kind." “派特里克和格林关系很好，对吧?”“是的，他们是同一类人。”
[tu:] number
have two left feet humorous
■to move in a very awkward way when dancing 笨手笨脚；不灵活（跳舞时舞步非常笨拙）
• When we danced together, I discovered he had two left feet. 我们一起跳舞的时候，我发现他手脚很不协调。
[tu:] number
It takes two to tango. saying
■said when you want to emphasize that both people involved in a difficult situation must accept the blame, or that an activity needs two people who are willing to take part for it to happen 两个人才跳得成探戈；双方都有责任；一个巴掌拍不响
• She may want to argue, but it takes two to tango and I won't stoop to her level. 她可能想要争吵，可那也得我愿意，我可不想跟她一般见识。
[tu:] number
(There's) no two ways about it.
■something that you say in order to emphasize that something is true 就是这样；千真万确
• She was the meanest person I've ever met - no two ways about it. 她是我见过最小气的人——这点毫无疑问。
[tu:] number
put two and two together informal ADVANCED
■to guess the truth about a situation from what you have seen or heard 根据现有情况推论；综合判断
• "How did you know they were having an affair?" "I'd seen them out together a couple of times so I just put two and two together." “你怎么知道他们有婚外情?”“我好几次见到他们一起外出，所以就这么推断。”
[tu:] number
put two and two together and make five informal humorous
■to understand a particular situation wrongly, often in a way which is more shocking or exciting than the truth 听风就是雨
• "Why ever did she think you were pregnant?" "I was sick once or twice and I suppose she just put two and two together and made five." “她究竟为甚么会认为你怀孕？”“我曾呕吐过一两次，我猜她就这样想了。”
[tu:] number
That makes two of us.
■something that you say to tell someone that you are in the same unpleasant situation, or have the same negative feelings as them 我们两人的情况一样；我跟你有同感
• "I have no idea what's going on." "That makes two of us!" “我不知道怎么回事。”“我也一样。”
[tu:] number
Two can play at that game. informal
■something that you say when you intend to harm someone in the same way as they have harmed you （表示要进行报复）这一套你会我也会
• Well, when I found out that my husband had been having an affair I thought two can play at that game! 当我发现丈夫一直在外面有女人时，我想用同样的方式报复他。
[tu:] number
your two cents worth US informal
■your spoken opinion on a particular matter （某人的）意见，想法，观点
• I thought I'd just throw in (= add) my two cents worth. 我想只谈谈我个人的想法。
[tu:] number
Two's company , three's a crowd. saying
■said when two people are relaxed and enjoying each other's company but another person would make them feel less comfortable 两人成伴，三人不欢。
n. 两个
 - TWA
adj. 两个的
 - both

Word: take
Front: take
[teɪk] (中高雅 63/51 -K1)
Vocabulary: take
(once / 4 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5vn 6v
Take means to gain possession of or lay hold of something. You can take an apple from a bowl or take a child's hand to cross the street.
Ways to take include receiving, removing, capturing, picking something up, or being seized by something. Take has many, many senses and has found its way into many English expressions. So take a picture, take some notes, take notice, take a walk, take your friend home safely, take a chance, take a left, take a knight, take it as it comes, take first place, or receive a large take (as in profit), but remember, “You can’t take it with you.”
WORD FAMILY
take: overtake, retake, taken, taker, takes, taking, took+/overtake: overtaken, overtakes, overtaking, overtook/overtaking: overtakings/retake: retaken, retakes, retaking, retook/retaking: retakings/taker: takers/taking: takingly, takings
USAGE EXAMPLES
So, on this auspicious anniversary, it is time to take the board on a stroll down governance memory lane.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“He took his job way more serious than a lot of people. He got involved with a lot of people.”
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Taking up the most time is her impossible mother, Yvette.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. 拿，取; 采取; 接受（礼物等）; 耗费（时间等）
vi. 拿; 获得
n. 镜头; 看法; 收入额; 场景
时态：took, taken, taking, takes
分布：取(34%)，需要(20%)，拿(19%)，接受(11%)，认为(6%)，花费(5%)，搭乘(3%)，执行(1%)，理解(1%)
→来自古英语 tacan,抓住，拿走，来自 Proto-Germanic*tak,抓住，拿走，可能来自 tag,接触， 操纵，控制，词源同 tangent,tact.
v.拿取;吃;记录;取得;花费;捕获;认为The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身.
verb (took, taken)
REMOVE 移开
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to remove something, especially without permission 拿；夺取；取走
• Has anything been taken (= stolen) ? 丢了甚么东西吗？
• Here's your pen, I took it by mistake. 你的笔在这里，我拿错了。
• All possessions had been taken from her. 她所有财产都被剥夺了。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to subtract a number (= remove it from another number) 减
• If you take 4 from 12 you get 8. 12减4得8。
⇒ See also take sth away
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
MOVE 移动
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to move something or someone from one place to another 拿走，带走
• The weather forecast said rain, so take your umbrella (with you) when you go out. 天气预报说有雨，所以外出时记得带伞。
• The suitcases were taken to Madrid by mistake. 由于疏忽，手提箱被带到马德里了。
• Take the book up/down to the third floor of the library. 把书拿到图书馆的四楼。
• [+ two objects] I suggested that he should take her some chocolates/take some chocolates to her (= bring them to her as a present). 我建议他给她带些巧克力。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
ACCEPT 接受
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to accept or have 接受，接纳；收受
• Do they take credit cards here? 他们这里接受信用卡吗？
• Do you take milk in your tea? 你茶里要放牛奶吗？
• This container will take (= has room for) six litres. 这种容器容量为六升。
• Which newspaper do you take (= regularly buy) ? 你常买哪种报纸？
• He continually abuses her, and she just sits there and takes it. 他不断辱骂她，而她只坐在那里默默忍受。
• If you think I'm going to take that lying down (= accept it without complaining) , you're very much mistaken. 如果你认为我会甘心忍受那一切，那你就大错特错了。
• I take the /your point (= accept the argument) , but I still don't think you should have gone. 我接受你的辩解，可我还是认为你原本就不应该去。
take part IMPROVER
■to be involved in an activity with other people 参与，参加
• She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities. 她一般不参加班里的所有活动。
 ADVANCED transitive
■used when you want to mention something as a particular example of what you are talking about 以…为例
• I've been very busy recently. Take last week, I had meetings on four evenings. 我最近非常忙。就拿上星期来说，我有四个晚上在开会。
take to be/take for sth
■If you take someone or something to be something, or if you take them for something, you accept or believe that they are that thing 认为；把…看作
• [+ to infinitive] These creatures are generally taken to be descended from primitive fishes. 这些生物通常被认为是从原始鱼类演变而来的。
• I could have taken him for (= believed that he was) your brother. 我差点把他当成了你的兄弟。
• I'm not going to forge his signature for you! What do you take me for? (= You should not believe I could do a thing like that.) 我不会帮你伪造他的签名的！你把我当成甚么人了？
can't take sth
■to not be able to deal with an unpleasant situation 不能承受…；不能应对…
• I can't take it any more. I'm leaving. 我无法再忍受。我要走了。
take it or leave it
■accept or refuse the offer completely 接不接受由你，要不要随你的便
• That's my final offer - you can take it or leave it. 那是我最后的报价——接不接受由你。
  Common Learner Errors  take part The correct preposition to use after take part is in. Don't say 'take part at/of something', say take part in something : My team would like to take part in the competition.
  Common Learner Errors  take part or take place? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about something happening, don't say something 'takes part', say something takes place :
✗ The concert will take part at the Albert Hall, in London. The concert will take place at the Albert Hall, in London.
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
HOLD 握
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to move in order to hold something in the hand(s) 手执，握住，抓住
• Can you take this bag while I open the door? 你帮我拿一下袋子，我去开门，好吗？
• He took my arm and led me outside. 他拉住我的手臂，领我到门外。
• Take an egg and break it into the bowl. 拿一个鸡蛋打在碗里。
• He took hold of the plant's root and pulled. 他抓住植物的根部往上拔。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
GO WITH 一起去
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to go somewhere with someone, often paying for them or being responsible for them 带（某人）去（某地）
• We're taking the children to the zoo on Saturday. 星期六我们要带孩子们去动物园。
• [+ to infinitive] I took my elderly parents to look at some new houses. 我带着年迈的父母看了一些新盖的房子。
• [+ -ing verb] Will you take me swimming tomorrow? 你明天带我去游泳好吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to show someone how to get to somewhere by going there with them 给（某人）带路，引领
• Let me take you to your room. 我带你去你的房间吧。
transitive
■to go to a social event with someone 带（某人）参加（社交活动）
• Who's taking you to the dance? 谁带你去参加舞会？
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
TRANSPORT 运输
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to travel somewhere by using a particular form of transport or a particular vehicle, route, etc. 搭乘（交通工具）
• I always take the train - it's less hassle than a car. 我总是乘火车——乘火车比开车省事。
• She took the 10.30 flight to Edinburgh. 她乘十点半的飞机去爱丁堡。
• If you take the road on the left, you'll come to the post office. 走左边的路就能到邮局。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
NEED 需要
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to need 要求，需要
• Parachuting takes a lot of nerve. 跳伞需要很大勇气。
• I take a size five in shoes. 我穿五号鞋。
• Transitive verbs take a direct object. 及物动词带直接受词。
• [+ -ing verb] His story took some believing (= was difficult to believe). 他的故事令人难以置信。
 ESSENTIAL [L only + noun]
■If something takes a particular time, that period is needed in order to complete it 花费（时间）
• The cooking process only takes ten minutes. 烹饪过程只需十分钟。
• [+ to infinitive] How long does this paint take to dry? 这种油漆要多久才能亁？
• [+ obj + noun] It took us all day to drive home. 我们花了一整天时间开车回家。
not take long IMPROVER
■to act or happen over a short period of time 不久
• I'm just going to the shops - I won't take long. 我只是去商店买点东西——不会花太长时间的。
take time IMPROVER
■to need a long time 需要很长时间
• Broken bones always take time to mend. 骨折总是要很长时间才能痊愈。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
DRUG/MEDICINE 药物／药
 ESSENTIAL
■to swallow or use a medicine or drug, especially in a regular way 口服，服用（吞吃或使用一种药品或毒品，尤指定期吞吃或使用）
• Take this medicine three times a day. 这种药每天服用三次。
• Do you think she takes drugs? 你认为她在吸毒吗？
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
ACT 行动
 IMPROVER transitive
■to do or perform 从事，进行
• The Archbishop took our service of thanksgiving. 大主教为我们主持了感恩祈祷仪式。
• Shelley is taking (= studying) economics at university. 谢莉在大学念经济学。
• UK Mr Marshall takes us for (= teaches us) physics. 马歇尔先生教我们物理。
 IMPROVER transitive
■used with many nouns to make a verb phrase that is equal in meaning to the related verb （后接名词形成动宾结构词组，其意思相当于相应动词）
• I think we'll take a break (= we'll stop for a break) there. 我想我们将在那里休息一会儿。
• If you're tired you should take a rest (= you should rest). 如果累了，你就应该休息一下。
• I always like to take a walk (= to walk) after lunch. 午饭后，我总喜欢散散步。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
THINK ABOUT 想
 IMPROVER transitive
■to think about something or someone in a particular way （以某一种特殊方式）思考，考虑
• We're taking the bomb threats very seriously. 我们非常重视炸弹恐吓事件。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
REACTION 反应
 IMPROVER transitive
■to have or come to have a particular feeling or opinion （在思想上）产生，形成；感受到
• He doesn't take any interest in his children. 他对孩子们漠不关心。
• Don't take any notice of the cameras. 不要理会照相机。
• She takes offence too easily. 她很容易生气。
• They took pity on the stray cat and fed it. 他们可怜那只流浪猫，就给了它些食物。
• I take the view that fuel should be heavily taxed to reduce road use. 我认为应该对燃料课以重税，以减少公路上的车辆。
take sb unawares (also take sb by surprise)
■to surprise someone 令（某人）大吃一惊
• The sudden noise took her unawares. 那突如其来的巨响吓了她一跳。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED transitive
■to receive money from sales or as payment for entrance to an event 收取，收入
• The show took an astonishing $100 000 in its first week. 这次演出第一个星期就收入十万美元。
⇒ See also takings
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
CATCH 抓
 ADVANCED transitive
■to get possession of something or someone 夺取，攻取
• Rebels ambushed the train and took several prisoners. 叛乱者伏击火车，俘虏了一些人。
take 1 2. The Liberals need just 200 more votes to take the seat from Labour.
自由党只需再获得200票，就可以从工党手中夺过该席位。
• Centre-left parties look set to take power. 中间偏左的党派看来很可能要掌权。
• Adam, I'd like you to take control of the aircraft now. 亚当，我想现在让你来操控飞机。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
WRITE 写
transitive
■to write 写；记录
• I hope you're all taking notes. 我希望你们都记笔记。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
PERFORM WELL 表现好
intransitive
■to work or perform as expected 起作用；奏效，显出效果
• These new plants haven't taken - they don't like this dry soil. 这些新植物长得不好——它们不适应这种干燥的土壤。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
be like taking candy from a baby (be as easy as taking candy from a baby) US informal
■to be very easy 轻而易举的
• Beating them was the easiest thing in the world - it was like taking candy from a baby. 打败他们是世上最容易的事情——就像从小孩手里抢糖果一样容易。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
can take it or leave it
■said about something that you quite like, but that you do not love or need strongly 要不要都可以；接不接受都可以
• My sister's absolutely crazy about chocolate whereas I can take it or leave it. 我妹妹酷爱巧克力，而我吃不吃都无所谓。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
I take it (also can take it)
■said if you think that what you say is likely to be true, although it is not proved 我猜想，我认为
• You'll be staying the night, I take it? 我想你今晚会住这里吧？
• So we can take it you've resigned? 那就是说你辞职了？
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
if you take my meaning UK
■used to say that you have left out information or your opinion from what you have just said, but that you expect the person listening still to understand it 如果你明白我的意思（指弦外之音）
• Let's just say we had 'problems', if you take my meaning. 我们就姑且说我们遇到了“问题”吧，如果你明白我所指的是甚么的话。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
point taken
■used to say you accept what someone has said 接受（观点）
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
take your time
■said to mean that you can spend as much time as you need in doing something, or that you should slow down 不着急，慢慢来 disapproving
■to do something too slowly 做事磨蹭
• The builders are really taking their time. 那些建筑工人真会拖拖拉拉。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
take one (thing) at a time
■to do or deal with one thing before starting to do or deal with another （对问题）一个个来处理
• There are a few problems, but let's take one thing at a time. 现在有一些问题，不过我们得一个个来处理。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
Take that! informal
■said as someone hits someone else, especially in humorous films or cartoons （尤指喜剧电影或卡通片中打人时的用语）看招！吃我一拳！
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
take the time
■to make the effort to do something 花费力气（做某事）
• She didn't even take the time to wish me good morning. 她连停下来跟我说声早安都没有。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
Take a walk! US informal
■an impolite way of telling someone to go away 走开，滚开（叫某人走开的一种不礼貌方式）
• The guy kept pestering her, and finally she told him to take a walk. 那家伙不断骚扰她，最后她叫他滚开。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
will not take no for an answer
■to not allow someone to refuse what you have offered 不容拒绝，不接受别人说“不”
• I've told Steve I'm not interested, but he keeps asking me out - he won't take no for an answer. 我已经告诉史蒂夫我没兴趣，可他还是不断请我出去——他就是不接受别人说“不”。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb aback
■to surprise or shock someone so much that they do not know how to behave for a short time 使（某人）大吃一惊
• I was a little taken aback at the directness of the question. 问题问得如此直接，令我有点吃惊。
• The news really took us aback. 这消息着实令我们吃了一惊。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take after sb ADVANCED
■to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character （在外貌、性格等方面）与（家庭中某个年纪较大成员）相像
• He takes after his mother/his mother's side of the family. 他很像他母亲／他母亲家的人。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take against sb UK
■to begin to dislike someone 开始不喜欢（某人）
• I think she took against me when I got the promotion she wanted. 我觉得我被提拔到她梦寐以求的职位后，她开始恨起我来了。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth apart IMPROVER
■to separate something into its different parts 拆开；拆卸
• We took the engine apart to see what the problem was. 我们拆开引擎看看问题出在哪里。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb apart informal
■to defeat someone very easily in a sport （比赛中）把…打得一败涂地，轻松击败
• He took their defence apart, scoring three goals in the first twenty minutes. 他轻而易举地突破了他们的防线，开场20分钟内就进了三球。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth away
REMOVE
 ESSENTIAL
■to remove something 拿走，移走
• Take these chairs away - we don't need them. 拿走这些子——我们用不着。
• Supermarkets are taking business away from small local shops. 大型超市正在抢走当地小商店的生意。
CALCULATE
 ESSENTIAL
■to subtract a number (= remove it from another number) 减，减去
• Four take away two is two. 4减2等于2。
• If you take 4 away from 12 you get 8. 12减4等于8。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth back
SOMETHING BOUGHT
 IMPROVER
■to return something you have bought to a shop 退回（从商店里购买的东西）
• Is it too small? Take it back and get a refund. 太小了吗？那就把它退回吧。
STATEMENT
 ADVANCED
■to admit that something you said was wrong 收回（说错的话）
• All right, I take it all back. It wasn't your fault. 好吧，我收回我说过的话。那不是你的错。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb back
PARTNER
[M]
■to allow a partner who previously left your home because of a disagreement or another relationship to come back to live with you 允许（因不和或婚外情而离去的配偶）回家，与（某人）重归于好
• His wife said she would never take him back. 他妻子说她绝不会跟他和好。
MEMORY
■If something takes you back, it makes you remember a period or an event （某事）唤起（某人）的回忆
• That piece of music really took me back (to my schooldays). 那首乐曲真的让我回想起从前（的学生时代）。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth down
REMOVE
 ADVANCED
■to remove something that is on a wall or something that is temporary, or to remove a structure by separating its different parts 拿下；拆掉；拆除
• I've taken the pictures down. 我已经取下了那些画。
WRITE
■to write something that another person has just said 写下，记下
• He took down my address and phone number and said he'd phone back. 他记下了我的地址和电话号码，说会回电话给我。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [often passive] take sth from sb
■If you take words, information or ideas from another person or piece of work, you use or develop them in some way 从（某人处或某人作品中）引用（或借鉴）
• The plot is taken from Shakespeare. 该情节源于莎士比亚的戏剧。
take it from me (also take my word for it)
■accept that what I say is true, because I know or have experienced it 听我的吧，我说的不会错
• It won't work - take it from me. 那不会管用的——相信我说的吧。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sth in
UNDERSTAND
 ADVANCED [M]
■to understand completely the meaning or importance of something 领会，理解
• I had to read the letter twice before I could take it all in. 我读了两遍，才把整封信看懂。
■2. It was an interesting exhibition, but there was too much to take in at once. take 2 那是个很有意思的展览，但内容太多，让人目不暇给。
INCLUDE
■to include something 包括，包含
• The new town takes in three former villages. 新市镇包括了以前的三个村庄。
WATCH mainly US
■to go to watch a film or performance, or to visit a place such as a museum 去观看；去参观
• I thought we might get something to eat and then take in a movie. 我原本想，我们可以先吃点东西，然后去看电影。
CLOTHES [M]
■to make a piece of clothing narrower, by changing the position of some of the stitching joining it together 改小（衣服）
• I'll have to take this dress in at the waist - it's too big. 我得把这条裙子的腰身改小点——它太大了。
WORK [M]
■to do paid work for other people, such as washing or sewing, in your home 在家做（替别人洗衣、缝纫等事情）赚钱
• She supported her family by taking in laundry. 她靠在家替别人洗衣服养家。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb in
CARE FOR
■to take care of someone and provide a place in your home for them 收留，收容，收养（某人）
• Several families take in foreign students. 有几个家庭接待外国留学生。
DECEIVE [often passive]
■to cause someone to believe something which is not true, or to trick or deceive someone 欺骗
• I can't believe she was taken in by him. 我简直不敢相信她被他骗了。
POLICE
■If the police take you in, they take you to the police station （员警）带（某人）去警察局
• Detectives on the murder inquiry have taken in a new suspect for questioning. 调查这宗谋杀案的侦探们又带了一个新的嫌疑人来警察局进行审讯。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth off
REMOVE
 ESSENTIAL
■to remove something, especially clothes 脱下，脱掉（尤指衣服）
• He took off his clothes and got into the bath. 他脱掉衣服，进入浴室。
• After the poisoning scare, the product was taken off the shelves/the market (= removed from sale). 发生担心中毒的恐慌后，该产品被撤下了货架／撤出了市场。
NOT WORK
 ADVANCED
■to spend time away from your work 休假
• He took off two weeks in September. 他九月份休了两周假。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take off
FLY
 IMPROVER
■If an aircraft, bird or insect takes off, it leaves the ground and begins to fly 起飞；飞起
• The plane took off at 8.30 a.m. 飞机上午八点半起飞。
⇒ See also take-off
SUCCEED
 ADVANCED
■to suddenly start to be successful or popular 突然开始成功；开始走红
• Her singing career had just begun to take off. 她的歌唱事业刚刚起飞。
LEAVE informal
■to suddenly leave somewhere, usually without telling anyone that you are going （常指不打招呼就）突然离开
• When he saw me, he took off in the other direction. 他一看见我就往另外一个方向躲开了。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb off UK informal
■to copy the way a particular person speaks or behaves, or the way something is done, usually in order to entertain other people 模仿
• She's really good at taking people off. 她模仿别人模仿得真像。
⇒ See also take-off Compare impersonate
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth on
 ADVANCED
■to accept a particular job or responsibility 接受（工作）；承担（责任）
• She took too much on and made herself ill. 她承担的任务太重，结果病倒了。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take on sth
■to begin to have a particular quality 开始具有（某种特征）；呈现；露出
• Her voice took on a troubled tone. 从她说话的声音里能听出她遇到了麻烦。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb on
EMPLOY
 ADVANCED
■to employ someone 雇用（某人）
• She was taken on as a laboratory assistant. 她受雇为实验室助理。
FIGHT
■to compete against or fight someone 同…较量（或争斗）
• The Government took on the unions and won. 政府跟工会进行了一番较量后，取得了胜利。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth out IMPROVER
■to remove something from somewhere 移走，移开
• I've had a tooth taken out. 我拔了一颗牙。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb out IMPROVER
■to go somewhere and do something with someone, usually something you plan and pay for 带（某人）出去
• Dad's taking the whole family out to the cinema. 爸爸要带全家去看电影。
• Our boss took us out for a meal. 我们老板带我们出去吃饭。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sb/sth out slang
■to kill someone or destroy something 杀死（某人）；摧毁（某物）
• The soldiers said that they were trying to take out the snipers. 士兵说他们正设法除掉那些狙击手。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sth out of sb
take it out of sb (also take a lot out of sb)
■to make someone very tired 使（某人）筋疲力尽
• Digging in the garden certainly takes it out of me these days. 这段时间，在园子里翻地真把我累翻了。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb out of themselves UK
■to change someone's mood and stop them from thinking about what was making them unhappy 使（某人）不再想不开心的事情
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth out on sb ADVANCED
■to treat someone badly because you are upset or angry, even though they have done nothing wrong 向（某人）发泄，拿（某人）出气
• I know you've had a bad day, but there's no need to take it out on me! 我知道你今天很不顺，可也没必要拿我出气！
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take (sth) over
START DOING
 IMPROVER
■to start doing a job or being responsible for something that another person did or had responsibility for before 接任；接管，接手
• He took over from the previous headmaster in February. 他二月接手了前任校长的工作。
• She took over as manager two weeks ago. 她两周前接任经理一职。
• Colin Lamb has taken over responsibility for this project. 科林‧兰姆已经接管了这个专案计划。
GET CONTROL
 IMPROVER
■to get control of a company by buying most of its shares (= the equal parts into which the ownership of the company is divided) 接管，收购（公司）
• The company he works for has recently been taken over. 他就职的那家公司最近被收购了。
⇒ See also takeover
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb round (sth/somewhere) ADVANCED
■to walk through a building or visit a place with someone, showing them the most interesting or important parts 带（某人）参观
• You will be taken round the museum by one of the guides. 其中一个导游将会带领你们参观博物馆。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb through sth
■to explain something to someone 为（某人）解释，向（某人）说明
• I'll take you through it one more time, then you can try it yourself. 我会再给你解释一遍，然后你自己试试。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take to sb/sth
■to start to like someone or something 开始喜欢；对…产生好感
• His wife took to her new neighbours at once. 他妻子立刻喜欢上了新邻居。
• She's taken to tennis like a duck to water (= she likes it and is good at it). 她如鱼得水似的喜欢上了网球。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take to sth
■to start doing something often 开始从事；形成…的习惯
• She was so depressed she took to drink. 她十分抑郁，开始酗酒。
• [+ -ing verb] He's taken to staying out very late. 他开始经常很晚才回来。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take to somewhere
■to go somewhere, usually because you are in a difficult or dangerous situation 去往；求助于
• The refugees took to the hills for safety. 难民逃往山区避难。
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] take sth up
FILL
 IMPROVER
■to fill an amount of space or time 占去（地方或时间）
• This desk takes up too much room. 这张桌子太占地方。
• Too much of this report is taken up with out-of-date figures. 这份报告里尽是过期的资料。
START
 ADVANCED
■to start doing a particular job or activity 开始从事 take 3 1. He's taken up the post of supervisor.
他刚刚担任监督员一职。
• [+ -ing verb] Have you ever thought of taking up acting ? 你想过去当演员吗？
• Ian took up (= continued) the story where Sue had left off. 伊恩接着讲休没有讲完的故事。
take up office
■to start an official job 上任
• The minister took up office in December. 部长是在十二月上任的。
DISCUSS
■to discuss something or deal with something 讨论；处理
• The school took the matter up with the police. 学校和警方一起处理此事。
• UK I'd like to take you up on your sales figures for June. 我想和你谈谈你六月份的销售额。
• A leading law firm took up his case. 一家顶尖的律师事务所接手了他的案子。
CLOTHING
■to shorten a piece of clothing, such as a skirt or trousers 把（裙子、裤子等）改短
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take sb up on sth
■to accept an offer that someone has made 接受
• Could I take you up on that offer of a lift, Rob? 罗布，我现在同意乘你的车，还可以吗？
[teɪk] verb (took, taken)
  Phrasal Verbs  take up with sb
■to become friendly or start a relationship with someone, especially someone who might have a bad influence on you 开始与（尤指可能带来不良影响的人）来往
• She's taken up with a strange crowd of people. 她开始与一帮古怪的人来往。
[teɪk] noun
MONEY 钱
uncountable
■money that is received from sales or as payment for entrance to an event 收取，收入
• The box office take was huge for the new show. 这次新演出的票房收入很可观。
[teɪk] noun
FILM 电影
countable
■the filming of a scene (= small part of a film) （电影）一个镜头的拍摄
• This scene of the film needed ten takes before we felt it was right. 电影里的这个镜头，我们拍了十次才满意。
[teɪk] noun
on the take US
■trying to profit in a personal and usually financial way from a situation 试图捞好处的
• I honestly don't trust him - he always seems to be on the take. 说老实话，我真的不信任他——他似乎总想捞好处。
Compare be on the make at make
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
take, pay, cost, spend
take: 物做主语,花时间;
pay: 人做主语,花钱,pay for;
cost: 物做主语,花钱
spend: 人做主语,花钱,花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth;
take, expend, cost, spend
这组词都有“花费”的意思，其区别是：
take: 普通用词，指需要占用空间、时间或精力等，其主语可以是人，也可以是一件事情。
expend: 较正式用词，通常指为某一专门目的而花费大量金钱、时间或精力。
cost: 指花费时间、金钱、劳力等。其主语是物，而不能由人充当，也不用被动形式。
spend: 普通用词，与cost基本同义，但主语必须是人。
grasp, grab, clasp, seize, take, clutch, grip, snatch
这组词都有“抓住，握紧”的意思，其区别是：
grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。
grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。
clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。
seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。
take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或控制某物。
clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。
grip: 语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。
snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。
take, accept, admit, receive
这组词都有“接受、接纳”的意思，其区别是：
take: 与receive同意，是receive的日常用法，侧重不带主观意愿地收下或接受。
accept: 强调主动地或自愿地接受，或者说，经过考虑后同意接受。
admit: 作“接受”讲时，强调准许或批准。
receive: 着重仅仅接到或收到这一支轮船或事实，而不含采取主动或积极行动的意思。
vt. 拿，取；采取；吃；接受
 - carry, adopt, have, eat, assume
vi. 拿；获得
 - pick up, get access to

Word: edition
Front: edition
[ɪˈdɪʃn] (高研四六雅 3155/2537 -K4)
Vocabulary: edition
(once / 104 pages)
1n 2n
An edition is a particular version of a publication. A book collector will pay a lot of money for a first edition of an important work (but that probably doesn’t include any of the paperbacks on your shelf).
Edition can also refer to a book’s format. If you really enjoy reading a particular book, you might want to purchase a leather-bound, gilded-edge edition of it. In addition, edition can designate a particular issue of a newspaper. If you're a fan of crossword puzzles, you know that the toughest puzzle usually appears in the weekend edition.
WORD FAMILY
edition: editions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Golf Digest will unveil the latest edition of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses later this week.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Lagavulin is launching a single cask edition of 522 bottles of its single malt to raise funds for local projects.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
That’s why the Rose Bowl is on Jan. 2 for just the 14th time in its 103 editions.
Seattle Times(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 版次，版本; （报纸、杂志的）一份; （广播、电视节目的）一期; （书、报、杂志等的）一版印刷总数
分布：版(78%)，版本(22%)
→来自edit, 编辑。
n.版,版本,版次It's incredible that the editor's editorial in this edition is edible.本版中的编辑社论可以食用让人难以置信.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a particular form in which a book, magazine or newspaper is published 版本
• the paperback / hardback edition of the dictionary 该词典的平装／精装本
• The regional editions of the paper contain specific information for that area. 该报地方版刊登一些针对当地读者的内容。
 IMPROVER
■a single broadcast of a series of radio or television programmes （广播电视节目的）一期，一辑
• This morning's edition of 'Women's Hour' is at the earlier time of a quarter to ten. 今天上午的《妇女时光》节目将提前到九点四十五分播出
 IMPROVER
■the total number of copies of a particular book, newspaper, etc. that are published at the same time 一版印刷总数；版次
• She collects first editions of nineteenth century authors. 她收藏19世纪作家著作的初版本。
■US
■one of a series of repeated events （一系列重复进行的事件中的）一次，一回，一届
• The 77th edition of the Indianapolis 500 was held before an estimated 450 000 fans. 第77届印弟安纳波里斯500英里汽车赛吸引了大约45万车迷观看。
edition, issue/number, version, copy
edition: 版数；
issue/number: 期数；
version: 译本，版本
copy: 册数；
n. [图情] 版本
 - version

Word: market
Front: market
[ˈmɑ:kɪt] (中高雅 402/253 -K5)
Vocabulary: market
(once / 42 pages)
nv
Market is both a noun and a verb that have to do with selling. Companies that successfully market potato chips make people buy a big bag at the market.
Are you in the market for a new pair of jeans? That means you are looking to buy. You might be the market, or likely customers, for a certain brand. The cost of those jeans will be whatever the market can bear, meaning the most profit that can be made, either by selling fewer pairs at high cost or lots of pairs at a lower cost. But if you buy them on the so-called black market, you might get a bargain price — only to find your new jeans aren't authentic — knock-offs of the real thing.
WORD FAMILY
market: hypermarket, marketable, marketed, marketer, marketing, markets, supermarket+/hypermarket: hypermarkets/ marketable: marketably, unmarketable/marketer: marketers/ marketing: marketings/supermarket: supermarketeer, supermarketer, supermarkets/supermarketeer: supermarketeers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But it became increasingly clear to Chinese officials that smugglers were bringing ivory into the country illegally and marketing it as a legal product.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 交易; 市集; 需求; 交易情况，行情
vt. 在市场上出售某物; 推销
vi. <美>去市场买东西
时态：marketed, marketing, markets
分布：市场(93%)，销售(4%)，推销(1%)，集市(1%)，买卖(1%)
→来自拉丁语mercari,交易，买卖，词源同mercantile,commercial.可能来自意大利特鲁斯坎语。引申词义市场，销售，营销等。
n.集市,市场;销路,需求(量)v.销售The shark's remark on the marble mark in the market is remarkable.骗子关于市场上大理石标记的评论值得关注.
US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
BUYING AND SELLING 买和卖
 ESSENTIAL
■the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the world where something is sold 买方；市场
• Are you sure there's a market for the product? 你肯定这种产品有市场吗？
• We estimate the potential market for the new phones to be around one million people in this country alone. 我们估计，仅在这个国家新型电话的潜在市场就有100万人左右。
• The domestic market is still depressed, but demand abroad is picking up. 国内市场仍然低迷，但国外需求正逐步上升。
• They've increased their share of the market by 10% over the past year. 过去一年他们的市场占有率增加了10%。
 ESSENTIAL
■the business or trade in a particular product, including financial products （金融等特定产品的）买卖，市场
• the coffee market 咖啡市场
• the economic market 经济市场
• the commodities market 商品市场
• the stock market 股票市场
• the job market 就业市场
• the housing market 房地产市场
in the market for sth
■interested in buying something 想购买
• Thanks for the offer, but I'm not in the market for another car at the moment. 谢谢你提供的优惠，但目前我无意再买一辆汽车。
on the market
■available for sale 有供应，在出售，上市
• We put our house on the market as soon as house prices started to rise. 房价一涨，我们就卖房子。
• This is one of the best televisions on the market. 这是市场上最好的电视机之一。
• The pictures would sell for half a million on the open market (= if offered for sale without a fixed price). 这些画在公开市场上可卖到50万。
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
PLACE 地方
 IMPROVER
■a place or event at which people meet in order to buy and sell things 集市，市集；市场
• Fruit and vegetables are much cheaper from/ in/on the market than in the supermarket. 市场上的水果和蔬菜比超市便宜得多。
• She runs a stall in/on the market. 她在市场上有一个货摊。
• The indoor flower market is a big tourist attraction. 室内花市对旅客有很大的吸引力。
• a craft market 工艺品市场
• The town's always busy on market day. 镇子在赶集那天总是很热闹。
⇒ See also marketplace
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] noun countable
SHOP 商店 US a shop that sells mainly food 食品店
⇒ See also hypermarket;supermarket
UK ['mɑ:.kɪt] US ['mɑ:r-] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make goods available to buyers in a planned way which encourages people to buy more of them, for example by advertising 促销；推销；行销
• Their products are very cleverly marketed. 他们产品的行销方式很巧妙。
market, fair
这组词都有“集市，市场”的意思，其区别是：
market: 指人们购买货品的地方，经常出售商品的市场。
fair: 一般指在乡村小镇定期举行的买卖牛羊或农产品等的集市。现引申指国际性的博览会、交易会等。
n. 市场；行情；股票市场；市面； [贸易] 集市；销路；商店
 - exchanges, store, shop, outlet, plaza

Word: use
Front: use
[ju:s] (中高 92/87 -K4)
Vocabulary: use
(once / 7 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
Say the daughter of your favorite musician just enrolled at your school. If you just use her to get to meet her rock star dad, that's pretty unkind.
Use is an old word with a lot of, well, uses. You can use a bike to get to school, or use up an entire tube of toothpaste in one vigorous brushing session. You might have to show Grandma how to use the 3-in-1 remote control. As a noun use means "purpose." As a verb, use means either "put to work," or "work something until there isn't anything left," unless you use your friend, meaning you exploit her.
WORD FAMILY
use: disuse, ill-use, misuse, overuse, reuse, usable, usage, usance, useable, used, useed, useful, useless, user, uses, using+/ disuse: disused, disuses/misuse: misused, misuses, misusing/ overuse: overused, overuses, overusing/ reuse: reusable, reused, reuses, reusing/ usable: unusable, usability, usableness/ usage: ill-usage, usages/usance: usances/useable: unuseable, useableness/ used: ill-used, unused, useder/ useful: usefuler, usefulest, usefully, usefulness/usefully: usefullys/usefulness: unusefulness, usefulnesss/ useless: uselesser, uselessest, uselessly, uselessness/ user: users/using: usings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use smaller plates and pay attention to color.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Their technique uses a form of salt to bond with CO2 molecules in the boiler chimney.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Brent crude, used to price international oils, was up 33 cents at $57.15.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 使用; 使用权; 功能
时态：used, using, uses
分布：使用(77%)，利用(15%)，运用(5%)，对待(1%)，使用权(1%)，用法(1%)
→来自拉丁语uti, 使用，利用。
n.使/应用;用法/途;益/用处vt.用;消耗May I use your pen?我用一下你的笔可以吗?
verb
PURPOSE 目的
 ESSENTIAL ]ju:z] transitive (used, used)
■to put something such as a tool, skill or building to a particular purpose 用，使用；利用；运用
• This glass has been used - please fetch me a clean one. 这个杯子用过了——请给我拿一个干净的来。
• [+ to infinitive] Use scissors to cut the shapes out. 用剪刀裁剪成形。
• Going on the expedition gives me a chance to use all the training I've had. 出去探险让我有机会把我所接受的训练付诸实践。
• The old hospital isn't used anymore. 这家老旧的医院已经没有在用了。
• These lights are used for illuminating the playing area. 这些灯用于比赛场地的照明。
• To use military force against the protesters would be unacceptable. 绝不能容忍动用军队镇压抗议者。
• informal I could use (= I would like) some help putting these decorations up if you're not too busy. 你如果不太忙的话，我想请你帮忙把这些装饰品挂起来。
verb
REDUCE 减少
 ESSENTIAL ]ju:z] transitive (used, used)
■to reduce the amount of or finish something, by eating it, burning it, writing on it or changing it chemically; to consume 消耗；用掉，用完
• We've used (up) nearly all of the bread - will you buy some more? 我们的面包差不多都吃光了——你能再买一些吗?
• Does she still use drugs? 她还吸毒吗?
• Don't worry if you use the polish up (= finish it) - I'm going shopping tomorrow. 别担心把鞋油用光——明天我要去购物。
verb
TAKE ADVANTAGE 利用 /ju:z] transitive (used, used) usually disapproving
■to take advantage of a person or situation; to exploit 利用（他人或某种情形）
• He's just using you - he'll steal your ideas and then take the credit for them himself. 他只是在利用你——他会窃取你的想法，然后把功劳都算到自己头上。
• It might be possible to use their mistake to help us get what we want. 也许可以利用他们的失误来获取我们想要的东西。
• Within the relationship he feels ill (= badly) used most of the time. 在这段恋情中，他感到大多数时候都在被利用。
verb
IN THE PAST 在过去
use to]'ju:sˌtə]
■In negative sentences and questions, 'use to' replaces 'used to' when it follows 'did' or 'didn't' （在否定句和疑问句中，在 did 或 didn't 后 used to 变为 use to）
• Did he use to be the doctor in 'Star Trek'? 他曾经在《星际迷航》中扮演过医生吗?
• We didn't use to go out much in the winter months. 冬季我们不常出去。
verb
use your head (UK old-fashioned informal use your loaf)
■used to tell someone in a slightly angry way that they should think more carefully about what they are doing （略有些生气地告诉某人）动动脑子
• Why didn't you use your head and cover the furniture before you started painting? 你为甚么不动脑筋想想，在油漆前把家俱罩上？
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] use sth up
 IMPROVER
■to finish a supply of something 用光，用完
• Don't use up all the milk, we need some for breakfast. 不要把牛奶全用完，我们早餐还要喝。
• The Earth's resources are being used up at an alarming rate. 地球上的资源正在以惊人的速度被消耗掉。
noun]juːs/
PURPOSE 目的
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a purpose for which something is used 用途，用处
• A food processor has a variety of uses in the kitchen. 厨房里的食品加工器有多种用途。
• Don't throw that cloth away, you'll find a use for it one day. 不要把那块布扔掉，你总有一天会用得着它。
• No, I don't want to buy a boat - I have no use for one! 不，我不想买船——我买了没用！
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when you use something, or when something is being used 使用；得到利用
• You should be able to put your experience in electronics to (good) use in your new job. 你应该能够把你在电子行业方面的经验（好好）用到你的新工作当中去。
• Don't touch the machine when it's in use. 机器运转时不要触碰。
• Sorry but the escalator is out of (US usuallynot in)use (= not operating). 对不起，自动扶梯停用了。
• There has been some increase in the use of casual labour over recent years. 最近几年，雇用临时工的数量有所增加。
• Traditional farming methods are going out of/coming into use (= used less and less/more and more) in many areas. 传统耕作方式在很多地区用得越来越少／越来越多。
make use of sth
 ADVANCED
■to use something that is available 利用
• We might as well make use of the hotel's facilities. 我们倒不如利用旅馆的设施。
the use of sth
■permission to use something, or the ability to use something 使用…的许可；使用…的能力
• They said we could have the use of their flat at the coast whenever they weren't there. 他们说他们不在的时候我们可以随时使用他们的海滨公寓。
• She hurt her arm in the fall and lost the use of her fingers temporarily. 她摔倒时伤了胳膊，手指头暂时还不能动。
noun]juːs/
REDUCE 减少
countable or uncountable
■when the amount of something available is reduced or finished, by eating it, burning it, writing on it or changing it chemically 耗费，耗用
• Building a dam would be a use of financial resources which this country cannot afford. 修建大坝要耗费财力，这个国家根本负担不起。
noun]juːs/
be (of) (any/some) use
■to be useful 有用；有帮助
• Perhaps his advice will be of use to you when you're older. 等你年纪大一些的时候他的建议或许会有用。
noun]juːs/
be (of) no use IMPROVER
■to not be useful, helpful or possible 没有用；没有帮助；不可能
• His advice turned out to be no use at all. 结果证明他的建议一点儿用处都没有。
• There is no use (in) arguing any more. 再争下去已没有甚么用了。
• It is no use trying (= There is no purpose in trying) to escape - no one ever gets out of here. 想逃跑是没有用的——还没有人从这儿逃出去过。
• It 's no use (= I cannot succeed) - I just can't get this lid off. 我没辙了——这个盖子我怎么也弄不开。
noun]juːs/
What's the use of...? (also What use is...?)
■used to tell someone to stop worrying because worrying will not help （用于劝告某人不要为某事担心）…有甚么用?
• Try not to get depressed - after all, what's the use of worrying? 不要沮丧——话说回来，担心又有甚么用呢？
apply, use, avail, utilize, exploit, employ
这组词都有“使用，应用”的意思，其区别是：
apply: 指将一事物运用于另一事物之上以发挥其有效作用。
use: 普通用词，着重为达到某一目的而利用某人或某物。
avail: 通常指使用手边或就近的人或物以有利于自己。
utilize: 侧重有利可图或能达到某一实际目的。书面用词。
exploit: 强调充分利用。
employ: 指使用处于消极状态或未被用过的人或物，可以与use换用，但强调进行选择、充分利用。
n. 使用；用途；发挥
 - employment, usage, utilization, purpose
vt. 利用；耗费
 - invest, do with
vi. 使用，运用
 - have access to, to utilize

Word: after
Front: after
[ˈɑ:ftə(r)] (中高 120/96 -K5)
Vocabulary: after
(once / 5 pages)
advadj
After is a preposition meaning "later in time" or "behind in space." After many hours of dancing, you'll be sweaty and hungry.
The word after goes all the way back to Sanskrit (meaning "further off" or "beyond"). You can use it in the context of time, as in, "Meet me after dinner and we'll take a walk," or of space, as in, "After you pass the school, you'll see the library on your right." After can also be an adverb. If you like ships, you'll recognize the relationship of after to aft, which means the rear part of the ship.
WORD FAMILY
after
USAGE EXAMPLES
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An angry crowd cursed the government, even after a representative of Mr. Sadr tried to calm them.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a 5-11 season, changes will be demanded of the Jets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. …后的; （表示时间）在…以后; （表示位置、顺序）在…后面
conj. 在…以后
adv. 以后，继后
adj. 后来的，以后的
分布：以后(46%)，后来(13%)，以后的(10%)，关于(9%)，追赶(6%)，在后面(6%)，依照(6%)，在 ... 以后(2%)，在 ... 之后(2%)
→来自PIE *apo, 从，后面，词源同前缀ab-, 单词of。-ter比较级后缀。
prep.在...以后;在...后面adv.以后,后来After graduation, he went to Michigan.毕业后他去了密歇根.
US ['æf.tɚ] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■following in time, place or order （时间、地点或顺序）在…之后；（一个）接着（一个）
• Shall we go for a walk after breakfast? 我们吃过早餐去散步好吗？
• Some people believe in life after death. 一些人相信死后灵魂依然存在。
• Her name came after mine on the list. 名单上她的名字排在我后面。
• There's a good film on the day after tomorrow. 后天有一部不错的电影。
• She waited until well after midnight. 她一直等到深夜很晚的时候。
• US It's a quarter after four. 四点十五分了。
• She just keeps on working, day after day , week after week (= continuously). 她日复一日地工作下去。
• We've had meeting after meeting (= many meetings) to discuss this point. 我们一次又一次地开会讨论这个问题。
• Jessie seemed very small after (= in comparison with) Michael's children. 与麦克的孩子比起来，杰西显得很矮小。
• After (= Despite) everything I've done for you, is this the way you treat me? 我甚么都为你做了，你就这样对待我吗？
• After (= Because of) what she did to me, I'll never trust her again. 她对我做出这种事情，我再也不会信任她了。
• The children have to learn to tidy up after themselves (= after they have made things untidy). 孩子必须意识到，自己弄乱了东西，就得自己收拾整齐。
• She slammed the door after (= behind) her. 她随手砰地关上了门。
• We ran after (= followed) him, but he escaped. 我们去追他，但是他逃脱了。
• Could you lock up after you (= when you leave) , please? 请你离开时锁好门好吗？
be after sb/sth informal
■to be looking for someone or something or trying to find or get them 寻找；追求；追捕
• The police are after him. 警方正在追捕他。
• I'm after a tie to go with this shirt. 我要找一条和这件衬衫相配的领带。
• I'm sure she's after my husband. 我敢肯定她在打我丈夫的主意。
• He's after (= wants for himself) Jane's job. 他要抢简的饭碗。
after you
■used to politely say that someone can go in front of you or serve themselves with food before you （用于让别人先走或先用饮食）你先请
• "Can I pour you some coffee?" "Oh no, after you." “我给你倒点咖啡吧？”“噢，不用，你先来吧。”
■UK informal
■used to ask another person to give you something which they are using when they have finished using it （用于请求在某人之后使用…）
• After you with the newspaper, Jack. 杰克，你看完报纸给我看看。
■typical of or similar to the style of 具有…风格；模仿…
• a painting after Titian 一幅模仿提香的画作
• a concerto after Mozart 模仿莫劄特风格的协奏曲
UK ['ɑ:f.tər] US ['æf.tɚ] preposition
after all ADVANCED
■despite earlier problems or doubts 终究
• The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all. 雨已经停了，所以比赛还会继续下去。
■used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true 毕竟
• I do like her - after all, she is my sister. 我当然喜欢她，毕竟她是我姐姐呀。
UK ['ɑ:f.tər] US ['æf.tɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■later than someone or something else 以后，后来；向后；在后面
• Hilary got here at midday and Nicholas arrived soon after. 希拉蕊中午到了这里，随后不久尼古拉斯也到了。
• I can't go next week - how about the week after (= the following week) ? 下星期我去不了，下下星期怎么样？
• not standard She got back at 4.30 and went to see Emilie after (= after she got back). 她四点半回来的，随后就去探望艾蜜莉了。
UK ['ɑ:f.tər] US ['æf.tɚ] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■at a time which is later than another event 在…之后
• Three months after they moved out, the house was still empty. 他们搬出去三个月了，这座房子仍然空着。
• Soon/shortly after we joined the motorway, the car started to make a strange noise. 我们上了高速公路不久，车子就发出奇怪的噪音。
• I went to the post office straight/immediately after I left you. 离开你以后我马上／立刻就去了邮局。
after, in
after: 接时间点， after 7:00,
in: 接时间段 in five minutes
after, behind, at the back of
这些词均有“在……后面”之意。
after: 和behind用来表地点时，前者强调的是顺序的先后，而后者侧重方向和位置的前后关系。请比较：The student sat after me.那个学生坐在我后面。(我坐在他前面)。The student sat behind me.那学生坐在我背后。after与behind用于指时间时，前者强调时间的先后顺序，而后者则着重于表示“落后……”或“迟于……”的概念。试比较：Who ruled after James I?詹姆斯一世之后是谁统治的?You are forty minutes behind schedule.你比规定的时间迟了40分钟。after多用于表示因时间上的先后而造成顺序的前后场合，behind则常用于仅指位置上的前后关系。请比较：Please shut the door after you.请随手关门。Please shut the door behind you.请关上你身后的门。
at the back of: 这个前置词短语既可指具体的位置的先后，又可用于指抽象的概念。
adv. 后来，以后
 - since, subsequently
prep. 在……之后
 - in the back of
adj. 以后的
 - succeeding

Word: much
Front: much
[mʌtʃ] (中高 146/164 -K5)
Vocabulary: much
(once / 6 pages)
adjadvn
Use the adjective much to mean "a lot" or "a large amount." If you don't get much sleep the night before a big test, you don't get a lot. If you get too much sleep, you may sleep through your alarm and miss the test.
Much is used as an adjective or adverb, but it always means a large quantity, extent, or degree. When something hurts very much, it's very painful, and when your friend says your gift is very much appreciated, she's emphasizing how happy it made her. The Middle English version of this word was muchel, "large," from the Old English micel, "great in amount or extent."
WORD FAMILY
much: mucher, muches, muchly, muchness, overmuch+/overmuch: overmuchness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s unclear how much the contract will be worth once the golf course opens and starts operating.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The fish are much cheaper than the mice traditionally used in such experiments.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 非常; 差不多; 很多地; 很大程度上
adj. 许多的，大量的
pron. 很多; 大量; 很好的东西; （与不可数名词连用，尤用于否定句，或与 how 连用以询问数量，也可与 as、so 和 too 连用）许多
分布：许多(34%)，非常(25%)，很(17%)，许多的(17%)，几乎(7%)
→来自英语micel,大的，多的，来自meg,大的，多的，词源同magnate,maximum.后用做 副词。
a.多的,大量的ad.十分,非常;到极大程度I learn that learned earnest men earn much by learning.我得知有学问而认真的人靠学问挣很多钱.
determiner (more, most)
 ESSENTIAL
■a large amount or to a large degree 多（的），大量（的）
• I don't earn much money. 我赚钱不多。
• You haven't said much, Joan - what do you think? 你说得不多，琼——你怎么想？
• I like her very much. 我非常喜欢她。
• I don't think there's much to be gained by catching an earlier train. 我认为赶更早的火车没甚么好处。
• The children never eat (very) much, but they seem quite healthy. 孩子都吃得不多，但他们看来很健康。
• "Is there any wine left?" " Not much." “还有酒吗？”“不多了。”
• There's not/nothing much to do around here. 这里没太多事可以做。
• How much (= What amount of) sugar do you take in your coffee? 你的咖啡里要放多少糖？
• How much do these shoes cost? 这双鞋子多少钱？
• I spend too much on clothes. 我在衣服上花费太多了。
• I don't have as much time as (= I have less time than) I would like for visiting my friends. 我没有足够的时间拜访朋友。
• Because of the rain, we weren't able to spend much of the day on the beach. 因为下雨，那天我们未能在海滩上呆很久。
• Have you seen/heard much of Polly (= often seen or heard about her) recently? 你最近常见到波莉／听到波莉的消息吗？
• I'd very much like to visit them sometime. 我真想找个时间去拜访他们。
• One day I hope I'll be able to do as much (= the same amount) for you as you've done for me. 希望有一天我能报答你。
• Things around here are much as always/usual/ever (= have not changed a lot). 这里的情况没甚么变化。
• The two schools are much the same (= very similar). 这两所学校非常相似。
• Much to our surprise, (= We were very surprised that) they accepted our offer. 令我们大为惊讶的是，他们接受了我们的出价。
• I'm not much good at knitting (= do not do it very well). 我不太擅长编织。
• This is a much (= often) discussed issue. 这是个人们经常讨论的问题。
• Brian's become a much (= greatly) changed person since his car accident. 遭遇车祸后，布赖恩好像变成了另一个人。
• I've been feeling much healthi er (= a lot more healthy) since I became a vegetarian. 自从开始吃素后，我感觉健康多了。
• The repairs to our car cost much more than we were expecting. 修车费比我们预料的贵得多。
• I'm very much aware of the problem. 我很清楚这个问题。
• She's much the best person for the job (= She is certainly better than everyone else). 她无疑是这个职位的最佳人选。
• I would much rather have my baby at home than in hospital. 我宁愿在家中生孩子，也不要去医院。
• She is as much a friend to me as a mother (= although she is my mother, she is also a friend). 她既是我的母亲，又是我的朋友。
■informal
■used at the end of a negative sentence to suggest the opposite of what you have just said （用在否定句末表示相反的意思）
• I can see you don't like chocolate - much! 我看得出你不喜欢吃巧克力——才怪！
much too much
■a far larger amount of something than you want or need 太多
• You've drunk much too much to drive. 你喝得实在太多了，不能驾车。
too much
 ESSENTIAL
■more than someone can deal with 多得不能应付
• I can't look after six children at my age - it's too much. 我这个年纪照顾不了六个孩子——太多了。
a bit much
■unreasonable and unfair 太过分，太不像话
• I think it's a bit much for you to expect me to do all the cleaning. 你竟然想我做好所有的打扫工作——你是不是太过分了。
• And you had to work till eight? That's a bit much! 你要一直工作到八点？太不像话了！
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
as much
■If you say that you thought/expected/said as much, it means that something bad that you thought/expected/said would happen has happened 早想到／料到／说过
• I knew he'd fail - I said as much at the time. 我知道他会失败——我早就说过了。
■the same 同样
• Go on, lend me the money - you know I'd do as much for you. 快点，借钱给我吧——你知道我也会同样借钱给你的。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
as much again UK
■the same amount again 多一倍
• My fare was nearly £10, and it was almost as much again for the children. 我的船费将近10英镑，孩子的加起来差不多是我的两倍。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
as much as
■almost 几乎，差不多
• He as much as admitted that it was his fault. 他实际上已经承认那是他的错。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
as much as you can do UK
■If you say something is as much as you can do, you manage to do it, but with great difficulty 竭尽全力才能做到
• I felt so ill this morning, it was as much as I could do to get out of bed. 我今天早上病得很厉害，几乎下不了床。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
much as
■although 虽然，即使
• Much as I would like to help you, I'm afraid I'm simply too busy at the moment. 虽然我很想帮你，但恐怕现在我太忙了。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
much less
■and certainly not 更不用说，更何况
• Tony can barely boil an egg, much less cook dinner. 托尼连鸡蛋都煮不好，更别提煮晚餐了。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
not go much on sth UK informal
■to dislike something 不喜欢
• I don't go much on white wine. 我不爱喝白葡萄酒。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
not so much sth as sth
■If you say that something is not so much one thing as something else, you mean it is more the second thing 与其说是…还不如说是…
• They're not so much lovers as friends. 他们与其说是恋人，不如说是朋友。
• I don't feel angry so much as sad. 与其说我愤怒，例不如说我悲哀。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
so much
■a particular amount 那么多
• By the time you've paid so much for the ferry and so much for the train fare, it would be cheaper to go by plane. 到头来你为船费和火车费付了那么多钱，还不如坐飞机便宜呢。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
so much for sth
■used to express disappointment and anger at the fact that a situation is not as you thought it was …到此为止，…只好作罢（表示失望或恼火）
• The car's broken down again. So much for our trip to the seaside. 汽车又出毛病了，我们去海边的旅程只好作罢。
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
  Common Learner Errors  much or many? Much and many are used in formal positive sentences. Use much to refer to uncountable nouns. Don't say 'much cars/facts/dollars', say much traffic/information/money. With nouns that have a plural form, don't use 'much', use many :
✗ There are much interesting places to visit in Venice. There are many interesting places to visit in Venice. In less formal sentences and in negative sentences, you can use a lot of with both countable and uncountable nouns: I don't have a lot of money. We visited a lot of interesting places.
[mʌtʃ] determiner (more, most)
  Common Learner Errors  very much Warning: do not use very much between the verb and the object in a sentence. Don't say 'do very much something, say do something very much or very much do something :
✗ I enjoyed very much my stay in England. I enjoyed my stay in England very much. I very much enjoyed my stay in England.
[mʌtʃ] pronoun adverb
■(something) of good quality 优秀的事物；了不起，十分出色
• He's not much to look at , but he has a wonderful personality. 他长相不怎么好看，但性格很好。
• I've never been much of a dancer (= good at dancing, or interested in doing it). 我对舞蹈从不在行。
• There's not/nothing much on TV tonight. 今晚电视上没甚么好看的。
many, a lot of, much
many: 和可数名词连用,  I haven't many books.
a lot of: 可数,不可数均可,但不用于否定句
much: 和不可数名词连用,
adv. 非常，很
 - badly, extremely, greatly, quite, highly, too
adj. 大量的
 - massive, extensive, substantial, macro, volume
n. 许多，大量
 - lots of, sea, ocean, wealth, hundred

Word: could
Front: could
[kəd] (中 71/55 -K5)
Back: aux. “can”的过去式; 能够，打算; 用于假设语气的条件句; 用于虚拟语气的结论句
分布：能(57%)，可以(26%)，可能(16%)，can的过去式(1%)
→来自can，能。-d, 过去分词后缀。
v.aux.(口语)(表示许可或请求)可以...,行He was busy, therefore he could not come.他很忙,因此他不能来.
verb
CAN 能
 ESSENTIAL
■past simple of can, used to talk about what someone or something was able or allowed to do （表示能够或允许）能，可以
• When I was younger I could stay up all night and not get tired. 我年轻时，一通宵不睡觉都不觉得累。
• It was so noisy that we couldn't hear ourselves speak. 太吵了，我们连自己说话都听不见。
• You said we could watch television when we've finished our homework. 你说过我们完成功课后可以看电视。
• We asked if the computer could access the Internet. 我们询问这台电脑能否上网。
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] verb
  Common Learner Errors  couldCould is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'could to do something', say could do something :
✗ We're glad you could to come to our party. We're glad you could come to our party.
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
PERMISSION 许可
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a more polite form of 'can' when asking for permission （礼貌地请求许可）可以，能
• Could I speak to Mr Davis, please? 我可以和戴维斯先生通话吗？
• Excuse me, could I just say something? 对不起，我可以讲几句话吗？
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
REQUEST 请求
 ESSENTIAL
■used as a more polite form of 'can' when asking someone to provide something or do something （礼貌地请求提供某物或做某事）能，可以
• Could you lend me £5? 你能借我五英镑吗？
• Could you possibly turn that music down a little, please? 你能把音乐声调低一点吗？
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express possibility, especially slight or uncertain possibility （尤用于表示微小或不确定的可能性）可以，能，也许
• A lot of crime could be prevented. 许多犯罪活动是可以防止的。
• She could arrive anytime now. 她现在随时会到。
• This new drug could be an important step in the fight against cancer. 这种新药可能是攻克癌症过程中迈出的重要一步。
• Be careful with that stick - it could have gone in my eye! 留心那根棍子——它差点戳到我的眼睛！
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
SUGGEST 建议
 ESSENTIAL
■used for making a suggestion （用于提出建议）可以，能
• We could go for a drink after work tomorrow, if you like. 要是你愿意，明天我们下班后可以去喝上一杯。
• You could always call Susie and see if she might babysit. 你随时可以给苏茜打电话，看看她能否帮你照顾孩子。
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
SHOULD 应该
■used for saying, especially angrily, what you think someone else should do （尤指生气地对某人表示不满）应该
• Well, you could try to look a little more enthusiastic! 喂，你应该表现得热心一点！
• I waited ages for you - you could've said that you weren't coming! 我等了你很久——你应该提前说一声你不来！
[strong form kʊd] [weak form kəd] modal verb
could do with sth informal
■If you could do with something, you want it very much 很想要…
• I could do with a rest. 我很想休息一会儿。

Word: company
Front: company
[ˈkʌmpəni] (中高托雅 189/151 -K5)
Vocabulary: company
(once / 18 pages)
1n 2n 3nv
Company most often implies a group, whether it be a group of people, a unit of firefighters, a small group of soldiers, or a group working for the same business.
Company can also refer to a visitor, often for dinner. This usage is both singular and plural, so if your mom says "there's company coming for dinner," you will need to know how many places to set at the table. There are more than a few idioms using the word company. When you are with someone, you “keep company” with them. For the more dour, there is “misery loves company."
WORD FAMILY
company: companied, companies, companying
USAGE EXAMPLES
For now, however, the company is scrambling just to get him something other than white.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors say he rented the penthouse flat in China cheaply from a shareholder of broadcast company Wave Media.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
And otherwise credible professionals like the lawyer David Boies remain on the company’s board.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 公司，商号; 作伴，伴侣，客人; 连队，中队; （社交）集会，聚会
时态：companied, companying, companies
分布：公司(91%)，陪伴(3%)，商号(2%)，同伴(2%)，客人(1%)，一群(1%)
→com-, 强调。-pan, 面包，词源同food, pantry. 本义为一起吃面包的人，同伴，后词义外延为连队，公司。比较mate, 词源同meat.
同伴;公司(共同有面包吃)[pan=bread(面包)]
n.公司;陪伴;宾客;连(队),(一)群,队,伙In the company my companion accompanied me until I accomplished polishing the shoes.在公司里同伴陪着我直到我完成檫鞋(任务).
noun
BUSINESS 公司
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an organization which sells goods or services in order to make money 公司
• He works for a software company/a company that makes software. 他在一家软体公司工作。
• I work for Duggan and Company. 我在达根公司工作。
• No smoking is company policy. 禁止吸烟是公司的规定。
  Common Learner Errors  companyWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of company , don't write 'companys', write companies.
['kʌm.pə.ni] noun
OTHER PEOPLE 别人
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when you are with a person or people, or the person or people you are with 作伴；陪伴；同伴
• I just enjoy his company. 有他陪伴我感到很愉快。
• It was a long journey and I was grateful for his company. 旅途漫漫，我感谢有他作伴。
• I enjoy my own company (= I like being alone). 我喜欢独处。
• I travelled in the company of (= with) two teachers as far as Istanbul. 我和两位老师结伴同行，一直到了伊斯坦堡。
• I'd rather you didn't mention it when we're in company (= with other people). 在别人面前，我觉得你最好不要提起那件事。
• I didn't realize you had company (= were with someone/people). 我不知道你有同伴。
• Margot came to stay for a week as company for my mother while I was away. 在我离家期间，玛歌到我家来住了一个星期，给我母亲作伴。
• With only her thoughts for company (= Being alone) , she walked slowly along the seafront. 她慢慢地沿着海滨散步，独自一人沉思着。
⇒ See also accompany
be good company
■to be pleasant and entertaining to be with 是个好伙伴
• You'll like Rosie - she's good company. 你会喜欢罗斯的——她是个好伙伴。
for company
■If you do something for company, you do it to make you feel as if you are not alone 为了有个伴，为了不冷清
• I usually have the radio on for company. 我一般会开着收音机，为的是有个伴。
keep sb company
■to stay with someone so that they are not alone 与（某人）作伴，陪伴（某人）
• I'll keep you company till the train comes. 火车到来之前我会一直陪着你。
['kʌm.pə.ni] noun
THEATRICAL GROUP 剧团
 IMPROVER countable
■a group of actors, singers or dancers who perform together 剧团；演出团；歌舞团
• She's in the Royal National Theatre Company. 她是皇家国立剧团的演员。
• I'd like to thank the director, the choreographer and the other members of the company for being so supportive. 我想对导演、舞蹈编导及剧团其他成员的大力支持表示感谢。
['kʌm.pə.ni] noun
GROUP 群体
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large group of soldiers. especially a division of a battalion （尤指军队中营下辖的）连，连队
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■an organized group of young women who are Guides 女童军大队
• My cousin and I joined the same Guide company. 我表姐和我加入了同一支女童军大队。
['kʌm.pə.ni] noun
be in good company
■to have the same problem as many other people （有同样问题的）大有人在
• "I can't play tennis - I'm hopeless at it!" "Oh well, you're in good company." “我不会打网球——我对网球一窍不通！”“噢，是吗，像你这样的大有人在。”
['kʌm.pə.ni] noun
the company sb keeps
■the influence of the people that someone spends time with （某人）所交往的人，与（某人）为伍的人
• "Where does he pick up words like that?" "It's the company he keeps." “他从哪里学到那种话？”“从他结交的朋友那里。”
• He's been keeping bad company (= spending time with unsuitable people). 他交了一些不三不四的朋友。　
firm, company, corporation
这组词都有“公司”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company: 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation: 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
n. [贸易] 公司；陪伴，同伴；连队
 - corporation, establishment, firm, incorporation
vi. 交往
 - travel, associate, sort, mix
vt. 陪伴
 - attend, accompany

Word: last
Front: last
[lɑ:st] (高 130/119 -K2)
Vocabulary: last
(once / 7 pages)
1adjadvn 2v 3adjadv 4adj 5adj 6n 7n
Something that's last comes at the very end, after any others of its kind. The last day of the year is December 31st.
If you eat the last slice of pizza, you take the final one — it's the only one left in the take-out box. And if you catch the last plane to Bermuda, there are no more flights today. The runner who comes in last is behind everyone else, and a poet's last words are the final ones she speaks during her lifetime, before she dies. As a verb, last means "remain" or "survive."
WORD FAMILY
last: lasted, lasting, lastly, lasts+/lasting: lastinger, lastingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
None of that mattered to McSorley, not after his last pass.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
That’s what happened in 2011, the last time Dayton faced full GOP control.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 末尾; 最后; 上个; 鞋楦（做鞋的模型）
vt. 经受住; 到…之后; 够用; 足够维持（尤指某段时间）
adj. 最近的; 最后的; 最不可能的; 惟一剩下的
vi. 持续
adv. 上一次，最近一次; 最后
时态：lasted, lasting, lasts
分布：最后(44%)，持续(33%)，维持(9%)，最后的(8%)，最近的(2%)，最近一次(2%)，末尾的(1%)，上一个的(1%)
→缩写自latest,最后的，late的原最高级拼写形式。last 坚持，持续，鞋楦
a.最后的,刚过去的ad.最后n.最后v.持续The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
 ESSENTIAL
■(the person or thing) after everyone or everything else 最终（的），最后（的）；最后一个
• [+ to infinitive] I hate being the last one to arrive at a meeting. 我不愿意开会时最后一个到。
• Our house is the last one on the left before the traffic lights. 我们家是交通信号灯前左侧的最后一家。
• The Mets will surely finish the season in last place (= at the lowest rank of their division). 梅茨队本赛季肯定要垫底了。
• I know Johnson finished last in the race, but who was second to last (= the one before the one at the end) ? 我知道约翰逊在比赛中倒数第一，但谁是倒数第二呢？
• I don't know why he bothers to bet - his horses always come in last. 我不明白他为甚么还要去下注——他选的马总是落在最后面。
• At the last moment (= as late as possible) he changed his mind. 在最后一刻他改了主意。
• He always leaves important decisions to the last (possible) moment (= as late as possible). 在重大问题上他总要拖到最后一刻才作决定。
at (long) last
 ESSENTIAL
■finally 终于，最终
• I've finished my essay at last! 我终于把论文写完了！
• At long last the government is starting to listen to our problems. 政府最后终于开始关注我们的问题了。
the last person/thing, etc.
 ADVANCED
■the least expected or wanted person or thing 最让人想不到的人／事；最不想见的人／最不愿做的事
• Three extra people to feed - that's the last thing I need! 再多养活三口人——我可受不了！
• The last thing I wanted was to make you unhappy. 我最不愿见到的就是惹你不开心。
• Matthew is the last person I'd expect to be interested in dance. 我认为马修是最不喜欢跳舞的人。
• He's the last person I'd trust with my keys. 我最不放心把锁匙托付给他了。
last thing (at night)
■at the latest time in the day 在一天的最后
• I'll switch on the washing machine last thing so it'll be finished when I get up in the morning. 晚上睡觉前我会开启洗衣机，这样等我早晨起床后衣服就洗好了。
the last time
■If you say that it is the last time you will do something, you mean that you will never do it again 最后一次
• He never even thanked me, so that's the last time I do him a favour. 他甚至从未向我表示过感谢，因此从那以后我也再没有帮过他。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
have the last laugh
■to finally get an advantage from an argument or disagreement, when it seemed that you would not 笑到最后，取得最后的胜利
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
last but not least
■importantly, despite being mentioned after everyone else 最后但同样重要的
• I would like to thank my publisher, my editor and, last but not least, my husband. 我要感谢出版商、编辑，最后同样要感谢我的丈夫。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
the last but one (US also the next to last) ADVANCED
■the one before the final one 倒数第二
• I'm almost finished - this is the last but one box to empty. 我马上就要完工了——现在还有最后两个箱子要清空。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
to the last formal
■until something is complete or has been achieved 直到最后一刻
• I think my position is right, and I'll defend it to the last. 我认为自己的立场没有错，我会坚持到底。
■until the end of someone's life 直到死亡
• She was a true patriot to the last. 她自始至终都是一位真正的爱国者。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
(down) to the last ...
■including all of the thing mentioned: used to emphasize what you are saying （用于强调所说的话）包括一切，包括全部
• The model of the village is accurate down to the last detail. 这个村庄的模型精确到了每个细节。
• He has calculated the costs down to the last penny. 他把每一便士的费用都计算在内了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
to the last (man)
■until every person is dead 直到最后（一个人）
• Both sides have declared themselves ready to fight to the last man. 双方都声称要战斗到底，直到最后一个人。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
  Common Learner Errors  last but not least There is no preposition in this expression. Do not say 'at last but not least', just say last but not least :
✗ I wrote to my mum and dad, my teacher and, at last but not least, my best friend Rachel.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun noun
  Common Learner Errors  at last or finally? Warning: choose the correct adverb! To introduce the last point or idea, usually at the beginning of a sentence, don't say 'at last', say finally :
✗ At last, I would like to thank you all for listening. Finally, I would like to thank you all for listening.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(being) the only one or part that is left 最后的，最末的；最后的一个或一部分
• Do you mind if I have the last chocolate? 你介意我把最后一块巧克力吃了吗？
• I'm down to my last 50p - could I borrow some money for lunch? 我只剩最后50便士了——我能借点钱吃午饭吗？
• I'm afraid Martha's eaten the last of the ice cream. 恐怕玛莎已经把最后一个霜淇淋吃掉了。
• She was the last of the great educational reformers. 她是唯一健在的伟大的教育改革家。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
as a last resort (UK also in the last resort)
■if all other methods fail 作为最后一招，在万不得已的时候
• British police are supposed to use guns only as a last resort. 英国警方只有在万不得已的时候才能开枪。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
hear/see the last of sth informal
■If you hear/see the last of something or someone unpleasant or difficult, they do not cause you trouble again 从此不再听／看到；到此为止，就此了断
• I paid them £100 for the damage and I hope that's the last I'll hear of it. 我赔了他们100英镑，希望从此能彻底了断这个事情。
• You haven't heard the last of this! - I'll see you in court. 你的这件事还没完！——我们法庭上见。
• He's horrible - I really hope we've seen the last of him. 他太讨人厌了——我真的希望我们从此能不再和他打交道了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
not hear the end/last of sth
■to be told repeatedly about something 反覆听，没完没了地听
• We'll never hear the last of it if they win that competition. 如果他们赢了那场比赛，我们的耳根就不得清静了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
on your last legs informal
■A person who is on their last legs is very tired or near to death 快累死了；奄奄一息了
• We'd been out walking all day and I was on my last legs when we reached the hotel. 我们出去走了整整一天，到达饭店时我都快累死了。
• It looks as though her grandfather's on his last legs. 她爷爷看起来快不行了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective [before noun] noun pronoun noun uncountable
on its last legs informal
■Something that is on its last legs is in such bad condition that it will soon be unable to work as it should 快用坏了，快用到头了
• I've had the same TV for fifteen years now and it's really on its last legs. 这台电视机我已经用了15年了，现在的确是快要报废了。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■(being) the most recent or the one before the present one 上一次（的），最近（的），最后（的）；最后的一次
• Did you hear the storm last night (= during the previous night) ? 你听到昨晚的暴风雨声了吗？
• Did you see the news on TV last night (= yesterday evening) ? 昨晚那条电视新闻你看了吗？
• They got married last November. 去年11月他们结婚了。
• When was the last time you had a cigarette? 你上一次吸烟是在甚么时候？
• When did you last have a cigarette? 你最后一次吸烟是在甚么时候？
• She's been working there for the last month (= for the four weeks until now). 自上个月起她一直在那里工作。
• formal Could you account for your whereabouts on Sunday last? 你能说说上个星期天你都去甚么地方了吗？
• The/These last five years have been very difficult for him. 过去的五年他过得非常艰难。
• The last we heard of her, she was working as an English teacher in France. 上一次我们听到她的消息，她是在法国当英语教师。
• Each of her paintings has been better than the last. 她的油画作品一幅比一幅有进步。
  Common Learner Errors  last or latest? Warning: choose the correct adjective! To talk about the newest or most recent or modern thing to be produced, don't say 'last', say latest : She always wears the latest fashions.
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] adjective adverb pronoun
the week/month/year before last ADVANCED
■during the week/month/year before the previous one 上上周／上上个月／前年
• We had lunch together the week before last. 上上周我们一起吃过午饭。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun] last 1 ESSENTIAL
* to continue to exist 持续，延续，继续
• The meeting lasted two hours. 会议持续了两个小时。
• The drought lasted for several months. 干旱持续了好几个月。
• They say the snow will last until the end of next week. 他们说这场雪要一直下到下周末。
• I can't see the ceasefire lasting. 我认为停火不会持续下去。
• They haven't had an argument for two weeks, but it's too good to last (= they'll have an argument soon). 他们已经两周没吵架了，但这种状态恐怕持续不了多久。
• I doubt their enthusiasm will last. 我怀疑他们只是一时的心血来潮。
• He's working very efficiently at the moment, but it won't last. 目前他的工作效率很高，但不会持续很久。
 ESSENTIAL
■to continue being good or suitable 维持，保持
• There's no point buying something that isn't going to last. 买些不耐用的东西根本毫无意义。
• The cheaper washing machines should last about five years. 比较便宜的洗衣机大约可以使用五年。
• This pen should last (you) a lifetime if you look after it. 如果注意爱护，这支钢笔可以用上一辈子。
• Her previous secretary only lasted a month (= left after this period). 她的前任秘书只做了一个月。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun]
not last long (UK also not last five minutes)
■to fail or be unsuccessful very soon 快失败了；长不了
• You won't last long in your job if you carry on being so rude to the customers. 如果你继续这样粗暴地对待顾客，那么你这份工作就做不了多久了。
• He wouldn't last five minutes in the police force - it's far too tough for him. 他在员警队伍里留不了多久——他受不了那份苦。
UK [lɑ:st] US [læst] verb intransitive [L only + noun]
  Phrasal Verbs  [L] last out
■to manage to stay alive 维持生存，设法活下来
• How long can they last out without food? 没有食物他们能活多久？
• He won't last out the night. 他活不过今天晚上。
final, last, ultimate, latest
final: 最后的，指在一系列的事物中是最后的，而且是结论性的，决定性的。如：The judgment has become final.(这已是最后的判断。)
last: 最后的，与first相对，还可指“上一次的”。如：My seat is in the last row.
ultimate: 最终的，最后的，用于正式场合，含有最高的和最有权威的结果。如：He never considered the ultimate result of his action.(他从未考虑其行为的后果。)
latest: 最近的，指时间上。如：the latest news(最新消息)
last, continue, endure, persist
这组词都有“持续”的意思，其区别是：
last: 着重存在的时间相当长，超过正常的或所期望的时间。
continue: 多指过程，强调持续而无终止，常含不间断之意。
endure: 与last同义，但还指经受住，有能耐忍受而并不受损。
persist: 强调超过了指定的或正常的时间。
n. 末尾，最后；上个；鞋楦（做鞋的模型）
 - foot, tail-end
adj. 最后的；最近的，最新的；仅剩的；最不可能…的
 - recent, finishing, latest, current, nearest
vi. 持续；维持，够用；持久
 - abide, persist
vt. 度过，拖过；使维持
 - spend, weather through
adv. 最后地；上次，最近；最后一点
 - recently, newly, of late

Word: firm
Front: firm
[fɜ:m] (高研四六托雅 902/607 -K5)
Vocabulary: firm
(once / 43 pages)
1adjv 2adjadv 3n
The adjective firm describes something that's strong and unwavering. If your great Aunt Martha had a firm belief that children should be seen and not heard, you and your siblings might have spent your childhood driving her crazy.
Something that is solid can also be described as firm. When you take a stick of butter out of the fridge, it's firm, and it needs to soften before you cream it with sugar. Another definition for the adjective firm is unwavering or loyal. You might be a firm supporter of your favorite baseball team, even though they haven't made it to a World Series in more than twenty years.
WORD FAMILY
firm: firmed, firmer, firmest, firming, firmly, firmness, firms, infirm, unfirm+/firmness: firmnesses/ infirm: infirmer, infirmity, infirmly/ infirmity: infirmities
USAGE EXAMPLES
This year, as usual, the firm invited alumni, including me, to its holiday party at the Plaza Hotel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The firm defines luxury buildings as those that command rents in the top 20% of the market.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief of one British firm at the Las Vegas event said the criticism was well-founded.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坚固的，坚牢的; 坚定的，坚决的; 严格的; 确定的
vt. & vi. 使坚固; 使坚实
n. 商号，商行; 公司; 企业; 工作集体
adv. 坚定地，稳固地
vt. 使坚定，使牢固
vi. 变坚实，变稳固
时态：firmed, firming, firms
分布：公司(81%)，坚定的(6%)，商行(5%)，坚固的(2%)，坚定地(2%)，确定(1%)，严格的(1%)，稳固地(1%)，结实的(1%)
→来自dher, 支撑，握住，坚硬，词源同dharma,throne. 后用来指公司，商行。
a.坚固的;坚决的,坚定的n.公司,商号The firm fireman first overcame thirst desire.坚定的消防员首先克服口渴欲望.
US [fɝ:m] adjective
HARD 坚硬的
 ADVANCED
■not soft but not completely hard 结实的；坚固的
• I'd rather sleep on a firm mattress than a soft one. 我宁愿睡硬床垫，也不要软的。
• These pears are still too firm to eat. 这些梨还太硬，没法吃。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
FIXED 牢固的
 ADVANCED
■well fixed in place or position 牢固的；稳固的
• The bridge provided a firm platform for the bungee jumpers. 这座桥为高空弹跳者提供了稳固的平台。
 ADVANCED
■fixed at the same level or opinion and not changing 坚定的；坚决的；坚定不移的
• The government remains firm in its opposition to tax reform. 政府仍坚决反对税收改革。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
STRONG 有力的
 ADVANCED
■strong and tight 强而有力的；坚决的
• a firm handshake 强而有力的握手
• Keep a firm hold of the handrail as you go down. 下去时要牢牢抓住扶手。
• figurative No one seems to have a firm grip on the company at the moment. 目前似乎没有人能牢牢掌控公司。
• figurative You need a firm grasp of mathematics to become an astronaut. 要成为太空人，数学知识必须非常扎实。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
CERTAIN 确定的
 ADVANCED
■certain and not likely to change; definite 确定的；坚定不移的
• He is a firm believer in traditional family values. 他坚信应遵循传统的家庭价值观念。
• Some people still claim that there is no firm evidence linking smoking with lung cancer. 有人仍声称没有确凿的证据证明吸烟与肺癌有关。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
FORCEFUL 强而有力的
■forceful and making people do what you want 严格的，强硬的
• I was always very firm with my children - they knew the rules and I made sure they kept to them. 我对孩子总是很严格——他们知道规矩，我则监督他们守规矩。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
a firm hand
■strong control 牢固控制；铁腕
• Reforming these young offenders will require a firm hand. 对这些少年犯进行改造需要严格的管教手段。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] adjective
hold/stand firm
■to remain in the same place or at the same level 呆在原地；坚持不动；保持不变
• The protesters stood firm as the police tried to disperse them. 员警试图驱散示威者，但他们坚守阵地，一动不动。
• The pound held firm against the Deutschmark today. 今天英镑稳住了对德国马克的汇价。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a company or business 公司；商号
• He works for a law firm called Neil and Vigliano. 他在一家名为尼尔和维利亚诺的律师事务所工作。
• He's just started working for an accountancy firm/a firm of accountants in Cambridge. 他刚刚开始在剑桥的一家会计师事务所工作。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
MAKE HARD 使坚实
transitive
■to make soil harder by pressing on it 使（土）变硬；使（土）坚实
• Firm the soil around the cuttings and water them in. 把插条四周的土压实，再浇上水。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
STOP CHANGING 不变
intransitive specialized
■to stop changing or to remain at the same level, amount, etc 稳定下来；保持不变
• After a turbulent week on the markets, share prices firmed today. 经过一周的市场动荡，股票价格今天稳定了下来。
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] firm sth up
■to make something more definite or less likely to change 落实；敲定
• Could we have a meeting so we can firm up the details of our agreement? 我们能不能开个会，把协议细节确定下来？
UK [fɜ:m] US [fɝ:m] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] firm (sth) up
■to make a part of your body have less fat and more muscle by doing exercise （透过锻炼）（使）（身体部位）结实，（使）紧实
• Cycling is one of the best ways to firm up your thighs. 想让大腿变得结实，骑自行车是最好的方法之一。
• My stomach has begun to firm up since I started exercising. 自从做运动以来，我的腹部开始结实起来了。
firm, stable, steady
这组词都有“稳固的”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 指牢固不可动摇或意志、信仰的坚定。
stable: 多指根基牢固，平衡良好，也指性格或位置等的稳定，不可移动或改变。
steady: 指保持平衡不动摇。用于有形物时，指没有根基的稳固，也指动中的稳。
firm, company, corporation
这组词都有“公司”的意思，其区别是：
firm: 含义广泛，可指公司、商行或商号。规模可大可小，经营、管理的人员可多可少。
company: 多指生产或销售产品的公司、商号，也可指经办服务性项目的公司。
corporation: 多指一个人拥有或多人联办的大公司，也指在其它地区或国家拥有分公司的公司。
solid, firm, hard
这组词都有“坚定的，结实的”的意思，其区别是：
solid: 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。
firm: 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。
hard: 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。
adj. 坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的
 - committed, strict, precise, rigid, confirmed
vt. 使坚定；使牢固
 - steady
adv. 稳固地
 - steadily
n. 公司；商号
 - corporation, establishment, company, incorporation

Word: get
Front: get
[get] (中高雅 39/41 -K5)
Vocabulary: get
(once / 5 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v 7v 8v
Get is one of those little words with a hundred applications. A common meaning is fetch, as in, go get a dictionary off the shelf.
Get means to catch, or grab. If you get a cold, someone passed it on to you. If you get an idea, that means you understand it. Get can also be used to talk about directions. If you want someone to get out of a room, you want them to leave. If you sleep on the sidewalk, the police will make you get up. Get is also short for beget, or make children. How many children will you get?
WORD FAMILY
get: getable, gets, gettable, getting, got, gotten+/getting: gettings/gotten: ill-gotten
USAGE EXAMPLES
And the Trojans got their storybook finish in Pasadena.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sareen got his start by hacking into webcams and turning them into body scanners.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“But there are still a lot of hoops to jump through, a lot of hurdles to get over.”
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 得到; 抓住; 说服; 受到（惩罚等）
vt. & vi. 到达，来
vi. 成为; 开始; 设法对付; 获得利益或财富
n. 生殖，幼兽; 赢利
时态：got, getting, gets
分布：得到(56%)，抓住(13%)，达到(9%)，使得(7%)，克服(4%)，生育(3%)，救球(3%)，后代(3%)，激怒(1%)，明白(1%)
→来自ghend, 得到，抓住。词源同forget, guess.
v.获得,得到;使,使得;变得,成为;到达Things are getting better.情况正在好转.
verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
OBTAIN 得到
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to obtain, buy or earn something 获得，得到；买到；赚得，赢得
• He's gone down to the corner shop to get some milk. 他到那家街角小店买牛奶去了。
• I think she gets about forty thousand pounds a year. 我想她一年大约赚四万英镑。
• We stopped off on the motorway to get some breakfast. 我们在高速公路上，中途停车吃了点早餐。
• I managed to get all three suitcases for under $200. 我设法以低于200美元的价格把三个手提箱全买下了。
• How much did he get for his car (= How much money did he sell it for) ? 他的汽车卖了多少钱？
• Where did you get your radio from ? 你的收音机在哪里买的？
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to receive or be given something 收到；得到；接到
• I got quite a surprise when I saw her with short hair. 我看到她剪了短发，感到很诧异。
• When did you get the news about Sam? 你是甚么时候得到关于山姆的消息？
• I got a (telephone) call from Phil last night. 我昨晚接到菲尔的一个电话。
• What mark did he get in his exam? 这次考试他得了多少分？
• I got the impression that they'd rather be alone. 我觉得他们宁愿不要别人陪伴。
• What did you get for your birthday? 你生日收到了甚么礼物？
• We don't get much snow (= It does not often snow) here. 我们这儿不大下雪。
• I managed to get a glimpse of him (= see him for a moment) through the crowds. 我从人群的缝隙中看了他一眼。
• If you get a moment (= have time available) , could you help me fill in that form? 你要是有时间的话，能不能帮我填那张表？
• She gets such pleasure from her garden. 她从她的花园中得到很多乐趣。
• If you can get some time off work, we could finish the decorating. 如果你能从工作中抽出一点时间，我们就可以完成装修。
• I can never get her to my self (= be alone with her) because she's always surrounded by people. 我从来无法跟她独处，因为她身边总是有人围着。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to go somewhere and bring back someone or something （去）拿来，取来，叫来
• I must just get the washing in. 我得去把洗好的衣服取回来。
• [+ two objects] Can I get you a drink? 我给你端杯饮品，好吗？
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take someone or something into your possession by force 捕获；抓获
• Have the police got the man who did it yet? 员警已经逮到做这事的人了吗？
• Your cat got a bird this morning! 你的猫今天上午抓住了一只小鸟！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
REACH 到达
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to reach or arrive at a particular place 到达
• We hadn't even got as far as London when the car broke down. 我们连伦敦都没开到，汽车就抛了锚。
• What time does he normally get home (from work)? 他（下班后）一般甚么时候回到家？
• If you get to the restaurant before us, just wait at the bar. 如果你比我们先到饭店，在吧台那里等就行了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to reach a particular stage, condition or time 达到（某个阶段或者时间点）；处于（某种状态）
• You earn loads if you get to the top in that profession. 那种职业你要是晋升到了高层，会赚很多钱。
• It got to Thursday and she still hadn't heard any news. 都星期四了，她仍然没有听到任何消息。
• informal I'm getting to the stage now where I just want to give up. 现在，我几乎到了一心想要放弃的地步。
get far/somewhere/anywhere
■to make progress or to improve 有进步；获得进展；有提高
• She's taking flute lessons, but she really doesn't seem to be getting anywhere with it. 她正在上长笛班，但是她好像一点进步也没有。
• It's been hard settling in, but I feel I'm getting somewhere at last. 适应的过程非常艰难，但我觉得最终还是有所进步。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
BECOME ILL WITH 因为…生病
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to become ill with a disease, virus, etc 感染上；患上；得（病）
• I got food poisoning at that cheap little seafood restaurant. 我在那家廉价的小海鲜餐馆进餐后食物中毒了。
• Kids get all kinds of bugs at school. 孩子们在学校里会得各种小毛病。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
START TO BE 变得
 ESSENTIAL [L]
■to become or start to be 变成；变得
• He gets really upset if you mention his baldness. 你要是提他秃头的事儿，他就会很生气。
• Is your cold getting any better? 你感冒好点儿了吗？
• Your coffee's getting cold. 你的咖啡要凉掉了。
• After a while you get used to all the noise. 过一会儿你就会习惯这些噪音了。
• You're getting quite a big boy now, aren't you! 你长成个大男孩了，是不是！
• [+ to infinitive] How did you get to be a belly dancer? 你是怎么成为一个肚皮舞舞蹈员的？
get going/moving informal
■to start to go or move 开始走；开始动身
• We'd better get moving or we'll be late. 我们最好开始动身，不然就要晚了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
CAUSE 引起
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause something to happen, or cause someone or something to do something 促使；使得；把…弄得
• [+ adj] She had to get the kids ready for school. 她得帮孩子们收拾妥当好去上学。
• [+ past participle] I'm trying to get this article finish ed for Thursday. 我正在努力赶这篇文章，好在星期四交。
• We get our milk deliver ed. 我们叫人把牛奶送过来。
• [+ -ing verb] Haven't you got the photocopier working yet? 你还没把影印机弄好吗？
• [+ to infinitive] I can't get my computer to work! 我的电脑没法用了！
 IMPROVER [T + obj + to infinitive]
■to persuade someone to do something 说服（某人做某事）
• Why don't you get Nicole to come to the party? 你为甚么不劝妮高一起来参加聚会？
 IMPROVER [T + past participle]
■to do something to something or someone without intending to or by accident （无意间或意外地）使被弄得
• He got his bag caught in the train doors as they were closing. 火车关门时，他的袋子给卡在了门缝里。
• I always get the two youngest sisters' names confus ed. 我总是混淆那两个最小的姐妹的名字。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
BE 是
 ESSENTIAL [L + past participle]
■sometimes used instead of 'be' to form the passive （有时代替 be 构成被动形式）变成，变得，被
• I got shout ed at by some idiot for walking past his house. 一个白痴嫌我从他家门口走过去，向我大喊大叫。
• They're getting marri ed later this year. 他们将在今年晚些时候结婚。
• This window seems to have got broken. 这扇窗户好像被打破了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
MOVE 移动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move to a different place or into a different position 移动，去
• I hit my head as I was getting into the car. 我钻进汽车时碰到了头。
• Get out of here now or I'll call the police. 你现在从这儿出去，不然我就报警。
• The bed is too wide - we'll never get it through the door. 这张床太宽了——我们不可能把它搬进门去。
• Getting up the ladder was easy enough - it was coming down that was the problem. 上梯子很容易——难就难在怎样下来。
• He got down on his knees and asked me to marry him! 他跪下来向我求婚！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
TRAVEL 出行
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to travel somewhere in a train, bus or other vehicle 搭乘，乘坐
• Shall we get a taxi to the station? 我们乘计程车去车站吧？
  Common Learner Errors  trainRemember: choose the correct preposition! Don't say 'get in/into the train', say get on the train : I got on the train and sat down. To talk about leaving a train, don't say 'get out of', say get off : You need to get off the train at the last stop. During the journey, you are on the train , not 'in the train'.
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
DEAL WITH 处理
 IMPROVER transitive
■to deal with or answer a ringing telephone, knock on the door, etc 接（电话）；应（门）
• Hey, Ty, someone's at the door - would you get it, please? 哎，泰，有人敲门，麻烦你去开门，好吗？
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
HAVE CHANCE 有机会
 ADVANCED intransitive + to infinitive
■to have the chance to do something 有机会（做…）；得到（做…的）机会
• I never get to see her now that she's left the company. 她离开了公司，我再也没见过她。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
UNDERSTAND/HEAR 理解／听到
 ADVANCED transitive
■to understand or hear something 懂，理解；听见
• I didn't get what he said because the music was so loud. 音乐声太大了，我听不见他说甚么。
• I told that joke to Sophia, but she didn't get it. 我跟苏菲亚讲了那个笑话，可她没有听懂。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
PREPARE 准备
 ADVANCED transitive
■to prepare a meal 准备，做（饭）
• I'll put the kids to bed while you're getting the dinner. 你做饭，我哄孩子们上床睡觉。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
PAY 买
intransitive or transitive
■to pay for something 为…付钱；买 get 1 1. Put your money away - I'll get these drinks.
把你的钱收起来——这些饮料我付钱。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
CONFUSE 使糊涂
transitive informal
■to confuse someone and make them completely unable to understand or explain 使困惑；把…难住
• Give him a technical question - that'll really get him! 问他个技术性问题——肯定会把他难住！
You've got me there! informal
■something that you say when you do not know the answer to a question 你把我难住了！我答不上来！
• 'How many miles is five kilometres?' 'You've got me there.' “五公里是多少英里？”“你真把我难住了。”
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
ANNOY 惹恼
transitive informal
■to annoy someone 使烦恼，使恼火
• It really gets me the way we're expected to actually laugh at his pathetic jokes! 他讲那种无聊的笑话，还非要我们笑不可，我真的受不了！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
EMOTION 情感
transitive informal
■to make someone feel strongly emotional and often to cry 使激动，使感动
• That bit in the film when he finds out that his daughter is alive - that always gets me! 电影中，他发现自己的女儿还活着的那个情景——我一看到那里就很感动！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
HIT 击中
transitive
■to hit someone, especially with a bullet or something thrown （尤指子弹或投掷的东西）击中，打中
• The bullet got her in the leg. 子弹击中了她的腿。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
Get him/her/you etc. ! informal
■said to make the person you are with look at or notice someone, and usually laugh at them （通常用于嘲笑某人时）瞧，看看，瞅瞅
• Get him in his new clothes! 看看他穿新衣服啦！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
get it on slang
■to have sex 发生性关系
• Did you get it on with him? 你跟他做那事儿了吗？
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
get it together informal
■to make a decision or take positive action in your life 下定决心；振作起来，打起精神
• Brian has really got it together since I last saw him - he has started a teaching course and lost a lot of weight. 我上次见他以后，布莱恩确实已经振作起来了——他参加了一个教师培训班，体重也减了不少。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get about UK (US get around)
TRAVEL
■to travel to a lot of places 各处旅行；广泛游历
• Spain last week and Germany this week - he gets about, doesn't he! 上星期去西班牙，这星期去德国——他可真叫周游列国啊，是不是！
MOVE
■to be able to go to different places without difficulty, especially if you are old or ill （尤指老年人或病人）能四处走动，活动
• My gran is finding it harder to get about these days. 近来我祖母发觉走动不那么灵活了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth across ADVANCED
■to manage to make someone understand or believe something 使被理解；使被传达；把…说清楚
• We tried to get our point across, but he just wouldn't listen. 我们试图解释清楚我们的观点，但他就是不听。
• This is the message that we want to get across to the public. 这就是我们想传达给公众的资讯。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get ahead
■to be successful in the work that you do 取得进展；获得成功
• It's tough for a woman to get ahead in politics. 一个女性在政界获得成功是很困难的。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get along mainly US (mainly UK get on)
BE FRIENDLY
■If two or more people get along, they like each other and are friendly to each other 相处融洽；和睦相处
• I don't really get along with my sister's husband. 我和我姐夫不太合得来。
DEAL WITH
■to deal with a situation, usually successfully （通常指成功地）对付，应付
• I wonder how Michael is getting along in his new job? 我不知道米高的新工作做得如何。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get around mainly US for get round
• News of Helen's pregnancy soon got around the office. 海伦怀孕的消息很快就在办公室传开了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get at sb informal
CRITICIZE UK (US usually get on sb)
■to criticize a person repeatedly in a way that makes them unhappy 一再批评；不断指责；老是数落（某人）
• He keeps getting at me and I really don't know what I've done wrong. 他没完没了地指责我，可我真的不知道自己做错了甚么。
INFLUENCE
■to influence a person illegally, usually by offering them money or threatening them （通常指透过给钱或者威胁）对（某人）施加影响；买通，贿赂（某人）
• The accused claimed that the witness had been got at. 被告声称证人被收买了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get at sth
REACH
 ADVANCED
■to reach or obtain something, especially something that is difficult to get 够到，触及，获得（尤指难以得到的东西）
• I've put the cake on a high shelf where he can't get at it. 我把蛋糕放到高处的架上了，那里他不能触及。
SUGGEST
■informalWhen someone is getting at something, they mean it or are trying to express it 暗示；意指；试图说明
• I'm not sure what you're getting at - don't you think I should come tonight? 我搞不清你到底甚么意思——你觉得我今晚不该来吗？
• What do you think the poet is getting at in these lines? 你认为诗人透过这几行诗要表达甚么意思？
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get away
 IMPROVER
■to leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this 走开，离开；逃脱
• We walked to the next beach to get away from the crowds. 为了避开人群，我们向另一片海滩走去。
• I'll get away from work as soon as I can. 我会尽早下班。
 IMPROVER
■to go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest （常指因需要休息而）外出渡假
• I just need to get away for a few days. 我真的很需要出去度几天假。
• We've decided to go to Scotland to get away from it all. 我们已经决定去苏格兰渡假，彻底远离这一切。
Get away (with you)! old-fashioned informal
■said when you do not believe or agree with what someone is saying （表示不相信或不同意）去你的吧！别胡扯啦！瞎扯！
• "Ralph painted that, you know." "Get away!" “你知道吗，那画是拉尔夫画的。”“瞎扯！”
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get away with sth
AVOID PUNISHMENT
 ADVANCED
■to succeed in avoiding punishment for something 做（错事）而未被惩罚，做（坏事）而未被发觉
• If I thought I could get away with it, I wouldn't pay any tax at all. 如果我认为逃税可以不受处罚的话，我就干脆一分钱都不交了。
SUCCEED
■to do something successfully although it is not the best way of doing it 将就着做成；勉强应付过去
• Do you think we could get away with just one coat of paint on that wall? 你觉得那道墙只刷一遍漆便可以吗？
get away with murder informal
■to be allowed to do things that other people would be punished or criticised for 被纵容做错事；做坏事而不受指责
• He's so charming that he really does get away with murder. 他很讨人喜欢，所以做了错事也不会挨骂。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get back IMPROVER
■to return to a place after you have been somewhere else 回来，返回
• If you get back in time, you can come with us. 如果你能及时赶回来，你就可以跟我们一起去。
• When we got back to the hotel, Ann had already left. 当我们回到饭店时，安已经走了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sb back (also get back at sb) informal
■to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you 向（某人）报复
• I'll get you back for this, just you wait! 你这样对我，我会报复的，你就等着吧！
get 2 2. I think he's trying to get back at her for those remarks she made in the meeting.
我认为，他因为她在会上说了那些话而在设法报复她。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth back ESSENTIAL
■to be given something again that you had before 取回；拿回
• He went next door to get his ball back. 他到隔壁去取回他的球。
• Don't lend him money, you'll never get it back. 别借钱给他，你会永远要不回来的。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get back to sb
■to talk to someone again, usually on the telephone, in order to give them some information or because you were not able to speak to them before 给（某人）回话；（通常指）给（某人）回电话
• I'll get back to you later with those figures. 晚些时候我会给你回电话，告诉你那些数字。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get back to sth
■to start doing or talking about something again 继续（做…）；接着（谈…）
• Anyway, I'd better get back to work. 别管怎么说，我最好还是继续工作吧。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get behind
■to fail to do as much work or pay as much money as you should by a particular time 落后，拖延；拖欠
• She got behind with her mortgage and the house was repossessed. 她拖欠抵押贷款，房子被收回去了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get by
■to be able to live or deal with a situation with difficulty, usually by having just enough of something you need, such as money 勉强过活，勉强应付过去
• How can he get by on so little money? 他是怎样靠那一点儿钱维持生计的？
• We can get by with four computers at the moment, but we'll need a couple more when the new staff arrive. 我们眼下可以将就着用四台电脑，但新职员到来时就需要再添置几台了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sb down
■If something gets you down, it makes you feel unhappy or depressed 令（某人）不快；使（某人）忧郁；使（某人）沮丧
• The chaos in his house was starting to get him down. 他家里凌乱不堪，开始使他沮丧。
• I know it's frustrating, but don't let it get you down. 我知道这很令人不快，但是千万不要因此而灰心。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth down
■to write something, especially something that someone has said 记录，写下，记下（尤指口述的内容）
• I didn't manage to get down that last bit she said, about the meeting. 她说的话最后有一点儿我没记下来，是关于会议的事情。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth down (sb)
■to succeed in swallowing something although it is difficult 困难地咽下；费力地吞下
• Her throat was so swollen that she couldn't get the tablets down. 她喉咙肿得很厉害，吞不下药片。
• informal humorous Your dinner is on the table and you've got ten minutes to get it down (you). 晚餐就在桌子上，你有十分钟时间塞进肚子里。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get down to sth
■to start to direct your efforts and attention towards something 开始认真对待；开始认真注意；开始努力做
• I've got a lot of work to do, but I can't seem to get down to it. 我有很多工作要做，可我好像就是没法安下心来去做。
• [+ -ing verb] I must get down to booking our holiday. 我要开始安排我们的假期了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get in
ENTER
 ESSENTIAL
■to succeed in entering a place, especially by using force or a trick （尤指用武力或欺骗手段）进入
• They must have got in through the bathroom window. 他们一定是从浴室破窗而入的。
ARRIVE
 ADVANCED
■to arrive at your home or the place where you work 到家；到上班地点
• What time did you get in last night? 你昨晚甚么时候到家的？
■If a train or other vehicle gets in at a particular time, that is when it arrives （火车等）到达，抵达
• What time is the plane expected to get in? 飞机预计甚么时候到?
Get in there! informal
■something you say when something good happens to someone 真走运（对某人遇到好事时作出的反应）
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get in/get into sth ADVANCED
■to succeed in being chosen or elected 入选，当选；被录取
• He wanted to go to Oxford, but he didn't get in. 他想上牛津大学，但没被录取。
• The Republicans are bound to get in at the next elections. 下次选举共和党一定会获胜。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth in
SEND
■to send something so that it arrives by a particular time 递送，送交
• I have to get my application in by Thursday. 我必须在周四前递交申请。
SAY
■to succeed in saying something, although it is difficult to do this because other people are talking too 插（话）
• He couldn't get a word in because she was talking so much. 她滔滔不绝，他一句话也插不进去。
• I'll try to get my suggestion in at the start of the meeting. 我会尽量在会议开始时把我的建议提出来。
FIND TIME informal
■to manage to find time to do something or deal with someone 抽空做；安排时间做
• I get in a bit of gardening most evenings. 在傍晚，我大多会抽空收拾一会儿花园。
BUY UK informal
■to buy a supply of something, usually food or drink, so that you will have enough of what you need 买（通常指食物或饮品）
• We'll have to get some food in for the weekend if we're having visitors. 如果周末有客人来，我们就要去买些东西吃。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sb in
■to ask a trained person to come to your home to do some paid work 请（技工等）到家来做事，付钱请人上门服务
• We'll have to get a plumber in to look at that water tank. 我们要请水管工来检查一下那个水箱。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get in on sth
■to start to take part in an activity that is already happening because you will win an advantage from it （为获利而中途）加入，参加
• A Japanese company tried to get in on the deal. 一家日本公司试图插手这宗交易。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get into sb
■If you do not know what has got into someone, you do not understand why they are behaving strangely 支配（某人）；使（某人）行为异常
• I can't think what's got into him. He doesn't usually make such a fuss. 我真想不出他这是中了甚么邪，他平时可不是这样大惊小怪的。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get into sth
■to become interested in an activity or subject, or start being involved in an activity 开始对…感兴趣；参与，参加
• She's been getting into yoga recently - she does three classes a week. 她最近开始对瑜伽感兴趣了——她一周上三次瑜伽课。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb) into sth
■to (cause someone to) become involved in a difficult situation, often without intending to （常指无意间使某人）陷入
• After he lost his job, he got into debt. 他失业后就欠下许多债。
• Are you trying to get me into trouble? 你是不是在设法令我麻烦缠身？
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get off
■to leave a place, usually in order to start a journey （通常指为开始旅程而）离去，离开，出发
• If we can get off by seven o'clock, the roads will be clearer. 如果我们可以在七点前走，路上会比较少车。
■informal
■to leave work with permission, usually at the end of the day （通常指一天工作结束后）经许可离开工作，下班
• How early can you get off this afternoon? 今天下午你能多早下班？
§/get/ get 3 verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get off (sth) ESSENTIAL
■to leave a train, bus or aircraft 下（车、飞机等）
• Get off at Camden Town. 在锦登镇下车。
• I tripped as I got off the bus. 我下公车时绊了一跤。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sth off
■to send a letter or parcel to someone 邮寄，寄出
• I got that letter off this morning. 我今天上午把那封信寄出去了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb) off
SLEEP
■to start sleeping, or to help a baby to start sleeping （使）入睡
• It was so hot that I didn't get off (to sleep) till three o'clock. 天气太热了，我直到三点才睡着。
• I've been trying to get the baby off (to sleep) for an hour! 我哄婴儿睡觉都哄了一个小时了！
PLEASURE mainly US slang
■to have or give someone an orgasm （使）（某人）达到性高潮
• They got off at the same time. 他们俩同时达到了性高潮。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb) off (sth)
■to avoid punishment, or to help another person to avoid punishment for something （使）逃脱惩罚；帮助（某人）逃脱惩罚
• She was charged with fraud, but her lawyer managed to get her off. 她被控诈骗，但她的律师设法使她免受惩罚。
• "Was he found guilty?" "No, he got off." “他被判有罪吗？”“没有，他逃过了法律制裁。”
• She got off with (= her only punishment was) a small fine. 她只交了一点儿罚款就万事大吉了。
get off lightly
■to experience less serious punishment, injury or harm than you might have expected 逃脱严厉的惩罚；逃过一劫；所幸没有受重伤
• I think I got off quite lightly with one or two cuts, bearing in mind how damaged the car was. 我觉得真是捡了条命，只被刮伤了一两处，你想想车都给毁成那个样子了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sth off (sth) informal
■to remove a part of your body from a particular place 把…（从…处）移开，把…（从…上）拿开
• Get your dirty feet off the settee! 把你的脏脚从沙发上挪开！
• Get your hands off me! 拿开手，别碰我！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get off on sth informal
■to find something exciting, especially in a sexual way 因…感到兴奋（尤指性兴奋）
• Dave likes power - he gets off on it. 戴夫喜欢权势——这让他很过瘾。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get off with sb UK slang
■to begin a sexual relationship with someone 与（某人）发生性关系；与（某人）上床
• She'd got off with some bloke at the party. 她和一个在派对上认识的家伙发生关系了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get on
RELATIONSHIP
 IMPROVER mainly UK (mainly US get along)
■to have a good relationship 友好相处
• We're getting on much better now that we don't live together. 我们不住在一起，关系好多了。
• He doesn't get on with his daughter. 他和女儿关系闹得很僵。
MANAGE
 IMPROVER mainly UK (mainly US get along)
■to manage or deal with a situation, especially successfully （尤指成功地）应付，应对
• How are you getting on in your new flat? 你在新房子里住得还好吧？
• We're getting on quite well with the decorating. 我们的装修进展不错。
CONTINUE
■to continue doing something, especially work 继续做（尤指工作）
• I suppose I could get on with the ironing while I'm waiting. 我想，我在等候时还可以继续熨衣服。
• I'll leave you to get on then, shall I? 我就交给你来继续做，好不好？
OLD
be getting on informal
 ADVANCED
■to be getting old 变老，上年纪
• He's getting on (a bit)- he'll be seventy-six next birthday. 他（有点）老了——下次再过生日就76岁了。
LATE
be getting on
   informal
■If you say it's getting on, or time is getting on, you mean it is becoming late 渐晚，渐迟
• It's getting on - we'd better be going. 不早了——我们最好走吧。
getting on for UK (US going on)
■almost 接近
• He must be getting on for 80 now. 他现在一定快到80岁了。
• It was getting on for midnight. 临近午夜了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get on (sth) ESSENTIAL
■to go onto a bus, train, aircraft or boat 上（车、飞机、船等）
• I think we got on the wrong bus. 我想我们上错公共汽车了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get on to/onto sth
SUBJECT
■to start talking about a different subject 转而谈论，开始讨论（另一话题）
• How did we get on to (the subject of) your grandmother's cat? 我们怎么说着说着就聊起你祖母的猫（的事儿）来了？
PERSON UK
■to speak or write to a person or organization because you want them to help you in some way （为了让其帮忙而）与…联系，写信给
• Did you remember to get on to the plumber about the shower? 你记着要联系水管工来修淋浴器了吗？
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get out
LEAVE
 ESSENTIAL
■to leave a closed vehicle, building, etc 车；出去；出来
• I'll get out when you stop at the traffic lights. 你在红绿灯那里停车时，我就下去。
VISIT PLACES
■to go out to different places and socialize 外出参加社交活动
• We don't get out much since we had the children. 自我们有了孩子后，就不大外出参加社交活动了。
BECOME KNOWN
■If news or information gets out, people hear about it although someone is trying to keep it secret （消息或资讯）泄漏，被人知道
• I don't want it to get out that I'm leaving before I've had a chance to tell Anthony. 在我找到机会亲自告诉安东尼前，我不想让人知道我要离开。
You should get out more. humorous
■used to tell someone that they are spending too much time doing things which are boring or not important 你应该做点更有意义的事；别老憋在家里做些鸡毛蒜皮的事。
• "I've ordered all my CD's alphabetically." "Mmm, I think you should get out more, Mike." “我把所有的光碟都按字母顺序排好了。”“哦，我觉得你倒不如出去做些更有意思的事，麦克。”
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb/sth) out IMPROVER
■to (help someone or something to) escape from or leave a place （帮…）逃离，离开
• I left the door open and the cat got out. 我把门打开后，猫就跑了出去。
• A team of commandoes got the hostages out from the rebel base. 一队突击队员从叛军基地把人质解营救出来。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get out of sth
AVOID
 ADVANCED
■to avoid doing something that you do not want to do, especially by giving an excuse （尤指透过找借口）逃避，规避，摆脱
• I reckon her backache was just a way of getting out of the housework. 我想，她说背痛只不过是为了逃避做家务而编造的借口罢了。
• [+ -ing verb] If I can get out of going to the meeting tonight I will. 今晚的会议我要是能不去就不去。
STOP
■to give up or stop a habit or a regular activity 放弃，戒除，抛弃（习惯等）
• I must get out of the habit of finishing off people's sentences for them. 我得改掉打断别人，然后替人把话说完的习惯。
• If you get out of a routine, it's very hard to get back into it. 如果你打破了一种常规，就很难再恢复。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sth out of sth
■to enjoy something or think something is useful 从…中得到；从…中受益
• It was a really boring course and I don't think I got much out of it. 这课程很沉闷，我觉得从中学不到甚么东西。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sth out of sb
■to persuade or force someone to tell or give you something 劝（某人）说出（或拿出）；迫使（某人）讲出（或交出）
• He was determined to get the truth out of her. 他下决心要令她说出真相。
§/get/ get 4 verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get over sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to get better after an illness, or feel better after something or someone has made you unhappy 从（疾病或令人不快的事）中恢复过来
• She was only just getting over the flu when she got a stomach bug. 她流感刚要好，又得了胃病。
• It took him years to get over the shock of his wife dying. 他妻子死后数年，他才从这打击中恢复过来。
• It took her months to get over Rupert when he finished the relationship. 鲁珀特和她分手了，过了好几个月她才开始忘掉他。
Get over yourself! informal
■something you say to tell someone to stop thinking that they are more important than other people, especially when they are complaining about something 得了吧；省省吧（尤用于当某人抱怨的时候，要求其不要自视过高或自以为优于他人）
not get over sth
■When you say that you can't get over something, you mean that you are very surprised by it 对…感到惊讶（或震惊）
• I can't get over the way he behaved at your party - it was appalling! 他在你派对上的行为令我非常震惊——真是太不像话了！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get sth over with
■to do or finish an unpleasant but necessary piece of work or duty so that you do not have to worry about it in the future 熬过，做完，结束（不乐意但必须做的事）
• I'll be glad to get these exams over with. 我倒是很乐意考完这些试。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get round (somewhere) UK (US get around (somewhere))
■If news or information gets round, a lot of people hear about it （消息等）传开，流传
• News of her pregnancy soon got round (the office). 她怀孕的消息迅速（在办公室）传开了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get round sb UK
■to persuade someone to allow you something by using your charm 哄劝（某人）同意；（用奉承手段）说服（某人）答应
• [+ to infinitive] See if you can get round your father to give you a lift to the cinema. 看能不能把你父亲哄高兴了，让他开车把你送到戏院。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get round sth UK (US get around sth)
■to succeed in avoiding or solving a problem 成功应对，解决，避免
• We can get round the problem of space by building an extension. 我们可以透过扩建来解决空间不足的问题。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get round to sth UK ADVANCED
■to do something that you have intended to do for a long time 做（早就想做的事情）
• I still haven't got round to fixing that tap. 我还没修理那个水龙头。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get through
■to succeed in talking to someone on the telephone 用电话联系上；打通电话
• I tried to phone her but couldn't get through. 我试图给她打电话，但打不通。
• I got through to the wrong department. 我把电话错打到另外一个部门去了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get through sth
EXAMINATION
 ADVANCED
■to succeed in an examination or competition 通过（考试）；在 （比赛）中胜出
• She got through her exams without too much trouble. 她很顺利就通过了考试。
FINISH
■to use up or finish something 用完，耗尽；做完，结束
• We're getting through a lot of coffee/toilet paper. 我们喝掉了很多咖啡／用完了很多卫生纸。
• I can get through a lot more work when I'm on my own. 我一个人时，能完成比这多很多的工作。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb) through sth
■to deal with a difficult or unpleasant experience, or to help someone do this （帮某人）渡过（难关）；（帮某人）应付（困难）
• I don't know how I got through the first couple of months after Andy's death. 安迪去世后的那几个月，我都不知道是怎么熬过来的。
• We need to conserve our supplies so we can get through the winter. 我们得节约使用日常用品，这样才能渡过冬天。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sth) through (to sb)
■to succeed in making someone understand or believe something 使（某人）明白；（把…）向（某人）讲清楚
• [+ question word] We can't get through to the government just how serious the problem is! 我们就是没法让政府明白这问题有多严重！
• I don't seem to be able to get through to (= communicate with) him these days. 这些日子我好像根本没法跟他交流。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get to ADVANCED
■You ask where people or things have got to when they do not arrive or are not where you expect them to be and you want to know where they are （用于人没有如约到来或找不到某人、某物时）去，跑到
• I wonder where my glasses have got to. 我不知道我的眼镜哪里去了。
• Where's Annabel got to? She should be here by now. 安娜贝尔跑哪里去了？她现在应该到这里。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get to sb informal
SUFFER
■If something gets to you, it makes you suffer 对（某人）产生影响；使难受；使不舒服
• The heat was beginning to get to me, so I went indoors. 天气热得我开始难受，我就进屋了。
UPSET
■If someone gets to you, they make you feel upset or angry 使（某人）烦恼；使（某人）生气：
• I know he's annoying, but you shouldn't let him get to you. 我知道他很讨厌，但是你也不应该跟这种人生气啊。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get together
MEET
■If two or more people get together, they meet each other, having arranged it before 会面；聚会，相聚
• Shall we get together on Friday and go for a drink or something? 我们星期五聚聚喝点东西，如何？
⇒ See also get-together
START informal
■to start a romantic relationship 开始谈恋爱；开始交往
• She got together with Paul two years ago. 她两年前开始跟保罗恋爱。
• They finally get it together right at the end of the film. 在影片的结尾，他们终于走在一起了。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get up
STAND
 ESSENTIAL
■to stand up 起立；站起来
• The whole audience got up and started clapping. 全体观众起立鼓掌。
GROW STRONG UK
■If the wind gets up, it starts to grow stronger （风）变大，变猛烈
• The wind is getting up. 风越刮越大。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get (sb) up ESSENTIAL
■to wake up and get out of bed, or to tell or help someone to do this （叫某人）起床
• I got up at five o'clock this morning! 我今早五点就起床了！
• It's dreadful trying to get the kids up on school days. 叫孩子们起床去上学，真的非常费劲！
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] get sth up
■to organize a group of people to do something 组织；安排；准备
• He's getting up a small group to go carol-singing for charity. 他正在组织一个小合唱团去演唱圣诞颂歌，筹募善款。
get your courage up
■to force yourself to be brave 鼓起勇气
• He couldn't get up the courage to ask her for a date. 他鼓不起勇气约她出去。
[get] verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get yourself/sb up informal
■to dress yourself or someone else in particular clothing, especially clothing which is strange and unusual and intended to achieve a particular effect （尤指为取得某种效果而用奇装异服）打扮（某人），给（某人）化装
• [R] He'd got him self up as a Roman emperor for the fancy-dress party. 他把自己装扮成一个罗马皇帝去参加化装舞会。
get-up
    UK [ˈget.ʌp] US [ˈgeţ-] noun countable informal 2. He was in a sort of Mafia get-up (= set of clothes) , with a pin-striped suit and wide tie. 他一身细条纹西装，配一条宽领带，那装扮有点像黑手党。
§/get/ get 5 verb (getting, got, got or US gotten)
  Phrasal Verbs  get up to sth UK ADVANCED
■to do something, often something that other people would disapprove of 做（常指别人不赞同的事）
• She's been getting up to all sorts of mischief lately. 她近来总是搞各种各样的恶作剧。
• I wonder what those two got up to yesterday? 我真相知道那两个人昨天作了些甚么勾当。
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
arrive, reach, get
arrive: 不及物动词,后接in (大地点),at(小地点), arrive in Beijing,
reach: 及物动词 reach Beijing
get: 不及物动词后接to, get to Beijing,
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
cause, get, have, make, render
这组词都有“使，使得”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 正式用词，侧重指使某事发生的原因。
get: 侧重指劝某人做某事，或指使某事物处于某种状态或产生某种结果。
have: 普通用词，指让某人做某事。
make: 普通用词，指强迫或劝诱他人做某事。
render: 书面用词，多指因外界因素而使某人或某物处于某种状态。
attain, acquire, obtain, get, achieve, gain
这组词都有“获得”的意思，其区别是：
attain: 为正式用词，多用于庄重场合，主要指通过努力达到重要目的或得到珍贵的东西。如：The scientist attained great fame by a new discovery.(那科学家由于一次新发现而出了名。)
acquire: 指通过本身的努力逐渐获得知识、能力和荣誉等。如：acquire knowledge(获得知识)。
obtain: 多指凭努力或恳求得到急需或很想得到的东西。如：Howard had failed to obtain a scholarship.(霍华德没能得到奖学金。)
get: 用得最广，可指以各种方式获得各种东西。如：Where can I get enough information?(我从哪儿能得到足够的资料？)
achieve: 多指克服困难后取得胜利，成功，强调“得到”这一结果。如：He achieved his ambition in the end.(他最终实现了他的抱负。)
gain: 多指付出极大努力后获得或赢得给自己带来优势的东西。如：They gained the victory after a bloody battle.(浴血奋战后他们赢得了胜利。)
vt. 使得；获得；受到；变成
 - acquire, make, earn, buy, find
n. 生殖；幼兽
 - generation, reproduction
vi. 成为；变得；到达
 - become, land

Word: go
Front: go
[gəʊ] (中高雅 35/44 -K5)
Vocabulary: go
(once / 3 pages)
1vnadj 2v 3n 4n
To go is to proceed or move from one place to another. When you see a green traffic light, what do you do? You go! That's what you do.
You can physically go somewhere, like when you go to school on the bus or go to India on an airplane. You can also go forward with a plan, or proceed; or watch time go by. If a beach goes on forever, it stretches endlessly; and if you decide that strawberries and apples go together in a pie, they blend nicely. Go is one of the most frequently used verbs, with definitions that seem to go on forever.
WORD FAMILY
go: goer, goes, going, gone, went+/goer: goers/going: goingly, goings/ gone: foregone, gonest
USAGE EXAMPLES
With no place to go, she ends up on Sam’s doorstep, and the two enter into an elaborate shared fantasy world.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Earlier in the week, Woods said, “I’m going to try to win this thing.”
Golf Digest(Dec 01, 2016)
According to the district’s policy, the request must go before a committee made up of the student’s principal, librarian, teacher and parent.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 走; 离开; 去做; 进行
vt. 变得; 发出…声音; 成为; 处于…状态
n. 轮到的顺序; 精力; 干劲; 尝试
时态：went, gone, going, goes
分布：去(77%)，进行(9%)，尝试(4%)，离开(4%)，精力(3%)，变得(2%)，一举(1%)
→来自ghe, 释放，走。
v.去,离开;走;放置;变成;运转n.围棋What's going on here?发生什么事了?
US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
MOVE/TRAVEL 移动／出行
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to travel or move to another place 去；走
• We went into the house. 我们走进了那座房子。
• I went to Paris last summer. Have you ever been there? 去年夏天我去了巴黎，你去过吗？
• We don't go to the cinema very often these days. 近来我们不太经常看电影。
• Wouldn't it be quicker to go by train? 坐火车去不是更快一些吗？
• Does this train go to Newcastle? 这班火车去纽卡素吗？
• Where do you think you're going? Shouldn't you be at school? 这是到哪里的？你现在应该在学校里，不是吗？
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be in the process of moving 移动；行走
• Can't we go any faster? 我们能不能再走快点？
• We were going along at about 50 miles an hour. 我们正在以每小时50英里左右的速度前进。
• to go down the road 在路上走
• to go up/down stairs 上／下楼梯
• to go over the bridge 过桥
• to go through a tunnel 穿过隧道
• figurative I've got a tune going around/round in my head (= I am continually hearing it) and I just can't remember the name of it. 一支曲调时时在我脑海萦绕，但我就是想不起它的名字。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to move or travel somewhere in order to do something 去（做…）；去（参加）；去（从事）
• [+ -ing verb] We go shopping every Friday night. 我们在每个星期五的晚上都去购物。
• I've never gone skiing. 我从没试过滑雪。
• They've gone for a walk, but they should be back soon. 他们去散步了，但是应该很快就会回来。
• [+ to infinitive] She's gone to meet Brian at the station. 她去火车站接布莱恩了。
• There's a good film on at the Odeon. Shall we go? 奥登影院正在放映一出好电影，我们去看吧？
where has/have sth gone?
 ADVANCED
■said when you cannot find something （用于找不到…时）…跑哪去了？
• Where have my keys gone? 我的锁匙在哪里？
  Common Learner Errors  go When talking about travelling or moving to another place, the most usual preposition to use with 'go' is to. Don't say 'go in/at/on a place', say go to a place :
✗ I want to go in/at/on England/the cinema/university. I want to go to England/the cinema/university.
  Common Learner Errors  go or come? Remember: go is used to talk about movement to another place, away from where the speaker is. I am going to London next week. To talk about movement towards where the speaker is, don't say 'go', say come :
✗ You can go to visit me here whenever you want. You can come to visit me here whenever you want.
  Common Learner Errors  go or get? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about reaching or arriving at a particular place, don't say 'go to', say get to :
✗ It takes two hours to go to London from here. It takes two hours to get to London from here.
  Common Learner Errors  go Warning: do not use the infinitive with to after go to talk about leisure activities. Don't say 'go to fish/shop/sail/hike', say go fishing/shopping/sailing/hiking :
✗ Let's go to camp at the weekend. Remember: do not use a preposition between go and the leisure activity verb:
✗ We went for swimming in the lake.
  Common Learner Errors  gone or been? The past participle of 'go' is gone. I'm sorry but she's gone abroad on business - she'll be back next week. Sometimes, however, been is used to say that someone has gone somewhere and come back, or to say that someone has visited somewhere. He's been abroad many times.
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
LEAVE 离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to leave a place, especially in order to travel to somewhere else （尤指为了去别的地方）离开，离去，出发
• Is it midnight already? I really must go/must be going. 都已经半夜了？我真的要走了。
• She wasn't feeling well, so she went home early. 她感到不舒服，所以提前离开回家了。
• mainly UK What time does the last train to Bath go? 去巴斯的最后一班火车甚么时侯开出？
• I'm afraid he'll have to go (= be dismissed from his job) - he's far too inefficient to continue working for us. 恐怕他要走了——他实在太不称职，没法继续在这儿工作下去。
• This carpet's terribly old and worn - it really will have to go (= be got rid of). 这张地毯破旧不堪，磨损严重——必须要换了。
to go ADVANCED mainly US
■If you ask for some food to go at a restaurant, you want it wrapped up so that you can take it away with you instead of eating it in the restaurant （将在饭店所点食物）带走，外带
• I'd like a cheeseburger and strawberry milk shake to go, please. 我要外卖一个起司汉堡包，一份士多啤梨奶昔。
⇒ See also takeaway
intransitive polite word for
■to die 去世；走
• She went peacefully in her sleep. 她在睡眠中安详辞世。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
LEAD 通向
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition
■If a road, path, etc. goes in a particular direction, it leads there 通（向）；延伸
• This road goes to Birmingham. 这条路通向伯明罕。
• A huge crack went from the top to the bottom of the wall. 墙上裂了一条很大的裂缝，从房顶一直延伸到地面。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to continue for a particular length 延展，延伸（某段距离）
• The tree's roots go down three metres. 这棵树的根一直扎到地下三米。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
FUTURE TIME 将来的时间
be going to do/be sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to intend to do or be something in the future 将要做／成为；打算做／成为
• Are you going to go to Claire's party? 你打算去参加克莱尔的聚会吗？
• He wants me to mend his shirt for him, but I'm not going to! 他想我帮他补衬衫，我不会这样做！
• I'm going to be a famous pop star when I'm older. 我长大了想做一个有名的流行歌星。
 ESSENTIAL
■to be certain or expected to happen in the future 肯定会做／成为；预期会做／成为
• They're going to have a baby in the spring. 到春天他们就会有孩子了。
• There's going to be trouble when Paul finds out about this. 如果保罗发现了这件事，那就麻烦了。
• The forecast said it was going to be hot and sunny tomorrow. 天气预报说，明天天气晴朗炎热。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BECOME 变为
 ESSENTIAL [L only + adj]
■to become 变得，变成，成为
• The idea of going grey doesn't bother me, but I'd hate to go bald. 我不在乎头发变得灰白，但我真的很受不了变成个秃头。
• Her father's going senile/blind/deaf. 她父亲变老了／失明了／变聋了。
• If anything goes wrong , you can call our emergency hotline free of charge. 如出现任何问题，你可以打我们的免费紧急热线。
• After 12 years of Republican presidents, the US went Democratic in 1992. 在共和党人做了12年的总统后，美国在1992年进入了民主党执政的时代。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
MOVE BODY 活动身体
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to move a part of the body in a particular way or the way that is shown 做特定的动作
• Go like this with your hand to show that you're turning left. 这样伸出手，示意你要向左转弯了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
OPERATE 运转
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to operate (in the right way) （正常地）运转，运行，工作
• Have you any idea why this watch won't go? 你知道为甚么这只手表坏了？
• Can you help me get my car going? 你能帮我把车开动吗？
• Our company has been going (= has been in business) for twenty years. 我们公司已经有20年的历史了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
TIME 时间
 ADVANCED intransitive
■If a period of time goes, it passes （时间）过去，流逝，消逝
• I had a wonderful weekend but it went awfully quickly. 我周末过得很愉快，但时间过得太快了。
• Time seems to go faster as you get older. 随着年龄增长，时间也好像过得更快了。
• There's only a week to go before (= until) my exam results come out. 只要再过一个星期我的考试结果就出来了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE 是
[L only + adj]
■to be or stay in a particular, especially unpleasant, condition 处于（尤指令人不快的状况）
• In spite of the relief effort, thousands of people continue to go hungry. 尽管提供了救济，仍有数以千计的人继续处于饥饿状态。
• Why do so many rapes go unreported? 为甚么有那么多人被强奸后没有报案呢？
as...go
■in comparison with most other things of a particular type, especially when you do not think that type of thing is very good 就某类…而言，和一般…相比（尤指认为此类事物不太好）
• It was quite a good film, as horror films go. 就恐怖片而言，这出电影算不错了。
• I suppose the concert was OK, as these things go. 就此类演出而言，我想这次音乐会还可以。
go to prove/show
■to prove that something is true 验证，证明，说明
• Your daughter's attitude only goes to prove how much society has changed over the last 30 years. 你女儿的态度恰恰证明了过去30年里社会的变化有多大。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
START 开始
intransitive
■to start doing or using something 开始
• I'll just connect up the printer to the computer and then we'll be ready to go. 我只要把列印机和电脑连接上，我们就可以开始了。
■ go 1 UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ]
verb (going, went, gone)
PLAY GAME 玩游戏
intransitive
■to use your opportunity to play in a game （游戏中轮到的时候）去（玩）
• It's your turn to go now. 轮到你来玩了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
DIVIDE 除
intransitive not continuous
■(of a number) to fit into another number especially resulting in a whole number 除；（尤指）整除
• 5 into 11 won't go. 5除11除不尽。
• 5 goes into 11 twice with 1 left over. 11除以5等于2余1。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
SAY 说
[+ speech] informal
■to say, especially when a story is being told （尤指讲故事时）说
• "I never want to see you ever again, " he goes, and storms out the house. “我今生再也不想看到你。”他说着，怒气冲冲地冲出了房子。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
WEAKEN 削弱
intransitive
■to become weak or damaged, especially from being used (too much), or to stop working （尤指因为过度使用）变薄弱，衰退，损坏，垮掉
• After a gruelling six months singing on a world tour, it is hardly surprising that her voice is starting to go. 经过六个月紧张劳累的世界巡演，她的音质开始变差，这不足为奇。
• I really must get a new jacket - this one's starting to go at the elbows. 我真的要去买件新外套了——这一件肘部都快磨坏了。
• Her hearing is going, but otherwise she's remarkably fit for a 95-year-old. 她的听力开始下降，但除此以外，对于一个95岁高龄的老人来说，她还是很健康的。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
NOISE 噪音
intransitive or transitive
■to produce a noise 发出（声音）；响；鸣
• I think I heard the doorbell go (= ring) just now. 我觉得刚才听到门铃响了。
• I wish my computer would stop going 'beep' whenever I do something wrong. 我希望我的电脑不会因为我一出错就“嘟嘟”响。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE EXPRESSED 被表达
intransitive not continuous
■to be expressed, sung or played 用某种措词表达；（音乐）有某种调子；（以特定方式）唱
• I can never remember how that song goes. 我永远也记不起怎样唱那首歌。
• "Doesn't it go something like this?" said Joan, and played the first couple of bars on her guitar. “它是不是这个调子？”琼说着，用吉他奏出开头几个小节。
• [+ (that)] The story goes (= People say) (that) he was sacked after he was caught stealing company property. 据说他盗窃公司的财物被捉住后就被开除了。
• A headless ghost walks the castle at night - or so the story goes (= so people say). 一个无头鬼晚上在城堡中游荡——反正人们都是这样说的。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
HAPPEN 发生
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to happen or be found regularly or typically with each other or another 与（…）同时存在；与（…）相伴而生
• Wisdom and maturity don't necessarily go together. 有智不在年高，年成未必有智。
• She knows all about the health problems that go with smoking. 抽烟引起的所有健康问题她都很清楚。
• Great wealth often goes hand in hand with meanness. 巨富者常悭吝。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE SITUATED 位于
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition [not continuous]
■to be put in a particular place, especially as the usual place 被放置，被置于（尤指通常的位置）
• The sofa went against that wall before we had the radiator put in. 安装暖气机前沙发是靠着那面墙放的。
• I'll put it all away if you tell me where everything goes. 你告诉我这些东西要放在哪里，我会把一切都放回去。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE SOLD 被卖掉
intransitive
■to be sold or be available 被卖掉，被出售；现成可用
• The shop is having a closing-down sale - everything must go. 那间商店正举行停业特卖——一切货物都要售完。
• The painting will go to the highest bidder. 这幅油画将会卖给出价最高的人。
• I bought some flowers that were going cheap. 我买了一些减价出售的花。
• "Going... going... gone! (= Sold!) " said the auctioneer, banging down the hammer. “要卖出了——要卖出了——成交！”拍卖人边喊边敲下了拍卖槌。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE ACCEPTABLE 可以接受
intransitive not continuous
■to look or be acceptable or suitable 可以接受；匹配；适合；相称
• That picture would go well on the wall in the living room. 那幅画挂在客厅墙上非常合适。
• The TV would go nicely in that corner, wouldn't it? 电视放在那个角落刚刚好，对吗？
• If I wear the orange hat with the blue dress, do you think it will go? 我穿那件蓝色连衣裙戴这顶橙红色的帽子，你觉得相配吗？
• Just remember that I'm the boss and what I say goes (= you have to accept what I say). 请记住我是老板，我说一不二。
• My parents don't worry too much about what I get up to, and most of the time anything goes (= I can do what I want). 我做甚么我父母都不是太担心，所以大多数情况下我都能做自己想做的事。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
BE KNOWN 被知道
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be known (by a particular name) 被叫做，被称为（某个名字或名称）；名叫
• He had a scruffy old teddy bear which went by the name of Augustus. 他有个肮脏破旧的玩具熊，名字叫奥古斯塔斯。
• In Britain, this flour usually goes under the name of maize meal. 在英国，这种面粉一般被称为玉米面。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
DEVELOP 发展
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to develop or happen 进行，进展；发生
• " How did the interview go?" "It went very well, thanks." “面试进行得怎么样？”“很好，多谢。”
• Things have gone badly for him since his business collapsed. 他的公司倒闭后，他的生活变得一塌糊涂。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
be gone on sb informal
■to like someone a lot 迷恋（某人），倾心于（某人）
• Nicky's really gone on Marty. 尼基真的对马蒂着了迷。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
go and... informal
■used to express disapproval of something that is done （表示不赞成）居然做了…，竟然干出…
• He's gone and lost (= He has lost) that wallet I gave him for his birthday. 他竟然把我送给他作为生日礼物的钱包给遗失了。
• Mike's really gone and done it now - he'll be in terrible trouble for breaking that window. 麦克居然把窗户的玻璃打碎了——他要吃不了兜着走了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
go for it informal
■to do anything you have to in order to get something 尽力争取；不遗余力去做
■1. "I'm thinking of applying for that job." "Go for it!"
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
go it alone
■to do something without other people 独自做；单干
• He's decided to leave the band and go it alone as a singer. 他已经决定离开乐队，自己一个去做一名歌手。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
sth gone mad
■a particular type of thing that has gone out of control 失控的…；变本加厉的…；猖獗的…
• He described the new regulations as bureaucracy gone mad. 他把这些新规定描述为官僚主义变本加厉的表现。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
have sth going for you
■If someone or something has something going for them, that thing causes them to have a lot of advantages and to be successful 有…的有利条件
• They've got a happy marriage, brilliant careers, wonderful kids - in fact they've got everything going for them. 他们婚姻美满、事业有成、儿女聪慧——实际上他们的一切都完美无缺。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
not go there
■to not start to think about or discuss a subject 不想；不讨论；置之不理
• "Then there's the guilt I feel about leaving her for seven hours every day." "Don't even go there!" “还有，每天要有七个小时不理她，让我感到十分歉疚。”“你不要再想这件事啦！”
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
the same/that goes for sb/sth
■what I have said about one person or thing is also true for or relates to another person or thing 同样适用于…；和…也有关；对…来说也是如此
• You really need to smarten up your appearance, Chris - and the same goes for the rest of you. 克里斯，你真的需要打扮得整洁些——你们也一样。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
What are you going to do? US informal
■used to say that there is nothing you can do to make a situation better （用于无计可施时）你又能有甚么办法？
■ go 2 UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ]
verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go about sth
■to begin to do something or deal with something 着手做；开始做
• What's the best way of going about this? 这件事怎样做才最好呢？
• [+ -ing verb] How can we go about solving this problem? 我们怎样开始来解决这个问题呢？
go about your business
■to continue doing what you usually do 继续从事日常事务
• In spite of last night's terrorist attack, most people seem to be going about their business as if nothing had happened. 尽管昨晚发生了恐怖袭击，大多数人似乎还是像平常一样生活工作，好像甚么事情也没有发生过。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go after sb
■to chase or follow someone in order to catch them 追赶 （某人）；跟在（某人）后面；追捕（某人）
• The police went after him but he got away. 员警对他展开了追捕，但是被他逃脱。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go after sth informal
■to try to get something 追逐；追求；谋求
• Are you planning to go after Paul's job when he leaves? 你打算在保罗离职后取而代之吗？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go against sb
■If a decision or vote goes against someone, they do not get the result that they needed 对（某人）不利
• The judge's decision went against us. 法官的判决对我们不利。
• The vote went against her (= She lost the vote). 投票选举的结果是她输了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go against sth/sb
■to oppose or disagree with something or someone 反对；违背；违反
• Public opinion is going against the government on this issue. 在这个问题上，公众舆论与政府的立场背道而驰。
• What you're asking me to do goes against everything I believe in. 你现在要求我所做的事情违背了我的所有原则。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go ahead
 ADVANCED
■to start to do something 开始做；着手做
• We've received permission to go ahead with the music festival in spite of opposition from local residents. 尽管受到当地居民反对，我们还是获准开始着手筹备音乐节。
• I got so fed up with waiting for him to do it that I just went ahead and did it myself. 我等他等得实在不耐烦了，所以就干脆自己动手把事做完了。
 ADVANCED informal
■said to someone in order to give them permission to start to do something （用于给别人许可）进行，开始，做
• "Could I ask you a rather personal question?" "Sure, go ahead." “我可以问您一个私人问题吗？”“当然，问吧。”
 ADVANCED
■If an event goes ahead, it happens 发生；进行
• The festival is now going ahead as planned. 庆祝活动现在正按计划进行。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go along
PLACE
 ADVANCED UK
■to go to a place or event, usually without much planning （通常指未经仔细计划）去（某个地方），参加（某个活动）
• I might go along to the party later. 我晚一些或许会去参加聚会的。
ACTIVITY
as you go along
■as you are doing a job or activity 在工作中；在活动进行过程中
• We have a flexible approach to what we're doing that allows us to make any necessary changes as we go along. 我们的工作方式很灵活，这使我们在工作中可以作出必要的改进。
• I'll explain the rules as we go along. 我会在进行过程中解释规则。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go along with sth/sb
■to support an idea, or to agree with someone's opinion 赞同；支持；和（某人）观点一致
• Kate's already agreed, but it's going to be harder persuading Mike to go along with it. 凯特已经同意了，但是要说服麦克也同意就难多了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go around US for go round
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go at sb
■to attack someone 攻击（某人）
• Suddenly, he went at me with a knife. 突然，他手持一把刀子向我扑来。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go at sth informal
■to start doing something with a lot of energy and enthusiasm 开始卖力工作；着手拼命工作
• He went at (= ate eagerly) his dinner as if he hadn't had anything to eat for weeks. 他狼吞虎咽地吃着晚饭，好像饿了几星期似的。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go away
LEAVE
 ESSENTIAL
■to leave a place 走开；离开；离去
• Go away and leave me alone! 走开，别烦我！
 ADVANCED
■to leave your home in order to spend time somewhere else, usually for a holiday （通常指为了渡假）离家外出
• We usually go away for the summer. 我们夏天通常到外地去渡假。
• He goes away on business a lot. 他经常在外出差。
DISAPPEAR
 ADVANCED
■to disappear 消失
• It was weeks before the bruises went away. 过了好几个星期青肿才消下去。
going away US
■In sports, if a team or person wins a competition going away, they win it by a lot of points, goals, etc （体育比赛中）大获全胜
• They seemed to score at will in the final period and the Knicks won going away. 在比赛最后阶段，他们打得十分顺利，仿佛得分是随心所欲的事，最终尼克队大获全胜。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go back
RETURN
 ESSENTIAL
■to return 返回；回到
• That restaurant was terrible - I'm never going back there again. 那间餐厅差极了——我再也不会到那里吃饭。
• I'll have to go back for my umbrella. 我要回去拿我的雨伞。
• Do you think you'll ever go back to London? 你认为你还会回去伦敦吗？
• When do you go back to school? 你甚么时候回校上课？
• Let's go back to the beginning and start again. 让我们从头再来吧。
• We can always go back to the original plan if necessary. 如果有必要的话，我们随时可以回头采用最初的计划。
■to be returned 返还；归还
• When are these library books due to go back ? 这些从图书馆借的书应该何时归还？
• That TV will have to go back to the shop - it hasn't worked properly ever since I bought it. 那部电视机要退给商店——从我买回来到现在经常发生故障。
ORIGIN
■to have existed since a time in the past 追溯到；回溯到
• Their relationship goes back to when they were at university together. 他们早在一起上大学时就开始交往了。
• Our house goes back to (= has existed since) the 18th century. 我们的房子建于18世纪。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go back on sth
■to fail to keep a promise, or to change a decision or agreement 违背（承诺或协议）；改变（决定）
• The government looks likely to go back on its decision to close the mines. 看来政府可能会出尔反尔，推翻原先关闭矿井的决定。
• She's gone back on her word and decided not to give me the job after all. 她说话不算数，竟然决定不再给我那个工作了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go back to sb
■to start a relationship again with a person you had a romantic relationship with in the past 回到（爱人或恋人的）身边；与（某人）破镜重圆
• I hear he's ended the affair and gone back to his wife. 我听说他结束婚外情与妻子破镜重圆。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go back to sth
■to start doing something again that you were doing before 重新开始（做某事）；重操旧业
• It's time to go back to work. 是时候回去工作了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go by
 ESSENTIAL
■to move past, in space or time （在空间上）经过；（时间）逝去
• You can watch the trains going by from this window. 你可以从这个视窗看往来的火车。
• You can't let an opportunity like that go by - it's too good to miss. 你不能放过这样一个机会——良机不容错过。
• Hardly a day goes by when I don't think about her. 我没有一天不想她。
in days gone by
■in the past
    go 3 1. The house was a railway station in days gone by.
从前这座房屋是个火车站。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go by sth
FOLLOW
■to follow something or be shown the way by something 遵守；依照；按照
• I'm sorry, madam, but we have to go by the rules. 对不起，这位女士，但是我们必须按章办事。
BASE
■to base an opinion, decision or judgment on something 根据…作判断（或决定）
• What do you go by when you're deciding whether or not to employ someone? 你决定雇用谁或者不雇用谁的依据是甚么？
• Going by what she said yesterday, I would say she's about to resign. 从昨天她说的话来判断，我敢说她要辞职了。
• If past experience is anything to go by, he'll completely ignore our suggestions and then change his mind at the last minute. 根据以往的经验来看，他肯定会把我们的建议全然置诸脑后，在最后一刻改变主意。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go down (sth)
MOVE DOWN
 IMPROVER
■to move down to a lower level or place 下去，下降，下沉（到某种水准或某个地方）
• He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness. 他双膝跪下请求原谅。
• He first went down the mines when he was 17. 他第一次下矿井的时候是17岁。
• The plane went down (= fell to the ground because of an accident, bomb, etc.) ten minutes after takeoff. 飞机在起飞十分钟后就坠落了。
• Everyone took to the lifeboats when the ship started to go down (= sink). 轮船开始下沉时，所有人都上了救生艇。
• Could I have a glass of water to help these pills go down (= to help me swallow them) ? 你能给我杯水让我把药丸吞服下去吗？
REACH
 IMPROVER
■to reach or go as far as 到达；延伸到；伸展到
• Its roots can go down three metres. 它的根可以扎到地下三米。
• This path goes down to the river. 这条路一直通到河边。
• Go down to (= Read as far as) the bottom of the page. 一直读到这一页的最后一行。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go down
SUN
 IMPROVER
■When the sun goes down, it moves down in the sky until it cannot be seen any more （太阳）落山，落到地平线以下
• On summer evenings we would sit on the verandah and watch the sun go down. 在夏天的傍晚，我们常坐在露台看日落。
BE REDUCED
 IMPROVER
■to be reduced in price, value, amount, quality, level or size 下降；降低；减少；减弱
• The temperature went down to minus ten last night. 昨晚气温降到了零下十度。
• The company's shares went down 7p to 53p. 公司的股价下跌了7便士至53便士。
• The swelling's gone down but there's still a lot of bruising. 肿消了，但青瘀还是很厉害。
• He went down in my estimation when he started trying to be a singer as well as an actor. 除了做演员，他又开始试图当歌手，这使我对他的看法不如以前了。
BE REMEMBERED
■to be remembered or recorded in a particular way 被记住；被记下；载入
• Hurricane Katrina will go down in the record books as the costliest storm ever faced by insurers. 飓风卡翠纳是对保险公司造成损失最为严重的一次暴风雨，它将因此而被载入“记录大全”。
BE RECEIVED
■to be received in a particular way 接受；引起某种反应
• I think my speech went down rather well , don't you? 我觉得我的演讲回响不错，你不这样认为吗？
LOSE
■to lose or be defeated 输；被打败
• England's unbeaten run of ten games ended last night when they went down 4-2 to France. 英格兰队昨晚未能延续一连十场不败的战绩，他们被法国队以四比二打败。
• Dictators rarely go down without a fight. 不战斗几乎是不可能使独裁者垮台的。
PRISON UK slang
■to be put in prison 坐牢，入狱
• She went down for three years for her part in the robbery. 她因为参与抢劫坐了三年监。
COMPUTER
■If a computer system goes down, it stops working （电脑系统）出故障，死机
• The battery should prevent the computer system from going down in the event of a power cut. 这块电池可以防止电脑系统在停电时停止运行。
HAPPEN US slang
■If an event such as a crime or a deal goes down, it happens 发生；进行
• I tried to tell Tyrell what was going down, but he wouldn't listen. 我试图将所发生的一切告诉提瑞尔，可他不听。
LEAVE UK old-fashioned
■If you go down from a college or university, especially Oxford University or Cambridge University, you leave either permanently or for a holiday. （尤指从牛津大学或剑桥大学毕业或上学期间放假时）离校
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go down on sb slang
■to use the tongue and lips to touch someone's sexual organs in order to give pleasure 对（某人）进行口交
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go down with sth (also come down with sth) UK
■to start to suffer from an infectious disease 患（传染病）；感染上（…病）
• Half of Martha's class has gone down with flu. 玛莎班上有一半的学生患了流感。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go for sb
■to attack someone 袭击（某人）；攻击（某人)
• Their dog had to be put to sleep after it went for the postwoman. 他们家的狗咬了那个女邮差，他们只好对它实施了安乐死。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go for sth
CHOOSE
■to choose something 选择
• Instead of butter, I always go for margarine or a low-fat spread. 我总是选择人造奶油或低脂肪的面包酱以代替奶油。
LIKE
■to like or admire 喜欢；倾心于
• I don't go for war films in a big way (= very much). 我不大喜欢战争片。
• What sort of men do you go for (= are you attracted to) ? 你喜欢甚么类型的男人？
TRY
■to try to have or achieve something 试图得到；努力争取
• She tripped me as I went for the ball. 我在拼抢球的时候，她把我绊倒了。
• Are you planning to go for that scholarship to Harvard University? 你打算争取拿那笔奖学金上哈佛大学吗？
• The Russian relay team will again be going for the gold medal at the Olympic Games. 俄罗斯接力队将会再次为夺得奥运会金牌而拼搏。
MONEY
■If something goes for a certain amount of money, it is sold for that amount 卖得（某价格），售价为
• The painting is expected to go for at least a million dollars. 这幅油画预计至少要卖100万美元。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go in
ENTER
 ESSENTIAL
■to enter a place 进入；进去
• I looked through the window, but I didn't actually go in. 我透过窗户望向里面，但是并没有进去。
BECOME HIDDEN
■If the sun goes in, it becomes hidden from view by clouds. （太阳）被云遮住
BE UNDERSTOOD mainly UK informal
■If a fact or piece of information goes in, you understand it or remember it 被理解；被领会；被记住
• No matter how many times you tell him something, it never seems to go in. 一件事不管你告诉他多少次，他好像就是永远也听不明白。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go in for sth
ENJOY
■to do something regularly, or to enjoy something 从事；爱好，喜欢
• I've never really gone in for classical music, but I love jazz. 我从来没有真正对古典音乐产生过兴趣，但是我喜欢爵士乐。
COMPETE
■to take part in a competition 参加（竞赛）
• Are you planning to go in for the 100 metres race? 你打算参加100米赛跑吗？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go into sth
START
 ADVANCED
■to start doing a particular type of work 开始从事（某职业）；进入（某行业）
• My son's planning to go into journalism. 我儿子打算从事新闻业。
• She's decided to go into business as a freelance computer programmer. 她已决定从事自由职业，当一名电脑程式师。
 ADVANCED
■to start an activity, or start to be in a particular state or condition 开始（从事某种活动）；开始进入（某种状态）
• The drug is still being tested and will not go into commercial production for at least two years. 这种药物仍处于试验阶段，至少两年内还不会投入商业生产。
• How many companies have gone into liquidation/receivership during the current recession? 在当前的经济衰退形势下，已有多少家公司破产／处于破产衰退的状态？
• Repeated death threats have forced them to go into hiding. 他们一再收到死亡威胁，只好躲藏起来。
• Her baby was born three hours after she went into labour. 她分娩了三个小时生下了孩子。
• Some of the fans seemed to go into a trance when she appeared on stage. 当她出现在舞台上时，她的一些崇拜者好像着了魔一样。
DISCUSS
 ADVANCED
■to discuss, examine, describe or explain something in a detailed or careful way （认真仔细地）讨论，研究，描述，解释
• This is the first book to go into her personal life as well as her work. 这是第一本不仅深入研究她的作品而且还详细叙述她的个人生活的书。
• I'd rather not go into that now. Can we discuss it later? 我现在不想详细谈论那个问题，我们以后再讨论它好不好？
• I'm unable to go into detail(s) at this stage because I still have very little information about how the accident happened. 现在我不能作详细说明，因为对于事故发生的原因我还知道得很少。
BE USED mainly UK go 4 * If time, money or effort goes into a product or activity, it is used when producing or doing it
（时间、金钱、精力等）花在…上，投入…，用于…
• A considerable amount of time and effort has gone into this exhibition. 相当多的时间和精力被投入到这次展会上。
HIT
■If a vehicle goes into something such as a tree or a wall, it hits it 撞上（树或墙等）
• Their car was travelling at 50 miles an hour when it went into the tree. 他们的车撞到树上的时候，车速是每小时50英里。
Compare collide
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go off
STOP WORKING
 ESSENTIAL
■If a light or a machine goes off, it stops working （电灯）熄灭；（机器）停止运行，停止运转
• The lights went off in several villages because of the storm. 这场暴风雨造成了几个村庄停电。
EXPLODE
 IMPROVER
■If a bomb goes off, it explodes 爆炸
• The bomb went off at midday. 炸弹在中午爆炸。
■If a gun goes off, it fires （枪）走火，开火
• His gun went off accidentally. 他的枪不小心走火了。
FOOD
 ADVANCED UK
■If food or drink goes off, it is not good to eat or drink any more because it is too old （食物、饮料等）变质，变坏，腐败
• This bacon smells a bit funny - do you think it's gone off? 这块烟肉闻起来有点怪怪的——你觉得它是不是变质了？
⇒ See also off (BAD)
NOISE
 ADVANCED
■If a warning device goes off, it starts to ring loudly or make a loud noise （警报器等）突然发出巨响
• The alarm should go off automatically as soon as smoke is detected. 警报器一旦测出有烟就会自动鸣响。
• Didn't you hear your alarm clock going off this morning? 今天早上你没听到你的闹钟响吗？
LEAVE
■to leave a place and go somewhere else 离开
• She's gone off to the pub with Tony 她和托尼一起去了酒吧。
HAPPEN
■to happen in a particular way 发生；进展
• The protest march went off peacefully. 抗议示威游行是和平进行的。
BECOME WORSE UK
■to become worse in quality （质量）变劣，下降
• That paper's really gone off since they got that new editor. 那份报纸自从换了那个新主编后，可读性大大降低。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go off sb/sth ADVANCED
■to stop liking or being interested in someone or something 不再喜欢；对…不再感兴趣
• I went off beefburgers after I got food poisoning from a take-away. 我吃外卖食品食物中毒后就不再对汉堡包感兴趣了。
• I went off Peter when he said those dreadful things about Clare. 我不再喜欢彼得了，因为他说了克莱尔那些坏话。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go off with sb
■to leave a wife, husband or partner in order to have a sexual or romantic relationship with someone else 移情别恋于（某人）
• Did you know that Hugh had gone off with his sister-in-law? 你知不知道休抛弃了女朋友，跟他的嫂子在一起了？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go off with sth
■to take something without getting permission from the owner first 擅自拿走
• I do wish you'd stop going off with my car without asking me beforehand. 你连个招呼都不打就开走我的车，我真希望你不要再这样了。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go on
HAPPEN
 IMPROVER
■to happen 进行；发生
• I'm sure we never hear about a lot of what goes on in government. 我肯定，政府内部发生的很多事情我们永远也不会听说。
• This war has been going on for years. 这场战争已经持续好几年了。
CONTINUE
 IMPROVER
■to continue or move to the next thing 继续做； （做完一件事）接下来继续做（另一件事）
• Please go on with what you're doing and don't let us interrupt you. 请继续做你的事情，不要因为我们而中断。
• [+ -ing verb] We really can't go on living like this - we'll have to find a bigger house. 我们真的不能再这样生活下去——我们必须要找间大些的房子。
• [+ to infinitive] She admitted her company's responsibility for the disaster and went on to explain how compensation would be paid to the victims. 她承认其公司对灾难的发生负有责任，然后又进一步说明了如何对受害者进行赔偿。
• What proportion of people who are HIV-positive go on to develop (= later develop) AIDS? HIV 检测呈阳性者中有多大比例的人会继续发展成为爱滋病病人？
• If you go on (= continue behaving) like this you won't have any friends left at all. 如果你继续这样，你一个朋友都留不住。
OPERATE
 IMPROVER
■to start operating 开始运转
• The spotlights go on automatically when an intruder is detected in the garden. 当探测到有人闯入花园时，聚光灯会自动打开。
• When does the heating go on? 甚么时候开始暖起来？
TALK AGAIN
 IMPROVER
■to start talking again after a pause （停顿后）继续说，接着讲
• She paused to light another cigarette and then went on with her account of the accident. 她停下来又点了一支烟，然后继续述说那次事故。
• [+ speech] "What I want more than anything else, " he went on, "is a house in the country with a large garden for the children to play in." “我最想要的。”他接着说，“是一座乡村宅院，里面有个大花园能让孩子们在里面玩。”
■informal
■something that you say to encourage someone to say or do something （用于鼓励）来吧，继续
• Go on, what happened next? 继续说，接着又发生了甚么呢？
TALK A LOT
 ADVANCED UK
■to talk in an annoying way about something for a long time 唠叨；没完没了地讲
• I just wish he'd stop going on about how brilliant his daughter is." "Yes, he does go on (a bit) , doesn't he?" “我真希望他不要再喋喋不休地说他女儿有多聪明。”“对，他是（有点儿）唠叨，是不是？”
• I wish you'd stop going on at (= criticizing repeatedly) me about my haircut. 我希望你不要再没完没了地批评我的发型了。
PLEASE DO
 ADVANCED
■used when encouraging or asking someone to do something （用于鼓励或请求）继续，来吧
• Go on, have another drink. 来，再来一杯。
• "I don't really feel like seeing a film tonight." "Oh go on. We haven't been to the cinema for ages." “我今晚真的不想去看电影。”“哎呀，来吧。我们都好长时间没去过电影院了。”
AGREE informal
■something that you say in order to agree to do or allow something that you did not want to do or to allow before （表示改变想法，同意做原来不想做的事）那好吧，也可以
• "Are you sure you don't want another slice of cake?" "Oh go on then , but just a small one." “你真的不想再吃一块蛋糕了吗？”“那好吧，但给我一块小的。”
TIME
■to continue or pass 持续；（时间）流逝，过去
• Tomorrow will start cold but it should get warmer as the day goes on. 明天就开始冷了，但是随着日子一天天过去，又会转暖一些。
• As the evening went on it became clear that we should never have agreed to see each other again. 那个晚上，随着时间一分分过去，我们都明白了，我们真不应该答应对方再次又见面的。
NOT BELIEVE
Go on! mainly UK old-fashioned
■used when you do not believe someone （表示不相信）行了！ 得了！
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go on sth
■to use a piece of information in order to help you discover or understand something 凭…作出判断；以…为依据
• I'm only going on what I overheard him saying to Chris, but I think he's planning to leave next month. 我是仅凭无意中听到他跟克里斯说的一些话作出的判断。但是我觉得他打算下个月离开。
• The investigation has only just started so the police haven't got much to go on at the moment. 调查才刚刚开始，所以现在警方还没有找到多少线索。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go out
LEAVE
 ESSENTIAL
■to leave a room or building, especially in order to do something for entertainment （尤指为了去娱乐）外出；出门参加社交活动，外出交际
• Please close the door as you go out. 你出去玩的时候请把门关上。
• Do you fancy going out for a meal after work? 你下了班想不想到外面吃餐饭？
• It's terribly smoky in here - I'm just going out for a breath of fresh air. 这里面乌烟瘴气的——我只是出去呼吸一下新鲜空气。
• [+ -ing verb] I wish you'd spend more time at home instead of going out drinking with your friends every night. 我希望你能多留在家里，而不是每天晚上都跑出去跟朋友喝酒。
RELATIONSHIP
 ADVANCED
■to have a romantic and usually sexual relationship with someone （与某人）谈恋爱（通常有性关系）
• How long have you been going out with him? 你跟他恋爱有多长时间了？
• They'd been going out (together/with each other) for almost five years before he moved in with her. 在他搬过来和她同居之前，他们已经谈了将近五年恋爱。
SEA
 ADVANCED
■If the tide goes out, it moves back and covers less of the beach. 退潮；落潮 Compare come in
LIGHT/FIRE
■If a light or something that is burning goes out, it stops producing light or heat. 熄灭
• When I woke up the fire had gone out. 当我醒来时，火已经熄了。
SPORT UK
■to lose when you are playing in a sports competition, so that you must stop playing in the competition （在比赛中）被淘汰，出局
• England went out to France in the second round of the championship. 锦标赛第二轮比赛中英格兰队被法国队淘汰出局。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go out to sb
■If your thoughts or sympathies go out to someone in a difficult or sad situation, you think of them and feel sorry for them 同情（某人）
• Our deepest sympathies go out to her husband and children. 我们深切同情她的丈夫和孩子。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone) go 5 Phrasal Verbs  go over
US for
■ go down (BE RECEIVED)
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go over sth
EXAMINE
 ADVANCED
■to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way 仔细检查；仔细审查；仔细察看
• Forensic scientists are going over the victim's flat in a search for clues about the murderer. 法医学家正在仔细检查受害人的公寓，以搜寻杀人凶手的蛛丝马迹。
• Remember to go over your essay checking for grammar and spelling mistakes before you hand it in to me. 记住在把论文交给我之前，要仔细检查一下文法和拼写错误。
• I've gone over the problem several times, but I can't think of a solution. 这道数学题我审了好几遍题，但就是想不出怎样解决。
STUDY
 ADVANCED
■to study or explain something 温习；重复
• I always go over my revision notes just before I go into an exam. 我在参加考试前总是会把复习笔记重温一遍。
• Could you go over the main points of your argument again, Professor? 教授，您可否重述一下您的主要论点？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go over to sth
■to change to something new or to a new way of doing things 采用，改用（新的事物或做法）
• Many motorists are going over from leaded to unleaded fuel. 很多驾车者正在放弃含铅汽油而改用无铅汽油。
• She went over (= changed her support) to the Democrats at the last election. 上次大选中她倒向了民主党。
■to change to another broadcaster or place of broadcast （广播时）切换到（另一人物或地点）
• We're now going over to Kate Adie speaking live from Baghdad. 下面我们来看凯特‧阿迪从巴格达发回的现场报导。
• Later in this bulletin we will be going over to our Westminster studio for an update on the situation. 稍后本新闻快报节目将切换到威斯敏斯特广播室，在那里为您报导事态的最新消息。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go round UK (US go around)
SPIN
 ESSENTIAL
■to spin like a wheel 旋转；转动 Compare revolve ; rotate
BE ENOUGH
 ADVANCED
■If there is enough of something to go round, there is enough for everyone in a group of people 满足大家的需要；足够分给每个人；人人能分到
• Are there enough pencils to go round? 铅笔够分吗？
BEHAVE BADLY
 ADVANCED
■to spend your time behaving in the stated way 习惯于（以某种方式行事）
• [+ -ing verb] You can't go round being rude to people. 你不能老是对人这样粗暴。
VISIT
 ADVANCED
■to visit someone in their home 走访；拜访；访问
• I'm just going round to Martha's for half an hour. 我正要到玛莎家去坐半小时。
• Why didn't you tell me Perry had been round? 为甚么你不告诉我佩里来过我们家？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go round sth UK (US go around)
■to travel to all, or the main, parts of a place that you are visiting in order to find out what it is like or to learn about it 参观
• For a few weeks in the summer, visitors are able to go round Buckingham Palace. 每年夏季中有几个星期， 游人可以进入白金汉宫参观。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go round (somewhere) UK (US go around (somewhere))
■to go or be given from one person to another, or to move from one place to another （在某些人或某些地方）传递，流传，传播
• A nasty flu bug's going round (the school) at the moment. 眼下一种传染性很强的流感病毒正在（学校）传播。
• There's a rumour going round (the village) that they're having an affair. （村里）有传言说他们之间关系暧昧。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go through
■If a law, plan or deal goes through, it is officially accepted or approved. 获得正式认可；被批准；被通过
• A council spokeswoman said that the proposals for the new shopping centre were unlikely to go through. 政务委员会的女发言人说，修建新购物中心的计划不可能获得通过。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go through sth
EXPERIENCE
 IMPROVER
■to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation 遭受，经历，经受（苦难等）
• I've been going through a bad patch recently. 近来这一段时间我日子过得不好。
• You'd think his children would be more sympathetic towards him after all he's gone through (= the many bad things he has experienced). 也许你会觉得，在他经历过这一切苦难后，他的子女们会对他多些同情。
EXAMINE
 ADVANCED
■to examine something which contains a collection of things carefully in order to organize them or find something 仔细察看；仔细检查；仔细审查
• I'm going through my wardrobe and throwing out all the clothes I don't wear any more. 我要把衣柜彻底清理一下，把不穿的衣服都找出来扔掉。
• Remember to go through the pockets before you put those trousers in the washing machine. 在把裤子放进洗衣机之前，要记着仔细翻翻裤袋。
PRACTISE
■to do something in order to practise or as a test 练习；排练
• I'd like you to go through that manoeuvre again and then bring the car to a halt. 请你把那个动作再练一遍，然后停车。
USE
■to use a lot of something 大量使用
• Before I gave up smoking I was going through 40 cigarettes a day. 我没戒烟时一天要抽40支香烟。
• I went through a hundred quid on my last trip to London. 我上一次去伦敦旅游花掉了100英镑。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go through with sth
■to do something unpleasant or difficult that has already been agreed or promised 照原先答应（或承诺）的去做；做完（令人不快或困难的事情）；将…进行到底
• He'd threatened to divorce her but I never thought he'd go through with it. 他曾经威胁要和她离婚，但是我从不认为他真的会付诸行动。
• The company has decided not to go through with the takeover of its smaller rival. 这家公司已经决定放弃收购较小竞争对手的计划。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go to sb
■to be given or sold to someone 授予（某人）；由（某人）得到；出售给（某人）
• Who did the award for Best Actress go to? 谁获得了最佳女演员奖？
• All the money raised will go to charity. 所有筹款都将用于慈善事业。
• The painting went to the highest bidder. 这幅油画被出价最高的人买下。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go together
LOOK GOOD
 ADVANCED
■to look good together 相配；协调；搭配
• Do you think the cream dress and the blue jacket go together? 你认为这条米色的连衣裙和这件蓝色的短上衣配吗？
Compare match ; suit
BE FOUND
■to happen or be found together 伴随发生；共存
• Wisdom and maturity don't necessarily go together. 有智不在年高，年成未必有智。
• Researchers have discovered that short-sightedness and high IQs seem to go together in children. 研究人员发现好像近视儿童智商高。
RELATIONSHIP informal
■If two people are going together, they have a romantic or sexual relationship with each other. 谈恋爱；有性关系
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go under
SINK
■to sink 沉下去，沉没
• The ship went under just minutes after the last passenger had been rescued. 最后一名乘客获救后仅几分钟轮船就沉没了。
FAIL
■If a company goes under, it fails financially 破产；倒闭；垮掉
• The charity will go under unless a generous donor can be found within the next few months. 除非能在今后几个月中找到一位捐赠者慷慨解囊，否则这家慈善机构将会倒闭。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go up
RISE
 ESSENTIAL
■to move higher, rise or increase 升高；上升；上涨；增长
• The average cost of a new house has gone up by 5% to £276 500. 每套新房的平均成本上涨了5%，达到了76500英镑。
EXPLODE
■to suddenly explode 爆炸
• There's a gas leak and the whole building could go up at any moment. 发生了煤气泄漏，整座大楼随时都有爆炸的危险。
BE FIXED
■If a sign goes up, it is fixed into position （告示牌等）被竖立；（公告等）被张贴
• The new 'No Parking' signs went up yesterday. 昨天刚立了一批“禁止停车”的告示牌。
BUILD
■If a building goes up, it is built 被建造起来，拔地而起：
• A new factory is going up on the old airport. 在旧机场的位置正在兴建一座新工厂。
UNIVERSITY UK old-fashioned
■If you go up to a college or university, especially Oxford University or Cambridge University, you begin studying there, or continue studying after a holiday. 上大学，（假期结束后）返回大学（尤指牛津大学或剑桥大学）
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go up to sth ADVANCED
■to reach as far as something 到达；延伸到 go 6 1. The path going up to the back door is very muddy.
通向后门的小路满地烂泥。
• This edition's rather out-of-date and only goes up to 1989. 这个版本相当过时了，它的内容仅覆盖到1989年。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go with sth
SUIT
 ESSENTIAL
■If one thing goes with another, they suit each other or they look or taste good together 与…相配；与…协调；与…和谐
• This wine goes particularly well with seafood. 喝这种葡萄酒吃海鲜最合适。
• I'm not sure that this hat really goes with this dress. 我不清楚这顶帽子是不是真的配这条连衣裙。
Compare match ; suit
RESULT
■If a problem, activity or quality goes with another one, they often happen or exist together and the first thing is often caused by the second 和…一起存在；是…的结果
• [+ -ing verb] What are the main health problems that go with smoking ? 抽烟引起的主要健康问题是甚么？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go with sb informal
■to have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone 与（某人）谈恋爱；与（某人）有性关系
• Did he ever go with anyone else while they were living together? 他们在一起生活的时候，他有没有和别人发生过关系？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go with sb/sth informal
■to accept an idea or agree with a person 同意；接受；与…意见一致
• I think we can go with the advertising agency's suggestions, don't you? 我觉得我们可以采纳广告商的建议，你觉得呢？
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] verb (going, went, gone)
  Phrasal Verbs  go without (sth) ADVANCED
■to not have something or to manage to live despite not having something 没有…而勉强应付；没有…也行；不享受；放弃
• If you don't want fish for dinner, then you'll just have to go without! 如果你晚饭不想吃鱼，那你就只好将就点了！
• I'd rather go without food than work for him. 我宁可饿肚子也不为他工作。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] noun (plural goes)
ATTEMPT 尝试
 IMPROVER countable (US usually try)
■an attempt to do something 尝试
• Georgina passed her driving test (on her) first go. 乔治娜考驾驶执照一次就通过了。
• "This jar is impossible to open." "Here, let me have a go." “这个罐子没法打开。”“来，让我试一试。”
• I want to have a go at finishing my essay tonight. 我想试试看今晚能不能把论文写完。
• We can't do the work all in one go (= all at the same time). 我们不可能一蹴而就，一下完成工作。
make a go of sth (US usually try)
■to try to make something succeed, usually by working hard （通常指透过努力工作）使成功
• She's really making a go of her new antique shop. 她新开的古董店经营得很不错。
• I can't see him ever making a go of accountancy. 我觉得会计这工作他永远也做不好。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] noun (plural goes)
OPPORTUNITY 机会
 IMPROVER countable (US usually turn)
■an opportunity to play in a game, or to do or use something （游戏等中）轮到的机会
• Hey, it's Ken's go now! You've just had your go. 嗨，现在轮到肯了！你刚玩过。
• Please can I have a go (= can I ride) on your bike? 我能骑骑你的脚踏车吗？
• I'll have a go at driving for a while if you're tired. 如果你累了，我来替你开一会儿车。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] noun (plural goes)
CRITICIZE 批评
have a go at sb UK
■to criticize someone 指责；数落
• My Dad's always having a go at me about getting a proper job. 我爸爸总是指责我不找份正经的工作做。
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] noun (plural goes)
ENERGY 精力
uncountable
■the condition of being energetic and active 劲头；干劲；精力；活力
• You're full of go this morning. 今天早上你精力充沛。
• He doesn't have much go about him, does he? 他无精打采的，不是吗？
⇒ See also get-up-and-go
UK [gəʊ] US [goʊ] noun (plural goes)
be no go informal
■to be impossible or not effective, or to not happen 不可能；没有用；办不到；不成功
• They tried for hours to get her to come down from the roof, but it was no go. 他们花了好几个小时的工夫想把她从房顶上弄下来，还是没成功。
• The launch was no go due to the weather. 因为天气原因发射没有成功。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
advance, progress, proceed, move on, go
这些动词均含“前进，行进，进展”之意。
advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。
progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。
proceed: 侧重指继续前进。
move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。
go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
vi. 走；达到；运转；趋于
 - walk, step, track
n. 去；进行；尝试
 - stroke, conduct, process, experiment, try
vt. 忍受；出产；以…打赌
 - yield, stomach, stand, abide, tough

Word: first
Front: first
[fɜ:st] (中高 86/79 -K5)
Vocabulary: first
(once / 6 pages)
1adjnadv 2adj 3n 4n 5n
First is number one, prior to, or before. First comes first, then comes everything else. It's always good to be first in line or in first class. Who wants to be second? Or worse — last?
Whether it’s a noun, adjective, or adverb, you’ll find first at the beginning and opposite from last. And whether you’ve won first place or have just become the First Lady, first usually indicates a good thing — unless of course you're first to be fired. That doesn’t answer the Abbott and Costello question “Who's on first?” though.
WORD FAMILY
first: firstly, firsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
And even George Washington, so renowned for his composure, quivered during his address to the Senate after nervously improvising in his first inauguration.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This is the same approach the Obama administration adopted in its first term.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, he caught 13 passes for 164 yards and three touchdowns, including the first of the game and the last.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 第一，最初; 头等; 一号，; [乐]高音部
adv. 最早，最初; 首次; 宁愿; 优先
adj. 第一流的; 最初的，最早的; 基本的，概要的; 高音的
num. 第一
分布：第一(82%)，首先(13%)，最初(3%)，第一的(1%)，最初的(1%)
→来自pre-isto, *pre, 向前，穿过，词源同far, forth. *isto, 最高级后缀。
a./ad.第一;最初;首次n.开始pron.第一名The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■(a person or thing) coming before all others in order, time, amount, quality or importance 第一（的）；首先；最初；首要（的）
• This is my first visit to New York. 这是我第一次到纽约。
• I fell in love with him the first time I saw him. 我对他一见钟情。
• I'm always nervous for the first few minutes of an exam. 考试开始的头几分钟我总是很紧张。
in the first place
■in or at the beginning (of a series of events) 最初，原本
• The trousers shrank when I washed them, but they weren't really big enough in the first place. 这条长裤洗过后缩水了，但是它原本就不够大。
• Thankfully, he wasn't hurt, but he never should have been there in the first place. 谢天谢地他没受伤，但是他原本就不应该到那里去。
in the first instance UK
■as the first attempt or effort 首先
• Enquiries about the post should be addressed in the first instance to the personnel manager. 询问职位事宜应该首先咨询人事经理。
first thing
■at the earliest time in the day 一大早
• He said he'd phone back first thing tomorrow. 他说明天一大早他会回电话的。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
be in the first flush of
■to be at the start of something 在…之初，在…的最初阶段
• He's no longer in the first flush of youth. 他已不再青春年少。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] ordinal number determiner
first things first
■used to tell someone that more important things should be done before less important things 重要的事情先做
• First things first, let's have something to eat. 要紧的是，我们先吃点东西吧。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■before all others in order, time, amount, quality or importance 第一；首先；最初；首要
• Tom came first in the race. 汤姆在比赛中获得第一。
• Who finished first? 谁先完成的？
• If you get home first, can you put the kettle on? 你如果先到家，能烧壶水么？
 ESSENTIAL * for the first time
• When did you first meet each other? 你们初次见面是甚么时候？
• The company was still very small when I first joined. 我最初加入时，这家公司还很小。
 ESSENTIAL
■used at the beginning of a list of things you want to say or write; firstly 首先（用于想说或想写的一连串事物的开头）
• First, I want to thank my parents. 首先，我要感谢我的父母。
• First (of all) (UK alsoFirst off)(= Before anything else) , I'd like to ask you a few questions about your childhood. 首先，我想问几个有关你童年的问题。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
at first ESSENTIAL
■in or at the beginning 起初，起先
• At first I thought he was joking but then I realized he meant it. 起初我以为他在开玩笑，后来才意识到他是认真的。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first among equals UK
■a member of a group who is officially on the same level as the other members but who in fact has slightly more responsibility or power 第一人（同级别中地位最高者）
• The British Prime Minister is first among equals in the Cabinet. 英国首相是内阁中的地位最高的人。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first and foremost
■more than anything else 首要的是，首先
• In spite of being elected to office, she remains first and foremost a writer. 尽管获选担任公职，写作仍然是她的首要工作。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first and last
■as the most important fact 最重要的是
• Don was, first and last, a good friend. 最重要的是，唐是个好朋友。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] adverb
first come , first served
■used to mean that people will receive something or be dealt with in the order in which they ask or arrive 先到先得；先到先接待
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
THING OR PERSON 事物或人
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the first person or thing to do or be something, or the first person or thing mentioned 第一个人或事物
• [+ to infinitive] She was one of the first to arrive. 她是其中一个最先抵达的人。
• He is the first (= very willing) to admit that much of his success is due to his good looks. 他非常愿意承认，他的成功很大程度上归功于他帅气的外表。
• Tonight sees the first of three documentaries about cancer. 今晚播放有关癌症的三部纪录片中的第一部。
from the (very) first
■from the beginning 从一开始
• I've opposed the proposal from the very first. 我从一开始就反对那项提议。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
NEVER BEFORE 从来没有
only singular
■something that has never happened or been done before 从未发生过的事，开创先例的事
• This new surgical technique is a first for (= has never been done before in) Britain. 这项外科手术新技术在英国是首次应用。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
QUALIFICATION 资格
countable (also first class degree) UK
■the best possible degree qualification you can get from a British university （英国大学学位）最高成绩，优等成绩
• She has a first in English from Newcastle University. 她从纽卡索大学毕业，获英语头等成绩学位。
UK ['fɜ:st] US ['fɝ:st] noun
VEHICLE 车辆
uncountable (also first gear)
■(in a vehicle) the gear used when starting to drive forward or when driving up a steep hill （车辆的）第一档，一档
adv. 第一；首先；优先；宁愿
 - primarily, soon, initially, rather
n. 第一；开始；冠军
 - threshold, conception, beginning, opening, title
adj. 第一的；基本的；最早的
 - elementary, premier, fundamental, basic, essential

Word: party
Front: party
[ˈpɑ:ti] (中高托雅 351/166 -K5)
Vocabulary: party
(once / 20 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
If you have a party, you invite people who will likely get along and like each other. If you join a political party, you choose the one whose members share your views.
Party comes from part, which means "a division in the whole." You can see this in political parties: the groups that make up the whole of voters in a nation. Party also means "person or group," which we are reminded of at restaurants when asked, "How many are in your party?" This is how party as in "a social gathering" or as a verb — the act of enjoying yourself at such a gathering — came about.
WORD FAMILY
party: partied, parties, partying
USAGE EXAMPLES
The report said there was "no easy solution" on Brexit for the party.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, as usual, the firm invited alumni, including me, to its holiday party at the Plaza Hotel.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 社交聚会; 党，党派; 当事人; 同类，伙伴
v. 为…举行社交聚会; 为…请客; 参加社交聚会
adj. 政党的，党派的; 社交的，聚会的; 共有的，共同的
时态：partied, partying, parties
分布：聚会(63%)，宴会(20%)，政党(14%)，一伙人(2%)，开派对(1%)
→来自古法语partie,来自拉丁语partire,分开，词源同part.即分开的一部分，分支，引申词义政党，党派，也用于指一伙人的聚会，宴会，及法律术语当事人，当事方等诸相关词义。
n.聚会,政党,当事人v.举行(参加)社交聚会Sir, your bird stirred my girlfriend's birthday party.先生,你的鸟搅了我女友的生日聚会.
US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
CELEBRATION 庆祝
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a social event where a group of people meet to talk, eat, drink, dance, etc., often in order to celebrate a special occasion 社交聚会
• a birthday party 生日会
• a farewell party 欢送会
• a dinner party (= a small, sometimes formal party where a meal is eaten) 晚宴
• a UKfancy-dress / UScostume party (= a party where people wear clothes that make them look like someone or something else) 化装舞会
• Peter has/gives/throws really wild parties. 彼得举办的聚会很疯狂。
  Common Learner Errors  partyWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'offer/make/prepare a party', say throw/give/have a party :
✗ I am making a surprise party for my sister. I am throwing a surprise party for my sister.
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
POLITICAL GROUP 政党
 ESSENTIAL countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■an organization of people with particular political beliefs which competes in elections to try to win positions in local or national government 党，政党，党派
• the Democratic Party 民主党
• the Green party 绿党
• the Conservative party 保守党
• The Labour party has/have just elected a new leader. 工党刚选出了一名新领袖。
• He was elected as party leader in 2001. 他于2001年当选为该党的领袖。
• They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. 他们联系全国的党员，请求他们支援。
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
VISITING GROUP 参观团体
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who are involved in an activity together, especially a visit （共同参加活动，尤指参观的）一批人，一组人
• a party of tourists 一批游客
• Most museums give a discount to school parties. 大多数博物馆都对学校的参观团体打折。
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
INVOLVEMENT 参与
 IMPROVER countable
■one of the people or groups of people involved in an official argument, arrangement or similar situation 当事人，参与方
• The UN called on all parties in the conflict to take a positive stance towards the new peace initiative. 联合国呼吁冲突各方对新的和平倡议采取积极态度。
• It's often difficult to establish who the guilty party is following a road accident. 发生交通意外后常常很难确定谁是有罪的一方。
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
be (a) party to sth
■to be involved in something, especially something bad 参与（尤指坏事）
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] noun
bring sth to the party
■to provide something as part of an arrangement 贡献；提供…作为安排的一部分：
• So what's Carter's involvement in all of this? What's he bringing to the party? 那么卡特跟这一切有甚么牵连呢？他在为此做些甚么呢？
UK ['pɑ:.ti] US ['pɑ:r.tˌi] verb intransitive
■to enjoy yourself by drinking and dancing, especially at a party （尤指在聚会上）吃喝玩乐，狂欢
• Let's party! 我们尽情玩吧！
• They partied till dawn. 他们一直玩到天亮。
dinner, feast, banquet, party
这组词都有“宴会”的意思，其区别是：
dinner: 普通用词，含义广。本义指一日的主餐，但多用于指宴请客人的正式的一餐。
feast: 指筵席酒席，有时可与banquet换用，但前者强调共享欢乐的气氛。
banquet: 指正式而盛大的宴会或国宴。
party: 指一般的社交聚会，也引申指宴请或宴会。
n. 政党，党派；聚会，派对； [法] 当事人
 - principal, get-together

Word: business
Front: business
[ˈbɪznəs] (中高研四六雅 246/215 -K5)
Vocabulary: business
(once / 19 pages)
1n 2n
If you are in Hong Kong to do work, then you’re away on business. The word business can refer to the activities you perform for your job.
The word business often refers to an occupation (like "she owns her own business") or a particular trade, like show business. Business can also describe an enterprise's financial goal, as in, a store that uses advertising to attract business, or its activity — like a store that does most of its business on weekends. It isn't always easy to run a business. In fact, it comes from the Old English word bisignis, which meant “anxiety."
WORD FAMILY
business: businesses, businesslike+/ busy: busied, busier, busies, busiest, busily, business, busying, busyly, busyness, overbusy/busyness: busynesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
She put teaching on the back burner and helped her husband run his clock business.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“It’s a business decision that ignores the culinary tradition of Roman cuisine,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
This year, according to the models Mass trusts, looks like a “ La Nada year” — business as usual.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 商业，交易; 生意; 事务，业务; 职业，行业
分布：生意(49%)，商业(45%)，事务(6%)
→busy的名词形式。
n.商业,生意;事务,业务,职责On the bus the busy businessman did a business with the buyer.在公共汽车上,忙碌的商人与买主做了一笔生意.
noun
SELLING 卖
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the activity of buying and selling goods and services, or a particular company that does this, or work you do to earn money 商业；生意；商务；公事；商业机构；公司；商店
• My brother's in business. 我哥哥经商。
• He's in the frozen food business. 他做冷冻食品生意。
• The two brothers established/set up/started up a clothes retailing business. 兄弟俩开了家服装零售商店。
• Our firm does a lot of business with overseas customers. 我们公司与海外客户的生意往来很多。
• Eventually they found a consultant they felt they could do business with (= with whom they could work well). 最后他们找到了一个他们觉得可以与其愉快合作的顾问。
• Currently, there are fewer firms in business (= operating) in the area than ever before. 目前在该地区经营的公司比以往任何时候都少。
• This new tax will put a lot of small firms out of business (= they will stop operating). 这项新的税收将导致许多小企业倒闭。
• She set up in business (= started her own company) as a management consultant. 她自己开办公司提供管理咨询服务。
• How is business (= Are you selling much) at the moment? 现在生意怎么样？
• Business is good/brisk/booming/flourishing (= I'm selling a lot). 生意兴隆。
• Business is bad/slack/quiet (= I'm not selling much). 生意清淡。
• I'm in Baltimore on business. 我在巴尔的摩出差。
• a business appointment 商务会面
  Common Learner Errors  businessWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make business', say do business :
✗ We have been making business with this company for five years. We have been doing business with this company for five years.
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
MATTER 事情
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■a situation or activity, often one that you are giving your opinion about 状况；事，事情；事务；重要事件
• Arranging a trip abroad is a time-consuming business. 筹划一趟出国旅行是件很费时的事。
• These killings are a dreadful business. 这些谋杀是非常可怕的事。
• I make it my business (= I feel it is my particular duty) to check the monthly accounts. 我觉得核查每月账目是我的责任。
• We've got some unfinished business to discuss (= We still have something important to discuss). 我们还有一些未了结的事务需要讨论。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
THINGS YOU DO 所做的事情
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the things that you do or the matters which relate only to you 事情；个人事务
• I got on with the business of filling in the form. 我继续填表格。
• What she does with her life is her business. 她如何生活是她自己的事。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
be in business informal
■to be ready and able to start doing something that you planned 准备就绪
• Once we get the computer installed we'll be in business. 电脑一安装好我们就可以开始了。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
be none of sb's business
■If something is none of someone's business, they do not need to know about it, although they want to, because it does not affect them 与（某人）无关
• Stop pestering me, it's none of your business! 不要再烦我，这件事与你无关！
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
be the business UK slang
■to be extremely good or skilful 出色
• That new defender is the business! 那个新防守队员非常棒！
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
(It's) business as usual. saying
■said when things are continuing as they always do, despite a difficult situation （尽管情况困难）一切照常。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
Business before pleasure. saying
■said to emphasize that you believe work is more important than entertainment and enjoyment （用于强调重要性）事业在先，享乐在后。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
do the business informal
■to do what is wanted or needed in a situation 解决问题；把事办成
• As long as he does the business on the football field, the club is happy with him. 只要他在足球场上发挥出水准，球会就对他很满意。
UK slang
■to have sex 性交，上床
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
get down to business
■to start talking about the subject to be discussed 进入主题，讨论正题
• If the introductions are over I'd like to get down to business. 如果介绍完了，我想开始讨论正题。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
have no business doing sth
■to have no right to do something 无权做…
• You had no business reading my private letters. 你无权看我的私人信件。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
like nobody's business
■very quickly or very much 非常快；很多地
• He was scribbling away like nobody's business. 他忙着写个不停。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
not be in the business of
■If a person or organization is not in the business of doing something considered wrong, they do not normally do it 不做（错事）
• The intelligence service is not in the business of routinely monitoring the activities of law-abiding citizens. 情报机关通常不会监控守法公民的活动。
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
What a business! old-fashioned
■used to mean that something was annoying and caused a lot of trouble for you 真麻烦！
• It took ages to sort out the documentation needed to get into the country - what a business! 花了好长时间才将入境所需的档整理好——真是件麻烦事！
['bɪz.nɪs] noun
  Common Learner Errors  businessWarning: Check your spelling! Business is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 's' in the middle and 'ss' at the end.
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
affair, matter, concern, business, thing
这组词都有“事情”的意思，其区别是：
affair: 含义较广，侧重指已发生或必须去做的任何事情或事务。复数形式多指重大或较复杂的事务。
matter: 普通用词，着重指一件考虑中的或需要处理的事。
concern: 往往强调与个人或团体利害有直接或重大关系的事。
business: 通常指较重要或较难而又必须承担的事情，也可指商事。
thing: 用作“事情”解时，词义较笼统、含糊，多用于指不很具体的事。
substance, affair, matter, business
substance: 具有某种化学物理性质的“物质”
affair: 私事
matter: 泛指一切有形之物的“物质”
business: 商业，生意
n. 商业；生意； [贸易] 交易；事情
 - commerce, thing, trade, affair, truck

Word: what
Front: what
[wɒt] (中高 34/38 -K5)
Back: pron. （用以询问某人或某事物的词）什么，多少; …的事物
adj. …的（事物或人）
adv. （用于感叹句中）
int. （用以表示不相信或惊奇）; （用以表示未听清楚对方说的话）
分布：什么(98%)，哪个(1%)，用于感叹句中(1%)
→来自kwo,印欧语疑问代词根，词源同who,where,why,how.
pron.什么a.多么,何等;什么;尽可能多的"What a marvelous carving!" the starveling harvester in vest said."好一件神奇的雕刻!"挨饿的穿着背心的收割者说.
US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
QUESTION 疑问
 ESSENTIAL
■used to ask for information about people or things 甚么
• What time is it? 几点了？
• What books did you buy? 你买了甚么书？
• What did you wear? 你穿的是甚么？
• What size shoes do you take? 你穿多大尺码的鞋？
• What happened after I left? 我离开后发生了甚么事？
• What caused the accident? 是甚么导致了那场事故？
 IMPROVER
■used in questions which show you are surprised or do not believe something （用于疑问句中，表示惊奇或不相信）
• "I've just told Peter." "What?/You did what?" “我刚刚告诉了彼得。”“甚么？你做了甚么？”
• What's this I hear? You're leaving? 甚么？你要离开？
what...for?
 IMPROVER
■used to ask about the reason for something （用于询问事情的原因）
• What are these tools for? 这些工具是做甚么用的？
• What are you doing that for? 你那样做目的何在？
• "We need a bigger car." "What for?" “我们需要一辆更大的汽车。”“为甚么？”
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
what about? IMPROVER
■used to suggest something （用于征求意见）…怎么样?
• What about Lola - shall we invite her? 洛拉呢——我们该不该邀请她？
• What about taking a few days off? 休假几天怎么样？
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
what if? IMPROVER
■used to ask about something that could happen in the future, especially something bad 如果（尤指糟糕的情况出现）会怎么样?
• What if the train's late? 要是火车误点怎么办？
• What if you don't pass your exams? 要是考试不及格怎么办？
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
What is/are he/she/it/they, etc. like? IMPROVER
■said to ask someone to describe someone or something to you 他／她／它／他们等是甚么样的?
• What was her boyfriend like? 她男朋友长甚么样？
• "What was the weather like?" "It rained all week." “天气怎么样？”“整整一周都在下雨。”
• You've seen their new house, haven't you? What's it like? 你已经看过他们的新房子了，是不是？是甚么样的？
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
What of it? informal
■used to rudely say that you do not think something is important 那又怎么样呢？那又有甚么关系？
• "That's the third time you've done that!" "Yeah, what of it?" “你那样做已经是第三次了！”“是啊，那又怎么样呢？”
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
what's on
■used to mean 'what is happening'. This phrase is often used as the title of the part of a newspaper which tells you about events and entertainment happening in the next week or month. 正在发生的事（常用在报纸的标题中，用来预告下周或下个月将发生的大事或娱乐事件）
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
What's that (all) about (then)? UK informal
■used when you do not understand why something or someone is so popular or fashionable （用于表示不理解为甚么某人或某物如此流行）那算是甚么?
• Pierced tongues - what's that about, then? 在舌头上穿孔——那算是甚么？
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
What's up? informal
■used to ask someone what the problem is 怎么了？出甚么事了？
• What's up - why does everyone look so serious? 怎么了——为甚么大家看起来都那么严肃？
• What's up with Terry? 特里怎么了？
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] determiner pronoun exclamation
  Common Learner Errors  whatWarning: check your word order! When what is used in a main clause to ask a question, remember to put the verb before the subject:
✗ What you are doing this summer? What are you doing this summer? When what is used in a subordinate clause, do not put the verb before the subject:
✗ I'm writing to ask you what are you doing this summer. I m writing to ask you what you are doing this summer.
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
THAT WHICH 那样的
 ESSENTIAL
■the thing(s) which; that which （作关系代词引导从句）…那样的；…的
• What I wanted to find out first was how long it was going to take. 我首先想要搞清楚的是，它要花多长时间。
• What really concerned her was how unhappy the child was. 她真正关心的是那孩子有多么不开心。
• She wouldn't tell me what he said. 她不愿告诉我他说过甚么。
• I hadn't got much money on me but I gave them what I had. 我身上没带多少钱，但我把带的钱都给他们了。
• The letter showed clearly what they were planning. 这封信很清楚地说明了他们是在筹划甚么。
• I can't decide what to do next. 我决定不下来下一步该做甚么。
• Have you thought about what to send as a present? 你想过寄甚么礼物了吗？
 IMPROVER
■used to introduce something you are going to say （用于引出要说的话）
• You'll never guess what - Laurie won first prize! 你永远也猜不到——劳里得了冠军。
• I'll tell you what - we'll collect the parcel on our way to the station. 我告诉你——我们会在去车站的路上取包裹。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
and what have you informal
■and other similar things 以及诸如此类的东西
• There were a couple of bags full of old records, magazines and what have you. 那几个袋子装满了旧唱片、杂志之类的东西。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
what with informal
■used to talk about the reasons for a particular situation, especially a bad or difficult situation （尤指糟糕或困难的局面）因为，由于
• I'm very tired, what with travelling all day yesterday and having a disturbed night. 我非常累，因为昨天旅行了一整天，而且晚上又被吵得没睡好。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
what / whatever sb says goes
■What/whatever someone says goes means you have to do what they say 不管（某人）说甚么，都要按其说的去做
• It was Helen's idea and what Helen says goes. 那是海伦的主意，她怎么说就怎么做。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
what's more
■used to add something surprising or interesting to what you have just said 而且；更有意思（或惊人）的是
• The decorations were absolutely beautiful and what's more, the children had made them themselves. 那些装饰绝对很漂亮，而且都是孩子们自己做的。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  what or which? Warning: choose the correct pronoun! To add extra information to a previous clause, don't say 'what', say which :
✗ I also speak English, what might be useful in this job. I also speak English, which might be useful in this job.
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] predeterminer determiner
OPINION 观点
■used to introduce your opinion （用于引出自己的观点）
• "She can't come." "What a shame/pity." “她来不了。”“真遗憾。”
• What a lovely view! 多美丽的景色啊！
• What nonsense/rubbish! 一派胡言！
• What strange clothes he was wearing. 他穿的衣服可真奇怪。
UK [wɒt] US [wɑ:t] pronoun exclamation informal
QUESTION 疑问
■used to ask someone to say something again （用于请某人重复所说的话）
• "I think we should leave at twelve." "What?" "I said I think we should leave at twelve." “我觉得我们应该12点离开。”“甚么？”“我说我觉得我们应该12点离开。”
what, who
what: 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
who: 指姓名或关系,
which, what
which: 在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
what: 的选择基础是无限制的,

Word: reserve
Front: reserve
[rɪˈzɜ:v] (高研四六托雅宝 3740/2475 -K4)
Vocabulary: reserve
(once / 74 pages)
1vn 2n 3n
As a noun, reserve refers to the quality of a shy or modest person who doesn’t easily express his or her feelings. As a verb, to reserve is to stash something away or to set it aside for future use.
Reserve can also refer to backup supplies or resources. If a military is running out of ammunition or food, they may have to dig into the reserve to replenish their supplies. Reserve is also used as a verb to mean "obtain in advance." If you’re expecting a big crowd at your sister's dance recital, you might show up early to reserve seats for your family members. You could also reserve a table at a restaurant for dinner after the show.
WORD FAMILY
reserve: reservation, reserved, reserves, reserving, reservist+/ reservation: reservations/ reserved: reservedly, unreserved/reservist: reservists/unreserved: unreservedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Texas Christian product spent the final 11 weeks of this season on the injured reserve list.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
After two receptions, his season ended on injured reserve.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 储备; 保护区; 保留; 替补队员
vt. 储备; 保留; 预约
vi. 预订
adj. 保留的; 预备的
时态：reserved, reserving, reserves
分布：保留(64%)，预订(23%)，含蓄(3%)，克制(2%)，延期(2%)，候补(2%)，贮存(2%)，预备品(2%)
→re-,向后，往回，-serv,看护，保护，词源同 conserve,preserve.引申诸相关词义。
保留;预定n.内向,沉默寡言(re再+serve→再留住→预定)[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.储备(物),储备金;缄默v.保留,储备;预定The reservoir in the reserved preserve is an obstacle to the obstinate observer.预留保护区内的水库对固执的观察者是一个障碍.
【记】“保留”的意思大家很熟，一个人总是保留想法－沉默寡言
US [-'zɝ:v] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■to keep something for a particular purpose or time 把…专门留给；把…留作；保留
• I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and answering letters. 我把周一的时间留出来专门清理办公桌和回覆信件。
• These seats are reserved for the elderly and women with babies. 这些座位是专留给老人和抱小孩的妇女的。
• I reserve judgment on this issue (= I won't give an opinion on it now) until we have more information. 在我们得到更多的资讯之前，我暂不对此事发表意见。
 ADVANCED
■If you reserve something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant, you arrange for it to be kept for your use 预订；预约
• I reserved a double room at the Lamb Hotel. 我在兰姆饭店预订了一间双人房。
• [+ two objects] If you get there early, reserve me a seat/reserve a seat for me. 如果你先到那里，给我预订个座位。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
BEHAVIOUR 举止
uncountable
■the habit of not showing your feelings or thoughts 拘谨；矜持；内向
• I took her out for a drink and tried to break through her reserve. 我带她出去喝了杯酒，想消除她的拘谨。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
KEPT 贮藏
countable or uncountable
■when you keep something or a supply of something until it is needed, or a supply that you keep 贮藏（物）；储备（物）；备用（物）
• She keeps a little money in reserve (= for use if and when needed). 她留下了一些钱以备不时之需。
• The librarian has put the book on reserve for me (= will keep it for me when it becomes available). 图书管理员已经替我预约了这本书。
• We still have a reserve of food/food reserves in case of emergency. 我们仍然还有储备粮／粮食储备以应付紧急情况。
countable (also reservation) (US also preserve)
■an area of land kept in its natural state, especially for wild animals to live in and be protected （尤指保护野生动物生存的）自然保护区，禁猎区，保护区
• a nature/game/wildlife reserve 自然保护区／禁猎区／野生动物保护区
countable
■in sports, an extra player who is ready to play if needed 替补队员；后备队员
• We had two reserves in case anyone was injured. 我们有两名替补队员，以防有人在场上受伤。
the reserves [plural]
■a group of people who are not permanently in the armed forces but are used only if needed 后备军；后备部队
• They will call up the reserves. 他们将召集后备军。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
DOUBT 存疑
uncountable formal
■when you have reservations about someone or something 保留
• I can recommend him to you without reserve. 我可以毫无保留地向您推荐他。
UK [rɪ'zɜ:v] US [-'zɝ:v] noun
PRICE 价格
countable usually singular (also reserve price)
■the lowest amount of money the owners will accept for something being sold, especially at auction (= public sale) （尤指拍卖中买方定的）底价，保留价格，最低价
• A rare Stradivarius violin failed to reach (= no one offered to pay) its reserve price when put up for auction on Tuesday. 星期二的拍卖会上，对一把稀有的斯特拉迪瓦里制造的小提琴的出价没能达到其拍卖底价。
• We set/put a reserve of £50 on the picture. 我们为这幅画定的底价为50英镑。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
n. [贸易] [金融] 储备，储存；自然保护区； [军] [林] 预备队；储备金
 - store, repertory
vt. [贸易] [金融] 储备；保留；预约
 - stay at, save from
vi. 预订
 - book for, make reservation

Word: newspaper
Front: newspaper
[ˈnju:zpeɪpə(r)] (中高雅 1064/1164 -K4)
Vocabulary: newspaper
(once / 92 pages)
n
A newspaper is a printed or online publication that provides readers with news and articles. If you want election results or even the weather, consult a local newspaper.
When you read a newspaper, you unfold sheets of paper that are printed with news articles, opinion pieces, ads, and often puzzles and comics. The very earliest version of a newspaper was carved in stone or metal in ancient Rome, providing information and announcements from the government. The first true general interest newspapers were printed in Europe in the 1700s. Sometimes the paper itself that newspapers are printed on is called newspaper too.
WORD FAMILY
newspaper: newspapers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The newspaper’s project includes video responses from a few Jewish student leaders about why their groups did not participate.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
The Haaretz newspaper reported that the prime minister was also facing more serious allegations.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There were five other people exposed to the gas who were in stable condition at an Amarillo hospital, the newspaper said citing fire officials.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 报纸，报; 旧报纸; 新闻纸
分布：报纸(97%)，新闻纸(3%)
→news,新闻，paper,纸。
n.报纸The interviewer reviewed the newspaper and renewed his viewpoint on the news.采访者再次查看了报纸并更新了他对该新闻的看法.
US ['nu:zˌpeɪ.pɚ] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a regularly printed document consisting of news reports, articles, photographs and advertisements that are printed on large sheets of paper which are folded together but not permanently joined 报纸，报
• Which newspaper do you read regularly? 平常你看甚么报纸？
• a daily / Sunday newspaper 日报／周日版报纸
 ADVANCED countable
■an organization which makes and publishes a newspaper 报社
• He wants to work for a newspaper when he leaves school. 他毕业后想到报社工作。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■old newspapers 旧报纸
• You'd better wrap that mirror up in newspaper before you put it in the car. 你最好用旧报纸把那面镜子包一下再放进车里。
UK ['nju:zˌpeɪ.pər] US ['nu:zˌpeɪ.pɚ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  newspaperRemember: use the correct preposition. Don't say 'on the newspaper', say in the newspaper :
✗ I read an interesting article on the newspaper. I read an interesting article in the newspaper.
journal, magazine, press, periodical, review, newspaper, publication
这组词都有“出版物或定期刊物”的意思，其区别是：
journal: 本义为“日报”，现在可指定期发生的周刊、月刊、季刊等或指学术团体出版的刊物、杂志或学报。
magazine: 指刊登各种文章、小说、诗歌、评议的杂志。
press: 系报刊总称，也指报界或报业。
periodical: 通常指除日报以外的定期出版刊物。
review: 多指登载评论性文章或讨论重大事件的文章的刊物。
newspaper: 一般指每日出版的报纸。
publication: 指出版物，发行物。
n. 报纸
 - paper, courant

Word: long
Front: long
[lɒŋ] (中高托 254/217 -K2)
Vocabulary: long
(once / 5 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5v
To strongly crave or desire something is to long for it. No matter how healthful your diet is, you'll still occasionally long for chocolate, cookies, and cake.
The adjective long describes something that stretches over a large distance. If you're trying to avoid a prolonged visit with your crazy Aunt Martha, you might decide to take the long way to her house. The adjective long also describes something that lasts for an extended amount of time. When your Aunt Martha comes to your house, a half-hour can seem like a long, long time.
WORD FAMILY
long: length, longed, longer, longest, longing, longingly, longish, longly, longness, longs+/ length: lengthen, lengths, lengthy / lengthen: lengthened, lengthening, lengthens/lengthening: lengthenings/ lengthy: lengthier, lengthiest, lengthily, lengthiness/longest: longests/ longing: longings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the long term, though, might the procedure affect their eating and digestion?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Once they’re inside, it becomes extraordinarily difficult to try the guilty or release those who are no longer a threat.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 长的; 长时间的; 冗长的，过长的; 长音的
adv. 长久地; 始终; 遥远地
n. 长时间，长时期; [语]长音节; （服装的）长尺寸; 长裤
vi. 渴望，极想
时态：longed, longing, longs
分布：长时间(32%)，长的(27%)，渴望(25%)，久的(6%)，冗长的(3%)，长期地(2%)，长音的(2%)，长音节(2%)，久地(1%)
→来自古英语lang,长的，来自dlonghos,来自del的扩大形式，长的，字母d脱落，词源同indulgent,play,pledge.引申词义渴望。
a.长的,长时间的,长期的ad.长久,长期地The lengthened long fishing rod alongside the lake belongs to me.靠在湖边的加长长钓竿属于我.
US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing for a large amount of time 长时间的，长久的
• a long film/meeting 很长的电影／会议
• I've been waiting a long time. 我已经等了很久了。
• It's a long time since I worked there. 我不在那里工作已经很久了。
• Apparently the sessions are an hour long. 显然这些会议都长达一个小时。
  Common Learner Errors  a long time To talk about something continuing for a large amount of time, don't say 'long time', say a long time :
✗ I had to wait long time for the bus. I had to wait a long time for the bus.
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■being a distance between two points which is more than average or usual （距离）长的
• long hair 长发
• long legs 长腿
• a long dress 长裙
• There was a long queue at the post office. 邮局里排起了长队。
• We're still a long way from the station. 我们离车站还很远。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
MANY WORDS 许多字
 ESSENTIAL
■describes a piece of writing which has a lot of pages or words （文章）长的，字数多的
• a long letter/book/report 长信／大部头的书／长篇报告
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
be long in the tooth informal
■to be old, often too old to do something 年老；（常指）年纪太大（而无法做某事）
• He's a bit long in the tooth to be wearing jeans, don't you think? 他年纪有些大，穿不了牛仔裤了，你说是不是？
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
before (very/too) long (also before much longer) ADVANCED
■soon 很快，不久
• They'll be home before very long. 他们很快就要到家了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go a long way (also go far)
■If you say that someone will go a long way, you mean that they will be very successful. 走得很远，有很大成就
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go a long way towards doing sth
■to be very helpful 对…很有帮助
• The money raised will go a long way towards providing essential food and medicine. 筹集到的资金将会为保障基本食物和药品的供应发挥巨大作用。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
go back a long way
■If people go back a long way, they have known each other for a long time. 相识很久，是老相识
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
have come a long way
■to have advanced to an improved or more developed state 取得进步，取得进展
• Information technology has come a long way in the last twenty years. 资讯技术在过去20年里取得了长足的进步。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
it's a long story
■something that you say when someone has asked you about something that has happened and you do not want to explain it to them because it would take too long 说来话长（用于别人向你询问某事时，表示你不想解释，因为要花很长时间）
• 'So why was Carlo knocking on your door at midnight?' 'It's a long story.' “那为甚么卡罗在午夜时分去敲你的房门呢？”“那可就说来话长了。”
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
the long arm of the law literary
■the police 警方，员警
• You can't escape the long arm of the law (= The police will catch you if you have done something illegal). 法网难逃。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
(as) long as your arm informal
■very long 很长的
• There was a list of complaints as long as your arm. 投诉足可以列一个很长的单子。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
a long face
■If you have a long face, you look sad 表情悲伤的；哭丧着脸的
• 'Why've you got such a long face?' 'My boyfriend doesn't want to see me any more.' “你为甚么哭丧着脸？”“我男朋友不理我了。”
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long live sb/sth !
■said to show support for the person or thing mentioned …万岁！
• Long live the President! 总统万岁！
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long on sth and short on sth
■having too much of one quality and not enough of another 以…见长，但缺乏…
• I've always found his films long on style and short on content. 我一直觉得他的电影风格独特但内容空洞。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
long story short US
■to not tell all the details 长话短说
• Long story short, I got fired. 长话短说，我被解雇了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
Long time no see. saying
■said when you meet someone who you haven't seen for a long period of time 好久不见。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
a long way to go
■a lot of work to do or improvements to make 很长的路要走，很多工作要做
• He has a long way to go before he can present the scheme to the public. 在将该计划公诸于众之前，他还有很多工作要做。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
no longer (also not any longer) ADVANCED
■in the past but not now 不再，再也不
• The cinema is no longer used. 这座电影院已经不用了。
• She doesn't work here any longer. 她已经不在这里工作了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
not by a long chalk/shot informal
■not in any way 丝毫不，一点也不
• It wasn't as good as his first book - not by a long chalk. 这本书不如他的第一本书好——差远了。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
not long for this world old-fashioned
■If someone is not long for this world, they will die soon. 行将就木的，将不久于人世的
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
so long informal
■goodbye 再会，再见
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
take a long , hard look at sth
■to examine something very carefully in order to improve it in the future （为了将来改进）审视；仔细考虑
• We need to take a long, hard look at the way we control gun ownership. 我们需要认真审视一下我们对枪械拥有权的管控方式。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adjective
take the long view
■to think about the effects that something will have in the future instead of in the present 考虑…的长期影响；以长远的眼光看…
• If you take the long view, of course, you can regard staff training as an investment for the company. 当然，长远来看，员工训练可以被视为公司的一种投资。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean '(for) a long time', especially in questions and negative sentences （尤用在疑问句和否定句中）长久地，长时间地
• Have you been waiting (for) long? 你等了很久吗？
• I'm just writing a letter but it won't take long. 我在写信，很快就写完了。
• How long have you been in England? 你留在英格兰多久了？
• Don't rush - take as long as you like. 别着急——慢慢来。
• We've been walking all day long. 我们走了整整一天。
• I've known her longer than you have. 我认识她的时间比你长。
• I won't be staying much longer. 我不会逗留很久。
■used with the past participle or the -ing form of the verb to mean that a state or activity has continued for a long time （与过去分词或动词的 ing 形式连用表示持续了很久的状态或活动）
• a long-awaited letter 期盼已久的来信
• long-serving employees 老雇员
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] adverb
IF 如果
as/so long as
 IMPROVER
■used to say that something must happen before something else can happen 只要，如果
• I can come as long as I can leave by 4.00. 只要我能在四点钟之前出发，我就能来。
• Bring your friends by all means - just so long as I know how many are coming. 一定要把你的朋友们带来——只要让我知道来多少人就行。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] verb formal
long for sth ; long to do sth
■to want something very much 渴望…；渴望做…
• She longed to see him again. 她很想再见到他。
• I'm longing for news of him. 我正在盼望着得到他的消息。
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] noun uncountable written abbreviation for
■ longitude
UK [lɒŋ] US [lɑ:ŋ] noun uncountable
the long and the short of it informal
■said when you want to explain the general situation without giving details 总之，总的来讲，总而言之
• The long and the short of it is that they are willing to start the work in January. 总之，他们愿意在一月份开工。
long, yearn, thirst
这组词都有“渴望”的意思，其区别是：
long: 指诚心诚意地渴望某事或物。
yearn: 通常指急迫不安地渴望或向往，着重怀有柔情或热情。
thirst: 原义指对食物或饮料的渴求，引申指全力以求。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
adj. 长的；过长的；做多头的
 - tall, full-bottomed
vi. 渴望；热望
 - rare, aspire
adv. 长期地；始终
 - chronically, ever more

Word: still
Front: still
[stɪl] (中高托 126/112 -K5)
Vocabulary: still
(once / 8 pages)
1adjv 2adjn 3adjnadvv 4adj 5n 6adv 7adv
If something is quiet and calm, it's still. After the noise of the city, it's peaceful to go camping in the woods where everything is still.
Things that are tranquil are still, like the calm surface of a lake or a sleeping baby. If you stand still, you freeze in place. Another meaning of still is an individual shot from a movie, an unmoving snapshot of a single scene. When still is an adverb, it means even now, like when you say you still love an old song or you still remember the kindness of your kindergarten teacher.
WORD FAMILY
still: stilled, stiller, stillest, stilling, stillness, stills+/stillness: stillnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The gunman, who is still at large, hasn’t been identified.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Darnold, still calm as a librarian, said he was a little shocked.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A search continued Tuesday for those still missing.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 仍，仍然; 更，还要; 静静地; 〈诗〉常，不断地
adj. 不动的，静止的; 不狂暴的，温柔的; 没有活力的，死气沉沉的
n. 平静，寂静; 剧照; 静止摄影; 蒸馏器
vt. & vi. （使某物）平静下来，安静; 〈古〉烧（酒），蒸馏
conj. 但是; 然而
时态：stilled, stilling, stills
分布：仍然(72%)，更(14%)，静止的(4%)，寂静(4%)，不动的(2%)，蒸馏器(2%)，静止地(1%)，静寂的(1%)
→来自古英语 stille,固定的，不动的，来自 Proto-Germanic*stilli,固定的，来自 stel,放置， 站立，词源同 stall,stand.引申词义静止的，安静的，及副词词义仍旧，仍然等。
a.静止的,寂静的ad.还,仍然;更;安静地The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
adverb
CONTINUING 继续
 ESSENTIAL
■continuing to happen or continuing to be done 还，还是；仍然，依旧
• I'm still hungry. 我还是很饿。
• I still haven't finished my essay. 我还是没有完成我的论文。
• There is still no news about the hostages. 仍旧没有人质的消息。
• Do you still work for the government? 你还在为政府工作吗？
• Hope is fading that the missing child is still alive. 失踪孩子仍活着的可能性越来越渺茫。
• There's still time for us to get to the cinema before the film starts. 还有时间，我们能在电影开演之前赶到电影院。
  Common Learner Errors  stillWarning: check your word order! Still usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do still something', say still do something :
✗ I still can remember the day we met. I can still remember the day we met. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , still usually goes directly after it
✗ She still is my best friend. She is still my best friend.
[stɪl] adverb
DESPITE 尽管
 ESSENTIAL
■despite that 尽管那样，尽管如此
• You may not approve of what he did, but he's still your brother. 你可能不赞成他的所作所为，但他仍然是你的兄弟。
• I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her. 我知道你不喜欢她，但尽管如此，你也没必要对她那么无礼。
• Even though she hasn't really got the time, she still offered to help. 尽管她并不是真的有时间，但她仍然主动要帮忙。
[stɪl] adverb
GREATER DEGREE 更大程度
 ADVANCED
■to an even greater degree or in an even greater amount （程度或数量）还要，更加
• The number of people killed in the explosion is likely to rise still higher. 爆炸中丧生的人数有可能还会增加。
• The company is hoping to extend its market still further. 公司希望可以进一步拓展市场。
• Still more snow fell overnight. 夜里又下了雪。
• I'll meet you at the theatre. No, better still, let's meet in a pub and have a drink first. 我们在戏院碰面。哦不，更好的是，我们找家酒吧碰面，先喝上一杯。
• I'm worried that his car has broken down, or worse still, that he's had an accident. 我担心他的车坏了，或者，更糟的是，他出了意外。
• Why do you have to tell me still (= even) more lies? 你为甚么还要对我撒谎呢？
[stɪl] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■staying in the same position; not moving 静止的；不动的，安静的
• Children find it difficult to sit/stand/stay still for very long. 小孩子很难长时间坐着／站着／静着不动。
• I can't brush your hair if you don't keep/hold still. 你动来动去的话，我没办法给你梳头。
• She sat perfectly still while I took her photograph. 我给她拍照的时候，她坐着一动也不动。
• The air was so still (= There was so little wind) that not even the leaves on the trees were moving. 一点风也没有，连树叶都一动不动。
• She dived into the still (= calm and not flowing) water of the lake. 她一头潜入了平静的湖水中。
■mainly UK
■A still drink is one that is not fizzy (= with bubbles) （饮料）不含碳酸的，不起泡的
• Would you like still or sparkling water? 你要无气的还是有气的饮料？
[stɪl] adjective
Still waters run deep. saying
■said about a person who says little, but who might in fact know a lot 静水流深；沉默寡言者可能胸藏丘壑
[stɪl] verb transitive
■to make something stop moving or become more calm 使静止；使平静，使安静
• He tried to still the swaying of the hammock. 他努力不让吊床晃来晃去。
• literary She cuddled her baby to still its cries. 她抱着自己的婴儿，哄他不哭。
[stɪl] noun
NOT MOVING 不移动
countable specialized
■a photograph of a piece of action in a film （电影）剧照
uncountable literary
■when it is quiet and calm 静止；安静，平静
• In the still of the night , nothing moved. 夜深人静，万籁俱寂。
[stɪl] noun
EQUIPMENT 设备
countable
■a piece of equipment used for making alcohol （酿酒用的）蒸馏器
noiseless, silent, calm, peaceful, serene, still, quiet
这组词都有“平静的，无声无息”的意思，其区别是：
noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。
silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。
calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着、不慌乱，不受外界影响和情绪支配。
peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。
serene: 指一种超脱一切烦恼的宁静状态。
still: 指平静而又安定的状态。
quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 仍然；更；静止地
 - toujours, statically
adj. 静止的，不动的；寂静的，平静的；不起泡的
 - peaceful, pacific, quiet, calm, silent
n. 寂静；剧照； [化工] 蒸馏室
 - silence, quietude
conj. 仍然；但是；尽管如此
 - and, granted, but, yet, only
vt. [化工] 蒸馏；使…静止；使…平静下来
 - cool, fine-still
vi. 静止；平静； [化工] 蒸馏
 - rest

Word: since
Front: since
[sɪns] (中高 260/305 -K5)
Back: prep. 从…以来; 自从…之后; 自从
adv. 以后，此后; 后来; （距今几年）以前; （从那时候起几年）以前
conj. 自从…以来; 自从…的时候起; 既然; 因为
分布：自从(62%)，因为(23%)，既然(8%)，此后(7%)
→来自中古英语 sinnes,缩写自 sithence,来自 sithen,在此以后，-es,-ce,副词后缀，来自古英语 siththan,合成自短语 sith thaem,在此以后，来自 sith,自从，之后，thaem,那，与格形式于 that. 参照 sith,自从，之后。
prep.自从conj.自从;因为,既然ad.后来What have you been doing since I last saw you?自我上次和你见面以后,你在做什么?
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 此后，从此
• Emma went to work in New York a year ago, and we haven't seen her since. 埃玛一年前去纽约工作了，自从那时起我们就没有见过她。
• He started working for the company when he left school, and has been there ever since (= and is still there). 他毕业后就开始为这家公司工作，在此之后他一直呆在那里。
• I've long since (= long ago) forgotten any Latin I ever learned. 我早就把我学过的那点拉丁文忘光了。
[sɪnts] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  since, from or for? Remember: To talk about when something began and ended, don't say 'since', say from :
✗ He worked for that company since 1998 to 2006. He worked for that company from 1998 to 2006. To talk about something that has happened from a particular date, use since , but to talk about a general period of time use for :
✗ They have been in England since two years. They have been in England for two years. I have lived here since 1993.
[sɪnts] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 自从…；从…以来
• England have not won the World Cup in football since 1966. 1966年以后，英格兰队就再没有拿过世界杯冠军。
• It was the hottest October since records began. 那是有史以来最热的十月。
[sɪnts] conjunction
BECAUSE 因为
 ESSENTIAL
■because; as 因为；既然
• Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee. 既然等火车还需要几分钟，我们去喝杯咖啡吧。
[sɪnts] conjunction
TIME 时间
■from a particular time in the past until a later time, or until now 自从…；从…以来
• I've been very busy since I came back from holiday. 我度假回来后就一直很忙。
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
conj. 因为；由于；既然；自…以来；自…以后
 - because, for, seeing, when, now
adv. 后来
 - after, subsequently, later on

Word: price
Front: price
[praɪs] (中高雅 475/338 -K5)
Vocabulary: price
(once / 61 pages)
nv
The price of something is how much it costs. It’s usually money, but sometimes not. For example, the price of staying up all night is that you’re really sleepy the next day. Wake up!
You can use the noun price to mean the money exchanged for an item or service — or use it figuratively, to mean "something negative that's required in exchange for something positive." If you hear the phrase "a small price to pay," think of this figurative meaning. You could say, for example, that having clouds of pet hair all over your house is a small price to pay for your wonderful cat.
WORD FAMILY
price: overprice, priced, priceless, prices, pricey, pricing, pricy, underprice+/overprice: overpriced, overpricing/ priceless: pricelessly, pricelessness/pricing: pricings/pricy: pricier, priciest, pricily/underprice: underpriced, underprices, underpricing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brent crude, used to price international oils, was up 33 cents at $57.15.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Company spokesman Rob Carlton stated in a Nov. 17 email that Koch revenue fluctuates with the price of commodities.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Han, Teforia’s founder, acknowledges that the whole process and price tag might seem like overkill to the average tea drinker.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 价格，价钱; 代价; 价值; 赏金
vt. 标价; 定价; 问…的价格; 给…定价
时态：priced, pricing, prices
分布：价格(87%)，代价(6%)，价值(5%)，给…定价(1%)，估价(1%)
→来自古法语pris,价格，价值，奖品，奖励，名声，颂扬，来自拉丁语pretium,奖品，价值，价格，来自per,买卖，交易，词源同praise,prize.后price,prize,praise这三个词逐渐在词义上产生区别。
n.价格,价钱;代价v.标价After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■the amount of money for which something is sold 价格，价钱
• The price of oil has risen sharply. 油价急遽上涨。
• House prices have been falling. 房价一直在下跌。
• We thought they were asking a very high/low price. 我们认为他们要价很高／低。
• The large supermarkets are offering big price cuts. 大超市在大减价。
[praɪs] noun countable
at any price
■If you want something at any price, you are willing to do anything in order to get it 不惜任何代价，无论如何
• He wanted success at any price. 为了成功他不惜任何代价。
[praɪs] noun countable
at/for a price
■If you can buy or get something at/for a price, you either have to pay a lot of money or be involved in something unpleasant in order to get it 以高价；以很高的代价
• You can buy the best of gourmet cuisine here, for a price. 在这里你可以出高价吃到最好的美食。
[praɪs] noun countable
not at any price
■used to say that you would never do something 绝不会
• I wouldn't invite her again at any price. 我绝不会再邀请她了。
[praɪs] noun countable
What price fame/victory/success, etc?
■said when you think it is possible that the fame/success, etc. that has been achieved was not worth all the suffering it has caused 名声／胜利／成功等又有甚么用？
• What price victory when so many people have died in the struggle? 这么多人在这场斗争中失去了生命，胜利又有甚么用呢？
[praɪs] verb
 IMPROVER transitive often passive
■to say what the price of something is 给…定价，给…标价
• The car is priced at £28 000. 这辆车定价2.8万英镑。
• There is a lack of reasonably priced housing for rent. 要价合理的出租房屋很紧缺。
transitive
■to discover how much something costs 查明…的价格
• We went around all the travel agents pricing the different tours. 我们走遍了各家旅行社询问各种旅游项目的价格。
[praɪs] verb
price yourself out of the market
■If a company prices itself out of the market, it charges so much for a product or service that no one wants to buy it. （公司）漫天要价致使自己失去市场
price, prize
price: 价格, The price is high/low.
prize: 奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
n. [物价] 价格；价值； [贸易] 代价
 - importance, value, expense, rate, figure

Word: way
Front: way
[weɪ] (中高托 84/86 -K5)
Vocabulary: way
(once / 7 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5adv
The means by which you go about doing something is the way you do it. Although you "cleaned" your room, the way you did it — shoving everything into your closet — didn't exactly solve the problem.
Your manner of behavior or how you usually conduct yourself is also called your way. If it's not your way to let someone be bullied, you'll stand up for kids being pushed around, even if the bully is twice your size. A road or path can also be called a way. The Queen Elizabeth Way is a highway in Ontario, Canada, for example.
WORD FAMILY
way: ways+/ways: wayses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Existing wholesalers will be allowed to operate outside their previously designated areas, run marketing campaigns and introduce “modern ways of distribution.”
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I said, ‘If you are not right, and you are not executing all of the way through, you will not be successful.’
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 道路; 方法; 方向; 某方面
adv. 远远地，大大地
分布：方式(32%)，路(25%)，方法(22%)，方面(5%)，方向(3%)，非常(3%)，远远地(3%)，作风(2%)，样子(2%)，距离(2%)，情况(1%)
→来自wegh,移动，词源同wagon,vehicle,via。引申词义路，方法。
n.道路,路程;方法/式,手段;习惯;状态It was a long way.路程很远.
noun
ROUTE 道路
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a route, direction or path 路，道路；路线
• Do you know the way to the train station? 你知道去火车站怎么走吗？
• I've only been living in Madrid for a couple of weeks so I don't really know my way around it yet. 我只在马德里住了几个星期，所以还不太认识周围的路。
• We'll have to stop for fuel on the way to the airport. 我们将不得不在去机场的路上停下来加油。
• Can you find your own way out of the building? 你自己能找对路走出这栋楼吗？
• It's getting late - we should make our way (= go) home soon. 时候不早了——我们应该马上回家。
• He elbowed/pushed his way (= hit/pushed people so that he could go past them) to the front of the crowd. 他用胳膊肘／手推搡出一条路，挤到了人群前面。
• The coach stopped for us to eat lunch but within half an hour we were on our way] under way (= travelling) again. 长途汽车停下来让我们吃午饭，不过不到半小时，我们又上路了。
• There's no way through the centre of town in a vehicle - it's for pedestrians only. 市中心没有供车辆通行的道路——仅有一条步行街。
• You'll have to go by way of (= travel through) Copenhagen if you want to go to Southern Sweden from here. 从这里去瑞典南部只能取道哥本哈根。
• Many people have lost their way (= become lost) in the forest. 很多人在森林里迷了路。
• Only a local person could find their way through the maze of narrow streets. 只有本地人才能在迷宫般的狭窄街道中找到自己的路。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■used to talk about the direction in which something is facing （某物面对的）方向
• "Which way does the room face?" "North." “这个房间朝哪个方向？”“朝北。”
• Which way up should this box be (= Which side should be on top) ? 这个箱子应该哪一面朝上？
• The numbers are the wrong way round - it should be 71, not 17. 那个数字颠倒了——应该是71，不是17。
Way
■used in the names of some roads …路（用于道路的名称）
• Our offices are at 17 King's Way. 我们的办事处在国王路17号。
[weɪ] noun
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL only singular (US ways)
■distance or a period of time 距离；一段时间
• We walked a long way yesterday. 昨天我们走了很长的一段路。
• The holidays seem like they're a long way off. 假期似乎还很遥远。
• figurative There were people of every political belief at university, ranging all the way from communists to fascists. 大学里有各种政治信仰的人，从极左分子到极右派人物都可以找到。
• US They still have a ways to go. 他们还要走一段路。
[weɪ] noun
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a particular choice, opinion, belief or action, especially from among several possibilities 方式，方法；样式；方面
• I like the way you've had your hair done. 我喜欢你的发型。
• In some/many ways it would be better if we met on Monday rather than Wednesday. 从某些／好多方面来说，我们周一见面要比周三见面好一些。
• In a way (= Partly) , I would prefer it if they didn't come because it would mean extra work. 从某一方面来说，我不太愿意他们来，因为那将意味着要额外操劳。
• He might have to resign or he might be demoted, but either way, his career is effectively over. 他可能要被迫辞职或被降职，但不管怎么说，他的事业实际上已经结束了。
• They don't write songs the way (= as) they used to. 他们不像以前那样写歌了。
[weɪ] noun
MANNER 方式
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the manner in which someone behaves or thinks, or in which something happens （思维）风格；（行事）作风；（某事发生的）方式
• Don't be alarmed - it's just his way. 别害怕——他就那样。
• He looked at me in a sinister way. 他恶狠狠地看着我。
• It 's amazing the way she manages to stay so calm. 她能保持如此镇定，真让人惊讶。
• The way he was shouting, you'd have thought he was badly hurt. 看他大喊大叫的样子，还以为他受了重伤。
• To my way of thinking, they shouldn't be building so many roads. 依我看，他们不该修这么多路。
• It's always the way at work - either I've got nothing to do or I'm rushed off my feet! 我工作时总是这样——要不无事可做，要不忙得停不住脚！
ways [plural]
■types of behaviour 行为方式，举止
• Over the years we've got used to his funny little ways. 多年来，我们已经习惯了他那些滑稽的举动了。
[weɪ] noun
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action that can produce the result you want; a method
• There are many ways of solving the problem.
• [+ to infinitive] That's not the way to do it - let me show you.
• That method hasn't worked, so let's try your way.
[weɪ] noun
FREE SPACE
 IMPROVER only singular
■the space needed for a particular movement or action
• "Sorry, am I in your way? I'll move."
• I couldn't see the stage because there was a pillar in the way (= between me and the stage).
• Please make way so the ambulance can get by.
• The best thing you can do if you're near to a tornado is get out of its way.
• figurative She's determined to succeed and she won't let anything get/stand in her way (= prevent her).
[weɪ] noun
WANT
 ADVANCED only singular informal
■If someone gets or has their way, what they want happens
• If she doesn't get/have her (own) way, she sulks like a four-year-old.
[weɪ] noun
CONDITION
only singular
■the bad condition or state of someone or something, especially the state of a person's health
• He's been in a bad way (= very ill) ever since the operation.
[weɪ] noun
all the way
■as much as possible or completely
• If you want to take it up with the boss, I'll support you all the way.
[weɪ] noun
all the way to
■as far as someone or something at a high level in a process or structure
• I'll take my complaint all the way to the managing director.
[weɪ] noun
(in) any way , shape or form
■in any way at all
• I have never been involved in any way, shape or form with criminal activities.
[weɪ] noun
be on the way to sth
■to be close to doing something
• I'm well on the way to completing the report.
[weɪ] noun
be out of the way
■If a place or a building is out of the way, it is a long distance from where most people live
• It's a very beautiful village but it's a bit out of the way.
[weɪ] noun
by the way ADVANCED
■used to introduce a new subject to be considered or to give further information
• I think we've discussed everything we need to - by the way, what time is it?
• Oh, by the way, my name's Julie.
[weɪ] noun
by way of
■as a type of
• He sent me some flowers by way of an apology.
[weɪ] noun
find a way
■to discover how to achieve or deal with something
• Finding a way through the legislation is impossible without expert advice.
[weɪ] noun
give way to sth (also make way for sth) UK
■to be replaced by something, especially because it is better, cheaper, easier, etc
• In some areas, modern intensive farming is giving way to the re-introduction of traditional methods.
[weɪ] noun
go your own (sweet) way
■to do what you want without considering other people
• It doesn't matter how much advice I give Cathy, she always goes her own sweet way.
[weɪ] noun
go your own way
■When people or groups of people choose to go their own way, they decide to live or work without continuing their previous personal or business relationship
• After a couple of years together, we realized we weren't suited to one another and decided to go our own ways.
[weɪ] noun
go all the way informal
■to have sex, especially after a period of kissing and touching
• Did you go all the way last night?
[weɪ] noun
go out of your way
■to try very hard to do something, especially for someone else
• They really went out of their way to make us feel welcome by giving us the best room in the house.
[weɪ] noun
have it both ways
■to get advantages from two opposing things
• You can't have it both ways - you either work longer and get paid more or have more leisure time and get paid less.
[weɪ] noun
no way informal ADVANCED
■used to tell someone that something is impossible
• I'm sorry but there's no way we can help you.
• No way will she agree to you leaving early.
■No way! * used to say 'no' in a forceful way
■1. "Go on, lend me your bike." "No way!"
[weɪ] noun
point the way
■to show how something can be done better in the future
• Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
[weɪ] noun
talk your way into/out of sth informal
■to persuade people that you should do something/not do something by the reasons you give
• He talked his way into the job.
• You might be able to talk your way out of most things but you still have to clean the dishes!
[weɪ] noun
way of life ADVANCED way 1 * the manner in which a person lives
• Sleeping in doorways, begging for food and money - it's not a very enviable way of life.
[weɪ] noun
The way to a man's heart is through his stomach. humorous saying
■said to mean that a woman can make a man love her by cooking him good meals
[weɪ] noun
way / direction the wind blows
■If a person tries to discover which way the wind blows/is blowing, they try to discover information about a situation, especially other people's opinions, before they take action
• I think I'll see which way the wind is blowing before I vote at the board meeting.
[weɪ] noun
ways and means
■The ways and means of achieving something are the methods and other things needed to make it happen
• With computer technology, even people working on their own have the ways and means to produce professional-looking documents.
[weɪ] noun
work your way up/to the top
■to make progress in a process or structure
• He started as an office junior and worked his way up through the company to become a director.
[weɪ] noun
wouldn't have it any other way
■If a person says they wouldn't have something any other way, they mean they would not change any of it, especially despite connected difficulties
• It's never going to be easy having kids but I wouldn't have it any other way.
[weɪ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  wayRemember: to talk about an action that produces the result you want, use way to do sth or way of doing sth. What is the best way to send a parcel? What is the best way of sending a parcel? After a possessive, don't say 'way to do sth', say way of doing sth : It was his way of telling me he was proud of me. If you are using a noun to talk about how something is achieved, don't say 'way of', say means/method of :
✗ way of communication/transport. means of communication/transport.
[weɪ] noun
  Common Learner Errors  way To talk about a method for doing something, don't say 'way how', just say way :
✗ We must find a way how to reduce queues. We must find a way to reduce queues.
[weɪ] adverb
EMPHASIS informal
■used to emphasize degree or separation, especially in space or time
• After the third lap, she was way behind the other runners.
• She spends way too much money on clothes.
[weɪ] adverb
PLACE slightly old-fashioned
■in the direction of
• I think they live Birmingham way.
motorway（free way，express way）, vessel, pavement（sidewalk）, highway, route, trail, street, way, road, channel, lane
motorway（free way，express way）: 高速公路；
vessel: 血管，管道，一般指细小管道；
pavement（sidewalk）: 街道两旁的人行道；
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线;
route: 路线，航线；path：乡间小路，公园小径；
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道
street: 尤指城市中的道路；
way: 可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路、方法；
road: 广阔平坦的大道，多指公路；
channel: 海峡，渠道，管道；
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷；
highway, route, avenue, trail, street, path, motorway, way, road, pavement, lane
这组词都有“路”的意思，其区别是：
highway: 通常指市区外可以通行各种机动车辆的交通干线。
route: 指从此处通往彼处的路线、路程等。
avenue: 在美国，指城市中一侧或两侧建筑物林立的大道或马路；而在英国则常指通住乡村大住宅、私人大庄园或两旁栽树的道路。
trail: 指人或兽在森林、荒野或山中踩出的小径或崎岖小道。
street: 尤指城市中的道路，往往一侧或两侧有高大建筑物；还可指城市小镇、近郊可供人、车、马行走的平坦道路。
path: 多指由人或动物在田间、小丘或树丛中经常走动而踩出的小路，也指公园或花园等供人走的小径。
motorway: 高速公路，新词，特指为车辆快速通行而修的专线，美语为freeway或expressway。
way: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指各种路、道或通道，也可指抽象的道路。
road: 指连接两地间供行人或车辆使用的广阔平坦的大道，多指公路，也可用于引申意义。
pavement: 在英国，多指街道两旁的人行道，而美国人常用sidewlk表示人行道。
lane: 指农村或城镇的小道或小径，也指小巷。
fashion, means, approach, way, method, manner, mode
这组词都有“方法、方式”的意思，其区别是：
fashion: 着重独特的程序或方式，尤指个人的偏爱或习惯。
means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径。
approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。
way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。
method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。
manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法。
mode: 书面用词，常指因个人爱好或传统习俗等因素而遵循的方法。
n. 方法； [交] 道路；方向；行业；习惯
 - path, method, direction, orientation, approach, aspect, system
adv. 大大地；远远地
 - greatly, large

Word: like
Front: like
[laɪk] (中高 74/88 -K5)
Vocabulary: like
(once / 4 pages)
1adjn 2vn
If you like your new shoes, you are glad you bought them. If you are like your mother, you are similar to her in more ways than you probably want to admit.
The meaning of like has to do with being similar: maybe you sound just like your sister when you answer the phone. Or, in giving an example, like is the go-to word to introduce it: "We enjoy sports like hockey." Like also can mean "enjoy" or "favor." We can see this in the word's origin, the Old English lician, meaning “be pleasing.” The speech pattern of saying "like" incessantly doesn't, like, mean anything.
WORD FAMILY
like: dislike, likable, likeable, liked, likely, likeness, likes, likest, liking, unlike+/ dislike: dislikable, disliked, dislikes, disliking/ likable: likably/likeable: likeably/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/ likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely/ likeness: likenesses/liking: likings/unlike: unlikable, unlikeable, unlikeness/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness/unlikeness: unlikenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Being without all our scholarships, being undermanned for so many years, then to finish like this, it’s very special.’
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Like driverless cars, the delivery robots use cameras, GPS devices and radar to navigate the urban environment.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 喜欢; （与 would 或 should 连用表示客气）想; 想要; 喜欢做
prep. （表示属性）像; （表示方式）如同; （询问意见）…怎么样; （表示列举）比如
adj. 相似的; 相同的
n. 相类似的人[事物]; 喜好; 爱好; （尤指被视为没有某人或某物那么好的）种类，类型
conj. 像…一样; 如同; 好像; 仿佛
adv. （非正式口语，代替 as）和…一样; 如; （非正式口语，思考说下句话、解释或举例时用）大概; 可能
时态：liked, liking, likes
分布：像(45%)，喜欢(28%)，想(18%)，愿意(4%)，如同(2%)，相似的(2%)，同样的(1%)
→缩写自古英语gelic,同样，相似，ge-,一起，-lic,身体，形体，并衍生后缀-ly.引申词义同类，相似，喜欢。
v.喜欢prep.象;比如a.相象的n.象...一样He is more like his mother than his father.他更象他的母亲而不象他的父亲.
verb
ENJOY 喜欢
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to enjoy or approve of something or someone 喜欢，喜爱
• I like your new haircut. 我喜欢你的新发型。
• Do you like fish? 你爱吃鱼吗？
• I like it when a book is so good that you can't put it down. 我喜欢那种碰上好书时手不释卷的感觉。
• I quite like wine but I could live without it. 我很喜欢喝酒，但没有酒我还是可以忍受的。
• He's very well- liked (= popular) at work. 他在单位里人缘相当好。
• [+ -ing verb] I don't like upsetting people. 我不喜欢搞得别人心烦意乱。
• [+ to infinitive] He likes to spend his evenings in front of the television. 他喜欢晚上看电视消磨时间。
• [+ past participle] He likes his steak well-done. 他喜欢吃熟透的牛排。
transitive
■to be annoyed by something 对…反感，讨厌
• I like the way he just assumes we'll listen to him when he doesn't take in a word anyone else says! 他谁的话都听不进去，却以为我们大家都会听他的，对此我非常反感。
[laɪk] verb
WANT 想要
would like
 ESSENTIAL
■or formalshould like ... used to say that you want or wish something 想，想要，希望
• I think I'd like the soup for my starter. 我想我还是先喝汤吧。
• I'd like to go to Moscow. 我想去莫斯科。
• I would like to say a big thankyou to everyone who's helped to make our wedding such a special occasion! 我想对参与筹备我们婚礼的每一个人表示由衷的感谢，正是你们让这个婚礼如此与众不同！
 ESSENTIAL [+ to infinitive]
■used in requests （用于请求）想要，希望得到
• I'd like one of the round loaves, please. 请给我拿一个圆面包。
• [+ to infinitive] I'd like to book a seat for tonight's performance. 我想预订一个今晚演出的座位。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I'd like you to send this for me first class, please. 请按一类邮件把这个寄出。
• [+ past participle] I would like the whole lot finish ed by the weekend. 我希望这些工作能在周末前做完。
  Common Learner Errors  would like When would like is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'would like do something', say would like to do something.
✗ I would like recommend a restaurant for our meeting. I would like to recommend a restaurant for our meeting.
[laɪk] verb
How do you like ... ? ADVANCED
■used when asking someone how they like their drinks made 你想喝甚么样的…？
• "How do you like your tea?" "Milk and one sugar, please." “你的茶要加甚么吗？”“请加些牛奶和一粒糖。”
■used when asking someone for an opinion 你觉得…怎么样？
• How do you like my new shoes? 你觉得我的新鞋怎么样？
[laɪk] verb
How would you like ... ? informal
■said to suggest that someone would not like to be in a situation experienced by someone else 你会愿意…吗？
• I'm not surprised he shouted at you! How would you like to be pushed into a wall? 他向你嚷我一点都不奇怪！你愿意被人推到墙上吗？
[laɪk] verb
I'd like to see ... informal
■said to mean that you do not believe someone can do something （表示不相信）我倒想看看…
• He said women have an easier life than men, did he? - I'd like to see him bring up children and go to work at the same time. “他说女人比男人活得更轻松，是不是？－－我倒想看看他怎样一边抚养孩子一边工作。”
[laɪk] verb
if you like
■used for asking if someone agrees with a suggestion 如果你愿意
• We can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意，我们可以现在就走。
• I'm not sure if I have the confidence, the nerve if you like (= if this phrase is suitable) , to apply for the job. 我不知道自己是否有信心，或者说是否有胆量去申请这个职位。
[laɪk] verb
like it or lump it informal
■If you tell someone to like it or lump it, you mean they must accept a situation they do not like, because they cannot change it 必须接受某个现状，因为情况没法改变
• Like it or lump it, romantic fiction is read regularly by thousands. 还是接受现实吧，数以千计的人都有读言情小说的习惯。
[laɪk] verb
we like cheap/tall/young, etc. humorous
■used to say that you like or approve of something 我们就喜欢便宜／高个／年轻等的
• Cheap is good - we like cheap. 便宜好——我们就喜欢便宜的。
• "He's blond and he's very tall." "We like tall." “他一头金发，个子很高。”“我们喜欢高个子。”
[laɪk] verb
Would you like ... ? ESSENTIAL
■used when offering something or inviting someone 你想（做）…吗？你是否愿意…？
• Would you like a drink? 你想喝点甚么吗？
• Would you like to join us for dinner tonight? 你愿意今晚和我们一起共进晚餐吗？
• Would you like me to take you in the car? 我开车送你好吗？
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
SIMILAR TO 像
 ESSENTIAL
■similar to; in the same way or manner as 像；与…相似，与…近似
• He looks like his brother. 他长得像他哥哥。
• She's very much like her mother (= She is similar in appearance or character). 她和她母亲非常像。
• Is Japanese food like Chinese? 日本料理和中菜相似吗？
• I've got a sweater just like that. 我有一件和那件一模一样的毛衣。
• Her hair was so soft it was like silk. 她的头发如丝绸般柔顺。
• You're acting like a complete idiot! 你的举动像个十足的白痴！
• She sings like an angel! 她的歌声如天使一般！
• Like I said (= As I have already said) , I don't wear perfume. 我说过了，我不用香水。
• Like most people (= As most people would) , I'd prefer to have enough money not to work 和大多数人一样，我喜欢能有足够的钱而不必去工作。
• It feels/seems like (= It seems to me) ages since we last spoke. 我们好像很久没有说过话了。
• There's nothing like a good cup of coffee (= it's better than anything) ! 任何东西都比不了一杯好咖啡！
  Common Learner Errors  likeWarning: choose the correct pronoun! Don't say 'how is sb/sth like?' or 'how sb/sth is like', say what is sb/sth like? or what sb/sth is like :
✗ How is life like in England? What is life like in England? I want to find out what life is like in England.
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
AS IF 好像
 IMPROVER
■in a way that suggests 好像，仿佛，似乎
• It looks like I'm going to be in the office until late tonight. 看起来我得到深夜才能离开办公室了。
• It looks like rain (= I think it is going to rain). 我看天要下雨了。
• It sounds to me like you ought to change jobs. 听起来你似乎应该换个工作。
• You look like you've just got out of bed! 你看起来好像刚刚起床！
• not standard She acts like she's stupid! 她似乎总干傻事！
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
like two peas in a pod
■very similar, especially in appearance （尤指外观）非常相像
• The twins are like two peas in a pod. 那对双胞胎长得极像。
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What are you like? (also What is she/he like?) UK informal
■used when someone has said or done something silly （用于表示某人的言行很愚蠢）…怎么这个样子？
• "Of course Emma's only worry was whether her lipstick had smudged." "Emma! What is she like?" “当然了，爱玛关心的只是她的口红是否弄花了。”“爱玛，她怎么这个样子？”
[laɪk] preposition conjunction
What is sb/sth like?
■something you say to ask someone to describe someone or something …怎么样？
• You've met Ben's new girlfriend, haven't you? What's she like? 你见过本的新女友了，对吧？她长得甚么样？
• I've never been to Bruges - what's it like? 我从未去过布鲁日——那里怎么样？
• So what's it like, then, not having to work? 不用去工作了，感觉怎么样？
[laɪk] preposition
TYPICAL OF 典型的
 ESSENTIAL
■typical or characteristic of 为…所特有的，符合…特点的
• That's just like Maisie to turn up half an hour late to her own party! 梅茜就是这样的人：为她办派对时她都要拖后半小时才露面！
• It's not like you to be so quiet - are you all right, my love? 你平时没这么安静呀——亲爱的，你没事吧？
[laɪk] preposition
SUCH AS 例如
 ESSENTIAL
■such as 例如，诸如
• She looks best in bright, vibrant colours, like red and pink. 她穿鲜亮颜色的衣服最漂亮，如红色和粉色。
[laɪk] adverb informal
FEELINGS/SPEECH 感觉／言语
■used before you describe how you were feeling or what you said when something happened to you （用于引出自己对已发生事件的）感觉或想法
• Then I saw how late it was and I'm like, so upset. 然后我才明白已经很晚了，因此感觉特别沮丧。
• He started shouting at me and I'm like, "What's your problem? I'm on your side!" 他开始朝我大喊大叫起来，于是我就问他：“你怎么回事？我是站在你这边的！”
[laɪk] adverb informal
PAUSE 停顿
■used in conversation as a pause or to emphasize an adjective （用于对话中表示停顿或强调）形容词
• He's, like, really friendly - someone you can talk to. 他呀，真的非常友善——就是那种可以倾心交谈的人。
• If there's nothing you can do to change the situation, it's like - why bother? 如果你无法改变这种局面，那么干吗去费这个神呢？
[laɪk] noun
the like of sb/sth ; sb's/sth's like
■a person, thing or group similar in character or quality to the one mentioned …之类
• He was a very great actor - we won't see his like again. 他是个非常了不起的演员——没有人能达到他那样的水准。
• He described a superlative meal, the like of which he'd never eaten. 他说那顿饭特别美味——他从未吃过如此好吃的饭。
and such like (also and the like) informal like 1 * and similar things
等等，之类
• There's a big sports hall for tennis and badminton and such like. 那里有一个可供网球、羽毛球等比赛用的大型体育馆。
likes [plural]
■the things that someone enjoys 喜好，爱好，最爱
• The pop-star lists his likes as 'my new Porsche, my girlfriend and staying up all night'. 流行歌星说他的最爱是“我的保时捷新车、女友和彻夜狂欢”。
• They can't expect me to accommodate all their silly little likes and dislikes. 他们别指望我能容忍他们所有那些愚蠢可笑、无足轻重的个人好恶。
not for the likes of sb (also like) informal
■not for the type of people mentioned 不是为某某之类的人准备的
• First-class travel is for posh people - it's not for the likes of us. 头等舱是供上层人士使用的——不是给我们这样的人准备的。
[laɪk] adjective
be like to do sth old use
■to be likely to do something 可能会做，可能会干
[laɪk] adjective
be of like mind formal
■When people are of like mind, they agree. 意见一致，看法相同
love, fancy, enjoy, prefer, like, adore
这组词都有“喜欢、喜爱”的意思，其区别是：
love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。
fancy: 指喜爱投合自己心意、嗜好或欲望等的人或物。
enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。
prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。
like: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。
adore: 非正式用词，口语体。指非常喜爱，带强烈的感情色彩。
as, like
这两个词均有“像”之意。
as: 从属连词，引出方式从句。
like: 是前置词，后面跟的是宾语。
parallel, uniform, identical, comparable, like, alike, similar
这组词都有“相似的，类似的”的意思，其区别是：
parallel: 主要指在外表或在性质上相似到有可以相提并论的程度。
uniform: 指在性质、数量、形态或程度等方面相似到很难看出差异的地步。
identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。
comparable: 指在某一点或几点上有相似之处，可作有限或粗略的对比，尤指在价值或能力等方面可相提并论。
like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。
alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。
similar: 强调不同的人或事物之间完全或部分相似，暗示可暂不考虑或无视其差异之处。
vt. 喜欢；想；愿意
 - love, think
vi. 喜欢；希望
 - prefer, affect
prep. 像；如同
 - as per
adj. 同样的；相似的
 - similar, alike
n. 爱好；同样的人或物
 - interest, bent, fond of
adv. 可能
 - perhaps, maybe, supposedly, on the cards, forse

Word: copyright
Front: copyright
[ˈkɒpiraɪt] (研 6066/5493 -2)
Vocabulary: copyright
(once / 240 pages)
nv
A copyright is a document that gives the ownership rights over artistic work, like songs or stories. If you don't get a copyright for your brilliant new novel, someone could adapt it into a movie without paying you a dime.
Copyright means exactly what it sounds like: the right to make copies of something. If you copyright a song, a singer will to have to pay you to record it. Usually, copyright only lasts for a certain number of years. In the U.S. when a book or song has had a copyright for more than 75 years, that expires and it becomes "public domain," which means nobody owns the rights to it anymore.
WORD FAMILY
copyright: copyrighted, copyrighting, copyrights
USAGE EXAMPLES
These include such evils as copyright infringement, cybercrime, the invasion of privacy, hate speech, espionage—and perhaps cyberwar.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
In 1906, Mark Twain, dressed in his signature white suit, addressed the Senate patents committee as he argued for the extension of copyright protection.
Salon(Dec 31, 2016)
This new fluidity of copyright and employment in TV is changing the game.
The Guardian(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 版权，著作权
adj. 受版权保护的; 版权的
vt. 获得…的版权
时态：copyrighted, copyrighting, copyrights
分布：版权(77%)，著作权(21%)，受版权保护的(1%)，获得版权(1%)
→来自copy和right的合成词。
n.／a.版权(的)He has the copyright of his book.他有此书的著作权.
US ['kɑ:.pi-] noun countable or uncountable
■the legal right to control the production and selling of a book, play, film, photograph or piece of music 版权，著作权
• Who owns/holds the copyright on this article? 谁拥有这篇文章的著作权？
• His work is no longer protected by copyright. 他的作品不再受版权保护。
• The symbol © shows that something is protected by copyright. ©这个标志表示受版权保护。
n. [法] 版权，著作权
 - literary property, intellectual property

Word: just
Front: just
[dʒʌst] (中高 66/72 -K1)
Vocabulary: just
(once / 8 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adj
Just means "fair." When something is morally and ethically sound, it's just. If you are a just teacher, you won't give your student an F just because his mother is rude to you.
Just might remind you of the word justice. When we describe a person, a rule, or a war as just, we mean that whatever has been done has been done for good reasons, and is fair to all sides. Just can also mean "only" or "simply." If swimming scares you, try the kiddie pool — it's just 3 feet deep. If you startle someone, say, "don't worry, it's just me." And something that happened only moments ago just happened.
WORD FAMILY
just: juster, justest, justly, justness, justs, unjust +/ unjust: unjuster, unjustest, unjustly, unjustness/unjustness: unjustnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was bullied by classmates and teachers would just ignore my existence,” Chen said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
As the pass sailed toward the sideline, he tried to break at just the right angle.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 刚才; 仅仅，只是; 正好; 刚要
adj. 公正的，合理的; 恰当的; 合法的; 正确的
分布：仅仅(36%)，刚才(28%)，正好(12%)，公正的(6%)，公平的(6%)，正是(4%)，简直(4%)，适当的(2%)，精确的(2%)
→来自拉丁语iustus,公正的，正直的，来自ius,法律，权利，正义，来自古拉丁语ious,神圣的语言，来自yewes,法规，法则，词源同judge,jury.该词原为古代宗教仪式术语，宗教仪式有着固定的程序和规则，以及繁琐的礼节并向天，地，神起誓的固定用语，因此，引申出法律，发誓这两个主要词义。just 刚刚，恰好，正要
ad.正好地;刚才;只不过a.公正的,公平的The just budget judge just justifies the adjustment of justice.公正的预算法官只不过为司法调整辩护而已.
adverb
NOW 现在
 ESSENTIAL
■now, very soon, or very recently 此时；很快；刚才
• "Where are you, Jim?" "I'm just coming." “吉姆，你在哪里？”“我现在就来。”
• I'll just finish this, then we can go. 我马上就做完了，然后我们就能走了。
• He'd just got into the bath when the phone rang. 他刚进浴室电话就响了。
• The children arrived at school just as (= at the same moment as) the bell was ringing. 孩子刚好在铃响时到达学校。
• The doctor will be with you in just a minute/moment/second (= very soon). 医生马上就会来看你了。
• It's just after/past/ UK alsogone (= has recently become) ten (o'clock). 现在刚过十点。
just now
 ESSENTIAL
■a very short time ago 刚刚，刚才
• Who was that at the door just now? 刚才站在门口的是谁？
 ESSENTIAL
■at the present time 目前，现在
• John's in the bath just now - can he call you back? 约翰在洗澡——请他等一下再给你回电话好吗？
  Common Learner Errors  justWarning: check your word order! Just usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence.
✗ I just have returned from a conference in Brighton. I have just returned from a conference in Brighton. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , just usually goes directly after it
✗ I just was going to phone you. I was just going to phone you.
[dʒʌst] adverb
EXACTLY 正好
 ESSENTIAL
■exactly or equally 正好，恰恰正是
• This carpet would be just right for the dining room. 这块地毯放在饭厅正好合适。
• The twins look just like each other. 这对双胞胎真是一模一样。
• Things turned out just as I expected. 事情的结果正像我预料的一样。
• You've got just as many toys as your brother. 你的玩具和你哥哥的一样多。
• Thank you, it's just what I've always wanted. 谢谢你，这正是我一直想要的。
• I can't help you just now/yet. 此刻我没办法帮你。
• Just then , the lights went out. 就在那时，灯灭了。
• I can just imagine Sophie as a police officer. 我完全能想像苏菲当员警的样子。
• informal approving That dress is just you (= suits you very well). 那条连身裙正适合你。
[dʒʌst] adverb
ONLY 仅仅
 ESSENTIAL
■only; simply 只是，仅仅
• "Would you like another drink?" "OK, just one more." “再喝一杯吗？”“好，一杯就好。”
• It was just a joke. 那只是个玩笑。
• His daughter's just a baby/just a few weeks old. 他女儿还是个婴儿／只有几周大。
• We'll just have to (= The only thing we can do is) wait and see what happens. 对将要发生的事情我们只能拭目以待。
• She lives just down the road (= very near). 她就住在这条街上。
• Just because you're older than me doesn't mean you can tell me what to do. 你年纪比我大并不意味着你就可以对我颐指气使。
 IMPROVER
■used to make a statement or order stronger （用于加强语气）就是，真是
• He just won't do as he's told. 他就是不依别人的吩咐去做。
• It's just too expensive. 这个真是太贵了。
■used to reduce the force of a statement and to suggest that it is not very important （用于减弱语气）只
• Can I just borrow the scissors for a second? 我能借用一下剪刀吗？
• I just wanted to ask you if you're free this afternoon. 我只是想问你今天下午有没有空。
[dʒʌst] adverb
ALMOST 几乎
 ESSENTIAL
■almost not or almost 勉强，差一点就不
• We arrived at the airport just in time to catch the plane. 我们到达机场时差点赶不上飞机。
• This dress (only)just fits. 这条连身裙勉强合身。
• "Can you see the stage?" "Yes, only just/just about." “你能看到舞台吗？”“勉强看得见。”
• I've just about finished painting the living room. 我快把客厅粉刷完了。
be just possible
■If something is just possible, there is a slight chance that it will happen 可能性很小，不太可能
• It's just possible that we might be going away that weekend. 那个周末我们不大可能出去。
[dʒʌst] adverb
VERY 很
 IMPROVER
■very; completely 很，非常；完全
• It's just dreadful what happened to her. 她的遭遇真可怕。
[dʒʌst] adverb
Isn't it /aren't they just? informal
■used to strongly agree with what someone has said about someone or something （表示强烈赞同）可不是嘛
• "This is rather expensive." "Isn't it just?" “这太贵了。”“可不是嘛！”
[dʒʌst] adverb
It's just one of those things. saying
■said about an event or situation that you cannot explain, or do not like but cannot change （表示无法解释或不喜欢但不能改变的事）这是难免的事。
[dʒʌst] adverb
just a minute/moment/second ADVANCED
■used to ask someone to wait for a short period of time 稍等一会儿
• Just a second - I've nearly finished. 等一下——我快做完了。
mainly UK used to interrupt someone in order to ask them to explain something, to calm them, or to express disagreement （用来打断说话者，要求解释或表示安慰、异议）且慢，请稍等一下
• Just a minute - can you tell me how to do that again? 请稍等一下——你能再告诉我一遍怎么做吗？
[dʒʌst] adverb
(it's) just as well (that)
■it is a good thing 幸亏，幸好
• It's beginning to rain - it's just as well that we brought our umbrellas. 开始下雨了——还好我们带了雨伞。
[dʒʌst] adverb
just like that disapproving
■suddenly and unexpectedly 突如其来地；出乎意料地
• Their son went off and got married last week, just like that. 他们的儿子不告而别，在上周还结了婚，真是出乎意料。
[dʒʌst] adverb
Just my luck!
■something that you say when something bad happens to you 真倒楣！
• They sold the last ticket five minutes before I got there - just my luck! 就在我到那里的五分钟前他们卖掉了最后一张票——真倒楣！
[dʒʌst] adverb
might just as well
■If you might just as well do something, there are no reasons not to do it 不如；做…也无妨
• For the little extra it'll cost, we might just as well stay for another night. 只需多花一点钱，我们何不再住一晚呢？
[dʒʌst] adjective
■fair; morally correct 公正的，公平的；正义的
• The judge's sentence was perfectly just in the circumstances. 在这种情况下，法官的判决非常公正。
• I don't really think he had just cause to complain. 我认为他没有甚么正当的理由抱怨。
[dʒʌst] adjective
get your just deserts
■If you get your just deserts, something bad happens to you that you deserve because of something bad you have done. 罪有应得
[dʒʌst] noun
the just old use
■people who behave in a morally correct way 公正的人，有正义感的人
just, impartial, objective, neutral, fair
这组词都有“公正的，公平的，不偏不倚的”的意思，其区别是：
just: 多用于庄重场合，指不受个人利益得失或感情倾向的影响，侧重按照公认的准则或标准处理问题。
impartial: 侧重对任何人或任何一方没有成见或偏袒。
objective: 着重客观、真实，不为个人偏见、兴趣、感情或看法所左右。
neutral: 强调持中立态度，不偏袒任何一方，甚至不作最后的裁决。
fair: 普通常用词，指不偏不倚地对待人和物，侧重不受个人感情、偏见或利益所影响。
just, very
just: 表强调时是副词,作状语, just the man
very: 表强调时是形容词,用作定语 the very man,
adv. 只是，仅仅；刚才，刚刚；正好，恰好；实在；刚要
 - merely, simply, only, indeed, but
adj. [法] 公正的，合理的；正直的，正义的；正确的；公平的；应得的
 - judicial, reasonable, logical, rational, possible

Word: high
Front: high
[haɪ] (中高 141/152 -K5)
Vocabulary: high
(once / 10 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjnadv 3adj 4adjn 5n 6adj
Use the adjective high to describe something with a great elevation. If you want to see a really high mountain, you should visit Mount Everest.
You can also use high to describe a sound or musical note that is elevated in pitch. Some stores use a high-pitched buzzing sound to keep teenagers from loitering. The noise drives teens crazy, but it doesn't bother their parents, because adults can't hear the high frequency. High also means a state of euphoria. After you win a first place medal at the swim meet, you might be on a high for days.
WORD FAMILY
high: height, higher, highest, highly, highness, highs+/ height: heights/highness: highnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Sharfstein said statewide efforts also lowered Maryland’s relatively high infant mortality rate.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 高的; 高尚的，崇高的; 高音调的; 高级的，高等的
adv. （程度等）高地; 高价地; 奢侈地
n. 高处，高位; [气象学]高气压; 高压地带; 高水平
级别：higher, highest
分布：高(86%)，高的(12%)，高水平(1%)，高尚的(1%)
→来自古英语heah,高的，高耸的，来自Proto-Germanic*hauhaz,高的，来自keuk,*keu,弯，转，词源同cubicle,cubit.由弯，转引申词义起伏的，高的。词义演变比较hump,vertex.
a.高的,高度的,高级的,高尚的ad.高高地I highly appreciate the preceding man's precious precise exercise.我高度欣赏前面那个人可贵的精确演练.
adjective
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of things that are not living) being a large distance from top to bottom or a long way above the ground, or having the stated distance from top to bottom （尤指无生命的东西）高的，有…高的
• a high building/mountain 高楼／高山
• high ceilings 高高的天花板
• It's two and a half metres high and one metre wide. 它有两公尺半高，一公尺宽。
• The corn grew waist-high (= as high as a person's waist) in the fields. 田里的玉米长到了及腰的高度。
[haɪ] adjective
ABOVE AVERAGE 超过平均水准
 ESSENTIAL
■greater than the usual level or amount （比通常水准）高的，多的
• The job demands a high level of concentration. 这项工作需要高度集中精神
• He suffers from high blood pressure. 他患有高血压。
• Antique furniture fetches very high prices these days. 这段时间古董家俱的价位很高。
• She got very high marks in her geography exam. 她的地理考试分数很高。
• It's very dangerous to drive at high speed when the roads are wet. 在潮湿的路面上高速驾驶是很危险的。
• He's in a high-security prison. 他被关在一处戒备森严的监狱中。
high standards/principles
 IMPROVER
■very good or very moral standards 高标准／高度的道德标准
• She was a woman of high principles. 她是一位道德高尚的女士。
• She demands very high standards from the people who work for her. 她对底下工作的人要求很高。
high winds
■fast, strong wind 大风，强风
• High winds caused delays on the ferries. 大风导致渡轮延误。
[haɪ] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
 IMPROVER
■having power, an important position, or great influence （权位）重要的，高级的
• an officer of high rank 高级军官
[haɪ] adjective
SOUND 声音
■near or at the top of the range of sounds 高音的，声音尖锐的
• I can't reach the high notes. 这些高音我唱不上去。
[haɪ] adjective
BAD 坏的 UK (of food) smelling bad and no longer good to eat （食物）腐坏的，变质的
• This meat is rather high - shall I throw it out? 这块肉已经腐坏了——我要不要把它丢掉？
[haɪ] adjective
MENTAL STATE 精神状态
■not thinking or behaving normally because of taking drugs （因吸毒而）极度亢奋的
• He was high on heroin at the time. 他当时正因吸了海洛因而飘飘欲仙。
[haɪ] adjective
be as high as a kite informal
■to behave in a silly or excited way because you have taken drugs or drunk a lot of alcohol （吸毒或大量饮酒后）极度兴奋，神情恍惚
• I tried to talk to her after the party, but she was as high as a kite. 我想在聚会之后跟她谈谈，但她喝酒喝得神情恍惚。
■to feel very happy and excited 非常高兴；异常激动
• I was a high as a kite when I'd heard I'd got the job. 当得知我得到那份工作时，我高兴极了。
[haɪ] adjective
come/get (down) off your high horse
■to stop talking as if you were better or more clever than other people 别再自以为是
• It's time you came down off your high horse and admitted you were wrong. 现在该是你停止批评别人、承认自己错误的时候了。
[haɪ] adjective
get on your high horse
■to start talking angrily about something bad that someone else has done as if you feel you are better or more clever than they are 自以为是，自命不凡
[haɪ] adjective
have it on the highest authority formal
■to have been told something by someone who knows the truth 据知情人士透露
• I have it on the highest authority that they are getting a divorce. 我听知情人士说他们正要离婚。
[haɪ] adjective
high and mighty disapproving
■Someone who is high and mighty behaves as if they are more important than other people. 盛气凌人的；趾高气昂的
[haɪ] adjective
hunt / search high and low
■to search everywhere for something 到处找
• I've been hunting high and low for that certificate and I still can't find it! 我到处找那张证书，但还是找不到！
[haɪ] adjective
leave sb high and dry informal
■to do something which is not at all convenient for someone and put them in a very difficult situation 给（某人）带来麻烦；使（某人）陷入困境
• They pulled out of the deal at the last minute leaving us high and dry. 他们在最后一刻退出了交易，使我们陷入困境。
[haɪ] adjective
live high on / off the hog US informal often disapproving
■to live in great comfort with a lot of money 过奢华的生活
[haɪ] adjective
on high old use
■in heaven 在天上
• God looked down from on high. 上帝在天上看着我们。
mainly humorous
■If an order comes from on high, it comes from someone in a position of authority （命令）由上级下达的，来自高层的
• Instructions came from on high to reduce our travel expenses. 上级指示要缩减我们的差旅费用。
[haɪ] noun
ABOVE AVERAGE 超过平均水准
 IMPROVER countable
■a higher level than has ever been reached previously 最高水准，高潮
• Interest rates have reached an all-time/record high. 利率达到了历史最高点／创纪录的高水准。
[haɪ] noun
MENTAL STATE 精神状态
countable usually singular
■a period of extreme excitement or happiness when you feel full of energy, often caused by a feeling of success, or by drugs or alcohol or a religious experience （因获得成功带来的）极度兴奋；（毒品、酒精或宗教体验引起的）快感，极乐
• Exercise gives you a high. 运动使人兴奋。
• She's been on a high ever since she got her article published. 自从她的文章发表以来，她情绪一直非常高涨。
• There are lots of highs and lows in this job. 这份工作中有很多快乐，也有许多沮丧。
[haɪ] noun
EDUCATION 教育
only singular US informal for
■ high school (when used in the name of a school) （用于中学名称中）
• I go to Santa Ana High. 我念圣安娜高中。
[haɪ] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at or to a large distance from the ground 在高处；高高地
• You'll have to hit the ball quite high to get it over that net. 你必须把球打得相当高，这样它才能越过那网。
• Concorde flew much higher than most aeroplanes. 协和式喷射机飞得比大多数飞机都高很多。
highly, high
highly: 抽象的高,高度的 think highly of
high: 具体的高,
lofty, high, tall
这组词都有“高的”的意思，其区别是：
lofty: 书面用词，指外观宏伟壮丽的高耸物；用于指思想或目的时，表示崇高。贬义指 态高傲。
high: 普通用词，指本身高出地面之上，与low相对，不用于人。也可指程度、地位、声音等的高，还可作引申用。
tall: 仅指人或物的高度，指物的“高”时，可与high换用。
adj. 高的；高级的；崇高的；高音调的
 - tall, senior, advanced, lofty
n. 高水平；天空；由麻醉品引起的快感；高压地带
 - heaven, sky, air
adv. 高；奢侈地
 - luxuriously, sumptuously

Word: give
Front: give
[gɪv] (中高雅 98/71 -K5)
Vocabulary: give
(once / 5 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4vn 5v 6v 7v
When you give something, you hand over possession to someone else. Give can also be a noun; a material that has give has the ability to stretch.
Just as you can take many things, so can you give many things. You can give a gift, give a party, or give your car keys to friend, but just temporarily. If you give someone a chance, you let them have an opportunity. If you give your word, you make a promise. If give your hand, you marry — or at least hold hands. You can also give by communicating or passing something on — like your regards, or a cold.
WORD FAMILY
give: gave, given, giver, gives, giving, misgive+/ given: givenness, givens/giver: givers/giving: givings, self-giving/misgive: misgave, misgiven, misgives
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Cardinals have give up the fewest yards in the league.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Melton gave up the seat after he was elected Selma’s mayor in October.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Shumlin says that in 2015 enough painkillers were handed out in Vermont to give every man, woman and child a bottle of 100 pills.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 给予; 赠送; 作出
vt. 供给; 产生; 举办; （为购买某物或做某事而）支付
vi. （物体）塌下; 让步
n. 伸展性，弹性
时态：gave, given, giving, gives
分布：给(81%)，提供(8%)，送(3%)，捐助(2%)，弹性(2%)，举行(1%)，供给(1%)，弯曲(1%)，赠予(1%)
→来自ghabh, 拥有，给，词源同gift.
v.给,授予;供给;献出,让步;捐赠;发表Please give me an example.请举一个例子.
verb (gave, given)
PROVIDE 提供
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to offer something to someone, or to provide them with it 送给；提供；赠与；给予
• [+ two objects] She gave us a set of saucepans as a wedding present. 她送我的结婚礼物是一套深平底锅。
• Can you give me a date for another appointment? 我能再和您约时间见面吗？
• They never gave me a chance/choice. 他们从来就没给过我机会／选择余地。
• Has the director given you permission to do that? 主任允许你那样做吗？
• [+ adv/prep] We always try to give to charity. 我们总是尽量向慈善机构捐款捐物。
• We're collecting for the children's home - please give generously. 我们是为儿童福利机构募捐——请慷慨解囊。
• The police gave (out) road-safety booklets to the children (= gave them to all the children). 警方向孩子们分发道路交通安全的宣传册子。
• Please give (up) your seat to an elderly or disabled person if they require it. 如果老人或残疾人士需要你让座，请配合。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to pay someone a particular amount 支付；付（款）
• I gave £40 for this pump and it's broken already! 这个打气筒花了我40英镑，可它现在就坏了！
give of your money/time, etc. formal
■to give your money, time or best efforts, especially in a way that seems generous （尤指慷慨地）献出金钱／投入时间／付出最大努力
• We're very grateful to all the people who have given of their time. 我们非常感谢所有付出了宝贵时间的人。
• UK She wasn't feeling well, so I don't think she gave of her best tonight. 她不太舒服，所以我认为她今晚没有发挥出最佳水准。
give (sth) your all (US also give (sth) your best) old-fashioned
■to put a lot of effort into doing something 全力以赴（做某事）；不遗余力（做某事）
• We must be finished by tonight, so I want you to give it your all. 我们今晚一定要做完，所以我希望你们会全力以赴。
transitive
■to tell someone something 告诉；说出；说明
• The winner's name was given (out) /They gave the winner's name (out) on the news. 获胜者的名字在新闻报导中公布了／新闻报导公布了获胜者的名字。
• [+ two objects] Can you give Jo a message for me? 你能替我给乔传个口信吗？
transitive
■to punish someone by making them go to prison for a particular period 判处（某人监禁）
• [+ two objects] If you're found guilty, they'll give you three years. 如果你被裁定有罪，他们会判你三年监禁。
transitive
■to allow a person or activity a particular amount of time 给…限定期限；限定，规定（时间）
• [+ two objects] I'm nearly ready - just give me a couple of minutes. 我快准备好了——再给我两三分钟就可以。
transitive informal
■to calculate that something will last a particular amount of time 估计将持续（…时间）
• [+ two objects] Look at that old car she's bought - I give it two weeks before it breaks down. 看看她买的那辆老爷车吧——我估计两星期就要坏了。
  Common Learner Errors  giveWarning: when talking about giving a physical object, the indirect object can go before or after the direct object. He gave the flowers to his mother. He gave his mother the flowers. When the indirect object comes before the direct object, don't say 'give to someone something', just say give someone something :
✗ He gave to his mother the flowers. Remember: when the object of give is something that you cannot touch, such as advice or an opinion or feeling, the indirect object must come before the direct object. Don't say 'give advice/your opinion/a shock to someone', say give someone advice/your opinion/a shock :
✗ What he said gave an idea to me. What he said gave me an idea.
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
CAUSE 引起
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to produce or cause something 生产，产生；引起
• [+ two objects] The fresh air gave us an appetite (= made us hungry). 新鲜的空气令我们胃口大开。
• What you said has given me an idea. 你的话使我产生了一个想法。
• The alarm gave (out) a high-pitched sound. 警报器发出一声尖厉的声响。
give sb to understand sth formal
■to tell someone something or cause them to think that something is true 使（某人）知道（某事）；使（某人）相信（…确有其事）
• I was given to understand she was staying at this hotel. 别人告诉我她住在这家饭店。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
DO 做
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to perform an action 做（动作）
• [+ two objects] She gave me a smile/strange look. 她向我微笑了一下／用奇怪的眼神看了我一眼。
• They had to give the car a push to start it. 他们只好推着汽车来发动它。
• Give me a call/ring (= telephone me) when you get back from holiday. 你渡假回来后给我打个电话。
• Who is giving the speech/lecture/concert? 谁要讲演／作报告／举行音乐会？
 ADVANCED transitive
■to organize a party, meal, etc 举办，举行
• They're always giving parties. 他们老是举办聚会。
• The ambassador is giving a banquet for the visiting president. 大使将举办宴会欢迎来访的总统。
give sth a go
■to attempt something 尝试，试做
• Only a few people are successful as sports professionals, but it's worth giving it a go. 只有极少数职业运动员能取得成功，但却很值得去尝试一下。
transitive + two objects formal
■to state publicly that everyone present at a formal occasion, especially a meal, should drink a toast to someone (= have a drink in honour of someone) （尤指在正式宴会上）提议为（某人）干杯
• Gentlemen, I give you the Queen! 先生们，为女王干杯！
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
STRETCH 伸长
intransitive
■If something gives, it stretches, bends or breaks, or becomes less firm or tight, under pressure （在压力下）伸长，弯曲，断裂，变松
• The rope gave under/with the weight of the load. 装载的东西太重，绳子断了。
• The shoes will give a little after you've worn them once or twice. 鞋穿过一两次后就不那么紧了。
• figurative You can't work so hard all the time - something will have to give (= change). 你不能总是不分昼夜地拼命工作——会出事的。
• figurative Suddenly her patience gave (out) and she shouted crossly at the children. 她突然失去了耐心，向孩子们怒吼起来。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
DECIDE 决定
[T + obj + adj] UK
■in some sports, to decide and state officially that a player or the ball is in a particular condition or place 裁定，判（球员或球所处的位置）
• The umpire gave the batsman out. 裁判员判打击手出局。
• The ball was clearly out, but the line judge gave it in. 球明显出界，但是边裁却判定是界内球。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
Don't give me that! informal
■don't expect me to believe that, because I know it is untrue （表示不相信）别跟我来这一套！别以为我会相信你！
• "But I was going to let you have it tomorrow." "Don't give me that!" “但我本来打算明天把它给你的。”“别跟我来这一套！”
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
give as good as you get
■to be strong and confident enough to treat people in the same way that they treat you, especially in an argument or a fight （尤指在争论或打斗中）针锋相对，以眼还眼，以牙还牙
• There's a lot of teasing and fighting among the crew, and you have to be able to give as good as you get. 船员们会经常互相挑衅打斗，你一定要以牙还牙。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
give or take
■possibly a little more or less than the amount or time mentioned 相差不到…，出入至多…
• It'll be ready at six, give or take a few minutes. 六点就会准备好，顶多相差几分钟。
• It cost £200, give or take. 它的价格为200英镑，出入不会太大。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
Give me... any day/every time! informal
■used to say that you always like or prefer a particular thing 我宁愿要…！我更喜欢…！我宁可选择…！
• This new stuff is all very well, but give me the old-style weather forecast any day! 这种新玩意倒也不错，但是我还是更喜欢以前的天气预报方式。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
give way ADVANCED UK
■to allow other vehicles to go past before you move onto a road 让（其他车辆）先行
• You have to give way to traffic coming from the right. 你要让右边驶来的车辆先行。
 ADVANCED
■to break, especially when under pressure from strong forces （尤指在很大的压力下）坍塌，垮掉
• Because of an unusually strong current, the bridge's central support gave way, tipping a coach into the river. 因为遭遇罕见的湍急洪流的冲击，桥中心的支座坍塌，一辆长途客车被掀进了河里。
■to stop arguing or fighting against someone or something 让步；屈服
• Neither of them will give way, so they could be arguing for a very long time. 他们两个谁也不会让步，所以他们会吵好长时间。
• Don't give way to your fears. 不要怕。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
give sb what for old-fashioned informal
■to tell off someone whose behaviour you strongly disapprove of 严厉斥责（某人）
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
given the chance/choice (also given half a chance)
■if I were allowed to, or if I could choose 要是允许我这样做的话；要是让我选择的话
• Given the chance, I'd spend all day reading. 要是让我选，我会把一整天时间都用来读书。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
what I wouldn't give for sth (also what wouldn't I give for sth)
■used to say that you want something very much 很想得到；渴望得到
• What I wouldn't give for a cold drink! 我多想来杯冷饮啊！
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
I would give anything/a lot (also I would give my eye teeth/right arm)
■used to say that you would like to have or to do something very much 愿意付出一切（得到某物或做某事）
• I'd give anything to see the Taj Mahal. 谁要是能助我去参观泰姬陵，他要甚么我都愿意给。
■2. Janice would give her eye teeth for a house like that. give 1 要是能得到那样一间屋，贾尼丝甚么都愿意做。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give sth away
FREE
 IMPROVER
■to give something to someone without asking for payment 赠送；捐赠；免费派发
• The shop is giving away a sample pack to every customer. 商店给每位顾客赠送一个样本礼物包。
• Nobody wants this type of heater anymore - I can't even give it away! 这种加热器没人再愿意要了——我连送也送不出去！
⇒ See also giveaway
SECRET
 ADVANCED
■to tell people something secret, often without intending to 泄露，暴露（秘密）
• The party was meant to be a surprise, but Sharon gave it away. 办这个派对本来是要给大家一个惊喜，可是雪伦泄漏了秘密。
• I won't give the game (= the information or plan) away. 我不会泄密的。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give sb away
SHOW
■to show someone's secret feelings 显露（某人）的感情；暴露（某人）的内心世界
• She thinks no one knows how much she likes him, but her face when I said he'd be there really gave her away! 她以为没有人知道她多么喜欢他，但当我说他要去那里时，她的表情把她的内心情感表露无遗！
MARRIAGE [M] formal
■in a marriage ceremony, to formally bring a woman who is getting married to the front of the church so that she is standing at the side of her future husband, and then to give permission for her to marry （在婚礼上）将（新娘）交给（新郎）
• The bride was given away by her father. 新娘的父亲把她交给了新郎。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give sth back ESSENTIAL
■to return something to the person who gave it to you 还；归还
• Has she given you those books back yet? 她把那些书还给你了吗？
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give in
AGREE
 IMPROVER
■to finally agree to what someone wants, after refusing for a period of time （先是拒绝，后来）勉强同意，让步
• He nagged me so much for a new bike that eventually I gave in. 他没完没了地缠着我要一辆新脚踏车，我最后只好答应了。
• The government cannot be seen to give in to terrorists' demands. 政府是不会让步答应恐怖分子的要求。
ADMIT DEFEAT
 ADVANCED
■to accept that you have been defeated and agree to stop competing or fighting 投降；屈服；认输
• You'll never guess the answer - do you give in? 你永远也猜不到答案的——你认输吗？
• She wouldn't give in until she received a full apology. 她得不到正式道歉是不会罢休的。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give sth in UK ADVANCED
■to give a piece of written work or a document to someone for them to read, judge or deal with 交上；呈交
• Have you given that essay in yet? 你把那篇论文交上去了吗？
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give sth off
■to produce heat, light, a smell or a gas 发出，放出（热、光、气味或气体）
• That tiny radiator doesn't give off much heat. 那个小散热器散发不出太多热量。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give onto sth slightly formal
■to open in the direction of something 面向，朝向；通向
• The patio doors give onto a small courtyard. 露台的门通向一个小院子。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give out
■If a machine or part of your body gives out, it stops working 出毛病；停止运作
• At the end of the race his legs gave out and he collapsed on the ground. 到比赛终点时，他腿一软就倒在地上。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give over UK old-fashioned informal
■to stop doing something, usually something annoying 停止做，别再做（通常指令人不快的事情）
• Oh (do) give over (= stop complaining) , it's not my fault! 哎呀，别再抱怨了，又不是我的错！
• [+ -ing verb] It's time you gave over pretending you were still a teenager. 别再假装自己还是个十几岁的孩子。
Give over! UK old-fashioned informal
■used to show that you do not believe what has been said to you 算了吧；我才不信呢（表示对某人所说的话不相信）
• They've doubled your salary? Give over! 他们付了你双倍薪水？我才不信呢！
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give sth over to sth/sb
■to give another person the use of something, or the responsibility for something or someone 把…给（某人）使用；将…交托给…
• We've given the attic over to the children. 我们已经把阁楼让给孩子们了。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] give yourself over/up to sth
■to spend all your time and energy doing or feeling something 致力于；沉溺于；放任自己（做某事）
• After her death he gave himself over to grief. 她去世后，他沉溺在悲痛中不能自拔。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give up ADVANCED
■to stop trying to guess 放弃猜测；认输
• You'll never guess the answer - do you give up? 你永远也猜不到答案的——你认输吗？
• I give up - how many were there? 我猜不出来了——到底有多少？
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give up sth
■to stop owning and using something 放弃（某物的所有权或使用权）；交出；让出
• They were forced to give up their home because they couldn't pay the mortgage. 他们因为还不起按揭贷款被迫交出房子。
give up hope
■to stop hoping that a particular thing will happen 不再抱有希望；放弃希望
• We still haven't given up hope of finding her alive. 我们还没有放弃她生还的希望。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give up (sth) ADVANCED
■to stop doing something before you have finished it, usually because it is too difficult （通常因为太难而）终止，放弃
• [+ -ing verb] I've given up trying to help her. 我已经放弃努力，不想再帮她了。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give (sth) up ADVANCED
■If you give up a habit, such as smoking, or something such as alcohol, you stop doing it or using it 戒除
• [+ -ing verb] I gave up smoking two years ago. 我两年前戒烟。
• Don't offer him a cigarette, he's trying to give up. 不要给他烟，他正在努力戒烟。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] give sth up
 IMPROVER
■to stop doing a regular activity or job 放弃，停止；辞去
• [+ -ing verb] He's given up driving since his illness. 他自从生病后就不再驾驶了。
• We're going to give up our sports club membership after this year. 过了今年，我们就要放弃运动俱乐部的会员资格了。
give it up for sb
■used to ask people to clap their hands to show their enjoyment or approval of a performance 请为（某人的表演）鼓掌
• Ladies and gentlemen, will you give it up for Danny Jones. 先生女士，请以热烈的掌声感谢丹尼‧钟斯的精彩表演。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  give sb up
END FRIENDSHIP
[M]
■to stop having a friendship with someone 与（某人）绝交；不再与（某人）交往
• She seems to have given up all her old friends. 她好像和所有老朋友都断绝了来往。
NOT EXPECT (also give up on sb)
■to stop expecting that someone will arrive 不再期望（某人）到来
• I've been waiting half-an-hour - I'd almost given you up. 我已经等了半小时——我差点以为你不来了。
give sb up for dead (also give up on sb)
■to think that someone is certain to die or to be dead 对（某人）的生还不再抱有希望；认为（某人）将（或已经）死亡
• The hospital had virtually given her up for dead, but she eventually recovered. 医院差不多已经认定她救不活，可她最终康复了。
• After a three-day search on the mountain, they gave him up for dead. 在山中搜寻了三天后，他们认为他不可能再有生还希望，便停止了搜救。
[gɪv] verb (gave, given)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] give yourself up
■to allow the police or an enemy to take you as a prisoner 投案，自首；投降
• The gunman gave himself up to the police. 持枪歹徒向员警投降。
⇒ See also give over/up to
[gɪv] noun uncountable
■when something stretches, bends or breaks, or becomes less firm or tight, under pressure （在压力下）伸长，弯曲，断裂，变松
• A sweater knitted in pure cotton hasn't much give (= will not stretch much). 纯棉编织衣的弹性不大。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
vt. 给；产生；让步；举办；授予
 - award, effect, form, grant, inspire
n. 弹性；弯曲；伸展性
 - flexibility, curve, elasticity
vi. 捐赠；面向；有弹性；气候转暖
 - look, make a contribution to

Word: billion
Front: billion
[ˈbɪljən] (高研四六托 612/1829 -5)
Vocabulary: billion
(once / 61 pages)
adjn
A billion is 1,000,000,000. There are over 7 billion people in the world, the last time we checked.
While billion may sounds like a made-up number like zillion — which just means a lot — it's a very real number, specifically 1,000,000,000. That's a pretty hard number to imagine, but one way to think of it is as a thousand millions. If you have a billion dollars, you're very rich: a billionaire. Money spent by the government is often measured in billions. In England, this word often refers to a different number: 1,000,000,000,000, or one million millions.
WORD FAMILY
billion: billions
USAGE EXAMPLES
Its China unit was bleeding some $2 billion in losses already.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In December, more than a billion streams were served in a single week for the first time.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The system is merging the two hospitals into a $1 billion medical center focused heavily on outpatient care.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 十亿 ; 数以十亿计; 大量
分布：十亿(100%)
→前缀bi-, 二。million, 百万。字面意思是万亿，现通常指十亿。
num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿The expelled man repelled billions of rebellions.遭到驱逐的男子击退了数十亿次叛乱.
noun countable
 IMPROVER
■the number 1 000 000 000 十亿
• Cosmetics is a billion dollar industry. 化妆品行业是个价值十亿美元的产业。
■UK old-fashioned
■1 000 000 000 000 一万亿
a billion/billions of sth informal
■a very large number （数目）非常多
• There were billions of flies everywhere. 到处都有许多的苍蝇。
['bɪl.jən] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  billions (of sth) or billion? When billion is used after a particular number, it is used in the singular form and without 'of'. Don't say 'five/ten/fifteen billions of sth', say five/ten/fifteen billion sth:
✗ The palace cost at least 3 billions of dollars to build. The palace cost at least 3 billion dollars to build. When billion is used without a particular number, it is used in the plural form and is sometimes followed by 'of': The palace must have cost billions (of dollars) to build.
n. 十亿；大量
 - lots of, wealth, ocean, sea, body

Word: too
Front: too
[tu:] (中高 133/115 -K5)
Vocabulary: too
(once / 8 pages)
1adv 2adv
Depending how you use it, too can mean two slightly different things: "excessively" ("Human beings are too weird") or "also" ("I think so too — let's go back to Mars.")
The two versions of too should not be confused with to (or two), but all three words came from the same origin, the Old English word to, which meant "in the direction of." If someone said "I want to go to the joust," she was literally saying, "I want to go in the direction of the joust," and if you said, "I want to go to the joust, too," you were literally saying, "I want to go in the direction of the person going in the direction of the joust." You can begin to see why short words like to and too are handy.
WORD FAMILY
too: toos
USAGE EXAMPLES
Today, too, a US turn to isolationism and the pursuit of strictly US national interests may eventually lead to a global conflict.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
It will be performed in Kirkland, too, and in schools across the state.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adv. 也; 太; 很; 非常
分布：也(34%)，太(32%)，很(17%)，而且(17%)
→来自 to 的强调形式。
ad.也,还;太,过于;很,非常She doesn't like traveling too much.她不太喜欢旅行.
adverb
MORE 更多
 ESSENTIAL
■more than is needed or wanted; more than is suitable or enough 太；过于
• I'm too fat. 我太胖了。
• I can't reach the shelf - it's (a bit) too high. 我碰不到书架——它（有点）太高了。
• There were (far) too many people for such a small room. 这么小的房间人太多了。
• It's too difficult (for me) to explain. 这太难了，（我）无法解释。
• formal It was too expensive a desk for a child's room. 作为孩子房间的书桌，这个太贵了。
• It's (all) too much (= more than I can deal with) - I can't bear it. 这太过分了，我受不了。
all too
■used before an adjective or adverb to emphasize a negative meaning 太，过于（用于形容词或副词前，强调不好的意味）
• The holidays flew by all too quickly. 假期过得太快了。
only too
■used before an adjective to emphasize a positive meaning 太，非常（用于形容词前，强调积极的意味）
• "Would you like to make a donation?" "I'd be only too pleased." “你想乐捐吗？”“我非常乐意。”
[tu:] adverb
ALSO 也
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially at the end of a sentence) in addition, also （尤用于句末）也，还
• I'd like to come too. 我也想来。
• informal "I love chocolate." "Me too." “我喜欢巧克力。”“我也喜欢。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show surprise （表示惊奇）
• It's a wonderful picture of light shining through trees - and by a child too! 这张阳光穿过树林的照片很漂亮——还是一个孩子拍的！
Compare well ; moreover ; what's more at what
[tu:] adverb
VERY 很
 ESSENTIAL
■very, or completely 很，非常；完全
• He wasn't too pleased/happy when I told him about the mistake. 我告诉他这个错误时，他不太高兴。
• My mother hasn't been too well recently. 我妈妈最近身体不太好。
• formal Thank you, you're too kind. 谢谢，你太好了。
[tu:] adverb
CERTAINLY 当然 US informal
■used to emphasize a positive answer to a negative statement （用于强调对否定陈述的肯定回答）
• "I'm not going to school today." "You are too!" “我今天不想上学。”“你必须上！”
[tu:] adverb
in too deep
■too involved in a difficult situation 深陷困境
[tu:] adverb
too bad informal
■If you say something is too bad, you can mean either that you are sympathetic about someone else's problem, or that you are not. The difference is in what is being talked about and the way that you say it 太糟糕了
• It's too bad that you can't come to see Mark in his school play. 你不能来看马克在学校的戏剧演出，太遗憾了。
• "I can't come on Friday." "That's too bad - I've already bought the tickets so you'll still have to pay." “我星期五来不了。”“那太糟糕了——我已经买了票，所以你仍然得付钱。”
[tu:] adverb
too good to be true
■so good that it is hard to believe, or seeming very good but not real 好得令人难以置信
• Her new job sounds too good to be true. 她的新工作听上去好得令人难以置信。
• I'm not surprised the offer wasn't genuine, it sounded too good to be true. 这个报价不是真的我并不奇怪，因为它诱人得令人难以置信。
[tu:] adverb
too good to miss
■If you say that something is too good to miss, you mean that it is a very good opportunity and that people should see it, do it, etc 太好了不容错过
• Henri's latest show is simply too good to miss. 亨利最近的表演太好了，不容错过。
[tu:] adverb
too much like hard work
■describes an activity that you do not want to do because it needs a lot of effort 不愿意做的吃力工作
• I don't like gardening - it's too much like hard work. 我不喜欢园艺——它太吃力了。
[tu:] adverb
too much of a good thing
■when something pleasant becomes unpleasant because you have or do too much of it 好的东西太多了也会厌倦
• You can have too much of a good thing. 好的东西太多了，你也会感到厌倦的。
either, likewise, as well, also, too
这组词都有“也”的意思，其区别是：
either: 用于否定句，放在句末，之前加逗号。
likewise: 是书面语用词。
as well: 一般不用否定句，通常放在句末，强调时可放在句中。
also: 比too正式一些，语气较重，只用于肯定句，一般紧靠动词。
too: 语气较轻，多用于口语，在肯定句中使用，通常位于句末。
too, very
这组词都有“大，很”的意思，其区别是：
too: 指超过了承受能力或程度，即程度加到了不适当的地步。
very: 用于加强程度，可修饰褒义词和贬义词。
adv. 太；也；很；还；非常；过度
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, highly

Word: yet
Front: yet
[jet] (中高 275/261 -K5)
Vocabulary: yet
(once / 10 pages)
adv
Yet can introduce a contrast, refer to the future, or to something that you need more of. You can like a class, yet feel it's too hard. You may need to study hard yet again to try to pass a re-test. And even if an exam hasn't happened yet, you might worry it will be a disaster.
Yet is often used like but when connecting two ideas that contrast — as in, "I love apples, yet I hate applesauce." When yet is not being used as a contrast, it means "more" or "in the future" (which is really just more time). If you've been rehearsing for the school play for weeks, but still don't know your lines, you'll need yet more rehearsals if it's going to be a success.
WORD FAMILY
yet: yets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Yet my doctor told me to expect weeks to months of recovery.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Yet even as one disappears, dozens of others may pop up, like a nightmarish game of Whac-a-Mole.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Yet, for all of this, Trump’s doorkeepers say nothing.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 但是; 还; 已经; 又，再
conj. 然而，但是
分布：还(58%)，然而(21%)，但是(11%)，已经(6%)，仍然(4%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*iuta,来自*iui,总是，永远，词源同age,eon, *ta,名词后缀，词源同-th。引申词义总是，永远，尚未。
ad.还,尚,仍然;已经conj.然而ad.甚至The wet pet in the net hasn't got on the jet plane yet.网中的湿宠物还没有登上喷气飞机.
adverb
UNTIL NOW 直到现在
 ESSENTIAL
■still; until the present time 还，尚；迄今
• I haven't spoken to her yet. 我还没和她谈过。
• He hasn't finished yet. 他还没完成。
• "Are you ready?" "Not yet - wait a moment." “你准备好了吗？”“还没有──稍等。”
the best/worst, etc. yet
 ESSENTIAL
■the best or worst, etc. until now 迄今最好的／最差的等
• Of all the songs I've heard tonight, that's the best yet. 在我今晚听到的所有歌中，那首是最好的。
as yet
 ESSENTIAL formal
■until and including this time 直到现在
• We haven't needed extra staff as yet, but may do in the future. 到目前为止，我们尚不需要增加员工，但将来也许会需要。
• No ambulances had as yet managed to get across the river. 到目前为止还没有救护车顺利过河。
[jet] adverb
IN THE FUTURE 在将来
 ESSENTIAL
■from now and for a particular period of time in the future 从现在起至将来某个时间，还
• She won't be back for a long time yet. 她很长一段时间都不会回来的。
• Our holiday isn't for weeks yet. 我们的假期还远着呢。
have yet to
■If you have yet to do something, you have not done it 还没有，尚未
• They have yet to make a decision. 他们还没有作出决定。
[jet] adverb
EVEN NOW 即使现在
 IMPROVER
■even at this stage or time 仍然，还
• We could yet succeed - you never know. 我们仍然有可能成功——没人能够预测未来。
• You might yet prove me wrong. 你也许还会证明我是错的。
• He may win yet. 他仍有可能胜出。
[jet] adverb
MORE 更多
■used to add emphasis to words such as another and again , especially to show an increase in amount or the number of times something happens 再，还（用于强调 another 或 again 之类的词，尤指数量增加或某事发生频繁）
• Rachel bought yet another pair of shoes to add to her collection. 雷切尔已经有那么多鞋，居然又买了一双。
• I'm sorry to bother you yet again. 我很抱歉又来麻烦你。
• He's given us yet more work to do. 他又给我们安排了很多工作。
[jet] adverb conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■(and) despite that; used to add something that seems surprising because of what you have just said 然而，尽管
• simple yet effective 简单而又高效率
• He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's attractive. 他肥胖且秃头，然而不知为何却很有魅力。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 还；但是；已经
 - already, too, even
conj. 但是；然而
 - but, granted, whereas, and, while

Word: own
Front: own
[əʊn] (中高 148/118 -K5)
Vocabulary: own
(once / 7 pages)
adjv
If you own something, it belongs to you. You can use the verb own to describe possession of any kind of property, ranging from a saucepan to a fancy mansion.
If something can be bought, it can be owned. You wouldn’t say that you own people or intangible objects. But you might own a car, for example, and if you’re lucky, you might own a lot of really cool shoes. Own can also be an adjective describing something that belongs to a particular person, like your own bedroom, or your own mind. If you admit to something, you "own up to it," admitting the responsibility belongs to you.
WORD FAMILY
own: disown, owned, owner, owning, ownly, owns+/ disown: disowned, disowning, disownment, disowns/disownment: disownments/owned: unowned/owner: ownerless, owners, ownership / ownership: ownerships
USAGE EXAMPLES
All along, Trace McSorley, the Penn State second-year quarterback, created his own form of pass protection.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Maybe that’s the role of satire: The life you’re cringing at may very well be your own.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Graham Stanley, the manager of the Jacaranda club that Mr. Williams used to own, confirmed the death.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 自己的事物; 自己人
vt. 拥有; 承认
vi. 承认
adj. 自己的; 特有的
时态：owned, owning, owns
分布：自己的(60%)，拥有(34%)，承认(4%)，特有的(1%)，自己的东西(1%)
→来自古英语agan,拥有，所有，来自Proto-Germanic*aigan,占有，来自aik,掌握，掌管，词源同ought,owe.
a.(用在所有格后面,加强语气)自己的I own that you are right.我承认你是对的.
US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging to or done by a particular person or thing 自己（的），本人（的）；自己人
• Each neighbourhood in New York has its own characteristics. 纽约的每个居民区都有自己的特点。
• I'd like to have my very own apartment. 我想有自己的公寓。
• He wanted an apartment of his own. 他想要一套属于自己的公寓。
• She makes all her own clothes. 她的衣服全都是自己做的。
• I'm going to be out tonight, so you'll have to get your own dinner (= prepare it yourself). 我今晚要出去，所以你要自己做饭了。
• Was that your own idea or did someone suggest it to you? 那是你自己的主意还是有人给你出的主意？
• You'll have to make up your own mind (= decide by yourself) what you want to do. 你想做甚么要自己拿主意。
• I'd never have believed it if I hadn't seen it with my own eyes/heard it with my own ears. 要不是亲眼看到／亲耳听到此事，我怎么也不会相信。
• "Is that your mum's car?" "No, it's my own (= it belongs to me)." “那是你妈妈的车吗？”“不，是我自己的。”
• James Joyce wrote in a style that was all his own (= that was not like that of anyone else). 詹姆斯‧乔伊斯以自己独有的风格写作。
• We like to take care of our own (= take care of people who are members of our family, or who work for us). 我们关照自己人。
(all) on your own
 IMPROVER
■alone 独自；一个人
• I like living on my own. 我喜欢独自一个人生活。
 IMPROVER
■without any help 独立地；无援地
• I did my buttons up all on my own, Mummy. 妈妈，我的钮扣全是我自己扣上的。
in your own time mainly UK
■If you do something in your own time, you do it at the speed at which you want to work. 不慌不忙地
■UK (US on your own time)
■during the time when you are not officially working 业余时间，非工作时间
• You may only use company computers to access the Web in your own time. 你只能在业余时间使用公司的电脑上网。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
be your own person/woman/man
■to be in control of your life and not allowing other people to tell you what to do 独立自主；自己做主，自己拿主意
• Nobody tells me how to live my life - I'm my own man. 没人能告诉我该怎样生活——我自有主张。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
come into your own
■to be very useful or successful in a particular situation （在某种情况下）所长得到充分的发挥，显出自己的本事
• Eileen really comes into her own in a crisis. 爱琳在危急时刻真正显示出自己的价值。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
for its own sake
■If you do something for its own sake, you do it because it is interesting and enjoyable, and not because you have or need to do it 因为其本身（有意思或好玩）的缘故
• I study for its own sake. 我学习只是因为学习本身的乐趣。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
get your own back (on sb) UK informal
■to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you 报复（某人）；（向某人）报仇
• I'll get my own back on her one day. 总有一天我会报复她的。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
get your own way ADVANCED
■to persuade other people to allow you to do what you want （说服别人以便）达到自己的目的，能按自己的主意行事，随心所欲
• My little brother always gets his own way. 我的小弟总是能遂心如愿。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
make sth (all) your own
■If you make a piece of music, etc. (all) your own, you make it famous by the way you perform it. （透过自己的演绎）使（乐曲等）广为人知
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
on your own head be it
■used to tell someone that they will have to take full responsibility for what they plan to do （用于告诉某人）责任自负
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] determiner pronoun
your own flesh and blood
■your family or relations 自己的骨肉；自己的亲人（或亲戚）
• It's hard to believe that he could treat his own flesh and blood so badly. 真难相信，他对自己的亲生骨肉会这么狠。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] verb
HAVE LEGALLY 合法拥有
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■to have something that legally belongs to you （合法）拥有
• We own our house. 我们拥有自己的房子。
• I've never owned a suit in my life. 我这辈子从没拥有过一套西装。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] verb
ADMIT 承认
intransitive old-fashioned
■to admit 承认
• [+ (that)] I own (that) I was not very happy with the group's decision. 我承认我对集体的决定不是很满意。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] verb
as if you owned the place UK (US like you owned the place) disapproving
■in a way that is too confident 神气得好像自己是主人；喧宾夺主
• He walked into the office as if he owned the place. 他走进办公室，神气得好似主人一样。
UK [əʊn] US [oʊn] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  own up
■to admit that you have done something wrong 承认，坦白（错误）
• No one has owned up to stealing the money. 没有人承认偷了那笔钱。
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 拥有；承认
 - accept, agree, recognize, acknowledge, grant
vi. 承认
 - accept, recognize
adj. 自己的；特有的
 - typical, characteristic, proper, very

Word: because
Front: because
[bɪˈkɒz] (中高 89/101 -K5)
Back: conj. 因为
分布：因为(84%)，由于(16%)
→前缀be-, 强调。cause, 原因。
conj.因为,由于The applause paused because of the cause caused by a cautious plausible clause.掌声停了是因为一条谨慎的似乎有理的条款引起的原因.
US [-'kɑ:z] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■for the reason that 因为，由于
• "Why did you do it?" "Because Carlos told me to". “你为甚么做出这事？”“因为卡洛斯叫我去做的。”
• We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend. 我们不能参加朱莉娅的聚会，因为那个周末我们要外出。
• Just because I'm lending you my dress for tonight doesn't mean you can borrow it whenever you want to. 我今晚把裙子借给你，但并不意味着你任何时候想借就可以借的。
• informal Have you been away, because (= the reason I am asking is that) we haven't seen you recently? 最近我们没有见过你，你是不是外出了？
UK [bɪ'kəz/ UK [-'kɒz] US [-'kɑ:z] conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  becauseWarning: Check your spelling! Because is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: don't write 'ou', write au.
UK [bɪ'kəz/ UK [-'kɒz] US [-'kɑ:z] conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  because or because of? Because is a conjunction and is used before a clause. It is never followed by 'of':
✗ I was late because of there was heavy traffic. I was late because there was heavy traffic. Because of is a preposition and is always used before a noun or noun phrase:
✗ I was late because heavy traffic. I was late because of heavy traffic.
as, because, for, since
这些连词均含有“因为”之意。
as: 从属连词，语意较because, since弱，着重在主句，所表示的原因或理由是“附带的”。
because: 从属连词，语意强，着重直接的原因或理由，所引出的从句是全句的重心，用以回答why提出的问题。
for: 并列连词，语气较弱，所引出的句子一般放在后面，表示附带说明的理由或推断理由。
since: 语意比because弱，但比as强，一般用于表示“由于大家已知的事实”。
because, because of
because: 连词，连接两句话，
because of: 介词短语，后接词或短语 He didn't go to school because of his illness.
conj. 因为
 - since, for, seeing, that

Word: work
Front: work
[wɜ:k] (中高 117/125 -K5)
Vocabulary: work
(once / 7 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4v 5v 6v
The word work has many shades of meaning, but most involve putting in an effort of some sort. You're not going to become an Olympic ice skater overnight. You'll need to do a serious amount of work to get there.
When you say you have to go to work, work is a noun meaning your workplace. The actual tasks you perform at your workplace — what you get paid for — are also called work. Your work might consist of answering the phone or baking bread or doing the accounting. Work can also be a verb describing doing some kind of activity, often one associated with your job. It's a bummer to work on Saturday when you already worked all week.
WORD FAMILY
work: overwork, rework, workable, worked, worker, working, works+/ co-worker: co-workers/nonworker: nonworkers/ overwork: overworked, overworking, overworks/rework: reworked, reworking, reworks/unworkable: unworkably/workable: unworkable, workably/worker: co-worker, nonworker, workers/working: workings/works: workss
USAGE EXAMPLES
She’s working with the city administrator and Main Street director about securing private funding to get digital projection needed for new films.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Why fewer people are looking for work is a subject of much debate.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The rest are classified as under investigation, many believed to be the work of vigilantes.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 使工作; 使运作; 操作; 使产生效果
n. 工作，操作; 著作; 工厂; 行为，事业
vt. 使工作; 操作; 经营; 使缓慢前进
时态：worked, working, works
分布：工作(74%)，努力(7%)，作品(6%)，操作(3%)，使工作(3%)，职业(2%)，工作地点(1%)，管理(1%)，职责(1%)，造成(1%)，做事(1%)
→来自werg,做，做工，词源同organ,urgent,wright.
n.工作(量);作品;[pl.]工厂v.工作;运转A title is entitled to the retired worker who repaired the entire tire tirelessly.那个不倦地修理了整个轮胎的退休工人被授予了一个头衔.
US [wɝ:k] noun
ACTIVITY 行动
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an activity, such as a job, which a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for money 工作；劳动；活儿
• I've got so much work to do. 我有一大堆工作要做。
• Carrying heavy loads around all day is hard work. 整天来回运送重物是件苦事。
• What time do you start/finish work? 你甚么时间开始／完成工作?
• Adrian does most of the work around the house. 阿德里安做大部分的家务。
• What sort of work are you experienced in? 你对哪一种工作有经验？
• She tends to wear quite smart clothes for work. 她总是穿得漂漂亮亮的去上班。
• Roger's work involves a lot of travelling. 罗杰的工作需要经常出差。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the material used by someone at work, or what they produce 工作材料；工作成果
• I'll have to take this work home with me and finish it there. 我只好把这项工作带回家完成。
• All the furniture is the work of residents here. 所有家俱都是这里居民的劳动成果。
  Common Learner Errors  workWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'make work', say do work :
✗ Francesca always makes her work efficiently and with a smile. Francesca always does her work efficiently and with a smile.
  Common Learner Errors  work or job? Warning: Choose the right word! Work is an uncountable noun and refers to the activity that someone does in their job. We need to improve the efficiency of our work. To talk about a particular piece of work or the regular work that someone does to earn money, don't say 'work', say job : Sarah is looking for a new job.
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
PLACE 地点
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a place where a person goes specially to do their job 工作场所，工作地点
• Do you have far to travel to work each day? 你每天上班路远不远？
• Thousands of people are seriously injured at work every year. 每年都有数以千计的人在工作中受重伤。
• When does she leave for work? 她甚么时候去上班？
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
CREATION 创造
 ADVANCED countable
■something created as a result of effort, especially a painting, book or piece of music 作品，著作（尤指绘画、书籍或音乐作品）
• The museum has many works by Picasso as well as other modern painters. 这家博物馆有很多毕加索的作品，也有不少其他现代画家的作品。
• the poetic works of Tagore 泰戈尔的诗作
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
EVERYTHING 所有的
the works informal
■everything that you might want or expect to find in a particular situation 全套物品
• The bridegroom was wearing a morning suit, gloves, top hat - the works. 新郎穿着晨礼服，戴着手套和高顶礼帽——全套的行头。
• mainly US And let me have two large pizzas with the works (= with all available types of food on top). 给我来两份全套的薄饼吧。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
FACTORY 工厂
works countable [+ sing/pl verb] (plural works)
■an industrial building, especially one where a lot of people are employed （尤指工人众多的）工厂
• a steel/car works 钢铁／汽车厂
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
MACHINE 机器
works [plural]
■the parts of a machine, especially those that move （机器的）活动部件
• If you take the back off this clock, you can see its/the works. 如果你把钟的后盖打开，就会看到那些活动部件。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
PHYSICS 物理
uncountable specialized
■force multiplied by distance moved 功；做功
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
All work and no play (makes Jack a dull boy). saying
■said to warn someone that they will not be an interesting person if they work all the time 只用功不玩耍（聪明孩子也变傻）。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
be at work
■to be working 在工作
• The labourers were at work in the fields. 劳动者们正在田间劳动。
literary
■to be having an effect, usually an obvious or bad effect 起作用，有效（尤指明显的或不良效果）
• It seems as though forces of destruction are increasingly at work throughout society. 破坏力量似乎正在给整个社会造成越来越坏的影响。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
be in work/out of work
■to have a job, or not to have a job 有／没有工作
• He was always in work, right from the day he left school. 他从离开学校的那一天起，就一直在工作。
• My father was out of work at the time, so we struggled, obviously. 我爸爸当时失业了，所以很明显我们的日子很不好过。
• an out-of-work actor/manager 失业的演员／经理
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
get/set to work
■to start doing a job or a piece of work 开始工作；着手一项工作
• We'd better get to work on stacking this wood if we want to finish before it gets dark. 如果我们想在天黑前完成的话，最好现在就开始堆这些木头。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] noun
have your work cut out (for you)
■to have something very difficult to do 面临艰巨的任务
• She'll really have her work cut out to finish all those reports by the end of the week. 在周末之前完成所有这些报告对她来说真是个艰巨的任务。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
HAVE EFFECT 产生效果
 ESSENTIAL intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to be effective or successful 有效；成功
• Her idea for reorganizing the department will never work in practice. 她关于部门重组的构想，实际上永远都不会实现。
• The tablets will start to work in a few minutes. 几分钟后药片就会开始起作用。
• Some people think I'm weird doing meditation, but it works for me and that's all that matters. 有些人认为我进行冥想有点古怪，但这对我有用，这才是最重要的。
• Arguably, the monarchy worked well for many centuries. 有据可考，君主政体成功施行了很多个世纪。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
DO JOB 工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to do a job, especially the job you do to earn money, or to make someone do a job （使）工作；（使）劳动；（使）干活儿（尤指为了赚钱）
• He works at the local hospital. 他在当地的医院工作。
• She worked as a cleaner at the hospital. 她在医院里当清洁工人。
• Mike works for a computer company. 麦克在一家电脑公司工作。
• It's not unusual for a junior doctor to work a seventy or sometimes an eighty hour week. 对于一名初级医生来说，每周工作70甚或80小时是很平常的。
• Have you any experience of working with children who have learning difficulties? 你有没有辅导过学习吃力的孩子？
• The instructors worked us very hard on the survival course. 生存训练课上，老师把我们累坏了。
⇒ See also work to rule at work-to-rule
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
OPERATE 运作
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If a machine or device works, it operates, especially correctly and without failure, and if you work it, you make it operate 运转，运行；操作
• Our telephone isn't working. 我们的电话坏了。
• You need a team of about twelve people to work a furnace this size. 这样大小的熔炉需要大约12个人来维持其运行。
• The pump works off/on (= uses) wind power. 这个泵利用风力。
• The pump is worked by (= uses to operate) wind power. 这个泵靠风力运作。
• I can't get the radio to work. 我怎么也弄不好这台收音机。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
SUCCEED IN BECOMING 成功变成
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to succeed gradually in becoming something or cause a person or thing to become something, either by making an effort or by making many small movements （使）变成；（使）成为
• He started as a technician and worked his way up through the company to become managing director. 他从一名技术员做起，一步一步晋升为公司的总经理。
• Eventually she worked her way through (= read) the huge amount of technical papers. 最后她终于读完了一大堆技术论文。
• [R] Vibration tends to make nuts and screws work them selves loose. 震动会使螺母和螺丝自动松开。
• The screws had worked loose over time. 随着时间过去，螺丝已经松了。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
ARRANGE 安排
transitive informal
■to arrange for something to happen, especially by not using official methods and/or by being clever （尤指不透过官方认可的方式或巧妙地）安排
• I don't know how she worked it , but she retired at fifty on a full salary. 我不知道她是如何做到在50岁领全薪退休的。
• Can we work things (out) so that there's always someone here to answer the telephone during office hours? 我们能否安排一下，以便在工作时间这里总是有人接电话？
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
SHAPE 使成形
transitive
■to shape, change or process a substance 使成形；塑造；加工
• Working iron requires higher temperatures than bronze. 加工铁比加工青铜需要更高温度。
• Gently work the butter into the flour until there are no lumps left. 轻轻地把奶油揉到面粉里，直到没有硬块为止。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work a treat UK
■to operate very well 运作顺利
• This new drill works a treat on hard metals. 这台新钻机在硬金属上钻起孔来很不错。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work like a charm (also work like magic)
■to be very effective, possibly in a surprising way 立竿见影；非常奏效
• Flattery usually works like a charm with him. 拍他的马屁通常十分有效。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work wonders/miracles (UK also work a treat)
■to produce very good effects 有奇效，非常有效
• A little bit of oil works wonders on squeaky hinges. 给嘎吱嘎吱响的铰链上点油就能马上解决问题。
■2. Running works wonders for the metabolism. work 1 跑步非常有益于新陈代谢。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work your fingers to the bone
■to work extremely hard, especially for a long time （尤指长期）辛苦劳作，拼命工作
• She worked her fingers to the bone to provide a home and food for seven children. 她长年累月地辛苦劳作，好让七个孩子能有个家，能吃上饭。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work like a Trojan (US work like a dog) approving
■to work very hard 勤奋地工作
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work till/until you drop
■to work until you are so tired that you cannot work any more 努力工作直到筋疲力尽为止
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
work your way around/round to sth
■to prepare yourself slowly for doing something 慢慢准备
• I think they're both gradually working round to talking to each other again. 我觉得他们俩都在慢慢地尝试想重归于好。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work against/for sb
■to make it more difficult, or easier, for someone to achieve something 使对（某人）不利／有利
• Inexperience can work against a candidate looking for a job. 没有经验可能对求职者不利。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work at sth
 ADVANCED
■to try hard to achieve something 致力于…；在…上下功夫
• Most couples would agree that for a marriage to succeed, both parties have to work at it. 大多数夫妻都会认同，婚姻的成功需要双方努力。
• [+ -ing verb] You need to work at improving your writing. 你需要在提高写作能力上下下功夫。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] work sth off
■If you work off an unpleasant feeling, you get rid of it by doing something energetic （透过消耗体力）摆脱，发泄（不愉快情绪）
• She works off stress by running for at least half an hour every day. 她透过每天跑步至少半小时来缓解压力。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work on sth
■to spend time repairing or improving something 修理；改善
• His dancing technique is good, but he needs to work on his fitness. 他的舞技不错，但还需要将身体练得健壮一些。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work on sb informal
■to try to persuade or influence someone 努力说服（某人）
• [+ to infinitive] I'm working on my father to get him to take me to the airport. 我在努力说服爸爸，要他送我去机场。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] work sth out
CALCULATE
 ADVANCED
■to do a calculation to get an answer to a mathematical question 计算出
• We need to work out the total cost of the project. 我们需要算出这项工程的总造价。
UNDERSTAND
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■to understand something or to find the answer to something by thinking about it 理解；想出
• [+ question word] There will be a full investigation to work out wh at caused the accident. 将进行全面的调查，以找出事故发生的原因。
• [+ that] Investigators needed several months to work out that a fraud had been committed. 调查人员需要几个月的时间才能查出有欺诈行为。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work out
EXERCISE
 ADVANCED
■to exercise in order to improve the strength or appearance of your body 锻炼身体
• Huw works out in the gym two or three times a week. 休每周在健身房锻炼两三次。
RESULT [L]
■to be the result of a calculation 结果是；算下来
• These figures work out differently each time I add them. 我每次把这些数字相加得出的结果都不一样。
• The safe load for a truck of this size works out at nearly twenty tonnes. 这种大小的货车的安全载重量算出来是将近20吨。
• In fact the trip worked out cheaper than we'd expected. 实际上，这次旅行花的钱比我们预计的少。
DEVELOP
■to happen or develop in a particular way 发生；发展
• How is the new monitoring procedure working out? 新的监督程式运行得如何？
• Let's hope this new job works out well for him. 希望这项新工作会非常适合他。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work sb out
■to understand the reasons for someone's behaviour 理解（某人的行为）
• Why does he behave like that? - I can't work him out at all. 他为甚么那样做？——我完全弄不清楚。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work (sth) out
■If a problem or difficult situation works out, it gradually becomes better or satisfactory, and if you work it out, you make it better or satisfactory （使）好转，（使）出现转机
• Don't worry about anything - it'll all work out (for the best) in the end, you'll see. 甚么也别担心——最后一切都会好转，等着看吧。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] work sb over slang
■to attack and injure someone 殴打，打伤（某人）
• Do you want me to get some of the lads to work him over? 你要不要我找几个小伙子揍他一顿？
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work up sth
■to develop an emotional or physical state that you feel strongly, after a period of effort or time 激发，激起
• We worked up a real appetite climbing in the mountains. 我们突然很想爬山。
• It's strange, but I can't work up any enthusiasm for going on this trip. 很奇怪，这次旅行激不起我任何热情。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work sb up
■to make yourself or another person feel upset or feel strong emotions 惹（某人）生气，使（某人）激动
• [R] Try not to work yourself up about the exams. 尽量不要因为考试而情绪激动。
• Nationalist speeches worked the crowd up into a frenzy. 民族主义者的演讲把听众的情绪煽动得疯狂起来。
UK [wɜ:k] US [wɝ:k] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  work (yourself) up to sth
■to gradually prepare yourself for something difficult 逐步为（困难的事）做准备
• [R] He's very shy, but he's slowly working (his way/himself) up to letting her know what he feels about her. 他非常害羞，但他在逐渐令她明白自己对她的感情。
work, task, job
这组词都有“工作”的意思，其区别是：
work: 最普通用词，含义广，指人们日常生活和工作中所从事的有目的的体力或脑力劳动。
task: 通常指分派给的任务，也指自愿的工作，但往往是艰巨或令人厌烦的工作。
job: 多用于口语，侧重指受雇用的，以谋生为目的工作，不论有无技术，也不管是零工或散工。
work, operate, manipulate, run, maneuver
work: 干活，劳动
operate: 操作，动手术
manipulate: （为某一目的而）控制，影响（某人或某物）
run: 跑，开动（机器）；
maneuver: 巧妙的移动或调动
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 工作； [物] 功；产品；操作；职业；行为；工厂；文学、音乐或艺术作品
 - job, pursuit, operation, profession, career, employment, behavior
vt. 使工作；操作；经营；使缓慢前进
 - operate, keep, handle, run
vi. 工作；运作；起作用
 - operate, act

Word: week
Front: week
[wi:k] (中高 188/180 -K5)
Back: n. 一星期，周; 工作周（一个星期中的工作时间）
分布：周(58%)，星期(42%)
→来自weik,转，继任，词源同vicarious,vice-president. 用于指星期。
n.星期,周They work 40 hours a week.他们每周工作四十小时.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of seven days, especially either from Monday to Sunday or from Sunday to Saturday 星期，周（尤指从星期一到星期日或从星期日到星期六的一段时间）
• last/this/next week 上／本／下周
• We go to the cinema about once a week. 我们大约一周去看一次电影。
• Will you be going to next week's class? 你下周去上课吗？
• It usually takes about four weeks to get the forms processed. 处理这些表格通常需要四周左右的时间。
• Don't do anything strenuous for a week or two. 一两周之内不要做任何粗重工作。
• It'll be weeks (= several weeks) before the flood damage is cleared up. 清理洪水造成的破坏要好几周时间。
 ESSENTIAL
■the five days from Monday to Friday, which are the usual working period for many people 工作周（星期一到星期五）
• We're usually too tired to do much socializing during the week. 工作日期间我们通常很累，没有精力去参加太多社交活动。
■one week after the day mentioned （从某天算起的）一周
• The first performance of the play is a week today/tomorrow. 这出戏的首演将在一周／从明天算起的一周后举行。
• Our holiday starts a week on Saturday. 我们的假期将从下周六开始。
• She has to go back to see the doctor Friday week. 她不得不在下周五去覆诊。
■one week before the day mentioned （某天之前的）一周
• The problems with the TV started a week last Monday. 从上星期一开始电视就出问题了。
• It was his birthday a week ago this Friday. 上星期五是他的生日。
■the amount of hours spent working during a week or the number of days on which a person works 每周的工作时数；每周的工作日数
• A lot of farm labourers work a six-day week. 很多农场的劳工每周工作六天。
week by week
■each week during a period of time 每一周
• We could see his health deteriorate week by week. 每一周我们都能看到他的健康状况在恶化。
week after week (also week in, week out)
■regularly or continuously for many weeks 一周又一周地；一连数周
• I go to aerobics three times a week, week in, week out. 接连几个星期，我每周都去做3次有氧健身操。
[wi:k] noun countable
of the week
■A thing or person of the week is one that has been chosen as the best in a particular week 本周最佳
• Book of the Week: Dog Breeds by A J Barker and H A Barker. 本周最畅销书籍：《狗的品种》，A.J. 巴克和 H.A. 巴克着。
n. 周， [天] 星期
 - Zhou, Chou

Word: rate
Front: rate
[reɪt] (高研四六雅 457/297 -K5)
Vocabulary: rate
(once / 38 pages)
nv
When you pay a high rate, you pay a lot of money. When you move at a high rate of speed, you go fast. If you are a judge at a contest, you rate the contestants.
It's interesting how one word can have different origins for different meanings. For example, the noun rate, referring to amounts comes from the Latin rata, “a fixed amount.” But the verb rate seems to come from the Scandinavian rata, "to reject." If the person you are dating asks you to rate them against your previous partners, you might change the subject at a high rate of speed.
WORD FAMILY
rate: overrate, rateable, rated, rates, rating, rationed, underrate +/overrate: overrated, overrates, overrating/rateable: rateability, rateably/ rating: ratings/ underrate: underrated, underrates, underrating
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both economies are improving, with lower policy rates likely to support valuations for 2017, it added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Their offense is rated in the top 10, and their defense in the top two, per NBA.com.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The project also seeks to correlate those outcomes with 123 social and economic factors such as government spending, proficiency in reading and rates of incarceration.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 速度; 比率; 等级; （利息等的）费率
vt. 估价; 值得; 责骂; 定级
vt. & vi. 认为，把…算作
vi. 被评价; 被认为; 被列入; 申斥
时态：rated, rating, rates
分布：速度(41%)，认为(13%)，比率(11%)，价格(9%)，等级(6%)，值得(6%)，费用(5%)，估价(4%)，责骂(3%)，定等级(1%)，怒斥(1%)
→来自拉丁语 rata,固定的，解决的，来自 reri 的过去分词，来自 reri,计算，思考，来自 rei, 计算，思考，词源同 read,reason.引申诸相关词义。
n.速率;等级;价格,费用v.估价;评级,评价At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
noun countable
MEASURE 测量
 ESSENTIAL
■the speed at which something happens or changes, or the amount or number of times it happens or changes in a particular period 率，比率；速率；速度；进度
• Although she's recovering from her illness, her rate of progress is quite slow. 尽管病情正在好转，但她康复的速度仍很慢。
• I told my assistants to work at their own rate. 我告诉我的助手们按照他们自己的进度工作。
• The taxi was going at a tremendous rate. 计程车飞速奔驰。
• the growth/inflation/mortality/unemployment, etc. rate 增长率／通货膨胀率／死亡率／失业率等
• The drug has a high success/failure rate. 这种药物治疗疾病的成功率／失败率很高。
[reɪt] noun countable
PAYMENT 付款
 ESSENTIAL
■an amount or level of payment 价格；费用
• We agreed a rate with the painter before he started work. 开工前，我们和油漆工谈好了薪酬。
• What's the going (= standard) rate for this type of work? 这种工作一般酬金是多少？
• Do you pay your mortgage on a fixed or variable rate? 你怎样还抵押贷款，是定额偿付还是不定额偿付？
[reɪt] noun countable
TAX 税
rates [plural]
■a local tax paid in Australia, and in Britain in the past, by the owners of houses and other buildings （澳大利亚以及旧时英国的）房产税，房地产税
[reɪt] noun countable
at a rate of knots UK and Australian English
■If someone does something at a rate of knots, they do it very quickly 很快地；飞快地；迅速地
• She got through her work at a rate of knots. 她很快做完了工作。
[reɪt] noun countable
at any rate
■whatever happens 无论如何；不管怎样
• Well, I'm not going home on foot, at any rate. 哼，无论如何我都不会步行回家。
■something you say to show that you are going to say something more exactly （表示更确切地说明）不管怎样，至少
• I don't think they liked my idea. At any rate, they weren't very enthusiastic about it. 我觉得他们不喜欢我的主意，至少他们不是很热心。
[reɪt] noun countable
at this rate
■if the situation stays as it is 照此情形；如此下去
• At this rate, we won't be home till midnight. 照这样下去，我们要半夜才能到家。
[reɪt] verb transitive
JUDGE 评价
■to judge the value or character of someone or something 评估；评价；估价
• How do you rate him as a footballer? 你怎么评价他作为一个足球运动员的表现？
• She is rated very highly by the people she works for. 雇主对她的评价都很高。
• informal "What do you think of her as a singer?" "I don't really rate her (= I do not think that she is very good)." “你认为她作为一个歌手表现如何？”“我认为她不怎么样。”
• I rate cars as one of the worst polluters of the environment. 我认为汽车是污染环境的罪魁祸首之一。
• [+ obj + noun] On a scale of one to ten, I'd rate his book a five. 满分是十分的话，我给他这本书给五分。
• Car crashes are so frequent that they don't rate a mention (= are not considered to be worth reporting) in the newspaper unless a lot of people are killed. 撞车事故太频繁了，所以除非造成多人死亡，否则报纸对这样的事都不屑一提。
⇒ See also underrate;overrate
rate as sth
■to be considered to be something of a particular quality 认为是；评价为
• That rates as the worst film I've ever seen. 那是我看过的最蹩脚的电影。
[reɪt] verb transitive
TAX 税 UK In Britain in the past, a building was rated to decide how much local tax the owner should pay. （旧时英国为收房产税而）给（房屋）核定应缴税款
evaluate, rate, value, assess, estimate, appraise
这组词都有“估价，估计”的意思，其区别是：
evaluate: 与appraise相似，指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物的某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的市场价值。
rate: 专指评定价值等级的高低。
value: 侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所作的估计。
assess: 原义指对为确定交多少税而估计，引申指通过估价以便更好利用。
estimate: 通常指由个人作出的主观估价。
appraise: 指以专家身份作了最终精确的估价。
proportion, rate, ratio, percentage
proportion: （两件事物之间的）比，比例, 通常用于各种成分或分配额的比例等；
rate: 常用于表示速率，利率，出生率，死亡率，兑换率等；
ratio: （表示两个数量之间关系的）比，比例, in direct/inverse ratio to 成正比/反比
percentage: 百分比，百分率；
pace, rate, speed, velocity
这组词都有“速度、速率”的意思，其区别是：
pace: 普通用词，指步行的速度，常引申指活动的进度或生产率。
rate: 作“速度”讲时，与speed同义，可换用。作速率解时，指相对增长的速度，也指两种相比较而得出的标准速度。
speed: 普通用词，指单位时间内行进的固定速度或速率，也指可能达到的最高速度。
velocity: 技术用词，指物体沿着一定方向运动时的速率。
n. [数] 比率，率； [力] 速度；价格；等级
 - degree, classification, coefficient, price, value
vt. 认为；估价；责骂
 - assess, count, find, guess, feel
vi. 责骂；被评价
 - hop on, tell someone off

Word: come
Front: come
[kʌm] (中高雅 70/65 -K5)
Vocabulary: come
(once / 3 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v 5v 6v 7vn
You can come to the end of the road, come to a conclusion, or invite friends to come to your party. Come generally means to move along purposefully toward something.
Come (came in the past tense) can also mean "happen," as in the Christmas carol that begins "It came upon a midnight clear..." or the old-fashioned phrase "it will come to pass," which means "it will happen." When you're counting up your purchases at the convenience store, you might say "two apples, five oranges, and a candy bar — that comes [adds up] to $4." If you were born in Ohio, you'd say you come from Ohio.
WORD FAMILY
come: came, comer, comes, coming+/comer: comers/coming: comingly, comings
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I know so many people that would say, ‘Oh, that officer came to my house and made me feel safe again.’
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
A new musical, “Come From Away,” announced in September that it was beginning performances at the Schoenfeld in February.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Wisconsin’s only losses this season came against opponents ranked in the top five.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: vi. 来; 开始; 出现; 发生
vt. 做; 装扮…的样子; 将满（…岁）
int. 嗨！
时态：came, come, coming, comes
分布：来(89%)，来到(5%)，达到(2%)，成为(2%)，接近(1%)，来取、来拿(1%)
→来自gwa, *gwem, 来，往，词源同acrobat, base, advent.
v.来;出现于,产生;是,成为;开始,终于I really realized that a realm came into reality.我真地认识到一个王国已变成现实.
verb (came, come)
MOVE TO SPEAKER 向说话人靠近
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to move or travel towards the speaker or with the speaker （向或跟随说话人）来，过来
• Are you coming with me? 你跟我来吗？
• There's a car coming! 来了辆轿车！
• Can you come to my party? 你能来参加我的聚会吗？
• Here comes Adam. 亚当来了。
• She's come 500 km (= has travelled 500 km) to be here with us tonight. 她特地从500公里外赶来，是为了今晚和我们在一起。
• If you're ever in Oxford, come and visit us. 你如果有机会到牛津，一定要来我们家坐坐。
• We came by car. 我们是坐汽车来的。
• Your father will come for (= to collect) you at 4 o'clock. 你父亲四点来接你。
• Come forward a bit and stand on the line. 向前来一点，站在线上。
• I've come straight from the airport. 我直接从机场过来的。
• The door opened and a nurse came into the room. 门开了，一位护士走了进来。
• [+ to infinitive] A man's coming to mend the boiler this afternoon. 今天下午有人要来修锅炉。
• As he came towards me, I could see he'd been crying. 他向我走来时，我看得出他一直在哭。
• He thought we'd been picking his apples and came after (= chased) us with a stick. 他以为我们在摘他的苹果，所以拿了根棍子来追我们。
• [+ -ing verb] He came rushing over when I fell. 我一倒下，他就冲了过来。
  Common Learner Errors  comeRemember: come is used to talk about movement towards where the speaker is. He came to my office today to ask me for help. To talk about movement to another place, away from the speaker, don't say 'come', say go :
✗ If I came there again one day, I would probably be disappointed. If I went there again one day, I would probably be disappointed.
  Common Learner Errors  come Warning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about moving towards a town/country etc. where the speaker is or going there with the speaker, don't say 'come in/at', say come to a town/country etc.:
✗ Next time you come in London please stay at my house. Next time you come to London please stay at my house.
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
MOVE TO LISTENER 向听者靠近
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to move or travel in the direction of the person being spoken to （向听者方向）来
• "Sal, are you ready?" "Coming." “萨尔， 好了吗？”“就来。”　
• I'll come and pick you up in the car if you like. 要是你愿意，我开车来接你。
• I've come for (= come to collect) your census form. 我是来取你的人口普查表的。
• [+ to infinitive] I've come to read the gas meter. 我是来抄煤气表的。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
ARRIVE 到达
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to get to a particular place 来到，抵达
• Has she come yet? 她来了没有？
• When does the post come? 邮件甚么时候送来？
• Hasn't his train come in yet? 他乘坐的火车还没进站吗？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
LEAVE 离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to leave a place 赶走（某人），撵走（某人）
• I had to come away from the party early. 我不得不早早离开聚会。
• The police watched him come out of the house. 员警看着他走出那所房子。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
DIFFERENT STATE 不同位置
 ESSENTIAL [L]
■to change or develop so as to be in a different position or condition 改变位置；变成，成为
• Those pictures will have to come down (= be removed from the wall). 那些画都必须（从墙上）拿下来。
• He pulled the knob and it just came off (in his hand). 他拉了一下把手，它就掉下来了。
• How many times have you come off that horse? 你从那匹马上摔下来多少次了？
• She punched him in the mouth and two of his teeth came out. 她猛击他的嘴部，打掉了他两颗牙。
• Can you get this cork to come out of the bottle? 你能把瓶塞拔出来吗？
• When does the heating come on (= start working) ? 暖气甚么时候来？
• [+ adj] A wire has come loose at the back. 后面有一根电线松了。
• The door came open for no apparent reason. 门不知怎么就开了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
HAPPEN 发生
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to happen 发生
• Spring has come early. 春天来得早。
• The announcement came at a bad time. 公告来得不是时候。
• Her resignation came as quite a shock. 她的辞职很让人意外。
• informal Come Monday morning (= When it is Monday morning) you'll regret staying up all night. 到周一早上你就会后悔不该整晚熬夜。
• I'm afraid those days are gone and they'll never come again. 恐怕那样的日子一去不复返了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come after/first/last, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to have or achieve a particular position in a race, competition, list, etc. 位列…之后／第一／最后等
• She UKcame second/ UScame in second in the 100m race. 她在一百米赛跑中得了第二。
• Z comes after Y in the alphabet. 在英语字母表中，Z排在Y之后。
• Which king came after Edward? 爱德华之后的国王是谁？
• April comes before May. 四月在五月之前。
• I know the first verse of the song, but I don't know what comes next. 我知道这首歌的第一节歌词，但接下来的就不清楚了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
EXIST 存在
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition [not continuous]
■to exist or be available 存在，有；可得到，有供应
• Do these trousers come in any other colour? 这些裤子有别的颜色吗？
• Runners come in all shapes and sizes - fat and thin, short and tall. 跑步的人形形色色——有胖有瘦，有高有矮。
• This cuddly baby doll comes with her own blanket and bottle. 这个可爱的洋娃娃配有毯子和奶瓶。
• They're the best sunglasses you can buy, but they don't come cheap (= they are expensive). 这是市面上最好的太阳镜，只是价格不菲。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come to do sth
■to start to do something 开始做，着手做
• I've come to like her over the months. 经过这几个月的时间，我开始喜欢上她了。
• It used to hold paper bags, but gradually came to be used for magazines. 它以前是用来装纸袋的，但渐渐地就被用来装杂志了。
• How did that phrase come to mean (= develop so that it means) that? 那个短语怎么会变成这个意思？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
SEX 性行为
intransitive
■to have an orgasm 达到性高潮
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
as it comes UK
■If someone asks how they should prepare your drink and you say as it comes, you mean that any way they prepare it will be acceptable 随便，怎样都行
• "How do you like your coffee?" "Oh, as it comes." “你要甚么样的咖啡？”“噢，随便。”
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
be as crazy/rich, etc. as they come
■to be very crazy, rich, etc. 非常疯狂／富有等
• He's as mean as they come. 他卑鄙极了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
Come again? informal
■used to ask someone to repeat something that you have not heard or understood （用于要求对方重复所说的话）你说甚么来着，请再说一遍
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come and go
■to exist or happen somewhere for a short time and then go away 来来去去；时有时无；忽隐忽现
• The feeling of nausea comes and goes. 恶心的感觉时有时无。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come down on sb like a ton of bricks
■to punish someone very quickly and severely 严惩（某人）
• Do that once more and I'll come down on you like a ton of bricks! 你再做那种事，我会狠狠教训你的！
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come from behind
■to succeed in winning after being in a losing position in a game （比赛中）成功扭转劣势，后来居上
• England came from behind to beat Scotland 2-1. 英格兰队后来居上，以2比1战胜了苏格兰队。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
Come off it! informal
■used to tell someone that you do not believe what they are saying is true, or that you strongly disagree with them 谁信呢！得了吧！别胡说了！别瞎扯了！
• Ask Simon to cook the meal? Come off it, he can hardly boil an egg! 叫西蒙去做饭？别瞎扯了，他连煮个鸡蛋都不会！
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come the sth disapproving
■to pretend to be or feel something 假装…
• Don't come the poor little innocent with me! 别跟我装出一副可怜无辜的样子！
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come to pass old use
■to happen 发生
• It came to pass that their love for each other grew and grew. 他们对彼此的爱与日俱增。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come to your attention/notice
■If something comes to your attention, you notice it 被（某人）注意到 come 1 1. It has recently come to my attention that some of the younger boys are not using the toilets for the proper purpose.
我最近注意到有些小男孩不把厕所用作正途。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come to that informal
■in fact 实际上，事实上
• "I owe you a fiver, don't I?" "Yes, and come to that, you never paid me back the other money I lent you." “我欠你五块钱，是吗？”“没错，实际上，我以前借给你的钱你也从来没还过。”
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
come what may
■whatever happens 无论发生甚么事
• I shall be there tonight come what may. 无论发生甚么事，我今晚都会去。
• It's always good to know that, come what may, your job is safe. 不管怎样，你工作安全才是最好的消息。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
the days/week(s)/year(s) to come
■the following or next days/week(s)/year(s) 接下来的几天／一（或几）周／一（或几）年
• What are your plans for the year to come (= next year) ? 你明年有甚么计划？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
had it coming (to you) informal
■If someone had it coming, something bad happened to them which they deserved 是（某人）应得的，活该
• He's been sacked but, with all that time he took off, he had it coming really. 他被解雇了，不过他休假那么久了，这也真是活该。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
have sth coming out of your ears informal
■to have more of something than you want or need 拥有的比想要或需要的多
• He's going to have money coming out of his ears if this deal comes off. 如果这笔交易能做成，他就要发大财了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
how come? informal
■used to ask how or why something has happened 为甚么？怎么会？
• So how come you missed the train? 你们怎么会错过了火车？
• "We had to stop in Birmingham." "How come?" “我们必须在伯明罕停留。”“为甚么？”
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
not know whether you are coming or going
■to be in a very confused state 无所适从，不知该怎么办
• I'm so busy, I don't know whether I'm coming or going. 我很忙，不知道该怎么办。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come about ADVANCED
■to happen, or start to happen 发生；产生；出现
• How did the problem come about in the first place? 当初这个问题是怎么产生的？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come across sth ADVANCED
■to find something by chance 偶然发现；碰见；无意中发现
• He came across some of his old love letters in his wife's drawer. 他在妻子的抽屉里偶然翻到了他以前的一些情书。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come across
BEHAVE
■to behave in a way which makes people believe that you have a particular characteristic 表现得，让人觉得，给人以…印象
• She comes across really well (= creates a positive image) on television. 她在电视上给人的印象真的很不错。
• He comes across as a bit of a bore in interview. 采访中他表现得有点令人厌烦。
EXPRESS
■If an idea or emotion comes across in writing, film, music or when someone is speaking, it is expressed clearly and people notice it （作品、电影、音乐或讲话中思想或情绪）表达得清楚明白，被理解
• What comes across in his later poetry is a great sense of sadness. 他后期的诗歌表露的是强烈的悲伤情绪。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come along
ARRIVE
 ADVANCED
■to arrive or appear at a place 到达；出现
• You go now and I'll come along later. 你现在走，我随后就到。
• You wait half an hour for a bus, then three come along at once! 公车一等就是半个小时，然后一来就是三辆！
GO WITH SOMEONE
 ADVANCED
■to go somewhere with someone 跟随，一同去
• We're going to the cinema. Do you want to come along? 我们要去看电影。你想一起去吗？
 ADVANCED UK
■used to tell someone to hurry （用于催促）快，赶快
• Come along - we don't want to be late! 快点——我们不想迟到！
EXIST
■to start to exist 开始存在；出现；降临
• I gave up climbing when my first child came along. 我的第一个小孩出生后我就不爬山了。
DEVELOP
■If something is coming along, it is developing or improving 发展；进步
• Hassan's English is really coming along. 哈桑的英语确实在进步。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come apart
■to separate into several pieces 散开；散架；破裂
• I picked up the book and it came apart in my hands. 我捡起书，书就散开了。
• My boots are coming apart at the seams. 我的靴子开了口。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come around US for come round
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come at sb
■to move towards someone in order to attack them 向（某人）逼近；扑向（某人）
• He came at me with a knife. 他拿着刀向我冲来。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come away
■If something comes away from something else, it becomes separated from it 掉下，脱落，脱离
• I just opened the drawer as usual and the handle came away in my hand. 我像往常一样打开抽屉，结果把手就掉了下来。
• The paper has started to come away from the walls. 墙上的壁纸开始脱落了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come back
RETURN
 IMPROVER
■to return to a place 回来，返回
• I'll come back and pick you up in half an hour. 我半小时后回来接你。
• We've just come back from Amsterdam. 我们刚从阿姆斯特丹回来。
FASHION
 ADVANCED
■If a style or a fashion comes back, it becomes popular again after being unpopular for a period of time 再度风行，重新流行
• Padded shoulders are coming back, apparently. 显然，现在又流行垫肩了。
• Long hair on men seems to be coming back into fashion. 男人留长发似乎又流行起来了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come back to sb
■If something comes back to you, you start to remember it （某人）记起，（某人）想起
• I can't think of her name - it'll come back to me later. 我想不起她叫甚么了——过一会儿我会想起来的。
• It's all coming back to me! 我全想起来了！
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come before sth/sb
IMPORTANCE
■to be more important than, or to be treated as more important than, another thing or person 比…重要；优先于
• My children will always come before my career. 我的孩子永远比我的事业重要。
COURT legal
■If a legal case comes before a court of law or a judge, it is dealt with by them, and when someone comes before a court or judge, they are present while their case is dealt with. （案件）被提交…处理；（人）出庭
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come between sth
■to stop someone from doing something that they like doing 阻止…做…，妨碍…做…
• Nothing comes between Jim and his food. 甚么也不能妨碍吉姆吃东西。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come between sb
■If something comes between two people, it harms their relationship 损害…之间的关系；挑拨，离间
• Don't let one little quarrel come between you. 别让一次小小的口角影响你们的关系。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come by sth
■to get something, using effort, by chance or in a way that has not been explained 得到；弄到；获得
• Cheap organic food is still difficult to come by. 便宜的有机食品仍然很难买到。
• I'd like to know how she came by that black eye. 我想知道她眼眶又青又肿是怎么弄的。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come by (somewhere)
■to visit a place for a short time, often when you are going somewhere else （对某地）作短暂拜访；（常指）顺道拜访
• I'll come by (the office/your house) one day this week and we can have a chat. 这周哪一天我顺道去（办公室／你家），我们可以聊一聊。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come down
LAND
 ADVANCED
■to fall and land on the ground 倒下；落下；降落
• A lot of trees came down in the storm. 很多树在暴风雨中倒了。
■2. Our plane came down in a field. come 2 我们的飞机降落在一处农田里。
• The snow came down during the night. 夜里下了雪。
LOWER LEVEL
 ADVANCED
■If a price or a level comes down, it becomes lower （价格或水准）下降，降低
• House prices have come down recently. 房价近来降了。
• Inflation is coming down. 通货膨胀率在下降。
■informal
■to feel less excited after a very enjoyable experience （狂喜之后）平静下来
• The whole weekend was so wonderful I haven't come down yet. 整个周末过得这么精彩，我到现在还没有平静下来。
SUPPORT [+ adv/prep]
■to decide that you support a particular person or side in an argument, etc. 决定支持
• The government has come down on the side of military action. 政府决定支持采取军事行动的一方。
DRUGS informal
■If a person comes down from a drug, they stop feeling its effects. 感觉药效已过
UNIVERSITY UK old-fashioned
■If you come down (from a college or university, especially Oxford or Cambridge University), you leave your studies either permanently or for a short time. （尤指从牛津大学或剑桥大学）离校，毕业
TRAVEL SOUTH
■to go to a place which is south of where you live 南下
• My boyfriend's coming down from Scotland this weekend. 这个周末我男朋友要从苏格兰来。
• They don't come down to London much because it's too tiring with the kids. 他们不经常去伦敦，因为带着孩子太累人。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come down on sb/sth
■to punish or criticize a person or activity very strongly 严厉处罚；斥责；训斥
• They're coming down heavily on people for not paying their licence fees. 他们对不缴纳执照费的人处以重罚。
• The authorities plan to come down hard on truancy in future. 当局计划将来严惩翘课者。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come down to sth
■If a situation or decision comes down to something, that is the thing that influences it most 归结为，归根结底在于
• What it all comes down to is your incredible insecurity. 归根结底，一切都在于你强烈的不安全感。
• It all comes down to money in the end. 归根结底就是钱的问题。
• [+ question word] Eventually our choice of hotel will come down to how much we can afford. 我们最终选择哪家饭店归根结底取决于我们能付得起多少钱。
■If a situation or problem comes down to something, it can be described or explained most simply in that way 归结为，一言以蔽之，简而言之
• What the problem comes down to is 'Will the consumer be willing to pay more for a higher quality product?' 问题可归结为：消费者是否愿意花更多的钱购买更高品质的产品。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come down with sth
■to start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious 患上，染上（尤指小病）
• I think I'm coming down with flu. 我想我染上流感了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come forward
■to offer to give help or information 站出来（主动提供帮助或资讯）
• No witnesses to the accident have come forward yet, despite the police's appeal. 不管警方怎么呼吁，仍然没有事故的目击者站出来作证。
• Nobody has yet come forward with any information relating to the girl's death. 还没有人站出来提供关于女孩之死的任何资料。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come from somewhere/sth ESSENTIAL
■to be born, got from, or made in a particular place 出生于；来自；出自；产自
• She comes from Italy. 她是义大利人。
• Some of the best wines come from France. 这些上等的葡萄酒中有些产自法国。
• Does that quote come from Shakespeare? 那句话出自莎士比亚吗？
• She could hear banging coming from the room upstairs. 她听到楼上的房间传来砰的响声。
• Where will the money for the project come from? 企划案的资金从何而来？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come from sth
■to be caused by something 由…导致，是因为…的缘故
• "I feel awful." "That comes from eating too much." “我觉得很难受。”“那是因为吃得太多了。”
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come in
ENTER
 ESSENTIAL
■to enter a room or building 进入（房间或大楼）
• Do you want to come in for a cup of tea? 你想进来喝杯茶吗？
• Hi, come in - lovely to see you! 嘿，快进来——见到你真高兴！
FASHION
■If a fashion or product comes in, it becomes available or popular 面市；流行，时兴
• Flared trousers first came in during the seventies. 喇叭裤最早出现于70年代。
come in handy/useful, etc.
■to be useful for a particular purpose 有用，派上用场
• Keep it, it might come in useful. 留着它，也许会有用。
• His money will come in handy when I want to travel. 我想去旅游时，他的钱会派上用场的。
BE RECEIVED
■When news or information comes in, it is received （消息或资讯）传来，被收到
• Reports are just coming in of a major oil spillage in the North Sea. 刚刚收到北海发生重大溢油事故的报道。
■If you have money coming in, you receive it as income （钱）进帐
• With Dave unemployed, we haven't got much money coming in at the moment. 戴夫失业了，我们目前没有多少收入。
BE INVOLVED informal
■to become involved in a situation, story or plan 卷入；参与
• We need expert advice, and that's where you come in. 我们需要内行的意见，这正是用得着你的地方。
come in first/second, etc.
■to finish a race in first, second, etc. position 获得第一名／第二名等
SEA
■When the sea or the tide comes in, the water moves forwards to cover more of the beach. 涨潮，（潮水）上涨 Compare go out at go
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come in for sth
■to receive blame or criticism 受到，招致，遭到（责备或批评）
• The director has come in for a lot of criticism over his handling of the affair. 在对这件事的处理上，主任遭到了大量的批评。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come into sth
MONEY
■If someone comes into money, property or a title, they receive it as a result of the death of a relation 继承（钱财、财产或头衔）
• She came into a bit of money when her grandfather died. 祖父死后，她继承了一小笔钱。
INFLUENCE
■If a particular emotion or quality comes into a situation, it influences that situation 对…产生影响
• She married for money - love didn't come into it. 她结婚是为了钱——并不是因为爱情。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come of sth
■to happen as a result of something 由于…而发生，是…的结果
• Did anything come of all those job applications? 所有那些求职信有甚么结果吗？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come off informal
■to happen as planned or to succeed 取得预期的效果；成功
• There was some sort of property deal that didn't come off. 有笔房地产交易没有做成。
• I tried telling a few jokes but they didn't come off (= no one laughed). 我试着讲了几个笑话，但没有奏效。
come off better/worse/badly/well
■to finish in a particular condition after a fight, argument, etc., especially compared to someone else （尤指与其他的相比）表现得更好／更糟／不好／不错
• The smaller dog actually came off better, with only a few scratches. 那只小一点的狗实际上表现得更为出色，身上只有几处抓痕而已。
• I always come off worse when we argue. 我们争吵时我总是处于下风。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come off sth
STOP USING mainly UK If you come off medicine or drugs, you stop using them 停用（药物、毒品）
• He's come off the tablets because they were making him dizzy. 因为那些药片让他昏昏欲睡，他停用了。
COMPLETE US
■to have recently finished a period of time when something very successful or very difficult happened 刚刚度过（非常成功或困难的时期）
• The company was coming off one of its best years ever. 即将过去的一年是公司历史上最兴旺的好年景之一。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come on
START
 IMPROVER
■to start to happen or work 开始发生；开始工作
• The heating comes on at six in the morning. 早上六点开始供暖。
■If you have got an illness coming on, it is starting gradually 要患上（病）
• I think I've got a cold coming on. 我觉得我要感冒了。
■UK informal
■If a woman comes on, her period the blood coming from the womb that happens every month starts. （女子）来月经
HURRY
 IMPROVER
■said to encourage someone to do something, especially to hurry or try harder, or to tell you something （尤指催促、鼓励或让某人告知某事）快点，加油，快点说吧
• Come on - we're going to be late if you don't hurry! 快点——再不抓紧时间我们就要迟到了！
• Come on, Annabelle, you can tell me. I won't tell anyone. 快讲吧，安纳贝尔，你可以告诉我。我不会告诉任何人的。
SEXUAL INTEREST informal
■to make your sexual interest known to someone 表露出性兴趣；献殷勤；勾引
• Then his wife left the room and he started coming on to me. 后来他妻子离开了房间，他就开始向我大献殷勤。
• She was coming on strong and I, naturally, responded. 她表现得很殷勤，我自然要有所反应。
APPEAR come 3 * to be seen on stage in a play, or in a scene in a film or television programme, or to be heard in a radio programme
（在戏、电影或广播电视节目中）登台，出场，露面
• There was great applause when the Russian ballerina came on. 那位俄罗斯芭蕾舞女演员出场时掌声雷动。
NOT BELIEVE informal
■used to tell someone that you do not believe them or that you disagree with them, or to show that you are angry with them （用于表示不相信、不同意或生气）得了吧，算了吧，别逗了
• Oh come on, Ian, you made the same excuse last week! 噢，得了吧，伊恩，上周你也是同样的借口！
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come on/along
■to make progress 取得进步，获得进展
• Your piano playing has really come on since I last heard you play. 你钢琴弹得比我上次听到的确实有了长进。
• How's your English coming on? 你英语学得怎么样了？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come out
SOCIAL EVENT
 ADVANCED UK
■to go somewhere with someone for a social event （与某人）出去（参加社交活动）
• Would you like to come out for a drink sometime? 找时间出来喝一杯好吗？
BE PUBLISHED
 ADVANCED
■If a book, record, film, etc. comes out, it becomes available for people to buy or see （书、唱片、电影等）发行，出版，面市
• When does their new album come out? 他们的新专辑甚么时候面市？
APPEAR
■When the sun, moon or stars come out, they appear in the sky （太阳、月亮或星星）出来，出现
• The clouds finally parted and the sun came out. 云终于散去，太阳出来了。
BECOME KNOWN
■If something comes out, it becomes known publicly after it has been kept secret 暴露；泄露
• After her death, it came out that she'd lied about her age. 她死后人们发现她谎报了自己的年龄。
• When the truth came out, there was public outrage. 真相揭露后，公众极为愤慨。
■If information or results come out, they are given to people （资讯或结果）公布，揭晓
• The exam results come out in August. 考试成绩八月份揭晓。
■to tell people that you are homosexual, often after a period of secrecy （常指在保密了一段时期后）公开表明自己是同性恋；不再隐瞒自己是同性恋
RESULT [+ adv/prep or adjective]
■If you describe how something or someone comes out at the end of a process or activity, you say what condition they are in or what they have achieved 结果是
• She came out of the divorce settlement a rich woman. 离婚财产分配使她变得富有。
• These figures have come out wrong! I don't understand it. 得出的这些数字都错了！我搞不懂是怎么回事。
• Your painting has come out really well. 你画的画真不错。
• He hasn't exactly come out of the scandal with his reputation enhanced. 那桩丑闻过后，他的声誉实际上并没有得到提高。
BE REMOVED
■If dirt or a mark comes out, it disappears from something when it is cleaned （污渍或斑点）消失，被清除，被洗掉
• Did the red wine stain come out? 红葡萄酒的污渍洗掉了吗？
PHOTO
■If a photo or part of a photo comes out, the picture can be seen clearly 冲印出，冲洗
• The photos didn't come out because the room was so dark. 因为房间里太暗，照片没有洗出来。
• He's in the picture, but his face hasn't come out very clearly. 照片上有他，但他的脸照得不是很清楚。
GIVE OPINION [+ adv/prep]
■to express an opinion 表示，表明，发表意见
• In the survey politicians came out overwhelmingly in favour of capital punishment. 在调查中，政治家一面倒地表示支持死刑。
• Some of the members supported the changes, but the majority came out against. 成员中有的支援改革，但大多数表示反对。
BE SAID
■If something you say comes out in a particular way, that is how you say it （以某种方式）说出
• I didn't mean to be rude - it just came out like that. 我不想无礼——只是话说得太直。
• When I tried to tell her that I loved her it just came out all wrong. 我本想告诉她我爱她，可是话一出口就走了样。
STOP WORK UK
■If workers come out, they stop working because of a disagreement （工人）罢工，停工
• The postal workers have come out in support of their pay claim. 邮政人员罢工支持他们增加工资的要求。
OPEN
■When flowers come out, they open （花朵）绽放
• Daffodils come out in spring. 水仙在春天开花。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come out in sth
■If you come out in something, such as spots, they appear on your skin （皮肤上）出现（斑点等）
• This heat has made me come out in an itchy red rash. 热得我出了一片又红又痒的痱子。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come out of sth
■If something comes out of a process or event, it is one of the results 从…中产生
• I hope something good can come out of this mess. 我希望这一团糟中能出点好事。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come out with sth
■to say something suddenly and unexpectedly （突然）说出，提出，冒出
• He comes out with the strangest things! 他会突然说些再奇怪不过的话！
• She comes out with some good ideas though. 不过，她倒是会出一些好主意。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come over
SEEM
 IMPROVER
■to seem to be a particular type of person 似乎是，表现为，显得像（某种人）
• I watched the interview and felt he came over as quite arrogant. 我看了这段采访，感觉他似乎很傲慢。
MOVE
■to come to a place, move from one place to another, or move towards someone 过来；（从一地）来到另一地；（向某人处）挪动
• Come over here! 到这边来！
• Are your family coming over from Greece for the wedding? 你的家人要从希腊赶来参加婚礼吗？
FEEL [L only + adj] UK
■to be influenced suddenly and unexpectedly by a strange feeling 突然感觉…
• I stood up too quickly and came over all dizzy/faint/peculiar. 我快速站起来，突然感到一阵晕眩／头昏／异样。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come over sb
■to influence someone suddenly to behave in a particular way 突然影响（某人）（使其表现失常）
• I'm sorry! That was a stupid thing to say - I don't know what came over me. 对不起！我说了傻话——我不知道自己是怎么了。
• humorous He gave you a present! What 's come over him? 他送了你一份礼物！他中甚么邪了？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come round UK (US come around)
VISIT
 ADVANCED
■to visit someone in their home （到某人家）拜访，探访
• Come round tonight and we'll watch a video. 今晚到我家来，我们看录像。
CHANGE YOUR MIND
■to change your opinion of something, often influenced by another person's opinion （常指在别人意见的影响下）想通，改变心态，改变观点
• He'll come round to my point of view, given a bit of time. 只要再给他一点时间，他会同意我的观点的。
• Do you still dislike your office, or have you come round to thinking it's all right? 你仍然不喜欢你的办公室呢，还是已经想通了，觉得它还不错？
HAPPEN
■If an event that happens regularly comes round/around, it happens at its usual time （定期发生的事件如往常一样）发生，来临
• Christmas comes round so quickly! 圣诞节来得这么快！
BECOME CONSCIOUS
■to become conscious again after an accident or operation （事故或手术后）苏醒，恢复知觉
• She hasn't come round from the anaesthetic yet. 她还没有从麻醉中苏醒过来。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come through
INFORMATION
■If a piece of information or a document comes through, you receive it （资料或文件）传来
• Have the test results come through yet? 测试结果出来了吗？
• My visa still hasn't come through. 我的签证还没拿到。
EMOTION
■If an emotion comes through, other people can notice it 流露出，显现出
• His nervousness came through when he spoke. 他讲话的时候显得很紧张。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come through (sth)
■to manage to get to the end of a difficult or dangerous situation 经受住，熬过，挺过（困境或险境）
• We've had some hard times, but we've come through. 我们经历了一些艰难的岁月，不过我们挺过来了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come to
■to become conscious again after an accident or operation （事故或手术后）苏醒，恢复知觉
• Has he come to yet? 他苏醒过来了吗？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come to sb
■If a thought or idea comes to you, you suddenly remember or start to think about it （想法或念头）在（某人）的头脑里冒出，突然被（某人）想起
• I can't remember his name - it'll come to me in a minute. 我记不起他的名字了——过一会儿就会想起来的。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come to sth
TOTAL
 IMPROVER
■to be a particular total when numbers or amounts are added together 合计，总共是
• That comes to £25. 总共是25英镑。
REACH
■to reach a particular point or state 达到（某一点或状态）
• His hair comes right down to his shoulders. 他的头发长得都垂到了肩上。
• He's tiny, he doesn't even come up to my chest! 他个子矮小，连我的胸口都不到！
• And now I come to (= I will mention) my main point. 现在我要谈谈我的主要看法。
• The war had just come to an end (= ended). 战争刚刚结束。
come 4 5. The car spun off the road, turned over twice and came to rest (= stopped moving) in a field.
汽车冲下公路，翻了两个筋斗，停在了一块田里。
• We may have to sell the house, but I hope it won't come to that. 我们可能要卖掉房子，不过我希望不会落到那个地步。
come to nothing
■If plans come to nothing, they fail （计划）失败，毫无结果
• So much effort and planning and it's all come to nothing. 费了那么大劲，花了那么多心思，却一无所获。
DECIDE
■If you come to a decision, arrangement etc., you make a decision or decide what to think about something 作出（决定、安排等）
• We haven't come to a decision on the matter yet. 这件事我们还没有定下来。
• Have you come to any conclusions about the story yet? 你从这个故事中得出甚么结论了吗？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come under sth
EXPERIENCE
■If you come under something, you are suddenly caused to experience or suffer it 突然体验，突然受到
• Our armies have come under heavy bombardment. 我们的军队突然遭到猛烈炮击。
• The government are coming under pressure to change the law. 政府遭受着修改法律的压力。
IN A BOOK
■If a piece of information comes under a particular part of a list, book, or collection of things, you can find it in that part （资讯）可在…之下查到，列在…下
• Swimming pools usually come under 'leisure centres' in the telephone directory. 游泳池通常列在电话簿的“休闲中心”条目下。
IN AN ORGANIZATION
■to be controlled or dealt with by an official organization or a particular part of it 归…管；由…处理
• Playground guidelines come under the Department of Health and Safety. 游乐场管理准则由卫生与安全部负责制定。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come up
MOVE TOWARDS
 ADVANCED
■to move towards someone 走进；接近
• A young girl came up to me and asked for money. 一个小女孩走到我跟前，向我要钱。
BE MENTIONED
 ADVANCED
■to be mentioned or talked about in conversation 被提到；被讨论
• What points came up at the meeting? 会上讨论了甚么问题？
APPEAR
 ADVANCED
■When the sun or moon comes up, it rises. （太阳或月亮）升起
 ADVANCED
■If information comes up on a computer screen, it appears there. （资讯）出现，显现
BECOME AVAILABLE
■If a job or opportunity comes up, it becomes available （职位或机会）出现，来临
• A position has come up in the accounts department. 财务部有个职位。
HAPPEN
■to happen, usually unexpectedly （通常指意外地）发生
• I've got to go - something has just come up at home and I'm needed there. 我要走了——家里刚出了点事，需要我去。
be coming up
■to be happening soon 就要发生，即将发生
• My exams are coming up soon. 我很快就要参加考试了。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come up against sth
■to have to deal with a problem 不得不面对，碰到，遇到
• If you come up against difficulties, let me know and I'll help out. 要是你遇到困难，告诉我，我会帮忙的。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come up to sth
■to reach the usual or necessary standard 达到（一般或必要的标准）
• The essay didn't come up to his usual standards. 这篇文章有失他的水准。
• The food didn't come up to my expectations. 饭菜没我期望的好。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come up with sth ADVANCED
■to suggest or think of an idea or plan 想出，提出（主意或计划）
• She's come up with some amazing scheme to double her income. 她想出一个惊人的计划来使自己的收入增加一倍。
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Phrasal Verbs  come upon sb/sth formal
■to find something or meet someone unexpectedly 偶然发现；碰上，邂逅
• I came upon this book in the attic - would you like it? 我偶然在阁楼里找到了这本书——你想要吗？
[kʌm] verb (came, come)
  Common Learner Errors  comeWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using come in the -ing form. Don't write 'comming' or 'comeing', write coming.
[kʌm] noun uncountable slang
■ semen (= the liquid containing sperm) 精液
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
arrive, reach, come
这组词都有“到达”的意思，其区别是：
arrive: 侧重到达目的地或达到某一目标。也可用作比喻。
reach: 既可指到达目的地，又可指到达途中的中间站。强调经过的周折或付出的努力。
come: 普通用词，含义广泛。强调到达的动作或进程，不侧重是否到达目的地。也可用于比喻意义。
vi. 来；开始；出现；发生；变成；到达
 - occur, happen, proceed, become, figure
vt. 做；假装；将满（…岁）
 - simulate, doest
int. 嗨！
 - hi, heigh

Word: economy
Front: economy
[ɪˈkɒnəmi] (研四六雅 645/817 -K5)
Vocabulary: economy
(once / 36 pages)
1n 2n
The general sense of economy is careful management of resources such as money and materials, so as not to waste them, but the more familiar reference is to a system of producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services.
The word economy derives from Greek oikonomos "manager of a household," from oikos "house." The earliest meaning of the adjective economical and the noun economics was also in connection with the management of a household. The earliest mention of a nation's economy was in Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, an important work in the history of political economy.
WORD FAMILY
economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize +/ economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economist: economists/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
He maintains that even the small flow of American ships that visited Subic over the past year pumped roughly $500 million into the local economy.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Official data on Sunday also showed China's manufacturing sector expanded in December, indicating the world's second-largest economy is entering 2017 on solid footing.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
"The relatively wide range for the forecast reflects the higher-than-normal degree of uncertainty regarding the prospects for the UK economy next year," he says.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 节约; 经济; 理财; 秩序
分布：经济(83%)，经济的(14%)，节约(2%)，廉价的(1%)
→来自weik, 家，词源同vicinity, village. 字母w脱落。-nomy, 学说，管理。原指管理家的学问，后指经济学。
经济(学)(eco环境;经济+nomy;参考：ecology生态学)[nom(y)=a field of knowledge表示"某一领域的知识"]
n.节约;经济We are looking for an economy motel.我们在找一家便宜的汽车旅馆.
US [-'kɑ:.nə-] noun
SYSTEM 制度
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used 经济；经济制度
• the global economy 全球经济
• the German/US economy 德国／美国经济
• the state of the economy 经济状况
• a weak / strong economy 疲软／强劲的经济
• Tourism contributes millions of pounds to the country's economy. 旅游业为这个国家带来数百万英镑的经济收入。
UK [ɪ'kɒn.ə.mi] US [-'kɑ:.nə-] noun
SAVING MONEY 省钱
countable or uncountable
■the intentional saving of money or, less commonly, the saving of time, energy, words, etc 节省；节约；节俭
• They've had to make economies since Colin lost his job. 自从科林失业以来，他们不得不节俭度日。
• This can be done by machines with more speed and economy. 这可以用机器来完成，又快又经济。
• She writes with such economy - I've never known a writer say so much in so few words. 她惜墨如金——我从没见过哪位作家能如此言简意赅。
financial, econmic, economy, economical
这组词都有“经济的”的意思，其区别是：
financial: 指“财务的，金钱的，财政的，财力的”。
econmic: 指与political“政治的”相对而言的“经济的”。
economy: 在名词前作形容词用，相当于economical，表“节约的”或“经济实惠的”。
economical: 指与“节约”同义的“经济”，含“节约，不浪费”之意。
n. 经济； [经] 节约；理财
 - saving, thrift

Word: should
Front: should
[ʃʊd] (中高 121/85 -K5)
Back: 应该; 将会; 可能; 本应
分布：应该(78%)，应当(15%)，可能(4%)，将要(2%)，竟然(1%)
→来自 shall 的过去分词形式。
aux.v.应该;万一;可能,该;就;竟然会The scout with shoulder-straps shouted on the outermost route as a routine.戴肩章的侦察员照例在最外围的路线上叫喊.
modal verb
DUTY 责任
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say or ask what is the correct or best thing to do 应当，应该
• If you're annoyed with him, you should tell him. 如果你生他的气，就应该告诉他。
• You should change trains at Peterborough if you're going to Newcastle. 如果你要去纽卡素，就应该在彼得伯勒换车。
• "Should I apologize to him?" "Yes, I think you should." “我应该向他道歉？”“是的，我想你应该道歉。”
• You should be ashamed of yourselves. 你应该为自己感到羞耻。
• This computer isn't working as it should. 这台电脑不能正常运作。
• There should be an investigation into the cause of the disaster. 应该对这次灾难的起因进行调查。
• He said that I should see a doctor. 他说我应该去找医生看看。
• I should have written to her but I haven't had time. 我本来应该给她写信，可是没有时间。
• It's very kind of you, but you really shouldn't have bothered. 你人真是太好了，但你真的不必这么费心的。
• Where should (= do you suggest that) we meet tonight? 我们今晚应该在哪里见面?
• It's rather cold in here. Should I (= Do you want me to) turn the heating on? 这里比较冷，要我打开暖气吗？
  Common Learner Errors  shouldShould is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'should to do something', say should do something
✗ We should to spend the rest of our budget on books. We should spend the rest of our budget on books.
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
PROBABLE 可能
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show when something is likely or expected 将，会，该
• My dry cleaning should be ready this afternoon. 我干洗的衣服今天下午应该洗好了。
• You should find this guidebook helpful. 你会发现这本指南很有用。
• I wonder what's happened to Annie. She should be (= It was expected that she would be) here by now. 不知道安妮出甚么事了。她现在应该到这里了。
• "Could you have the report ready by Friday?" "Yes, I should think so (= it is likely that it will be ready)." “你能在本周五之前把报告准备好吗?”“我想可以。”
• "Colleen wants to see us in her office immediately." "This should be good (= This is likely to be interesting or amusing) !" “科林要我们马上去她的办公室。”“好啊！ 那应该会很有趣！”
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL formal
■used when referring to a possible event in the future 万一…的话，如果…的话
• If anyone should ask for me, I'll be in the manager's office. 万一有人找我，我就在经理办公室。
• Should you (= If you) ever need anything, please don't hesitate to contact me. 如果你需要甚么，请直接和我联系吧。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after 'that' and adjectives or nouns that show an opinion or feeling （用于 that 和表示观点或感情的形容词或名词之后）竟然
• It's odd that she should think I would want to see her again. 真是怪事，她竟然会认为我还想再见到她。
• It's so unfair that she should have died so young. 她年纪轻轻就去世了，真是不公平。
 ESSENTIAL
■used after 'that' to suggest that a situation possibly exists or might come into existence （用于 that 之后，表示某种情形可能存在或可能出现）可能会
• We agree that the money should be paid tomorrow. 我们同意明天付钱。
 ADVANCED formal
■used after 'so that' and 'in order that' to show purpose （用于 so that 和 in order that 之后，表示目的）会，就
• He took his umbrella so that he shouldn't get wet. 他带了雨伞，这样就不会淋湿了。
■formal
■used after 'for fear that', 'in case' and 'lest' （用于 for fear that，in case 和 lest 之后）
• He took his umbrella in case it should rain. 他带了雨伞，以防下雨。
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
REASON 原因
 IMPROVER
■used after 'why' when giving or asking the reason for something （给出或询问原因时用于why之后）竟会
• Why should anyone want to eat something so horrible? 怎么会有人想吃这么可怕的东西？
• Why shouldn't she buy it if she can afford it? 如果她买得起，怎么不买呢？
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
WOULD 愿意
 ADVANCED mainly UK formal
■used instead of 'would' when the subject is 'I' or 'we' （当主语为 I 或 we 时代替 would）
• I should like a whisky before I go to bed. 我睡觉之前想来杯威士卡。
• I shouldn't expect you to pay, of course. 我当然不会指望你付钱。
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
SURPRISE 惊奇
■used to express surprise in sentences that are in the form of questions （用于问句中表示惊讶）竟然，怎么会
• I was just getting off the bus when who should I see but my old school friend Pat! 我刚要下车时竟然看到了我的老同学派特！
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
ADVISE 建议 UK used after 'I' when giving advice （用于 I 之后，表示给出建议）
• I shouldn't worry about it if I were you. 如果我是你，我不会担心这件事。
• I shouldn't (= I advise you not to) let it worry you. 我认为你不必担心。
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
How should I know ?
■I cannot be expected to know 我怎么会知道?
• "Where's Mikey?" "How should I know? He's hardly ever in the office these days." “米基在哪里?”“我怎么会知道?他这些日子几乎都不在办公室。”
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
I should think not / so (too)!
■said when you think what has been suggested is certainly not, or certainly is, the correct and expected thing 当然！／当然不！
• "I bought her some flowers to say thank you." "I should think so too." “我买了些花给她表示感谢。” “当然应该那样。”
• "I don't like to drink more than one bottle of wine in an evening." "I should think not." “我不喜欢晚上喝超过一瓶的葡萄酒。” “当然不能。”
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
I should be so lucky! informal
■said when what you want is extremely unlikely to happen 我要是那么走运就好了！
• "You might win first prize." "I should be so lucky." “你也许会中头奖。” “我要是那么走运就好了。”
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
They should worry! humorous
■said about or to someone who clearly has no need to worry 没甚么好担心的（说某人实际上没有必要担心）
• She should worry! She hasn't a problem in the world. 她担心甚么？她根本就没有问题。
[strong form ʃʊd] [weak form ʃəd] modal verb
you should have seen/heard sth/sb
■seeing or hearing something or someone would have interested or entertained you very much 你真该看看／听听
• You should have seen her - she was furious! 你真该看看她那时的模样——她大发脾气！
ought to, should
这组词都有“应该，应当”的意思，其区别是：
ought to: 侧重反映客观情况，多在涉及法律、道义、责任、义务或原则时使用。
should: 侧重自己的主观看法，语气比ought to稍弱一些。
ought, to, should
这两个情态动词均可表示“应该，应当”之意。
ought to: 侧重反映客观情况，多在涉及法律、道义、责任、义务或原则时使用。
should: 侧重自己的主观看法，语气比ought to稍弱一些。
aux. 应该；就；可能；将要
 - ought, may, would

Word: between
Front: between
[bɪˈtwi:n] (中高 140/97 -K5)
Vocabulary: between
(once / 12 pages)
adv
To be between two things is to be in the middle. In a picture, if you are between your sisters, one is on your left and the other is on your right.
The preposition between comes from the Old English word betweonum, meaning “among,” or “by turns.” If you are between jobs, you are not at your old job anymore and you haven’t yet found a new one — you are in the middle of your transition to something new, just as if you live between two feuding neighbors, you might feel caught in the middle. If you are stuck between a rock and a hard place, you are in some kind of trouble.
WORD FAMILY
between: betweens
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also see the distance between Mars and Venus get smaller as Venus gets higher each night.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The flotilla raised alarm in Japan when it steamed between the Japanese islands of Miyako and Okinawa.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Prior to his injury, Ross split time between receiver and cornerback due to depth concerns.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…之间; 私下，暗中; 在…中任择其一; 来往于…之间
adv. 当中，中间
分布：在中间(72%)，在 ... 之间(28%)
→前缀be-, 强调。tween, 二，词源同two.
prep.在...之间,在(两者)之间ad.在中间The teenagers in the canteen are keen to see the queen sitting between the green screens in the greenhouse.食堂里的少年们巴望见到坐在温室里的绿色屏风间的女王.
preposition adverb
SPACE 空间
 ESSENTIAL
■in or into the space which separates two places, people or objects （空间上）在…中间，在…之间
• The town lies halfway between Rome and Florence. 这城镇位于罗马和佛罗伦斯的中间。
• Standing between the two adults was a small child. 站在两个大人之间的是个小孩。
• She squeezed between the parked cars and ran out into the road. 她在停泊的车子间挤来挤去，最后跑到马路上。
• A narrow path ran in between the two houses. 一条狭窄的小路在两幢房子之间穿过。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL
■If something is between two amounts, it is greater than the first amount but smaller than the second （数量）介乎…之间
• She weighs between 55 and 60 kilograms. 她的体重在55到60公斤之间。
• The competition is open to children between six and twelve years of age. 比赛是为6至12岁的孩子而设的。
• The room was either extremely cold or hot, never anything in between (= in the middle). 这间房屋不是极冷就是极热，从来都没有不冷不热的时候。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL (also in between)
■in the period of time which separates two different times or events （时间上）在…中间，在…之间
• You shouldn't eat between meals. 你不应该吃零食。
• There is a break of ten minutes between classes. 课堂间有十分钟的休息时间。
• The shop is closed for lunch between 12.30 and 1.30. 这间商店在午餐时间关门，时间是12点半到1点半。
• In between sobs, he managed to tell them what had happened. 他泣不成声，呜咽着向他们诉说所发生的一切。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition adverb
between times
■during the periods between the separate events mentioned 在这期间
• If you only go to the supermarket once a month, what do you do between times? 如果你一个月只去一次超级市场，那么在不去那里的这段时间，在做甚么呢？
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
AMONG 在…之间
 ESSENTIAL
■among two or more people or things 在（两个或两个以上的人或事）之间
• The money was divided equally between several worthy causes. 那笔钱被平均分配给几个有价值的项目。
• We drank two bottles of wine between four of us. 我们四个人喝了两瓶酒。
• Trade between the two countries (= Their trade with each other) has increased sharply in the past year. 在过去的一年间，两国之间的贸易额急剧增加。
• There is a great deal of similarity between Caroline and her mother (= They are very similar). 卡罗琳和她的母亲有很多相似之处。
• You'll have to choose between (= choose either) a holiday or a new washing machine. 你必须在渡假和买洗衣机之间作出选择。
• She was torn between loyalty to her father and love for her husband (= She could not decide which one to support). 对父亲的感情和对丈夫的爱不能两全，这让她左右为难。
 ESSENTIAL
■A discussion, argument or game between two or more people or groups of people involves both people or groups （讨论、争论或比赛）发生在…之间
• The negotiations between the union and management have broken down. 工会和资方的谈判已经破裂。
• There has always been a fierce rivalry between the two clubs. 这两个俱乐部之间的竞争一直很激烈。
• Tonight's game is between the New Orleans Saints and the Los Angeles Rams. 今晚举行的是新纽奥良圣徒队和洛杉矶公羊队之间的比赛。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
CONNECTING 连接
 ESSENTIAL
■connecting two or more places, things or people 来往于…之间；连接着…
• There is a regular train service between Glasgow and Edinburgh. 有定期列车往返格拉斯哥和爱丁堡。
• The survey shows a link between asthma and air pollution. 调查显示哮喘病与空气污染有关。
 ESSENTIAL
■from one place to another （地点）从…到…；往返于
• He commutes daily between Leeds and Manchester. 他每天往返于里兹和曼彻斯特。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
SEPARATING 分开
 ESSENTIAL
■separating two places or things 分隔着；区分…
• The wall between East and West Berlin came down in 1989. 将东西柏林隔开的柏林围墙于1989年被推倒了。
• The report states that the gap between the rich and the poor has increased dramatically over the past decade. 报告显示在过去十年间，贫富差距明显地变得更大。
[bɪ'twi:n] preposition
between you and me (US also between us)
■an expression used to tell someone that what you are about to say should be kept secret 作为你我之间的秘密
• Between you and me, I don't think she'll stay in this job very long. 不要告诉别人，我觉得她做这份工作不会太久。
among, between, amid, amongst
这些前置词均含“在……之间，在……之中”之意。
among: 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。
between: 多指两者之间，但现代英语中也可指三者或三者以上，表示彼此间清楚的独立的个体关系。
amid: 正式用词，侧重指在某个地方的中间或被某个东西包围着或在非同类人中间。
amongst: 与among同义，是among的变体。一般说来among总能替代amongst, 而amongst则不然。
prep. 在…之间
 - entre
adv. 在中间
 - intermediately

Word: well
Front: well
[wel] (中高托 100/84 -K2)
Vocabulary: well
(once / 6 pages)
1advadj 2adv 3nv
When you do something well, you do it in a good or satisfactory way. You can say, "I did really well on my French test," or "Finally, I slept well last night."
When well is a noun, it means "a deep hole full of water or oil." When well is an adverb, it describes the way something's done. If you're not sure when to use well and when to use good, think about what you're describing. If it's a thing, then you can call it good, like a "good book." If you're talking about an action, you should use well: "I always do well on math quizzes," or "You speak Chinese really well."
WORD FAMILY
well: unwell, welled, weller, wellest, welling, wellness +/unwell: unwellness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Some tips are gimmicks, and some may not work as well for you as they did in tests.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Auburn’s offense was often run-heavy this season, even when White was playing well.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
By Day 30, I felt reasonably well most of the time, but I still needed daily naps.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 好; 很; 好意地; 高高兴兴地
adj. 健康的; 井的; 良好的; 恰当的
int. （用于表示惊讶，疑虑，接受等）
n. 泉; 源泉; 水井
vi. （液体）涌出; 流出; 涌流; 涌上
vt. 涌出，喷出
时态：welled, welling, wells
分布：井(26%)，很好地(13%)，涌出(12%)，良好的(12%)，健康的(9%)，源泉(9%)，好吧(9%)，啊(3%)，适宜的(3%)，楼梯井(3%)，相当地(1%)
→来自wel,希望，希冀，词源同will。引申义好的。well 源泉，水井，喷出
ad.好,令人满意地;很int.哎呀,好啦,嗯The pianist is well respected.钢琴家很受尊重.
adverb (better, best)
IN A GOOD WAY 以好的方式
 ESSENTIAL
■in a good way, to a high or satisfactory standard 很好地，令人满意地
• The documentary presented both sides of the problem very well. 这部纪录片很好地呈现了问题的两个方面。
• The concert was well enough advertised but ticket sales were poor. 这场音乐会的宣传做得很不错，但是票房却不好。
• a well-cut suit 剪裁合身的西服
• a well-paid job 薪酬优厚的工作
• Her points were well put (= expressed in a good or clever way). 她的观点表达得很巧妙。
• His point about the need to reduce waste was well taken (= it was accepted as a good criticism). 他关于有必要减少浪费的观点得到了认同。
• They took two hours to discuss the plans and considered it time well spent (= it had been a useful discussion). 他们花了两个小时讨论这些计划，并且认为时间花得很值得。
• I can't do it as well as Marie can. 我无法做到像玛丽那样好。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
TO A GREAT DEGREE 到很深的程度
 ESSENTIAL
■very much, to a great degree or completely 非常；充分地；完全地
• Knead the dough well, then divide it into four pieces. 充分揉捏面团，然后将它分成四块。
• He could well imagine how much his promise was going to cost him. 他完全能想像出他要为自己的诺言付出多大代价。
• I can't catch the bus - there are no buses after midnight, as you well know. 我没法坐公车——午夜过后就没有公车了，你很清楚这一点。
• He's plays the piano well enough (= to a satisfactory standard). 他钢琴弹得非常好。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize some prepositions （用于强调某些介词）
• The results are well above/below what we expected. 结果比我们预想的要好／差得多。
• Keep well away from the edge of the cliff. 离悬崖边远远的。
• It cost well over £100. 它的价格远远高于100英镑。
• Stand well clear of the doors! 离门远点！
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize some adjectives （用于强调某些形容词）
• The police are well aware of the situation. 警方非常清楚形势。
• The museum is well worth a visit. 那家博物馆很值得参观。
• Some machines look more like cheap, plastic toys - leave these well alone. 有些机器看起来更像那种廉价的塑胶玩具——千万别去碰它们。
■UK slang
■very 非常
• The film was well good. 那部电影非常不错。
• Watch out for those two - they're well hard (= strong and willing to use violence). 小心那两个人——他们都不好惹。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
REASONABLY 合理地
 ESSENTIAL
■with good reason 有理由地；理由充分地
• She might well be the best person to ask. 问她可能最合适。
• I can't very well (= It would not be acceptable to) refuse their kind offer. 我没有理由拒绝他们友善的提议。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
IN ADDITION 除此之外
as well (as)
 ESSENTIAL
■in addition (to) 除…之外还；也；和
• Invite Emlyn - and Simon as well. 邀请埃姆琳——还有赛门。
• I want to visit Andrew as well as Martin. 我想去拜访安德鲁，还有马丁。
  Common Learner Errors  as wellWarning: as well usually goes at the end of a clause.
✗ As well, the hotel offers a discount for students. The hotel offers a discount for students as well. At the beginning of a sentence, use Also or In addition : Also, the hotel offers a discount for students.
[wel] adverb (better, best)
all very well (also all well and good)
■If something is all very well, it is quite useful or good in some situations but not excellent and not useful or good in every situation 还行，还可以（但并不是在所有情况下都令人满意）
• Electric heating is all very well until there's a power cut. 如果不停电的话，电暖气还可以。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
be just as well (mainly UK be as well)
■to be a good thing to do, or to be a lucky thing to happen or be done 最好；正好；幸好
• It's just as well you're not here - you wouldn't like the noise. 幸好你没在这里——你不会喜欢那种噪声。
• He left at three, which was just as well or he'd have missed the train. 他三点钟出发，时间刚刚好，否则就赶不上火车了。
• It would be as well to check the small print. 最好再看一下用小号字印的细则。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
well and truly
■completely 完全地
• The party was well and truly over when he arrived. 等他到的时候，聚会已经完全结束了。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
well away UK informal
■completely involved in what you are doing, or drunk 完全沉浸地；醉酒
• He was soon well away on (= talking a lot about) his favourite subject of steam train conservation. 他很快就开始大谈特谈自己最喜欢的蒸汽火车的话题。
• After five pints of lager and a couple of whiskeys I was well away (= drunk). 喝了5品脱淡啤酒和几杯威士卡之后，我已经醉了。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
well done IMPROVER
■used as a way of praising someone and saying that you are pleased about and approve of something they have done 做得好，做得漂亮
• "I passed my exam." "Well done!" “我通过考试了。”“真棒！”
⇒ See also well-done
[wel] adverb (better, best)
well in (with) UK informal (US in well with)
■to have a good relationship with someone in which they like you and from which you get an advantage （与…）保持良好关系
• He's well in with the boss, these days. 这段时间他和老板的关系不错。
[wel] adverb (better, best)
well out of sth UK informal
■lucky not to be involved 幸好没有卷入
• "Did I tell you the company went bust the month after I left?" "Really? Oh, you're well out of that !" “我告诉过你，我辞职后第二个月那家公司就破产了吗？”“真的吗？幸好你提前走了。”
[wel] adjective [usually after verb] (better, best)
 ESSENTIAL
■healthy; not ill 健康的
• He hasn't been too well lately. 他最近身体不太好。
• When she came home from school she really didn't look well. 她从学校回到家时，气色看起来真不好。
• I'm sorry you're ill - I hope you get well soon. 你生病了，我很难过——希望你尽快好起来。
• They sent a get well card. 他们寄了一张祝愿早日康复的慰问卡。
[wel] exclamation
 ESSENTIAL
■used to introduce something you are going to say, often to show surprise, doubt, slight disagreement or anger, or to continue a story （用于引出要说的话题，常用来表示惊讶、怀疑、不太同意或生气，还用来继续一个故事）啊，哎呀，哟，那么，好吧
• Well, what shall we do now? 那么我们现在该做甚么？
• Well now/then, how are we going to arrange things? 那么，现在我们该怎样安排呢？
• "Who was that?" "Well, I'm afraid I can't remember her name." “那人是谁啊？”“恐怕，我记不起她的名字了。”
• "He's decided to give up his job and move to the north with her." "Well, well - that's what love does for you." “他已经决定放弃自己的工作，跟她一起搬到北方去。”“嗯，嗯─这就是爱情的力量。”
• Well, really, how thoughtless of him! 唉，说真的，他真是太轻率了！
• Well? What did you do next? 嗯？你接下来做了甚么？
• Well, after that we went camping in the mountains. 唔，那之后我们就去山里露营了。
• Well] Oh well, it doesn't matter - I can always buy another one. 哦，没关系——我总可以再买一个。
• Very well, if you insist I'll meet him next week. 好吧，如果你坚持，那我下周就见他一面。
[wel] noun countable
 ADVANCED
■a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas 水井；油井；气井
⇒ See also stairwell
[wel] verb intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of liquid) to appear on the surface of something or come slowly out from somewhere （液体）涌出，溢出
• Dirty water welled (up) out of the damaged pipe. 污水从损坏的管道中冒了出来。
• As she read the letter tears welled up in her eyes. 她读信的时候眼泪夺眶而出。
• figurative Conflicting emotions welled up in his heart. 他心里感到很矛盾。
good, well
good: 形容词,
well: 副词,但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
wholesome, fit, robust, strong, sound, tough, healthy, sturdy, vigorous, well
这组词都有“健康的，强健的”的意思，其区别是：
wholesome: 多指能给人留下身体健康、思想健全或品德良好等印象。
fit: 既可指健壮又可指健全无病。
robust: 强调身体强健。
strong: 既指体格健壮，又指体力或精神上的力量。
sound: 侧重身体各部分或器官没有病，无任何缺陷，即健康。
tough: 着重指人的体格健壮。
healthy: 指身体无病，也可指身心健全、正常的。
sturdy: 侧重于结实的体格。
vigorous: 指人强健有力，精力充沛。
well: 仅指没有疾病，但不一定很健康。
adv. 很好地；充分地；满意地；适当地
 - fully, properly, fine, adequately, wide
adj. 良好的；健康的；适宜的
 - healthy, favorable, robust, fine, fit
n. [建] 井；源泉
 - principle, fountain

Word: need
Front: need
[ni:d] (中高 132/132 -K5)
Vocabulary: need
(once / 15 pages)
vn
A need is something essential: people need food, water, and shelter. When you lack them, you're in need.
Besides physical needs like sleep, people have lots of psychological needs: like for love and friendship. To pass an exam, you need to study. To lose weight, you need to exercise more and eat less. Drug addicts feel a physical need for their drug — so do smokers. Often, we feel we need things that we actually just want: like a new video game or car. When someone is trying hard to get something, they might say "I need it!"
WORD FAMILY
need: needed, needer, needful, needing, needless, needs, needy +/needed: unneeded/needful: needfulest, needfully/ needless: needlessly/ needy: needier, neediest, needily, neediness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The amendment seeks to strengthen each of these needs while maintaining the basic core of OCE’s functions.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The club’s bar will need government approvals to serve alcohol, not to mention other regulatory issues.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By Day 30, I felt reasonably well most of the time, but I still needed daily naps.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 需要; 必须
aux. 必须; 不得不
n. 需要; 需要的东西; 责任; 贫穷
vi. （表示应该或不得不做）有必要
时态：needed, needing, needs
分布：需要(88%)，必要(10%)，必需(1%)，缺乏(1%)
→词源不详。
aux.v./v.需要;必须n.需要;贫困,困窘We need reed needles to speed the deed indeed.我们确实需要一些芦苇针来加快行动.
verb
MUST HAVE 必须有
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have to have something, or to want something very much 必须，需要
• Babies need constant care. 婴儿时刻都需要人照顾。
• The doctor said I needed an operation. 医生说我需要动手术。
• [+ to infinitive] I need to go to the toilet. 我要去一去洗手间。
• Most people need to feel loved. 大多数人都需要有被爱的感觉。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I need you to help me choose an outfit. 我需要你帮我选一套衣服。
• I badly need (= strongly want) a rest from all this. 我迫切需要抛开这一切，休息一下。
• informal I don't need all this hassle. 我不想这样争论不休。
 ADVANCED transitive
■If you say that someone or something needs something else, you mean that they should have it, or would get an advantage from having it 应该，需要
• What you need, my son, is a nice hot bowl of soup. 儿子，你该好好喝上一碗鲜美的热汤。
• [+ -ing verb] This room needs brightening up a bit. 这房间应该更亮一点。
• [+ past participle or + -ing verb] She needs her hair wash ed / UKwashing. 她该洗洗头。
[ni:d] verb
MUST DO 必须做
 ESSENTIAL [+ to infinitive or + infinitive without to]
■to have (to) 必须，不得不
• [+ to infinitive] He needs to lose a bit of weight. 他必须稍微减轻体重。
• I need to do some shopping on my way home from work. 我下班回家的路上要买些东西。
• [+ infinitive without to] I don't think we need ask him. 我觉得我们没必要问他。
• Nothing need be done about this till next week. 下周之前在这方面不必做甚么。
• slightly formal "Need we take your mother?" "No, we needn't/I don't think we need." “我们要带你妈妈一块去吗？”“不，不必／我想不必。”
sb/sth needn't do sth UK
■there is no reason for someone or something to do a particular thing …不必做…
• You needn't worry - I'm not going to mention it to anyone. 你不用担心——我不会向任何人提起这件事。
• It's a wonderful way of getting to see Italy, and it needn't cost very much. 这是游历义大利的好办法，也不需要花很多钱。
sb needn't do sth mainly UK
■used, often when you are angry with someone, to say that they should not do a particular thing or that they have no right to do it （常用于表示气愤） （某人）不该或（无权）做
• He needn't think I'm driving him all the way there! 他别指望我会开车把他一路送到那里！
• You needn't laugh! It'll be your turn next! 你别笑！下一个就轮到你！
sb didn't need to
■used to say either that someone did a particular thing although they did not have to, or that they did not do it because they did not have to （某人）没有必要…
• I gave her some extra money - I know I didn't need to but I thought it would be kind. 我多给了她一些钱——我知道没有必要，但我想表示善意。
• "Did you ask Sophia to help?" "I didn't need to - I managed perfectly well on my own." “你请苏菲亚帮忙了吗？”“没必要——我自己处理得非常好。”
sb needn't have done sth mainly UK
■it was not necessary for someone to have done a particular thing, although they did do it 某人本不必做…
• You needn't have washed all those dishes, you know - I'd have done them myself when I got home. 你本来不用洗那些碗碟的，你知道——我回家后自己会洗的。
• You needn't have worried about the dinner - it was delicious! 你原本不必为这顿饭担心的——味道好极了！
[ni:d] verb
I need hardly do sth slightly formal
■used to say that what you are going to say is obvious 不用我说也知道
• I need hardly say what a pleasure it is to introduce our speaker. 我万分荣幸介绍我们的演讲者。
• I need hardly remind you of the seriousness of the situation. 不用我提醒你也该知道局势严峻。
[ni:d] verb
Need you ask!
■used to say that the person asking you something already knows the answer, because it is expected （表示问话者理应知道答案）还用问吗？
• "Did he upset a lot of people at the meeting?" "Need you ask!" “他在会上触怒了很多人吗？”“那还用问！”
[ni:d] verb
need I say
■obviously 显然
• Need I say, I'm extremely sorry to hear the news about your father. 得知关于你父亲的消息，别提我有多难过了。
[ni:d] verb
Need I say more? humorous
■said after a statement when you expect that someone can guess the result of what you have just said 还用我多说吗？
• Tom was doing the cooking - need I say more? 汤姆在做饭——还用我多说吗？
[ni:d] verb
need your head examined / examining humorous (or need your head testing) UK
■If you tell someone they need their head examining, you think that they are crazy because they have done something stupid or strange 脑袋有问题
• You need your head examined if you're willing to spend £120 on a pair of jeans. 如果你愿意花120英镑买一条牛仔裤，那你肯定是脑袋有问题。
[ni:d] verb
Who needs...? mainly humorous
■used to mean that the thing referred to is not necessary or useful, or causes trouble …才没人想要呢！
• Men! Who needs them? 男人，谁稀罕他们？
[ni:d] verb
  Common Learner Errors  needWarning: when it is used to say that someone must do something, need must be followed by the infinitive with to. Don't say 'need do something', say need to do something :
✗ Dave needs improve his French. Dave needs to improve his French.
[ni:d] noun
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the state of having to have something that you do not have, especially something that you must have so that you can have a satisfactory life 需求，需要；（尤指）生活需求
• Are you in need of help? 你需要帮助吗？
• There's a growing need for cheap housing in the larger cities. 大城市对廉价住房的需求正不断增长。
needs [plural]
■the things that a person must have in order to have a satisfactory life （生活）必需品，需要物
• Housing, enough money to live on and education are basic needs. 住房、足够的生活费用和教育都是基本需求。
• They don't have enough food to meet their needs. 他们没有充足的食物满足需要。
countable or uncountable
■a feeling or state of strongly wanting something 需求欲，渴求
• [+ to infinitive] He seems to have a desperate need to be loved by everyone. 他似乎非常渴望得到每个人的喜爱。
• I don't know about you but I'm in need of a drink. 我不知道你怎么样，但我想喝杯东西。
• formal We have no need of your sympathy. 我们不需要你的同情。
in need
■not having enough money or food （金钱或食物）缺乏，短缺
• You just hope that the money goes to those who are most in need. 你只是希望那些钱会交到最有需要的人手里。
uncountable
■the state of being necessary 必须，需要
• Help yourself to stationery as the need arises. 需要文具的话，你随便用。
• If need/needs be (= If necessary) , we can take a second car to fit everyone in. 如果需要的话，我们可以再叫辆车，让大家都坐上去。
• I don't think there's any need for all of us to attend the meeting. 我认为我们没有必要全体出席会议。
be no need to do sth
 ADVANCED
■If there is no need to do something, it is not necessary or it is wrong 不必…；不应该…
• There's no need to go to the shops - there's plenty of food in the fridge. 没有必要去商店——冰箱里有很多食物。
• I understand why she was angry but there was no need to be so rude to him. 我明白她为何生气，但也没必要对他这么粗暴无礼。
• There's no need to shout, for goodness' sake! Just calm down. 天啊，别吵了！安静点。
[ni:d] noun
  Common Learner Errors  needWarning: do not confuse in need of sth with a/the need for sth : Don't say 'a/the need of sth', say a/the need for sth :
✗ I cannot see the need of a new supermarket. I cannot see the need for a new supermarket. Don't say 'in need for sth', say in need of sth :
✗ This town is in need for a new supermarket. This town is in need of a new supermarket.
need, require, lack, want
这组词都有“缺少、短少”的意思，其区别是：
need: 语气较重，指需要必不可少的东西，强调急需。
require: 使用广泛，语气较轻。强调急需时可与need换用，但有时暗示所需的人或物是完成某一任务必不可少的。
lack: 指完全短缺或数量不足。
want: 侧重缺少某种必需之物，或个人渴望得到的东西。
n. 需要，要求；缺乏；必要之物
 - necessity, shortage, want, do, deficiency
vt. 需要
 - ask, lack, claim, to require
vi. 需要
 - wish, to require

Word: become
Front: become
[bɪˈkʌm] (中高雅 139/122 -K5)
Vocabulary: become
(once / 10 pages)
1v 2v
To become is to evolve, change into, or emerge as something. A fertilized egg will hatch and the tiny chick will become a full-grown chicken.
When you become angrier and angrier watching the TV news, you begin to feel a certain way. Likewise, when Pinocchio the wooden puppet becomes a real boy in the fairy tale, he changes from toy to human. The word become can also mean "learn how to be" or "be qualified for," as when you dream that some day you'll become an astronaut. The Old English becuman has these meanings, and also "meet with" or "arrive."
WORD FAMILY
become: became, becomes, becoming +/ becoming: becomingest, becomingly, becomingness, unbecoming /becomingness: becomingnesses/ unbecoming: unbecomingest, unbecomingly, unbecomingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The league continues to evolve, with the passing game becoming more dominant.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He began his career as a painter before turning to writing, becoming an art critic for the New Statesman.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The book became an art-school standard on both sides of the Atlantic.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 变为，成为; 变得; 变成
vt. 适合，适宜; 相称，相当; 变成; 发生
时态：became, become, becoming, becomes
分布：成为(58%)，变得(25%)，变成(17%)
→前缀be-, 强调。come, 来到。
vi.变成,开始变得vt.适合,同...相称With shortcomings overcome, the outcome become welcome.随着缺点被克服,结果变得受欢迎.
[bɪ'kʌm] (became, become)
verb
BE 成为
 ESSENTIAL [L]
■to start to be 变成，成为，变得
• I was becoming increasingly suspicious of his motives. 我越来越怀疑他的动机。
• It was becoming cold, so we lit the fire. 天气越来越冷了，所以我们燃起了火。
• After giving up smoking, he became fat and irritable. 戒烟后，他发福了，而且很爱发火。
• Margaret Thatcher became Britain's first woman prime minister in 1979. 玛格丽特‧戴卓尔在1979年成为英国第一位女首相。
• He has just become a father. 他刚刚当上爸爸。
[bɪ'kʌm] (became, become)
verb
SUIT 适合
   transitive old-fashioned
■to cause to look attractive or to be suitable for 使好看；适合，适于
• That colour really becomes you. 那种颜色很适合你。
[bɪ'kʌm] (became, become)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [not continuous] become of sb/sth
■If you ask what became of someone or something, you want to know where they are and what happened to them （人或事物的）情况（如何），结果（怎样）
• Whatever became of that parcel you sent? 你寄出的包裹怎么样了？
• And Mickey Adams - I wonder what became of him. 还有米基‧亚当斯——不知他当时怎么样？
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
vi. 成为；变得；变成
 - get, fall, come
vt. 适合；相称
 - suit, adapt to something

Word: help
Front: help
[help] (中高 167/204 -K5)
Vocabulary: help
(once / 14 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
The verb help means to give aid or assistance to. You can help your friend organize a car wash at school by making posters and putting them up all over town.
Help can also mean to serve food or drink––as in, "Help yourself!" But don't serve yourself too much or there won't be enough for a second helping. One last meaning for help is the people hired to provide domestic services in a home. A nanny, a housekeeper, a gardener are often referred to somewhat derisively as "the help," because their job is helping the family.
WORD FAMILY
help: helped, helper, helpful, helping, helpless, helps, self-help+/helper: helpers/ helpful: helpfulest, helpfully, helpfulness, unhelpful/helping: helpings/ helpless: helplesser, helplessest, helplessly, helplessness/unhelpful: unhelpfully, unhelpfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He finished with 15 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors win at home for the eighth game in a row.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She prescribed oral steroids in addition to a rescue inhaler to calm my overactive airways, which helped.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Occasional use of over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream helps calm the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 帮助; 有助于， 有利于
vt. 治疗; 避免; 招待（客人）; 给…盛（饭、菜）
n. 帮助; 助手; 补救办法; 有用
vi. （在餐桌旁）招待，侍应，作仆人（或店员、服务员等）
int. [呼救语]救命！
时态：helped, helping, helps
分布：帮助(87%)，有助于(7%)，援助(3%)，促进(1%)，帮手(1%)，救命！(1%)
→来自古英语helpan,帮助，支持，来自kelp,支持，抓，握，词源同helm,helve.
v.帮(援)助;有助于;[呼救]救命n.帮助(手)The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.
verb
MAKE EASIER 使更容易
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make it possible or easier for someone to do something, by doing part of the work yourself or by providing advice, money, support, etc 帮助，帮忙
• How can I help you? 我如何才能帮你呢？
• I wonder if you could help me - I'd like some information about flights to New Zealand. 不知你能否帮我个忙——我想知道一些飞往纽西兰的相关航班资料。
• My dad said he would help with the costs of (= give part of the cost of) buying a house. 我爸爸说他会资助我们买一栋房子。
• [+ obj + (to) infinitive] The £10, 000 loan from the bank helped her (to) start her own business. 10 000 英镑的银行贷款帮助她创办了自己的公司。
• I feel that learning English will help (= improve) my chances of promotion at work. 我觉得学英语有助我在工作上获得擢升。
• Nothing can help her now (= Her situation is too bad for anyone to be able to improve it). 现在没人能帮得了她。
⇒ See also helpline
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If something helps a difficult or painful situation, it improves it or makes it easier or less painful （使）好转；（使）缓解
• The morphine didn't seem to help (the pain). 吗啡似乎并不能缓解疼痛。
[+ (to) infinitive]
■If something or someone helps to do something, they are one of several reasons for it happening 助长；构成…的因素
• The drought has helped (to) make this a disastrous year for Somalia. 亁旱使索马利亚今年祸不单行。
  Common Learner Errors  help When help meaning 'make easier' is followed by another verb, that verb cannot be in the -ing form. Do not say 'help doing something', or 'help someone doing something'. Help is followed by an infinitive verb, either with or without 'to': help someone (to) do something I helped Mary to do her homework. You can also say help someone with something I helped Mary with her homework.
[help] verb
STOP YOURSELF 抑制自己
can't/couldn't help
 IMPROVER
■If you can't/couldn't help something, such as acting in a particular way or making a particular remark, you are/were not able to control or stop it 无法抑制，禁不住（做…）
• It was awful, but I couldn't help laughing. 这真是糟糕，但我还是忍不住大笑起来。
• "Stop giggling!" "I can't help it!" “别再笑了！”“我忍不住呀！”
• I can't help thinking (= My true feeling is that) she'd be better off without him. 我不禁认为，如果没有他，她会过得更好。
[help] verb
GIVE/TAKE 给予／取得
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give something to someone or to take something for yourself 给予；取得
• [R] "Might I have some more bread?" "Please, help yourself !" “我能再吃些面包吗？”“请自便！”
• slightly formal Shall I help you to some more soup? 要不要我给你再添点汤？
[help] verb
give / lend sb a helping hand
■to help someone 助（某人）一臂之力，帮助（某人）
• These tax cuts will give industry a helping hand. 这些减税措施将会促进工业发展。
[help] verb
God help sb (also heaven help sb)
■used to give force to a statement of the danger or seriousness of a situation or action （某人）全靠老天保佑了（强调危险或严重性）
• God help us if they attack now while we're still unprepared. 如果他们在我们还没做好准备的情况下立刻发动进攻，那就只好靠上帝帮忙了。
[help] verb
it can't be helped
■used to say that an unpleasant or painful situation, or an unwanted duty cannot be avoided and must be accepted 不可避免，别无选择
• I really didn't want to go away this weekend but, oh well, it can't be helped. 这周末我真的不想离家外出，可是，唉，不出去又不行。
[help] verb
so help me (God) formal
■used to make a promise in a very formal and serious way 上帝作证；我发誓
• Everything I have said is true, so help me God. 上帝作证，我说的一切都是真的。
[help] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] help (sb) out IMPROVER
■If you help out, you do a part of someone's work or give someone money 帮助（某人）摆脱困境
• Her parents helped (her) out with a £500 loan. 她父母借给她500英镑救急。
[help] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■when someone helps another person 帮助，帮忙
• Do you need any help with those boxes? 你需要人帮忙搬那些箱子吗？
• Her parents gave her some help with her bank loan (= paid some of it). 她父母帮她还了一部分银行贷款。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■something or someone that helps 帮上忙的东西；帮手
• Having a word processor would be a help. 有一台文字处理机就能帮上忙了。
• He was a great help (to me) while my husband was away. 我丈夫不在的时候，他帮了我很大的忙。
countable
■someone, usually a woman, who is employed to clean your house and do other small jobs 佣人；（通常指）女佣
• a home help 家里的女佣
[help] noun
there's no help for it mainly UK
■there is no other choice in this situation 别无选择，没有其他办法
• If you catch them stealing again, there'll be no help for it but (= except) to call the police. 如果再逮到他们偷东西，那就别无选择，只好报警。
[help] exclamation
Help!
 IMPROVER
■shouted by a person who is asking for someone to come and save them from a dangerous situation 救命！
help, assist, aid
这组词都有“帮助”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，含义广泛。指一般性的或迫切需要的帮助，侧重积极地为他人提供物质、精神或其他方面的帮助。
assist: 强调在提供帮助时，以受助者为主，所给的帮助起第二位或从属的作用。
aid: 正式用词，指帮助他人脱离危险或战胜困难，着重强者对急需帮助的弱者的帮助。
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
vt. 帮助；促进；治疗；补救
 - facilitate, promote, boost, cure, further
n. 帮助；补救办法；帮忙者；有益的东西
 - assistance, aid, hand, boost
vi. 帮助；有用；招待
 - aid, serve

Word: change
Front: change
[tʃeɪndʒ] (中高 306/226 -K5)
Vocabulary: change
(once / 16 pages)
1vn 2vn 3n
Is it just not the same anymore? Then there must have been a change. The noun change can refer to any thing or state that is different from what it once was.
Change is everywhere in life — and in English. The word has numerous senses, both as a noun and verb, and is a part of many common phrases, like "a change of heart." Change might describe a drastic transformation, as in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, or it could also represent what’s jingling in your pocket.
WORD FAMILY
change: changeable, changed, changeful, changeless, changer, changes, changing, counterchange, interchange +/changeable: changeability, changeableness, changeablest, changeably, unchangeable/changed: unchanged/changeful: changefully, changefulness/changeless: changelessly, changelessness/changer: changers/ changing: changingly, unchanging/counterchange: counterchanged, counterchanges, counterchanging/ interchange: interchangeable, interchanged, interchanges, interchanging/ interchangeable: interchangeability, interchangeableness, interchangeably, noninterchangeable/unchangeable: unchangeability, unchangeableness, unchangeably/unchanged: unchangedly/unchanging: unchangingly, unchangingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But Watson, who is often reluctant to change equipment, is not your typical player who endures endless hours of product testing.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
Lee with $50 worth of curtains and changed the sign.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
For the Seahawks, though, this season marked a somewhat stunning change in offensive personality.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 改变，变更; 交换，替换; 兑换; 换衣服（床单）
vi. 改变，转变; 交换，互换; 换衣，更衣
n. 变化，改变; 交换，交替; 零钱，找头; 代替物
时态：changed, changing, changes
分布：改变(58%)，变化(38%)，零钱(4%)
→来自kemb, 弯，转。词源同camp, cant, chamber.
n.改变,变化;零钱v.更换,调换,交换;改变We changed seats in the interval.中间休息时,我们交换了一下座位.
verb
BECOME DIFFERENT 变得不同
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to make or become different, or to exchange one thing for another thing, especially of a similar type 改变；交换；更换
• I almost didn't recognize her - she'd changed so much. 我几乎认不出她了——她变化太大了。
• That was twenty years ago and things have changed since then. 20年过去了，情况已经变了。
• Nothing changes, does it - I've been away two years and the office still looks exactly the same. 甚么也没有改变，不是吗——我走了两年，办公室看起来仍然是老样子。
• People have changed their diets a lot over the past few years. 过去几年里人们的饮食习惯改变了许多。
• I'm going to change my hair style. 我打算改变一下发型。
• I had to change those trousers I bought for (= take them back to the shop in order to get) a bigger pair. 买来的裤子我不得不去换一条比较大的。
• She's just changed jobs. 她刚换了工作。
• Let's change the subject (= talk about something different). 我们换个话题吧。
change your mind IMPROVER
■to form a new opinion or make a new decision about something which is different from your old one 改变主意；改变决定
• If you change your mind about coming tonight, just give me a call. 要是你改变主意今晚不来了，给我打个电话就行。
• When I first met him I didn't like him but I've changed my mind. 我第一次见到他时并不喜欢他，可是现在已经改变了看法。
change for the better
■to improve 好转；变好；改进
• Her attitude has definitely changed for the better since she started this new job. 她自从开始新工作后态度确实变好了。
change places
■to be in someone else's situation 交换位置；交换处境
• I wouldn't change places with him for the world! 我无论如何也不愿意和他交换位置！
change your ways
■to improve the bad parts of your behaviour 改善举止
• If he wants to carry on living here, he's going to have to change his ways and learn to be a bit more tidy. 要是他想继续在这里住下去，就要改改样子，学着干净整洁一点。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
TRANSPORT 交通
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to get off a train, bus, etc. and catch another in order to continue a journey 换乘，转乘（火车、公共汽车等）
• I had to change (trains) twice to get there. 到那里我必须换乘两次（火车）。
• Change at Peterborough for York. 在彼得伯勒换车去约克。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get or give money in exchange for money, either because you want it in smaller units, or because you want the same value in foreign money 把…换成零钱；兑换
• Could you change a £10 note (for two fives), please? 请问你能把一张十英镑换开（换成两张五英镑）吗？
• Could you change a £5 note for me? 你能为我把一张五英镑的纸币换成零钱吗？
• I need to change my dollars for/into English money. 我需要把手头的美元换成英镑。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
CLOTHES/BEDS 衣服／床
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to remove one set of clothes and put a different set on yourself or a young child, especially a baby, or to remove dirty sheets from a bed and put clean ones on it （给…）换衣服；（给…）换床单
• You don't need to change - you look great as you are. 你不用换衣服——这样看上去就很好。
• I'll just change into (= get dressed in) something a bit smarter. 我要换一身漂亮点的衣服。
• Give me five minutes to change out of (= remove) my work clothes and I'll come out with you. 给我五分钟换下工作服就跟你出去。
• How often do you think he changes his shirt? 你觉得他多久换一次衬衫？
• Could you change the baby /the baby's UK nappy (US diaper)? 你能给婴儿换一下尿布吗？
• I've changed the sheets /the bed (= the sheets on the bed) in the guest room. 我把客房的床单换过了。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
WIND/SEA 风／海
intransitive
■When the wind or the tide (= the rise and fall of the sea) changes, it starts to move in a different direction （风或潮水）转向
• The tide is starting to change. 潮水开始转向了。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
SPEED 速度
intransitive or transitive (US usually shift)
■to put a vehicle into a different gear , usually in order to change the speed at which it is moving （给车辆）换（档）
• to change gear 换档
• I changed into fourth (gear). 我换到第四档。
• UK Change down (US Downshift)to go round the corner. 转弯要换到低档。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
change (your) tack
■to try a different method to deal with the same problem 改变方法；改变思路
• I've written twice and received no reply, so I might change tack and call her. 我写了两封信都没有得到回覆，所以我可能要换个方法，给她打电话。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
change your tune disapproving
■to change your opinion completely, especially because you know it will bring you an advantage （尤指为了好处而）改变看法，改变论调
• He was against the idea to start with, but he soon changed his tune when he realized how much money he'd get. 一开始他反对这个主意，可是等他意识到自己能赚到那么多钱时就立刻改变了态度。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
change hands
■to go from one owner to another 转手，易主
• That Italian restaurant is nowhere near as good since it changed hands. 那家义大利餐馆自从转手后生意就一落千丈。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
Plus ça change (plus c'est la même chose). saying
■The more things change, the more they stay the same. Used when a change does not result in an improvement in a situation 越变越是老样子
• What's the point in voting? Plus ça change... 投票有甚么意义？还不是老样子……
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  change over
■to stop using or having one thing and to start using or having something else 更换；改用
• We've just changed over from gas central heating to electric. 我们刚由煤气中央供暖改成电力供暖。
[tʃeɪndʒ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] change sth round/around
■to move objects such as furniture into different positions 改变…的位置
• The room looks very different since you've changed the furniture round. 自从你把家俱的位置调整后，这房间看起来大不一样。
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
BECOME DIFFERENT 变得不同
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when something becomes different, or the result of something becoming different 改变；改动；变化；变动
• Let me know if there's any change in the situation. 要是情况有了甚么变化请告诉我。
• We're living in a time of great change. 我们生活在一个大变革的时代。
• We need a change of government. 我们需要换个政府。
• a change in lifestyle 生活方式的改变
• They've made a lot of changes to the house. 他们已对房子作了很多改动。
• The new management will make fundamental/radical/sweeping changes (= do things in a very different way). 新的管理层会进行根本的／彻底的／大范围的变革。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■something which is pleasant or interesting because it is unusual or new （令人愉快或有趣的）改进，改变
• It's nice to see her smile for a change. 看到她笑了，真好。
• "Shall we eat in the garden?" "Why not - it'll make a change." “我们到花园里吃饭好吗？”“为甚么不呢——这样会很新鲜。”
• We've always had a red car - it's time we had a change! 我们总是开一辆红车——该换一换了！
change of scene
■a new situation 新环境
• She'd been with the same company for too many years and felt she needed a change of scene, so she applied for a job as a stage manager. 她在同一家公司已经工作了好多年了，觉得需要换个环境，所以申请了一份舞台监督的工作。
  Common Learner Errors  changeWarning: Choose the right verb! Don't say 'do changes', say make changes , or in slightly more formal English implement changes :
✗ I suggest you do some changes to the programme. I suggest you make some changes to the programme.
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER uncountable
■money which is coins rather than notes 硬币；辅币
• She gave me £5 in change. 她给了我五英镑的硬币。
• My dad always used to carry a lot of loose/small change (= coins) in his pocket. 我爸爸以前口袋里总是装着许多硬币。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■smaller units of money given in exchange for larger units of the same amount （换开的）零钱
• Have you got change for a twenty-dollar bill? 你能换开20元的钞票吗？
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the money which is returned to someone who has paid for something which costs less than the amount that they gave 找头，找给的零钱，找续
• I think you've given me the wrong change. 我想你找错钱给我了。
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
CLOTHES 衣服／床
countable
■the action of putting on different clothes 更衣，换衣服
• She did a quick change before going on TV. 她迅速换了套衣服去上电视。
a change of clothes
■a set of clothes as well as the ones that you are wearing 换洗的衣服，一套衣服
• You'll need a change of clothes if you're staying overnight. 你要是在外面过夜，就需要带一套换洗的衣服。
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
TRANSPORT 交通
countable
■the action of getting off a train, bus, etc. and catching another in order to continue a journey 换乘，转乘（火车、公共汽车等）
• I hate journeys where you've got a lot of changes. 我讨厌频频换车的旅程。
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
the change (of life) old-fashioned for
■the menopause
• She's going through the change. 她正处于更年期。
§/tʃeɪndʒ] change 1 noun
A change is as good as a rest. UK saying
■You can get as much good from changing the work you do as from having a rest. 换个环境等于休息。
[tʃeɪndʒ] noun
change of heart
■If someone has a change of heart, they change their opinion or the way they feel about something 改变态度，改变主意
• She was going to sell her house but had a change of heart at the last minute. 她本来打算卖掉自己的房子，可是在最后一刻又改变了主意。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
fluctuate, alteration, change, modify, convert, shift（in）, alternation, alter, variations
fluctuate: 没有规律的上下波动
alteration: 强调细节的变化
change: 强调某种本质的变化
modify: “更改，修改”程度略小并有趋缓之意
convert: 用途上的改变，也作态度和信仰的变化
shift（in）: 转换，转变
alternation: 轮流，交替（take turn）
alter: 细枝末节的修改，而非脱胎换骨
variations: 指不规则的或断续的改变，或指一种东西改成了不同样式
vt. 改变；交换
 - influence, fashion, exchange, shift, vary
n. 变化；找回的零钱
 - variation, shift, diversification, turn, mutation
vi. 改变； [金融] 兑换
 - exchange, veer from

Word: president
Front: president
[ˈprezɪdənt] (中高研四六 303/589 -K5)
Vocabulary: president
(once / 73 pages)
n
The president is the person officially in charge — whether it’s of a republic, a company, a college, or a fan club.
This is a word for a leader, like the President of the United States or the president of the National Football League Players' Union. Many organizations have presidents, and they're usually elected by members of that group. When it’s followed by a name, the title president gets a capital p, as in President Obama. Whether with a P or p, the job of a president is to preside in a formal or official capacity.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
precedent / president
How has the United States affected this word pair, precedent and president? Let's find out.
Precedent refers to something that went before; it precedes something or serves as an example:
This may be a dangerous precedent that facilitates and enables dozens and potentially hundreds of unethical fathers to solicit money for their sons in a pay-for-play manner.
The decision sets up a precedent for other cases, which means it's possible that the ruling will be taken to the US Supreme Court.
There is no precedent for what Manny Pacquiao has now done, winning eight titles in eight weight classes.
President refers to the leader of an organization, the chief presider. It was first used to mean the executive leader of a republic in 1787 in the American colonies and is used in that manner in the U.S. Constitution:
The president of Fresno State University's student body acknowledged publicly that he is an illegal immigrant.
Eric Rosengren, the president of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank said Wednesday that he doubted the economy was about take off.
President Obama's planned meeting for Thursday with top Congressional leadership has been postponed until Nov. 30.
So you could say America set a precedent by creating the role of president within a republic.
WORD FAMILY
president: ex-president, presidency, presidential, presidents, presidentship+/ presidency: presidencies/ presidential: presidentially, unpresidential/presidentship: presidentships/unpresidential: unpresidentially
USAGE EXAMPLES
Chris Carson, president of the League of Women Voters, said Ryan should be ashamed of himself and his leadership team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the Kremlin’s most ardent sympathizers among European leaders is Milos Zeman, the Czech president.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 校长; 总统; 总裁; 董事长
分布：校长(71%)，总经理(19%)，社长(10%)
→来自preside,主持，担任主席，-ent,人。
总统;校长(pre+sid+ent人→有前面坐的人→总统)[Sid=sit,表示"坐"]
总统;校长(preside主持)[-ent 1.表示形容词"…的"2.表名词"…药剂"3.表名词"…人"]
n.总统,校长,会长,主席Many American Presidents served in Congress before they became President.美国的许多总统在当选为总统前都在国会中当过议员.
noun countable
POLITICS 政治
 ESSENTIAL
■(the title given to) the person who has the highest political position in a country which is a republic and who, in some of these countries, is the leader of the government 总统；国家主席
• President Kennedy 甘乃迪总统
• the President of France 法国总统
• [as form of address] Thank you, Mr/Madam President. 谢谢您，总统阁下。
['prez.ɪ.dənt] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织
 ESSENTIAL
■the person who has the highest position in an organization or, especially in the US, in a company （机构的）负责人，会长，主席；（尤指美国的）总裁，董事长
• a former President of the Royal Society 皇家学会的前会长
• mainly US She's a friend of the president of the bank. 她是银行总裁的朋友。
president, principal, headmaster
这组词都有“校长”的意思，其区别是：
president: 在美国专指大学的校长，在英国指学院院长。
principal: 在英国可指大学校长、院长以及中小学校长，但在美国仅指中小学校长。
headmaster: 在英国指对中小学校长的一般称呼，尤指私立学校的校长。
n. 总统；董事长；校长
 - principal, prez

Word: how
Front: how
[haʊ] (中高 76/90 -K5)
Back: adv. 怎样; 健康状况如何; 到何种地步; 以任何方式
n. 方法; 方式
分布：如何(65%)，怎样(24%)，方式(6%)，多么(4%)，以 ... 方式(1%)
→来自古英语hu,来自Proto-Germanic*hwo,来自kwo,疑问代词，词源同what,why,where.引申词义如何，怎样。
ad.1.(表示方法,手段,状态)怎样;如何Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in what way; by what methods 如何；怎么
• How do we get to the town from here? 我们怎么从这里去城里？
• How did you hear about the concert? 你是怎么知道这场音乐会的？
• How does this machine work? 这台机器如何运作？
• How do you plan to spend your holiday? 你计划怎样度过你的假期？
• Roz doesn't know how to ride a bicycle. 罗兹不会骑脚踏车。
• It all depends on how you look at it. 那完全取决于你如何看待它。
• I don't care about fashion, I dress how I please. 我不太在乎时尚，衣服我爱怎么穿就怎么穿。
• I was horrified to hear about how (= the way) she had been treated. 听到她受到如此对待，我十分惊骇。
• How can/could he be so stupid? 他怎么会那么蠢？
• I don't know how anyone could think that way. 我不知道怎么会有人那么想。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to mean in what condition, especially of physical or emotional health （尤指身体或精神状况）怎么样
• How is your mother? 你母亲身体怎么样？
• How are you feeling this morning? 今天早上你觉得怎么样？
 ESSENTIAL
■used in questions which ask what an experience or event was like （用于询问经历或事情）怎么样
• How was your flight? 你的航程怎么样？
• How did you find the lecture? (= did you think it was good) ? 你觉得那场演讲怎么样？
• How did you like the concert (= did you enjoy it) ? 你觉得这场音乐会怎么样？
• She didn't say how far it is (= what the distance is) to her house. 她没说离她家有多远。
• How long are you going to be (= what amount of time are you going to spend) in the bathroom? 你打算在浴室里待多久？
• Do you know how many (= what number of) people are coming? 你知道有多少人要来吗？
• How much does this cost (= what is its price) ? 这个多少钱？
• How old is his daughter (= what age is she) ? 他女儿多大了？
• "Can you lift this case?" "It depends on how heavy it is." ｢你能提起这个箱子吗？｣ ｢那要看它有多重。｣
• Do you remember how (= the fact that) we used to see every new film as soon as it came out? 你还记得我们过去一有新电影上映就马上去看吗？
 ESSENTIAL
■used for emphasis （用于强调）
• I can't tell you how pleased I am (= I am very pleased) that you came. 你来了，我真是说不出的高兴。
• slightly formal How (= it is very) nice to see you! 见到你真高兴！
• "She paid for everything." "How (= That was very) generous." ｢她把所有帐单都付了。｣ ｢她可真大方。｣
How strange/stupid/weird, etc. is that? informal
■used to emphasize that something is strange/stupid, etc. （用于强调）那可真奇怪／愚蠢／古怪等
How are you? ESSENTIAL
■used to ask someone if they are well and happy （用于打招呼）你好吗?
• "Hi, Lucy, how are you?" "Fine, thanks, how are you?" ｢嗨，露西，你好吗？｣ ｢我很好，谢谢，你呢？｣
How are things? (also How's everything?) (also How's it going?) informal
■used as greetings （用于问候）最近好吗？
How do you mean?
■used when you want someone to explain what they have just said （要求某人解释刚说的话）你是甚么意思?
• "I think we need to reconsider our position." "How do you mean?" ｢我认为我们应该重新考虑一下我们的立场。｣ ｢你是甚么意思？｣
How's that?
■used when asking if something you have done for someone is satisfactory （用于为某人做某事之后询问效果）满意吗？怎么样？
• Let me put a cushion behind your back. How's that? 让我给你背后加一个垫子。舒服吗？
And how! informal
■used to show that you feel the same way as someone 我也是！没错！
• "I'll be so glad when this project is finished." "And how!" ｢等到这个企划完成了，我会很高兴。｣ ｢我也是！｣
[haʊ] adverb
How about...? IMPROVER informal
■used to make a suggestion （用于提出建议）…怎么样?
• How about the cinema tonight? 今晚去看电影怎么样？
• How about going to the cinema? 去看电影怎么样？
■used when asking someone about a different thing （用于询问另一件事）
• You don't eat meat, do you? How about fish? 你不吃肉，是吗?那鱼呢？
[haʊ] adverb
How about that? informal
■used to emphasize that something is surprising （用于强调某事很惊人）
• Sales are up by thirty-six percent. How about that? 销量提高了36%，可真惊人！
[haʊ] adverb
How come? informal
■used to ask about the reason for something 怎么会？为甚么？
• So how come you got an invitation and not me? 为甚么你得到了邀请而我没有？
• "I don't think I'll be able to go swimming tomorrow." "How come?" ｢我看我明天不能去游泳了。｣ ｢为甚么？｣
[haʊ] adverb
How do you do? formal ADVANCED
■a formal greeting for someone that you have not met before （初次见面时正式的问候用语）你好
• "I'm Jack Stewart." "How do you do? I'm Angela Black." ｢我是杰克‧史都华。｣ ｢你好，我是安杰拉‧布莱克。｣
[haʊ] adverb
how do you do old-fashioned
■a difficult, worrying and unpleasant situation 令人烦恼不快，不好处理的情况
• "I had a row with my sister and now she's refusing to talk to me." "Well, that's a fine how do you do!" “我跟我妹妹吵了一架，现在她不理我了。”“哎，真不知如何是好！”
[haʊ] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  howWarning: check your word order! When how is used in a main clause to ask a question, the verb comes before the subject: How can we solve this problem? When how is used in a subordinate clause to talk about the way something can be done, do not put the verb before the subject:
✗ I have been wondering how can we solve this problem. I have been wondering how we can solve this problem.
adv. 如何；多少；多么
 - somewhat
n. 方法；方式
 - way of, manner, method, mode, approach, system

Word: power
Front: power
[ˈpaʊə(r)] (高研四雅 271/225 -K5)
Vocabulary: power
(once / 12 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Someone with power has physical strength or they're in control of things. So a weakling who's in charge of a business still has a lot of power.
Power comes from the Latin word potere, which means "to be able." But things with power are much more than able — they're able to exert a lot of force. "The powers that be" are those who hold authority, and "the power behind the throne" refers to the people who exert influence without being formally in charge. When used as a verb, power means "to supply with mechanical or electrical energy," as in a nuclear-powered submarine.
WORD FAMILY
power: overpower, powered, powerful, powering, powerless, powers, superpower +/ overpower: overpowered, overpowering, overpowers/overpowering: overpoweringly/powered: unpowered/ powerful: powerfulest, powerfully, powerfulness/powerless: powerlessly, powerlessness/ superpower: superpowers
USAGE EXAMPLES
For large-scale projects, the cost of new solar power in India is now cheaper than coal.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Tens of thousands lost power in Louisiana and Mississippi at the height of the storm, according to utilities.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Powers’s study, about 40 percent of people with community- acquired pneumonia ended up in the hospital.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. [机]动力，功率; 力量; 政权，权力; 强国，大国
vt. 运转; 用发动机发动; 使…有力量
vi. 靠动力行进; 快速行进
adj. 权力的; 机械能的，电动的; 用电力（或动力）发动的
时态：powered, powering, powers
分布：力(58%)，力量(15%)，权力(13%)，电力(6%)，能力(5%)，权力的(2%)，力量的(1%)
→来自中古英语poer,力量，能力，来自古法语poeir,使有力量，来自拉丁语*potere,来自potis,有力量的，有权力的，词源同potent,possible.插入字母w,拼写比较tower,turret.引申诸相关词义。
n.力,精力;功率,电力;(数学)幂;权力,势力The answer is: Owing to a shower, the powerful powder is no longer on show.答案是：由于一场阵雨,这种强有力的火药不再展览了.
US [paʊɚ] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■ability to control people and events 影响力；操控力；势力
• I've no power over him - he does what he wants to. 我管不了他——他想干甚么就干甚么。
• Once nicotine has you in its power, it's very difficult to stop smoking. 一旦尼古丁对你起了作用，戒烟就很难了。
• She has the power to charm any man she meets. 她有魅力让她遇见的每个男子都神魂颠倒。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the amount of political control a person or group has in a country 权力；政权
• Does the President have more power than the Prime Minister? 总统是否比总理权力更大？
• How long has the Conservative Party been in power? 保守党当政多久了？
• The army seized power after five days of anti-government demonstrations. 反政府示威五天后，军方夺取了政权。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
STRENGTH 力量
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■strength 力，力量
• Our car doesn't have enough power to tow a trailer. 我们的轿车马力不够大，拖不动拖车。
• Weightlifters have tremendous power in their arms and legs. 举重运动员的臂力和腿力极大。
• Scientists are working to harness the power of the atom. 科学家们正在研究如何利用原子能。
• The economic power of many Asian countries has grown dramatically in recent years. 近年来许多亚洲国家的经济实力有了显著的增长。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
OFFICIAL RIGHT 职权
 IMPROVER uncountable
■an official or legal right to do something 权力，许可权；职权
• [+ to infinitive] I'd like to help but I don't have the power to intervene in this dispute. 我很想帮忙，但我无权介入此纠纷。
• It's not in your power to cancel the order. 你无权取消这份订单。
• I can't give you a refund - I'm afraid it's not within my power. 我不能给你退款——这恐怕不在我的职权范围内。
powers [plural]
 IMPROVER
■authority 权力，职权，权势
• You were acting beyond your powers when you agreed to give her a pay rise. 你答应给她加薪，这是在越权行事。
• Visitors to the city are respectfully reminded of the council's powers to remove illegally parked vehicles. 到该市观光的游客被很礼貌地告知，市政委员会有权拖走违规停放的车辆。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
ELECTRICITY 电
 IMPROVER uncountable
■electricity, especially when considering its use or production 电力
• You should disconnect the power before attempting to repair electrical equipment. 在检修电气设备之前应先切断电源。
• Our building lost power (= the electricity was stopped) during the storm. 暴风雨中我们的房子断电了。
• power cables/lines 电缆／线
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
ABILITY 能力
powers [plural]
 ADVANCED
■abilities 能力，本领
• My mental powers aren't as good as they used to be. 我的脑力不如以前了。
uncountable
■a natural skill or an ability to do something 能力，本领
• He was so shocked by what happened to his parents that he lost the power of speech. 发生在他父母身上的事使他吓呆了，他一句话也说不出来。
• [+ to infinitive] The surgeon did everything in her power to save him. 医生竭尽全力抢救他。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
PERSON WITH CONTROL 有操纵权的人
 ADVANCED countable
■a person, organization or country that has control over others, often because of wealth , importance or great military strength 掌握大权的人；有影响力的机构；强国
• Spain was an important military power in the 16th century. 西班牙在16世纪是一个军事强国。
• Germany is on its way to becoming a world power with a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. 德国正在努力成为世界强国，谋求成为联合国安理会常任理事国。
• She is an increasingly important power in the company. 在公司中她的权力越来越大。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
ENERGY 能量
uncountable
■the rate at which energy is used, or the ability to produce energy 动力，功率
• The ship was only slightly damaged in the collision and was able to sail into port under its own power. 船在撞击中只是轻微受损，仍可依靠自身的动力驶入港口。
• specialized The power (rating) of my amplifier is forty watts per channel. 我的扬声器的功率（级别）是每声道40瓦。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
IMAGE SIZE 图像尺寸
uncountable
■the amount by which an image is increased by a device used for seeing things that are very small or a long distance away 放大率；放大倍数
• What's the magnification power of your binoculars? 你的双筒望远镜的放大倍数是多少？
• You'll need a very high-power microscope to see something as small as that. 要观察那么小的东西，你需要一台高倍显微镜。
• A low-power telescope is enough if you only want to look at the moon. 只观看月相用低倍望远镜就足够了。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
MATHEMATICS 数学
only singular specialized
■the number of times that a number is to be multiplied by itself 幂，乘方
• 2 to the fourth power is 2 times 2 times 2 times 2, which equals 16. 2的4次方就是2乘2乘2乘2，等于16。
• 3 to the power 4 is usually written as 3 4. 3的4次方通常写作34。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
do sb a power of good UK
■to be extremely good for someone 对（某人）大有好处
• He's been working too hard and some time off would do him a power of good. 他工作一直太辛苦，休息一段时间会对他大有好处。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
More power to your elbow ! UK (US More power to you!)
■an expression of praise or admiration for someone's success or bravery 再接再厉！加油！
• "I've decided to quit my job and set up my own business." "Well, good for you. More power to your elbow!" “我已决定辞职自己创业。”“好样的。加油吧！”
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
the power behind the throne
■someone who does not have an official position in a government or organization but who secretly controls it 幕后的实权人物，幕后操纵者；垂帘听政者
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] noun
the powers that be
■important people who have authority over others 当权派；权力集团
• It's up to the powers that be to decide what should be done next. 由当权派来决定下一步该怎么办。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] verb
ENERGY 能量
transitive
■to provide a machine with energy and the ability to operate 为…提供动力，驱动
• Buses and trucks are usually powered by diesel engines. 公共汽车和卡车通常是由柴油引擎驱动的。
• In the future electricity will be used to power road vehicles. 将来会用电来驱动公路交通工具。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] verb
STRENGTH 力量
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to act with great strength or in a forceful way 增加力量；奋力行动
• Halfway through, she powered into the lead and went on to win the race. 到半路时，她加速冲到前面，一直领先，赢得了赛跑冠军。
UK [paʊər] US [paʊɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] power (sth) up mainly US
■If something that needs power or energy powers up, or if someone powers it up, it is turned on or prepared so that it is ready for use or action （使）启动；（使）积蓄能量；（使）养精蓄锐
• The computer takes a few seconds to power up after it's been switched on. 电脑开机后需要几秒钟的启动时间。
• College baseball teams across the country are powering up for the new season. 全国各大学棒球队正在为新赛季积极备战。
might, strength, power, vigour, force, energy
这组词都有“力”的意思，其区别是：
might: 多指巨大或超人的力量。
strength: 指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force。
power: 最普通用词，泛指一切力量或能力等。
vigour: 指由生命元气的存在所产生的活力、精力。
force: 着重指克服障碍，推动人或物朝所要求的方向运动或能产生明显效应的力量。
energy: 用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
land, state, power, nation, country
这组词都有“国家”的意思，其区别是：
land: 常用于文学中，侧重国土，带感情色彩。
state: 正式用词，指政治概念上的国家，即由政府所代表的国家。
power: 特指拥有强大军事力量，在国际事务中有较强权威或影响的国家，即强国、大国。
nation: 普通用词，指在某一国土定居的人民、民族，强调人民。
country: 普通用词，侧重国土与人民。
privilege, power, right
privilege: 特权
power: 力量，权力
right: 权利
n. [物] 功率；力量；能力；政权；势力； [数] 幂
 - strength, ability, competence, regime, force
vt. 激励；供以动力；使…有力量
 - stimulate, bestir
vi. 快速前进
 - make good time

Word: call
Front: call
[kɔ:l] (中高雅 122/161 -K5)
Vocabulary: call
(once / 8 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5v
When you call, you shout or cry out so that someone can hear you. You might call to a bicyclist who's veering dangerously into traffic.
You can call to your friend across the street, or call him on the phone, and you can also call your new puppy Jack. You boss might call for new rules about how much time employees take for lunch — in other words, order or instruct her workers. A call can also mean a shout or a phone call — or the decision an umpire makes during a baseball game. The Old English root is ceallian, "to shout."
WORD FAMILY
call: callable, called, caller, calling, calls, miscall, overcall, recall +/caller: callers/calling: callings/miscall: miscalled, miscalling, miscalls/overcall: overcalls/ recall: recalled, recalling, recalls
USAGE EXAMPLES
At her workbench, she uses a microscope while cutting and removing tiny bits of metal with a sharp blade called a graver.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Hancock says that snake plants as well as a kind often called the “ZZ plant” work well in dark corners.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Narrow your list down to half a dozen candidates and call them.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: v. 呼唤，喊叫; 召唤，叫来，召集; 下令，命令; 打电话给
n. 喊叫，大声喊; 电话联络; 必要，理由; 要求
时态：called, calling, calls
分布：打电话(66%)，呼叫(16%)，访问(11%)，召唤(5%)，把 ...称为(1%)，把 ... 看作(1%)
→来自PIE *gal, 叫喊，词源同claim.
vt.叫,喊;打电话vi.叫;访问n.叫;号召Palm calmly recalled the so-called caller."手掌"平静地回忆了那个所谓的拜访者.
US [kɑ:l] verb
NAME 名字
 ESSENTIAL transitive + object + noun
■to give someone or something a name, or to know or address someone by a particular name 给…取名，给…命名；称呼
• They've called the twins Katherine and Thomas. 他们给双胞胎取名为凯萨琳和汤玛斯。
• What's that actor called that we saw in the film last night? 我们昨晚在电影里看到的那个演员叫甚么名字？
• His real name is Jonathan, but they've always called him 'Johnny'. 他的真名叫乔纳森，但他们总是叫他“强尼”。
• What's her new novel called? 她的新小说叫甚么名字？
• I wish he wouldn't keep calling me 'dear' - it's so patronising! 我希望他不要老是叫我“亲爱的”——太居高临下了！
call sb names
■If a person, especially a child, calls someone names, he or she addresses that person with a name which is intended to be offensive （尤指小孩）咒骂，辱骂（某人）
• Tom's worried that if he wears glasses at school the other children will call him names. 汤姆担心如果他在学校戴眼镜会被其他孩子取笑。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
TELEPHONE 电话
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to telephone someone （给…）打电话
• He called (you) last night when you were out. 昨晚你不在时他（给你）打过电话。
• She called (me) this morning at the office and we had a brief chat. 今天早上她打电话到我的办公室，我们简短地闲聊了一会儿。
• I've been calling all morning but I can't get through. 我整个早上都在打电话，可是没打通。
• Do you think we should call the police? 你觉得我们应该报警吗？
call collect US (US also and UK reverse (the) charges)
■to make a telephone call which is paid for by the person who receives it 打对方付费电话
  Common Learner Errors  call Remember that when call means 'to telephone', it is not usually followed by 'to'. Don't say 'call to someone', say call someone :
✗ Call to me if you have any more questions. Call me if you have any more questions.
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
CONSIDER 考虑
 IMPROVER transitive + object + noun
■to consider someone or something to be 称…为；把…看作
• He knows a lot of people, but only one or two that he'd call close friends. 他认识很多人，但他称之为亲密朋友的只有一两个。
• One sandwich and a lettuce leaf - I don't call that a meal! 一个三明治和一片生菜叶——我可不觉得那算是一顿饭！
• I'm not calling you a liar - I'm just suggesting that you misunderstood the facts of the situation. 我没说你在撒谎——我只是提醒一下，你误解了实际情形。
call sth your own
■to consider something as belonging to you 认为…是自己的
• I don't aspire to anything very grand - I just want a place I can call my own. 我不奢望特别华丽的东西——我只想拥有一个属于我自己的地方。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
SHOUT/CRY 大喊／大叫
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to say something in a loud voice, especially in order to attract someone's attention, or (of animals) to make a loud, high sound, especially to another animal 叫，呼喊；呼叫；（动物）鸣叫
• Someone in the crowd called (out) his name. 人群中有人大声叫（出）他的名字。
• Did you call? 是你在叫吗？
• [+ speech] "Hey, you! Come over here!" she called. “嗨，你！到这里来！”她叫道。
• The blackbird called to its mate. 乌鸫呼唤它的配偶。
call for order (also call sth to order)
■to ask people in a meeting to stop talking so that the meeting can continue 要求会场安静下来，要求别吵
• She called for order/called the meeting to order. 她要求会场安静下来。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
ASK TO COME 叫来
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to ask someone to come to you 叫来；召，召唤
• She called me over to where she was sitting. 她把我叫到了她坐着的地方。
• I keep the bedroom door open in case the children call (for) me in the night. 我让卧室门开着，以防孩子晚上叫我。
• I was called to an emergency meeting this morning. 我今早被叫去参加一个紧急会议。
• At school she was always being called into the headteacher's office. 在学校时，她总是被叫到校长办公室去。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
VISIT 拜访
intransitive
■to visit someone, especially for a short time （尤指短暂的）拜访，造访
• The electrician must have called (round) this morning when we were out - there's a note on the door mat. 今天上午我们出去的时候电工一定来过了——门垫上留了张字条。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
DECIDE ON 决定
transitive
■to decide officially to have a particular event or take particular action 决定召开（或举行）
• The managing director has called a meeting to discuss pay levels. 总经理决定召开会议商讨工资标准。
• The papers are predicting that the Prime Minister will call an election in the spring. 报纸预言首相将宣布在春季举行大选。
• It's reckoned that the unions will call a strike if management will not agree to their demands. 如果管理层不同意他们的要求，预计工会将发动罢工。
• They had to call a halt to (= end) the match because of the heavy rain. 因为下大雨，他们不得不中止比赛。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call sb's bluff
■to make someone prove that what they are saying is true, or to make someone prove that they will really do what they say they will do, because you do not believe them 要求（某人）摊牌；促使（某人）兑现
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call your shot US
■to state clearly your intentions 摊牌；表明意图
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call a spade a spade informal
■to say the truth about something, even if it is not polite or pleasant 实话实说，直言不讳
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call into question formal
■to cause doubts about something 引起对…的怀疑，使怀疑
• The fact that a party can be voted into power by a minority of the electorate calls into question the country's electoral system. 赢得少数选民支持的政党也能当选执政，这引发了人们对该国选举制度的怀疑。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call it a day informal
■to stop the work you are doing 结束工作；到此为止；收工
• I'm getting a bit tired now - shall we call it a day? 现在我有些累了——我们收工了好吗？
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call it quits informal
■to stop doing something 停止做
■to agree with someone that a debt has been paid and that no one owes anything more 同意债务已还清
• I paid for last week's shopping and you paid for this week's, so let's call it quits. 上周买东西我付的钱，这周是你付的，这样我们就互不相欠了。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
call the shots (also call the tune)
■to be in the position of being able to make the decisions which will influence a situation 控制，操纵；处于决策地位
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
sth is calling you
■If something is calling you, you have a strong feeling that you must do it, have it, go there, etc. 诱惑，召唤
• That last piece of chocolate cake is calling me. 那块仅剩的巧克力蛋糕正对着我发出阵阵诱惑。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call back
■to return to a place in order to see someone or collect something 回来，返回
• She said she'd call back later to pick up that report. 她说她过一会儿要回来取那份报告。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call sb back
■to telephone someone again, or to telephone someone who called you earlier 再给（某人）打电话；给（某人）回电话
• I'm a bit busy - can I call you back later? 我有点忙——我过一会儿再打给你好吗？
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call by
■to visit somewhere for a short while on your way to somewhere else 顺道拜访
• I just thought I'd call by on my way into town. 我只是想进城时顺路去一下。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call for sth
■to need or deserve a particular action, remark or quality 需要；值得；应该
• This calls for a celebration! 这值得庆祝一下！
• It's the sort of work that calls for a high level of concentration. 这种工作需要注意力高度集中。
• He told you that you were an idiot? Well, I don't think that was called for (= I think it was rude and not deserved) ! 他说你是白痴？那么，我觉得真是太不应该了！
■to demand that something happens 号召，呼吁；要求
• Members have called for his resignation. 多名成员要求他辞职。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call for sb
■to go to a place in order to collect someone （去某地）接（某人）
• I'll call for you at eight. 我八点钟来接你。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call forth sth formal
■to cause something to exist 使出现；使产生；引起
• The proposed shopping centre has called forth an angry response from local residents. 修建购物中心的计划引起了当地居民的愤怒。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] call sb in
■to ask someone to come to help in a difficult situation 召来，叫来，请来（某人）
• A new team of detectives were called in to conduct a fresh inquiry. 新调来一队侦探重新进行调查。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] call sth in
■If a bank calls in money, it demands that you pay back the money it has lent to you （银行）收回（贷款）
• He needs to make the business work before the bank calls in the loan. 在银行收回贷款之前他需要让公司运作起来。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] call sth off ADVANCED
■to decide that a planned event, especially a sports event, will not happen, or to end an activity because it is no longer useful or possible call 1 取消，停止，中止（尤指体育赛事）
• Tomorrow's match has been called off because of the icy weather. 因为天气寒冷，明天的比赛取消了。
• The police have called off the search for the missing child until dawn tomorrow. 警方暂停了对失踪孩子的搜索，明天天亮后再继续。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] call sb/sth off
■to order a dog, or sometimes a person, to stop attacking someone or something 喝退，把…叫开；命令…停止攻击
• I shouted to him to call his dog off, but he just laughed at me. 我大声喊他把狗叫开，可他只是嘲笑我。
• Call off your thugs, and I'll show you where the money is. 叫你那帮暴徒走开，我就告诉你钱在哪里。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call (in) on sb
■to visit someone for a short time 短暂拜访（某人）
• I thought we might call in on your mother on our way - I've got some magazines for her. 我觉得我们可以顺道看看你母亲——我有几本杂志要给她。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [+ to infinitive] call on sb
■to ask someone in a formal way to do something 号召，动员，要求（某人）
• They're calling on all men and boys over the age of 14 to join the army. 他们号召所有14岁以上的男子参军。
• formal I now call on everyone to raise a glass to the happy couple. 现在我提议大家为这幸福的一对举杯。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call on sth formal
■to use something, especially a quality that you have, in order to achieve something （为完成…而）使用，施展
• She would have to call on all her strength if she was to survive the next few months. 要是她想渡过未来几个月的难关，她就必须竭尽全力。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  call sb up
TELEPHONE
[M] mainly US
■to telephone someone 给（某人）打电话
• My dad called me up to tell me the good news. 我爸爸打电话告诉了我这个好消息。
MILITARY [M usually passive]
■to order someone to join a military organization or to ask someone to join an official, especially national, team 征召（某人）入伍；征调（某人）入队（尤指加入国家队）
• He was called up when the war began. 战争开始时他被征召入伍。
• Lucie Saint was called up for the final against Brazil. 露西‧森特应召入队参加对巴西队的决赛。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] call sth up
■to find and show information on a computer screen （在电脑萤幕上）显示，调出（资讯）
• You can use the search facility to call up all the occurrences of a particular word in a document. 你能利用搜寻功能调出某个特定的词在档中出现的情况。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
TELEPHONE 电话
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you use the telephone 通话；打电话
• I got a call from an old college friend last night. 昨晚我接到了一位大学朋友的电话。
• If there are any calls for me, could you write them down next to the telephone? 如果有我的电话，你能在电话旁记一下吗？
• I've just got a couple of calls to make. 我正要打几个电话。
• That decorator you rang about painting the house - did he ever return your call? 为粉刷房子的事你打电话找的那个油漆工——他给你回过电话了吗？
• The radio station received a lot of calls complaining about the show's bad language. 广播电台接到很多电话，投诉那个节目用语污秽。
• Before six o'clock, calls are charged at peak rate. 六点之前，拨打电话按高峰费率收费。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
ANIMAL 动物
 IMPROVER countable
■when an animal makes a sound or when someone shouts something 叫声；呼喊，呼叫
• The whale has a very distinctive call. 鲸的叫声很特别。
• She could hear calls for help from inside the burning building. 她听到从燃烧的大楼里传出的呼救声。
• I'll be in the next room, so give me a call if you need any help. 我会在隔壁房间，需要帮助就叫我。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
DEMAND 需求
uncountable
■when people want or need a particular thing 需求，需要
• There's not much call for fur coats these days. 这些天人们对毛皮大衣的需求量不是很大。
• formal I certainly don't think there's any call for that sort of language, young lady! 我的确认为没有必要说那样的话，小姐！
countable
■a demand for something to happen 呼吁，号召；要求
• Management have so far ignored the union's calls for stricter safety regulations. 迄今为止管理层一直无视工会对加强安全规章的要求。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
VISIT 拜访
countable
■a short, especially official visit, usually made by someone whose job is connected with health （尤指正式的）短暂拜访；（通常指医疗从业者的）出诊
• Doctor Seward is out on a call this morning. 苏厄德医生今天上午出诊去了。
• The nurse has got a few calls to make this afternoon. 护士今天下午有几次出诊。
• slightly old-fashioned I thought I'd pay a call on (= visit) an old friend of mine this weekend. 我想这个周末去拜访一位老朋友。
on call
■Some types of workers, especially doctors, are described as being on call if they are available to make official visits at any time when they are needed, whether they are at home or at work 随时待命；（尤指医生）随时准备出诊
• She's a doctor, so she's often on call at the weekend. 她是个医生，所以在周末常常要随时准备出诊。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
DECISION 决定
countable informal
■a decision 决定
• It was a tough call , but eventually I decided to give up my job. 尽管做这个决定很难，但我最终还是决定放弃那份工作。
• More investment? That's got to be your call - you're the one that's paying! 多投资一点？这该由你来决定——毕竟你是付款人。
UK [kɔ:l] US [kɑ:l] noun
call of nature humorous
■the need to use the toilet 生理需要，内急（指上厕所）
call, scream, yell, roar, shriek, exclaim, shout, cry
这组词都有“喊”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指大声说话或喊叫，以引起某人的注意。
scream: 指因恐具、快乐或痛苦而发出的尖叫声。
yell: 多指求援、鼓励时的呼叫。也可指因外界因素刺激而发出尖厉声音。
roar: 指发出大而深沉的声音、吼叫或咆哮。
shriek: 指因惊恐、痛苦等或其它感情而发出比scream更为尖锐、刺耳的叫声。
exclaim: 多指因高兴、愤怒、痛苦、惊讶等突发感情而高声喊叫。
shout: 指有意识地高声喊叫，常用于提出警告、发命令或唤起注意等。
cry: 一般指因恐惧、痛苦、惊奇等而喊叫。
call, designate, name
这组词都有“命名，称呼”的意思，其区别是：
call: 指给某人或某物取名字以某人或某物的特征称呼。
designate: 指用特别的名字、符号或词句来称某人或某物。
name: 含义最泛，指给人或物命名以示区别或便于记忆。
call, send for, summon
这组词都有“召集，召唤”的意思，其区别是：
call: 非正式用词，含义广泛，指用说话或呼叫的形式召唤。
send for: 作“召唤”解时，语气较随便，暗示委派一件工作。
summon: 正式用词，指官方或正式的召集，召集者具有权力或权威性。
vi. [通信] 呼叫；拜访；叫牌
 - look up, make a visit to
vt. [通信] 呼叫；称呼；召集
 - style, name
n. 电话； [通信] 呼叫；要求；访问
 - requirement, phone, telephone, do, visit

Word: election
Front: election
[ɪˈlekʃn] (四六托 801/638 -K5)
Vocabulary: election
(once / 65 pages)
1n 2n
An election is a vote to decide who will hold a political office. Every four years, there is the election of a new U.S. President.
If you have been following politics for long, you'll hear about plenty of elections: votes held every few years for political office. Mayors, governors, judges, and the President are all put in office by elections. You can also speak of the election of a winner: for example, "Her election was close." An election can also mean any kind of choice, such as "his election to move to Vermont." All the meanings of this word have to do with exercising choice.
WORD FAMILY
election: electioneer, elections, electoral +/ elect: elected, electing, election, elective, electly, elector, electorate, elects, reelect /elected: nonelected/electioneer: electioneered, electioneering, electioneers/electioneering: electioneerings/ elective: electively, electives, non-elective, nonelective/elector: electors/ electoral: electorally/ electorate: electorates/ reelect: reelected, reelecting, reelection, reelects/reelection: reelections
USAGE EXAMPLES
The notes “show that Nixon committed a crime to win the presidential election.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 选举，当选; 选举权; [神]神的选择
分布：选举(89%)，当选(9%)，选举权(2%)
选举(elect+ion)[lect,lig=choose,gather表示"选择,收集"]
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job 选举
• The Government is expected to call an election (= allow the country to vote) very soon. 预计政府会很快举行大选。
• Local government elections will take place in May. 地方政府选举将在五月份举行。
• The first election results have started to come in. 初步选举结果开始揭晓。
⇒ See also by-election;general election
election, preference, choice, alternative, selection, option
这组词都有“选择”的意思，其区别是：
election: 强调目的和达到目的判断能力。
preference: 侧重因偏见、爱好或判断等而进行选择。
choice: 侧重指自由选择的权利或特权。
alternative: 指在相互排斥的两者之间作严格的选择，也可指在两者以上中进行选择。
selection: 指作广泛的选择，着重选择者的识别力或鉴赏力。
option: 着重特别给予的选择权利或权力，所选物常常相互排斥。
n. 选举；当选；选择权；上帝的选拔
 - option, vote, choice

Word: minister
Front: minister
[ˈmɪnɪstə(r)] (高研四六雅 1910/294 -K5)
Vocabulary: minister
(once / 39 pages)
nv
You might meet a minister of the religious kind — a pastor or a rector. Or, you may meet a minister of the government kind — a prime minister or a minister of finance, for example.
You don't have to be religious to minister. When you minister to someone, you take care of them. All of these meanings of minister — both as a noun and as a verb — contain a grain of the original Latin meaning, "servant." A minister in a church serves his or her flock, and a prime minister serves his or her country.
WORD FAMILY
minister: ministered, ministerial, ministering, ministers, ministrant, ministration+/ ministerial: ministerially/ministrant: ministrants/ministration: ministrations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders said they were not celebrating the prime minister’s legal struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The chief minister on Sunday called a meeting of senior leaders and legislators at his house where he was unanimously elected the party's new president.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 大臣; 部长; 公使; 牧师
vi. 辅助，服侍; 执行牧师职务
时态：ministered, ministering, ministers
分布：部长(73%)，牧师(12%)，大臣(11%)，外交使节(2%)，照顾(1%)，给予帮助(1%)
→来自古法语menistre,仆人，奴才，管家，臣子，来自拉丁语minister,仆人，下属，下等人，来自minus,下等的，次等的，-ter,比较级后缀。后用于指现代政府的部长，大臣。比较marshall.minister 部长，大臣
仆人;部长(mini+ster→小人→古代大臣称自己是"小人"→部长,大臣)[mini,min=small,表示"小"]
n.部长,大臣In the Administration, this minister is in charge of registering regional religions.在内阁中这个部长负责登记区域宗教.
US [-stɚ] noun countable
POLITICIAN 政治家
 IMPROVER
■a member of the government in Britain and many other countries who is in charge of a particular department or has an important position in it 部长；大臣
• the foreign/health minister 外交／卫生部长
• the Minister of/for Education 教育部长
UK ['mɪn.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun countable
PRIEST 牧师
 ADVANCED
■a priest in particular parts of the Christian church 牧师
• a minister at the local Baptist church 本地浸信会教堂的牧师
UK ['mɪn.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] noun countable
COUNTRY'S REPRESENTATIVE 国家的代表 specialized
■a person below the rank of ambassador whose job is to represent his or her country in a foreign country 公使；外交使节
• the Belgian minister in Madrid 比利时驻马德里公使
UK ['mɪn.ɪ.stər] US [-stɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  minister to sb
■to give help to or care for people, for example people who are ill 给予（某人）帮助；照料（病人等）
• formal The priest ministers to his flock (= the people who go to his church). 牧师对他的教徒给予关爱。
• humorous I spent most of the morning ministering to my sick husband. 我上午的大部分时间都在照顾生病的丈夫。
n. 部长；大臣；牧师
 - secretary, priest

Word: month
Front: month
[mʌnθ] (中高雅 236/214 -K5)
Vocabulary: month
(once / 19 pages)
n
A year is divided into twelve months, starting with January and ending with December. If it takes you a month to read a book, it takes approximately thirty days.
A month is a unit of time that corresponds to the phases of the moon — which is the reason the word month, which comes from the Proto-Germanic menoth, is closely related to the word moon, whose root is menon. People have kept track of days this way since Paleolithic times, and even those who don't use the Gregorian, twelve-month calendar, still divide a year into months based on the moon.
WORD FAMILY
month: monthly, months+/ bimonthly: bimonthlies/ monthly: bimonthly, monthlies, semimonthly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Later this month, Lucas is convening the museum’s board to decide between two distinct locations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Washington Wizards — who less than a month ago looked like one of the worst teams in the league — ended 2016 on a tear.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 月，月份; 一个月的时间
分布：名词(100%)
→来自moon,月亮，-th, 名词后缀。
n.月,月份The young youths lounged in the south mouth of the cave for one month.无经验的青年们在南洞口闲荡了一个月.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of about four weeks, especially one of the twelve periods into which a year is divided 月；一个月的时间
• I'll be away for a month from mid-June to mid-July. 我会在6月中旬至7月中旬离开一个月。
• February is the shortest month. 二月是最短的月份。
• a two-month-old puppy 两个月大的小狗
• The project will be finished in the next few months (= quite soon). 这项计划将在接下来的几个月内完成。
• They haven't been in contact with me for months (= a long time). 他们已经有几个月没和我联络了。
• She has two months' holiday every year. 她每年有两个月的假期。
[mʌntθ] noun countable
not in a month of Sundays
■If you say that something will not happen in a month of Sundays, you mean that it is very unlikely to happen 几乎不会发生
• He's never going to get that finished in a month of Sundays! 他才不会把它完成呢！
n. [天] 月，一个月的时间
 - Diana

Word: seem
Front: seem
[si:m] (中高 165/134 -K5)
Vocabulary: seem
(once / 8 pages)
v
Seem means "to give a certain impression," usually by physical appearance like your messy hair and wrinkled clothing that made it seem like you just rolled out of bed.
The verb seem has several definitions. It can mean "to be apparent, or probable," like the nice person you just met who seems like he'll make a good friend. Seem can also mean "to appear to exist," like when heat shimmering on pavement makes it seem like there is a puddle on the road. The word comes from the Old Norse word soema meaning "to befit, conform to."
WORD FAMILY
seem: seemed, seeming, seems+/seeming: seemingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bharambe seems a credible candidate for the huge task of modernising Mumbai’s archaic traffic policing system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
At last, it seems, the race to turn CO2 into profit is really on.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
None of these teams seem bound for the later rounds of the playoffs.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: v. 好像，仿佛; 似乎; 装作; 看来好像
时态：seemed, seeming, seems
分布：似乎(80%)，好像(20%)
→来自中古英语 semen,使合适，使匹配，使合乎举止，来自 Proto-Germanic*somiz,合适的，标 致的，来自 sem,一，整体，词源同 same,assemble.引申词义外表，表面，后词义抽象化 为看来，似乎，好像等。原词义见 seemly,得体的，合乎礼仪的。
v.好像,似乎I seem to deem his foreseeing of that the man will seek seeds in the weed.我似乎相信他的预见,他预见那个人将在杂草中寻找种子.
verb intransitive + adverb or preposition [L]
 ESSENTIAL
■to give the effect of being; to be judged to be 似乎；仿佛
• He's 16, but he often seems (to be) younger. 他16岁了，但往往看起来小一点。
• The children seemed (as if/as though/like they were) tired. 孩子们好像累了。
• I suspect his claims are not all they seem - he tends to exaggerate. 我怀疑他的断言并非完全属实——他往往夸大其词。
• Things are seldom as/how/what they seem. 事情很少表里一致。
• [+ to infinitive] I seem to know more about him than anyone else. 我似乎比其他人更了解他。
• They seem to be taking a long time to decide. 他们好像需要很长的时间才能作出决定。
• [+ (that)] It seems (that) she can't come. 她好像来不了了。
• It seems to me (that) (= I think that) he isn't the right person for the job. 在我看来，他不是这项工作的合适人选。
• formal It would seem (that) we need to be at the airport two hours before takeoff. 看来，我们需要在飞机起飞前两个小时赶到机场。
• There seems to have been a mistake - my name isn't on the list. 似乎出现错误了——我的名字不在名单上。
• [after so] "There's no reply - they've all gone home." " So it seems." “没有答覆—─他们都已经回家了。”“好像是这样。”
• "Was a decision made?" "It seems not/so." “作出决定了吗?”“好像没作／作了。”
look, appear, seem
look: 指从外表上看, look like his father
appear: 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,
seem: 指内心的判断,
vi. 似乎；像是；装作
 - appear to

Word: against
Front: against
[əˈgenst] (中高研四 180/155 -K5)
Back: prep. 反对; 对…不利; 紧靠; 以防
分布：反对(68%)，违背(12%)，逆(7%)，防御(5%)，映衬(3%)，倚靠(2%)，相比(2%)，相对(1%)
→again的副词所有格。-s, 副词后缀，向。-t被当做最高级后缀-est 寄生于该单词。
反对[gain=against(反对)]
prep.对着,逆;反对;违反;紧靠着;对比I had appetite for inviting the man who bit me despite I had spite against him.我有意邀请咬我的人,尽管我怨恨他.
US [-'gentst] preposition
OPPOSING 反对
 ESSENTIAL
■in opposition to 反对；与…相反
• She spoke against the decision to close the college. 她声言反对关闭学院的决定。
• Fifty people voted against the new proposal. 50人投票反对这项新提案。
• I'm very much against the idea that it is the woman's job to bring up the child. 对于抚养孩子是女人的职责这个想法，我坚决反对。
• Germany are playing against Brazil in the cup final tonight. 德国队在今晚的决赛中对阵巴西队。
• She's always rebelled against authority. 她总是和权威对抗。
• She sold the house even though it was against his wishes. 她卖掉了房子，尽管这违背了他的意愿。
• They called a demonstration to protest against proposed job cuts. 他们召集了示威游行来抗议削减工作机会的提议。
• Are you for or against my proposal? 你赞成还是反对我的提议？
• Sanctions against the country should be lifted. 应该取消对这个国家的制裁。
• Stricter controls will help in the fight against inflation. 更加严厉的调控措施将有助于抑制通货膨胀。
• Criminal charges will be brought against the driver. 将对司机提出刑事诉讼。
• They decided not to take legal action against him. 他们决定不起诉他。
• They were up against a powerful pressure group. 他们面临一个强大的压力集团。
• We came up against a lot of problems in the course of building our extension. 我们在扩建过程中遇到好多问题。
• The chances/odds against you winning such a competition are enormous. 你赢得这样一场比赛的可能性极小。
• It's against the law (= illegal) to leave children under a certain age alone in the house. 将某个年龄以下的孩子单独留在家里是违法的。
• It's against my beliefs/principles to be nice to someone I dislike just because they're in a senior position. 对于我厌恶的人，我不会仅仅因为他的职位比我高就对其和颜悦色，这有违我的处世原则。
• Against all probability (= although it was extremely unlikely) we found ourselves in the same hotel. 不可思议的是，我们发现自己竟然住进了同一家旅馆。
• I wouldn't dare say anything against him (= criticize him) to his mother! 我不敢对他妈妈说他的坏话！
have sth against sb
■If you have something against someone, you dislike them for a reason 因（某种原因）不喜欢（某人）
• I've nothing against him - I just don't have much in common with him. 我一点都不讨厌他，只是和他没有太多相似之处。
count/go/work against
■If something counts/goes/works against you, it gives you a disadvantage 对…不利
• Lack of experience will generally count against you in an interview. 一般而言，缺乏工作经验会成为面试的不利因素。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
TOUCHING 接触
 ESSENTIAL
■next to and touching or being supported by (something) 紧贴着；紧靠着；倚在
• Why don't we put the bed against the wall? 为甚么不把床紧靠墙放呢？
• He loved the feel of her soft hair against his skin. 他喜欢她那柔顺的秀发贴着他的肌肤的感觉。
• The rain beat against her face as she struggled through the wind. 她在风雨中艰难前进，雨水打在她的脸上。
• The police officer had him up against the wall, both arms behind his back. 员警把他双手别在身后按到墙上。
• She leant against the door. 她倚着门。
 IMPROVER
■in front of or compared to 以…为背景；以…作衬托；和…对照
• Paintings look best against a simple white wall. 画挂在没有任何装饰的白墙上看上去效果最好。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
OPPOSITE DIRECTION 相反方向
 ADVANCED
■in the opposite direction to 逆…的方向；迎着
• The last part of the course was hard because I was running against the wind. 最后一段赛程很艰难，因为我是逆风跑。
• Commuting is not so bad when you are travelling against the traffic. 如果你是逆着主车流而行，乘车上下班倒也不错。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
PROTECTION 保护
 ADVANCED
■as a protection or defence from the bad effects of 防…；抗…
• We've insured the car against fire, theft and accident. 我们替车买了火险、盗窃保险和交通意外保险。
• The police have to arm themselves against attack. 警方必须配备武器以防受到袭击。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
against your better judgment
■If something is against your better judgment, you think it would be wiser not to do it 违心；明知不可取
• Against my better judgment, I gave him the job. 我违心地给了他这份工作。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
against time/the clock
■If you do something against time/the clock, you do it as fast as possible and try to finish it before a certain time （为了如期完成而）争分夺秒，加快工作，抢时间
• It was a real race against time to get all the costumes sewn for the play. 赶制演出的戏服真是如同与时间赛跑一样。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
as against
■compared to 与…比较；与…相对照
• He earns $80 000 a year, as against my $40 000. 他年薪八万美元，而我的年薪是四万美元。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
be up against it informal
■to be having or likely to have serious problems or difficulties 陷入（或面临）困境
• With seven members of the team missing, Hull are going to be up against it. 缺了七名队员，赫尔城队形势严峻。
• Many families are up against it, unable to afford even basic items. 很多家庭陷入困境，连基本生活用品都买不起。
UK [ə'gentst/ UK [-'geɪntst] US [-'gentst] preposition
be/ come up against a brick wall
■to be unable to make more progress with a plan or discussion because someone is stopping you 面临不可逾越的障碍；遇上解决不了的难题
prep. 反对，违反；靠；倚；防备
 - in opposition to, in contravention of
adj. 不利的；对立的
 - adverse, contrary, opposite, disadvantageous

Word: war
Front: war
[wɔ:(r)] (中高研四六 349/304 -K5)
Vocabulary: war
(once / 14 pages)
nv
War is armed combat between two or more countries or between different groups of people within the same country. As the soul singer Edwin Starr asked, "War! Huh! What is it good for?" Absolutely nothing.
The term "civil war" means not that the war is courteous and polite, but that it is between citizens of the same nation or community, as in the American Civil War. Often war refers to nonmilitary combat or tension, such as between angry neighbors, or rival sports teams, or between different social classes — as in "class war," or government policies such as the "war on drugs."
WORD FAMILY
war: postwar, prewar, warlike, warred, warring, warrior, wars+/warlike: warliker/ warrior: warriorlike, warriors
USAGE EXAMPLES
With the promise of “hope and change” he enters the White House as America is fighting wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
He campaigned on ending the Iraq war by a certain date, barring CIA torture, shuttering Guantánamo Bay and opening dialogue with traditional US adversaries.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 战争; 战争期间; 斗争; 论战
vi. 进行战斗，作战; 同…处于交战状态
时态：warred, warring, wars
分布：战争(93%)，斗争(4%)，作战(3%)
→来自wers,搅拌，混乱，来自wer的扩大格，转，弯，词源同wrestle,versus。引申词义战争。
n.战争(状态);冲突vi.作战The awfully awkward warship is warned not to be awarded war reward.那艘非常拙劣的军舰受到不给予战争报酬的警告.
US [wɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■armed fighting between two or more countries or groups, or a particular example of this （国家或群体之间的）战争
• nuclear war 核战争
• a war film/grave/hero/poet 战争影片／军人墓／战争英雄／战争诗人
• If this country goes to (= starts to fight in a) war we will have to face the fact that many people will die. 如果这个国家参战，我们将不得不面对很多人都要送命的现实。
• Britain and France declared war on Germany in 1939 as a result of the invasion of Poland. 因为德国入侵波兰，所以英国和法国于1939年对德宣战。
• War broke out between the two countries after a border dispute. 边界纠纷导致两国之间爆发了战争。
• They've been at war for the last five years. 过去五年他们一直在交战。
• He died in World War 1/the Vietnam war. 他在第一次世界大战／越南战争中丧生。
war of attrition
■a war which is fought over a long period and only ends when one side has neither the soldiers and equipment nor the determination left to continue fighting 消耗战
war of nerves
■a situation, often before a competition or battle , in which two opposing sides attempt to frighten or discourage each other by making threats or by showing how strong or clever they are 神经战，心理战
■any situation in which there is strong competition between opposing sides or a great fight against something harmful 争夺，竞争
• The past few months have witnessed a price war between leading supermarkets. 最近几个月几家主要的超市之间爆发了一场价格战。
• The government are to step up their attempt to wage war against/on drugs. 政府必须加大力度，开展打击贩毒活动的斗争。
UK [wɔ:r] US [wɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
be in the wars UK informal
■to have injuries to many different parts of the body 身上多处受伤
• You've got a cut on your arm as well, you poor thing. You really have been in the wars! 你臂上也有道伤口，可怜的家伙。你真的受了不少伤！
UK [wɔ:r] US [wɔ:r] noun countable or uncountable
war clouds are gathering (also clouds of war are gathering) literary
■If someone says that war clouds are gathering over a particular country, they mean that a war seems increasingly likely there 战争阴云；战争的预兆
• It was the 1930s and war clouds were gathering on the horizon in Europe. 时值20世纪30年代，战争的阴云笼罩在欧洲的地平线上。
battle, fight, struggle, combat, campaign, warfare, war, engagement
这组词都有“战斗，战争”的意思，其区别是：
battle: 侧重指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗，也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗，或个人之间的争斗。
fight: 最普通用词，含义广，指战斗、斗争或打斗。
struggle: 指激烈或时间持续长的战斗或奋力斗争。
combat: 泛指军事行动，尤指小规模的战斗，甚至是格斗。
campaign: 通常指在一场大的战争中在某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动。也可作引申用。
warfare: 侧重指战争状态或具体的作战方法。
war: 是战争的总称，一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
engagement: 指交战，交火。
n. [军] 战争，斗争；军事，战术；冲突，对抗，竞争
 - interference, competition, sword, tactics, conflict
vi. 打仗，作战；对抗
 - compete, campaign, fight, battle

Word: back
Front: back
[bæk] (中高雅 108/105 -K5)
Vocabulary: back
(once / 7 pages)
1nvadjadv 2advadj 3v 4v
Your back is your spine, or the rear part of your whole body. When you lie on the grass on your back, you can watch the clouds in the sky above you.
There are dozens of ways to use the word back. You might have back pain, or stroke your cat's back. Your clothing also has a back, and you have a figurative back: "Get off my back, Mom!" You could request a table at the back of a restaurant and then lean against the back of your chair. You can also "answer back," or reply, or choose to back a friend's fundraising project — give her money, in other words.
WORD FAMILY
back: backed, backer, backing, backless, backmost, backs+/backed: unbacked/backer: backers/backing: backings
USAGE EXAMPLES
North Carolina twice cut the deficit back to single digits down the stretch but got no closer than seven.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But the interrogators hit back, telling the activist his friends and colleagues were turning against him.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The quarterback climbed to his feet and limped back to the huddle.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 背，背部; 背面，反面; 后面，后部; （椅子等的）靠背
vt. 使后退; 支持; 加背书于; 下赌注于
vi. 后退; 倒退
adj. 背部的; 后面的; 以前的; 拖欠的
adv. 以前; 向后地
时态：backed, backing, backs
分布：后退(24%)，后面(15%)，支持(15%)，后面的(11%)，后卫(10%)，向后的(7%)，靠背(7%)，向后地(5%)，背脊(3%)，后背(2%)，积欠的(1%)
→词源不详，可能来自拉丁词bacilum, 杆，指脊柱，竖背。与ridge, 山脊，横背相对应。
a.后面的ad.向后v.倒退;支持n.背;后面Someone patted me on the back.有人在我背上轻轻地拍了一下.
adverb
RETURN 返回
 ESSENTIAL
■in, into or towards a previous place or condition, or an earlier time 在原处；回到原处；恢复原状；返回；回到以前
• When you take the scissors, remember to put them back. 用完剪刀后，记着要放回原处。
• He left a note saying 'Gone out. Back soon'. 他留了字条，上面写著「出去一会儿，马上回来”。
• She went to America for two years, but now she's back (= has returned). 她在美国住了两年，现在回来了。
• He looked back (= looked behind him) and saw they were following him. 他回头看了看，发现他们正跟着他。
• Looking at her old photographs brought back (= made her remember) a lot of memories. 她看着旧照片，想起了许多的往事。
• I was woken by a thunderstorm, and I couldn't get back to sleep (= could not return to sleep). 我被雷雨弄醒后，再也无法入睡。
• The last time we saw Lowell was back (= at an earlier time) in January. 我们最后一次见到罗威尔是在一月初的时候。
• This tradition dates back to (= to the earlier time of) the 16th century. 这个传统可以追溯到16世纪。
 ESSENTIAL
■in return 作为回报
• If he hits me, I'll hit him back. 如果他打我，我会还手。
• You're not just going to let her say those things about you without fighting back, are you? 她那样说你，你不会就此算了吧？
 ESSENTIAL
■in reply 作为答覆
• I'm busy at the moment - can I call you back? 我现在很忙——再回电话给你好吗？
• I wrote to Donna several months ago, but she hasn't written back yet. 我几个月前写过信给唐娜，但她还未回覆。
[bæk] adverb
FURTHER AWAY 远离
 ESSENTIAL
■further away in distance 向后；远离
• If we push the table back against the wall, we'll have more room. 如果把桌子往后推至墙边，就可腾出更多空间。
• "Keep back!" he shouted, "Don't come any closer!" “退后！”他大叫着，“不要再走近我！”
• He sat back on the sofa. 他向后靠坐在沙发上。
• She threw back her head and laughed uproariously. 她仰起头，笑个不停。
• The house is set back from the road. 那座房子离公路很远。
[bæk] adverb
back and forth
■moving first in one direction and then in the opposite one 来回地，来来回回
• She swayed gently back and forth to the music. 她随着音乐的节奏轻轻地来回摇摆着。
[bæk] adverb
back in the day
■used for talking about a time in the past, usually when you are remembering nice things about that time 曾几何时（尤用于追忆美好往事时）
• Back in the day, we had an apartment with a swimming pool. 曾几何时我们有过一个附带游泳池的公寓。
[bæk] adverb
back to square one
■If you are back to square one, you have to start working on a plan from the beginning because your previous attempt failed completely 从头开始，重新开始
• If this doesn't work we're back to square one. 如果这样行不通，我们只好从头开始。
[bæk] noun countable
FURTHEST PART 后面
 ESSENTIAL
■the inside or outside part of an object, vehicle, building, etc. that is furthest from the front 后面；后部；背面
• He jotted her name down on the back of an envelope. 他在信封背面匆匆记下了她的名字。
• I found my tennis racket at the back of the cupboard. 我在衣柜的最里面找到了我的网球拍。
• We sat at the back of the bus. 我们坐在公车后排的位子。
• Our seats were right at the back of the theatre. 我们的座位正好就在剧院的后排位置。
• "Where's Ted?" "He's UK out/round the back] US out back (= in the area behind the house)." “泰德在哪里？”“他在屋子后面。”
• There is a beautiful garden at the back of / US also in back of (= behind) the house. 房子后面有个漂亮的花园。
• If there's no reply at the front door, come round the back. 如果前门没人应答，就去后门。
• He put his jacket on the back of his chair (= the part of the chair which you put your back against when you sit on it). 他把夹克搭在椅背上。
back to front UK (US backwards)
■with the back part of something where the front should be 前后倒置
• You've put your jumper on back to front. 你的工作服穿反了。
the back of your hand
■the side of your hand that has hair growing on it 手背
[bæk] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL
■the part of your body that is opposite to the front, from your shoulders to your bottom 背部，背后
• I've got a bad back. 我背痛。
• Sleeping on a bed that is too soft can be bad for your back. 睡在太软的床会对背部有害。
• He lay on his back, staring at the ceiling. 他仰躺着，眼睛盯着天花板。
• I turned my back (= turned round so that I could not see) while she dressed. 她穿衣服时，我转过身去。
• She put her back out (= caused a serious injury to her back) lifting a box. 她搬箱子时严重扭伤背部。
[bæk] noun countable
SPORT 体育
■(in some sports, such as football or hockey) one of the players in a team who try to stop players from the other team from scoring goals, rather than trying to score goals themselves （足球、曲棍球等运动的）后卫球员 Compare forward
[bæk] noun countable
at/in the back of your mind
■If something is at/in the back of your mind, you intend to do it, but are not actively thinking about it 在潜意识里，下意识地（觉得）
• It's been at the back of my mind to call José for several days now, but I haven't got round to it yet. 这几天我一直打算打电话给乔斯，但至今仍然没有空。
[bæk] noun countable
the back of beyond UK informal
■a place far away from any big town 偏僻之地；边远地方
• They live in some village in the back of beyond. 他们住在某个偏僻的乡村里。
[bæk] noun countable
be on sb's back informal
■to criticize someone several times in an annoying way 多次找（某人）的麻烦；多次批评（某人）
• She's on my back again about those sales figures - I just haven't had a moment to do them. 她又跟我唠叨要那些销售数据——我只是还抽不出时间整理。
[bæk] noun countable
behind sb's back
■If you do something behind someone's back, you do it without them knowing, in a way which is unfair 在（某人）背后；背地里，暗中
• I dread to think what they say about me behind my back. 我不敢想像他们在背后说我甚么。
[bæk] noun countable
could do sth with one arm / hand tied behind their back informal
■If someone could do something with one hand tied behind their back, they can do it very easily 易如反掌（形容可以轻而易举做到某事）
• Her part in the film wasn't very demanding - she could have played it with one hand tied behind her back. 她在戏里的角色难度并不是很高，她能轻而易举地完成。
[bæk] noun countable
get off my back! informal
■used to tell someone to stop criticizing you 别再跟我唠叨！别再数落我了！
• Why don't you get off my back! I'm doing my best. 别在背后唠叨了！我正尽力而为。
[bæk] noun countable
have your back to/against the wall
■to have very serious problems which limit the ways in which you can act 处于绝境
• He owes money to everyone - he's really got his back to the wall now. 他到处借钱——现在真是走投无路了。
[bæk] noun countable
on the back of sth
■soon after an earlier success, and as a result of it 由于（不久前的某项成就）
• The advertising agency secured the contract on the back of their previous successful campaigns. 由于先期的宣传工作富有成效，这家广告公司最终获得了该合约。
[bæk] noun countable
on the back of sb/sth
■by using or taking advantage of someone or something else 利用，叨…的光
• They have carried on their business operations by riding on the back of established firms. 他们一直在叨知名企业的光做生意。
[bæk] noun countable
put/get sb's back up informal
■to annoy someone 惹（某人）生气
• Just ignore him - he's only trying to put your back up. 别理他——他只是在成心惹你生气。
[bæk] verb
SUPPORT 支持
 IMPROVER transitive
■to give support to someone or something with money or words 支持；资助，援助
• The management has refused to back our proposals. 管理层拒不支援我们的提议。
• The horse I backed (= risked money on so that I could win more money if it won a race) came in last. 我投注的那匹马得了最后一名。
[bæk] verb
MOVE AWAY 退后
intransitive or transitive [+ adv/prep]
■to (cause to) move backwards （使）退后；使倒退
• Ann gave up driving when she backed the car into the garage door. 安倒车时撞上了车库大门，于是她从此再也不驾车了。
• Please could you back your car up a few feet so that I can get mine out of the drive? 请你把车往后倒几英尺，让我把车开出车道，好吗？
[bæk] verb
COVER 遮盖
transitive
■to cover the back of something with a material, often to make it stronger or thicker 为某物加背衬使其更加坚固或厚实
• The material is backed with a heavy lining. 这种物料的里补很厚实。
[bæk] verb
back the wrong horse
■to make the wrong decision and support a person or action that is later unsuccessful 下错了赌注；看错人；作了错误的决策
• In all his years as a book publisher, he rarely backed the wrong horse. 他做了多年的出版商，很少会看错人。
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  back away
■to move backwards away from something or someone, usually because you are frightened 退后；退缩
• She saw that he had a gun and backed away. 当发现他有枪后，她吓得直往后退。
■to show that you do not support a plan or idea any more and do not want to be involved with it 不再支持；退出
• The government has backed away from plans to increase taxes. 政府已经不再支持增税的计划了。
[bæk] verb back 1 Phrasal Verbs  back down
* to admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated 认错；认输，打退当鼓
• Eventually, Roberto backed down and apologized. 最后，罗伯特认错并道了歉。
• Local residents have forced the local council to back down from/on its plans to build a nightclub in their street. 当地居民迫使地方议会放弃在他们的大街上建夜总会的计划。
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  back off informal
■to stop being involved in a situation, usually in order to allow other people to deal with it themselves 放弃；放手；停止（指手画脚）
• She started to criticize me, then she suddenly backed off. 她开始批评我，后来突然停了下来。
• Just back off and let us do this on our own, will you? 你别管了，让我们自己处理这件事好吗？
■to move backwards away from someone, usually because you are frightened 后退
• I saw the knife and backed off. 我看见那把刀，吓得往后退了几步。
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  back onto sth
■If a building backs onto something, its back faces that thing （建筑物）背靠着…，后面是…
• The house backs onto a narrow alley. 房子后面是一条狭窄的胡同。
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  back out
■to decide not to do something that you had said you would do 食言
• You agreed to come. You can't back out now! 你答应要来的。你现在可不能说话不算数！
• They backed out of the deal the day before they were due to sign the contract. 在原定签约日期的前一天，他们决定退出这项交易。
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] back sb up
■to support or help someone 支持，帮助（某人）
• My family backed me up throughout the court case. 打官司期间，我的家人一直支持我。
■to say that someone is telling the truth 为（某人）作证
• Honestly, that's exactly what happened - Claire will back me up. 实话实说，这就是当时的情况——克莱尔会为我作证。
• Will you back me up if I say that I never saw him? 如果我说从未见过他，你会为我作证吗？
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M often passive] back sth up
■to prove something is true 证明，证实
• His claims are backed up by recent research. 最新的研究证实了他的主张。
■to make an extra copy of computer information 给…备份
• Make sure you back up your files. 确保你的文件备份了。
⇒ See also backup
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] back (sth) up
■to drive backwards 倒（车）
[bæk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  back up
■If traffic backs up, the vehicles have to wait in a long line because there are too many of them 堵（车）
• The traffic is starting to back up on the M25. 25号高速公路开始堵车了。
backed up /ˌbæktˈʌp] adjective [after verb]
• The traffic is backed up for six miles on the road to the coast. 车辆在前往海滨的路上堵了六英里。
[bæk] adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■at or near the back of something 后面的，后部的，背部的
• She left the house by the back door. 她从后门离开了那座房子。
• The back seat of the car folds down. 车子的后座可以折起来。
[bæk] adjective [before noun]
on the back burner
■If something is on the back burner, it is temporarily not being dealt with or considered, especially because it is not urgent or important （尤指因不紧急或不重要而）暂时搁置一旁
• We've all had to put our plans on the back burner for a while. 大家只好把计划暂时搁置一段时间。
[bæk] adjective [before noun]
take a back seat
■to choose not to be in a position of responsibility in an organization or activity （在组织或活动中）退居次要位置
hind, backward, behind, back
这组词都有“在后，向后”的意思，其区别是：
hind: 指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。
backward: 可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。
behind: 指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。
back: 作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
n. [机] 后面；背部； [家具] 靠背；足球等的后卫；书报等的末尾
 - rear, dorsum
vt. 支持；后退；背书；下赌注
 - encourage, second, carry, hand, champion
vi. 后退；背靠；倒退
 - reverse, recede
adv. 以前；向后地；来回地；上溯
 - previously, ago, formerly
adj. [机] 后面的；过去的；拖欠的
 - latter, past, ago, rear

Word: both
Front: both
[bəʊθ] (中高 255/229 -K5)
Vocabulary: both
(once / 13 pages)
adj
When you're talking about two things that go together, use the adjective both. If you put on both of your boots, you are wearing the left one and the right one.
When you use the word both, you're always talking about two of something. If you say you're having dinner with both of your brothers this weekend, it means you have two brothers. When you call both of your dogs to come inside, it's clear you've got two dogs. There are a few theories about the origin of both, including the Old English word begen, "both," and the the Old Norse baðir, also "both."
WORD FAMILY
both
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both shows start on Saturday and their transmissions overlap for 25 minutes.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
While both bases closed more than two decades ago, U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Both events will be shown on large screens in the centre of Ypres for those who do not get tickets.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 二者，两者都
pron. 二者
adv. 二者，二者都
conj. 不仅…而且…，…和…都
分布：两者(79%)，两者的(15%)，不但 ... 而且 ...(6%)
→词源略。
prep.两者(都),双方(都)adj.两个..(都)Besides this side, I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一面外我还考虑了内外两面.
US [boʊθ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■(referring to) two people or things together 两个；两者；双方
• Both my parents are teachers. 我的父母都是教师。
• They have two grown children, both of whom live abroad. 他们有两个成年子女，两人都住在国外。
• She has written two novels, both of which have been made into television series. 她写过两部小说，都被拍成了电视连续剧。
• Both Mike and Jim have red hair/Mike and Jim both have red hair. 麦克和吉姆都是红头发。
• I loved them both/I loved both of them. 他们两人我都爱。
• The problem with both of these proposals is that they are hopelessly impractical. 这两项提议共同的问题是都太不切实际了。
• Are both of us invited, or just you? 我们两人都受到邀请了，还是只有你一人？
• Would you like milk or sugar or both? 你要牛奶还是糖，还是两样都要？
• Both men and women have complained about the advertisement. 男人和女人都投诉过这个广告。
• I felt both happy and sad at the same time. 我感到既高兴又伤心。
• I think it's important to listen to both sides of the argument. 我觉得听取争论双方的意见是很重要的。
• Improved child-care facilities would benefit both sexes, not just women. 改善儿童保育设施对男女都会有好处，不仅仅是女性受益。
• I failed my driving test because I didn't keep both hands on the steering wheel. 我驾照考试没有通过，因为我没有一直用双手握方向盘。
UK [bəʊθ] US [boʊθ] predeterminer determiner pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  bothWarning: check your word order! Both usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do both something', say both do something :
✗ My brothers live both in London. My brothers both live in London. Both can also go before the subject of the sentence: Both my brothers live in London. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , both usually goes directly after it
✗ My brothers both are shop assistants. My brothers are both shop assistants.
adj. 两个的；两者的
 - two
adv. 并；又；两者皆
 - again, additionally

Word: european

Word: want
Front: want
[wɒnt] (中高宝 83/94 -K5)
Vocabulary: want
(once / 10 pages)
nv
In all its forms, want has to do with the lack of having and the desire to have. You can want or desire something you’d like, or you can be in want of something you need.
The word want goes back to the 12th century and the Old Norse language, where vanta meant "to be deficient," or “in want.” If someone keeps bugging you, you might lose patience and ask, "What do you want?" If you are seeking employment, check the "want ads" or look for signs saying "Help Wanted." If you are a "wanted criminal," you might have trouble getting hired.
WORD FAMILY
want: wanted, wanter, wanting, wants+/unwanted: unwantedly/wanted: unwanted/wanter: wanters
USAGE EXAMPLES
Osama bin Laden, the world’s most wanted man, is killed by US special forces in a nighttime raid of his secret compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
OVERREACTION: The Falcons are the team nobody wants to play in the playoffs.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: v. 想要; 希望; 打算; 需要…在场
n. 需要的东西; 缺少; 贫穷
时态：wanted, wanting, wants
分布：要(67%)，想要(25%)，缺乏(5%)，贫穷(1%)，通缉(1%)，需求品(1%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*wano,缺乏，空无，词源同wane,waste,vanity。引申词义渴望，想要。
vt.想要;希望;需要;缺,缺少n.需要;短缺He conceals the fact that he is jealous of my seal and wants to steal it.他隐瞒了他嫉妒我的印章并想偷的事实.
【记】因为want所以want东西
【反】repletion（n 充满）
US [wɑ:nt] verb transitive
WISH 想要
 ESSENTIAL
■to wish for a particular thing or plan of action. 'Want' is not used in polite requests in British English 想要，希望（英国英语中礼貌的请求不用 want）
• I want some chocolate. 我想要些巧克力。
• She wants a word with you. 她想跟你说句话。
• He's everything you'd ever want in a man - bright, funny and attractive. 他具备你理想中男人的所有特质——聪明、风趣而又有魅力。
• [+ to infinitive] What do you want to eat? 你想吃甚么？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Do you want me to take you to the station? 你要我送你去车站吗？
• [+ obj + past participle] This letter - do you want it sent first class? 这封信你想按第一类邮件寄送吗？
• [+ obj + adj] Do you want this pie hot? 这块馅饼你想要热一下吗？
• [+ obj + -ing verb] I don't want a load of traffic going past my house all night, waking me up. 我可不希望整个晚上都有大量的车辆从我家房子旁经过，吵得我睡不着觉。
• You wait - by next year she'll be wanting a bigger house! 你等着瞧——明年她就会想要一所更大的房子了！
Compare like
 ADVANCED
■to wish or need someone to be present 希望（或需要）（某人）到场
• Am I wanted at the meeting tomorrow? 明天的会议要我参加吗？
• He is wanted by the police (= The police are searching for him). 警方正在通缉他。
want in/out of informal
■to want to start or stop being involved in something 想要加入／退出
• I want out of the whole venture before it's too late. 我想在还来得及的时候退出整个经营计划。
  Common Learner Errors  want When want is followed by a verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive without 'to'. Do not say 'want do something', say want to do something.
✗ Some women do not want stay at home and look after children. Some women do not want to stay at home and look after children.
UK [wɒnt] US [wɑ:nt] verb transitive
NEED 需要
■to need something 需要
• Do you think this soup wants a bit of salt? 你觉得这汤里要不要加点盐？
• [+ -ing verb] The wine is in the fridge - it just wants cooling for a couple of minutes. 葡萄酒在冰箱里——只需要冰镇几分钟。
• If you ask me that child wants a good slap! 依我说，那孩子就欠狠狠扇一巴掌！
want to
■used in giving advice to mean that someone should do something （用于提供建议）应该，应当
• You want to tell him now, before it's too late. 趁还来得及，你应该现在就告诉他。
UK [wɒnt] US [wɑ:nt] verb transitive
not/never want for anything formal
■to have all the basic things you need to lead a satisfactory life 甚么也不缺
• As children we never wanted for anything. 作为孩子我们从不缺甚么。
UK [wɒnt] US [wɑ:nt] verb transitive
tried and found wanting
■tried and discovered to be not effective 试过但没有效果
• This government's policies, said the speaker, have been tried and found wanting. 发言人说，这届政府的政策实行后发现收效不大。
UK [wɒnt] US [wɑ:nt] noun
LACK 缺少
uncountable
■a lack of something 缺乏，缺少
• For want of anything better to do I watched television for a while. 由于没有甚么更好的事情可做，我就看了一会儿电视。
• If we fail it won't be for want of trying (= We have tried even if we fail). 即使我们失败了，我们也曾努力过。
UK [wɒnt] US [wɑ:nt] noun
NEED 需要
in want of
■needing 需要
• He appeared tired and in want of a shave. 他显得很疲惫，胡子也需要刮了。
wants [plural] formal
■needs 需求
• Our wants are few. 我们所需要的很少。
need, require, lack, want
这组词都有“缺少、短少”的意思，其区别是：
need: 语气较重，指需要必不可少的东西，强调急需。
require: 使用广泛，语气较轻。强调急需时可与need换用，但有时暗示所需的人或物是完成某一任务必不可少的。
lack: 指完全短缺或数量不足。
want: 侧重缺少某种必需之物，或个人渴望得到的东西。
shortage, absence, scarcity, lack, want
这组词都有“缺乏，不足”的意思，其区别是：
shortage: 指不足，但侧重达不到规定的，需要的或已知应有的数量。
absence: 指某物根本不存在或完全短缺，或某人虽存在，但未到现场。
scarcity: 指产量不足或缺乏某物难以应付或满足需要。
lack: 普通用词，指部分或完全的不足。
want: 指完全或短缺某物，侧重缺少之物是必需的东西。使用范围比lack窄些。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
vt. 需要；希望；应该；缺少
 - ask, would have, claim
n. 需要；缺乏；贫困；必需品
 - necessity, shortage, need, poverty, deficiency
vi. 需要；缺少
 - wish, have need of

Word: policy
Front: policy
[ˈpɒləsi] (中高研四六雅 388/250 -K5)
Vocabulary: policy
(once / 54 pages)
1n 2n
Did you just come up with a plan for reducing the number of paper clips your department uses at work each month? Then you’ve created a policy, a plan of action.
The noun policy can be used to refer to a plan developed by an individual or a group. You’ll often see the word used to describe a plan developed by a government, such as a housing policy or a defense policy. A policy typically outlines a specific course of action designed to further the general goals of the group. The word can also be used to describe a formal written agreement, such as an insurance policy.
WORD FAMILY
policy: policies
USAGE EXAMPLES
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Both economies are improving, with lower policy rates likely to support valuations for 2017, it added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Asked about the role cybersecurity policy will play in his administration, he steered Americans toward bike messengers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 政策; 策略; 保险单; 策略性
分布：政策(90%)，保险单(5%)，方针(5%)
→来自拉丁语politia,城市管理，来自希腊语polis,城市，词源同policy,polity.该词为police对词，引申词义政策，主张。
政策(对国家的管理)[polic,polis,polit=state,city,表示"国家,城市"]
n.政策,方针By policy, the police impolitely sliced the politician's politics books.根据政策,警方不客气的把政客的政治书籍切成了薄片.
US ['pɑ:.lə-] noun countable
PLAN 计划
 IMPROVER
■a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a political party 政策，方针，策略
• They believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security policy. 他们认为欧洲共同体需要采取共同的外交和安全政策。
• What is your party's policy on immigration? 你们党对于移民的政策是甚么？
UK ['pɒl.ə.si] US ['pɑ:.lə-] noun countable
DOCUMENT 文件
 IMPROVER
■a document showing an agreement you have made with an insurance company 保险单
• You should check your policy to see if you're covered for flood damage. 你应该查看一下你的保险单看看是否保了洪水险。
n. 政策，方针； [保险] 保险单
 - deal, programm

Word: share
Front: share
[ʃeə(r)] (中高研四六 711/620 -K5)
Vocabulary: share
(once / 37 pages)
1nv 2n
When you hungrily eye the pizzas your friends ordered, count everyone in the room, and then mentally divide the number of slices by the number of people, you're figuring out your share, or portion, of pizza.
Your share of something can be the part of the total that's due to you — your share of the piñata candy — or it can be the section of something you're responsible for, like doing your share of cleaning out the garage. When you use share as a verb, it means to give or distribute a portion of something. The word share and its meaning of dividing into pieces come from the Proto-Indo-European word sker, "to cut."
WORD FAMILY
share: shared, shareed, sharer, shares, sharing +/ shared: unshared/sharer: sharers/ sharing: sharings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fliers there and elsewhere shared photos and videos of the long lines and the delays they faced.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“I don’t share those kinds of extreme views,” he said, when asked about nationalism and the Russian Imperial Movement.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The country shares long borders with Syria and Iraq, both destabilized by years of war and hosting thousands of militants.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 股; （参与、得到等的）份; （分享到的或贡献出的）一份; 市场占有率
vt. & vi. 共有; 共用; 均摊
vt. 分配; 分开; 共同承担
vi. 分享，分担(in)
时态：shared, sharing, shares
分布：分享(75%)，分担(10%)，股份(4%)，分配(4%)，一份(3%)，犁头(2%)，共有(2%)
→来自古英语 scearu,一份，切下部分，来自 Proto-Germanic*skaro,一份，来自 sker,切，削， 分开，词源同 shear,sharp.引申诸相关词义。
v.(with)分配,共用;分担n.一份,份额;股份I daren't declare that the shares are my spare fare and welfare on the farewell party.在告别会上,我不敢宣称这些股票是我的备用车费和福利.
US [ʃer] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to have or use something at the same time as someone else 分享；共用
• She's very possessive about her toys and finds it hard to share. 她对自己的玩具占有欲太强，很难跟别人分享。
• Bill and I shared an office for years. 比尔和我同在一个办公室里工作了多年。
• I share a house with four other people. 我和另外四个人合住一栋房子。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to divide food, money, goods, etc. and give part of it to someone else 分配
• Will you share your sandwich with me? 你能把你的三明治分给我一点吗？
• Let's share the sweets (out) among/between everyone. 我们大家一起来分这些糖果吧。
• We should share (in) the reward. 我们应分享这份奖励。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it 分担；共同做
• Shall we share the driving? 我们轮流开车好吗?
• We shared the preparation for the party between us, so it wasn't too much work. 我们一起准备了这个派对，这样工作就没有多少了。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality or experience, they both or all have the same feeling, quality or experience 有同样的感觉（或性质、经历）
• We share an interest in sailing. 我们都对航海感兴趣。
• All hospitals share some common characteristics. 所有的医院都有一些共同的特征。
• I don't share your views/beliefs. 我和你观点／信仰不同。
• Management and the union both share in the responsibility for the crisis. 劳资双方对此次危机都负有责任。
• She knew that he was the person she wanted to share her life with. 她知道他就是自己想与之共度一生的那个人。
transitive
■to tell someone else about your thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc. 倾诉，吐露
• He's not very good at sharing his worries. 他不善于向别人倾诉自己的烦恼。
• It's nice to have someone you can share your problems with. 有人能帮你分忧解愁真是太好了。
• Come on, Bob, share the joke (with us). 来，鲍勃，（给我们）讲讲这个笑话。
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] verb
A problem shared is a problem halved. saying
■used to say that if you tell someone about a problem, it is easier to deal with 有人分担，忧愁减半。
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] verb
share and share alike
■used to encourage everyone to have an equal amount of something 平均分享
• Don't keep all those chocolates to yourself - share and share alike. 别把那些巧克力都留给你自己一个人吃——让大家都一起分享吧。
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] noun
PART 部分
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a part of something that has been divided between several people, which belongs to, is owed to or has to be done by a particular person 一份，部份
• The total bill comes to £80, so our share is £20. 帐单总共是80英镑，所以我们该分担20英镑。
• We must make sure that everyone gets equal shares of the food. 我们必须保证每个人得到份量相等的食物。
• The party's share of the vote fell from 39% to 24%. 该党获得的选票比例已从39%跌至24%。
• She's not doing her share of the work. 她没有尽自己分内工作。
• We must all accept some share of the responsibility. 我们都必须承担部分责任。
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] noun
PART OF A BUSINESS 企业的一部分
 IMPROVER countable
■one of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is divided and which can be bought by members of the public 股票；股份
• The value of my shares has risen/fallen by 8%. 我的股票市值增长／下降了8%。
• We've got some shares in British Telecom. 我们有一些英国电信的股票。
• He invests in stocks and shares. 他投资股票。
• share prices 股价
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] noun
go shares
■to divide the cost of something between you 分担；分摊费用
• Why don't we go shares on lunch? 为甚么我们午餐不一起点菜，然后平均分担费用呢？
UK [ʃeər] US [ʃer] noun
have your (fair) share of sth
■to have a lot or more than enough of something bad 遭遇许多（或过多）（坏事情）
• We've certainly got our share of problems at the moment. 我们眼前无疑有很多问题。
• She's had her fair share of tragedies in her life. 她这一生中有过太多的不幸。
share, participate
这组词都有“分享，分担”的意思，其区别是：
share: 普通用词，指与他人共同享受拥有或共同使用某物，或共同承担某项工作或费用等。
participate: 主要指参与某事。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
vt. 分享，分担；分配
 - participate in, portion
vi. [计] 共享；分担
 - partake
n. 份额； [金融] 股份
 - stock, lot

Word: public
Front: public
[ˈpʌblɪk] (中高研四六雅 333/319 -K5)
Vocabulary: public
(once / 21 pages)
adjn
Something that affects the entire community — whether it's your town, your country, or the world — is public. Climate change, for example, is a public concern, as is finding a clean public bathroom.
You can use the word public as a noun, when you're talking about a large group of people. You might say that the public is getting tired of the inefficient bus system in your city, or that the new library branch is open to the public. The adjective public is good for discussing things that concern everyone. The Latin root word, publicus, means "of the people, of the state, common, or ordinary."
WORD FAMILY
public: nonpublic, publically, publicise, publicity, publicize, publicly, publics, semipublic+/publicise: publicised, publiciser, publicising/ publicist: publicists/ publicity: publicist, publicities/ publicize: publicized, publicizer, publicizes, publicizing/publicizer: publicizers/semipublic: semipublicly
USAGE EXAMPLES
In October, Lucas unveiled similar but competing designs for Los Angeles and San Francisco sites, turning the project into a public competition.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One such teenager ends up being severely beaten while waiting for a public defender to help him appeal.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
And they’re pushing their leaders to deny connection to the public sewage system the mosque would need.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 公众的，公共的; 公开的; 政府的; 人人知道的，知名的
n. 大众; 社会; 公共场所; （文学家等的）爱读者
分布：公众(62%)，公众的(15%)，大众(11%)，公开的(5%)，民众(4%)，公共的(3%)
→来自拉丁语publicus,人民的，普通人的，来自populus,人，人民，词源同people,popular.并引申诸词义。
公开的,公众的(publ[=popul]+ic)[Popul,publ=people,表示"人民"]
a.公共的,公用的;公开的,公然的n.公众,民众One of my relatives, a late translator, translated a book relating to public relations.我的一位亲戚,一个已故翻译,翻译了一本有关公共关系的书.
adjective
PEOPLE 人们
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or involving people in general, rather than being limited to a particular group of people 民众的，大众的
• Public opinion (= the opinions of most people) has turned against him. 民意已不再支持他了。
• Is it really in the public interest (= useful to people) to publish this information? 公布这件消息真的对大众有利吗？
• We need to increase public awareness of the disease. 我们需要增强民众对这种疾病的认识。
• Peaceful demonstrations that do not cause a public nuisance (= do not harm other people) are a fundamental right in any truly democratic country. 对大众不造成任何伤害的和平示威在每个真正的民主国家都是一种基本权利。
• The government has had to bow to public pressure on the issue. 在这个问题上，政府不得不在舆论压力下作出让步。
• The information only became public after his death. 这件消息在他死后才公诸于世。
• The results will not be made public (= told to everyone) until tomorrow. 结果要到明天才会公布。
• We will not go public with (= tell people in general) the results until tomorrow. 我们要到明天才会公布结果。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
GOVERNMENT 政府
 ESSENTIAL
■provided by the government from taxes to be available to everyone 公立的，公共的
• public funds/services/spending 公共基金／事业／开支
• public buildings 公共建筑物
• a public library 公共图书馆
• He is unlikely to hold public office (= have an important job in national or local government). 他不太可能担任政府要职。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
PLACE 地点
■describes a place where a lot of people are 人很多的
• It's too public here - let's go back to my room to talk. 这里人太多，我们回我房间说吧。
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
be in the public eye
■to be famous and written about in newspapers and magazines and seen on television （在报刊、电视上）频频出现；广为人知
['pʌb.lɪk] adjective
public enemy number one / No. 1
■someone or something that many people do not like or approve of 头号公敌；全民公敌
['pʌb.lɪk] noun uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
the public
 ESSENTIAL
■all ordinary people 公众，大众
• The public has a right to know about this. 大众有权知道这件事。
• The palace and its grounds are open to the public (= people can visit) during the summer months. 在夏天的几个月里，这座宫殿及其庭院向大众开放。
• When will the product be available to the general public (= all ordinary people) ? 普通大众甚么时候能买到这种产品？
• Members of the public were asked about their shopping habits. 一些民众被问到他们的购物习惯。
■the group of people who are involved with you or your organization, especially in a business relationship （尤指存在商业关系的）大众
• Newspapers publish these outrageous stories because they know what their public wants. 报纸刊登这些耸人听闻的报道是因为他们知道读者想要看甚么。
in public
■in a place where people can see you 公开地，当众
• I'd never behave like that in public. 我在公共场合绝不会那样。
Compare in private at private
adj. 公众的；政府的；公用的；公立的
 - governmental, commonable
n. 公众；社会；公共场所
 - society, ambiente

Word: run
Front: run
[rʌn] (中高 202/208 -K5)
Vocabulary: run
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4vn 5vn 6vn 7vn
When you run, you move along quickly, and for a long time if you're running a marathon. You can also run a campaign or a business — you make them function.
There are plenty of meanings for run. If you're plotting your escape from the Tower of London, you can "make a run for it," and if you're a baseball player, you're a hero if you make a home run. When your play opens on Broadway, you hope it will have many performances — "a long run" — and if you're lucky, the New York Times will run a rave review.
WORD FAMILY
run: overrun, ran, rerun, runned, runner, running, runny, runs+/ forerunner: forerunners/overrun: overran, overrunning, overruns/ rerun: reran, rerunning, reruns/ runner: forerunner, runners/running: runningly, runnings/ runny: runnier, runniness
USAGE EXAMPLES
As soon as he kicked it, Boermeester turned around, started running and, as promised, did the dance move.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s no panacea, but it would be a valuable contribution because industrial steam-making boilers are hard to run on renewable energy.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But then Donald Trump began running for president, pledging to ban Muslims from entering the country and establish a registry for Muslim Americans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 跑; 移动; （使）流动
n. 奔跑; 行程; 放映期; 一系列
vi. （工作等）进行; 延续; 逃跑; 行驶
vt. 使奔跑; 使…快速移动; 运行，经营; 划
adj. 融化的; 浇铸的; 跑的筋疲力尽的
时态：ran, run, running, runs
分布：跑(65%)，奔跑(8%)，流(6%)，运转(5%)，持续(4%)，竞选(3%)，路程(2%)，趋向(2%)，运营(2%)，行驶(2%)，浇铸的(1%)
→来自 Proto-Germanic*ren,跑，奔跑，鼻音化自 reie,奔跑，流动，可能进一步来自 ser, 流动，词源同 serum,rheumy.引申诸多相关词义。
v.奔,跑;流,淌;蔓延,伸展;经营;运转The man tackling the drawback of the brackets runs a slack snack business.那个解决支架缺点的人经营着萧条的小吃生意.
verb (running, ran, run)
GO QUICKLY 快走
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■(of people and some animals) to move along, faster than walking, by taking quick steps in which each foot is lifted before the next foot touches the ground 跑，奔跑
• [+ to infinitive] The children had to run to keep up with their father. 孩子们得一路跑着才能跟上他们的父亲。
• I can run a mile in 5 minutes. 我可以在五分钟里跑一英里。
• The sheep ran away/off in fright. 羊受惊跑掉了。
• A little girl ran up to (= came quickly beside) me, crying for her daddy. 一个小女孩跑到我身边，哭着让我替她找爸爸。
• Are you running against each other or against the clock? 你们打算怎么跑？是看谁先后，还是用表计时？
• The first two races will be run (off) (= will happen) in 20 minutes. 头两个赛跑项目将在20分钟后举行。
transitive
■If you run an animal in a race, you cause it to take part 使（狗、马等）参加比赛；赛（狗、马等）
• Thompson Stables are running three horses in the next race. 汤普森赛马训练公司将派出三匹马参加下一场比赛。
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to go quickly or in a hurry 赶快；迅速赶往；匆忙跑（到某地方）
• Would you run round to the post office and get me some stamps? 你能不能赶快到邮局给我买一些邮票来？
• You don't put on weight when you spend all day running round after small children. 你整天不歇脚地跟在小孩们后面转是胖不起来的。
run for sth
■to run fast in order to get or avoid something 奔跑追赶；赶抢；快跑躲避
• I ran for the bus but it drove off. 我跑着去赶公车，但是车却开走了。
run on the spot
■to move your legs as if running, while you stay in one place 原地踏步跑
• I run on the spot to warm up before I play football. 我在踢足球前原地踏步跑做准备活动。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
TRAVEL 行进
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) travel, move or continue in a particular way （使）行进，（使）行驶，（使）移动；（使）持续
• Trains are still running, despite the snow. 尽管下了雪，列车仍在运行。
• A bus runs (= goes on a particular route at particular times) three times a day into town. 有一趟公共汽车每天三次开往城里。
• Skis are waxed on the bottom so that they run smoothly over the snow. 滑雪板底部打了蜡，这样就能在雪上滑得顺畅自如。
• The route/railway/road runs (= goes) across the border/ into Italy/ through the mountains. 这条路线／铁道／公路穿过国界／通向义大利境内／在群山中穿行。
• A climbing rose bush runs (= grows) around the front door. 一丛攀缘蔷薇盘绕在前门上。
• There's a beautiful cornice running around/round all the ceilings. 所有的天花板四周都装饰着漂亮的檐口。
• The film runs (= lasts) for two hours. 这出电影长两个小时。
• The show/course/film runs (= continues) for another week. 演出／课程／电影播放再延续一周。
• A magazine subscription usually only runs (= can be used) for one year. 杂志订阅期限通常只能是一年。
• Buses are running an hour late , because of an earlier accident. 因为先前的一宗车祸，公共汽车的运行晚点一小时。
• The truck's brakes failed and it ran (= went) off the road. 卡车刹车失灵，冲出了马路。
• Trains run on rails (= move along on top of them). 火车在铁轨上行驶。
• Electricity is running through (= moving along within) this cable. 电流正通过这条电缆。
• An angry muttering ran through (= went through) the crowd. 人群中传出一阵低沉而愤怒的抱怨声。
• A shiver of fear ran through his (body). 一阵恐惧的战栗传遍他全身。
• She ran her finger along/down the page/list, looking for her name. 她用手指一行行划过那张纸／名单寻找自己的名字。
• Could you run the tape/film/video back/forwards , please? 你可以把磁带／电影／录影带倒回去／向前快进一下吗？
• Could you possibly run me (= take me in your car) home/to the station? 你能否开车把我送回家／到车站？
• He ran (= pushed) his fingers through his hair and looked up at me. 他用手梳拢了一下头发，抬头看我。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
OPERATE 运转
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) operate （使）运转；（使）运作；（使）运行；操作
• Keep clear of the machines while they're running. 机器运转时不要靠近。
• The government took desperate measures to keep the economy running. 政府采取孤注一掷的措施来维持经济的运行。
• Do you know how to run this sort of machinery? 你会操作这种机器吗？
• The mechanic asked me to run (= switch on and allow to work) the engine for a minute. 修车工人让我发动引擎转一分钟。
• They had the new computer system up and running (= working) within an hour. 他们一小时之内就使新的电脑系统运行起来了。
• We've run the computer program, but nothing happens. 我们已经运行了这个电脑程式，但是没有起作用。
• We're running (= doing) an experiment. 我们正在做一个试验。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to be in control of 经营；管理；开办
• He's been running a restaurant/his own company since he left school. 他毕业后就一直在经营自己的饭店／公司。
• The local college runs (= provides) a course in self-defence. 当地的一所大学开了一门自我防卫课。
• a well-run/badly-run organization/business/course 管理良好／不善的组织；经营良好／很差的公司；设置得很好／差的课程
run a tight ship
■to control a business or other organization firmly and effectively 牢牢控制，有效地严格管理
• Ruth runs a tight ship and has no time for shirkers. 露丝执行有效的严格管理，员工没有办法开小差。
transitive
■If you run a car, you own one, drive it and pay for the costs 拥有（自己的车）；养（车）
• I can't afford to run a car. 我养不起车。
transitive
■to organize the way you live or work 安排（生活或工作）
• Some people run their lives according to the movements of the stars. 一些人按照星体的运行规律来安排自己的生活。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
FLOW 流动
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) flow, produce liquid, or (especially of colours in clothes) to come out or spread （使）流动；（使）流出；（使）排出；（尤指衣服的颜色）褪色，扩散，渗色
• I can feel trickles of sweat running down my neck. 我可以感觉到津津汗水顺着脖子往下流淌。
• Don't cry, or your make-up will run (= become liquid and move down your face). 别哭了，要不然化的妆就要花了。
• The walls were running with damp. 墙受潮出现了斑斑渍迹。
• The river runs (down) to/into the sea. 这条河流入大海。
• The hot tap is running cold (= producing cold water) ! 热水龙头竟然流出了冷水！
• I turned the tap on and ran some cold water on the burn. 我打开水龙头用凉水冲被烫伤的地方。
• [+ two objects] I'll run you a hot bath (= fill a bath with water for you). 我去给你放洗澡水。
• My nose and eyes have been running all week because of hay fever. 我得了枯草热，一星期都在流鼻涕淌眼泪。
• I must have washed my dress at too high a temperature, because the colour has run. 我洗这件裙子时用的水肯定太热了，因为都褪色了。
• If the first layer isn't dry before you add the next one, the colours will run into each other (= mix). 如果第一层没有干就涂上第二层，那两层的颜色就会渗在一起。
• figurative After 12 hours at her word processor, the words began to run into one another (= seem mixed together). 她在文字处理机前工作了12小时后，看萤幕上的字都觉得模糊一片了。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
BECOME 变成
 ADVANCED [L only + adj]
■to be or become 变得；变成；成为
• Differences between the two sides run deep (= are serious). 双方的分歧加剧了。
• The river/reservoir/well ran dry (= its supply of water finished). 河水／水库／水井干涸了。
• Supplies are running low (= there's not much left). 储备所剩无几了。
• We're beginning to run short of money/Money is beginning to run short (= there's not much left). 我们的钱快花完了／钱快花完了。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
HOLE 洞
intransitive
■if tights (= thin clothing that covers the legs) run, a long, thin hole appears in them （连裤袜或长筒袜上的）脱线，抽丝
• Oh no, my tights have run! 哎呀，糟了，我的连裤袜抽丝了！
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
SHOW 展示
transitive
■to show something in a newspaper or magazine, on television, etc 发表，刊登；播出
• All the newspapers ran (= printed) stories about the new peace talks. 所有报纸都刊登了新和谈的消息。
• Channel 4 is running a series on the unfairness of the legal system. 第四频道正在播出揭露法律体体不公正之处的系列节目。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
POLITICS 政治
intransitive
■to compete as a candidate in an election 参加竞选
• Mrs Thatcher wanted to run a fourth time. 柴契尔夫人想要第四次参加竞选。
• He's going to run against Smith/ for President/ for re-election. 他将要和史密斯进行竞选／竞选总统／竞选连任。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
TAKE 带走
transitive
■to take guns or drugs illegally from one place to another 走私，非法携带（枪支或毒品）
• He was arrested for running drugs across the border into America. 他因为越境向美国走私毒品而被捕。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
be running on empty informal
■to continue to work and be active when you have no energy left 勉强支撑（虽筋疲力竭仍打起精神继续工作并保持活跃）
• I get the impression he's been running on empty for months now. A holiday will do him good. 我的印象是他如今有好几个月都是在勉强支撑。放假对他会有好处的。
US Australian If a person or an organization is running on empty, they have no new ideas or are not as effective as they were before 空转（如果某人或组织在空转，则他们没有新构思，或效率已不如前）
• The fund-raising campaign was running on empty after ten years under the same leader. 在同一个人的领导下，这项资金筹集运动十年后只是在空转。
§/rʌn/ run 1 verb (running, ran, run)
run aground/ashore (also run onto the rocks)
■If a ship or boat runs aground/ashore, it hits the coast, sometimes becoming stuck there. （船）搁浅
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run a mile UK informal
■to be extremely unwilling to be involved 极不情愿；赶快躲避
• He'd run a mile if I asked him to marry me. 我要是提出和他结婚，他就会躲得远远的。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run and run
■to be performed successfully for a long period of time 久演不衰
• This show will run and run. 这个演出会一直火下去。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run sb close
■to be nearly as good, fast, etc. as someone else 几乎赶上（某人）；几乎和（某人）平分秋色
• She got 90%, but Fred ran her close with 87%. 她得到90分，而弗雷德紧追其后，得了87分。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run errands
■to go out to buy or do something 跑腿；出门办事
• After school he runs errands for his father. 放学后他替父亲跑跑腿办些事情。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run high
■If feelings are running high, people are angry or excited. 激愤；情绪激动（或高涨）
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run in the family
■If a quality, ability, disease, etc. runs in the family, many members of the family have it 家族遗传，世代相传
• Intelligence seems to run in that family. 那一家人都很聪明，好像是遗传的。
• We're all ambitious - it seems to run in the family. 我们一家人都很有抱负——好像是遗传。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run in/through your head/mind
■If something is running in/through your head/mind, you cannot stop thinking about it or singing it silently （想法、曲调等）萦绕于脑际，在脑海中盘旋不去
• I've had that tune running in my head all day. 那个曲调一整天都萦绕在我的脑际。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run its course
■to develop and finish naturally 自然发展；持续到自然结束
• The doctor's advice is to let the fever run its course. 医生建议不要吃药，让高烧自然退下去。
• I had to accept that the relationship had run its course. 这段关系已经结束，我不得不接受这个现实。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run your eye over sth
■to look quickly at the whole of something 迅速浏览一遍；匆匆看完；从头到尾扫视
• Can I have a copy of the article to run my eye over, before it's printed? 在文章付印之前，可否给我一份样稿让我扫一遍？
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run yourself into the ground informal
■to make yourself very tired by working too much 拼命工作，累得筋疲力尽，把自己累垮
• We ran ourselves into the ground to meet the July deadline. 为了在七月份的最后期限前完成任务，我们拼命工作。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
be running a fever
■to be hotter than you should be because you are ill 发烧，发热
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
be running at sth
■to be at the rate of something 保持在特定水准；达到…比率
• Inflation is running at 10%. 通货膨胀率达10%。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
running with blood
■describes a place where a lot of fighting is happening and many people are being hurt or killed 血流成河
• During the revolution the streets were running with blood. 革命期间，街道上血流成河。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run sb out of town (on a rail) US informal
■to force someone to leave a town 把某人逐出市镇
• The sheriff and his men ran the horse thieves out of town. 郡长和他的下属把那些偷马贼赶出镇外。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run sb ragged informal
■If you run someone ragged, you tire them out, usually by giving them too much work or work that is too demanding （通常透过给某人沉重或艰巨的工作）使（某人）筋疲力尽，压得（某人）透不过气来
• The kids have run me ragged this week - I'm glad they're going back to school tomorrow. 这一星期孩子们可把我累坏了——他们明天就要回学校上学了，我真开心。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run round in circles UK informal
■to be very active but with few results 做无用功，徒劳无功；在原地兜圈子
• Peter's been running round in circles since half his department resigned. 彼得的部门中一半人都辞职了，自那以来，他虽然忙忙碌碌，但却是徒劳无功。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run the show informal
■to be the leader, who is in control of a group of people doing something 做一把手；主管一切；当头
• If you need help, ask Mark - he's running the show. 如果你需要帮助，跟马克说一声——他是这里的头儿。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run through your mind/head
■to suddenly think of something 突然想到；（想法）突然闪过，闪进脑中
• It ran through my mind that I was being tricked by Charlie. 一个想法突然闪进我的脑中：我被查理骗了。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run sb/sth to ground (UK also run sb/sth to earth)
■to find someone or something after a lot of searching and problems 经过艰难调查而发现；经过艰苦努力而搜寻到
• Detectives finally ran the terrorists to ground in an apartment building in Chicago. 侦探们历尽艰辛终于在芝加哥的一座公寓楼内挖出了恐怖分子。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
run wild disapproving
■If someone, especially a child runs wild, they behave as they want to and no one controls them. （尤指孩子）放肆，撒野，肆意胡闹
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run across sb informal
■to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to 偶然遇到（某人），偶然撞见（某人）
• I ran across several old friends when I went back to my hometown. 我回老家时和几个老朋友不期而遇。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run across sth informal
■to experience a problem when you are not expecting to 遇到（未曾预料的问题）；陷入（预想不到的麻烦）
• We've run across a slight problem with the instruction manual. 说明书上有一个地方我们看不大明白。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run after sb/sth
■to chase someone or something that is moving away from you 追逐…；追赶…
• Why do dogs run after cats? 为甚么狗看见猫就追？
• She ran after me to hand me some papers I'd dropped. 她在后面追我，要把我掉的一些文件交给我。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run after sth
■to try very hard to get or achieve something 对…孜孜以求；努力追求
• She has spent her life running after fame and fortune. 她一辈子都在追逐名利。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run after sb informal disapproving
■to try to start a sexual relationship with someone 勾引（某人）；（为寻欢而）追求（某人）
• He's always running after women. 他老是要拈花惹草。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run against sb/sth
■to oppose or have an effect that is not helpful towards someone or something 反对…；违反…；不利于…
• Luck is really running against you tonight! 你今晚可真背运！
• Public opinion is currently running against fox hunting. 近来公众反对猎杀狐狸的呼声很高。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  Run along! old-fashioned
■said to children to tell them to go away （用于告诉孩子）走开！，一边去！
• Run along now, children! 快走开，孩子们！
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run around
■to be very busy doing a lot of different things 忙碌；奔忙
■1. I'm exhausted - I've been running around all morning. run 2 我累坏了——整个上午我一直在忙碌。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run around after sb informal
■to do a lot of things for someone else, especially when they should be able to do more for themselves 围着（尤指自己不尽力做事的人）忙个不停
• I seem to spend most of my time running around after those kids. 我大部分时间好像都在围着那些孩子们转。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run around with sb old-fashioned informal
■to spend a lot of time with someone 与（某人）厮混；经常与（某人）混在一起
• She's running around with Micky and his friends these days. 近来她老是跟米基还有他的那些朋友混在一起。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run away
LEAVE
■to leave a place or person secretly and suddenly 突然离开；逃离；逃走
• He ran away from home when he was only 12. 他年仅12岁时就离家出走了。
• Malcolm and my sister are planning to run away together to get married. 马尔科姆和我姐姐打算一起私奔到外地结婚。
AVOID
■to avoid dealing with a problem or difficult situation 逃避；迴避；避免正视
• She accused him of running away from his responsibilities. 她指责他逃避责任。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run away with sb
RIDE
■If an animal or machine that someone is riding runs away with them, they lose control of it and it carries them away （马或汽车）速度过快使（骑马者、开车者）失去控制
• Her horse ran away with her. 她骑的马失去控制，驮着她狂奔而去。
FEELING
■If a feeling or idea runs away with you, you cannot control it and it makes you behave stupidly （感情等）失去控制，使（某人）头脑失控，使（某人）糊涂行事
• Sometimes my imagination runs away with me and I convince myself that they are having an affair. 有时候我会禁不住胡思乱想，认为他们有暧昧关系。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run away with sth informal
■to win a competition or prize very easily 轻而易举地赢得；轻松取胜
• She ran away with four first prizes. 她轻松地赢得四个第一名。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run sth by sb informal
■to tell someone about something so that they can give their opinion about it 对（某人）说…（以听取对方意见）；向（某人）征求对…的看法；就…请教（某人）
• Would you run your idea by me one more time? 你能不能再跟我说一遍你的想法？
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sb/sth down
CRITICIZE informal
■to criticize someone or something, often unfairly （常指不公正地）批评，诋毁，说…的坏话
• He's always running himself down. 他老是贬低自己。
HIT
■to hit and injure a person or animal with a vehicle, especially intentionally （尤指故意地）把…撞倒（或撞伤）
• Two masked men on motorbikes tried to run me down. 两个戴面罩的人骑着摩托车想要撞我。
FIND
■to find someone or something after following or searching for them for a long time （经过长时间跟踪或寻找而）发现，找到，搜索到
• I finally ran Mr Green down in/to a house in the country. 我终于在乡下的一所房子里找到了格林先生。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run (sth) down
REDUCE UK to reduce a business or organization in size or importance, or to become reduced in this way 削减；（使）变萎缩；（使）衰减
• They claim that the government is secretly running down the Youth Training Schemes. 他们声称政府正在暗地里缩减青年就业培训计划的规模。
LOSE POWER
■If a machine or device such as a clock or battery runs down, it loses power, or if you run it down, you cause this to happen （使）耗尽能量；（使）变弱；（使）停止运转
• These batteries can be recharged when they run down. 这些电池电量用完时可以再充电。
• You'll run the battery down if you leave your car lights on. 你要是让车灯开着，就会把电瓶里的电耗尽。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sth down specialized
■If a large ship runs down a smaller one, it hits it. （较大的船）撞，撞上，撞沈（较小的船）
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] run yourself down
■to make yourself tired and ill 累倒
• Since he took that extra job, he's really run himself down. 自从他开始做那份额外工作，他就一直把自己累坏。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sth in UK (US break sth in)
■If you run in a vehicle, you use it carefully and slowly for a short time when it is new, so that you do not damage its engine. （小心缓慢地）试开（新车），使（新车引擎）试转
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sb in old-fashioned
■If the police run someone in, they find them and take them to a police station. （员警）逮捕（某人），拘留（某人），把（某人）关进监狱
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run (sth) into sth/sb
■to drive a vehicle into an object or a person in another vehicle by accident 开车撞上…
• I had to brake suddenly, and the car behind ran into me. 我不得不急踩刹车，后面的车就撞上了我的车。
• He ran his motorbike into a tree. 他骑着摩托车撞在一棵树上。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run into sb
■to meet someone you know when you are not expecting to 偶然遇到（某人）；无意碰见（某人）
• Graham ran into someone he used to know at school the other day. 格雷厄姆前几天偶然遇到一个过去的校友。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run into sth
EXPERIENCE PROBLEMS
■If you run into problems, you begin to experience them 遭遇（困难）；遇到（麻烦）；陷入（困境）
• We ran into bad weather/debt/trouble. 我们遇到了坏天气／背上了债务／遇到了麻烦。
REACH AN AMOUNT
■to reach a particular cost or amount, as a total 共计，合计为；总共达到…之多
• The repairs will probably run into thousands of pounds. 维修费可能会达数千英镑之多。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run off
■to leave somewhere or someone suddenly 突然跑掉；迅速离开
• You can't run off (home) now, just when I need you! 你不能现在丢下我（回家），我正需要你！
• My wife has run off with another man. 我妻子跟另一个男人私奔了。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sth off
■If you run off copies of something, you print them 复印；印出；复制
• [+ two objects] Could you run me off five copies of this, please? 替我把这个复印五份好吗？
■to quickly and easily write something that is usually slow or difficult to write, such as a piece of poetry or music 下笔如神（快速地、容易地写出某些内容，这些内容通常写起来较慢且难，如一首诗或音乐）
• Kate can run off a sonnet in half an hour on any subject you like. 只要你定好一个题材，凯特都能在半小时内信笔写成一首十四行诗。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run off with sth informal
■to leave a place or person suddenly after having stolen something from them 偷了…逃走
• He ran off with $10 000 of the company's money. 他偷了公司一万美元后逃之夭夭。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run on
■If an event runs on, it continues for longer than expected （超过预定时间）持续；拖延
• The game/speech/discussion ran on for hours. 这场比赛／演讲／讨论持续了数小时。
■If time runs on, it seems to pass quickly （时间）飞逝，流逝，过去
• Time 's running on - let's get this job finished soon! 时间过得太快了——我们还是尽快把这工作做完吧！
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run on sth
■If a machine runs on a particular type or supply of power, it uses that power to work 靠（某种动力）运转；以…为动力
• Some calculators run on solar power. 一些计算机利用太阳能来工作。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run out
 IMPROVER run 3 * to finish, use or sell all of something, so that there is none left
用完；耗尽；卖光
• I've run out of milk/money/ideas/patience. 我的奶喝完了／我的钱花光了／我黔驴技穷了／我失去耐心了。
• "Have you got any milk?" "Sorry, I've run out." “你有牛奶吗？”“对不起，我都喝完了。”
 IMPROVER
■If a supply of something runs out, all of it has been used or it is completely finished 被耗尽；被用完
• The milk has run out. 牛奶喝完了。
• My patience is beginning to run out. 我开始不耐烦了。
■If a document or official agreement runs out, the period of time for which it lasts finishes （证件或协定）到期，期满
• My passport runs out next month - I must get it renewed. 我的护照下个月就到期了——我要去办理延期手续。
time is running out
■used to say that there is not much time left in which to achieve something 时间越来越紧迫；（完成某事）剩下的时间不多了
• Time is running out for the men trapped under the rubble. 对于被压力瓦砾之下的人们来说，每过一分钟，就是向死神靠近一步。
run out of steam
■to suddenly lose the energy or interest to continue doing what you are doing 忽然失去动力；顿时泄气；突然没了兴趣
• The peace talks seem to have run out of steam. 和谈好像突然失去了动力。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sb out
■If you are run out in cricket, a player on the opposing team throws the ball at the wicket you are running towards and hits it before you can reach it, and your turn as batsman ends 将（正在跑动的击球员）截杀出局
• Their best batsman was run out for (= having scored) 99. 他们最好的击球员在得了99分后被截杀出局。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run out on sb/sth
■to leave someone you are having a relationship with or something you are responsible for, without warning and usually causing problems 遗弃；离弃；背弃
• She ran out on him two months ago, leaving him to look after their two children. 她在两个月前突然离开了他，把两个孩子丢给他一个人照顾。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sb/sth over
■If a vehicle or its driver runs over someone or something, the vehicle hits and drives over them （车）碾过，轧过，撞倒并碾轧
• I'm afraid we've just run a rabbit over. 恐怕我们刚才轧死了一只兔子。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run over
■If liquid runs over, it flows over the edges of something, because there is too much of it 溢出
• The water/The bath is running over - quick, turn the taps off. 水／洗澡水溢出来了——快，关掉水龙头。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run over (sth)
■to continue after the expected finishing time 超过；超（时）
• I'm afraid we're starting to run over time , so could you make your speeches short please. 恐怕我们要超时了，你可否将发言缩短？
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run over/through sth
REPEAT
■to quickly say or practise something 扼要陈述；匆匆练习；排演
• I'll just run over what's been said so far, for latecomers who missed the first speakers. 为使后来才到的人了解前几个发言者所讲的内容，我将对已作的发言简要复述一下。
• She quickly ran over her speech before going on-stage. 她在登台之前将演讲内容快速过了一遍。
• The director wants to run through the whole play this morning. 导演想要在今天上午排演整部剧。
EXPLAIN
■to examine a document or subject with someone in order to explain it or to get their help or their opinion on it （为向某人解释或寻求帮助或意见而与其一起）查看，过目，探讨
• I'd like to run over the main points of the article with you. 我想和你一起探讨一下这篇文章的要点。
• I'm really struggling with this maths - could you run through it with me later? 这道数学题我怎么都做不出来——一会儿你能帮我看一下吗？
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run through sth
EXAMINE
■to look at, examine or deal with a set of things, especially quickly （尤指快速）过目，浏览；检查；处理
• We ran through the list, but none of the machines seemed any good. 我们浏览了一下商品目录，但那些机器好像都不太好。
• I'd like to run through these points/questions with you, if that's okay, because you've made several mistakes. 如果可以的话，我想和你一起讨论一下这几个要点／问题，因为你出了几个错。
EXIST
■If a quality runs through something, it is in all parts of it 贯穿；遍布
• Melancholy runs through all her stories. 她的所有短篇小说中都弥漫着一种忧郁气息。
• Racism runs right through society. 种族主义流毒遍布整个社会。
USE UP
■to use up an amount of something quickly 挥霍掉；很快花完
• It took him just a few months to run through all the money his father left him. 他在短短数月内就把他父亲留给他的钱挥霍一空。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run sb/sth through literary
■to push a sword or similar pointed weapon right into a person or animal 刺穿；刺透
• He drew his sword and ran the villain through. 他拔出剑来，一下子刺进了那个恶棍的胸膛。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run to sth
SIZE
■to reach a particular amount, level or size 达到
• The new encyclopedia runs to several thousand pages. 新的百科全书厚达几千页。
MONEY
■to have enough money to buy something or (of an income, etc.) to be enough to buy something 有钱做，买得起；（收入）足够供…之用
• I can lend you £1000, but I can't run to more than that. 我可以借给你1000英镑，但是再多我就拿不出来了。
• My salary won't run to foreign holidays. 靠我的工货可不够到外国去渡假。
ACTIVITY
■If your taste or skill runs to something, that is the type of thing that you enjoy or can manage to do （趣味）趋向于；（能力）足以做；有…的倾向
• I doubt if his musical taste runs to opera. 我说不准他的音乐爱好是否包括欣赏歌剧。
• I'm afraid my cooking skills don't run to fancy cakes and desserts. 恐怕凭我的烹调技艺还做不出花式糕点和甜点。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] run sth up
DEBT
■If you run up a debt, you do things which cause you to owe a large amount of money 积欠（帐款或债务）
• She stayed two weeks at the hotel and ran up a bill which she couldn't pay. 她在宾馆住了两个星期，欠了宾馆一大笔帐。
MATERIAL
■to quickly make something such as a piece of clothing from material 赶制（衣服）；仓促缝制；快速造成
• [+ two objects] I can run you up some curtains in a few hours, if you want. 如果你想要，我可以为你赶制些窗帘，几个小时就好。
VALUE
■to make the price or value of something increase 使（价格或价值）迅速增加（或升高）
• Heavy buying ran the price of stocks up higher than expected. 大量的买进使得股票价格上涨到了一个出人意料的水准。
FLAG UK
■to raise a flag into the air on a pole or mast 升（旗）
• They've run up a British flag on the roof. 他们在屋顶上升起了一面英国国旗。
[rʌn] verb (running, ran, run)
  Phrasal Verbs  run up against sth
■to experience an unexpected difficulty 遭遇（未料到的困难）
• The community centre scheme has run up against strong local opposition. 建设社区中心的计划遭到当地居民的强烈反对。
[rʌn] noun
GO QUICKLY 快走
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you move on your feet at a speed faster than walking, especially for exercise 跑，奔跑；（尤指为了锻炼而进行的）跑步
• We go for/do a three-mile run every evening after work. 我们每天傍晚下班后都会跑上三英里。
• If you set off at a run (= running) , you'll be exhausted later. 如果你一开始就跑，过些时候你就会筋疲力尽的。
[rʌn] noun
TRAVEL 行进
 ADVANCED countable
■a journey 行程，航程
• The number of aircraft on the New York-Moscow run is being increased. 纽约—莫斯科之间的航线正在增加航班。
• old-fashioned Let's go for a run (out) in the car somewhere. 让我们开车到（外面）甚么地方兜兜风吧。
• The plane swooped in on its bombing run. 飞机猛然俯冲下来轰炸。
countable
■the period during which a play is performed （一出戏的）连续上演（期）
• The musical's London run was a disaster. 该音乐剧在伦敦的演出彻底失败。
• They're doing a run at the Donmar Warehouse. 他们正在多玛仓库剧院主行连续演出。
[rʌn] noun
BUY 买
countable usually singular
■when many people suddenly buy a particular product 抢购；争购
• There's been a run on umbrellas because of all this rain. 就因为这场雨，大家都在抢购雨伞。
[rʌn] noun
SELL 卖
countable usually singular
■when many people suddenly sell a particular product 抛售
• A sudden run on the dollar has lowered its value. 突然出现的抛售导致美元贬值。
[rʌn] noun
SERIES 连串的
a run of sth
■A run of something is a continuous period during which it lasts or is repeated 一连串
• a run of successes/defeats/bad luck 一个又一个的成功／一连串的失败／厄运连连
[rʌn] noun
ORDINARY 普通的
the general/usual run of sth
■the usual type of something （某物的）普通类型，一般货色 run 4 1. Their food is the general run of hotel cooking.
他们的饭菜是一般宾馆饭菜的水准。
[rʌn] noun
AREA 地方
countable
■an area of ground of limited size for keeping animals 饲养场；牧场
• a sheep/chicken/hen run 牧羊场／养鸡场
[rʌn] noun
POINT 分
countable
■in cricket and baseball, a single point, scored by running from one place to another （板球或棒球中的）一分
• England need 105 runs to win the game. 英格兰队需要得到105分才能赢得比赛。
• a home run 本垒打
[rʌn] noun
HOLE 洞
countable
■a long vertical hole in tights and stockings （连裤袜或长筒袜上的）脱线，抽丝
• I've got a run in my tights from the nail on my chair. 我的连裤袜被椅子上的钉子刮了一下，抽丝了。
[rʌn] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
the runs informal
■a condition of the bowels in which the contents are passed out of the body too often and in a form which is too liquid; diarrhoea 拉肚子，腹泻，跑肚
[rʌn] noun
give sb a run for their money
■to not allow someone to win easily 不让（某人）轻易取胜；让（某人）竭尽全力才获胜
• We're going to give the other candidate a run for her money. 我们不会让另外的那个候选人轻易获胜的。
[rʌn] noun
have a good run for your money
■to have a good enough time 过得愉快；过得有意义；没有虚度时光
• I've achieved a lot in my life and I feel I've had a good run for my money. 我在一生中取得了很多成就，所以兜得没有虚度时光。
[rʌn] noun
in the long run IMPROVER
■at a time that is far away in the future 从长远看；终究
• It seems a lot of effort but I'm sure it's the best solution in the long run. 看起来需要付出很大的努力，但从长远来看，我敢肯定这是最好的解决办法。
[rʌn] noun
in the short run
■at a time that is near in the future 从短期看；不久
• It's not a long term solution, but it will save money in the short run. 这并非解决问题的长远之计，但是从短期看，这很省钱。
[rʌn] noun
be on the run
■to be trying to avoid being caught, especially by the police （尤指为逃避员警的抓捕）奔逃，躲藏
• After a month on the run, the prisoners were finally recaptured by the police. 在东躲西藏一个月后，这些犯人终于再次落入员警的手中。
■to hurry from one activity to another 忙个不停；奔忙
• She's always on the run and never has time for a chat. 她总是忙个不停，连闲聊一会儿的工夫都没有。
[rʌn] noun
on the run
■while hurrying to go somewhere 在赶路的途中
• I eat breakfast on the run if I'm late for work. 如果我上班要晚了，就在路上吃早饭。
[rʌn] noun
the run of sth
■the freedom to use something 使用…的自由；出入（某地）的自由
• While she's away, I've got the run of her house. 她外出不在的时候她的家就由我掌管。
• So do you have the run of the garden? 那么你可以自由出入这个花园？
stream, pour, flow, run
这组词都有“流动，涌出”的意思，其区别是：
stream: 指水或其它液体从源头流出，不断地朝某一方向流动，可用作引申。
pour: 通常指从高向低或从上向下的急剧流动。也可作引申用。
flow: 侧重水继续不断地往前流，不关心其流量的大小和速度的快慢。
run: 指液体向任何方向流动，暗示比flow快而有力。
work, operate, manipulate, run, maneuver
work: 干活，劳动
operate: 操作，动手术
manipulate: （为某一目的而）控制，影响（某人或某物）
run: 跑，开动（机器）；
maneuver: 巧妙的移动或调动
trot, jog, run, race
这组词都有“跑”的意思，其区别是：
trot: 强调小跑时上下弹跳的动作，是介于跑与走之间轻快的快速运动。
jog: 指从容不迫地慢跑。
run: 最普通用词，指由于各种原因而急速奔跑。
race: 多用于赛跑，指以最快速度奔跑。
vi. 经营；奔跑；运转
 - go, fare
vt. 管理，经营；运行；参赛
 - conduct, direct, control, supervise, operate
n. 奔跑；赛跑；趋向；奔跑的路程
 - footrace, tendency to sth

Word: pay
Front: pay
[peɪ] (中高雅 286/227 -K5)
Vocabulary: pay
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2v
When you pay, you give money in return for something. It’s not always money, though. If your brother says, “You’ll pay for this!” after you snooped in his room, he’s not talking about money. He means you’re going to get it!
Your neighbor might pay you to shovel his driveway — and you can take the money you earn and pay for movie tickets for you and your best friend. Whenever there's an exchange of money and goods (or services), someone pays someone else. It can also be used for ideas. If your teacher warns your class that "crime doesn't pay," she means you might get money but it's not worth it. Education does pay, though, because it makes you smarter.
WORD FAMILY
pay: overpay, payable, payee, payer, paying, payment, pays, prepay, repay, underpay+/nonpayment: nonpayments/overpay: overpaid, overpaying, overpayment, overpays/overpayment: overpayments/payable: payables/ payee: payees/payer: payers/paying: non-paying, payingest/ payment: nonpayment, payments/prepay: prepaying, prepayment, prepays/prepayment: prepayments/ repay: repaid, repayable, repaying, repayment, repays/repayment: repayments/underpay: underpaid, underpaying, underpayment, underpays/underpayment: underpayments
USAGE EXAMPLES
The state pays for roads with the transportation fund, which is built on gas tax revenue and vehicle registration fees.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Should they use the franchise tag again, paying him $24 million for one year?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The instructors still pay attention to you, even when there are more people at the beginning of the year.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 付款; 偿还; 补偿; （对…）有利
vt. 给予; 支付
n. 工资; 薪水; 报答
adj. 收费的; 需付费的
时态：paid, paying, pays
分布：支付(71%)，付出代价(10%)，薪资(9%)，雇用(3%)，受益(3%)，有良好信用的人(1%)，具有开采价值的(1%)，赢利(1%)，要钱的(1%)
→来自古法语paier,支付，来自拉丁语pacare,平息，安抚，使满意，来自pacis,和平，平静，词源同peace,pacify.
v.付款,付出代价,给予注意n.工资,薪金Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
verb (paid, paid)
BUY 购买
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided 付费；付酬
• How much did you pay for the tickets? 你买那些票花了多少钱？
• I pay my taxes. 我缴付税款。
• Will you pay these cheques into (US usuallydeposit these checks in)my account for me? 替我把这些支票存进帐户里好吗？
• [+ two objects] I'll pay you the fiver back tomorrow. 我明天还你那五英镑。
• I paid the driver (in/with) cash. 我给司机付现金。
• Would you prefer to pay with/by cash, cheque or credit card? 你喜欢用现金、支票还是信用卡付款？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] I think we'll need to pay a builder to take this wall down. 我想我们要雇个建筑工人来拆掉这面墙。
• Did Linda pay you for looking after her cats while she was away? 琳达出门时请你替她照顾她的猫，有没有付钱给你？
• I paid (out) a lot of money to get the washing machine fixed and it still doesn't work! 我花了一大笔钱修洗衣机，结果还是不能用！
pay for itself
■If something pays for itself, it works so well that it saves the same amount of money that it cost 使损益相当；回本
• The advertising should pay for itself. 这则广告所带来的收益应该能回本。
  Common Learner Errors  pay When the direct object of pay is the thing that you buy, pay is always followed by 'for':
✗ You have to pay the tickets in advance. You have to pay for the tickets in advance. In all other cases, pay is followed by the direct or indirect object only: You have to pay the bill in advance. You have to pay £20 in advance. You have to pay the driver in advance.
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
WORK 工作
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give money to someone for work which they have done 付钱（给…），支付（…）报酬
• The company pays £220 a week for people to act as couriers. 该公司向那些担任信差的人支付每周220英镑的工资。
• Accountancy may be boring but at least it pays well. 当会计可能很乏味，但至少收入可观。
• Most of these women are very poorly paid and work in terrible conditions. 这些妇女大多工资微薄，且工作条件恶劣。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
PROFIT 益处
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to give a profit or advantage to someone or something 有收益，有利可图，有好处
• It never pays to take risks where human safety is concerned. 凡是涉及人身安全时，冒险绝不会有甚么好处。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
GIVE 给予
 ADVANCED transitive
■to give or do something 给予，致以；进行
• Please pay attention , I've got something important to say. 请注意，我有件重要的事要说。
• The commander paid tribute to the courage of his troops. 指挥官极力赞扬部队官兵的勇敢无畏。
• It's always nice to be paid a compliment. 获得赞扬总是件好事。
• A crowd of mourners gathered to pay their respects to the dead man. 一群哀悼者聚集在一起向死者告别。
pay (sb) a call
■to visit someone 拜访（某人）
• I'll pay you a call when I'm in the area. 我到这一带附近时会去拜访你的。
• If you leave your address, I'll pay a call on you when I'm in the area. 如果你留下地址，我到这一带附近时会去拜访你的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
He who pays the piper calls the tune. saying
■said to emphasize that the person who is paying someone to do something can decide how it should be done 谁是老板谁说了算。／财大者气粗。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay your dues
■to do something that you do not enjoy in order to have something that you want, or because you feel it is your duty （为得到自己想要的而）做自己不喜欢的事；尽职
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay your way
■to pay for yourself rather than allowing someone else to pay 自己支付费用，自食其力
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay dividends
■If something you do pays dividends, it causes good results at a time in the future （将来）有好处，得到好结果
• All that extra training is paying dividends. 那些额外训练全都会使人得到回报的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay the price ADVANCED
■to experience the bad result of something you have done 吃苦头，付出代价
• If you abuse your body now, you'll pay the price when you're older. 如果你现在糟蹋自己的身体，年纪大了会吃苦头的。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay the ultimate price
■to die because of something you have done, especially something you do for moral reasons （尤指出于道义）献出生命
• If our soldiers have to pay the ultimate price for defending their country, then so be it. 如果我们的士兵需要为保卫祖国而牺牲生命，那也在所不惜。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay through the nose informal
■to pay too much money for something 付费过高；花钱过多
• We paid through the nose to get the car fixed and it still doesn't go properly. 我们修这辆车花费不菲，结果还是不能正常行驶。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
pay top dollar US
■to pay a lot of money for something 所费不赀
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
put paid to sth UK
■to finish or destroy something 结束，了结；毁掉
• A knee injury has put paid to her chances of getting into the final. 一次膝盖受伤断送了她进入决赛的机会。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
You pays your money and you takes your choice/chance. informal saying
■You are responsible for your decisions and cannot blame anyone else when what you have chosen is not successful. 自己选择自己承担后果。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sb/sth back
 ADVANCED
■to pay someone the money that you owe them 偿还（钱）；还（某人）钱
• Can you lend me a fiver? I'll pay you/it back tomorrow. 能借我五英镑吗？我明天还你。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay sb back
■to do something unpleasant to someone because they have done something unpleasant to you 使（某人）付出代价，向（某人）报复
• He swore he'd pay her back for all she'd done to him. 他发誓要使她为对自己所做的一切付出代价。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay for sth
■to be punished for doing something bad to someone else, or to suffer because of a mistake that you made 为…付出代价，因…得到报应
• We all pay for our mistakes in some way at some time. 我们都会在某个时候以某种方式为我们所犯的错误付出代价。
• He tricked me and I'm going to make him pay for it! 他欺骗了我，我会让他得到报应的！
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth in (US usually deposit)
■to put money into a bank account 把（钱）存入银行帐户
• If you go to the bank, will you pay these cheques in for me? 你去银行的话能帮我把这些支票存进去吗？
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay off
■If something you have done pays off, it is successful 取得成功，得到好结果
• All her hard work paid off in the end, and she finally passed the exam. 她的所有努力最终有了收获——她终于通过了考试。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth off
■to pay back money that you owe 还清（欠款）
• We should be able to pay off the debt within two years. 我们应该能在两年内还清债务。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sb off
■If your employer pays you off, they pay you for the last time and then end your job, because they do not need you or could not pay you in the future. 付清工资后遣散（某人）
■informal
■to give someone money so that they will not do or say something, or so that they will go away 用钱封住（某人）的嘴，收买（某人）
• There were rumours that key witnesses had been paid off to keep quiet. 谣传说关键证人都被收买了，不肯出面作证。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay (sth) out
■to spend a lot of money on something, or to pay a lot of money to someone （为…）付出大笔钱，（向…）支付大笔资金
• I've just paid out £500 on getting the car fixed. 我刚刚花了500英镑的高价修理那辆车。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] pay sth out
■to release a piece of rope or cable in a controlled way 小心地放出（绳索）
§/peɪ] pay 1 verb (paid, paid)
  Phrasal Verbs  pay up informal
■to give someone the money that you owe them, especially when you do not want to （尤指不情愿地）付清欠款，偿还欠款
• Eventually they paid up, but only after receiving several reminders. 最终他们还清了欠款，但那是在他们再三收到提示信以后的事。
[peɪ] verb (paid, paid)
  Common Learner Errors  payWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using pay in the past tense. In the past simple and past participle, don't write 'paied' or 'payed', write paid. The -ing form is paying.
[peɪ] noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the money you receive for doing a job 工资，薪金
• UK Any pay rise (US usuallyraise)must be in line with inflation. 工资的增长必须与通货膨胀同步。
• It's a nice job but the pay is appalling. 这份工作不错，但工资低得不像话。
be in the pay of sb
■to work for someone, especially secretly （尤指秘密地）受雇于（某人）
[peɪ] noun uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  pay, wage, salary, or income? Pay is a general word which means the money that you receive for working. Doctors usually get more pay than teachers. A wage is an amount of money you receive each day or week. It is often paid in cash (= notes and coins). His weekly wage is $400. A salary is the money you receive each month. A person's salary is often expressed as the total amount in a year. His salary is £20, 000. Your income is the total amount of money that you get by working or other sources. She has a monthly income of £1, 400.
take, pay, cost, spend
take: 物做主语,花时间;
pay: 人做主语,花钱,pay for;
cost: 物做主语,花钱
spend: 人做主语,花钱,花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth;
fee, earnings, wage, allowance, income, pay, salary
这组词都有“工资、收入”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。
earnings: 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。
wage: 多用复数形式，指按小时、日或星期的报酬，通常指体力劳动者的工资。
allowance: 指收入中的补贴部分。
income: 与earnings含义很相近，但前者强调总收入。
pay: 是个通用词，可取代salary与wage.
salary: 指按年定下，按月或星期平均给予的报酬，指脑力劳动者的薪水。
vt. 支付，付；偿还，补偿
 - replace, foot, tender
vi. [会计] 付款；偿还
 - shell out, repay
n. [劳经] 工资，薪水； [会计] 付款
 - payment, salary, wage

Word: another
Front: another
[əˈnʌðə(r)] (中高 145/150 -K5)
Vocabulary: another
(once / 10 pages)
adj
Another is a word used to describe an alternative. If your first bowling ball lands in the gutter, give it another try before you give up completely.
The word another comes from the Middle English term "an other," which is precisely what another is: some other alternative. It's used to refer to a different person, place or thing, or an additional person, place or thing. "Have another slice of pie," your mom might say. If there's another person in the room, or someone else, she might not be talking to you. Too bad.
WORD FAMILY
another
USAGE EXAMPLES
I found it odd in the heart of Buffalo Bills country to encounter another Seahawks fan.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
There will continue to be speculation about Elway rolling the dice on another seasoned star, the way he did so successfully with Peyton Manning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
"This was another chapter in the silent and ruthless war of drug trafficking," state public security secretary, Sergio Fontes, told journalists.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 又一个; 再一个; 另一的; 其他一种
pron. 另一个，别个; 再一个
分布：另一个(84%)，别的(8%)，另一的(3%)，再一个的(3%)，类似的一个(2%)
→来自短语an other .
a.另一个,又,再pron.另一个,类似的一个Otherwise, mother will go to another movie together with brother.不然,妈妈就和弟弟一起去看另一场电影.
US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
ADDITIONAL 另外的
 ESSENTIAL
■one more person or thing or an extra amount 又一的，再一个的
• I'm going to have another piece of cake. 我要再吃块蛋糕。
• "Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen?" "Another one?!" “从厨房给我拿块巧克力好吗？”“你还要？！”
• We can fit another person in my car. 我车里还可以再坐一个人。
• Danny's had yet another car accident. 丹尼又出交通意外了。
• For another £30 (= For £30 more) you can buy the model with remote control. 再加30英镑，你就可以买附遥控的那种型号了。
• Just think, in another three months (= three months from now) it'll be summer again. 想想吧，再过三个月就又到夏天了。
one... after another
■a lot of things, one after the other 一个接一个，接连
• I'm not surprised he's feeling ill - he was eating one ice-cream after another! 他生病我不觉得奇怪——他不停嘴地吃霜淇淋！
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
DIFFERENT 不同的
 ESSENTIAL
■a different person or thing 不同的（人或事物）；别的；另一
• She's finished with that boyfriend and found herself another (one). 她和原来那个男朋友分手了，又另找了一个。
• Do you want to exchange this toaster for another (one) or do you want your money back? 你是想另换一台烤面包机，还是要退货？
one another
■each other 互相，彼此
• They gave one another presents when they met at the airport. 他们在机场见面时互赠了礼物。
one way or another
■in some way that is not known yet 用某种方法，想方设法
• We'll get out of this mess one way or another. 我们得想个甚么办法摆脱这种困境。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
be another matter/thing
■to be a different situation which is likely to be judged differently 另当别论；情况不同
• Cars are useful, but their impact on the environment is another matter altogether. 汽车很有用，但对环境的影响则应另当别论。
■to be very different and likely to involve more problems or difficulties 另外一回事；真正难做的事情
• Feeling guilty for the homeless is one thing, finding cheap secure accommodation for them is quite another (thing). 对无家可归者感到内疚是一回事，而为他们找到廉价安全的住所就难了。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
be another story
■to be something that you do not want to say more about at this particular time 暂且不提
• When we finally got home, we found that we'd been burgled - but that's another story. 我们好不容易到了家，却发现家里被盗了——这个现在就先甭提了。
UK [ə'nʌð.ər] US [-ɚ] determiner pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  another Remember that another is written as one word. Don't write 'an other', write another :
✗ Would you like an other cup of coffee? Would you like another cup of coffee?
another, other
another: 后接名词单数  another student
other: 后接名词复数, other students,
adj. 又一，另一；另外的；不同的
 - different, diverse, other, unlike, varying

Word: where
Front: where
[weə(r)] (中高 169/131 -K5)
Back: adv. 哪里，在哪里; 到哪里; 某种情势或位置
conj. 在…的地方
n. 地方，场所
pron. 哪里
分布：在哪里(92%)，在那个地方(5%)，在 ... 地方(3%)
→来自kwo,印欧语疑问代词根，词源同who,where,why,how.
ad.在哪/那里conj./pron.哪里conj.然而Where are you from?你从什么地方来?
US [wer] adverb conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■to, at or in what place 去哪里；在哪里
• Where does he live? 他住在哪里？
• "I put it on your desk." "Where? I can't see it?" “我把它放在你书桌上了。”“在哪里？我怎么没看到？”
• Where are we going? 我们要去哪里？
• Now where did I put my glasses? 我把眼镜放在哪里了？
• Where's the party being held? 聚会在哪里举行？
• Could you tell me where Barker Drive is please? 你能告诉我巴克大街怎么走吗？
• Where did you put my umbrella? 你把我的雨伞放在哪里了？
• I've left my keys somewhere and I don't know where. 我把锁匙放在甚么地方了，我想不起来放哪里了。
• You've found my diary - where on Earth was it? 你找到我的日记——它到底在哪里呢？
• I've been meaning to ask you where you get your hair cut. 我一直想问你是在甚么地方剪的头发。
• Bradford, where Bren comes from, has a lot of good curry restaurants. 布拉德福德，布伦的家乡，有很多不错的咖喱饭店。
• She lived in Rome for a couple of years, where she taught English. 她在罗马生活了几年，其间在那里教英语。
• You see where Mira is standing? Well, he's behind her. 你看到米拉站在哪里了吗？嗯，他在她的后面。
• I like to have him next to me where I can keep an eye on him. 我想让他跟着我，这样我就可以顺便照顾他了。
• I read it somewhere - I don't know where (= in which book, newspaper, etc.). 我在甚么地方读过——我不记得是在哪里了。
 ESSENTIAL
■used when referring to a particular stage in a process or activity 处于某种阶段；到了某种地步
• You reach a point in any project where you just want to get the thing finished. 做任何专案计划时都会有那么一个阶段，就是只想赶快完成。
• I've reached the stage where I just don't care any more. 我已经到了甚么也不再在乎的地步了。
 ESSENTIAL
■in what situation 处于何种情况
• You're not available on the 12th and Andrew can't make the 20th - so where does that leave us? 你12号没时间，而安德鲁20号不行——那我们还能选哪个时间呢？
• Where do you see yourself five years from now? 你觉得自己五年之后会是甚么样？
UK [weər] US [wer] adverb conjunction
be where it's at slightly old-fashioned
■to be very fashionable and popular 非常时髦；非常流行
• In the classical music world these days, authentic instruments are where it's at. 在当今的古典音乐界，原生乐器备受青睐。
UK [weər] US [wer] adverb conjunction
know/see where sb is coming from
■If you say to someone you know or see where they are coming from, you mean you understand why they have a particular opinion, often although you do not have that opinion. 明白／知道（某人）为甚么会那样想
• I could see where they were coming from when they started quoting the Bible at me. 当他们开始引用《圣经》时，我就明白他们为甚么那样想了。
UK [weər] US [wer] adverb conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  where or were? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
UK [weər] US [wer] adverb conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  where or when? Warning: choose the correct conjunction! When using a relative clause to talk about what happened at a particular time, don't say 'where', say when :
✗ I worked there until 2001, where the company went bankrupt. I worked there until 2001, when the company went bankrupt.
UK [weər] US [wer] adverb conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  where Warning: check your word order! When where is used in a main clause to ask a question, the verb comes before the subject: Where is the nearest hospital? When where is used in a subordinate clause to talk about what place something is at/in, or moving towards, do not put the verb before the subject:
✗ I don't know where is the nearest hospital. I don't know where the nearest hospital is.
n. 地点
 - location, site, spot

Word: trade
Front: trade
[treɪd] (中高研四六雅 800/485 -K5)
Vocabulary: trade
(once / 38 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv 4n
When Bobby has peanut butter but wants bologna and Billy has bologna but wants peanut butter––they can make a trade. Trade also means a set of job skills––to learn a trade means to train for a certain job.
The concept of trading––or bartering––forms the basis of modern civilization––it brings along division of labor, literacy, urbanization. Thinking in those terms you can see how tradespeople––those trained in trades end up essentially trading their services, with money being introduced when the barter system breaks down or becomes too complex.
WORD FAMILY
trade: antitrade, traded, trader, trades, trading+/antitrade: antitrades/trader: traders/trading: tradings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Trump, however, may pursue populist, anti-globalisation, and protectionist policies that hinder trade and restrict the movement of labour and capital.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Trade Representative, a transition official says, filling in one of the final pieces in the new administration’s senior team.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 贸易; 行业; <美>顾客; 买卖
vt. & vi. 交易，经商
vt. 交换; 经营…交易，做…的买卖
vi. 贸易; 买卖; 以物易物
时态：traded, trading, trades
分布：贸易(66%)，交易(18%)，行业(5%)，交换(4%)，做生意(2%)，顾客(1%)，交易量(1%)，同行(1%)，营业额(1%)，从事贸易(1%)
→来自中古英语 trade,路径，道路，由中世纪德国汉萨同盟商会引入英国的一个词，来自中古 低地德语 trade,路径，道路，特指航向，航道，来自 Proto-Germanic*trado,路径，道路，来自 der,走，踩踏，词源同 tread,trip.特指比较固定的路径，道路，路线，后引申词义贸易， 交易，行业等，并成为主要词义，其原词义现仅见于 trade wind,信风，贸易风。
n.贸易,商业;职业,行业v.经商,交易I usually trade at our local stores.我平常在本地的商店买东西.
noun
BUYING AND SELLING 买卖
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries 贸易；交易；买卖
• The country's trade in manufactured goods has expanded in the last ten years. 该国的工业品贸易在最近十年里扩大了规模。
• Seventy per cent of the country's trade is with Europe. 该国70%的贸易是和欧洲做的。
• The two countries have signed a trade agreement for one year only. 这两个国家签署了一项为期仅一年的贸易协定。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■business activity 生意
• Since the supermarket opened, many small local shops have lost up to 50% of their trade. 自从这家超市开张后，当地许多小商店失去了一半的生意。
• In hot weather, shops do a roaring/brisk trade in (= selling a lot of) cold drinks and ice creams. 天热时，商店里的冷饮和霜淇淋生意非常好。
• This level of confidence in the economy is good for trade generally. 人们对经济的信心水准如此，对进行贸易有利。
[treɪd] noun
BUSINESS 商业
 IMPROVER countable
■a particular business or industry 行业
• the building/catering/tourist trade 建筑／饮食服务／旅游行业
• the book/car/fur trade 图书／汽车／皮毛制品行业
• He worked in the same trade all his life. 他终身从事同一行业。
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a job, especially one which needs special skill and which involves working with your hands （尤指需要特殊技术和手工劳动的）职业，行当
• After she left school, she went to college to learn a trade. 她中学毕业后去一家技术学院学一门手艺。
• He's a carpenter by trade. 他是做木工工作的。
the trade only singular
■the people who work in a particular business or industry or in the same one （特定或同一行业的）从业者
• People who work in the trade can buy their books at a discount. 同行购书可以打折。
• The company only supplies its goods to the (building/catering) trade, not direct to the public. 这家公司只向（建筑／饮食服务）从业者提供货物，而不直接面向公众。
[treɪd] adjective
trade publication/journal/magazine/paper
■a newspaper, etc. produced for people working in a particular business or industry 行业出版物／期刊／杂志／报纸
• a steel industry trade journal 钢铁工业的行业刊物
[treɪd] verb
BUY AND SELL 买卖
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to buy and sell goods or services, especially between countries （尤指国与国之间）从事（…）贸易，进行（…）交易
• For centuries, Native Americans traded with European settlers. 美洲印第安人和欧洲殖民者做了几百年生意。
• The company has been trading in oil for many years. 该公司做石油生意已经有许多年了。
• The two countries have become close trading partners. 两国已经成为关系密切的贸易伙伴。
• Our books are traded right across Asia. 我们的书在全亚洲销售。
⇒ See also horsetrade
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to be bought and sold, or to buy and sell shares , on the stock exchange （在证券交易所）买卖，交易
• On London's Stock Exchange, 18.5 million shares were traded yesterday. 昨天伦敦证券交易所成交股票1850万股。
• Shares in the company traded actively. 该公司的股票交易活跃。
[treɪd] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
transitive
■to exchange something, or to stop using or doing something and start using or doing something else instead 交换；改换，更换
• The children traded comics. 孩子们交换了连环漫画。
• [+ two objects] I'll trade you some of my chocolate for some of your ice cream. 我愿意用些巧克力换些你的霜淇淋。
• I wouldn't trade you for the world (= I do not want a different partner). 除了你，我谁都不要。
⇒ See also trade in
transitive
■If people trade statements of a particular type, they say or tell them to each other 互相说
• We sat around the dinner table, trading stories. 我们围坐在餐桌旁，你一言我一语地讲着各自的见闻。
• The two politicians didn't really discuss the issues, they just traded insults. 这两个政客并不是真的在讨论问题，而是在互相辱骂。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] trade sth in
■to give something you own as part of your payment for something you buy, especially a new type of the same thing 以…折价换购（尤指同类的新品）
• He recently traded in his Jeep for a red Mercedes. 他最近用自己的吉普车折价换购了一辆红色的奔驰轿车。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trade on sth
■to use something, especially a characteristic, for your own advantage and usually in an unfair way （为谋私利）利用
• People are always trading on his generosity. 人们总是利用他的慷慨。
• This kind of advertising trades on people's fears. 这种广告利用人们的恐惧心理。
• He trades on his good looks. 他利用自己的英俊相貌来谋取便利。
[treɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  trade up/down
■to buy something, usually a house or car, that is of higher or lower value than the one you already have 买更贵／更便宜的东西（通常指房子或汽车）
• My car is costing me too much to run, so I'm going to trade down to a cheaper model. 我的轿车用起来花费太多，所以我打算卖掉它，再买款用起来便宜点的车。
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 贸易， [贸易] 交易； [劳经] 行业；职业
 - commerce, profession, employment, career, pursuit
vi. [贸易] 交易，买卖；以物易物
 - traffic, exchange, truck

Word: few
Front: few
[fju:] (中高 185/189 -K5)
Vocabulary: few
(once / 12 pages)
adjn
Few is a word for a small, non-specific number. A few is somewhere between a couple and a whole bunch.
When you say you're going to have a few fries, you'd better not eat the whole order — a few is a tiny number. It takes more than a few people to play basketball, though they could probably play two-on-two. This is one of many words for amounts that aren't specific, like a bunch, a load, or a bit. If someone refers to the few, they're talking about an elite, special group, like "The few. The proud. The Marines."
WORD FAMILY
few: fewness, fews+/fewness: fewnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Boyd ran so much in practice that he was tired after a few series.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
To remedy that, he sometimes groups a few of them together.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
After that, we bumped into each other occasionally on the street, spending a few minutes catching up.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 很少的; 很少; （与复数名词和复数动词连用）有些; 几乎没有的
pron. 很少; 有些（人、事物、地方）; （与复数动词连用）少数人; 不和…一般多
n. 很少数
分布：几个(65%)，少数(18%)，很少的(7%)，少数的(5%)，少量(5%)
→来自pau, 少的，小的，词源同poor, pupil, pullet.引申多种词义。
a.[表肯定]有些,几个;[表否定]几乎没有的My nephew found a few dewdrops on the Jewish jeweler's jewel.侄儿发现犹太珠宝商的珠宝上有几滴露珠.
determiner pronoun
SOME 一些
a few
 ESSENTIAL
■some, or a small number of something 一些；几个
• I need to get a few things in town. 我需要到城里买几样东西。
• There are a few cakes left over from the party. 派对上剩了一些蛋糕。
• We've been having a few problems with the new computer. 我们使用这台新电脑后一直有一些问题。
• If you can't fit all the cases in your car, I can take a few in mine. 如果你的车里装不下所有的箱子，可以在我的车里放几个。
• "How many potatoes do you want?" "Oh, just a few, please." “你要多少个马铃薯？”“哦，几个就够了，谢谢。”
 ESSENTIAL
■used in expressions such as 'quite a few' or 'a good few' to mean quite a large number （用于 quite a few, a good few 等表达方式中）许多，很多，大量
• I know quite a few people who've had the same problem. 我知道很多人也遇到了同样的问题。
• Lots of people at the club are under twenty, but there are a good few who aren't. 俱乐部里很多人都不满20岁，但是也有不少人已经过了20岁。
[fju:] determiner pronoun
have a few (too many) informal
■to drink quite a large number of, or too many, alcoholic drinks 喝了不少／太多酒
• By the look of her, she'd had a few even before she arrived at the party. 看她的样子，她来派对之前就已经喝了不少酒。
[fju:] determiner pronoun noun adjective
NOT MANY 不多
 ESSENTIAL
■a small number, not many or not enough 很少；不多；几个
• It was embarrassing how few people attended the party. 只有那么几个人参加了派对，真令人尴尬。
• He is among the few people I can trust. 他是为数不多的几个我能信任的人之一。
• Very few people can afford to pay those prices. 没有几个人付得起那样的价钱。
• We leave for France in a few days. 我们几天后要去法国。
• Few of the children can read or write yet. 这些孩子中没有几个会读写。
• Few things in this world give me more pleasure than a long bath. 这个世界上没有多少事情比好好洗个澡更让我感到享受。
• Fewer people smoke these days than used to. 现在吸烟的人比以往少了。
• We get few complaints. 我们很少接到投诉。
• According to the survey, as few as 10% of us are happy with our jobs. 根据调查，仅有10%的人对自己的工作感到满意。
• The benefits of this scheme are few. 这个计划没有甚么益处。
Compare little (NOT ENOUGH)
few and far between
■not happening or existing very often 不常发生；稀少
• Flats which are both comfortable and reasonably priced are few and far between. 既舒适又价格合理的公寓少之又少。
[fju:] determiner pronoun noun adjective
a man / woman of few words
■a man/woman who says very little 少言寡语的男人／女人
• My father was a man of few words, but when he spoke it was worth listening to. 我父亲是个少言寡语的人，但他开口时，他的话是值得一听的。
[fju:] determiner pronoun noun adjective
no fewer than formal
■used to show that you consider a number to be surprisingly large 不少于，多达
• No fewer than five hundred delegates attended the conference. 多达500名代表出席了大会。
[fju:] determiner pronoun noun adjective
  Common Learner Errors  few or a few? Warning: do not confuse 'few' and 'a few' Use few to talk about a small number of things which is too small or not enough. This use is slightly formal: Unfortunately, I have few opportunities to speak English. To simply talk about a small number of things, don't say 'few', say a few :
✗ Luckily, I had few opportunities to speak English. Luckily, I had a few opportunities to speak English. Remember: In spoken English it is more usual to use not many to talk about a small number that is not enough: I don't get many opportunities to speak English.
several, little, few
这组词都有“少量的”的意思，其区别是：
several: 修饰可数名词的复数形式，指至少有3个，但不会超过5、6个。
little: 只修饰不可数名词，含否定意义。
few: 只修饰可数名词的复数形式，侧重指数量非常少，给人一种模糊概念，含否定意义。
adj. 很少的；几乎没有的
 - tiny, little, small

Word: day
Front: day
[deɪ] (中高雅 90/95 -K5)
Vocabulary: day
(once / 6 pages)
n
A day is a 24-hour period, or the length of time it takes the Earth to rotate fully on its axis. There are 365 days in a year, and 31 days in the month of January.
Most work weeks last five days, and an ordinary weekend gives you two days of freedom before you go back to work or school. Day can also mean the opposite of night, or the time when the sun is up and you're awake. If your grandpa starts his stories with, "Back in my day..." he means an era or a period of time in the past. The Old English root, dæg, means both "day" and "lifetime."
WORD FAMILY
day: daily, days, midday +/ daily: dailies/days: dayses/ midday: middays
USAGE EXAMPLES
But one day last month, while Clemson was busy preparing for its College Football Playoff semifinal against Ohio State, Venables benched himself.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
“The number of turtles were dropping and the size, you can’t see any big ones, only small,” he said later in the day.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I felt like it was something I would use every day.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 一天; 白天; 时期; 节日
adj. 日间的; 逐日的
adv. 每天; 经常在白天地
分布：一天(81%)，白天(15%)，时代(4%)
→来自dhegwh, 燃烧，发光，词源同fever, yester.引申义天亮，白天。
n.天,一昼夜;白昼,白天;时期,时代Yes, yesterday was the my pay-day; I pay you the payment today.是的,昨天是我的发薪日,我今天付给你报酬.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of 24 hours, especially from 12 o'clock one night to 12 o'clock the next night 一天，一日
• January has 31 days. 一月份有31天。
• the days of the week 一周的七天
• He runs five miles every day. 他每天跑5英里。
• It took us almost a day to get here. 我们花了几乎一天的时间才到这里。
• I saw him the day before yesterday. 我前天见到他了。
• We leave the day after tomorrow. 我们后天离开。
• He was last seen alive five days ago. 人们最后一次见到他时，是在五日前，那时他还活着。
• They haven't been seen for days (= for several days). 他们有一段时间没露面了。
• I'll be seeing Pat in a few days] in a few days' time. 过几天我会见到派特。
• How's your day been (= Have you enjoyed today) ? 你今天过得好吗？
• Have a nice day! 祝你有愉快的一天！
• I must get some sleep - I've got a big day (= an important day) tomorrow. 我要睡一睡了——我明天有很重要的事。
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to the period in 24 hours when it is naturally light 白天，白昼
• a bright, sunny day 阳光明媚的一天
• It's rained all day today. 今天下了一整天的雨。
• These animals sleep in the day and hunt at night. 这些动物昼伏夜出。
 ESSENTIAL
■the time that you usually spend at work or at school 工作天；上课天
• a normal working day 正常的工作天
• I work a seven-hour day. 我每天工作七小时。
• We're having to work a six-day week to cope with demand. 为了满足需求，我们将不得不每周工作六天。
• She's at home today - she's having a day off. 她今天在家——她要休息一天。
the other day
 IMPROVER
■a few days ago 前几天，几天前
• Didn't I see you in the post office the other day? 前几天我不是在邮局见过你吗？
these days
 ADVANCED
■used to talk about the present time, in comparison with the past 现在，如今
• Vegetarianism is very popular these days. 现在很流行素食。
in those days
■in the past 过去，从前
• In those days people used to write a lot more letters. 过去人们多会写信。
any day now
■very soon, especially within the next few days 很快，过不了多久；（尤指）就这几天
• The baby's due any day now. 就这几天婴儿就要出生了。
by day
■when it is naturally light 白天，白天的时候
• I prefer travelling by day. 我喜欢在白天旅行。
day after day
■repeatedly, every day 日复一日，每天
• The same problems keep coming up day after day. 每天都会出现同样的问题。
day and night
■all the time 日夜，一直
• You can hear the traffic from your room day and night. 无论白天晚上你在房间里都会听到车辆的嘈杂声。
day by day
■every day, or more and more as each day passes 每天，天天；日益，越来越
• Day by day he became weaker. 他的身体日渐虚弱。
(from) day to day
■If something changes (from) day to day, it changes often 每天；时常
• The symptoms of the disease change from day to day. 这种疾病的症状每天都会发生变化。
the days
■a period in history 时期；时代
• How did people communicate in the days before email? 没有电子邮件的时候人们是怎样交流的？
to this day
■until now 到现在，直到今天
• To this day nobody knows what happened to him. 到现在也没人知道他到底出了甚么事。
[deɪ] noun countable
all in a day's work
■If something difficult, unpleasant or strange is all in a day's work for someone, it is a usual part of their job （棘手、不快或奇怪的事情）为分内工作
• When you're a nurse, cleaning up vomit is all in a day's work. 对护士来说，清理呕吐物就是分内工作。
[deɪ] noun countable
the best / happiest days of your life
■the most pleasant time you will ever have 最美好的时光
• Adults are fond of telling children that their years at school are the best days of their life. 成年人喜欢对孩子说上学那些年是他们一生当中最美好的时光。
[deɪ] noun countable
day in day out
■(especially of something boring) done or happening every day for a long period of time （尤指枯燥之事）一天接一天，日复一日
• I have to do the same boring jobs day in day out. 我每天都要做这些单调乏味的工作。
[deɪ] noun countable
sb's/sth's days are numbered
■If someone or something's days are numbered, they will not exist for much longer …的时日不多；（某人）将不久于人世
• The latest opinion polls suggest that his days as leader are numbered. 最新的民意调查显示，他在领导者的位置上坐不了多久。
[deɪ] noun countable
have had its/your day
■to be much less popular than before 风光不再，不比从前，不再走红
• She sold a lot of books in the 1960's, but she's had her day. 20世纪60年代她的书很畅销，但如今已经风光不再了。
[deɪ] noun countable
have your day in court
■to get an opportunity to give your opinion on something or to explain your actions after they have been criticized 争取机会（公开地）发表意见或为自己的行为辩护
• She was determined to get her day in court and the TV interview would give it to her. 她决心要公开发表意见。接受电视采访正是一个好机会。
[deɪ] noun countable
in all my (born) days
■in all of my life 一生，一辈子
• I've never seen anything so strange in all my born days. 我一辈子都没见过这么奇怪的事情。
[deɪ] noun countable
in my day
■when I was young 我小的时候；当年
• Children take so much for granted nowadays - in my day a new bike was really special. 现在的孩子把很多东西都太不当作一回事了——我小的时候一辆新脚踏车就是件稀罕之物。
[deɪ] noun countable
in this day and age
■at the present time 如今，当前，当今
• You can't afford to run businesses inefficiently in this day and age. 如今低效经营企业是行不通的。
[deɪ] noun countable
make sb's day
■to make someone happy 使（某人）高兴，取悦（某人）
• Seeing Adrian again after such a long time really made my day. 过了这么久能与阿德里安再次见面真让我感到高兴。
[deɪ] noun countable
not be sb's day
■If it is not your day, you are having a difficult or unpleasant day （某人）身处逆境，不走运，倒楣
• This really isn't my day - my wallet was stolen and now I've lost my car keys. 今天我可真够倒楣的——先是钱包被偷，现在车匙又丢了。
[deɪ] noun countable
one of these days
■some time in the near future 将来有一天，过不了多久
• You're going to get into serious trouble one of these days. 将来有一天你会惹上大麻烦。
[deɪ] noun countable
one of those days
■a bad day, full of problems 倒楣的日子，不走运的日子
• It's just been one of those days. 今天真倒楣。
[deɪ] noun countable
one/some day IMPROVER
■at some time in the future 将来有一天，将来某一天
• I'd love to go to China some/one day. 将来有一天我要去中国。
[deɪ] noun countable
take each day as it comes / take it one day at a time
■to deal with things as they happen, and not to make plans or to worry about the future 顺其自然，不为未来计划或忧虑
• I've lived through a lot of changes recently, but I've learnt to take each day at it comes. 近来遇到诸多变故，但我已学会凡事要顺其自然。
[deɪ] noun countable
that'll be the day
■something you say in order to show you think something is unlikely to happen （表示不太相信）胡说，哪有这样的事
• "Mike says he's going to give up smoking." "That'll be the day!" “麦克说他要戒烟了。”“别听他乱说！”
[deɪ] noun countable
those were the days
■something you say which means life was better at the time in the past that you are talking about 那时候可真好，那才是好时光
• We were young and madly in love. Ah, those were the days! 我们当时都很年轻，正处于热恋。唉，那时候多好啊！
[deɪ] noun countable
to the day
■exactly 正好，刚好
• She died ten years ago to the day. 她正好在十年前的今天去世。
[deɪ] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  dayWarning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about when something happened or will happen, don't say 'in/at' this/that day, say on this/that day :
✗ I will always remember where I was in that day. I will always remember where I was on that day.
day, date
这组词都有“日”的意思，其区别是：
day: 泛指任何一天，或指含有“一昼夜”意义的一天，也可指工作日。可用复数表时代、时期。
date: 指具体的年、月、日，或指年代、时代。
n. 一天；时期；白昼
 - period, season, page
adj. 日间的；逐日的
 - day-to-day

Word: you
Front: you
[ju] (中高 14/15 -K5)
Back: pron. 你; 你们，您们; 各位; 大家
分布：你(91%)，你们(9%)
→来自yu,二人称复数，词源同ye,并逐渐取代二人称单数thou,兼具单复数格。
pron.你;你们;一个人,任何人You can never predict what would happen next.谁也无法预料接着会发生什么事.
/jʊ] pronoun
PERSON/PEOPLE ADDRESSED 所称呼的一个人／多个人
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to the person or people being spoken or written to 你；您；你们
• You look nice. 你看起来不错。
• I love you. 我爱你。
• You said I could go with you. 你说过我可以和你一起去。
• You're coming tonight, aren't you? 你今晚会过来，对吗?
• Are you two ready? 你俩准备好了吗？
• You painted that yourself? You clever girl! 那个是你自己画的？你真是个聪明的姑娘！
  Common Learner Errors  you or your? Warning: do not confuse the pronoun you with the determiner your :
✗ I was so pleased to receive you letter. I was so pleased to receive your letter.
[ju:] /jə] /jʊ] pronoun
PEOPLE GENERALLY 泛指人
 ESSENTIAL
■people in general （泛指）你，任何人
• You learn to accept these things as you get older. 年纪大些之后，你开始学会接受这些事情。
• You can't get a driving licence till you're seventeen in this country. 在这个国家，17岁以下人士不能获得驾驶执照。
• Too much alcohol is bad for you. 饮酒过量对身体有害。
• How do you get this thing to start? 怎样才能令这东西启动？
[ju:] /jə] /jʊ] pronoun
you got it US informal
■used to say that you will quickly do what someone has asked you to do 用于表示很快就完成对方要求你做的事情
• "Would you get me a coffee?" "Sure, you got it!" “你能帮我拿杯咖啡么？”“没问题，马上就来。”

Word: any
Front: any
[ˈeni] (中高 109/78 -K5)
Vocabulary: any
(once / 5 pages)
adjadv
Use the word any when you're talking about every possible quantity of something — whether it's one, a few, or many. You might ask an ice cream truck driver, "Do you have any ice cream sandwiches?"
Any refers to non-specific amounts of something, as when you ask your friend, "Do you have any advice about what movie I should see?" or you ask a bakery worker, "Do you have any chocolate croissants left?" It also means "at all," like when you complain, "That pep talk didn't make me feel any better." In Old English, the word was ænig, which meant both "any" and "anyone," or literally, "one-y."
WORD FAMILY
any: anyer, anys
USAGE EXAMPLES
For the first time I am not optimistic any more.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Officials didn’t release any identifying information, including the children’s ages or whether they were related.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
The Times reserves the right to edit and publish any submissions online and/or in print.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 任何的; 一点，一些; 普通的; 任何，随便哪一个
pron. 任何; 无论哪个; 若干
adv. 稍微，少许; 什么，一些，一点
分布：任何(90%)，丝毫(4%)，任何的(3%)，稍微(3%)
→an, 一。-y, 形容词后缀。
a.(用于否定句,疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的At any rate, the separation ratio is accurate.无论如何,这个分离比是精确的.
determiner pronoun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL
■some, or even the smallest amount or number of 一些；一点；若干
• Is there any of that lemon cake left? 柠檬蛋糕有没有剩下一点啊？
• There was hardly any food left by the time we got there. 我们到那里的时候，几乎一点吃的都没了。
• "Is there some butter I could use?" "No, there's some margarine but there isn't any butter." “还有奶油吗？我要用点。”“没了，人造奶油还有些，但是奶油一点都没有了。”
• "Is there any more soup?" "No, I'm afraid there isn't any left." “还有汤吗？”“抱歉，一点都没有了。”
• I haven't seen any of his films. 他的电影我一部都没看过。
• I don't expect we'll have any more trouble from him. 我希望他再也不要给我们添任何麻烦了。
• I go to church for weddings but not for any other reason. 我只有参加婚礼才会去教堂。
• Are you sure there isn't any way of solving this problem? 你肯定这问题没有任何解决办法了？
['en.i] determiner pronoun
NOT IMPORTANT WHICH 无论哪个
 ESSENTIAL
■one of or each of a particular type of person or thing when it is not important which 任何一个，无论哪个
• Any food would be better than nothing at all. 有一点吃的总比甚么都没有好。
• "Which of these cakes may I eat?" "Any." “我可以吃哪块蛋糕？”“随便。”
• The offer was that you could have any three items of clothing you liked for £30. 商家提供的优惠是，花30英镑可任选三件你喜欢的服装。
• informal On Sundays I just wear any old thing (= anything) that I happen to find lying around. 星期天我是抓着哪件衣服就穿哪件。
• Any of you should be able to answer this question. 你们随便哪个都应该能回答这个问题。
• Any idiot with a basic knowledge of French should be able to book a hotel room in Paris. 任何人只要懂点起码的法语，都能在巴黎预订一个旅馆房间。
• Any advice (= Whatever advice) that you can give me would be greatly appreciated. 你给我甚么建议我都会感激不尽。
• Any minute/day/time now (= Very soon) there's going to be a massive quarrel between those two. 他们两个随时都会大吵一场。
• There were a lot of computers at the exhibition, any (one) of which would have suited me perfectly. 展览会上有很多电脑，无论哪一台都会非常适合我用。
['en.i] adverb
 IMPROVER
■at all or in the least 根本；丝毫，略，稍
• Can't you run any faster? 你不能再跑快一点吗？
• Those trousers don't look any different from the others. 那条裤子看起来和其他裤子没甚么两样。
• Are you feeling any better after your illness? 你病愈后感觉身体好些了吗？
• Houses in this area used to be a real bargain, but they're not cheap any more (= now). 以前这一地区的房价非常低廉，但是现在可不便宜了。
• This radio is n't any good (= it's useless) - I'll have to buy another. 这台收音机根本不好用，我还得再买一台。
• I used to walk to work every day, but not any longer (= not now). 我以前每天都步行去上班，但是现在不了。
• US informal I tried talking him out of it, but that didn't help any - he still left home. 我极力想劝阻他，但根本无济于事，他还是离家而去。
adj. 任何的；所有的；丝毫
 - having, possessory
adv. 稍微；少许
 - somewhat, in some sort

Word: good
Front: good
[gʊd] (中高雅 110/73 -K5)
Vocabulary: good
(once / 4 pages)
1adjnadv 2adjadv 3adj 4n
We all know what good means as an adjective––pleasing, favorable, nice. But did you know that good is also a noun, meaning something that can be sold? This means a shopkeeper’s ideal is to have really good goods.
Good comes from an old German root for gathering, and in its original sense it means that something fits well. If something is good for you, it fits you well, or is healthy for you to eat. A long walk through a crowded city is good for someone who likes people-watching, but if you are a misanthrope and you hate people, that wouldn't be so good. If food has spoiled, it’s no longer good.
TASTY MORSELS
A Personality Test: What Does "Good" Say About You?
Find out where the word good leads you in this tongue-in-cheek personality quiz flowchart from Vocabulary.com.
A good many of us use good a good deal too often...stand out from the pack with a new vocabulary list, 10 Opportune, Appropriate, and Downright Corking Ways to Say "Good".
WORD FAMILY
good: best, better, goodish, goodness, goods+/ best: bested, bester, bestest, besting, bests/ better: bettered, bettering, betterly, betterment, betters/betterment: betterments/goodness: goodnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Thunder are a significantly better defensive team than the Rockets.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“It was just two really good football teams playing at the highest level and competing until the absolute, very end,” USC coach Clay Helton said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 好的; 优秀的; 有益的; 漂亮的，健全的
n. 好处，利益; 善良; 善行; 好人
adv. 同well
级别：better, best
分布：好的(78%)，好处(11%)，优秀的(7%)，善行(3%)，上等的(1%)
→来自ghedh, 连接，匹配，词源同gather. 与god没有词源关系。
a.好的;善良的;擅长的;乖的n.好处;利益He is very good at French.他精通法语.
adjective (better, best)
PLEASANT 令人愉快的
 ESSENTIAL
■very satisfactory, enjoyable, pleasant or interesting 令人满意的；令人愉快的；合意的；有趣的
• a good book 一本有趣的书
• Did you have a good time at the party? 你在派对上玩得开心吗？
• The weather has been really good for the time of year. 就这个季节而言，这段时间的天气真是难得的好。
• I've just had some very good news. 我刚得知一些令人特别开心的消息。
• It 's so good to see you after all this time! 分开这么长时间，见到你真是高兴！
 ESSENTIAL
■used in greetings （用于打招呼）好
• good morning/afternoon/evening 早上／下午／晚上好
  Common Learner Errors  good or well? Remember: good is not used as an adverb. To talk about something being done in a good way or to a high standard, don't say 'good', say well :
✗ She did her work very good, but she was often late. She did her work very well, but she was often late. Warning: Some US English speakers use 'good' as an adverb, but many people consider this incorrect and it should not be used in exams.
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
HIGH QUALITY 高品质
 ESSENTIAL
■of a high quality or level 好的；出色的；优质的
• She speaks very good French. 她法语说得很好。
• I've heard it's a very good school. 我听说这是所很好的学校。
• The apple pie was as good as the one my grandmother used to make. 这苹果派就像我祖母以前做的一样好吃。
• This restaurant has a good reputation. 这家饭店声誉良好。
■used to express praise （表示赞赏）好的，值得称赞的
• Good man! Splendid catch. 高手！球接得太好了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
 ESSENTIAL
■successful, or able to do something well 成功的；能干的；精通的；擅长的
• Kate's a good cook. 凯特厨艺很好。
• She's very good at Geography. 她地理学得很好。
• They have a good relationship. 他们关系很好。
• She's very good with children. 她很会照顾孩子。
be no good ADVANCED (also be not any/much good)
■to be of low quality or not useful 没用；很差劲
• Shoes are no good if they let in water. 鞋子如果透水的话，品质就不好。
• Food aid isn't much good until the fighting stops. 在战斗停止之前，食物援助是没有太大用处的。
get off to a good start
■to begin an activity successfully 有好的开始；顺利开始
• I didn't get off to a very good start this morning - I'd been at work five minutes and my computer stopped working! 我今天上午刚一开始工作就不顺——才工作了五分钟，电脑就死（当）机了！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
KIND 善良的
 ESSENTIAL
■kind or helpful 好心的，心地善良的；乐于助人的
• a good friend 一个好朋友
• It 's good of you to offer to help. 你主动提供帮助，真是太好了。
• He's very good to his mother. 他对他妈妈很孝顺体贴。
be so good as to (also be good enough to) formal
■used to make a polite request 请（做…）
• Be so good as to close the door when you leave. 你离开时，请关门。
do (sb) a good turn old-fashioned
■to do something kind which helps someone else 做（对某人）有利的事情
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
MORALLY RIGHT 合乎道德的
 ESSENTIAL
■morally right or based on religious principles 高尚的；虔诚的；好心的；助人为乐的
• She led a good life. 她一生虔诚向善。
• Try to set a good example to the children. 要努力给孩子们做个好榜样。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
POSITIVE 正面
 ESSENTIAL
■having a positive or useful effect, especially on the health （尤指在健康方面）有益的，有好处的，有用的
• Make sure you eat plenty of good fresh food. 一定要吃大量有益健康的新鲜食物。
• Too much sugar in your diet isn't good for you. 饮食中含糖量过高，对你的身体没有好处。
• It's good for old people to stay active if they can. 尽量保持身心活跃对老年人是有益的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 IMPROVER
■A good child or animal behaves well （儿童）乖的，守规矩的，不调皮的；（动物）温顺的
• If you're a good boy at the doctor's I'll take you swimming afterwards. 看医生的时候你要是听话，看完病我就带你去游泳。
■able to be trusted 可信赖的；有信誉的；有信用的
• Her credit is good (= She can be trusted to pay her debts). 她从不拖帐，信誉很好。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SUITABLE 合适的
■suitable, convenient or satisfactory 合适的，方便的或令人满意的
• When would be a good time to phone? 甚么时候打电话合适呢？
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
LARGE 大量
[before noun]
■used to emphasize the large number, amount or level of something 相当大的；相当多的；相当可观的
• We've walked a good distance today. 今天我们走了好长的一段路。
• There was a good-sized crowd at the airport waiting for the plane to land. 机场里有很多人在等候飞机降落。
• Not all of his films have been successful - there were a good few (= several) failures in the early years. 他拍的电影并非都是成功的——刚出道时他经历了许多次失败。
• Have a good think about it and let me know tomorrow. 好好想一想这件事，明天给我答覆。
• You have a good cry and you'll feel better after. 痛痛快快哭一场吧，哭过之后感觉就会好很多。
• There's a good chance the operation will be successful. 手术成功的可能性很大。
⇒ See also good money
a good deal of
■much 大量；许多
• The new law met with a good deal of opposition at local level. 新法律在当地遭到强烈反对。
a good ... (also a good ... 's)
■more than 多于；不少于
• It's a good half hour's walk to the station from here. 从这儿步行到车站足足有半个多小时。
• The police said a good twenty kilos of explosive were found during the raid. 员警说在突击搜查行动中发现了至少20公斤的炸药。
• Driving through the deserted town we saw a good many (= a lot of) burnt-out houses. 从被遗弃的城镇中开车驶过时，我们看到很多烧毁的房屋。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
SATISFACTION 满意
■said when you are satisfied or pleased about something, or to show agreement with a decision 表示同意；满意
• Oh good, he's arrived at last. 好，他总算来了。
• Good, I'll tell her it's all arranged, then. 好，那我就跟她说，一切已安排妥当。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be a good job/thing ADVANCED
■used to mean 'it is lucky' 幸好，幸亏
• It's a good job they didn't go camping last weekend - the weather was awful. 幸亏他们上个周末没去野营——天气糟透了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
all in good time mainly UK
■used to tell someone to be patient because the thing they are eager for will happen when the time is right 来得及，快了，别急
• Be patient, you'll hear the result all in good time. 耐心点，到时候你会听到结果的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
as good as
■almost 几乎；简直是
• The decorating is as good as finished - I just need to finish off the painting. 装修接近完工——我只需要涂完油漆就大功告成了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as gold
■(of a child) to behave very well （儿童）乖，守规矩
• She's been as good as gold all morning. 她整个上午都很乖。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be (as) good as new
■to be in very good condition 状况很好；状态极佳；功能良好
• A coat of paint and it will be as good as new. 只要涂上一层漆，就会跟新的一样了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be as good as your word
■to do everything that you promise someone you will 守信用；信守诺言
• He said he'd call every day and he was as good as his word. 他说会每天打电话，结果真的没有食言。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good for sth informal
■to be able and willing to provide something 能提供…；乐意给…
• Bette is always good for a laugh. 贝特任何时候都是个开心果。
• Dad will probably be good for a few pounds, if we ask him. 如果我们问爸爸拿，他或许会给我们几英镑的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
be good to go US informal
■to be prepared and ready to do something 准备好
• Let me grab a jacket and then I'm good to go. 我再拿件外套就可以了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Be good, and if you can't be good, be careful. humorous saying
■said to someone to tell them to enjoy themselves at an event or during an activity, but to be sensible, too 可以玩得尽兴，但不可任性胡来。
§/gʊd/ good 1 adjective (better, best)
for good measure
■in addition 另外
• The concert was excellent - there were lots of well-known songs with some new ones thrown in for good measure. 音乐会很精彩——演唱了好多家喻户晓的名曲，此外还加演了一些新歌。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and ... informal
■very 很，非常
• Drink your coffee while it's good and hot. 趁热把咖啡喝了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good and proper informal
■completely 完全地；彻底地
• The table is broken good and proper. 桌子已经完全坏了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good for you ! (Australian also Good on you !) ADVANCED
■used to show approval for someone's success or good luck 干得好！真棒！太幸运了！：
• You passed your exam - good for you! 你通过考试了——真好！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
Good heavens/grief/gracious! (also Good God/Lord!) ADVANCED
■used to emphasize how surprised, angry, shocked, etc. you are （惊奇、愤怒或震惊时用于加强语气）（我的）天哪！
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
the good old days
■If you talk about the good old days, you mean a time in the past when you believe life was better 美好的往昔
• I wish my grandma would stop going on about the good old days. 我希望祖母不要把那些美好的陈年往事如数家珍地讲个不停。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
good show UK old-fashioned
■used as an expression of approval 太好了；真棒
• Good show chaps, you completed the course in the time allowed. 做得不错，小伙子们，你们在规定时间内修完了这个课程。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
have a good innings UK informal
■If you say that someone has had a good innings, you mean that they have had a long and successful life 长寿且一帆风顺；寿长福大
• He was 86 when he died so I suppose he'd had a good innings. 他去世时86岁，所以我觉得他一生称得上是多福多寿了。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good faith
■If something is done in good faith, it is done sincerely and honestly 真诚地；诚实地
• She was acting in good faith for her client. 她真诚地为客户服务。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
in good time mainly UK
■early 及早；有充裕时间地
• We'll be at the airport in good time. 我们会早早赶到机场的。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good
■to succeed and become rich 获得成功；变富
• a working-class boy made good 获得成功的工人阶级家庭的孩子
■When someone makes good something, they either pay for it, or make it happen 偿付；支付；履行；成功
• The shortfall in the budget will be made good by selling further shares. 预算不足可以透过出售更多的股份来弥补。
[gʊd] adjective (better, best)
make good time
■to complete a journey quickly 在路上花的时间很短
[gʊd] noun
THINGS 物件
goods [plural]
 ESSENTIAL
■things for sale, or the things that you own 商品，货物；私人财产
• There is a 25% discount on all electrical goods until the end of the week. 周末前，所有电器商品全部七五折出售。
• The house insurance will not cover your personal goods. 这份房屋保险的承保范围不包括你的私人动产。
■UK
■things, but not people, which are transported by railway or road （铁路或公路）运载的货物
• a goods train 货运列车
[gʊd] noun
HELP 帮忙
 ADVANCED uncountable
■something that is an advantage or help to a person or situation 好处；益处；用处
• Even a small donation can do a lot of good. 即使一小笔捐助也可以帮上大忙。
• I'm telling you for your own good. 我告诉你这些都是为你好的。
[gʊd] noun
HEALTH 健康
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the state of being healthy or in a satisfactory condition; benefit 健康，健全；美满；好处，益处
• You should stop smoking for your own good (= for your health). 你应该为了自身健康而戒烟。
• He goes running every day for the good of his health. 他每天都跑步健身。
• Modernizing historic buildings can often do more harm than good. 对有历史意义的建筑物进行现代化改造常常是弊大于利。
• The rally has been cancelled for the good of all concerned. 考虑到所有相关人士的利益，这次集会被取消了。
do you good
 ADVANCED
■to improve your health or life 有利（你）的健康；对（你）有好处；对（你）有益处
• You can't work all the time - it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself sometimes. 你不能经常工作——有时也要出去享乐一下，这对你有好处。
• Take the medicine - it will do you (a power/world of) good (= improve your health a lot). 把药吃了——这对你身体（大）有好处。
[gʊd] noun
MORALLY RIGHT 符合道德
uncountable
■that which is morally right 善；符合道德的行为；正直的行为
• There is an eternal struggle between good (= the force which produces morally right action) and evil. 善恶之争永不停息。
• Ambition can sometimes be a force for good. 雄心有时也可以成为行善的驱动力。
the good [plural]
■all the people who are morally good 有道德的人；高尚的人；好人
• You can't buy your way into the ranks of the good. 做好人不是用钱买来的。
[gʊd] noun
TIME 时间
for good
■forever 永久地，永远地
• She's gone and this time it's for good. 她走了，这一次是永不回头了。
[gʊd] noun
be up to no good informal
■to be behaving in a dishonest or bad way 做坏事；做不光彩的事
• He certainly looked as if he was up to no good. 他看上去确实好像在做甚么坏事。
[gʊd] noun
come up with the goods (also deliver the goods) informal
■to produce what is wanted 履行诺言；达到要求；不负所望
• What they promise sounds impressive enough - let's see if they come up with the goods. 他们的承诺听起来很郑重——我们来看看他们是否会履行。
[gʊd] noun
no good informal old-fashioned
■morally bad 道德败坏的；品行恶劣的
• I'd keep away from him if I were you - he's no good. 我要是你的话就离他远点——他品行不端
[gʊd] noun
to the good
■generally helpful 大多数人有利的；有益于多数人的；普遍有好处的
• Greater international stability can surely only be to the good. 国际局势更加稳定当然只会使世人获益。
[gʊd] noun
what good is ... (also what's the good of ...) ADVANCED
■a way of asking what the purpose of (doing) something is …有甚么用
• What good is sitting alone in your room? 一个人孤零零地在家坐着又有甚么用？
good, well
good: 形容词,
well: 副词,但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
adj. 好的；优良的；愉快的；虔诚的
 - fine, Ok, great, religious, bright
n. 好处；善行；慷慨的行为
 - benefit, plus, mercy
adv. 好
 - okey

Word: then
Front: then
[ðen] (中高 77/59 -K5)
Vocabulary: then
(once / 4 pages)
1advnadj 2adv
Then is a word that puts things in order by time, or refers to a moment in time: you get up; then you have breakfast. You're married now; back then, you were single.
The word then can also be used as a consequence, often after the word if. If you watch the kids, then I will clean the house. Don't confuse then with than, which sounds similar. Than is used to compare two things: I like spaghetti better than macaroni and cheese. Then is about time or consequence: you eat dinner, then get dessert. If you're good, then maybe you'll get a big dessert.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
than / then
Than compares things, but then is all about time. They sound similar and were even spelled the same until the 1700s. Not anymore! Vive la difference!
Than shows comparison and has words on either side. A giraffe is bigger than a weasel. A pickle tastes better than a shoe. Than shows up in familiar sayings:
It's better to give than to receive.
Actions speak louder than words.
His bark is worse than his bite.
Problems arise when a pronoun follows than. Is it "She is taller than I"? Or "She is taller than me"? If you said "taller than I," you are correct! Because of the understood verb — "She is taller than I (am)" — you use I not me. (If that sounds a little stuffy, don't worry. Over the years it's become okay to save "taller than I" for formal writing and use "taller than me" informally.)
Okay, then, let's talk about then. Then doesn't bother comparing anything, it just moves things along. Then can be used as in "next," or "at a particular time," or "in that case." It often comes after an "if" as in "If we write about cats, then we must write about dogs." And then there were examples:
She got up at 4 a.m. to practice, then went to school, then got back in the pool to practice some more. (Washington Post)
Moun was treated by prison medical staff, then taken to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. (Los Angeles Times)
Getting these imports at a cheaper price, then, is good news. (US News)
There you have it. Than is higher in the alphabet than the word then. When making comparisons, than gets an A because it's more competitive. It's even first in the alphabet! Then has an "e" because it's n-e-xt.
WORD FAMILY
then: thens
USAGE EXAMPLES
Qaddafi was toppled and then little was done to save Libya from a descent into turmoil.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Prosecutors say she crashed into an SUV and was then hit head-on by another car.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
No. 13 Wisconsin appears in both of the Big Ten’s matchups, first visiting No. 25 Indiana on Tuesday then visiting No. 20 Purdue on Sunday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 那时; 然后; 那么; 话说回来
adj. 当时的; 那时的
分布：然后(74%)，那么(17%)，当时(6%)，而且(2%)，当时的(1%)
→来自古英语 thanne,在此之后，然后，来自 Proto-Germanic*thana,那个，来自 to,指示代词， 词源同 this,that.其与拼写变体形式 than 现已产生词义和用法上的差别。
ad.当时,在那时;然后,于是;那么,因而Since then the sincere princess has known the principal principle.从那时起诚实的公主就知道该主要原理.
adverb [before noun] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■(at) that time (in the past or in the future) 在当时（过去或未来）（的）；在那时（的）
• I was working in the city then. 那时我在城里工作。
• formal I wanted to live in the city, but my then husband (= the man who was my husband at that time) preferred the country. 我希望住在城里，但我当时的丈夫想住在乡下。
• Give it to me next week - I won't have time to read it before/until then. 下周给我吧——我只有到那时才有时间看。
• I'll phone you tomorrow - I should have the details by then. 我明天会给你打电话，到那时我应该知道详情了。
[ðen] adverb [before noun] adjective
from then on
■from that time 从那时起
• She had a car accident a year ago and suffered from back pain from then on. 她一年前发生车祸，自此就一直背痛。
[ðen] adverb [before noun] adjective
then and there (also there and then)
■immediately 立即，马上
• I suggested he phone his mother and he did it there and then. 我建议他给他妈妈打电话，他立即照做了。
[ðen] adverb [before noun] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  then or than? Warning: Choose the right word! These two words look similar, but they are spelled differently and have completely different meanings.
[ðen] adverb
NEXT 接着
 ESSENTIAL
■next or after that 然后，接着，后来
• Let me finish this job, then we'll go. 让我把这工作做完，我们再走。
• Give her the letter to read, then she'll understand. 把那封信给她看，她就会明白的了。
[ðen] adverb
IN ADDITION 此外
 ESSENTIAL
■in addition 此外；而且；还
• This is the standard model, then there's the deluxe version which costs more. 这是普通版，另外还有价钱比较贵的豪华版。
[ðen] adverb
RESULT 结果
 ESSENTIAL
■as a result; in that case; also used as a way of joining a statement to an earlier piece of conversation 这么说来，那么，既然如此
• Have a rest now, then you won't be so tired this evening. 现在休息一会儿，这样的话今晚你就不会那么累了。
• You'll be selling your house, then? 这么说你要卖掉你的房子？
[ðen] adverb
but then (again)
■but when you think about the matter more or in another way 不过话又说回来；不过仔细想想
• I agree she types accurately, but then again, she's very slow. 我承认她打字很准确，不过话又说回来，她打得很慢。
adv. 然后；那么；于是；当时；此外
 - accordingly, next, moreover, again, besides
n. 那时
 - lors
conj. 然后，当时
 - and

Word: three
Front: three
[θri:] (中高 135/104 -5)
Back: num. 三; 三个; 第三（章，页等）
n. 三岁; 三个人[东西]; 三，三个
adj. 三的; 三个的
分布：三(75%)，三个(24%)，三个的(1%)
→来自古英语 thri,三，来自 Proto-Germanic*thriz,三，来自 treyes,三，来自 trei,三，词 源同 thrice,tertiary.-es,表复数。
num.三pron./a.三(个,只...)Five plus three is eight.五加三等于八.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 3 （数字）三
• I've got three sisters. 我有三个姐妹。
• School finishes at three o'clock. 学校在三点钟放学。
[θri:] number
the three Rs informal
■used to refer to the basic areas of education: reading, writing and mathematics 基础教育三要素（指读、写、算）
n. 三，三个
 - trois
adj. 三的，三个的
 - trinal, ternate

Word: part
Front: part
[pɑ:t] (中高研四雅 178/140 -K3)
Vocabulary: part
(once / 9 pages)
1nvadv 2n 3n 4n 5v
A part is a section or portion of something larger. When you injure a body part, you only hurt one arm or foot, rather than your entire body.
Part can be used to mean a section of a whole, like a bicycle part, or Part Six of your book. To an actor, a part is a role in a movie or play, and to a hair stylist, it's the line on your scalp where your hair is combed in opposite directions. As a verb, it means "to divide or separate," and the Latin root is partem, "a part or portion."
WORD FAMILY
part: counterpart, forepart, parted, partial, parting, partitive, parts, subpart, underpart+/ counterpart: counterparts/forepart: foreparts/ partial: partiality, partially, partialness, partials/ partiality: partialities/parting: partings/partitive: partitively, partitives/subpart: subparts/underpart: underparts
USAGE EXAMPLES
They are part of a package of proposals following last month’s attack on a Berlin Christmas market.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Bharambe, for his part, argues that Mumbai’s collision statistics look worse than other Indian cities because the Mumbai police are better at recording accidents.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
As part of its advice, National Debtline recommends that consumers:
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 部分; 零件; 参加; 地区
vt. 使分裂; 拆移; 使分开
vi. 分开; 分离; 分岔
adv. 不完全地，部分地
adj. 不完全的，部分的
时态：parted, parting, parts
分布：部分(83%)，分开(4%)，零件(3%)，角色(3%)，分离(2%)，部位(2%)，部分地(1%)，离开(1%)，断裂(1%)
→来自拉丁语partem,分开，部分，部件，来自pere,分配，切割，词源同pair,portion.引申诸相关词义。
n.部分,角色,一方,零件,地区,部,篇v.使分开The substantial part of the constitution about the institution of institutes is substituted.宪法中有关设立协会的实质性部分被替换.
US [pɑ:rt] noun
SOME 一些
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■some but not all of a thing 部分，局部
• Part of my steak isn't cooked properly. 我这块牛排有些部分没煮好。
• Part of this form seems to be missing. 这份表格有一部分似乎缺失了。
• I think part of her problem is that she doesn't listen carefully enough to what other people say. 我认为她的部分问题在于她不去认真听取别人所说的话。
in part
■partly, or to some degree 部分地；在一定程度上
• The deadline for applications is being extended, in part because of the postal strike. 申请的最后期限延长了，部分原因是邮局发生了罢工。
in (a) large part
■to an important degree 在很大程度上，多半
• How quickly we can finish the project depends in (a) large part on when we get the payments through. 我们能多快完成这个专案计划很大程度上取决于应付的款项甚么时候办妥。
for the most part
■mostly or usually 一般地，通常
• He was, for the most part, quite helpful. 他通常都很乐于助人。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
SEPARATE PIECE 分开的部分
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a separate piece of something, or a piece which combines with other pieces to form the whole of something 构成部分，组成部分
• We learned about all the different parts of the digestive system. 我们了解到消化系统中所有不同的组成部分。
• The lower part of her spine was crushed in the accident. 她的下脊柱在意外中被压碎了。
• I think there's always a part of you that doubts what you're doing. 我想你一直多少有点怀疑你在做的事情吧。
• Fresh fruit and vegetables form an essential/important part of a healthy diet. 新鲜的水果和蔬菜是健康饮食的基本／重要组成部分。
• There'll be snow in parts (= particular areas) of the Midlands tonight. 今晚英格兰中部部分地区将会下雪。
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the pieces that together form a machine or some type of equipment 零件，部件
• He works for a company that makes aircraft parts. 他在一家制造飞机零件的公司工作。
countable
■a single broadcast of a series of television or radio programmes or a division of a story （电视连续剧或连播剧的）集，节，段；（小说的）部，篇
• Next week we publish part three of 'The Diana Diaries'. 下周我们将出版《戴安娜日记》的第三部分。
• The programme will be shown in two parts. 该节目将分两集播出。
countable
■one of two or more equal, or almost equal, measures of something 一等份
• Mix one part of the medicine with three parts water. 将一份药与三份水混合。
countable
■one of the characters in a film, play or dance, or the words, actions or movements that are said or done by that character 角色；台词，表演
• He's got a small part in the school play. 他在学校的演出中得到一个小角色。
• She plays the part of the sexy blonde waitress. 她扮演那位金发性感女侍者。
countable
■the music that a particular musician plays in a group 部；声部
these parts informal
■used to refer to an area of the country 地区，区域
• We don't see many foreigners in these parts. 在这些地区我们看不到多少外国人。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
INVOLVEMENT 参与
take part
 IMPROVER
■to be involved in an activity with other people 参加，参与
• She doesn't usually take part in any of the class activities. 她通常不参加任何班级活动。
uncountable
■involvement in or responsibility for an activity or action 份，职责，作用
• He admitted his part in the robbery. 他承认抢劫也有他的份。
• I want no part in/of your crazy schemes! 我一点也不想参与你那些疯狂的计划！
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
HAIR 头发
countable US (UK parting)
■a line on someone's head made by brushing the hair in two different directions （头发的）分缝，发缝，分线
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
be part and parcel of sth
■to be a necessary feature of a particular experience, which cannot be avoided 是…必要（或不可缺少）的部分
• Being recognized in the street is part and parcel of being a celebrity. 走在街上被人认出是身为名人在所难免的。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
the best/better part of
■most of 大部分，大半
• I spent the better part of a day cleaning that kitchen! 我一天的大部分时间都花在清理那个厨房上了！
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
dress/look/act the part
■to look suitable or behave in a suitable way for a particular situation 穿得／看起来／做得很得体
• If you're going to be a high-powered businesswoman, you've got to look the part. 如果你打算做个商界女强人，你就必须看起来得体才行。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
part of the furniture
■something or someone so familiar that you no longer notice them 习以为常之事，司空见惯的事（或人）
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] noun
take sb's part
■to support someone 支持（某人），站在（某人）一边
• For once, my brother took my part in the argument. 只有一次我哥哥在争论中站在我这边。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
intransitive or transitive
■to separate or cause to separate （使）分开
• The curtains parted, revealing a darkened stage. 幕布拉开，露出灯光转暗的舞台。
• To be parted from him even for two days made her sad. 就连跟他分开两天都会让她难过。
transitive
■If you part your hair, you arrange it so that it falls on either side of your head by separating it with a line down the middle or on one side. 梳分（头发）
intransitive formal
■If two people part, they leave each other, often at the end of a relationship 分别；分手
• I'm afraid we parted on rather bad terms. 很遗憾我们最后不欢而散。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
part company
■If two people part company, they end their relationship 分道扬镳，拆伙
• The world's number one tennis player and his coach parted company earlier this month. 世界头号网球选手和他的教练本月初分道扬镳了。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
parting of the ways
■the point at which two people or organizations separate 分手（或拆伙）的时刻
• The parting of the ways came after a series of disagreements between the singer and his song-writer. 经过一连串争执后，歌手和他的词曲作者最终各奔东西。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  part with sth
■to give something to someone else, especially when you do not want to （尤指不情愿地）放弃，舍弃
• I was going to give away her old baby clothes, but I couldn't bring myself to part with them. 我原来打算把她旧的婴儿衣服送人，但就是舍不得。
UK [pɑ:t] US [pɑ:rt] adverb
■partly 部分地
• He's part African - his father was born in Somalia. 他有部分非洲血统——他父亲出生在索马利亚。
• The exam is part spoken and part written. 考试一部分是口试，一部分是笔试。
separate, divorce, divide, part
这组词都有“分开”的意思，其区别是：
separate: 指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。
divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。
divide: 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。
part: 多指使紧密相连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。
share, fraction, division, segment, part, fragment, section, piece, portion
这组词都有“整体的一部分”的意思，其区别是：
share: 指共有的东西中应占有的一部分。
fraction: 指包含在全体中的一部分，暗示微不足道的一部分。
division: 通常指按类划分或分割成而的部分。常含抽象意义。
segment: 指某物的特定部分或自然形成的部分，也指线形物品的一段。
part: 含义广，最普通用词。常指整体中可大可小的一部分，也可指整体中可分开的独立部分。
fragment: 指因破裂、分割等产生的支离破碎、不规则的一部分。
section: 指整体中的分区，部分与部分之间有显著界限。
piece: 指整体中的一些个体，尤指从某个整体上分出来的一部分。
portion: 侧重从整体中所分配到的那一部分，含一定的独立意义。
n. 部分；角色；零件
 - role, workers, portion, proportion, character
vt. 分离；分配；分开
 - portion, separate from
vi. 断裂；分手
 - break it down
adv. 部分地
 - half
adj. 部分的
 - fractional, segmental

Word: might
Front: might
[maɪt] (中高研四雅 175/138 -K1)
Vocabulary: might
(once / 8 pages)
n
Might is physical strength or power. If you try with all your might to climb a difficult rock wall, it means that you try as hard as you can to get to the top.
The noun might means a person's power or strength, like the might it takes to get a stuck lid off a jar of salsa, or the impressive power of a group, like a country's military might. Might is also a verb used to express possibility, like when you might go for a walk if it doesn't rain.
WORD FAMILY
might: mights, mighty +/mightiness: mightinesses/ mighty: mightier, mightiest, mightily, mightiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Over the long term, though, might the procedure affect their eating and digestion?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Prescription treatments might include a topical anti-inflammatory cream or an oral antibiotic for more-severe inflammation and redness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
It must be bad news, and they think I might fall apart.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: aux. 表示可能; 表示许可; 表示询问情况
n. 力气; 力量; 威力; 权力
v. 可以; 应该
分布：可能(71%)，也许(21%)，威力(4%)，力量(4%)
→来自古英语miht,来自Proto-Germanic*makhti,来自magh,使能够，赋予力量，词源同may,magic.引申词义强大力量，威力。后用于助动词表也许。比较may.
aux.v.可能,也许n.力量,威力,权力Conversely, you might say that it is ridiculous.反过来说,你可以说它很古怪.
modal verb
MAY 可能
 ESSENTIAL past simple of
■the verb may , used especially when reporting what someone has said, thought, asked, etc （may 的过去式）可能，可以
• I brought him some sandwiches because I thought he might be hungry. 我拿了些三明治给他，因为我想他可能饿了。
• Very politely the little boy asked if he might have another piece of cake (= he said "May I have another piece of cake, please?"). 小男孩非常礼貌地问可否再吃一块蛋糕。
[maɪt] modal verb
POSSIBILITY 可能性
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express the possibility that something will happen or be done, or that something is true although not very likely （表示可能性）可能，也许
• I might come and visit you in America next year, if I can save enough money. 如果我存够钱的话，明年我也许会到美国看你。
• Don't go any closer - it might be dangerous/it mightn't be safe. 别再走近了——那可能很危险／不安全。
• Driving so fast, he might have had a nasty accident (= it could have happened but it did not). 他开车开得那么快，早就可能出意外。
• The rain might have stopped by now. 现在雨也许已经停了。
[maɪt] modal verb
PERMISSION 允许
 ADVANCED UK formal
■used as a more polite form of may when asking for permission （用于请求许可，语气较 may 更婉转）可以，能
• Might I ask a question? 我能问个问题吗？
• I wonder if I might have a quick look at your newspaper? 请问我能否看一下你的报纸？
[maɪt] modal verb
SUGGESTION 建议
 ADVANCED
■used to make a suggestion or suggest a possibility in a polite way （用于礼貌地建议）可以，也许
• You might like to try a little more basil in the sauce next time. 下次你可以试着在酱汁里多加点罗勒。
• I thought you might like to join me for dinner. 我想你也许愿意和我一起吃晚餐。
[maɪt] modal verb
SHOULD 应该
■used to suggest, especially angrily, what someone should do to be pleasant, correct, polite, etc （表示婉转的责备）应该
• You might at least try to look like you're enjoying yourself! 你至少应该努力做出很开心的样子！
• "I've asked the boss to dinner tonight." "Well, you might have warned me!" “今晚我要请老板吃饭。”“噢，你总该事先告诉我！”
[maɪt] modal verb
INTRODUCE 引出 (also may)
■used to introduce a statement which is very different from the statement you really want to make, in order to compare the two （用于引出与真正想说的话完全不同的话，以将两者对比）也许
• Leeds might be an excellent team, but today they played appallingly. 里兹队也许是支很棒的球队，但今天他们表现得糟糕极了。
[maɪt] modal verb
I might have known slightly disapproving
■said when you are not surprised at a situation or someone's behaviour, because you expected it 我就知道
• I might have known (that) he'd still be in bed at noon. 我就知道他到中午了还在睡觉。
[maɪt] modal verb
might I ask/inquire/know UK formal
■used in questions to show disapproval by being more polite than is expected （用于问句中，礼貌地表示不赞同）我可以问一下／知道吗
• And what are you doing in there, might I ask? 我可以问一下你在那里做甚么吗？
[maɪt] modal verb
  Common Learner Errors  mightMight is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'might does something', say might do something :
✗ This year's group might includes several vegetarians. This year's group might include several vegetarians.
[maɪt] noun uncountable
■power, strength or force 力量；威力；能力
• Pizarro defeated the might of the Inca Empire with only a few hundred men. 皮萨罗以区区几百人就打败了强大的印加帝国。
• She struggled with all her might to get free. 她用尽全力想挣脱出来。
[maɪt] noun uncountable
with might and main old-fashioned literary
■with as much effort as possible 全力以赴，竭尽全力
• They shouted with might and main but nobody came to rescue them. 他们竭尽全力呼喊，却没有人来营救。
might, strength, power, vigour, force, energy
这组词都有“力”的意思，其区别是：
might: 多指巨大或超人的力量。
strength: 指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force。
power: 最普通用词，泛指一切力量或能力等。
vigour: 指由生命元气的存在所产生的活力、精力。
force: 着重指克服障碍，推动人或物朝所要求的方向运动或能产生明显效应的力量。
energy: 用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
n. 力量；威力；势力
 - strength, force, muscle, power, influence
aux. 可能；也许
 - should

Word: down
Front: down
[daʊn] (中高托宝 118/102 -K2)
Vocabulary: down
(once / 8 pages)
1advadjvn 2v 3advadj 4adj 5adj 6adv 7adv 8adv 9adjv 10n 11n
The adverb down means "from a higher place to a lower one," like when a person climbs down a ladder or a waiter puts a tray full of cakes down on a table.
Anything that moves lower — in height, location, or volume — is down, so you can travel down south, tell your dog to get down, or turn your loud music down. Down can also refer to a mood or condition; if you're feeling down, you're sad, and if your computer is down, it's not working. Another meaning of down is the soft feathers of a young bird, which is sometimes used to fill coats or comforters.
WORD FAMILY
down: downed, downer, downlike, downly, downs, downy +/downer: downers/ downy: downier, downiest, downily, downiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Or you decide to cut down on alcohol but you keep drinking.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Finally, as the turtle slowed down, he positioned the boat near the fatigued animal.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A strong El Niño brought high temperatures early in the year; a follow-up La Niña cooled things back down.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. （坐、倒、躺）下; 向下; （表示范围或顺序的限度）下至
prep. （从高处）向下; （表示位置）在…的下方; （表示方向）沿着…向下; （表示时间）自…以来
adj. 向下的; 沮丧的; 计算机或计算机系统停机; （以…）落后于对手的
n. （鸟的）绒羽; 绒毛; 软毛; 汗毛
vt. 放下; （尤指大口或快速地）喝下; 使摔倒; 击落（敌机等）
vi. [常用于祈使句中]下去; 下来; 卧倒; 下降
时态：downed, downing, downs
分布：向下(55%)，向下的(10%)，绒毛(10%)，击倒(7%)，被抑制(4%)，汗毛(4%)，吞下(3%)，打败(3%)，无礼的(2%)，消沉的(1%)，沿着 ... 而下(1%)
→来自古英语dun, 山地，山丘，堡垒，词源同downs, town. 进一步来自dheue, 关闭，围，圈住，居住地，词源同dune, town. 词义由山上过渡到下山，在16世纪开始做为副词使用，这种词义演变在所有日耳曼语系同源词中仅发生在英语。down 绒羽
ad.下;由大到小prep.沿着...而下a.向下的Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
adverb
LOWER POSITION 更低位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or towards a low or lower position, from a higher one 在下面；向下，朝下
• Is this UKlift/ USelevator going down? 这部电梯是向下开的吗？
• Don't look down! You'll get dizzy. 别朝下看！你会头晕的。
• The sun's going down and it'll be dark soon. 太阳要落下去了，天很快就要黑了。
• The space capsule came down in the ocean. 太空舱落入了海里。
• I bent down to look under the bed. 我弯下腰朝床底下看了看。
 ESSENTIAL
■moving from above and onto a surface 往下，向下，朝下
• Just as I was sitting down to watch TV, the phone rang. 我正准备坐下看电视的时候，电话响了。
• Why don't you lie down on the sofa for a while? 你为甚么不在沙发上躺一会儿呢？
• This box is really heavy - can we put it down (on the floor) for a minute? 这个箱子确实很重——我们把它放下（搁到地板上）歇一会儿好吗?
• Get down off that table immediately, you silly girl! 你这个傻丫头，马上从桌子上下来！
• The terrorists forced everybody to lie face down (= with the front part of the body below) on the floor. 恐怖分子强迫大家面朝下趴在地板上。
 IMPROVER
■firmly in place or into position 固定（的），牢固（的）
• I put the loose floorboard back and nailed it down. 我把松动的地板块放回去用钉子钉牢。
• He held my arms down by my sides. 他把我的手臂按在我身体的两侧。
[daʊn] adverb
LOWER LEVEL 更低水准
 ESSENTIAL
■in or towards a lower level, a smaller amount or a simpler state 降低；减少；减弱
• The rate of inflation is finally going down. 通货膨胀率终于下降了。
• Turn the TV down - it's way too loud! 把电视机的声音关小一点——实在太吵了！
• The nurse bandaged my sprained ankle to keep the swelling down (= to limit the swelling). 护士给我包扎扭伤的脚踝以控制肿胀。
• If you wait a few months, the price will come down. 如果你等上几个月，价格就会降下来。
• Milan were three goals down (= losing by three goals) at half-time. 半场结束时米兰队落后三球。
• The number of students at this school has gone down from 500 last year to 410. 这所学校的学生人数从去年的500人降到了410人。
[daʊn] adverb
DESTROY 毁坏
 IMPROVER
■If you burn, cut or knock something or someone down, you cause them to fall to the ground, usually damaged, destroyed or injured 倒，垮，塌
• The house burned down many years ago. 许多年以前这座房子就被烧毁了。
• These trees will have to be cut down to make way for the new road. 为了修建新公路，不得不将这些树砍掉。
• UK She was knocked down by a car and killed instantly. 她被车撞倒后即时死亡。
[daʊn] adverb
IN WRITING 以书面形式
 IMPROVER
■in writing or on paper 以书面形式；写在纸上
• I'll write it down now so I won't forget. 我现在要把它写下来以免忘了。
• Do you have it down in writing/on paper , or was it just a verbal agreement? 你有书面的东西吗？还是只是口头协定？
• I've got/put you down for (= have written that you want) three tickets each. 我已经记下了你们每人要三张票。
• The police officers were taking down the names of witnesses. 警官们正在记录证人的姓名。
[daʊn] adverb
FAR 遥远的
 IMPROVER
■used, especially with prepositions, to emphasize that a place is far from you or from somewhere considered to be central 在远方，在远处
• I'll meet you down at the club after work. 下班后我会到俱乐部找你。
• He has a house down by the harbour. 他在港湾那边有一座房子。
• I'm going down to the shop to buy some milk. 我要去商店买些牛奶。
■in or towards the south 在南部；向南方
• Things are much more expensive down (in the) south. 南方的东西要贵许多。
• My parents live down in Florida, but they come up to Chicago every summer. 我父母住在南方的佛罗里达，但他们每年夏天都要来芝加哥。
• We're moving down to London. 我们要南下搬到伦敦去了。
[daʊn] adverb
OLDER TO YOUNGER 由老到幼
■from an older person to a younger one 传下去（的），传给下一代（的）
• The necklace has been passed/handed down through seven generations. 这条项链已经传了七代人了。
• These myths have come down to us from prehistoric times. 这些神话从史前一直流传至今。
[daʊn] adverb
EATING 进食
■inside your stomach 在肚子里
• You'll feel better once you've got some hot soup down you. 喝点热汤你就会感觉舒服一些。
• He's getting weak because he can't keep anything down. 他吃了甚么食物都吐，因此他的身体变得越来越虚弱了。
[daʊn] adverb
MONEY 钱
■at the time of buying 购买时
• I gave him £1000 down, and paid the rest in instalments. 我付给他1000英镑，其余货款分期支付。
[daʊn] adverb
be down on sb informal
■to criticize someone 批评（某人）
• It's not fair of the boss to be so down on a new employee. 老板这样批评一位新员工有些不公平。
[daʊn] adverb
come / go down in the world mainly UK
■to lose the money and high social rank that you had in the past 失势，没落
• Fancy her taking a job like that - she's certainly come down in the world! 她竟然会去做那样的工作——她肯定是失势了！
[daʊn] adverb
down sb's way
■in the (distant) place where someone lives 在（某人）居住的地方，在（某人）那里
• Down our way people don't take much interest in politics. 在我们那里人们对政治不太感兴趣。
[daʊn] adverb
down under UK and US informal
■(in or to) Australia or New Zealand 在澳大利亚（或纽西兰）；到澳大利亚（或纽西兰）
• She was born in Scotland, but she's been living down under for 22 years. 她生在苏格兰，但一直在澳大利亚生活了22年。
[daʊn] adverb
(right) down to
■even including the following small or not important things or people 甚至包括，就连…也包括在内
• Amalie was dressed completely in black, right down to black lipstick and a black earring. 爱蜜莉一身黑色打扮，就连口红和耳环也是黑色的。
• Everyone, from the Director down to the secretaries, was questioned by the police. 每个人，上至主管下至秘书，都受到了警方的盘问。
[daʊn] adverb
Down with sb/sth !
■something you say, write or shout to show your opposition to someone or something, and to demand that they are removed from power or destroyed 打倒…！
[daʊn] adverb
One / Two , etc. down , one / two etc. to go.
■an expression which is used to mean that you have done or dealt with the first, second, etc. of a series of things and have yet to do or deal with the rest 已经完成了一／两个，还有一／两个没完成呢
• "Have you done your essays?" "Two down, three to go." “你的论文写完了吗?”“已经写好两篇了，还剩三篇没写呢。”
[daʊn] preposition
LOWER POSITION 更低位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or towards a low or lower position, from a higher one 在下面；向下，朝下
• I slid down the hill. 我顺着山坡滑了下来。
• Aikiko fell down some stairs and broke her wrist. 爱子在楼梯上滑了一跤，手腕骨折了。
[daʊn] preposition
ALONG 沿着
 ESSENTIAL
■along 沿着，顺
• We drove down the motorway as far as Bristol. 我们沿着高速公路一直开到了布里斯托。
• Her office is down the corridor on the right. 她的办公室在走廊那头的右侧。
• They sailed the boat down the river (= towards the sea). 他们沿着这条河驾船驶向大海。
[daʊn] preposition
TO 向
 ADVANCED UK not standard
■to 到，向，朝
• I went down the pub with my mates. 我和同伴去了酒吧。
Compare up
[daʊn] preposition
down the drain (Australian also down the gurgler) informal
■If work or money is or goes down the drain, it is spoiled or wasted 付诸东流，打水漂
• If the factory closes, that will be a million pounds' worth of investment down the drain. 如果工厂关闭，那么100万英镑的投资就付诸流水了。
[daʊn] preposition
down the toilet (UK also down the pan) informal
■If something is or goes down the toilet, it is wasted or spoiled 被浪费；遭毁坏
• After the drugs scandal, his career went down the toilet. 经过这次毒品丑闻，他的职业生涯算是毁了。
[daʊn] preposition
down the road/line/track
■in the future 将来
• We have an idea to develop a talking book, but a marketable product is a long way down the road. 我们想开发一种会说话的书，但要拿出有销路的产品还有很长的路要走。
[daʊn] verb transitive
LOWER POSITION 更低位置
■to cause something or someone to fall to the ground 使跌倒，使倒下；使掉下
• We downed three enemy planes with our missiles. 我们用导弹击落了三架敌机。
• The ice storm has downed trees and power lines all over the region. 冰暴在整个地区击倒树木，刮落电线。
[daʊn] verb transitive
EAT 进食
■to eat or drink something quickly 一口气吃下；一口气喝下
• He'd downed four beers before I'd finished one. 我一杯啤酒还没喝完，他就已经一口气喝下四杯了。
[daʊn] verb transitive
DEFEAT 击败 US to defeat someone, especially in sport （尤指在比赛中）打败，击败，战胜
• The Yankees downed the Red Sox 7-0. 扬基队以7-0的比数打败了红袜队。
[daʊn] verb transitive
down tools UK
■to refuse to continue working, especially because you are not satisfied with the amount you are being paid or with your working conditions （尤指因对工资或工作条件不满而）停工，罢工
• The printers are threatening to down tools if the pay offer is not increased to 8%. 印刷工人威胁说，如果工资不增长8%就停工。
[daʊn] adjective
UNHAPPY 不高兴的
 ADVANCED
■unhappy; unable to feel excited or energetic about anything 不高兴的；情绪低落的，提不起精神的
• She's been really down since her husband died. 自从丈夫去世后她一直郁郁寡欢。
• I've been (feeling) a bit down this week. 这周我有点情绪低落。
§/daʊn/ down 1 adjective
NOT IN OPERATION 未运作
 ADVANCED [after verb] specialized
■(of a system or machine, especially a computer) not in operation or not working, usually only for a limited period of time （尤指电脑等系统或机器）停止运作
• The network will be down for an hour for routine maintenance. 网路将停止运行一小时以进行日常维护。
• The whole system's gone down. 整个系统都停止运行了。
⇒ See also downtime
[daʊn] adjective
kick/hit sb when they are down
■to take unfair advantage of someone when they are in a weak position 趁人之危
• It's typical of the boss to kick someone when they're down. 趁人之危是这个老板的典型手法。
[daʊn] noun
FEATHERS 羽毛
uncountable
■small soft feathers, especially those from a young bird 羽绒
• goose/duck down 鹅／鸭绒
• a down jacket/pillow/sleeping bag (= a jacket/pillow/sleeping bag filled with down) 羽绒上衣／枕头／睡袋
[S or U]
■very soft thin hair 绒毛
[daʊn] noun
DISLIKE 不喜欢
have a down on sb UK informal
■to dislike someone, often unfairly 不喜欢（某人），对（某人）有偏见
• Why do you have a down on him? I think he seems really nice. 你为甚么不喜欢他？我觉得他非常不错。
⇒ See also downs
adv. 向下，下去；在下面
 - below, under
adj. 向下的
 - descensive
n. 软毛， [植] 绒毛； [地质] 开阔的高地
 - pubescence, fur
prep. 沿着，往下
 - along with
vt. 打倒，击败
 - defeat, floor, fell
vi. 下降；下去
 - decline, descend

Word: tax
Front: tax
[tæks] (高研四六托 509/545 -K5)
Back: vt. 使负重担; 消耗精力; 向…征税; 责备，谴责
n. 税，税额; 负担
时态：taxed, taxing, taxes
分布：税(96%)，负担(2%)，课税(1%)，斥责(1%)
→来自拉丁语 taxare,评估，估计，征税，反复格于 tangere,接触，安排，来自 tag,接触， 触摸，词源同 tangent,task.后引申词义征税，课税，及名词词义税收，税款等。
n.税(款),负担v.对...征税,使负重担Axe the tax on taxis. Wax may relax the body.削减出租车的税费.蜂蜡可以使身体放松.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(an amount of) money paid to the government, which is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you have bought 税；税款
• They're putting up the tax on cigarettes. 他们要提高烟草税。
• Tax cuts (= reductions in taxes) are always popular. 减税总是受欢迎的。
• What do you earn before/after tax (= before/after you have paid tax on the money you earn) ? 你的税前／税后收入是多少？
[tæks] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED
■to make someone pay a tax 对…征税，对…课税
• Husbands and wives may be taxed independently/together. 夫妻俩可以分别／合并纳税。
[tæks] verb transitive
NEED EFFORT 需要努力
■to need someone to make a lot of effort, either physical or mental 使负重担；使大伤脑筋
• He only has to read a short report - it shouldn't tax him unduly. 他只需读一篇简短的报告——这应该不会耗费他太多精力。
tax, duty, tariff, assess, dues, impose
tax: 普通用词，指用各种不同方法向个人或单位征收所得税、房地产税等各种税款。侧重实际征收金钱。
duty: 责任
tariff: 关税
assess: 指一般情况下，征收房地产税、罚款或其它费用。
dues: 会费
impose: 指在决定个别案件中的处罚或罚款，尤指政府征收某种税收的决定。
n. 税金；重负
 - scot, heavy burden

Word: look
Front: look
[lʊk] (中高 85/82 -K5)
Vocabulary: look
(once / 5 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v 5v 6v
When you look, you focus your vision on someone or something. If you get to the movie late, you'll have to look for your friends in the darkened theater.
The Old English word locian is the root of look, meaning "see, gaze, or spy." When you look at something, you see it. Look can also describe how something appears, like when your dog looks sad, or something likely to happen, like a gray day that looks like rain. As a noun, look describes someone's style of dress, like your brother, whose rock star look gets lots of compliments — except from Grandpa.
WORD FAMILY
look: looked, looker, looking, looks, overlook +/looker: lookers/looking: lookingly, lookings/ overlook: overlooked, overlooking, overlooks
USAGE EXAMPLES
“When I started looking for work I often felt discrimination and never was promoted.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
It looks like some N.B.A. teams got an early start on their New Year’s resolutions.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 看，瞧
vi. 注意; 面向; 寻找; 看起来好像
n. 看; （尤指吸引人的）相貌; 眼神; 样子
int. （插话或唤起注意）喂，听我说
时态：looked, looking, looks
分布：看(81%)，样子(8%)，寻找(5%)，面向(2%)，脸色(2%)，注视(1%)，显得看起来(1%)
→词源不详。
vi./n.看,注视v.好像,显得n.外表,脸色By the crook, the cook looked through a cookbook before making hooked cookies.在溪边,厨子在做钩形饼干之前查阅了一本食谱.
verb
SEE 看
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to direct your eyes in order to see 看，瞧，注视
• Look! There's grandma. 看！祖母在那里。
• They looked at the picture and laughed. 他们看了看那幅画，笑了起来
• Look at all this rubbish on the floor. 瞧瞧地上这些垃圾。
• She looked up from her book and smiled at me. 她的视线从书本上移开，抬起头朝我笑了笑。
• I looked out (of) the window. 我朝窗外望去。
• Look over there - there's a rainbow! 看那里——有一道彩虹！
  Common Learner Errors  lookRemember: when look has an object, the correct preposition to use is at. Don't say 'look something' or 'look to something', say look at something :
✗ She looked to the photo on her desk and smiled. She looked at the photo on her desk and smiled.
  Common Learner Errors  look forward to When look forward to is followed by a verb, that verb should be in the -ing form. Do not say 'look forward to do something', say look forward to doing something.
✗ I look forward to meet you at the conference. I look forward to meeting you at the conference.
[lʊk] verb
SEARCH 寻找
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to try to find something or someone 找，寻找，搜索
• I'm looking for my keys. 我在找锁匙。
• I've looked everywhere but I can't find my glasses. 我每个地方都找遍了，可就是没找到我的眼镜。
• Have you looked in the dictionary? 你查字典了吗？
• I looked down the list but couldn't see his name. 我查看了名单，但没找到他的名字。
[lʊk] verb
SEEM 看起来
 ESSENTIAL [L] intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to appear or seem 看起来，似乎
• You look well! 你看起来气色不错！
• The roads look very icy. 这些路看起来很滑。
• That dress looks nice on you. 你穿那条裙子很好看。
• He has started to look his age (= appear as old as he really is). 他看上去开始像他那个年纪的人了。
• It 's looking good (= Things are going well). 事情进展顺利。
• He looked (like) a friendly sort of person. 他看起来是那种很友善的人。
• The twins look just like their mother. 那对双胞胎长得很像他们的母亲。
• She looked as if/though she hadn't slept all night. 她看起来似乎整晚都没有睡觉。
• It looks like rain (= as if it is going to rain). 看起来天要下雨了。
[lʊk] verb
DIRECTION 方向
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to face a particular direction 朝向，面向
• The garden looks south. 那个花园朝南。
• This window looks out onto the lake. 这个窗户俯瞰着湖面。
[lʊk] verb
WARNING 警告
intransitive
■used when you are telling someone to be careful or to pay attention 小心，注意，留心
• [+ question word] Look wh ere you're going! 小心看着点路！
• Look at the time - we're late! 注意时间——我们已经晚了！
[lʊk] verb
HOPE 希望
be looking to do sth
■to plan to do something 计划做
• I'm looking to start my own business. 我计划自己开公司。
[lʊk] verb
be looking for trouble
■to be acting in a way that will certainly cause problems for you 招惹麻烦，自找麻烦
• Parking outside the police station on double yellow lines is just looking for trouble. 在警察局外的双黄线上停车简直就是自找麻烦。
[lʊk] verb
be not much to look at informal
■to not be attractive 没有吸引力，没甚么可看的
• The house isn't much to look at but it's spacious. 那所房子没甚么吸引人的地方，只是很宽敞。
[lʊk] verb
I'm just looking
■said to a person working in a shop when they offer to help you but you want to continue looking at the goods on your own 我只是随便看看
[lʊk] verb
look daggers at sb informal
■to look angrily at someone 对（某人）怒目而视
[lʊk] verb
look kindly on sb/sth
■to have a good opinion of someone or something 赞许，欣赏
• She had hoped the critics would look kindly on her first novel. 她曾希望评论家能对她的小说处女作有好评。
[lʊk] verb
Look lively/sharp! UK old-fashioned
■used to tell someone to do something quickly 动作快点！手脚俐落点！
• Look lively - we haven't got all day! 动作快点——我们可没有一整天的时间！
[lʊk] verb
look on the bright side
■to find good things in a bad situation 看到光明的一面，看到好的一面
• Look on the bright side - no one was badly hurt. 幸运的是没有人受重伤。
[lʊk] verb
look out for number one informal
■to do what you think is best for yourself and not care about other people 走自己的路
[lʊk] verb
look straight/right through sb UK
■to look at someone as if you cannot see them, either intentionally or because you are thinking about something else 对（某人）视而不见
• I said hello but she looked straight through me. 我跟她打了个招呼，而她却对我视而不见。
[lʊk] verb
look to your laurels
■to make an extra effort to succeed because there is more competition 更加努力
• Nowadays there are a number of rival products on the market and the older, established companies are having to look to their laurels. 由于市场上已经出现了很多竞争产品，那些老牌公司不得不加大投入。
[lʊk] verb
make sb look small
■to show that someone is wrong in a way that makes them appear silly 令（某人）难堪，使（某人）出洋相
[lʊk] verb
Never look a gift horse in the mouth. saying
■said to advise someone not to refuse something good that is being offered 不要拒绝别人的好意。
[lʊk] verb
never look back
■to continue to be successful after doing something with a good result 持续走红，一帆风顺
• She never looked back after that first exhibition. 自从首次展出后，她就一直很走红。
[lʊk] verb
not look sb in the eye/face
■If you cannot look someone in the eye/face, you are too ashamed to look at them directly and speak honestly to them. 不敢正视（某人）
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look after sb/sth ESSENTIAL
■to take care of or be in charge of someone or something 照看，照顾，看管
• We look after the neighbours' cat while they're away. 邻居不在家的时候，他们的猫由我们来照顾。
• If you look after your clothes they last a lot longer. 如果你能对自己的衣服爱护一些，那么它们就会耐穿得多。
• [R] Don't worry about Mia - she can look after her self. 别担心米娅——她可以照顾好自己。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look ahead ADVANCED
■to think about what will happen in the future and plan for these events 朝前看，展望未来，作长远打算
• We are trying to look ahead and see what our options are. 我们想作些长远打算，看看我们都有哪些选择。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look at sth
THINK
 ESSENTIAL
■to think about a subject carefully so that you can make a decision about it 思考，思索，考虑
• Management is looking at ways of cutting costs. 管理层正在考虑削减成本的办法。
OPINION
 ESSENTIAL
■to consider something in a particular way （以某种方式）看待，考虑
• If I'd had children I might have looked at things differently. 我如果有孩子，看问题的方式可能就会有所不同。
READ
 ADVANCED
■to read something in order to check it or form an opinion about it 检查；评阅
• Can you look at my essay sometime? 你能抽空看看我的论文吗？
EXAMINE
 ADVANCED
■If someone, usually an expert, looks at something, they examine it 检验，检查
• Did you get the doctor to look at your knee? 你让医生检查膝盖了吗？
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look back ADVANCED
■to think about something that happened in the past 回忆，追忆，回想
• When I look back I can see where we went wrong. 回过头来看，我可以看出我们错在哪里。
• It wasn't such a bad experience when I look back on it. 现在回想起来，我觉得那并不是一段特别糟糕的经历。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look down on sb (also look down your nose at sb)
■to think that someone is less important than you 看不起，小看，蔑视
• She thinks they look down on her because she didn't go to university. 她觉得他们看不起她是因为她没有上过大学。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look forward to sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to feel pleased and excited about something that is going to happen 盼望，期盼
• I'm really looking forward to my holiday. 我热切盼望着假期的到来。
• [+ -ing verb] She was looking forward to seeing the grandchildren again. 她盼望着再次见到孙子孙女们。
• I'm not looking forward to Christmas this year. 今年我并不盼望着过圣诞节。
 ESSENTIAL [+ -ing verb] formal
■used at the end of a formal letter to say you hope to hear from or see someone soon, or that you expect something from them （用于信尾）盼望
• I look forward to hearing from you. 盼覆。
• In the circumstances, I look forward to receiving your client's cheque for the sum of £570 within the next seven days. 既然这样，我希望您的委托人在七天之内把570英镑的支票寄来。
§ look 1 /lʊk/
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look in informal
■to visit a person for a short time, usually when you are on your way somewhere else （通常指顺便）拜访，看看
• I thought I might look in on Bob on my way to the shops. 我想在去买东西的路上或许可以去看看鲍勃。
• Can you look in on the kids before you go to bed? 你睡觉前能顺便看看孩子们吗？
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look into sth
 ADVANCED
■to examine the facts about a problem or situation 调查，研究
• We're looking into the possibility of merging the two departments. 我们正在研究这两个部门合并的可能性。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look on slightly formal
■to watch something happen but not become involved in it 旁观
• A large crowd looked on as the band played. 乐队演奏的时候有一大群人在旁边观看。
⇒ See also onlooker
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look on/upon sb as sth
 ADVANCED
■to consider or think of someone or something as something 将（某人）视为…，把（某人）看作…
• We looked on her as a daughter. 我们把她当女儿看。
• I've lived there so long I look on the town as my home. 我在那个小镇住了很长一段时间，已经把那里当成我的家了。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look out
■to watch what is happening and be careful 小心，当心
• The police have warned shopkeepers to look out for forged notes. 员警已经提醒过店主要小心假钞。
■said or shouted in order to tell someone that they are in danger （用于告知某人有危险）小心，当心
• Look out! There's a car coming! 当心！有一辆汽车开过来了！
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] look sth out UK
■to search for and find something 找到，找出
• I'll look out that recipe I told you about and send it to you. 我会把跟你说过的那个食谱找出来寄给你。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look out for sb/sth
■to try to notice someone or something 努力寻找，注意寻找
• Look out for Anna while you're there. 你在那里的时候注意找一找安娜。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] look over sth
■to quickly examine something or someone （快速）查看，检查
• I had a few minutes before the meeting to look over what he'd written. 开会前我有几分钟的时间看一眼他写的东西。
• Would you quickly look over these figures for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes? 帮我快速检查一下这些数字，看看有没有甚么明显的错误好吗？
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look round (somewhere/sth)
 ADVANCED
■to visit a place and look at the things in it 游览；逛
• She spent the afternoon looking round the shops. 她一下午都在逛商店。
• When we went to Stratford, we only had a couple of hours to look round. 我们到达斯特拉特福的时候，只有几个小时的时间去四处溜达了。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look through sth
■to read something quickly 浏览，快速看
• I've looked through some catalogues. 我已经浏览了一些目录。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look to sb to do sth
■to hope that someone will do something for you 希望（某人）做…
• We're looking to you to advise us on how to proceed. 下一步怎么做，我们希望你能给我们提点建议。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look to sb for sth
■to hope that someone will provide something for you 希望（某人）提供（某物）
• They looked to the government for additional support. 他们希望政府能提供额外的帮助。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look up informal
■to become better 改善，好转
• I hope things will start to look up in the new year. 我希望在新的一年里情况会有所好转。
• Our financial situation is looking up at last. 我们的资金状况终于开始好转了。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] look sth up
 ADVANCED
■to try to find a piece of information by looking in a book or on a computer 查阅，检索；（在电脑中）搜索
• If you don't know what the word means, look it up in a dictionary. 你如果不知道这个词的含义就查查词典吧。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] look sb up informal
■to visit someone who you have not seen for a long time when you are visiting the place where they live （到某地时去）拜访，探望（好久不见的人）
• Look me up next time you're in Los Angeles. 下次来洛杉矶时一定要来看我。
[lʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  look up to sb
■to admire and respect someone 敬仰，敬重
• He'd always looked up to his uncle. 他一直很敬重叔叔。
[lʊk] noun
SEE 看
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you look at someone or something 看，注视
• She gave him a look of real dislike. 她厌恶地看了他一眼。
• Take a (good) look at this picture and see if you recognize anyone. 好好看看这张照片，看看能不能认出上面的甚么人。
• Can I have a look at your dictionary? 我能看看你的字典吗？
[lʊk] noun
SEARCH 寻找
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■when you look for someone or something 寻找，搜索
• I had another look for the watch, but couldn't find it. 我又找了一遍手表，但没有找到。
[lʊk] noun
APPEARANCE 外观
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an expression on someone's face 表情，神色，神情
• She had a worried look about her. 她一脸焦急的神情。
• She gave me a questioning look. 她疑惑地看着我。
the look of sb/sth
 IMPROVER
■the appearance of someone or something 相貌，外观
• They liked the look of the hotel, but it was too expensive. 他们很喜欢饭店的外观，只是价格太贵了。
• I don't like the look of that fence (= It appears to have something wrong with it). 我不喜欢那道栅栏的样子。
sb's looks
■a person's appearance, especially how attractive they are 相貌，长相
• I like her looks. 我喜欢她的相貌。
• Her looks improved as she grew older. 年纪稍大一些后，她变得好看多了。
• He put on weight and started to lose his looks. 他胖了，而且开始长得越来越难看了。
[lʊk] noun
by the look(s) of things (also by the look of it)
■judging by the information we have now 从现有的情况判断
• By the look of things, we won't be able to take our holiday till the autumn. 从现在的情况看，我们要一直等到秋天才能休假。
[lʊk] noun
If looks could kill. saying
■said when you see someone look very angrily at someone else 要是表情能杀人；那模样凶死了
[lʊk] exclamation
■used to express anger 看看吧；瞧（用于表达愤怒）
• Look, I've already told you it's not possible. 看吧，我跟你说过这根本不可能。
• old-fashioned Look here , I've had enough of this. 得了，我已经受够了。
look, face, aspect, appearance
这组词都有“外表，容貌”的意思，其区别是：
look: 普通用词，多用复数，可与appearance换用，但较口语化。
face: 侧重指容貌。
aspect: 书面用词，突出人或事物在某特定时间或地点时的外貌。
appearance: 普通用词，着重由总体产生的印象。
look, see, observe, watch, witness
这组词都有“看”的意思，其区别是：
look: 侧看“重”的动作。
see: 指看见。
observe: 侧重以客观的态度进行观察。
watch: 指用眼睛跟随某物，以便对每一个变化、运动等进行观察。
witness: 指当场看见，亲眼看见。
look, appear, seem
look: 指从外表上看, look like his father
appear: 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,
seem: 指内心的判断,
vt. 看；期待；注意；面向；看上去像
 - watching, take care of, behold, face
vi. 看；看起来；注意；面向
 - take care of, behold
n. 看；样子；面容
 - air, face

Word: being
Front: being
[ˈbi:ɪŋ] (高研四 1676/1956 -3)
Vocabulary: being
(once / 8 pages)
1n 2n
A being is any living creature, from a person to a bug. Being also refers to the state of existing.
"To be, or not to be" — that is the question when you're talking about being. Things that exist are in a state of being: this meaning of being is a little vague, but it has to do with the way things are alive and real. The other meaning is easier: beings are living things. Every person is a being, and so is every animal. Beings are no longer in a state of being when they're dead.
WORD FAMILY
being: beingness, beings, ill-being, nonbeing+/ be: am, are, been, being, is, was, were
USAGE EXAMPLES
A product with more than 50 percent foreign milk must say where it was collected and turned into the product being sold.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Olmert is now serving a prison sentence after being convicted of accepting bribes.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
In truth, customers lost only $1.5 million, which, if we’re being honest, is minuscule for a bank the size of Wells Fargo.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 存在; 生物; 人; 要素，本质
分布：人(70%)，存在(16%)，本质(7%)，生物(7%)
n.生物,生命,存在;Spell smell! Very well, the well-being for human being will swell.拼写气味(一词)!很好,人类的福利将会膨胀.
noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■a person or thing that exists or the state of existing 生命，生物
• A nuclear war would kill millions of living beings. 一场核战会夺去数百万人的生命。
• Strange beings from outer space are still a popular subject for sci-fi films. 外星人仍是不少科幻电影流行的主题。
• We do not know exactly how life first came into being (= began to exist.) 我们不知道生命最初究竟是如何诞生的。
['bi:.ɪŋ] verb present participle of
■ be
n. 存在；生命；本质；品格
 - presence, existence, entity, essence, personality, principle
adj. 存在的；现有的
 - visible, existent

Word: leave
Front: leave
[li:v] (中高雅 150/127 -K5)
Vocabulary: leave
(once / 17 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn
To leave is to go away or exit. You can leave the country, the house, or a job.
This has many meanings, most having to do with departing. Getting permission to take time off from work is taking a leave of absence. To not disturb something is to leave it alone. To abandon or forget something is to leave it behind. Giving someone leave to do something is giving them permission. Leaving can mean transmitting or passing on skills. Also, you can leave things to people in a will: you grandfather might leave you his favorite cufflinks.
WORD FAMILY
leave: leaved, leaver, leaving+/leaver: leavers/leaving: leavings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the run-up to the 23 June referendum, banks warned about the consequences of a vote to leave the EU.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn’t want to leave even as managers closed it.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The fire department ordered shoppers to leave the store, but some didn't want to leave even as managers closed it.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 离开; 遗弃; 忘了带; 交托
vt. & vi. 离去; 出发; 舍弃
n. 准假; 假期; 辞别; 许可
时态：left, leaving, leaves
分布：离开(80%)，许可(4%)，留给(4%)，遗留(3%)，听任(2%)，委托(2%)，准假(2%)，告别(1%)，遗赠(1%)，生出叶子(1%)
→来自leubh,关心，爱，许可，词源同love,believe.引申词义许可，批准，准假。leave 丢下，遗赠，离开
v.离开;留下,忘带;让,听任;交付n.许可;假期The news left me cold.我听了那消息并没觉得怎样 [无动于衷]
verb (left, left)
GO AWAY 离开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to go away from someone or something, for a short time or permanently 离开；离去；走开
• I'll be leaving at five o'clock tomorrow. 我明天早晨五点钟离开。
• He left the house by the back door. 他从房子的后门离开了。
• She left the group of people she was with and came over to speak to us. 她离开了人群，走过来和我们说话。
• The bus leaves in five minutes. 公车五分钟后开车。
  Common Learner Errors  leave or live? Warning: the verbs 'leave' and 'live' look and sound similar but have very different meanings. To talk about being alive or having a particular way of life, don't say 'leave', say live :
✗ The best way to improve your English is to leave with a family.
  Common Learner Errors  leave Warning: choose the correct preposition! To talk about going away from somewhere to go somewhere else, don't say 'leave to' a place, say leave for a place:
✗ Trains leave to London every 30 minutes. Trains leave for London every 30 minutes.
[li:v] verb (left, left)
NOT TAKE 不拿
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to not take something or someone with you when you go, either intentionally or by accident 留下；遗留，遗忘
• Hey, you've left your keys on the table. 喂，你把锁匙留在桌子上了。
• Can I leave a message for Sue? 我可以给休留个口信吗？
• Why don't you leave the kids with me on Friday? 周五你干吗不把孩子留给我照顾呢?
[li:v] verb (left, left)
REMAIN 留下
 ESSENTIAL
■If something leaves something else, a part or effect of it stays after it has gone or been used 留下；剩下
• His shoes left muddy marks on the floor. 他的鞋在地板上留下了泥印。
• There's some food left over from the party. 派对剩下了一些食物。
• [+ two objects] If I give you £10 that won't leave me enough cash to pay the bill. 如果我给你十英镑，我剩下的钱就不够付帐了。
• [+ obj + adj] Far from improving things the new law has left many people worse off (= they are now in a worse situation) than before. 这项新的法律不仅没有使生活条件得到改善反而使许多人的境遇更加糟糕了。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If you leave something in a particular condition you do not touch it, move it or act to change it in any way, so that it stays in the same condition 使保留；使保持（某种状态）
• Leave that chair where it is. 把那张椅子留在原处。
• He left most of his dinner (= did not eat much of it). 他的晚饭几乎一点也没动。
• [+ obj + adj] The family were left (= became and continued to be) homeless. 一家人流落街头。
• I'll have to go back - I think I've left the iron on. 我必须得回去——我觉得好像忘记关电熨斗了。
• You can leave the window open. 你可以让窗户开着。
• Leave your sister alone (= Stop annoying her). 不要打扰你姐姐。
 IMPROVER [T + obj + -ing verb]
■If you leave something or someone doing something, when you go away they are still doing it 离开时…继续做…
• I left the children watching television. 我走的时候，孩子们仍在看电视。
• He left the engine running. 他离开的时候没有关上引擎。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
STOP 停止
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to stop doing something, or to leave a place because you have finished an activity 离开；停止；完成
• Many children leave school at sixteen. 许多孩子16岁上完中学。
• He left work in June for health reasons. 因健康原因，他于六月份辞职了。
• She left home (= stopped living with her parents) at 18. 她18岁离开家独立生活。
• She's left her husband (= stopped living with him) and gone to live with another man. 她已经离开丈夫跟另一个男人同居了。
• Could we leave that subject (= stop discussing that subject) for the moment and go on to the next item on the agenda? 我们不要再讨论那个题目了，进行议程中的下一项内容好吗？
[li:v] verb (left, left)
WAIT 等待
 IMPROVER transitive
■If you leave (doing) something, you wait before you do it 等一段时间再做
• I'll leave these letters till Monday (= write them on Monday). 这些信我周一再写。
• Don't leave it too late (= Don't wait too long to do it). 别拖得太久了。
• [+ -ing verb] They left booking their holiday till/to the last minute. 他们拖到最后才去预订渡假旅游。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
AFTER DEATH 死后
 ADVANCED transitive
■To leave a wife, husband or other close family member is to die while these family members are still alive 死后留下，身后留下
• He left a wife and two children. 他身后留下了妻子和两个孩子。
 ADVANCED [+ two objects]
■If you leave money or things that you own to someone, you say they should receive it or them when you die 死后将…赠与；给（某人）留下（遗产）
• He left his nieces all his money./He left all his money to his nieces. 他把所有的钱都留给了他的侄女们。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
GIVE RESPONSIBILITY 赋予责任
transitive
■to allow someone to make a choice or decision about something, or to make someone responsible for something 让（某人）决定；允许（某人）选择；把…留交
• I left the decision (up) to her. 我让她来决定这件事情。
• [+ to infinitive] I left it to her to make the decision. 我让她来决定这件事情。
• Leave it (= the problem) with me, I'll see what I can do. 把它交给我吧，我来想办法处理。
• I'll leave it to chance (= wait and see what happens without planning). 我不管了，随它去吧。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
be left holding the baby (US be left holding the bag)
■to suddenly have to deal with a difficult situation because others have decided that they do not want the responsibility 被迫独立撑起局面，不得不承担起（别人丢下的）责任
• The other investors pulled out of the project and we were left holding the baby. 其他投资者从该专案里撤出后，我们不得不独立撑起局面。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb be
■to not worry someone, or to allow them to continue what they are doing 别管（某人），由（某人）去吧
• She's only having a bit of fun - leave her be. 她只是在取乐——由她去吧。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb cold
■to not make you feel interested or excited 提不起（某人）的兴趣，令（某人）感到乏味，无法唤起（某人）的热情
• I'm afraid opera leaves me cold. 歌剧恐怕提不起我的兴趣。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb in the lurch
■to leave someone at a time when they need you to stay and help them 丢下（某人）不管，撇下（某人）不管
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb out in the cold
■to not allow someone to become part of a group or an activity 冷落（某人），把（某人）晾在一边
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb standing (also leave sb on the sidelines)
■to be much better than other people or things of the same type 令（某人）望尘莫及，远远胜过（某人）
• Her voice is excellent - it leaves the others standing. 她的嗓音极好——令其他人望尘莫及。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave sb to their own devices
■to allow someone to make their own decisions about what to do 让（某人）自行决定
• He seemed to be a responsible person, so I left him to his own devices. 他好像是个很负责的人，因此我让他自己决定。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave a bad taste in your mouth
■If an experience leaves a bad taste in your mouth, you have an unpleasant memory of it 留下不愉快的记忆
• I think we all felt he'd been treated very unfairly and it left a bad taste in our mouths. 我想我们都觉得他受到了极不公平的待遇，这件事给我们留下了很不愉快的记忆。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave a lot to be desired
■to be much worse than you would like 还有很大改进余地，还有很大差距
• Apparently, Meg's cooking leaves a lot to be desired. 显然，梅格的厨艺还有很大的改进余地。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave go/hold of sth informal
■to stop holding on to something 放开，松开
• Leave go of my arm! 放开我的手臂！
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave it at that
■to agree that there has been enough discussion, study, etc. and that it is time to stop 到此为止，告一段落
• Let's leave it at that for today and meet again tomorrow. 我们今天就到这里吧，明天再会面。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
Leave it out! UK slang
■stop doing or saying that 住手！别说了！
• Hey, leave it out! That hurt. 喂，住手！那很痛。
■I do not believe you 别胡说了！
• "I tell you, he was driving a sports car." "Leave it out!" “我跟你说，他当时开着一辆跑车。”“别胡扯了！”
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave no stone unturned
■to do everything you can to achieve a good result, especially when looking for something （尤指寻找东西时）竭尽全力，不遗余力
• He left no stone unturned in his search for his natural mother. 他不遗余力地寻找自己的亲生母亲。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
leave well alone
■to allow something to stay as it is because doing more might make things worse 保持原来的样子，不要添乱
• It's going to get in a muddle if you carry on. I should just leave well alone if I were you. 你如果再这样继续下去就会把事情搞得一团糟。我要是你就会维持现状。
§/li:v/ leave 1 verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth aside
■to not discuss one subject so that you can discuss a different subject 将（话题等）搁置，将…放在一边
• Leaving aside the question of cost, how many people do we need on the job? 先不谈费用问题，这项工作我们需要多少人？
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth/sb behind
■to leave a place without taking someone or something with you 丢下，撇下，落下
• We left in a hurry and I must have left my keys behind. 我们走得太匆忙，我肯定是忘了拿锁匙。
• He was forced to leave the country, leaving behind his wife and children. 他被迫撇下妻儿离开了那个国家。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sth behind
■to cause a situation to exist after you have left a place 留下，遗留
• The army left a trail of destruction behind them. 军队走过的地方一路狼藉。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave sth for/to sb
■to give someone responsibility for dealing with something 把…留给（某人）去处理
• I've left the paperwork for you. 我把文书作业留给了你。
• Leave it to me - I'll sort it out tomorrow. 留给我来做吧——明天我会把它处理好的。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave sth/sb off sth
■to not include something or someone on a list 排除，不包括
• He left three people off the list by mistake. 他因疏忽未将三人列入名单。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  leave off (sth/doing sth)
■to stop, or to stop doing something 停下，停止
• This film begins where the other one leaves off. 这部电影从另一部电影结束的地方开始接着演。
• I've decided to leave off eating meat for a while. 我已经决定暂时不吃肉了。
[li:v] verb (left, left)exclamation Leave off! old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to stop being annoying 别捣乱了！别烦人了！
• Hey, leave off! I hate people touching my hair. 喂，别烦我了！我讨厌别人碰我头发。
[li:v] verb (left, left)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] leave sb/sth out ADVANCED
■to not include someone or something 除去；撇开；忽略
• You can leave the butter out of this recipe if you're on a low-fat diet. 如果你正在节食可以把奶油从食谱中去掉。
• I've made a list of names - I hope I haven't left anyone out. 我列了一个名单——希望没有漏掉甚么人。
• None of the other children play with her, and I think she feels rather left out (= feels that no one wants to be her friend). 别的孩子没有一个和她玩，我觉得她很孤单。
[li:v] noun
HOLIDAY 假日
 ADVANCED uncountable
■time allowed away from work for holiday or illness 假，假日，假期
• How much annual/paid leave do you get? 你有多少天年假／带薪假期？
• She's (gone) on leave (= holiday). 她去休假了。
• I've asked if I can take a week's unpaid leave. 我已经问过能不能请一周无薪假期。
leave of absence
■formal permission to be away from work or studies 准假
[li:v] noun
PERMISSION 许可
uncountable formal
■permission or agreement 许可，允许，同意
• He did it without (my) leave. 他未经我同意就做了这件事。
• [+ to infinitive] Did you get leave to do that? 做那件事你得到允许了吗？
[li:v] noun
GOODBYE 再见
take leave
■to say goodbye 告别，告辞
• He decided the time had come to take leave of his home town. 他觉得该是告别家乡的时候了。
[li:v] noun
take leave of your senses
■to lose your good judgment 昏了头，失去理智
• You can't take the children out sailing in this weather! Have you completely taken leave of your senses? 你不能在这样的天气里带孩子们去划船！你疯了吗？
[li:v] noun
without so much as a by-your-leave old-fashioned disapproving
■without asking for permission 未经允许，擅自做主
• That's twice now he's just walked in here without so much as a by-your-leave and picked a book off the shelf! 他已经两次未经允许就走进来从书架上取书了！
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
desert, leave, give up, forsake, abandon
这组词都有“抛弃、放弃”的意思，其区别是：
desert: 着重指违背法律责任和义务，或自己的信仰与誓言的行为，多含非难的意味。
leave: 普通用词，指舍弃某事或某一职业，或终止同一某人的关系，但不涉及动机与果。
give up: 普通用语，侧重指没有希望或因外界压力而放弃。
forsake: 侧重断绝感情上的依恋，自愿抛弃所喜欢的人或物。也指抛弃信仰或改掉恶习。
abandon: 强调永远或完全放弃或抛弃人或事物等，这可能是被迫的，也可能是自愿的。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
holiday, leave, vacation, festival
这组词都有“假日，节日”的意思，其区别是：
holiday: 指按规定不工作的各种假日，时间可长可短。在英国复数形式表示较长的假期。
leave: 主要指政府机关工作人员或军队人员获准的休假、假期。
vacation: 通常指时间较长的假期，如学校的寒暑假等。
festival: 指公众庆祝、欢度的节日。
leave, leave for
leave: 离开,
leave for: 前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
vt. 离开；留下；遗忘；委托
 - split, quit, refer, get out
vi. 离开，出发；留下
 - remain, split, quit, get out
n. 许可，同意；休假
 - agreement, permission, yes, liberty, Ok

Word: money
Front: money
[ˈmʌni] (中高雅 232/233 -K5)
Vocabulary: money
(once / 19 pages)
n
Money is cash. You can have money in your pocket or money in the bank. People need money to buy things.
Every country has an agreed upon type of money: in the United States, it's dollars and cents. People need money to buy food, furniture, clothes, books — everything. You can't buy stuff without money. People may also invest their money in stocks and property. Using a credit card is a way to buy things when you don't have any money on you — so is a check. Most people want more money, and people will do a lot of things to get it.
WORD FAMILY
money: moneyer, moneyless, moneys+/moneyer: moneyers
USAGE EXAMPLES
It was unclear how many machines were in the truck or whether any money was in them, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The money was used to build three more medical wigs for clients through Novant Health.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The Scottish government money will help mark the origins in 1947 of the Edinburgh International, Fringe and Film Festivals.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 钱; 财富; 薪水; 款项
分布：钱(93%)，货币(5%)，财产(2%)
→来自拉丁语moneta,硬币，铸币，铸币处，来自古罗马时期铸造钱币的地方Juno Moneta之庙。Juno为古罗马神话天后，天父Jupiter之妻，她在古罗马神话中为劝诫神，教导神，妇女保护神，同时也为钱财守护神，所以人们选择在她的庙宇里铸造钱币，Moneta为她的称号之一，字面意思为劝告，劝勉，警告，词源同admonish,monitor.比较dollar.
n.货币,钱In the chimney the donkey and monkey found the key to the money monitor.猴和驴在烟囱里找到了货币监视器的钥匙.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the coins or notes which are used to buy things, or the amount of these that one person has 货币；钱，金钱；财产
• "How much money have you got on you?" "£10 in notes and a few coins." “你带了多少钱？”“一共10英镑的纸钞，还有一些硬币。”
• We invested the money in a high-interest bank account. 我们将钱存进一个高息银行帐户作投资。
• I wanted to buy it but it cost too much money (= was too expensive). 我想要买下它，但太贵了。
• We spent so much money redecorating the house that we didn't have any left over for a holiday. 我们花了太多的钱重新装修房子，没有余钱去渡假了。
• You can't pay in English money. You'll have to change some money (= buy some foreign money) at the bank. 你不能以英国货币来付款。你必须在银行先作兑换。
• How much money do you earn (= What are you paid to do your job) ? 你赚多少钱？
• He enjoyed acting but he wasn't making (= earning) much money. 他喜爱演戏，但并没有赚多少钱。
• Her investments haven't made (= produced as profit) much money this year. 她的投资今年没有很大的回报。
• They made their money (= became rich) in the fashion business. 他们做时装生意赚了大钱。
• He tried to persuade me to put money into the company (= invest in the company). 他试图说服我投资那家公司。
• We need to raise (= collect) money for a new school pool from the parents. 我们需要向家长筹款，为学校建一个新游泳池。
• Try to save (= keep) some money for your holiday. 尽量多存些钱以备渡假之用。
• We're saving (= not spending as much) money by using volunteers. 我们透过使用志愿工作者来节省费用。
• I didn't like the job, but the money (= amount of pay) was good. 我不喜欢这份工作，不过薪水不错。
• Money is tight/short (= We haven't got much money) at the moment. 我们目前手头很紧。
• I had some very expensive dental treatment recently - but it was money well spent - it'll save me problems in the future. 我最近接受了十分高昂的牙科治疗，不过那是值得的，这样就不会有后患了。
money in sth
■If you say that there is money in something, you mean that the activity will produce a profit …有钱可赚，…有利可图
• There's money in sport these days. 目前体育市场有利可图。
• There's money in it for you. 你可以从中获利。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
be in the money
■to suddenly have a lot of money 突然变得很有钱
• If we win this competition we'll be in the money. 如果我们赢了这场比赛，就会变得很有钱。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
be made of money
■to be very rich 很有钱
• No you can't have a new computer game. I'm not made of money, you know. 不行，你不能买新的电脑游戏。我又不是富翁，你知道的。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
for my money
■in my opinion 依我看来，我认为
• For my money, Sunday is the best day to travel because the roads are quiet. 依我看来，星期天驾车出外最理想，因为路上很清静。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
get / have your money's worth
■to receive good value from something you have paid for （钱）值得花
• He's had his money's worth out of that suit - he's been wearing it for years. 他那套西装买得很值——他穿了很多年了。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
have money
■to be rich 富有
• I believe her family has money. 我想她家很有钱。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
have money to burn
■to spend a lot of money on things that are not necessary 挥霍金钱
• I don't know what her job is but she certainly seems to have money to burn. 我不知道她做甚么工作，不过看来她的钱多得花不完。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
marry money
■to marry a rich person 和有钱人结婚
• One way to get rich is to marry money. 致富的一个方法是和有钱人结婚。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
Money doesn't grow on trees. saying
■said to warn someone that they have to be careful how much money they spend, because there is only a limited amount （提醒别人花钱时要谨慎）钱可不是从天上掉下来的
• "Mum, I'd like a new bike." "I'll have to think about it - money doesn't grow on trees, you know!" “妈妈，我想要辆新脚踏车。”“我要好好想一想──你知道，钱可不是从天上掉下来的！”
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
money for old rope (also money for jam) UK
■money you get for doing something very easy 容易赚的钱
• Babysitting is money for old rope if the children don't wake up. 如果小孩不醒，照顾孩子是很容易赚钱的工作。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
Money talks. saying
■said about people or organizations that are rich, and can therefore get or do what they want 财大气就粗；有钱就有势
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
put (your) money on sb/sth
■to risk money on someone or something winning a race or competition 在…上下赌注
• He put some money on a horse in the 5 o'clock race. 他在五点钟那场比赛的一匹马身上下了赌注。
■to strongly believe that someone will do something or that something will happen 确信
• Chris will be promoted - I'd put money on it. 克里斯将获得晋升——这点我深信无疑。
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
put your money where your mouth is informal
■to show by your actions and not just your words that you support or believe in something 以实际行动支持；以行动证明自己的话
['mʌn.i] noun uncountable
You pays your money and you takes your chance / choice. informal humorous saying
■said to someone who must decide between different things and accept the results of their decision 你就碰碰运气吧。
coin, cash, money, currency
这组词都有“(金)钱”的意思，其区别是：
coin: 指铸造的硬币。
cash: 特指立即可以兑现的现金或现款。
money: 钱的通称，可以是硬币可以是纸币，也可指用作货币的其它物品。
currency: 指在流通中的货币，是全部流通中通货的总称，也可指纸币。
n. 钱； [金融] 货币；财富
 - currency, wealth, treasure, fortune, QIAN

Word: far
Front: far
[fɑ:(r)] (中高 252/287 -K5)
Vocabulary: far
(once / 10 pages)
1advadj 2adj
Use the adverb far to mean "distant," "remote," or "at a geat distance away." When you see a ship far out at sea, it's so remote from where you are that you might soon need binoculars to catch a glimpse of it.
Far is used as both an adverb and an adjective, and it can mean both "distant in space," but also "distant in time," and "a lot." Therefore you can say, "Just look at us! We've come so far!" and also "You are far better at speaking French than I am." Old English had slightly different words for the adjective — feorr — and the adverb — feor.
WORD FAMILY
far: farly, farness, fars, farther, further +/ farther: fartherest, farthermost, farthers/ further: furtherance, furthered, furtherer, furtherest, furthering, furthermost, furthers/furtherance: furtherances
USAGE EXAMPLES
For engraver Jennifer Bower, the muse is never far away.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Would winning a Super Bowl be a far bigger shock?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A further four people were arrested in separate operations, the BBC reports.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 久远地; （问到或谈及距离时说）有多远; 到很远距离; 到很大程度
adj. 远的; 遥远的; （某方向的）最远的; 远端的
n. 远方
级别：further, furthest
分布：远(70%)，很(15%)，远远(8%)，远方(2%)，远方的(1%)，非常(1%)，较远的(1%)，最远的(1%)，进展程度(1%)
→来自per,穿过，跨过，向前，词源同ford, forth. 引申词义远行，远的。
a./ad.远,久远,遥远ad.到...程度,...得多On the far farm the army's arms are kept warm by a swarm of bees.在远方的农场上,陆军的武器被一群蜜蜂保暖.
US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
DISTANCE 距离
 ESSENTIAL
■at, to or from a great distance in space or time 远；遥远地；久远地
• How far is it from Australia to New Zealand? 从澳大利亚到纽西兰有多远？
• Is the station far away ? 火车站远吗？
• She doesn't live far from here. 她住处离这里不远。
• He felt lonely and far from home. 他觉得孤单寂寞，远离家乡。
• One day, perhaps far in/into the future, you'll regret what you've done. 有朝一日，也许是遥远的将来的某一天，你会为你的所作所为后悔的。
as/so far as I know IMPROVER
■used to say what you think is true, although you do not know all the facts 据我所知
• He isn't coming today, as far as I know. 据我所知，他今天不来。
as/so far as I'm concerned
■used to say what your personal opinion is about something 就我而言
• She can come whenever she likes, as far as I'm concerned. 就我而言，她甚么时候想来都可以。
as/so far as I can tell
■used to say what you have noticed or understood 依我看，就我理解
• There's been no change, as far as I can tell. 依我看，一直都没有变化。
far be it from me to
■I certainly would not 我绝不想；我当然不会
• Far be it from me to tell you how to run your life. 我决不会告诉你该如何生活。
far from sth
■certainly not something 远未…；完全不…
• The situation is far from clear. 形势尚不明朗。
far from it
■certainly not 远非…；完全不…
• He's not handsome - far from it. 他并不英俊——根本算不上。
from far and wide
■from a large number of places 从四处；从各处
• People came from far and wide to see the house. 人们从各地前来参观这所房子。
so far ADVANCED
■until now 迄今为止；到目前为止
• So far we've made thirty-two thousand pounds. 到目前为止，我们已经赚了32 000英镑。
so far so good
■used to say that an activity has gone well until now 到目前为止，一切还算顺利
• I've found a tin of beans. So far so good, but where is the opener? 我找到了一罐豆子。到现在为止一切还不错。但开罐器在哪里呢？
  Common Learner Errors  far or away? Warning: choose the correct adverb! Far is mainly used in questions and negative sentences to talk in general about distance in space or time. How far is Cambridge from London? Cambridge isn't far from London. To talk about a specific distance, don't say 'far', say away :
✗ My host family lived four miles far from the school. My host family lived four miles away from the school.
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL
■very much 非常；远远；大大
• This car is far better than our old one. 这辆车比我们那辆旧的好多了。
• It cost far more (money) than I could afford. 这花费远远超出了我的承受能力。
• He loses his temper far too often. 他太爱发脾气了。
• I'd far rather/sooner go to the theatre than watch a video. 我宁可去剧院看戏也不看录影。
by far ADVANCED
■by a great amount 大大地
• They are by far the best students in the class. 他们是班里最最优秀的学生。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
as far as it goes
■used to say that something has good qualities but could be better 在一定程度上
• It's a good essay as far as it goes. 这篇短文还算不错。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
be a far cry from sth
■to be completely different from something 和…相去甚远；与…大相迳庭
• This flat is a far cry from the house they had before. 这间公寓和他们以前住的房子相去甚远。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
by far and away UK
■by a very great amount 大量的
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
go far informal (also go a long way)
■to be very successful in the future 有远大的前程
• She's a very talented writer - I'm sure she'll go far. 她是一位很有天赋的作家——我肯定她将来会大有成就。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adverb (farther, farthest or further, furthest)
go too far informal
■to behave in a way that upsets or annoys people 做得过分
• It's all very well having a joke but sometimes you go too far. 开玩笑没甚么不好，但有时候你的玩笑太过火了。
UK [fɑ:r] US [fɑ:r] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that is not near, or the part of something that is most distant from the centre or from you 远的；遥远的；远端的
• The station isn't far - we could easily walk it. 车站不远——我们可以很轻松地走过去。
• [before noun] The children ran to the far side/corner of the room. 孩子跑向房间的另一头／尽头的角落。
far left/right
■refers to political groups whose opinions are very extreme （政治团体）极左／右的
• supporters of the far left 极左派的支持者
distant, far, remote
这组词都有“远的”的意思，其区别是：
distant: 语意最强，强调距离。
far: 除特殊情况外，侧重长距离。也可用作引申意义。
remote: 侧重指离中心地有利的地方很远。
adv. 很；遥远地；久远地；到很远的距离；到很深的程度
 - greatly, quite, badly, too, powerful
adj. 远的；久远的
 - hoary, agelong
n. 远方
 - distance, distant place

Word: before
Front: before
[bɪˈfɔ:(r)] (中高 219/198 -K5)
Vocabulary: before
(once / 6 pages)
adv
When one thing precedes another, it comes before. You put your socks on before your shoes, you close the door before you lock it, and you should make sure the store is open before you leave home.
The word before comes from the Old English beforan, meaning “in front of” or “in former times.” Before tells when something happens — don’t hire that guy before you check his references — or the position of something: the library is the last building before the intersection. In "before and after" pictures, the "before" ones were taken prior to the makeover, renovation, and so on, while the "after" photos show the improvement.
WORD FAMILY
before: befores
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s no timetable because it’s hard to predict,” Lin said before the game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In the first 12 games before he was injured Stafford threw 21 touchdowns against five interceptions.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: prep. 在…之前; 先于，优于; 当着…的面; 与其…
conj. 在…之前; 在…以前; 比…早些; 与其…
adv. 先前，从前; 在前，在前方
分布：之前(70%)，以前(24%)，以往(3%)，在 ... 以前(2%)，在..前面(1%)
→前缀be-, 强调。fore, 前面的。
在前面(be+fore前面)[be-①构成动词"使…成为"②构成一些介词]
prep.(指时间)在...以前,在..前面,在..之前They've seen that long before.他们早就看过那个了.
US [-'fɔ:r] preposition adverb conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■at or during a time earlier than (the thing mentioned) 在…之前；以前
• You should always wash your hands before meals. 饭前应该洗手。
• Before leaving he said goodbye to each of them. 他离开前向每个人告别。
• She's always up before dawn. 她总是在天亮前就起床了。
• Before he could reach the door, she quickly closed it. 他还没走到门前，她就迅速关上了门。
• Before we make a decision, does anyone want to say anything else? 趁我们还未作决定，还有人想说甚么吗？
• She had to give the doorman a tip before (= in order that) he would help her with her suitcases. 她要给看门房小费，让他帮忙提箱子。
 ESSENTIAL
■until (the event mentioned) 直到…为止（到某事之前）
• It was an hour before the police arrived. 员警一小时后才赶到。
 ESSENTIAL * in the past
• He said he had never seen her before. 他说他以前从未见过她。
• I feel as though I've been here before. 我觉得以前好像曾到过这里。
UK [bɪ'fɔ:r] US [-'fɔ:r] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■in front of 在…前面
• The letter K comes before L in the English alphabet. 在英文字母表中，K排在L前面。
• Many mothers put their children's needs before their own. 很多母亲都把孩子的需要置于自己的需要之前。
• We have the whole weekend before us - what shall we do? 我们有整个周末的时间——做些甚么呢？
• He stood up before a whole roomful of people, and asked her to marry him. 他在满屋子人面前站起来向她求婚。
 ESSENTIAL
■If a place is before another place, you will arrive at it first when you are travelling towards the second place （场所）在…之前
• The bus stop is just before the school. 公车站就在学校的前面。
 ADVANCED
■To be before someone or a group of people, is to be formally considered or examined by that person or group 由…考虑（或审查）
• The proposal before the committee is that we try and reduce our spending by 10%. 委员会正在考虑我们打算降低10%开支的建议。
• The men appeared before the judge yesterday. 这些人昨天出庭了。
before, ago
这组词都有“……以前”的意思，其区别是：
before: 或指从过去某一时间起向前推算的若干时间的以前，通常与过去完成时连用；或泛指以前，并不具体指若干时间以前，可使用现在完成的或过去时；还可指从将来某一时间起的若干时间以前。
ago: 指从现在起往前推算一段时间，始终置于所修饰的词之后，与一般过去时连用。
in front of, in the front of, before
这组词都有“在……前”的意思，其区别是：
in front of: 指在某地方之外的前面，即不在其中，多与静态动词连用，通常可与before通用。
in the front of: 指在某地方之内的前面，即在其中的前部分。
before: 指空间位置或时间的“在……前”。表时间时，反义词为after；指空间位置时，其反义词是behind。
prep. 在…之前，先于
 - avant
adv. 以前；在前
 - previously, ago, formerly, prior, back
conj. 在…以前；在…之前
 - until

Word: plan
Front: plan
[plæn] (中高雅 413/442 -K5)
Vocabulary: plan
(once / 25 pages)
1nv 2nv
Do you have an idea of what you want and have thought carefully and in detail about how to get it? Then you have a plan, a series of actions required to achieve a particular goal.
A plan can exist only in your head, or it can be a physical object, such as an architectural plan of a building, showing how you propose to build it. As a verb, plan means the act of thinking about how to achieve your aims. You might plan to apply to colleges soon. When you plan something, you're laying the seeds for a future result, so it's not surprising that plan comes from the early English word plante, meaning "seedling."
WORD FAMILY
plan: counterplan, planless, planned, planner, planning, plans+/counterplan: counterplans/planless: planlessly/planned: unplanned/planner: planners/ planning: plannings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
But Dayton vetoed the package due to a costly wording error, and plans to revive it in special session never materialized.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Fans around the world plan to toast “The Professor” at 9 p.m. in their time zones.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 计划; 打算; 平面图; 示意图
vt. & vi. 计划，打算，设计
时态：planned, planning, plans
分布：计划(76%)，打算(13%)，安排(4%)，设计(3%)，平面图(1%)，方法(1%)，设计图(1%)，策略(1%)
→来自拉丁语planum,平面，来自pele,展开，放平，词源同plain,plane.引申诸相关词义。
n.计划,规划;平面图,设计图v.计划In the lane the planer saw a planet airplane under the crane.在巷道里,刨工看见了起重机下的行星飞机.
noun
DECISION 决定
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of decisions about how to do something in the future 计划，方案
• a company's business plan 公司的商业计划
• a negotiated peace plan 谈判达成的和平方案
• a five-year plan 五年计划
• holiday plans 假期安排
• What are your plans for this weekend? 这个周末你有甚么计划？
• [+ to infinitive] My plan is to hire a car when I arrive in America and travel about. 我的计划是到达美国后租一辆汽车到处旅行。
countable
■a type of arrangement for financial investment （金融投资）方案，规划
• a pension/savings plan 退休金／储蓄方案
go according to plan
■to happen in the way you intend 按计划进行
• Events of this type rarely go according to plan. 这类事件很少会按计划发展。
[plæn] noun
DRAWING 图画
 ADVANCED countable
■a drawing of a building, town, area, vehicle, machine, etc. which only shows its shape from above, its size, and the position of important details 平面图，示意图
• a street plan (= a type of map of a town showing the roads) 街道平面图
• a seating plan (= a drawing which shows where each person will sit) 座位表
plans [plural]
■drawings from which something is made or built 设计图，详图
• The architect showed us the house plans that she had drawn up. 建筑师向我们展示了她画的房屋详图。
• I'll send a set of plans for the new machine. 我会寄出一套新机器的设计图。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
DECIDE 计划
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + adverb or preposition transitive
■to think about and decide what you are going to do or how you are going to do something 计划，规划；精心安排
• She helped them to plan their route. 她帮助他们设计路线。
• If we plan carefully, we should be able to stay within our budget. 如果我们精打细算，我们就可以不超支。
• [+ question word] She's already planning how to spend her prize money. 她已经在计划如何花奖金了。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to intend to do something or that an event or result should happen 计划，打算
• Our meeting wasn't planned - it was completely accidental. 我们的会面不是安排好的——纯属偶然。
• [+ to infinitive] I'm not planning to stay here much longer. 我不打算在这里再待很长时间。
• [+ adv/prep] We only planned for six guests, but then someone brought a friend. 我们本来预计只有六个客人来访，但有人带了一个朋友来。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
DESIGN 设计
transitive
■to design a building or structure 设计，规划
• The people who planned Britain's new towns had a vision of clean modern housing for everyone. 英国新城镇的设计者期望为所有人提供整洁的现代居所。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plan on doing sth
■to intend to do something 打算做…
• We were planning on just having a snack and catching the early train. 我们打算吃点速食赶早班火车。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  plan on sb/sth doing sth
■to realize that someone might do something or that something might happen and to make arrangements to deal with the situation 预料
• They hadn't planned on the whole family coming. 他们没有料到全家人都来。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] plan sth out
■to think about and decide what you are going to do or how you are going to do something 精心安排；筹划
• I've planned out the day - train to town, some shopping, then a slap-up meal and a show. 我已经把一天的行程计划好了——先坐火车到城里，买些东西，然后吃一顿讲究的大餐，再看一场表演。
[plæn] verb (-nn-)
  Common Learner Errors  planWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using plan in the past tense. The past simple and past participle are pla nn ed. The -ing form is pla nn ing.
programme, project, scheme, plan, blueprint, design, plot
这组词都有“计划”的意思，其区别是：
programme: 使用广泛，既可指思想上的计划，又可指任何形式的书面计划或规划。
project: 多指由个人或集体为进行某项工作或完成某一项较大的任务，而制定的计划方案或设想。
scheme: 普通用词，比plan更强调计划的通盘筹划和某些细节的精心安排。在现代英语中，常用于指阴谋诡计。
plan: 最普通常用词，多指事先经过较充分的准备或考虑后制定的计划，也可指非决定性的打算或设想。
blueprint: 从本义蓝图，引申指详细而具体的行动计划。
design: 侧重指按照目标、目的意向，根据固定格式精心作出的计划或安排。
plot: 主要指为实现某一阴谋而拟定秘密的计划。
n. 计划； [测] 平面图
 - scheme, programme, project
vt. 计划；设计；打算
 - design, schedule, propose, map, project
vi. 计划；打算
 - project, aim, propose

Word: political
Front: political
[pəˈlɪtɪkl] (高研四六雅 277/292 -K5)
Vocabulary: political
(once / 37 pages)
adj
Things that are political have to do with government, elections, and how society is run. Congress, state representatives, even county council members are all part of our political system.
The Republicans and Democrats are the two main political parties in America — they support political candidates that run for office. The major things that politicians discuss, like balancing the budget, raising taxes, and immigration laws, are political issues. But if someone gets a promotion just because they're friends with the boss, you'd also say it was totally political. In other words, they got ahead because of their connections rather than their qualifications, just like a lot of politicians.
WORD FAMILY
political: apolitical, nonpolitical, politically, semipolitical, unpolitical+/ apolitical: apolitically/nonpolitical: nonpolitically/ politician: politicians/politicise: politicised, politicising/ politicize: politicized, politicizes, politicizing/ politics: political, politician, politicise, politicize
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why do some people consider civility an antonym — anathema, even — to political action and dissent?
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
In the culture of political Washington, this will instead be the year of the chicken.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 政治的; 政党的; 对政治有兴趣的
分布：政党的(31%)，政治上的(28%)，政治的(28%)，争权夺利的(10%)，人事的(3%)
→来自politic,政治的，-al,形容词后缀。
a.政治的Students today are not political.这问题根本不是政治问题.
US [-'lɪtˌ.ə-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to politics 政治的
• political leaders 政治领袖
• There are two political parties in the US - the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. 美国有两个政党——民主党和共和党。
• Education is back at the top of the political agenda (= the matters that the government is considering). 教育问题又回到了政府待议事项的首位。
UK [pə'lɪt.ɪ.kəl] US [-'lɪtˌ.ə-] adjective
a political football
■a problem that politicians from different parties argue about and try to use in order to get an advantage for themselves 政治足球（各党派政治家争论，并试图利用之以获取好处的问题）
• We don't want the immigration issue to become a political football. 我们不想让移民问题成为政治足球。
adj. 政治的；党派的
 - governmental, clannish

Word: her
Front: her
[hə(r)] (中高 42/42 -K5)
Back: pron. (she的宾格)她; (she的所有格)她的; 她，指某个国家，（一艘）船
分布：她的(84%)，纹章术(16%)
→来自Proto-Germanic*hezoi,来自*hiz的阴性格，即his.
pron.[she的宾格]她;[she的所有格]她的I saw Lisa with her mother.我看见丽莎同她妈妈在一起.
US [hɝ:] UK [hər] UK [ər] US [hɚ] US [ɚ] pronoun determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■(belonging to or connected with) a woman, girl or female animal that has just been mentioned or is known about （指代女性或雌性动物）她，她的
• If your sister's around, bring her too. 如果你姐姐在，带她一起来。
• I'll see if Louisa will bring her guitar to the party. 我要看看路易莎是否会把她的吉他带到派对上。
• I gave her the letter. 我把那封信交给了她。
• I don't know why she quit her job. 我不知道她为甚么辞职了。
⇒ See also hers slightly old-fashioned
■used to refer to a country, a boat or a car （指代国家、船只或汽车）她
• The boat sank with all her crew. 那艘船和她的船员一起沉了。
her own
 ESSENTIAL
■used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with a particular woman or girl and not anyone else （用于强调）她自己的
• She got her very own pony as a birthday present when she was eleven. 她11岁时得到一匹属于她自己的小马作为生日礼物。

Word: though
Front: though
[ðəʊ] (中高 245/377 -K5)
Vocabulary: though
(once / 10 pages)
adv
Though is fine conjunction. It's no "but" or "however", though it is a useful word, when you want let a reader know that two ideas are opposing one another.
There are two basic kinds of the so-called coordinating conjunctions: those that connect similar thoughts — for example, "and" — and those that disconnect similar thoughts — for instance, "but" and "however." Though fits into the second category. For example "Though Prince is considered 'older' by rock-star standards, his concerts put those of most kids half his age to shame." The "though" in that sentence gets its power from the comma at the midpoint, because that's where the two opposing ideas meet. The word Though at the beginning tells us to look for that comma.
WORD FAMILY
though: thoughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
Iranian local media did not report on the protest, though opposition websites abroad featured it.
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the weekend, a report showed that China’s manufacturing sector continued to expand in December, though at a slightly slower pace than the month before.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: conj. 虽然，尽管; 即使; 纵然
adv. 可是，但是; 不过; 然而; 话虽这样说
prep. 但
分布：虽然(43%)，尽管(38%)，然而(12%)，可是(7%)
→来自古英语 theah,尽管，然而，来自 Proto-Germanic*thaukh,尽管，来自 to,指示代词， 词源同 the,this,that.
ad.可是,然而,不过conj.尽管,虽然It was a hard job, he took it though.这是份苦差事,可他还是接受了.
US [ðoʊ] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■despite the fact that 虽然，尽管
• She hasn't phoned, even though she said she would. 虽然她说过要打电话，可还没打。
 ESSENTIAL
■but 可是，不过
• They're coming next week, though I don't know which day. 他们下周要来，但我不知道是哪天。
as though
 ESSENTIAL
■as if 好像，似乎
• You look as though you've had a bad time! 你看上去好像过得很不好！
UK [ðəʊ] US [ðoʊ] adverb
■despite this 尽管
• We were at school together. I haven't seen her for years though. 我们是校友，但我已多年没见过她了。
though, although, as
这些连词均可表示“虽然，尽管”之意。
though: 和although在意义上几乎毫无区别，但文体上后者是较正式用词，语气比though强。此外，在习惯用法上这两个词仍有以下一些差异：1.though可引出倒装语序的让步状语从句，although 则不能。2.though可与even连用，although则不能；在as though结构中，只用though，不能用although。3.though可以置于从句末，而although则不能。4.引出省略句时，通常用though。
as: 引出让步状语从句只用于倒装语序结构中，语气强于上述两个连词。
adv. 可是，虽然；不过；然而
 - nevertheless, not but that
conj. 虽然；尽管
 - although, while, as, albeit

Word: europe

Word: leader
Front: leader
[ˈli:də(r)] (中高四六 463/604 -K5)
Vocabulary: leader
(once / 40 pages)
1n 2n
A leader is the one in the charge, the person who convinces other people to follow. A great leader inspires confidence in other people and moves them to action.
A leader is the head guy or gal, the one running the show. The leader of the band calls the shots and sets the tempo for the music. A conductor is the leader of an orchestra; all musicians look to him or her to know when to begin and end playing their instruments. A president is the leader of a country whose decisions make a difference to the whole population. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. A leader comes first in line — in a parade or a social system — and gets a lot of attention, but ultimately, a leader needs followers.
WORD FAMILY
leader: leaders, leadership +/ lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead /leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/ leadership: leaderships/leading: leadingly, leadings/ mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the Kremlin’s most ardent sympathizers among European leaders is Milos Zeman, the Czech president.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Whether city dwellers will be as enthusiastic as their leaders is open to question.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 领袖，领导者; 负责人; 指挥者; 领唱者
分布：领袖(70%)，领导者(23%)，指挥者(5%)，领先的人(2%)
→来自lead,领导。
领袖(lead领导)[-er 1.表名词"…人"2.表名词"物品,机器"3.表名词"反复做"]
US [-dɚ] noun countable
CONTROLLING 控制
 ESSENTIAL
■a person in control of a group, country or situation 领导，领导人
• a religious leader 宗教领袖
• The Russian leader wants to introduce further changes. 俄罗斯领导人希望进一步推行改革。
• He's a natural leader. 他天生就是个领导。
• She was elected as leader of the campaign group. 她被推举为竞选小组的领导。
UK ['li:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
WINNING 领先
 IMPROVER
■someone or something that is winning during a race or other situation where people are competing 领先者，占优势者
• He's fallen two laps behind the leaders. 他已经落后领先者两圈了。
• Microsoft is a world leader in software design. 微软公司在软体设计方面处于世界领先地位。
UK ['li:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
NEWSPAPER 报纸 UK editorial 编辑的
UK ['li:.dər] US [-dɚ] noun countable
MUSIC 音乐 UK (US concertmaster)
■the most important violin player in an orchestra 首席小提琴手
boss, leader, head, chief
这组词都有“拥有权力或统治权的人”的意思，其区别是：
boss: 非正式用词，多作口语用，可指任何负责人，也可指经理、老板或工头。
leader: 指国家、民族、政党、组织等的领导或领袖。强调领导能力、含有能够引导、指导、控制被领导者并获得其支持的意味。
head: 多指一个机构或团体等的负责人或最高首长。
chief: 最广泛用词，上可指最高统治者，下可指顶头上司，即可指任何一级的头头。
n. 领导者；首领；指挥者
 - chief, Moses, captain, boss, conductor

Word: system
Front: system
[ˈsɪstəm] (高研四六托雅 191/136 -K5)
Vocabulary: system
(once / 32 pages)
n
A system is a group of things that connect and form some kind of coherent whole. All the individual buses and the separate routes they take through your city are together called a bus system.
Any time various separate things act together in some organized way, you can call the entire group of interconnected things a system. Your veins, arteries, and heart together make up your body's circulatory system, and the group of planets which rotate around the sun are called a solar system. The Greek word systema, or "organized whole," is where system originates.
WORD FAMILY
system: subsystem, systematic, systematise, systematize, systemise, systemize, systems+/subsystem: subsystems/ systematic: systematically, systematism, unsystematic/systematisation: systematisations/systematise: systematisation, systematised, systematiser, systematises, systematising/systematiser: systematisers/systematism: systematist/systematist: systematists/systematization: systematizations/systematize: systematization, systematized, systematizer, systematizes, systematizing/systematizer: systematizers/systemise: systemiser, systemising/systemize: systemized, systemizer, systemizing/unsystematic: unsystematically
USAGE EXAMPLES
Domestically, Obama tried and failed to implement a cap-and-trade system to lower emissions and instead turned to direct regulation of coal-fired power plants.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Amnesty International says he was convicted of “spreading propaganda against the system” and “insulting the founder of the Islamic Republic.”
Seattle Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Bharambe seems a credible candidate for the huge task of modernising Mumbai’s archaic traffic policing system.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 体系，系统; 制度; 身体; 方法
分布：系统(74%)，制度(14%)，体系(10%)，身体(2%)
→来自拉丁语 systema,系统，安排，来自希腊语 systema,有机整体，来自 sy-,一起，-st,站立，
n.系统,体系;制度;方法,方式,步聚They are devising a road system.他们在设计道路系统.
noun
SET 一套
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of connected things or devices which operate together （协同工作的）系统
• a central-heating system 中央暖气系统
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of computer equipment and programs used together for a particular purpose （电脑）系统
• The system keeps crashing and no one is able to figure out why. 系统老是故障，谁也不知道是甚么原因。
 ADVANCED countable
■a set of organs or structures in the body which have a particular purpose （人体的）系统
• the immune system 免疫系统
• the nervous system 神经系统
countable
■the way that the body works, especially the way that it digests and passes out waste products 人体的活动方式（尤指消化和排泄方式）
• A run in the morning is good for the system - it wakes the body up and gets everything going. 晨跑对身体很有益——它能唤醒整个身体，使各个部分开始运作。
['sɪs.təm] noun
METHOD 方法
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a way of doing things 方法，方式；体制，制度
• We'll have to work out a proper filing system. 我们必须设计出一套适当的归档方法。
• Under our education system, you're supposed to be able to choose the type of schooling that your child receives. 在我们的教育体制下，你应该可以为孩子选择出适当的学校教育。
• The legal system operates very differently in the US and Britain. 美国和英国的法制体系相差甚远。
 ADVANCED countable
■a particular method of counting, measuring or weighing things （计算或度量衡）体系
• the metric system of measuring and weighing 公制量度体系
uncountable approving
■the intentional and organized use of a system 条理，体系
• There doesn't seem to be any system to the books on these shelves - they're certainly not in alphabetical order. 这些书架上的书似乎摆放得很没条理——它们必定不是按字母顺序摆放。
the system disapproving
■unfair laws and rules that prevent people from being able to improve their situation （不公平的）法律规定，现行体制，现有制度
• He has his own ways of beating the system, making sure that he has good relationships with influential people. 他自有一套作法应付当前的制度，就是和有权势的人打好关系。
['sɪs.təm] noun
get sth out of your system informal ADVANCED
■If you get something out of your system, you get rid of a wish or emotion, especially a negative one, by allowing yourself to express it 发泄（尤指负面的欲望或情绪）
• I had a really good shout at him this morning and got it out of my system. 今天早上我对着他大吼大叫，痛快地发泄。
structure, system, heritage
structure: 结构
system: 系统
heritage: 遗产
n. 制度，体制；系统；方法
 - institution, organization, method, approach, scheme

Word: economic
Front: economic
[ˌi:kəˈnɒmɪk] (研四六托雅 453/402 -K5)
Vocabulary: economic
(once / 78 pages)
1adj 2adj
If you describe something as economic, then it relates to the economy. And the economy? It's all about money, honey.
The adjective economic, meaning “pertaining to management of a household,” first developed in the 1590’s and might remind you of "Home Economics" classes where you once learned to cook and sew. Usually though, we use economic to describe things relating to finance. It’s not the same as financial, but if you’re talking about a town or country whose finances are in dire straits, it’s ok to say "economic ruin."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
economic / economical
Economic is all about how money works, but something economical is a good deal. You might take an economic studiesclass to understand the ebb and flow of cash in the world, but if you buy a used textbook for it, you're being economical.
Economic appeared in the late 1500s, referring to household management, but its sense of relating to a country's wealth first appeared in the 1800s. It's still related to economics (the study of the transfer of wealth) or economy (a country's wealth), but not thrifty (that's the other one). Here are some economic examples:
The Fed said economic conditions will likely warrant "exceptionally low" interest rates through at least mid-2013. (Business Week)
Some slowing is expected in 2012 because of global economic woes. (New York Times)
The word economical also showed up in the 1500s, referring to household management, but it refers to being thrifty or not wasteful, which is still the definition today:
Not long after The New York Times profiled an inventive and economical restaurant experiment taking place in Windsor Terrace, Brooklyn, the experiment ended. (New York Times)
Electric lights are economical, clean, and give more light than gas. (Rose Buhlig)
If you want an adjective related to the economy, economic is your word. If you want a word to describe something that saves money, like buying used textbooks, use economical.
WORD FAMILY
economic: economically, microeconomic, uneconomic+/ economical: uneconomical /economise: economised, economiser, economises, economising/economiser: economisers/ economist: economists/ economize: economized, economizer, economizes, economizing/economizer: economizers/ economy: economic, economical, economies, economise, economist, economize /uneconomic: uneconomically
USAGE EXAMPLES
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Meanwhile, markets will be driven up and down as much by Donald Trump’s impulsive tweets as by economic reality.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
But there are also many stories of fantastic economic failure.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 经济的; 经济学的; 合算的; 有经济效益的
分布：经济的(55%)，经济学的(28%)，有利可图的(17%)
a.经济(上)的,经济学的This economic system is working in inefficiency.经济体制效率不高.
US [-'nɑ:.mɪk] adjective
COUNTRY'S ECONOMY 国家经济
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■relating to trade, industry and money 经济的；经济上的
• The country has been in a very poor economic state ever since the decline of its two major industries. 自从这个国家的两大主要产业衰退后，其经济一直萎靡不振。
• The government's economic policies have led us into the worst recession for years. 政府的经济政策使我们遭遇了多年来最为严重的经济衰退。
UK [i:.kə'nɒm.ɪk/ UK [ek.ə-] US [-'nɑ:.mɪk] adjective
MAKING A PROFIT 赚取利益
■making a profit, or likely to make a profit 产生经济效益的；有利可图的；能赚钱的
• We had to close our London office - with the rent so high it just wasn't economic. 我们不得不关闭伦敦办事处——租金太高，不划算。
economical, economic
economical: 节约的，节俭的。如：He is economical of money and time.
economic: 经济(学)的。如：the economic doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说)

Word: term
Front: term
[tɜ:m] (中高研四六托雅 626/316 -K5)
Vocabulary: term
(once / 36 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
A term is a word or expression used with a particular meaning. "Rap," "punk," "grunge," and "heavy metal" are terms that describe particular styles of music. "Sweetie" is a term of endearment, at least to most people.
Terms can also mean the conditions of an agreement: when you rent an apartment, you agree to certain terms — that you'll pay the rent, you won't have loud parties, etc. If you're "on good terms with someone," you like each other. Term can also be a defined period of time. Spring term at school is the spring semester, and you may be assigned a term paper — to demonstrate how brilliant you've become during that time period.
WORD FAMILY
term: midterm, termed, termer, terming, terms+/ midterm: midterms/termer: termers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Democratic party convention in Charlotte backs Obama as nominee for the 2012 presidential race but some delegates express disappointment about his first term.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
So, too, did the high visibility of the Black Lives Matter movement over Obama’s second term.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Over the long term, though, might the procedure affect their eating and digestion?
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 学期; 条款; 术语; 期限
vt. 把…称为; 把…叫做
时态：termed, terming, terms
分布：学期(61%)，术语(21%)，期限(6%)，条款(5%)，条件(4%)，名词(2%)，把 ... 称为(1%)
→来自 term-,边界，终端，引申词义术语，措辞，期限等。比较 define,finish.
n.学期;期限,期间;(pl.)条件,条款;术语I'm determined to permit the permanent term on detergent.我决心同意有关洗涤剂的永久条款.
US [tɝ:m] noun
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the fixed period of time which something lasts for 期，期限
• He received a prison term for drunk driving. 他因酒后驾驶被监禁。
• The Government's term of office (= The period in which they have power) expires at the end of the year. 这届政府的任期年底届满。
 ESSENTIAL countable mainly UK (US usually semester) (also quarter)
■one of the periods into which a year is divided at school, college or university 学期
• In Britain, the spring term starts in January and ends just before Easter. 在英国，春季学期从一月份开始，到复活节前夕结束。
• We're very busy in term -time (= during the term). 学期里我们很忙。
countable formal
■the period of time which a legal agreement lasts for 合约期
• The lease on our house is near the end of its term. 我们房子的租赁期快满了。
uncountable specialized
■the end of a pregnancy when a baby is expected to be born 预产期
• Her last pregnancy went to term (= The baby was born after the expected number of weeks). 她上次怀孕是足月生的。
• a full-term pregnancy 足月妊娠
in the long/medium/short term
■for a long, medium or short period of time in the future 长期／中期／短期来看
• Taking this decision will cost us more in the short term, but will be beneficial in the long term. 作出这决定短期来说我们的代价会较大，但从长期看是有益处的。
UK [tɜ:m] US [tɝ:m] noun
DESCRIPTION 描述
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a word or expression used in relation to a particular subject, often to describe something official or technical 术语，专门名称；措词
• 'Without let or hindrance' is a legal term which means 'freely'. “毫无阻碍地”是法律用语，意思为“自由地”。
term of abuse
■an unkind or unpleasant name to call someone 污辱性称呼
term of endearment
■a kind or friendly name to call someone 匿称
in terms of/in ... terms
■used to describe which particular area of a subject you are discussing 在…方面；从…方面来说；根据…来看
• In financial terms, the project was not a success. 从经济方面来说，这个专案计划并不成功。
• In terms of money, I was better off in my last job. 就赚钱而言，我上一份工作赚得更多。
in no uncertain terms
■in a very clear way 毫不含糊地，直截了当地
• She told him what she thought of his behaviour in no uncertain terms (= She made her disapproval very clear). 她直截了当地告诉他自己对他的行为有何看法。
in strong, etc. terms
■using language which clearly shows your feelings 用强烈的措词等
• He complained in the strongest terms. 他以极其强烈的措词表达自己的不满。
• She spoke of his achievements in glowing terms (= in a very approving way). 谈到他的成就，她赞不绝口。
UK [tɜ:m] US [tɝ:m] noun
RULES 规则
terms
 IMPROVER [plural]
■the conditions which control an agreement, arrangement or activity 条件；条款
• terms of employment 雇佣条款
• Under the terms of their contract, employees must give 3 months' notice if they leave. 根据合约条款，雇员离职必须提前三个月通知公司。
on easy terms
■If you buy something on easy terms, you pay for it over a period of time. 以分期付款方式
on equal terms (also on the same terms)
■having the same rights, treatment, etc. 平等地；同等地
• British and overseas companies will compete for the government contract on equal terms. 英国公司和海外公司将平等竞争政府的合约。
terms of reference formal
■the matters to which a study or report is limited （研究或报告的）讨论事项
UK [tɜ:m] US [tɝ:m] noun
come to terms with sth
■to gradually accept a sad situation, often the death of someone you love 逐渐接受（常指所爱之人的死）
• I think he's still coming to terms with the death of his wife. 我觉得他还没有完全接受妻子去世的事实。
UK [tɜ:m] US [tɝ:m] verb transitive
■to give something a name or to describe it with a particular expression 把…称为，把…叫作
• Technically, a horse which is smaller than 1.5 metres at the shoulder is termed a pony. 严格地说，肩高低于1.5米的马称为矮种马。
term, semester
这组词都有“学期”的意思，其区别是：
term: 多用于英国，
semester: 主要在美国、德国使用。
lexicon, term, vocabulary, word, language
这组词都有“文字，词，语言”的意思，其区别是：
lexicon: 指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
term: 指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
vocabulary: 集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
word: 普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
language: 普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
n. 术语；学期；期限；条款
 - technology, item, session, provision, article

Word: include
Front: include
[ɪnˈklu:d] (中高研四六 292/246 -K5)
Vocabulary: include
(once / 28 pages)
v
The verb include means to consider as a part of something. A list of your favorite things may include chocolate and friends.
The verb include also means adding something (or someone) to a category or group. Once you try bungee jumping, you might want to include, or add, that to your list of favorite things. You may be forced to include your little sister in your party if your parents insist.
WORD FAMILY
include: included, includes, including, inclusion, inclusive +/ inclusion: inclusions/ inclusive: inclusively
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In Louisiana, there was also relatively serious damage in the southwestern parishes of Beauregard and Allen, including the town of Reeves.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prescription treatments might include a topical anti-inflammatory cream or an oral antibiotic for more-severe inflammation and redness.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 包括; 包含; 计入; 包住
时态：included, including, includes
分布：包括(77%)，包含(22%)，列入(1%)
→in-,进入，使，-clud,关闭，词源同conclude,close.引申词义包含。
包括(in进入+clude→关进去→包括)[clos,clud,clus=close,表示"关闭"]
v.包括,包含,计入The conclusion includes my attitude toward his rudeness.结论包含了我对他的粗鲁所持的态度.
【反】omit（vt 省略；遗漏）
verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to contain something as a part of something else, or to make something part of something else 包含；包括
• The bill includes tax and service. 帐单包括税款和服务费。
• Tax and service are included in the bill. 税款和服务费包括在帐单中。
• [+ -ing verb] Your responsibilities will include making appointments on my behalf. 你的职责包括替我安排预约。
Compare exclude
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
constitute, consist, compose, comprise, include
这组词都有“组成，包含”的意思，其区别是：
constitute: v.构成，组成(整体)。
 • Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.   犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
consist: v.组成，构成,由……组成(后接of，常用于主动语态)；(后接in)在于，存在于。
 • The problem consists of two parts.   问题由两部分组成。
 • The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.   这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
compose: v.构成(整体)，组成；由……组成(后接of，常用于被动语态)；创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
 • The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.   委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
comprise: v.包含，包括，由……组成(整体)；组成，构成。
 • Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.   我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
include: v.包括，包含，把……列入。
 • The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.   大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
vt. 包含，包括
 - involve, contain, comprise

Word: cost
Front: cost
[kɒst] (中高雅 550/342 -K5)
Vocabulary: cost
(once / 44 pages)
1vn 2nv
The cost of something is how much money you need to spend on it. The high cost of a fancy coffee drink might surprise you.
A new car costs thousands of dollars, while in some places penny candy still only costs a penny per piece. Cost also means "cause a loss," as when a bad fumble costs your favorite football team the game, or your brother's cheating on a test costs him the respect of his favorite teacher. The Old French cost meant "outlay, expenditure, hardship, or trouble," from the Latin root constare, "to stand at or to cost."
WORD FAMILY
cost: costed, costing, costless, costly, costs+/costing: costings/ costly: costlier, costliest, costliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“For many of those years, I never once considered the cost for nursing homes.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Ryan said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Solution: Bitpesa uses Bitcoin to significantly lower the time and cost of remittances and and business payments to and from sub-Saharan Africa.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 价钱，代价; 花费，费用; 牺牲; [用复数][法律]诉讼费
vi. 价钱为，花费; 估计成本
vt. 付出代价; 估价; 使丧失; 使付出努力
时态：cost, costing, costs
分布：成本(52%)，费用(24%)，花费(15%)，代价(7%)，使付出(1%)，估算成本(1%)
→co-, 强调。-st, 站。字面意思即站在旁边的，要求投入的。
n.成本,费用,代价v.价值为,花费The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁.
US [kɑ:st] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the amount of money needed to buy, do or make something 价格；费用；成本
• When you buy a new computer, you usually get software included at no extra cost (= for no additional money). 买电脑时通常免费附送软体。
• For many parents, two salaries are essential to cover the cost of (= pay for) school fees. 对许多家长来说，要支付孩子学费双职薪水必不可少。
• The supermarket chain announced that it was cutting the cost (= reducing the price) of all its fresh and frozen meat. 这家连锁超市宣布其所有鲜肉和冷冻肉减价销售。
• It's difficult for most people to cope with the rising cost of (= increasing price of) healthcare. 大多数人都难以承受医疗保健费用的上涨。
• I was able to buy the damaged goods at cost (= for only the amount of money needed to produce or get the goods, without any extra money added for profit). 我能以成本价买到残损商品。
costs [plural]
■the amount of money needed for a business or to do a particular job 成本；支出
• We need to cut our advertising costs. 我们需要削减广告支出。
• The estimated costs of the building project are well over £1 million. 这项建筑工程的成本预算大大超出100万英镑。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] noun
THING GIVEN 给予之物
 ADVANCED [S or U]
■something which is given, needed or lost in order to get a particular thing 代价；牺牲；付出
• We were going to paint the house ourselves, but when we considered the cost in time and effort, we decided to get a painter to do it for us. 我们本打算自己漆房子，可是考虑到既费时又费力，还是决定请油漆工来做。
• The driver managed not to hit the child who ran in front of his car, but only at the cost of injuring himself. 司机避开了在他车前乱跑的小孩，可自己却受了伤。
• She has finally got the job she wanted, but at great personal cost (= she has had to give up other things that were important to her). 她最终得到了想要的那份工作，可是个人付出的代价很大。
• It's not worth getting into an argument with Tim, as I learned to my cost (= from my unpleasant experience of having done so). 不值得和蒂姆发生争执，因为我已有过教训。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] noun
at all cost(s) (also at any cost)
■If something must be done or avoided at all costs, it must be done or avoided whatever happens 不惜任何代价；无论如何
• Security during the president's visit must be maintained at all costs. 要不惜一切代价确保总统在访问期间的安全。
• He wanted her at any cost, even if it meant giving up everything he had. 他不惜一切代价要得到她，即使这意味着放弃他自己所拥有的一切。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] verb transitive
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL (cost, cost)
■If something costs an amount of money, you must pay that amount to buy or do it 价钱为；需花费
• "How much does this book cost (= What is the price of this book) ?" "It costs £25." “这本书多少钱？”“25英镑。”
• It costs a lot to buy a house in this part of London. 在伦敦的这一地区买栋房子要花很多钱。
• [+ two objects] The trip will cost you $1000. 这趟旅游要花去你1000美元。
■(costed, costed)
■to calculate the future cost of something 计算（成本）；计算（花费）
• How carefully did you cost the materials for the new fence and gate? 你是如何细算新围栏和大门的材料费用的？
• Has your scheme been properly costed (out) ? 你的方案好好计算过成本吗？
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] verb transitive
LOSE 丧失
 ADVANCED (cost, cost)
■to cause someone to lose or destroy something valuable 使付出代价；使丧失；使牺牲
• Drinking and driving costs lives (= can cause accidents in which people die). 酒后驾车会付出生命的代价。
• [+ two objects] His affairs cost him his marriage (= his marriage ended because of them). 婚外情葬送了他的婚姻。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] verb transitive
cost sb dear
■to cause someone to spend a lot of money or lose money 让（某人）花很多钱；使（某人）损失一大笔钱
• Buying that second-hand car without having it checked by a mechanic first cost us dear. 没先请机修工检查就买了那辆二手汽车，这让我们亏了许多钱。
■If something that someone does, especially something stupid, costs them dear, it causes them a lot of problems 使（某人）付出沉重代价；使（某人）饱尝苦头
• Later that year he attacked a photographer, an incident that cost him dear. 那年底他攻击了一位摄影师，这件事让他付出了巨大代价。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] verb transitive
cost an arm and a leg /a small fortune (UK also cost a bomb/the Earth/a packet)
■to be extremely expensive 极其昂贵；花一大笔钱
• I'd love to buy a Rolls-Royce, but they cost an arm and a leg. 我倒是想买辆劳斯莱斯，可实在太贵了。
UK [kɒst] US [kɑ:st] verb transitive
it'll cost you informal
■it will be very expensive 要花很多钱；会很贵
• It'll cost you to have your roof mended. 修理屋顶要花很多钱。
take, pay, cost, spend
take: 物做主语,花时间;
pay: 人做主语,花钱,pay for;
cost: 物做主语,花钱
spend: 人做主语,花钱,花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth;
take, expend, cost, spend
这组词都有“花费”的意思，其区别是：
take: 普通用词，指需要占用空间、时间或精力等，其主语可以是人，也可以是一件事情。
expend: 较正式用词，通常指为某一专门目的而花费大量金钱、时间或精力。
cost: 指花费时间、金钱、劳力等。其主语是物，而不能由人充当，也不用被动形式。
spend: 普通用词，与cost基本同义，但主语必须是人。
fee, expense, price, charge, fare, cost
这组词都有“价格，费用”的意思，其区别是：
fee: 指上学、求医以及找律师等付的费用，还可指会费、借书费等。
expense: 常指实际支付的费用总数额，有时也指钱的花费。
price: 指商品在市场出售的价格，尤指卖方对商品所提出的单价。比喻意义指付出的代价。
charge: 指提供服务时索取的费用，也指货物的价格、价钱。
fare: 侧重指旅行时所付的车、船费等费用。
cost: 指生产某东西的成本，也泛指商品的价格，可与price换用。
vt. 花费；使付出；使花许多钱
 - invested, spend, expend
n. 费用， [贸易] 代价， [会计] 成本；损失
 - fee, charge, expense, price, losing

Word: late
Front: late
[leɪt] (中高 437/298 -K5)
Vocabulary: late
(once / 13 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adjadv
Late means after the expected time, or at the end of a certain period of time. if you're late for a movie, you get to the theater after the film's already started. If you're a late sleeper, you make a habit of dozing long after your alarm goes off.
When you're late, you're not on time. You might also be in your late twenties, which means you're at the end of that decade of your life — closer to 30 than to 20. If your friend calls and says, "Sorry I'm calling so late," she means late at night, at the very end of the day. And if you refer to someone as "the late Mr. Smith," it's a formal way of saying Mr. Smith is dead.
WORD FAMILY
late: lately, lateness, later, latish+/ lately: latelys/lateness: latenesses/ later: laterly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Later this month, Lucas is convening the museum’s board to decide between two distinct locations.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Final legislative budget approval: Late June or early July.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
In Georgia, some of the heaviest rains were expected late Monday night and into the overnight hours of early Tuesday morning, forecasters said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 晚的，迟到的; 时间不早的; 已故的; 原来的，之前的; 临近终了的
adv. 晚，迟; 后期地; 最近地
级别：later, latest
分布：晚(47%)，迟(45%)，晚的(3%)，已故的(2%)，迟的(1%)，最近的(1%)，末期的(1%)
→来自led,慢的，疲倦的，来自le,放开，松开，松软，词源同late,lenient.引申词义慢的，晚的。
a.迟的,晚的,晚期的;已故的ad.迟,晚The lace placed in the palace is replaced first, and displaced later.放在皇宫的带子先被替换,后来被转移.
adjective adverb
NEAR THE END 靠近终点
 ESSENTIAL
■(happening or being) near the end of a period of time 末期的，晚期的；接近终了
• It was late at night. 夜已经很深了。
• We talked late into the night. 我们一直谈到深夜。
• Is that the time? I'd no idea it was so late. 都这时候了！我不知道都这么晚了。
• It was late summer when it happened. 那件事发生在夏末。
• It was built in the late nineteenth century. 它建于19世纪晚期。
• He's probably in his late twenties. 他很可能快30岁了。
• As late (= As recently) as the 1980s they were still using horses on this farm. 直到20世纪80年代这个农场还在使用马匹。
[leɪt] adjective adverb
AFTER 在…以后
 ESSENTIAL
■(happening or arriving) after the planned, expected, usual or necessary time 迟（的），晚（的）；延迟（的）
• This train is always late. 这趟火车总是晚点。
• You'll be late for your flight if you don't hurry up. 如果不抓紧时间你会误机的。
• Sorry I'm late. I was held up in the traffic. 对不起我来晚了。我在路上堵车了。
• It's too late to start complaining now. 现在才开始抱怨已经晚了。
• We always have a late breakfast on Sunday mornings. 星期天我们总是很晚才吃早饭。
• Some late news (= news of something which happened after the news programme started) has just come in - a bomb has exploded in central London. 刚刚收到最新消息——一枚炸弹在伦敦中心地区爆炸。
• Our ferry was two hours late because of the strike. 渡轮因罢工而来晚了两个小时。
• Kathryn's just phoned to say she's working late this evening. 凯瑟琳刚才打电话说今天晚上要工作到很晚。
⇒ See also latecomer
[leɪt] adjective adverb
late in the day
■too late to be useful 太晚了，已经迟了
• It's rather late in the day to start studying - your exams are next week. 现在开始学习已经晚了 ——下周就要考试了。
[leɪt] adjective adverb
of late formal
■recently 最近，近来
• We haven't spoken of late. 我们最近没有说过话。
[leɪt] adjective adverb
too little , too late
■not enough of something which should have been provided earlier 太少了也太晚了
• A spokeswoman described the aid for the refugees as too little, too late. 女发言人说对难民的援助少得可怜，而且也不及时。
[leɪt] adjective [before noun]
 ADVANCED
■describes someone who has died, especially recently 已故的，已去世的
• She gave her late husband's clothes to charity. 她把丈夫去世后留下的衣服捐给了慈善机构。
late, lately
late: 迟,晚,
lately: 最近,近来 I haven't seen him lately.
adj. 晚的；迟的；已故的；最近的
 - recent, current, last, nearest
adv. 晚；迟；最近；在晚期
 - recently, newly, deep, last

Word: next
Front: next
[nekst] (中高 217/199 -K5)
Vocabulary: next
(once / 15 pages)
adjadv
If you do one thing, and then something else right afterward, you do it next. If you hear a game show host scream, "Come on down, you’re the next contestant," then you better get to the stage!
If you're standing in line for ice cream right behind the person ordering a large hot fudge sundae, you're next. Things happen next in terms of time when they occur immediately after: "First we'll eat the appetizer, and next we'll eat the entree." The Old English source is niehsta, "nearest or closest." Your "next door neighbor" lives in the house or apartment right beside yours.
WORD FAMILY
next: nextest, nextly, nexts
USAGE EXAMPLES
On the next drive, McQuay dropped a would-be interception on second down.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It’s a Styku 3-D body scanner, tucked away in a room next to a minibar serving protein shakes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The next week, you drop those and try a few things you do while sitting down.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 紧接在后的; 次于的; 贴近的; 紧邻的
adv. 接下去; 然后; 居后地; 依次的
n. 下一位; 下一个
prep. 靠近; 居于…之后; 在…的隔壁
分布：下次(44%)，下一个(24%)，隔壁的(11%)，然后(8%)，靠近(5%)，其次(4%)，其次的(2%)，下一个的(2%)
→来自古英语niehsta,最靠近的，来自nieh,靠近，现拼作nigh,-st最高级后缀。现词义通用化。
a.紧接的,其次的;贴近的ad.其次;居后From the context of the text, I find the next pretext for selling the textile.我从课文的前后关系中找到卖纺织品的下一个借口.
adjective pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■being the first one after the present one or after the one just mentioned, or being the first after the present moment 下一个（的）；其次（的）；紧接着（的）
• Who works in the office next to yours? 谁在你隔壁的办公室工作？
• Take the next turning on the right. 在下一个路口右转。
• Who do you think will be the next president? 你认为谁会出任下届总统？
• Nothing really changes around here. One day is pretty much like the next. 这里并没有甚么实质变化，天天差不多都是一样。
• (The) next time you want to borrow something, please ask me first. 下次你想借东西的话，请先问问我。
• I'm so busy it's hard to remember what I'm supposed to be doing from one moment to the next. 我忙得经常记不清下一步该做甚么。
• She's on holiday for the next few days. 她未来数天休假。
• You'll have to wait until your next birthday for a new bike. 你要等到下一个生日才会收到新脚踏车。
• Can we arrange a meeting for the week after next? 我们安排两星期后开会，可以吗？
• What do you think you'll be doing this time next year? 你认为明年这个时候自己会在做甚么？
• We had a dreadful argument in the restaurant, but he phoned me the next day (= the day after) to apologise. 我们在饭店里发生了激烈的争吵，不过第二天他就打电话向我道歉了。
• Excuse me, it's my turn to be served - I was next. 对不起，轮到我了——我是下一个。
[nekst] adjective pronoun
as much as the next person
■as much as anyone would 跟任何人一样
• I enjoy winning awards as much as the next guy, but other things are more important to me. 我跟别人一样喜欢得奖，不过对我来说，还有其他更重要的事情。
[nekst] adjective pronoun
the next best thing
■the thing that is best, if you cannot have or do the thing you really want 仅次于…的事物；退而求其次的事物
• I really wanted to work in television but I ended up in radio, which is the next best thing. 我本来希望到电视台工作，但结果退而求其次去了广播电台。
[nekst] adjective pronoun
the next thing I knew informal
■used to talk about part of a story that happens in a sudden and surprising way （用于描述事情突然意外发生）接下来，之后
• A car came speeding round the corner, and the next thing I knew I was lying on the ground. 一辆车从拐角处飞速驶来，之后我就躺在地上了。
[nekst] adjective pronoun
  Common Learner Errors  next or the next? Use next to talk about the moment or period of time that will be the first one after the present. I look forward to seeing you next week/Tuesday/Christmas. To talk about a moment or period of time in the past that immediately followed the moment or period of time just mentioned, don't say 'next', say the next :
✗ I went to Greece next year, but that was the last time. I went to Greece the next year, but that was the last time.
[nekst] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■immediately after 接下来，然后
• So what happened next? 那后来怎么样了？
• What would you like next? 你还喜欢甚么？
• First, fry the garlic. Next, add the ginger. 先炒一下大蒜，再加生姜。
 IMPROVER
■The time when you next do something is the first time you do it again 下次
• [+ -ing verb] When are you next going to London? 你下次甚么时候去伦敦？
next to
 IMPROVER
■used when describing two people or things that are very close to each other with nothing between them 紧靠着，紧挨着
• Can I sit next to the window? 我可以靠窗坐吗？
• There was a really strange man standing next to me at the station. 在车站有一个很古怪的男人站在我旁边。
■used to mean `after' when making a choice or a comparison （用于作出选择或比较时）仅次于，在…之后
• I'd say cheese is my favourite food and, next to that, chocolate (= Cheese is the only food that I like more than chocolate). 我得说起司是我最喜欢的食品，其次是巧克力。
■almost 几乎
• They pay me next to nothing (= very little) but I really enjoy the work. 他们没付给我多少钱，但我实在喜欢那工作。
• It's next to impossible (= extremely difficult) to find somewhere cheap to live in the city centre. 要在市中心找到廉价的住处极其困难。
• We got home in next to no time (= very little time). 我们很快就到家了。
next up
■next in order to appear or happen, often in some form of entertainment （常指娱乐节目）接下来
• Next up on Channel 4 is the first episode of a new medical drama set in Chicago. 频道4接下来要播放的是一部以芝加哥为背景的新医务剧的第一集。
adv. 然后；下次；其次
 - secondly, then, afterwards
adj. 下一个的；其次的；贴近的
 - following, posterior
prep. 靠近；居于…之后
 - near, anigh

Word: off
Front: off
[ɒf] (中高 205/174 -K5)
Vocabulary: off
(once / 10 pages)
1advadj 2v
The adverb off means away or distant. You might run off from the dinner table after an argument with your family about what to watch on TV later.
You might dash off, moving away from where you started, or turn off your original route during a trip. There are several other meanings of off, including "not scheduled," as when you're off work, and "not running," like when you turn off your leaf blower so you won't scare your neighbor's dog. Food can be off too, when it's gone a little bit bad or spoiled. The colloquial "to off someone," or kill them, is from 1930.
WORD FAMILY
off: offed, offish, offly, offs+/offish: offisher, offishly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This sitcom returns from its winter hiatus, with the Hecks spending their New Year staving off a zombie apocalypse.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Why is it so hard to lose weight and keep it off?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: prep. 从…落下; 离开; 从…去掉; 下班
adv. 离开; 距，离; 被取消; 下班
adj. 不新鲜的; 不能接受; 不礼貌
n. 起跑
v. 杀死
时态：offed, offing, offs
分布：离开(52%)，空闲的(15%)，脱下(13%)，离开的(10%)，关闭的(4%)，表示状态的关闭或离开(3%)，在 ... 之外(3%)
→来自of的加强形式，词源同前缀ab-,apo-,apogee.
ad.离开;在远处;脱开prep.从,从...离开The lump jumped off the pump and bumped on the trumpet in the dump.傻大个跳下水泵撞到垃圾堆里的喇叭上.
US [ɑ:f] adverb
AWAY FROM 离开
 ESSENTIAL
■away from a place or position, especially the present place, position or time （尤指离开当前所在地点或位置）离开，远离
• He drove off at the most incredible speed. 他以令人难以置信的速度开车走了。
• Keep the dog on the lead or he'll just run off. 好好牵着狗，不然它就会跑掉的。
• Someone's run off with (= taken) my pen. 有人拿走了我的钢笔。
• I'm just going off to the shops. 我正要赶着去商店。
• If we can get off (= leave) early tomorrow morning we'll avoid most of the traffic. 如果我们明天早上早点出发就能避开交通高峰时段。
• I'm off now - see you tomorrow. 我要走了——明天见。
• She's off to Canada next week. 她下周去加拿大。
• I saw her off (= said goodbye) at the station. 我去火车站为她送行。
• The exams are so far off that I'm not even thinking about them yet. 考试还远着呢，我甚至连想都没想过。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
REMOVED 被除去
 ESSENTIAL
■used with actions in which something is removed or removes itself from another thing （与表示动作的词连用）去掉，除掉，移开
• Take your jacket off. 把你的夹克衫脱掉。
• One of my buttons has come off. 我的一粒钮扣掉了。
• She's had all her hair cut off. 她把头发全剪掉了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
NOT OPERATING 不运转
 ESSENTIAL
■(especially of machines, electrical devices, lights, etc.) not operating because not switched on （尤指机器、电器设备、灯等）切断，停止运转；断电
• Make sure the computers are all off before you go home. 回家之前一定要把电脑都关掉。
• Turn/Switch the light/engine/television off. 关掉灯／引擎／电视。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
LESS MONEY 更少的钱
 IMPROVER
■(of money) subtracted from the original price （钱）（从…）扣掉，减去
• You can get some money off if you pay cash. 如果你付现金的话，可以给你打折。
• There's 40% off this week on all winter coats. 本周冬季外套一律打6折。
• There was $40 or $50 off most jackets in the shop. 这家商店大多数夹克都减价40或50美元。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
NOT AT WORK 不工作
 IMPROVER
■not at work; at home or on holiday 没上班（的）； 在家休息（的），在休假（的）
• I'm going to take/have some time off to work on my house. 我打算休假一段时间，整修一下我的房子。
• She was off sick last week. 她上星期休病假了。
• He's off at the moment - can I get him to ring you back? 他现在不在——要我叫他给你回电话吗？
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
SEPARATED 隔开的
 IMPROVER
■in such a way as to be separated 分开，隔开
• The police have shut/closed off all streets leading to the city. 警方封闭了所有通往这座城市的道路。
• The area in the park where the kids play is fenced off for safety reasons. 为安全起见，公园里用围栏把孩子们玩的场所隔开。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
COMPLETELY 完全地
 ADVANCED
■in such a way as to be completely absent, especially because of having been used or killed （尤指因为被用完或被杀死而）消失，没有
• It says on the bottle that it kills off all known germs. 瓶子上说它可以杀灭所有已知的病菌。
• It'll take some time before she manages to pay off all her debts. 她要花一段时间才能偿清所有的债务。
• The good thing about exercise is that it burns off calories. 锻炼的好处在于能消耗卡路里。
• informal Between us we managed to finish off eight bottles of wine. 我们俩喝光了8瓶酒。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
GET RID OF 除掉
■in such a way as to get rid of something 消除；去除，去掉
• We went out for a while to walk off some of our dinner. 我们出去走了走，消化一下晚餐吃的东西。
• He's gone to sleep off a headache after rather too much wine. 喝了太多的酒以后，他去睡觉以缓解头疼。
• There's no point in getting upset about such remarks - you've just got to laugh them off. 犯不着为这些话感到难过——你只需一笑了之。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
be/go off on one informal
■to suddenly start talking or shouting in an angry way 突然愤怒地讲话或喊叫
• He went off on one and started accusing me of stealing his girlfriend. 他声色大变，指责我抢了他的女朋友。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adverb
off with sth
■used as a way of ordering someone to remove something （命令某人）去掉，除去
• Off with his head! 砍下他的头！
• Off with your jacket! 脱掉你的夹克！
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] preposition
AWAY FROM 离开
 ESSENTIAL
■down or away from a place or position, especially the present place, position or time （尤指离开当前所在地点或位置）离开，远离
• There was a 'Keep off the grass' sign. 有个告示牌上写著「请勿践踏草坪”。
• All the berries had dropped off the tree. 所有的莓子都从树上掉下来了。
• He fell off his bike. 他从脚踏车上摔了下来。
• We're still a long way off our target of £30,000. 我们离三万英镑的目标还相差很远。
• I hope she knows where to get off (= leave) the bus/train. 我希望她知道在哪里下公车／火车。
• How far off finishing the project are we (= How much more is there to do) ? 我们距完成这个项目还差多远？
• We've been working on the flat for six months now but we're still a long way off finishing. 到现在我们已经花了6个月的时间整修这套公寓房，但我们离完工还差得很远。
• We're not far off (= We are quite near) London now. 我们现在离伦敦不远了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] preposition
REMOVED 被除去
 ESSENTIAL
■used with actions in which something is removed or removes itself from another thing （与表示动作的词连用）去掉，除掉，移开
• I can't get the lid off this jar. 我取不下这个罐子上的盖子。
• Has anyone taken a book off my desk? 是不是有人从我桌上拿走了一本书？
• Could you cut me a small piece off that big white cheese? 你能从那一大块白色起司上给我切下一小片来吗？
• Take your feet off that seat, young man! 年轻人，把你的脚从座位上拿开！
• I don't like taking money off you (= asking you for money) ! 我不喜欢从你那里要钱！
• Get off me (= Stop touching me) ! 别碰我！
• not standard I got the knife off of him before he ran away. 我夺下他的刀后他逃跑了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] preposition
NOT LIKING 不喜欢
 ADVANCED
■not liking or taking something or someone 对…不喜欢；对…不接受
• He's been off his food ever since he had the stomach upset. 自从他得了胃病后，就对食物失去了兴趣。
• I used to love wine but I've gone off it (= stopped liking it) recently. 我过去喜欢喝酒，可是最近不爱喝了。
• She's well enough to be off the medicine now. 她现在身体很好，不必吃药了。
• The doctor says he can come off the tablets. 医生说他可以不吃这些药片了。
• She's been off drugs for a year now. 至今她已戒毒一年了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] preposition
NEAR TO 靠近…
■near to 靠近，离…不远
• He lives just off the main road. 他住得离大路不远。
• It's an island off the east coast of Spain. 它是西班牙东海岸附近的一个岛屿。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
BAD 坏的
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■(of food and drink) no longer fresh or good to eat or drink because of being too old （食物和饮料）坏了的，不新鲜的，变质的
• This milk smells off. 这牛奶有酸味了。
• I'd better eat this cheese before it goes off. 我最好在这块起司变质之前吃了它。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
STOPPED 被停止的
 ADVANCED [after verb]
■(of an arranged event) stopped or given up （安排好的活动）终止的，取消的
• The wedding's off - she's decided she's too young to settle down. 婚礼取消了——她觉得自己还太年轻，不想这么早就安定下来。
• informal It's all off (= The relationship is finished) between Philippa and Mike. 菲莉帕和麦克吹了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
PROVIDED FOR 提供给…的
■having a particular amount or number, especially of money （尤指钱）有一定数量的
• UK How are you off for money (= Have you got enough/How much have you got) ? 你有多少钱？
• Andrew must be so well -off (= rich) by now. 安德鲁如今一定很富有了。
• I think they're fairly badly -off (= poor) now that David has lost his job. 既然戴维丢了工作，我想他们现在经济上很窘迫。
• I'm quite well off for (= have a lot of) sweaters. 我有很多毛衣。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
BELOW USUAL LEVEL 低于一般水准
■below the usual standard or rate 低于一般标准（的）；不如平常（的）
• I'm having an off day today - I just can't seem to do anything right! 我今天状态不佳——好像甚么事都做不好！
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
NO LONGER SERVED 不再供给的
[after verb]
■(of food in a restaurant) not available at that particular time （餐馆的食物）售完了的，不供应的
• I'm sorry, sir, the salmon is off. 先生，很抱歉，鲑鱼卖完了。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] adjective
RUDE 粗鲁的
[after verb] mainly UK informal
■not thinking or worrying about other people's feelings; rude 漠不关心的，冷漠的，无情的；粗鲁的
• He didn't even ring her up on her birthday - I thought that was a bit off. 他甚至在她生日那天也没有给她打个电话——我觉得这有点不尽人情。
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] noun only singular UK informal
the off
■the act of leaving somewhere 走，离开
• Are we ready for the off, then? 那么，我们准备好要走了吗？
UK [ɒf] US [ɑ:f] verb transitive US slang
■to kill someone 杀死，干掉
■1. They offed him and dumped his body in the swamp. off 1 他们杀死了他，然后把尸体抛弃在沼泽里。
adj. 远离的；空闲的
 - removed, available, leisure

Word: him
Front: him
[hɪm] (中高 68/- -K5)
Back: pron. (he的宾格)他
分布：代词(99%)，名词(1%)
→来自he的宾格形式。
pron.他(he的宾格形式)You are worse than him.你比他更坏.
pronoun
MALE 阳性
 ESSENTIAL
■used, usually after a verb or preposition, to refer to a man, boy or male animal that has just been mentioned or is just about to be mentioned 他（指男性）；它（指雄性动物）
• If you see Kevin give him my love. 如果你见到凯文，替我向他问好。
• What's Terry up to - I haven't seen him for ages. 泰瑞在捣甚么鬼？我好久没见到他了。
• Why don't you give him his present? 你为甚么不把他的礼物给他呢？
• We've just got a new cat, but we haven't named him yet. 我们有只刚生下来的小公猫，但还没有给它取名字。
[strong form hɪm] [weak form ɪm] pronoun
FEMALE OR MALE 阴性或阳性
■used, especially in formal situations, usually after a verb or preposition, to refer to a person or animal that has just been mentioned or is just about to be mentioned and whose sex is not known or not considered to be important 他（尤用于正式场合，指代刚提过或就要提到的人或动物，其性别不详或并不重要）
• Man's ability to talk makes him unlike any other animal. 人可以说话，这使其不同于任何其他动物。

Word: article
Front: article
[ˈɑ:tɪkl] (中高研四托雅 731/1027 -K4)
Vocabulary: article
(once / 51 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4v
A piece of non-fiction prose written for a publication is one kind of article.
But a piece of a collection of something is also an article, like an article of clothing. If you're talking grammar, definite and indefinite articles are words, such as a, an, and the, whose purpose is to indicate, specify and limit a noun. An article of faith is something that is firmly believed. And an article of organization or incorporation is a section of a legal document that sets out rules for a company.
WORD FAMILY
article: articled, articles, articling
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Watson said he sees the potential for a new push for an Article V convention in the wake of the November election.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated he was chairman of Estée Lauder.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
This article was first published at 12:50 a.m.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （报章杂志中的）文章，论文; 条款; 物品; [语] 冠词
vt. 使受协议条款的约束; 以协议（或契约）约束; 订约将…收为学徒（或徒弟）; 定约雇用
vi. 进行控告，提出罪状（或指责）(against); 签订协议
时态：articled, articling, articles
分布：文章(90%)，物品(5%)，条款(4%)，订契约(1%)
→来自词根art, 连贯，连结。指把各分开的项目连结在一起。
物品;文章(art+icle东西→用技巧做出的东西→物品)[art=skill,joint,trick,表示"技巧,关节,诡计"]
n.文章,论文;条款,条文;物件;冠词With rhythm, the arithmetic teacher put the artist's artificial articles on the vehicle.算术老师把艺术家的人造物品有节奏地放到运载工具里.
US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪ-] noun countable
NEWSPAPER 报纸
 ESSENTIAL
■a piece of writing on a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine （报纸或杂志上的）文章，论文，报导
• There was an interesting article on vegetarianism in the paper yesterday. 昨天报纸上登了一篇关于素食主义的有趣文章。
UK ['ɑ:.tɪ.kl] US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪ-] noun countable
GRAMMAR 文法
 ADVANCED
■any of the English words 'a', 'an' and 'the' or words in other languages that do the same job as these 冠词 See definite article
UK ['ɑ:.tɪ.kl] US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪ-] noun countable
OBJECT 物
■a particular thing, especially one which is one of several things of a similar type or in the same place （尤指同一类的或在一起的数个中的一件）物品，物件；物品的一件
• Guests are advised not to leave any articles of value in their hotel rooms. 建议房客不要将任何贵重物品放在饭店房间里。
• An article of clothing was found near the river. 有人在河边发现了一件衣服。
• articles of furniture 几件家俱
UK ['ɑ:.tɪ.kl] US ['ɑ:r.tˌɪ-] noun countable
LAW 法律
■a separate part in a written document such as a legal agreement 条款，条文
• East and West Germany united under article 23 of the Bonn constitution. 东德和西德按照波恩宪法第23条实现了统一。
be doing/in articles UK
■to be working in a law office while training to be a lawyer 在律师事务所当见习生，当见习律师
article, paper, theme, composition, dissertation, essay, prose, thesis
这组词都有“文章”的意思，其区别是：
article: 多指在报刊、杂志上发表的非文艺性的文章，包括新闻报导、学术论文等。
paper: 正式用词，多指在学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上宣读的专题论文，也指高等学校的学期论文，或学校里的作文练习。
theme: 一般指大学或高中生作为作业所写的篇幅有限、较完整论述某个观点的文章。也可指作品或谈话的主要论题。
composition: 多指学校里老师给学生的作文练习。
dissertation: 书面语用词，指独立研究后所写的较为详细的专题文章；也可指学位论文。
essay: 指任何一种非小说性的，篇幅不长、结构简练的文章，如论说文、报道、评论、讽刺性杂文等。
prose: 专指散文。
thesis: 既可指毕业论文、学位论文，又可指一般的为阐述学术观点而写的论文。
n. 文章；物品； [法] 条款； [语] 冠词
 - item, provision, clause

Word: force
Front: force
[fɔ:s] (中高研四六 372/369 -K5)
Vocabulary: force
(once / 15 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
Force describes a physical energy that can be seen or felt. If you've ever walked outside in a blizzard, you've experienced the force, or strength, of the wind. May the force be with you!
Force has other meanings as well. A powerful person can exert a force just by using particular words or body language. Written words can exert a force, or have a strong influence, on your opinion. As a verb, force means to make something happen using physical strength or some other powerful effort, which is what you do when you try to force a square peg into a round hole through vigorous pounding. And of course, in the Star Wars movie franchise, the force refers to the mystical energy contained in all living things. May that definition of this word always be with you.
WORD FAMILY
force: enforce, forced, forceful, forceless, forces, forcible, forcing+/ enforce: enforceable, enforced, enforcement, enforcer, enforces, enforcing, reenforce/enforceable: unenforceable/ enforced: enforcedly, unenforced/ enforcement: enforcements/enforcer: enforcers/forced: forcedly, unforced/ forceful: forcefully, forcefulness, unforceful/forcible: forciblest, forcibly/reenforce: reenforced, reenforcement, reenforces, reenforcing/reenforcement: reenforcements/unforced: unforcedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He played in two games, then the pain in his Achilles’ tendons flared back up and forced him to the sidelines again.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Sickly and feverish, he was forced to spend a month convalescing in South Carolina.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly every governor after Brewer called on him to serve on various state commissions and task forces.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 力; 武力; （社会）势力; 魄力
vt. 强迫; 强行; 促使，推动; 强奸
时态：forced, forcing, forces
分布：力(53%)，力量(11%)，强迫(9%)，迫使(9%)，强制(5%)，部队(5%)，武力(4%)，军队(2%)，暴力(1%)，权力(1%)
→来自拉丁语fortis, 强壮的，有力量的，坚固的，词源同fort.
力量,强制力[fore,fort=storng,表示"强大,力量"]
n.力量,力;势力;(pl.)(总称)军队v.强迫I was forced to open the door.我被迫开门.
US [fɔ:rs] noun
PHYSICAL POWER 力量
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■physical, especially violent, strength or power 力，力量；力气；（尤指）暴力，武力
• The force of the wind had brought down a great many trees in the area. 强风刮倒了这一地区的许多树木。
• She slapped his face with unexpected force. 她打了他一耳光，出乎意料地用力。
• Teachers aren't allowed to use force in controlling their pupils. 老师管教学生时禁止使用体罚。
• The police were able to control the crowd by sheer force of numbers (= because there were more police than there were people in the crowd). 警方完全依靠人数上的优势才控制住了人群。
in force
■in large numbers 众多地，大批地
• Photographers were out in force at the palace today 许多摄影师今天出现在皇宫。
countable or uncountable specialized
■in scientific use, (a measure of) the influence which changes movement （物理学上的）力；（力的）强度
• the force of gravity 重力
combine/join forces
■to work with someone else in order to achieve something which you both want 合力，协力，合作
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] noun
INFLUENCE 影响
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■(a person or thing with a lot of) influence and energy 影响；活力；影响大的人（或事物）
• He was a powerful force in British politics during the war years. 在战争年代他是英国政坛上举足轻重的人物。
• A united Europe, he said, would be a great force in world affairs. 他说，一个统一的欧洲将是世界事务中一支强大的力量。
• literary Fishermen are always at the mercy of the forces of nature (= bad weather conditions). 渔夫们总是听天由命。
a force to be reckoned with
■If an organization or a person is described as a force to be reckoned with, it means that they are powerful and have a lot of influence 不可轻视的一支力量
• The United Nations is now a force to be reckoned with. 联合国现在是一个不可轻视的组织。
force of habit
■If you do something from force of habit, you do it without thinking because you have done it so often before. 习惯力量
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] noun
GROUP 团体
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of people organized and trained, especially for military, police or a stated purpose （尤指）武装部队，部队；员警部门；（为某目的组织起来的）一群人
• the security forces 安保部队
• the work force 劳动大军
• He joined the police force straight after school. 他从学校一毕业就当了员警。
the forces [plural]
■the military organizations for air, land and sea （海陆空三军）武装力量
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] noun
IN OPERATION 在运作中
in/into force
 ADVANCED
■(of laws, rules or systems) existing and being used （法律、规定或制度）已生效／开始实施
• New driving regulations are going to come into force this year. 新的驾驶规章今年开始实施。
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] noun
the forces of evil
■things that have a very bad influence or effect 邪恶的力量
• Poverty and ignorance, the bishop said, were the forces of evil in our society today. 主教说，贫穷和无知给我们当今社会带来极大的危害。
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] verb transitive
GIVE NO CHOICE 不给选择
 ESSENTIAL
■to make something happen or make someone do something difficult, unpleasant or unusual, especially by threatening or not offering the possibility of choice 强迫，迫使
• [R + to infinitive] I really have to force my self to be pleasant to him. 我确实要强迫自己才能做到对他和颜悦色。
• [+ to infinitive] You can't force her to make a decision. 你不能强迫她作决定。
• Hospitals are being forced to close departments because of lack of money. 由于缺乏资金，医院正被迫关闭部分诊疗科。
• You could tell he was having to force back the tears (= stop himself from crying). 你能看得出他在强忍着泪水。
• I didn't actually want any more dessert, but Julia forced it on me (= made me accept it). 我其实不想再要甜点了，但是朱莉亚硬要我吃。
• [R] I couldn't stay at their flat - I'd feel as if I was forcing my self on them (= making them allow me to stay). 我没法呆在他们的公寓——我会觉得好像是自己在勉强他们留我一样。
• You never tell me how you're feeling - I have to force it out of you (= make you tell me) ! 你从不告诉我你的感受——我要逼你说才行！
■specialized
■If plants or vegetables are forced, they are made to grow faster by artificially controlling growing conditions such as the amount of heat and light 催熟，加速植物生长（透过人工调控植物的生长环境，如光强和温度等）
• forced strawberries 催熟的草莓
force a laugh/smile
■to manage, with difficulty, to laugh or smile 挤出一丝笑容，强颜欢笑
• I managed to force a smile as they were leaving. 他们离开时，我强装笑颜。
force an/the issue
■to take action to make certain that an urgent problem or matter is dealt with now 采取断然行动迫使问题得到解决
• If the management wouldn't listen to their demands, they would have to force the issue by striking. 如果管理层不理会他们的要求，他们就不得不透过罢工来迫使问题得到解决。
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] verb transitive
USE PHYSICAL POWER 使用身体的力量
 ESSENTIAL
■to use physical strength or effort to make something move or open 用力移动；强行打开
• Move your leg up gently when you're doing this exercise, but don't force it. 在做这一动作时把腿轻轻往上抬，但不要用力。
• If you force the zip, it'll break. 如果你使劲拉拉链，会拉坏的。
• She forced her way through the crowds. 她在人群中挤出一条路。
 ESSENTIAL
■to break a lock, door, window, etc. in order to allow someone to get in 砸开（锁、门、窗等），把…撬开
• I forgot my key, so I had to force a window. 我忘带锁匙了，只好撬窗进去。
• [+ adj] The police had forced open the door because nobody had answered. 因为没人应门，员警强行将门砸开了。
• The burglar forced an entry (= broke a window, door, etc. to get into the house). 那个窃贼破门而入。
UK [fɔ:s] US [fɔ:rs] verb transitive
force sb's hand
■to make someone do something they do not want to do, or act sooner than they had intended 迫使（某人）做…（或提前行动）
constrain, force, compel, oblige
这组词都有“迫使”的意思，其区别是：
constrain: 侧重施加约束力或有约束作用的影响，也指环境对人强加的影响迫使人去做某事，尤指受良心、情感等内在力量驱使去做某事。
force: 指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等，迫使他人改变看法或做本不愿做的事。
compel: 指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。
oblige: 指由于生理上或道德上的需要，促使某人做某事，也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事，还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
might, strength, power, vigour, force, energy
这组词都有“力”的意思，其区别是：
might: 多指巨大或超人的力量。
strength: 指机体内部的能力，是依靠身体组织而存在的力，经使用就变为force。
power: 最普通用词，泛指一切力量或能力等。
vigour: 指由生命元气的存在所产生的活力、精力。
force: 着重指克服障碍，推动人或物朝所要求的方向运动或能产生明显效应的力量。
energy: 用于人时，指工作时焕发出的精力或干劲。
army, force, troop
army: 军队，着重指军队这个整体，包括陆海空三军。当与navy和air force并列使用时，则指陆军。如：We will have not only a powerful army but also a powerful air force and a powerful navy.(我们不但要有强大的陆军，而且要有强大的空军和海军。)
force: 军队，部队，着重指武力，常用复数。如：Forces were sent out to stop the conflict.派出武装部队制止这场冲突。
troop: 部队，着重指构成军队的士兵成员，常用复数。如：They sent the troops to the front.他们把军队派往前线。
n. 力量；武力；军队；魄力
 - strength, might, army, sword, muscle
vt. 促使，推动；强迫；强加
 - bring, drive

Word: foreign
Front: foreign
[ˈfɒrən] (中高雅 689/621 -K2)
Vocabulary: foreign
(once / 44 pages)
adj
If it has to do with other countries or their people, it is foreign, like a French movie receiving a British award for Best Foreign Film.
The adjective foreign is based on the Latin word foris, meaning “outside.” A foreign exchange student goes outside of his or her country to study. When you learn a foreign language, it is outside of the one you first learned. If you sleep late on the weekends, someone might say, "Getting up early on Saturdays is a foreign concept to you." This means it's outside of your experience and knowledge.
WORD FAMILY
foreign: foreigner, foreignest, foreignly, foreignness+/ foreigner: foreigners
USAGE EXAMPLES
Richard Nixon, so sure-footed in foreign policy, was forced to resign.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Any product with more than 8 percent foreign meat must say where the animal was born, raised and butchered.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Elsewhere, though, data-localisation polices are meant to protect citizens from snooping by foreign powers.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: adj. 外国的，外交的; 外来的; 不相干的; [医]异质的
分布：外国的(40%)，外来的(33%)，异质的(24%)，不相符的(3%)
→来自拉丁语foris, 门外，在外面，词源同door. 拼写受reign, sovereign等影响。后用于指陌生人，外面人。
a.外国的,(to)无关的;外来的;异质的You must be good at a foreign language.你们要学好一门外语.
US ['fɔ:r-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■belonging or connected to a country which is not your own 外国的
• Spain was the first foreign country she had visited. 西班牙是她访问过的第一个海外国家。
• foreign languages 外语
• His work provided him with the opportunity for a lot of foreign travel. 他的工作给他提供了很多出国旅行的机会。
foreign to formal
■Something can be described as foreign to a particular person if they do not know about it or it is not within their experience 对（某人）来说是陌生的
• The whole concept of democracy, she claimed, was utterly foreign to the present government. 她声称，民主这一整套概念对于现任政府来说是极其陌生的。
■describes an object or substance which has entered something else, possibly by accident, and does not belong there 异质的；外来的
• a foreign object/substance 异物
• foreign matter 异质
adj. 外国的；外交的；异质的；不相关的
 - external, diplomatic

Word: lead
Front: lead
[li:d] (中高研四托 318/263 -K2)
Vocabulary: lead
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2n
To lead means to go in front, or to serve as the leader of a group. If you’re on a group hiking trip and the navigator lost the map, you’ll want someone with a good sense of direction to lead the group back to the car.
If you have done excellent, groundbreaking research into cancer treatment, someone might say you lead the field in finding a cure for cancer. If we say a football team has a strong lead, that means that they’re on the way to winning a game. If you are a detective and you discover a room full of evidence on a case, that might lead to its solution.
WORD FAMILY
lead: lead-colored, leaded, leader, leading, leadless, leads, led, mislead +/leaded: nonleaded, unleaded/ leader: leaders, leadership / leadership: leaderships/leading: leadingly, leadings/ mislead: misleader, misleading, misleads, misled/misleader: misleaders/misleading: misleadingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Westbrook led the Thunder with 30 points and six assists.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Wall, the team’s leading assist man, is the key to the success of the other Wizards.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A new research project is using zebrafish to identify genetic and environmental factors that in combination may lead to the development of childhood leukemia.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. 领导; 引导; 指挥
vi. 领导; 导致; 用水砣测深
n. 铅; 领导; 榜样; 枪弹
adj. 领头的; 最重要的; 领先的
时态：led, leading, leads
分布：导致(37%)，铅(26%)，领先(18%)，引导(7%)，主角(5%)，带领(4%)，榜样(2%)，引言(1%)
→来自leit,向前走，词源同lodestar,lodestone.引申词义引导，领导。lead 铅
v.领导;领先;通向,导致n.带领,引导;铅She was in the lead during the race.她在赛跑中领先.
verb (led, led)
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to control a group of people, a country, or a situation 领导，带领，率领
• I think we've chosen the right person to lead the expedition. 我认为我们已经找到了带领这支探险队的合适人选。
• I've asked Gemma to lead the discussion. 我已请杰玛带领大家讨论。
• Who will be leading the inquiry into the accident? 谁来领导事故的调查工作？
[li:d] verb (led, led)
BE WINNING 获胜
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■(especially in sport or other competitions) to be in front, to be first or to be winning （尤指在比赛中）领先，位居前列
• After thirty minutes the challengers were leading by two goals. 30分钟过后挑战者已经领先两分。
• With two laps to go Ngomo led by less than two seconds. 还剩下两圈时恩科莫领先不到两秒钟。
• The Lions lead the Hawks 28 - 9. 猛狮队以28：9领先老鹰队。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
INFLUENCE 影响
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause someone to do something, especially something bad 引诱，诱导
• [+ to infinitive] The brochure led me to believe that the price included home delivery. 这本小册子误导我相信价格中包含送货费。
• It's worrying that such a prominent politician is so easily led. 如此显要的政治家竟然这样容易被人误导实在令人担忧。
• He was a weak man, led astray by ambition. 他是个意志薄弱的人，野心让他迷失了方向。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
SHOW WAY 指路
 IMPROVER intransitive
■to show the way to a group of people, animals, vehicles, etc. by going in front of them 带路，领路，引路
• I don't know the way, so you'd better lead. 我不认识路，你最好在前面带路。
• If you lead in the jeep, we'll follow behind on the horses. 如果你开吉普车带路，我们就骑马跟在后面。
 IMPROVER transitive
■To lead a group of moving people or vehicles is to walk or drive in front of them 引导，引领，给…当先导
• The local youth band will lead the parade this weekend. 在周末的游行中当地的青年乐队将走在最前面。
• A large black hearse led the funeral procession. 一辆大型黑色灵车引领着整个送葬队伍。
 IMPROVER transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take someone somewhere, by going with them 带，领
• She led them down the hall. 她带着他们走过大厅。
• The waiter led us to our table. 侍者把我们领到桌边。
• Our guide led us through the mountains. 向导领我们穿过了山区。
 IMPROVER transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take hold of a person or an animal, or of something fastened to them, and take them somewhere 领，牵
• She took the child by the hand and led him upstairs to bed. 她拉着孩子的手领他上楼睡觉。
• He led the horse out of the stable. 他把马从马厩里牵了出来。
lead the way
■to show the way by going in front 带路，领路，引路
• You've been there before - why don't you lead the way? 你以前去过那里——为甚么不给我们带路？
■to make more progress than other people in the development of something 领先
• The company has been leading the way in network applications for several years. 几年来该公司在网路应用方面一直处于领先地位。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
DIRECTION 指示
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■(especially of roads, paths, doors, signs, information, etc.) to go in a particular direction or have a particular result, or to allow or cause this 伸向，通向，通往
• There's a track that leads directly to the reservoir. 有一条小道直接通向水库。
• The French windows lead out onto a wide shady terrace. 落地窗通向宽大阴凉的露台。
• A narrow trail of blood led directly into the cave. 一条细细的血迹一直通到山洞里。
• This information led the police to a house near the harbour. 员警根据这个情报来到了港湾附近的一座房子。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
LIVE 生活
lead a busy/normal/quiet, etc. life
■to live a particular type of life 过着忙碌／正常／宁静等的生活
• He was able to lead a normal life, despite the illness. 尽管有病但他还可以过正常的生活。
• We certainly don't lead a life of luxury but we're not poor either. 我们的生活当然并不奢华，但也算不上贫困。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
lead sb a (merry) dance informal
■to cause someone a lot of trouble, especially by getting them to do a lot of things that are not necessary 造成（某人）很大麻烦
[li:d] verb (led, led)
lead sb by the nose informal
■to control someone and make them do exactly what you want them to do 牵着（某人）的鼻子走，完全控制（某人）
[li:d] verb (led, led)
lead sb up the garden path informal
■to deceive someone 欺骗，蒙骗（某人）
• It seems as if we've been led up the garden path about the position of our hotel - it's miles from the beach! 我们在饭店的方位上似乎上当了——这里离海滩有好几英里呢！
[li:d] verb (led, led)
lead the field/pack/world
■to be better than all other people or things 在该领域／群体中／世界上领先
• Their scientists lead the world in nutrition research. 他们的科学家在营养研究方面居世界前列。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
  Phrasal Verbs  lead sb on disapproving
■to persuade someone to believe something that is untrue 误导（某人）；蒙骗（某人）
• All that time she'd been leading him on (= pretending she liked him) , but she was only interested in his money. 那时她一直都在假装喜欢他，但她只对他的钱感兴趣。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
  Phrasal Verbs  lead to sth ESSENTIAL
■If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist 导致，引起
• Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads. 降低限速可以减少交通死亡人数。
[li:d] verb (led, led)
  Phrasal Verbs  lead up to sth
HAPPEN
 ADVANCED
■If a period of time or series of events leads up to an event or activity, it happens until that event or activity begins 为…作铺垫；是…的先导
• The pilot had no recollection of the events leading up to the crash. 飞行员想不起飞机坠毁前发生了甚么。
TALK
■to prepare to talk about something by gradually mentioning the subject you want to talk about 缓慢过度，慢慢引导
• He started telling me about a wonderful new restaurant he'd been to and I wondered what he was leading up to. 他开始跟我讲他去过的一家很棒的新餐厅，而我则在想他到底想要说甚么。
[li:d] noun
BE WINNING 获胜
 ESSENTIAL ]li:d] only singular
■a winning position during a race or other situation where people are competing 领先，占优
• For the first time in the race Harrison is in the lead. 在此次比赛中哈里森第一次领先。
• With a final burst of speed she went/moved into the lead. 经过最后冲刺她跑到了最前面。
• After last night's win Johnson has taken (over) the lead in the championship table. 昨晚获胜后，约翰逊已经登上了冠军榜的榜首。
• By the end of the day's play Davies had a lead of three points. 经过一天的比赛戴维斯领先三分。
[li:d] noun
SHOWING WAY 示范
countable usually singular
■when you show a person or group of people what to do 示范，榜样
• We'll go through the dance routine again - follow my lead (= do what I do). 我们再走一遍基本舞步——照我的样子做。
[li:d] noun
INFORMATION 资讯
countable
■a piece of information which allows a discovery to be made or a solution to be found 线索，提示
• A lead from an informer enabled the police to make several arrests. 根据告密者提供的线索，员警逮捕了几个人。
[li:d] noun
ACTOR 演员
the lead countable
■the main actor in a film or play 主角，主演
[li:d] noun
ANIMAL 动物
countable mainly UK (mainly US leash)
■a piece of rope, chain, etc. tied to an animal, especially to a dog at its collar when taking it for a walk （牵狗等动物用的）绳索，链子
• Please keep your dog on a lead when on the beach. 在海滩上请牵住你的狗。
[li:d] noun
ELECTRICAL 电的
countable (UK also flex) (US also cord) (wire)
■a wire covered in plastic and used to connect electrical equipment to the electricity supply 引线，导线
[led] noun uncountable
 ADVANCED uncountable
■a very dense (= heavy in relation to its size) , soft, dark-grey, poisonous metal, used especially in the past on roofs and for pipes and also for protection against radiation 铅
• lead pipes 铅管
countable or uncountable
■(the narrow strip of) coloured material, usually black and made of graphite , in the centre of a pencil 铅笔芯
[led] noun uncountable
go down like a lead balloon humorous
■If something that you say or show to people goes down like a lead balloon, they do not like it at all 不受欢迎，没人喜欢
• My joke about the alcoholic went down like a lead balloon. 大家对我讲的有关酒鬼的笑话反应冷淡。
guide, direct, conduct, pilot, lead
这组词都有“引导”的意思，其区别是：
guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。
direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。
conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。
pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。
lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。
n. 领导； [化学] 铅；导线；石墨；榜样
 - guidance, mirror, example
vt. 领导；致使；引导；指挥
 - aim, officer, captain, boss
vi. 领导；导致；用水砣测深
 - account, result in
adj. 带头的；最重要的
 - supreme, principal, main

Word: job
Front: job
[dʒɒb] (中高雅 243/272 -K5)
Vocabulary: job
(once / 84 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4v 5v
Unless you win the lottery, you will probably need a job, or employment where you do work for pay. There are also non-paying jobs: it might be your job to wash the dishes after dinner.
Job and work are often synonymous and unfortunately often have a negative connotation meaning “toil." Other meanings of job that are negative involve damaging events or crimes. When you wrecked your car, someone might have said, "You did a real job on that;" or, when you convinced your sister to hand over her allowance, you might have referred to it as a "con job."
WORD FAMILY
job: jobbed, jobbing, jobless, jobs
USAGE EXAMPLES
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Scot McCloughan’s toughest job of the offseason involves finding the most effective way to overhaul a defense that’s sorely lacking in talent.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Parsing the specifics is part of Cousins’s job, how he learns from mistakes and moves on.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （一件）工作; 职责; 职业; （作为一个单元处理的）作业
vt. 承包; 代客买卖
vi. 做零工; 作包工; 打杂
时态：jobbed, jobbing, jobs
分布：工作(88%)，职业(4%)，职位(3%)，职责(3%)，犯罪行为(1%)，活儿(1%)
→缩写自短语jobbe of worke,即piece of work.词源不详，可能来自中古英语gobbe,一块，词源同gob,或来自chop,剁，砍，即砍下来的一块。后词义通用化，用于指一件事，一项工作或任务，物件等。job 刺，戳
n.工作,职位;零活,一件工作;任务,职责The problem is that those who are out of jobs probably rob.问题是那些失业者们可能行劫.
US [dʒɑ:b] noun
EMPLOYMENT 雇用
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the regular work which a person does to earn money 工作；职业；职位
• a temporary/permanent job 临时的／固定的工作
• When she left college, she got a job as an editor in a publishing company. 大学毕业后她在一家出版社当编辑。
• It's very difficult trying to bring up two children while doing a full-time job. 一边抚育两个孩子一边做全职工作很困难。
• He's never managed to hold down (= keep) a steady (= permanent) job. 他从来没能保住一份稳定的工作。
• She's applied for a job with an insurance company. 她已向一家保险公司应征。
• Are you going to give up your job when you have your baby? 你有了小孩后会放弃工作吗？
• How long have you been out of a job (= unemployed) ? 你失业多久了？
• After a disastrous first month in office, many people are beginning to wonder if the new president is up to (= able to do) the job. 由于新总统任职的第一个月表现很糟，许多人开始怀疑他是否胜任。
• Hundreds of workers could lose their jobs. 数百名工人可能会失业。
  Common Learner Errors  job or work? Warning: Choose the right word! Job is a countable noun and refers to a particular piece of work or the regular work that someone does to earn money. Sarah is looking for a new job. To talk about the activity that someone does in their job, don't say 'job', say work : We need to improve the efficiency of our work.
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
PIECE OF WORK 一件工作
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular piece of work （一件）工作，零工，事情
• The builders are aiming to get the job done by the end of the month. 施工人员打算在月底前将工作完成。
• He spent the afternoon doing jobs around the house. 他整个下午都在家里做杂务。
• informal Will you be able to carry all the shopping back home on your bike, or will it have to be a car job (= will you need the car) ? 你能把买来的东西都用脚踏车载回家吗，还是用汽车才行？
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
RESPONSIBILITY 职责
 ADVANCED only singular
■something that is your responsibility 职责；任务
• [+ to infinitive] She believed her job as a politician was to represent the views of her party and the people who voted for her. 她认为自己身为政治家的职责就是要做她的政党和选民的代言人。
• I know it's not my job to tell you how to run your life, but I do think you've made a mistake. 我知道不该由我来告诉你如何生活，但我的确认为你犯了错。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
PROBLEM 难题
only singular informal
■a problem or an activity which is difficult 难做的工作，费力的事
• [+ -ing verb] It was a real job getting the wheel off the bike. 把脚踏车的轮子拆下来可真费力。
• We were only given an hour to do the exam, and I had a job finishing it. 我们的考试限时一小时，我好不容易才做完。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
EXAMPLE
countable informal
■an example of a particular type 产品；东西
• It's an original, not one of those imitation jobs. 这是原作，不是仿制品。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
CRIME 犯罪
countable slang
■a crime in which money or goods are stolen, or an action or activity which is dishonest or unpleasant 犯罪行为；勾当；伎俩
• He was put in prison for five years for doing a bank job. 他因抢劫银行被判入狱五年。
• US He really did a job on her, telling her that he would love her for ever and then moving to Fiji with someone else. 他的确耍了她，告诉她自己会永远爱她，后来却和别人一起跑到斐济去了。
⇒ See also hatchet job
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
be just the job informal
■to be exactly what you want or need 正是想要的东西
• I've been looking for a new stereo system for my car, and this is just the job. 我一直想给汽车换一套新音响，这正是我想要的。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
do a good/bad job
■to do something well/badly 做得出色／糟糕
• You've done a great job - thank you Sam. 你做得很棒——谢谢你，山姆。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
do the job informal
■If something does the job, it performs the piece of work you want to be done and achieves the result you want 有效，起作用
• Here, this knife should do the job. 好了，这把刀子应该管用。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
do/make a good/bad job of sth
■to do something well/badly 做得出色／糟糕
• I'm not going to let him repair my bike again because he made a really bad job of it last time. 我不会再让他修理我的自行车了，因为上次他弄得一塌糊涂。
• The dry cleaner's did a good job of removing that oil stain from my shirt. 干洗店把我衬衫上的油渍去除得很干净。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
It's more than my job's worth.
■something that you say in order to tell someone that you cannot do what they want you to do because you would lose your job 工作不允许；（做了某事）意味着要被解雇
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
job done informal
■something you say when someone has achieved something, especially when it seems easier or quicker than you expected 做得好（有人做成某事，尤其是做得比你想像中更从容、更快时，你所说的话）
• I just changed the fuse in the plug and the lamp worked, job done. 我只是简单地换了插头的保险丝，灯就亮了，轻松搞定。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
jobs for the boys UK informal disapproving
■work that someone in an important position gives to their friends or relations （身居要职的人）为亲朋好友安排的工作
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
just the man / woman for the job
■a man/woman who has all the skills for a particular piece of work 最适合的人选
• We need someone who has experience in marketing and teaching, and I think Alex is just the woman for the job. 我们需要一位元在市场行销和教学方面有经验的人，我认为艾力克斯是最适合的人选。
UK [dʒɒb] US [dʒɑ:b] noun
on-the-job
■happening while you are working 工作时发生的；在职的
• No formal qualifications are required for the work - you'll get on-the-job training. 这份工作不需要正式的资历证明——你会接受在职训练。
assignment, task, profession, job
assignment: 指分派做的特定任务，也指长期性工作
task: 被派或自愿承担工作，尤指困难、辛劳的工作
profession: 指从事脑力劳动，经过特殊培训的“职业”，如老师
job: 常指短期任务
work, task, job
这组词都有“工作”的意思，其区别是：
work: 最普通用词，含义广，指人们日常生活和工作中所从事的有目的的体力或脑力劳动。
task: 通常指分派给的任务，也指自愿的工作，但往往是艰巨或令人厌烦的工作。
job: 多用于口语，侧重指受雇用的，以谋生为目的工作，不论有无技术，也不管是零工或散工。
work, vocation, occupation, employment, trade, profession, career, job
这组词都有“职业”的意思，其区别是：
work: 指任何种类的工作，也泛指职业。
vocation: 较正式用词，语气庄重，指长期从事，但不一定以此为主计的职业。
occupation: 泛指任何一种职业，既不分什么行业，也不管是脑力还是体力劳动。
employment: 指受雇于他人，领取工资以谋生计，有较固定工作的职业。
trade: 指需要有熟练技巧、技能和体力的职业。
profession: 以前常指要受过高等教育(尤指法律、医学和神学)才能获得的职业，现在一般指为谋生日的职业，尤指从事脑力劳动和受过专门训练，具有某种专业知识的职业。
career: 指经过专门训练，终身愿意从事的职业。
job: 通常指一切有收入，不分脑力与体力运动，不论是否有技艺的长期或临时的职业。
n. 工作； [劳经] 职业
 - profession, employment, career, pursuit, work
vt. 承包；代客买卖
 - contract with

Word: under
Front: under
[ˈʌndə(r)] (中高 225/158 -K5)
Back: prep. 在…下面，在表面之下; 在…的假定表面或掩饰下; 少于，小于; 在…情况下
adv. 在下面; 少于; 在水下; 在昏迷中
adj. 较低的，下面的
分布：低于(36%)，下面的(26%)，在昏迷中(11%)，从属的(11%)，在 ... 下(7%)，少于的(3%)，在 ... 控制下(3%)，在 ... 内(3%)
→来自ndher,在下面，来自ni的扩大格，词源同nether, beneath.其中*dher为ther,*ter的变体形式，印欧语比较级后缀，词源同farther, other, interior, ulterior.
prep.在...下面;在...以下ad.在下面;少于The building is under construction.大楼正在建造中.
US [-dɚ] adverb
■below the surface of something 在下面
• Because I'm a bad swimmer, I often go under and swallow a lot of water. 因为不善于游泳，我经常沉到水下，喝了不少水。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] adverb
go under informal
■If a company goes under, it is unsuccessful and has to stop doing business （公司）倒闭
• Thousands of companies went under during the recession. 经济衰退期间，成千上万的公司倒闭了。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
LOWER POSITION 较低的位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a position below or lower than something else, often so that one thing covers the other 在（或到）下面；在（或到）下方
• He hid under the bed. 他躲在床底下。
• In AD 79 the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven metres deep. 西元79年，庞贝古城被湮没在七米深的火山灰下。
• She put the thermometer under my tongue. 她把温度计放到我的舌头下面。
• She was holding a file under her arm (= between her upper arm and the side of her chest). 她腋下夹着一个文件夹。
• They stood under a tree (= below its branches) to avoid getting wet. 他们站在树下避雨。
■specialized
■If a piece of land is under a particular type of plant, that plant is growing on the whole of that area （土地）被…植物覆盖的
• The main fields are under wheat. 主要的农田都种了麦子。
■If a book, article, or piece of information is under a particular title, you can find it below or following that title in a list, book, library, etc （书、文章或资讯）属于…类别，在…项下
• Books on Cecil Beaton will probably be under Art or Photography rather than Drama. 关于塞西尔‧比顿的书很可能属于艺术或摄影类，而不属於戏剧类。
• Trifle? That comes under Puddings and Desserts. 酒浸果酱松糕应在布丁和甜点类中找。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
LESS THAN 少于
 ESSENTIAL
■less than 少于；低于
• All items cost/are under a pound. 所有物品价格均低于一英镑。
• The discount applies only to children under (the age of) ten (= younger than ten). 折扣仅为十岁以下儿童而设。
• If you get under 50%, you've failed the exam. 如果考分低于总分的一半，你就没有及格。
Opposite over
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
EXPERIENCING 经历
 ESSENTIAL
■happening during, as a result of or according to a particular situation, event, rule, etc 在…情况下；由于；根据
• The work was completed under very difficult conditions. 这项工作是在极端困难的情况下完成的。
• Now that the deadline is approaching we all feel under pressure. 由于最后期限就要到了，我们都感受到了压力。
• The chair broke under his weight (= because he was too heavy for it). 他太重了，椅子承受不住被压坏了。
• Under the present rules, you can buy ten litres of wine. 根据现行规定，你可以买十升酒。
under attack/consideration/discussion, etc.
 ADVANCED
■in the process of being attacked, considered, discussed, etc 遭受攻击／正在考虑／正在讨论等
• The town is under fire (= is being attacked) from the air. 该城正遭受空袭。
• The proposals are now under consideration by the Board of Governors. 理事会正在考虑这些提议。
• The situation is still not under control. 局势仍然没有得到控制。
under sedation/the doctor, etc. UK
■treated in the way mentioned or by the medical person mentioned 处于镇静剂的作用之下／接受医生治疗等
• The patient is being kept under heavy sedation. 病人正处于服药后的深度镇静状态。
• She'll have to go under anaesthetic for the operation. 手术前必须给她施行麻醉。
• old-fashioned She's been under the doctor for a viral infection. 她因病毒感染接受了医生治疗。
be under an impression/belief
■to believe something, often wrongly （常指错误地）以为／相信
• He was under the mistaken belief that I was in charge. 他误以为是我在负责。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
CONTROL 控制
 IMPROVER
■controlled or governed by a particular person, organization or force 受…的控制（或管理）
• He's a Colonel, with hundreds of soldiers under him (= obeying his orders). 他是一名上校，手下有数百名士兵。
• I wonder what Britain was like under the Romans (= during the time when the Romans controlled Britain). 我想知道英国在罗马人统治时期是甚么样子。
• People born under (= during the period of) the star sign Pisces are supposed to be dreamy and artistic. 有人认为，双鱼座的人爱幻想、有艺术细胞。
be under orders
■to have been ordered to do something 奉命，受命
• They're under strict orders not to discuss the situation. 他们被严令不得讨论时局。
• He's under doctor's orders (= has been told by a doctor) to cut down on fatty food and to drink no alcohol for at least six months. 医生告诫他要在至少半年的时间内少吃油腻食物、滴酒不沾。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
NAME 名字
■using a particular name, especially one that is not your real name 用，以（尤指假名）
• He writes under the name (of) John le Carré. 他用约翰•勒•卡雷这个名字创作。
• For his own safety, he has to operate under a false name/an alias. 为了自身安全，他不得不使用假名／化名。
UK ['ʌn.dər] US [-dɚ] preposition
be/fall under sb's influence/spell
■to be affected by somebody in a strong and often negative way 受（某人）影响／被（某人）迷住（常指不好的影响）
• She fell under his spell when he was her tutor at university. 在他担任她的大学导师时，她被他深深吸引住了。
deputy, vice, under, associate
deputy: 第一副职，部长不在时，由其代理
vice: +president/chairman/governor；
under: +secretary(副部长)；
associate: +professor;
under, below, underneath, beneath
这组词都有“在……下面”的意思，其区别是：
under: 普通用词，与over相对，指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下的意思。
below: 指位置低于某物或在某物下方，但不一定在正下方，所指范围较宽。
underneath: 书面口语均用，也常与beneath和under换用，但更含遮蔽的意味。
beneath: 书面用词，指紧挨……之下，其反义词是on。
prep. 低于，少于；在...之下
 - inside
adv. 在下面；在下方
 - below, down
adj. 下面的；从属的
 - following, dependent

Word: end
Front: end
[end] (中高雅 278/187 -K5)
Vocabulary: end
(once / 11 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4nv 5n
The end of something is its final point or farthest edge. After your cat unwinds a ball of yarn, you may find one end of it in your kitchen and the other end upstairs in the bathroom.
A piece of string has two ends, while stories, races, and years have just one end each. When you buy a length of fabric, the leftover bit is an end, and the final point of almost anything — a play or a marriage — is also an end. When you end something, you make it conclude. In football, an "end zone" is the far side of the field, and a "defensive end" is a player near the sideline.
WORD FAMILY
end: ended, ending, endless, ends+/ended: endedly, unended/ending: endings, unending/ endless: endlessly, endlessness/unending: unendingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
He focused only on securing a perfect ending to an epic evening.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
In Powers’s study, about 40 percent of people with community- acquired pneumonia ended up in the hospital.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. <正>结果; 端; 终止; 最后部分
vt. & vi. 结束，终止
时态：ended, ending, ends
分布：结束(81%)，末端(6%)，部分(5%)，目标(4%)，死亡(2%)，半边球场(1%)，端点(1%)
→来自ant, 相反，相对，词源同前缀anti-. 即终端，分开点。
n.末端,端,梢;目标,目的v.终止,结束With a knife the knitter ends his wife's life in the lifeboat.在救生艇上编织者用小刀结束了他妻子的性命.
noun
LAST POINT 终点
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the point in space or time after which something no longer exists, or a part of something that includes this point 末端，尽头；最后部分，末尾
• This cable should have a plug at one end and a socket at the other. 这根电缆应该一端有插头，另一端有插座。
• We damaged the end of the piano when we moved it. 我们搬钢琴时把钢琴末端部分撞坏了。
• Get to the end of the queue and wait your turn like everyone else. 到队伍后面去排队，像别人一样按照顺序等着。
• Our house is the third from the end on the left. 我们家是从左边倒数第三户。
• Is it safe to stand the computer on (its) end? 电脑倒着放安全吗？
• The end of the film was much more exciting than I'd expected. 电影结尾比我预想的刺激多了。
• This latest injury must surely mean that her tennis career is now at an end (= finished). 毫无疑问，最近这次受伤意味着她的网球运动生涯已到了尽头。
• The statement said there would be no end to the violence until the terrorists' demands were met. 声明指称，如果恐怖分子的要求得不到满足，暴力就不会结束。
only singular polite word for
■death 辞世，过世，亡故
• We were all by her bedside when the end finally came. 她临终时，我们都守在她的床边。
• He met his end (= died) in a shoot-out with the police. 他在与警方的枪战中丧命
countable
■either of the two halves of a sports field 半边球场
• The teams change ends at half-time so that neither side has an unfair advantage. 两队在上半场结束时交换场地，这样对任何一方都公平。
countable US
■one of the two players in American football who begin play furthest from the ball （橄榄球队的）边锋
in the end IMPROVER
■finally, after something has been thought about or discussed a lot 最后，终于
• We were thinking about going to Switzerland, but in the end we went to Austria. 我们一直打算要去瑞士，可是最后却去了奥地利。
for hours/days, etc. on end
■for hours, days, etc. without stopping 连续数小时／几天等
• He used to lock himself in his bedroom for hours on end and refuse to talk to anyone. 他过去常把自己锁在卧室里一呆就是几个小时，不跟任何人说话。
come to an end IMPROVER
■to finish 完结，结束
• Everyone wishes the war would come to an end soon. 每个人都希望战争尽快结束。
[end] noun
SMALL PART 小的部分
countable
■a small unwanted part of something that is left after most of it has been used 剩余物；残余
• The floor was covered in cigarette ends. 地板上都是烟蒂。
[end] noun
AIM 目的
countable
■an aim, intention or purpose 目的；目标
• Do you have a particular end in mind? 你心中有没有一个明确的目标？
to this end
■with this aim 为了这个目的；为此
• He wanted science students to take an interest in the arts, and to this end he ran literature classes at his home on Sunday afternoons. 他想让理科学生也对文科产生兴趣，为此他星期天下午在自己家中开文学课。
[end] noun
TYPE OF ACTIVITY 活动种类
only singular informal
■the parts of a task or process connected with one particular type of activity or person （和某类活动或人相关的）部分，方面
• Rick's more involved with the financial end of things. 瑞克参与更多的是财务方面的事务。
sb's end of the bargain/deal, etc.
■the area of activity for which someone is responsible （某人）分内的事情；（某人的）职责范围：
• We've kept our end of the deal - let's see if they keep theirs. 我们把我们自己分内的事情做好了——看看他们能不能管好自己的事。
[end] noun
at the end of the day UK
■something that you say before you give the most important fact of a situation 最终；到头来；不管怎么说
• Of course I'll listen to what she has to say but at the end of the day, it's my decision. 当然她要说甚么我也会听，但最终还是我来作决定。
[end] noun
The end justifies the means. saying
■said about a situation in which the final aim is so important that any way of achieving it is acceptable 为达目的，不择手段。
[end] noun
end of slang
■something you say to tell someone that you have made a definite decision and you do not want to talk about it any more 已成定局；没有商量的余地
• You're not going out tonight - end of! 你今晚不准出去，这事没有商量的余地！
[end] noun
end of story informal
■something you say when you think that the opinion you have just expressed about something is correct and that there is no other way of thinking about it 情况就是这样；就这么办
• This woman is innocent - end of story. 这个妇女是无辜的——情况就是如此。
[end] noun
the end of the line/road
■the point where it is no longer possible to continue with a process or activity （过程或活动的）尽头；穷途末路
• We've struggled on for as long as we could, but now we're at the end of the line. 我们一直在尽己所能勉力维持，但是现在我们是山穷水尽了。
• When the bank refused to lend us any more money we realised we'd reached the end of the road. 当银行拒绝再给我们贷款的时候，我们意识到我们已经走投无路了。
[end] noun
get/have your end away UK informal
■If a man gets his end away, he has sex 性交
• Did you get your end away last night, then? 那你们昨晚上了床吗？
[end] noun
keep/hold your end up UK
■to continue to deal with difficulties bravely and successfully 坚持；不泄气
[end] noun
make ends meet
■to have just enough money to pay for the things that you need 使收支刚好能相抵
[end] noun
no end
■very much 非常
• It would please Granny no end if you wrote to her occasionally. 如果你能不时给奶奶写封信，她会非常高兴的。
[end] noun
no end of sth
■a lot of 大量；许多
• If you don't want the job, there's no end of people willing to take your place. 如果你不想做这份工作了，不知会有多少人巴不得要顶替你的位置呢。
[end] noun
not be the end of the world informal
■If something is not the end of the world, it will not cause very serious problems 天还不会塌下来，还没到世界末日
• I'm really hoping to win, but it won't be the end of the world if I don't. 我很希望能赢，但即使输了也没有甚么大不了的。
[end] noun
put an end to sth ADVANCED
■to make something stop happening or existing 使终止；毁掉；消灭
• How can we put an end to the fighting? 我们怎样才能制止这场打斗呢？
[end] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to finish or stop, or to make something finish or stop 使）结束；（使）停止
• When is your meeting due to end? 你的会议预计甚么时候结束？
• Her resignation ends months of speculation about her future. 她的辞职为数月来人们对她未来的种种揣测画上了句号。
• Their marriage ended in 1991. 他们的婚姻在1991年走到了尽头。
• The match ended in a draw. 比赛以平手告终。
• I'd like to end with a song from my first album. 我想以我第一张专辑里的一首歌来结束演出。
• She ended her speech on an optimistic note. 她以乐观的口吻结束了演讲。
[end] verb intransitive or transitive
end it all usually humorous
■to kill yourself 自杀；一了百了
• And if this doesn't work, I'm just going to end it all. 要是这个行不通，我就不活了。
[end] verb intransitive or transitive
It'll (all) end in tears.
■something that you say which means something will end badly and the people involved will be upset 悲剧告终，不会有好结局
• She only met him in May and they were married by July. It'll end in tears, you'll see. 她五月才认识他，然后他们七月就结婚了。这不会有好结果的，你等着瞧吧。
[end] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  end up IMPROVER
■to finally be in a particular place or situation 最后（处于）；最后（成为）；（以…）告终
• They're travelling across Europe by train and are planning to end up in Moscow. 他们正搭火车穿越欧洲旅行，最后一站计划是莫斯科。
• Much of this meat will probably end up as dog food. 这块肉最后可能大部分得喂狗。
• [L] She'll end up penniless if she carries on spending like that. 如果她继续这样挥霍，最后会落得身无分文的下场。
• [+ -ing verb] After working her way around the world, she ended up teaching English as a foreign language. 靠打工游遍世界后，她最后做了教师，教外国人学英语。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object, objective
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
aim: 从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
goal: 指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
purpose: 普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
end: 指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
target: 指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或潮笑的目标。
object: 强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
objective: 与object基本同义，但语义更广泛，指具体或很快能达到的目的，也可指军事目标。书面用词。
n. 结束；目标；尽头；末端；死亡
 - completion, death, target, goal, object
vi. 结束，终止；终结
 - drop, determine, pass
vt. 结束，终止；终结
 - conclude, bring to a close

Word: spend
Front: spend
[spend] (中高 342/424 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 用钱，花钱
vt. 花费; 消耗; 花（时间）; 度过
n. （为某目的或某段时间内的）花销，花费，开销
时态：spent, spending, spends
分布：花费(42%)，度过(38%)，浪费(10%)，预算(6%)，花销(4%)
→来自拉丁语 spendere,缩写自 expendere,花销，支付，用，来自 ex-,向外，-pend,称量，支付， 词源同 pound,pendulum,expend.拼写比较 sport,disport,splay,display.引申诸相关词义。
v.花费;消耗,用尽;度过,消磨The honourable journalist spent an hour on the journey of tour.可敬的新闻记者在观光旅程上花了一个小时.
verb (spent, spent)
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give money as a payment for something 花费；用，花（钱）
• How much did you spend? 你花了多少钱？
• I don't know how I managed to spend so much in the pub last night. 我不知道昨晚在酒吧怎么会花了这么多钱。
• We spent a fortune when we were in New York. 我们在纽约花了一大笔钱。
• She spends a lot of money on clothes. 她在衣服上开销很大。
• We've just spent £1.9 million on improving our computer network. 我们刚花了190万英镑改进我们的电脑网路系统。
• We went on a spending spree (= We bought a lot of things) on Saturday. 我们周六疯狂购物。
  Common Learner Errors  spend When spend is followed by an indirect object, the correct preposition is on. Don't say 'spend money for/in something', say spend money on something :
✗ I spend £150 per week for rent. I spend £150 per week on rent.
[spend] verb (spent, spent)
TIME 花时间
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to use time doing something or being somewhere 花（时间）；度过
• I think we need to spend more time together. 我认为我们应该多花些时间在一起。
• I spent a lot of time cleaning that room. 我花了很长时间打扫那个房间。
• I've spent years building up my collection. 我花了好多年时间搜集收藏品。
• I spent an hour at the station waiting for the train. 我在火车站等车等了一个小时。
• How long do you spend on your homework? 你做功课用了多少时间？
• My sister always spends ages in the bathroom. 我姐姐总是花很长的时间梳洗打扮。
• We spent the weekend in London. 我们在伦敦度过了周末。
• You can spend the night here if you like. 如果你愿意的话，可以在这里过夜。
[spend] verb (spent, spent)
FORCE 力量
transitive
■to use energy, effort, force, etc., especially until there is no more left 消耗，花费（精力等）；（尤指）用尽（全力）
• For the past month he's been spending all his energy trying to find a job. 过去的一个月里，他竭尽全力想找份工作。
• They continued firing until all their ammunition was spent (= there was none of it left). 他们持续开火，直到弹药全部打光为止。
• The hurricane will probably have spent most of its force (= most of its force will have gone) by the time it reaches the northern parts of the country. 飓风抵达该国北部地区时，风势可能已减弱了大半。
• Her anger soon spent itself (= stopped). 她的怒气很快就烟消云散了。
[spend] verb (spent, spent)
spend a penny UK old-fashioned polite phrase for
■to urinate 方便一下
• If you'll excuse me, I need to spend a penny. 不好意思，我想去方便一下。
[spend] verb (spent, spent)
spend the night together (also spend the night with sb) polite phrase for
■to have sex with someone 和（某人）做爱，和（某人）一起过夜
• Did you spend the night together? 你们一起过夜了？
[spend] verb (spent, spent)
  Common Learner Errors  spend In the past tense, don't say 'spend', say spent :
✗ I spend two weeks in London, and I really enjoyed it. I spent two weeks in London, and I really enjoyed it.
[spend] noun only singular UK informal
■the amount of money that is spent on something 花费，开销
• The total spend on the project was almost a million pounds. 这个企划案的花费总计将近100万英镑。
take, pay, cost, spend
take: 物做主语,花时间;
pay: 人做主语,花钱,pay for;
cost: 物做主语,花钱
spend: 人做主语,花钱,花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth;
take, expend, cost, spend
这组词都有“花费”的意思，其区别是：
take: 普通用词，指需要占用空间、时间或精力等，其主语可以是人，也可以是一件事情。
expend: 较正式用词，通常指为某一专门目的而花费大量金钱、时间或精力。
cost: 指花费时间、金钱、劳力等。其主语是物，而不能由人充当，也不用被动形式。
spend: 普通用词，与cost基本同义，但主语必须是人。
vt. 度过，消磨（时光）；花费；浪费；用尽
 - invested, lose, cost, last
vi. 花钱；用尽，耗尽
 - peter, consume
n. 预算
 - budget

Word: she
Front: she
[ʃi] (中高 31/21 -K5)
Back: pron. 她，它
分布：代词(99%)，名词(1%)
→来自中古英语 sche,她，演变自古英语 heo,她，阴性格于古英语 he,他，来自 Proto-Germanic*hijo, 这个，这里，来自 ke,指示代词，这个，这里，词源同 he,her,here.
pron.(主格)她With a dim triumph, she trims the swimming-suit rim at the swimming-pool brim.她带着暗淡的喜悦在泳池边整理泳装的边缘.
pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■used to refer to a woman, girl or female animal that has already been mentioned 她；（指雌性动物）它
• I asked my mother if she'd lend me some money, but she said no. 我问母亲能否借我点钱，她没有答应。
■used instead of 'it' to refer to something, especially a country, ship or vehicle, that has already been mentioned （代替 it，尤用以指代已提及的国家、轮船或车辆）
• After India became independent, she chose to be a member of the Commonwealth. 印度独立后，自主选择成为英联邦的成员。
• Look at my new car - isn't she beautiful? 看看我的新车——是不是很漂亮？
[strong form ʃi:] [weak form ʃi] noun countable
■a female 女性；雌性
• Is this kitten a she or a he? 这只小猫是母的还是公的？
n. 女人；雌性动物
 - female, jenny

Word: rule
Front: rule
[ru:l] (中高研四六托雅 633/539 -K5)
Vocabulary: rule
(once / 29 pages)
1n 2n 3nv 4nv 5v 6v
A rule is a regulation or direction for doing some particular activity. If you have a "no shoes" rule at your house, it means everyone has to take them off at the door.
Other than laws or conditions about what can't and can't be done, rules can be tried-and-true tips like a grammar rule about subject-verb agreement or a spelling rule about making a singular noun plural. Rule can also pertain to power — how someone handles it or how long it lasts, like the peaceful rule of a king whose rule lasted 50 years.
WORD FAMILY
rule: misrule, overrule, ruled, ruler, rules, ruling, self-rule+/misrule: misrules/overrule: overruled, overrules, overruling/ ruler: rulers, rulership/rulership: rulerships/ ruling: rulingly, rulings
USAGE EXAMPLES
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Koni attributed his decision to the inability of the government to rule the country.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But because the budget rules do not allow for unrelated language, the mandate itself was not repealed.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 规则，规定; 统治，支配; 章程
vt. & vi. 控制，支配; 判定; 裁定，裁决; 价格稳定
vt. 统治; 规定; 管理; 裁决
vi. 统治; 管辖; 裁定
时态：ruled, ruling, rules
分布：规则(62%)，统治(25%)，习惯(5%)，支配(5%)，条例(1%)，直尺(1%)，画直线(1%)
→缩写自拉丁语 regula,直尺，规则，来自拉丁语 regere,拉直，管理，词源同 regulate.引申诸相 关词义。
v.统治;支配;裁定n.规章,条例;习惯;统治Comply with the compatible rule of complement when using compliments.使用问候语时遵守补语的相容规则.
noun
INSTRUCTION 指导
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural
■an accepted principle or instruction that states the way things are or should be done, and tells you what you are allowed or are not allowed to do 规则；法则；规章；条例
• A referee must know all the rules of the game. 裁判一定要通晓比赛的所有规则。
• The first/most important rule in life is always to appear confident. 人生的首要法则就是永远要表现得自信。
• Before you start your own business you should be familiar with the government's rules and regulations. 在创立自己的公司之前，你应该了解政府的有关条例和规定。
• You must follow/obey/observe the rules. 你一定要遵守规则。
• You must not break the rules. 你千万不可违反规则。
• In special cases the manager will bend/stretch the rules (= allow the rules to be broken). 在特殊情况下，经理会对这些规定进行变通。
• You can trust Ruth because she always plays (it) by/goes by/does things by the rules (= follows instructions, standards, or rules). 你可以信任露丝，她做事一贯遵守规矩。
• [+ to infinitive] It's against the rules (of/in boxing) to hit below the belt. 击打腰带以下的部位是违反（拳击比赛）规则的。
• [+ that] It's a club rule that new members must sing a song. 新成员一定要唱一首歌，这是俱乐部的规定。
[ru:l] noun
CONTROL 控制
 ADVANCED uncountable
■when a particular person or group is in control of a country 统治（期）；管辖（期）
• The period of Fascist rule is one people try to forget. 那段法西斯统治的历史时期是人们想要努力忘却的。
• We don't want one-party rule - we want rule by the people. 我们不想要一党专政－－我们想要的是民治。
⇒ See also misrule
[ru:l] noun
as a (general) rule
■usually 通常；一般说来
• As a general rule, I only read detective novels. 通常我只看侦探小说。
[ru:l] noun
make it a rule
■to act according to a principle 按规矩；按照习惯，遵循常规
• I make it a rule not to eat fatty foods. 我不吃油腻的食物，这是我的习惯。
[ru:l] noun
the rule
■the usual situation 普遍情况；惯常的事，通常发生的事
• In England, it often seems that rain is the rule all the year round. 在英格兰，人们常感觉好像一年到头总在下雨。
[ru:l] noun
rule of thumb
■a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something 实用的估测方法；经验之谈；经验法则
• A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two and a half handfuls. 做米饭时放多少米有个方便实用的估算方法，即两把半生米便是够一人吃的量。
[ru:l] noun
Rules are made to be broken. saying
■used to say that it is good and acceptable to not obey a rule （用于表示违反一项规则合情合理）制定规则是为了被打破的。
[ru:l] verb
CONTROL 控制
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to control, or to be the person in charge of a country 控制；统治；治理
• Most modern kings and queens rule (their countries) only in a formal way, without real power. 现代的大多数国王或女王（对他们的国家）的统治都只是形式上的，并不握有实权。
• She rules her household with an iron hand/fist (= severely). 她在家里攥着大权，持家很严。
intransitive or transitive
■to be the most important and controlling influence on someone 支配，操控，控制
• Love ruled supreme in her heart. 她的心已被爱所俘虏。
• The desperate desire to go to Moscow ruled their lives. 要去莫斯科的强烈愿望支配了他们的生活。
[ru:l] verb
DECIDE 决定
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to decide officially 裁决，裁定；判定；决定
• Only the Appeal Court can rule on this point. 只有上诉法院才可以就这一问题作出判决。
• The judge ruled for/in favour of/against the defendant. 法官作出了有利于／不利于被告的判决。
• [+ that] The government has ruled that the refugees must be deported. 政府已经作出决定，难民必须被驱逐出境。
• [+ obj + noun/adj] The courts have ruled his brave action illegal. 法院裁决他的勇敢行为不合法。
⇒ See also overrule
[ru:l] verb
DRAW 画
transitive
■to draw a straight line using something that has a straight edge （借助有直边的东西）画（线）
• She ruled two red lines under the title. 她在标题下面画了两条红线。
[ru:l] verb
be ruled by sb formal
■to take the advice of someone 听从（某人）的忠告；采纳（某人）的建议
• If you're wise you'll be ruled by your father. 你要是明智的话，就该听从你父亲的建议。
[ru:l] verb
rule OK UK slang
■is the best 是最棒的；必胜；无敌
• The graffiti on the wall said 'Liverpool rules OK'. 满墙都是“利物浦队必胜”的涂鸦文字。
[ru:l] verb
rule the roost
■to be the person who makes all the decisions in a group 当家作主；主宰；支配一切
• In that family it is the grandma who rules the roost. 在那个家庭中是奶奶当家。
[ru:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rule sth or sb out
 IMPROVER
■to decide or state that something is impossible or will not happen, or that something or someone is not suitable 把…排除在外；拒绝考虑
• The police haven't yet ruled out murder. 员警尚未排除谋杀的可能性。
• I won't rule out a June election. 我不排除六月份进行选举的可能性。
• The police have not ruled him out as a suspect. 员警尚未排除他作案的嫌疑。
[ru:l] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] rule sth out
■to prevent something from happening 使…成为不可能，使…不可能发生；防止
• This recent wave of terrorism has ruled out any chance of peace talks. 最近的这一波恐怖行动已经使得任何和谈的机会都化为泡影。
law, rule, regulation, code, act, constitution
这组词都有“法同，法规”的意思，其区别是：
law: 普通用词，泛指由最高当局所制订、立法机构所通过的任何成文或不成文的法规或条例。
rule: 通常指机关、团体的规章、条例或比赛规则；也指对人行为、方法等所作的规定，还可指习俗所承认的规定。
regulation: 普通用词，指用于管理、指导或控制某系统或组织的规则、规定或原则等。
code: 指某一阶层或社会所遵守的一整套法典、法规或法则；也可指与某一特殊活动或主题有关的规则。
act: 指经立法机构通过并由行政管理签署的法案。
constitution: 指治理国家或国家在处理内外政务时所遵循的基本法律和原则；也指规章规则的汇集。
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
law, principle, rule, regulation
law: 指具体的法律，法规，法令
principle: 原理，原则，用作复数是指行为的准则，规范
rule: 规则，规章，惯常的做法，习惯
regulation: 通常用作复数，法规，条例
vi. 统治；管辖；裁定
 - king it over, reign over
n. 统治； [数] 规则
 - governance, regulation, order
vt. 统治；规定；管理；裁决；支配
 - define, regulate, manage, state, conduct

Word: grow
Front: grow
[grəʊ] (中高 353/524 -K5)
Back: vt. 种植; 扩大; 扩展; 增加
vi. 生长; 渐渐变得; 逐渐开始
vt. & vi. （使）留长，蓄长
时态：grew, grown, growing, grows
分布：生长(61%)，种植(30%)，增加(4%)，逐渐开始(3%)，变成(2%)
→来自ghre, 生长，词源同grass,green.
v.生长,成长;渐渐变成;栽培,种植;发展In my opinion, only the onion can grow in the iron environment.据我看,只有洋葱能在铁质环境中生长.
US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
INCREASE 增长
 ESSENTIAL [I or L or T]
■to increase in size or amount, or to become more advanced or developed 增多；增大；增强；增长；成长；长大
• Children grow so quickly. 小朋友长得很快。
• This plant grows best in the shade. 这种植物在阴凉处长得最好。
• She's grown three centimetres this year. 她今年长高了三厘米。
• Football's popularity continues to grow. 足球运动越来越受欢迎。
• The labour force is expected to grow by 2% next year. 劳动人口预计明年会增长2%。
• The male deer grows large branching horns called antlers. 雄鹿头上长着分岔的大角，即鹿角。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■If your hair or nails grow, or if you grow them, they become longer （头发或指甲）长长，留长，蓄长
• Lottie wants to grow her hair long. 洛蒂想留长头发。
• Are you growing a beard? 你在留胡子吗？
• Golly, your hair's grown! 天哪，你的头发长起来了！
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■If a plant grows in a particular place, it exists and develops there （植物）（自然）生长
• There were roses growing up against the wall of the cottage. 村舍墙边长着很多蔷薇，攀爬到了墙上。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If you grow a plant, you put it in the ground and take care of it, usually in order to sell it （通常指为了出售而）栽培，种植
• The villagers grow coffee and maize to sell in the market. 村民们种植咖啡和玉米到市场上卖钱。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
BECOME 变得
grow tired/old/calm, etc.
 IMPROVER
■to gradually become tired/old/calm, etc 变得疲劳／老迈／安静等
• He grew bored of the countryside. 他厌倦了乡村生活。
• Growing old is so awful. 变老真是太可怕了。
grow to do sth
■to gradually start to do something 逐渐开始
• I've grown to like her over the months. 几个月来我已经慢慢开始喜欢她了。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow apart (also grow away from sb)
■If two people in a close relationship grow apart or if they grow away from each other, they gradually begin to have a less close relationship, usually because they no longer have the same interests and want the same things （通常因为失去共同的兴趣、愿望而）逐渐疏远，渐渐产生隔阂
• There was nobody else involved, we just grew apart. 没有任何外人介入，我们只是渐渐疏远了。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow into sb/sth ADVANCED
■to develop into a particular type of person or thing 逐渐成长为，发展为，变为（某种类型的人或物）
• He's grown into a fine, responsible young man. 他慢慢成长为一个心地善良、有责任心的年轻人。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow into sth
■If children grow into clothes, they gradually become big enough to wear them. （孩子）长得适合穿（以前嫌大的衣服）
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow on sb
■If someone or something grows on you, you like them more and more although you did not like them at first 逐渐为（某人）所喜爱；使（某人）越来越喜欢
• I wasn't sure about this album when I bought it but it's really grown on me. 我买这张专辑的时候心里也没想甚么，但是渐渐地我越听越喜欢了。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow out of sth
CLOTHES
■If children grow out of clothes, they become too big to fit into them. （孩子）长大而穿不上（原来合身的衣服）
INTEREST
■If you grow out of an interest or way of behaving, you stop having or doing it as you become older （随着年龄增长而）放弃，戒除，改掉（原来的习惯）
• He wants to join the army when he leaves school, but I hope he'll grow out of the idea. 他毕业后想去参军，但我希望他随着年龄的增长会改变这种想法。
IDEA
■If an idea grows out of another one, it develops from it 由…发展而成；源于
• The idea for the story grew out of a strange experience I had last year. 这部短篇小说的构思源自我去年的一次奇特经历。
UK [grəʊ] US [groʊ] verb (grew, grown)
  Phrasal Verbs  grow up
PERSON
 ESSENTIAL
■to gradually become an adult 长大成人；成长；成熟
• I grew up in Scotland (= I lived in Scotland when I was young). 我是在苏格兰长大的。
• Taking responsibility for yourself is part of the process of growing up. 承担起自己的责任是成长过程的一部分。
CITY
■If a town or city grows up in a particular place or way, it develops there or in that way （城镇在某个特定的地方或以特定的方式）形成，发展，兴起
• The city grew up originally as a crossing point on the river. 这个城市最初是从河流的一个渡口发展起来的。
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
plant, grow
plant: 移植,移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees
grow: 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去, trees are growing
vi. 发展；生长；渐渐变得…
 - expand, go way
vt. 使生长；种植；扩展
 - crop, plant

Word: know
Front: know
[nəʊ] (中高 47/49 -K3)
Vocabulary: know
(once / 4 pages)
1vn 2v 3v
To know something means to have a piece of information or a certain understanding of something. If someone tells you their phone number and you remember it, you know.
There's a reason you can find the word know in the word knowledge — to know is to have knowledge about something, to be familiar with an idea, or to recognize someone. If you're "in the know," you have information that is only known to a select group of people. But be careful — to know someone in the Biblical sense means that you're having sexual relations with them.
WORD FAMILY
know: foreknow, knew, knowable, knower, knowing, known, knows+/foreknow: foreknew, foreknowing, foreknown, foreknows/knowable: unknowable/knower: knowers/ knowing: knowingest, knowingly, knowingness, knowings, unknowing/ known: knownly, unknown/unknowable: unknowably/unknowing: unknowingly, unknowingness/unknown: unknowns
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I know so many people that would say, ‘Oh, that officer came to my house and made me feel safe again.’
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“We had punch ballots back then, so I knew all about pregnant chads and hanging chads before Bush and Gore,” he said.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
It would also clear the way for European industry to start building a second "service module" for America’s forthcoming crewship known as Orion.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: v. 知道; 了解; 认识; 确信
n. 知情
时态：knew, known, knowing, knows
分布：知道(82%)，了解(9%)，认识(8%)，知情(1%)
→来自古英语cnawan,来自Proto-Germanic*knew,来自gno,知道，认识，理解，词源同can,ken,cognizance,narrate,notice.
vt.知道,了解;认识;识别vi.知道,了解I should like to know Mr Green.我想认识一下格林先生.
US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
HAVE INFORMATION 掌握资讯
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
■to have information in your mind 知道，熟悉，了解
• "Where did he go?" "I don't know." “他上哪里去了？”“我不知道。”
• "What does it cost?" "Ask Kate. She'll know." “这个要多少钱？”“问凯特，她知道。”
• She knows the name of every kid in the school. 她知道学校里每个孩子的名字。
• I don't know anything about this. 我对此一无所知。
• [+ question word] We don't know wh en he's arriving. 我们不知道他甚么时候到。
• I don't know (= understand) wh at all the fuss is about. 我不明白为甚么要这么大惊小怪。
• [+ (that)] I just knew (that) it was going to be a disaster. 我就知道这会是场灾难。
• She knew (= was aware) (that) something was wrong. 她知道出错了。
• [+ obj + to infinitive] Even small amounts of these substances are known to cause skin problems. 我们知道这类物质即使是一丁点也会损害皮肤。
• formal The authorities know him to be (= know that he is) a cocaine dealer. 当局知道他是个海洛因贩子。
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■used to ask someone to tell you a piece of information （用于询问资讯）知道
• Do you know the time? 你知道几点吗？
• [+ question word] Do you know wh ere the Post Office is? 你知道邮局在哪里吗？
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [not continuous]
■to be certain 确知；确信
• [+ (that)] I know (that) she'll be really pleased to hear the news. 我确信她知道这个消息会很高兴的。
• [+ question word] I don't know wh ether I should tell her or not. 我不知道是否应该告诉她。
• The party is at Sarah's house as/so far as I know (= I think but I am not certain). 据我所知，聚会在莎拉家举行。
  Common Learner Errors  know or find out? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about learning a fact or piece of information for the first time, don't say 'know', say find out :
✗ I was shocked when I knew that I was pregnant. I was shocked when I found out I was pregnant.
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
BE FAMILIAR WITH 对…熟悉
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■to be familiar with or have experience and understanding of 认识；熟悉
• I've known Daniel since we were at school together. 从我们一起上学开始，我就认识丹尼尔。
• She grew up in Paris so she knows it well. 她在巴黎长大，对那里很熟悉。
• I've seen the film 'Casablanca' so many times that I know a lot of it by heart (= I know it in my memory). 我看过电影《北非谍影》很多遍，对许多情节我都滚瓜烂熟。
• Knowing Sarah (= from my experience of her in the past) , she'll have done a good job. 据我对莎拉的了解，她会做得很好。
• formal I have known (= experienced) great happiness in my life. 我的人生中体味过极大的欢乐。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [not continuous] (also know about)
■If you know a subject, you are familiar with it and understand it 知晓，通晓
• Do you know about computers? 你懂电脑吗？
• She knows her subject inside out / UK alsobackwards (= very well). 她精通自己的学科。
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■If you know a language, you can speak and understand it 通晓（语言）；会
• Do you know any French? 你会法语吗？
 IMPROVER transitive not continuous
■to recognize someone or something 认出；辨认出
• That's Peter alright - I'd know him anywhere! 那就是彼得——无论到哪里，我都能认出他！
• I know a bargain when I see one. 好买卖，我一看就知道。
know how to do sth
 IMPROVER
■to be able to do something because you have the necessary knowledge 懂得怎么做
• Do you know how to print on this computer? 你会用这台电脑列印吗？
get to know sb/sth ADVANCED
■to spend time with someone or something so that you gradually learn more about them 逐渐熟悉，逐渐了解
• The first couple of meetings are for the doctor and patient to get to know each other. 开始的几次会面使医生和病人逐渐互相熟悉。
• I'll need a few weeks to get to know the system. 我需要几周时间来熟悉这系统。
know sb by name
■to have heard the name of a person but not seen or talked to them 听说过（某人）
know sb by sight
■If you know someone by sight, their face is familiar to you, but they are not a friend of yours. 与（某人）只是面熟
  Common Learner Errors  know or get to know? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about spending time with someone or something so that you learn more about them, don't say 'know', say get to know :
✗ They organized a party so we could know other students. They organized a party so we could get to know the other students.
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
Goodness/God/Heaven/Christ knows informal ADVANCED
■used to mean 'I don't know' or to emphasize a statement. Some people may find this offensive （表示不知道或加强语气）天知道（有些人认为此种表达具冒犯意）
• God only knows what'll happen next! 只有老天爷知道接下来会发生甚么事！
• Take your shirt off - Heaven knows it's hot enough today! 脱掉你的衬衫吧——今天可真热！
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
How was I to know? informal
■used to say that something you did wrong was not your fault because you did not have enough information to have acted differently （表示所做的错事并非自己的过错）我怎么会知道?
• I just wanted to give her a surprise, how was I to know you'd already bought tickets? 我只想给她个惊喜，我怎么会知道你已经买了票？
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
I don't know informal
■used to express that you do not understand or are angry at something that someone has done （表示不理解或恼火）我不明白
• I don't know, however many notices I put up, people still park in my space. 我不明白，不管我贴了多少告示，人们还是在我的车位泊车。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
I don't know about you but... informal
■used to mean 'whatever you are going to do' or 'whatever you think' 不管你要做甚么；不管你怎么想
• I don't know about you, but I'm going to bed. 不管你怎么想，我去睡觉了。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
I don't know how/what/why, etc. informal
■used to add force to criticisms, expressions of surprise, etc （用于加强批评、惊讶等的语气）真没想到，真不知道
• I don't know how you can eat that revolting stuff! 天知道你怎么吃得下那么恶心的东西！
• I don't know why you bother. 真不知道你为何要操心。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
I know
■said when you suddenly think of a good idea, an answer or a solution （表示突然想到好主意、答案、解决办法）我有个主意，我知道了，我有办法了
• I know - let's go to the beach! 有了——我们去海滩！
■said to show you agree with something someone has just said （表示赞同）是的，没错
• "But he's so awful." "I know - he's dreadful." “但他很讨人厌。”“没错——他的确令人不快。”
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know sth back to front (also know sth backwards) informal
■to have very good and detailed knowledge of something 熟谙；对…了如指掌
• She knows her part in the play back to front. 她熟谙自己在剧中的角色。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know sth like the back of your hand informal
■to have very good and detailed knowledge of something 熟悉；精通；对…了如指掌
• I know this area like the back of my hand. 我对这一地区了如指掌。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know your own mind
■to be certain about what you believe or want 有自己明确的想法（或愿望）；有主见
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know your place
■to accept your position within society, an organization, your family, etc. and to not want to improve it 安分守己；安于现状
• I just get on with my job and do as I'm told - I know my place. 我只是按吩咐做好我的工作——我很守本分。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know your stuff (old-fashioned know your onions) informal
■to have good practical skills and knowledge in a particular activity or subject 精通业务，在行
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know your way around sth (also know the ropes)
■to be familiar with a place or organization and able to act effectively within it 在行；熟悉
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know all the answers mainly disapproving
■If someone knows all the answers, they think they know much more than other people. 自以为比别人知道得多，自恃聪明
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known) know 1 know all there is to know about sth approving
* to know a lot about a subject or activity, or be very good at it 对某一学科或活动很了解或很擅长
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know best
■to be the most suitable person to have responsibility and make important decisions 最适合承担责任和作决定；最具权威；最懂得
• When it comes to dealing with my own son, I think I know best. 对于我儿子的事情，我想我最清楚。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know better (than to do sth)
■to be wise or moral enough not to do something 明事理（而不至于做某事）
• Sure, she's only six, but she's old enough to know better than to run off without us. 当然，她只有六岁，但也该知道不能离开我们乱跑。
• I'm surprised at you behaving so badly - you ought to/should know better. 我很惊讶你表现得这么差——你该学乖一点。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know better (than sb)
■to know more than someone else because you have more experience and more skill （比某人）更懂，更在行
• They thought the painting was a fake, but Shackleton knew better. 他们认为这幅画是赝品，但沙克尔顿更在行。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know the score informal
■to know all the important facts in a situation, especially the unpleasant ones 了解情况；（尤指）了解问题的症结
• You know the score - no payment till after the article is published. 你了解情况——文章发表后才付稿酬。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know what you are doing
■to have the skills and knowledge to do something effectively 掌握了有效地做某事的技能和知识
• You don't need to tell me - I know what I'm doing! 你不用告诉我——我应付得了！
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know what you are talking about
■to understand a subject because of your experience 作经验之谈
• He doesn't know what he's talking about - he's never even been to Africa. 他在信口开河——他从没去过非洲。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
(you) know what I mean informal
■used when you think that the person listening understands and so you do not need to say any more （你）懂我的意思
• You've got to give him a chance, you know what I mean? 你得给他一个机会，你明白我的意思吧？
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know what it is (like) to
■to be familiar with how it feels to be or do something 了解…的感觉、滋味
• She knows what it's like to go bankrupt - it happened to her 20 years ago. 她知道破产是甚么滋味 — 20年前她就曾破产过。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know what's what informal
■If you know what's what, you have a lot of experience and can judge people and situations well 在行；老练
• Linda's been in the business for thirty years - she knows what's what. 莲达从事这一行已经30年了——她很在行。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
know which side your bread is buttered (on) informal
■to be careful not to act in ways that would lose you other people's approval, or lose you an advantage 明白自已的利益所在，善为个人利益谋算 。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
sth knows no bounds formal
■If someone has a quality that knows no bounds, it is extreme （某人的特质）不知限量，无限
• Her generosity knows no bounds. 她极其慷慨大方。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know sb from Adam informal
■to have never met someone and not know anything about them 根本不知道（某人），与（某人）素不相识
• Why should she lend me money? She doesn't know me from Adam. 她怎么会借钱给我？她根本不认识我。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know the first thing about sth
■to know nothing about a subject 对…一无所知
• I'm afraid I don't know the first thing about car engines. 恐怕我对汽车引擎一无所知。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know the meaning of the word
■If you are talking about a quality or an activity and you say that someone doesn't know the meaning of the word, you mean they do not have that quality or they have no experience of that activity （某人对做某事）没有经验，一无所知；某人完全缺乏某种素质
• Work? He doesn't know the meaning of the word! 工作？他根本就不懂甚么叫做工作。
• And the irony of Phil talking about ethics. He doesn't know the meaning of the word. 菲尔谈论道德规范简直是个讽刺。他本身根本就是一个没有道德的人。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know what has hit you informal
■to be shocked and surprised because something unpleasant suddenly and unexpectedly happens to you 感到震惊；仓皇失措
• You wait till he starts working for Michael - he won't know what's hit him! 你等到他开始为米高工作时——他就会不知所措了！
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know where to put yourself informal
■to feel very embarrassed 局促不安，十分窘迫
• And then he started to sing. Well, I didn't know where to put myself. 接着他开始唱歌。唉，我简直尴尬极了。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know where / which way to turn
■to not know what to do or who to ask for help 不知所措；不知该求助何人
• When both her parents died, she didn't know which way to turn. 她父母双双去世，她不知道该如何是好。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not know whether to laugh or cry
■to not know how to react in a particular situation 哭笑不得；不知如何是好
• When she told me they were getting married I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. 当她告诉我他们要结婚时，我简直不知该如何是好。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
not that I know of
■used when answering a question to mean that, judging from the information you have, the answer is no 据我所知并非如此，据我所知没有
• "Is she especially unhappy at school?" "Not that I know of." “她在学校特别不高兴吗？”“据我所知没有。”
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
there's no knowing
■If you say there's no knowing, you mean it is impossible to be certain about something 无从知晓；难以预料
• There's no knowing what she'll do if she finds out about this. 无从知晓她查出这事后会做些甚么。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
(Well) what do you know! informal
■something you say when you are surprised by a piece of information. This phrase is often used humorously to mean the opposite （表惊讶时用，常借此幽默地表达相反的意义）真想不到！你说怪不怪！
• So they're getting married, are they? Well, what do you know! 这么说他们要结婚了，是吗？真想不到！
• Well, what do you know! The Raiders lost again! 唉，你说怪不怪！突袭者队又输了！
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
wouldn't know sth if you fell over one / it (also wouldn't know sth if it hit you in the face) informal
■used to say that someone would not recognize something even if it was obvious 即使很明显也识别不出
• She wouldn't know a bargain if she fell over one! 眼前摆着好交易，她也看不出来！
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
you know informal IMPROVER
■a phrase with little meaning, which you use while you are trying to think of what to say next （用于话语衔接）你知道吗
• Well I just thought, you know, I'd better agree to it. 嗯，你知道吗，我刚才想我最好同意此事。
• I'm not happy with the situation but, you know, there isn't much I can do about it. 我对这情况也不满意，但你知道吗，我对此也做不了甚么。
■used when trying to help someone remember something or when trying to explain something （用于提醒或解释）你知道
• What's the name of that guy on TV - you know, the American one with the silly voice? 电视里那个人叫甚么——你知道的，那个说话声音很怪的美国人？
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known) know 2 You know something? (also You know what?) informal
* said before giving an opinion or a piece of information （用于告知意见或资讯之前）要我告诉你吗?你听说了吗?
• You know something? I don't think I like that man. 听我说，我想我不喜欢那个人。
• You know what? I think it's time to go home. 要我告诉你吗？我想该回家了。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
you never know informal
■said to mean there is a possibility that something good might happen, even though it is slight 很难说，很难预料
• You never know, she might change her mind. 很难说，她或许会改变想法。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
  Phrasal Verbs  know sth from sth
■to know the difference between two things and therefore be able to recognise either, used especially to mean that you have a good knowledge and understanding of a particular subject 辨别；识别
• Computer expert? He doesn't know a mouse from a modem (= He knows nothing about computers) ! 电脑专家？他连滑鼠和数据机都分不清！。
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] verb (knew, known)
  Phrasal Verbs  know of sb/sth mainly UK
■to have heard of someone or something and be able to give a small amount of information about them 知道有，听说过
• Do you know of a good doctor? 你知道有好医生吗？
UK [nəʊ] US [noʊ] noun informal
be in the know
■to have knowledge about something which most people do not have 知情，熟知内幕
• This resort is considered by those who are in the know to have the best downhill skiing in Europe. 了解情况的人认为，这渡假胜地有着欧洲最理想的滑雪坡道。
understand, learn, comprehend, know
这组词都有“懂，知道，明了”的意思，其区别是：
understand: 指对事物已有彻底的认识，不仅知其性质、含义和细节，而且了解其内外的关系。
learn: 通常指通过他人而获得消息或情况，侧重从不知到知的变化过程。
comprehend: 侧重熟悉了解的过程。
know: 普通用词，多指通过学习、经验或他人传播而得到知识，含直接知道的意味。
vt. 知道；认识；懂得
 - weet, be aware of
vi. 了解；熟悉；确信
 - wise, understand, make sure, learn about

Word: start
Front: start
[stɑ:t] (中高 173/205 -K5)
Vocabulary: start
(once / 20 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v
The beginning of something is the start. The start of the movie may have been a little slow, but by the end you were on the edge of your seat.
As a verb, start means to begin an activity or event. Some people turn to the last page of a book before they even start it, so they'll be prepared for the ending. Start can also mean to move suddenly in surprise or alarm, or to startle. This is actually the original meaning of the word start, which comes from the Old English word styrtan, meaning to caper or to leap up.
WORD FAMILY
start: re-start, restart, started, starter, starting, starts+/ nonstarter: nonstarters/restart: restarted, restarting, restarts/self-starter: self-starters/starter: nonstarter, self-starter, starters/starting: startingly, startings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The UK's stock market started the year in positive mood, setting another intra-day high in early trade.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
She’s set for another memorable mark, too, after being granted a wild-card entry to the Australian Open starting Jan. 16 in her hometown of Melbourne.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Protectionism – starting with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which affected thousands of imported goods – triggered retaliatory trade and currency wars that worsened the Great Depression.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 开始; 动身; 开动; 起点
vt. & vi. 出发，启程
vt. 起动; 提出（问题）; 开办; 使开始
vi. 起始; 突然出现; 突然跳起; 突然涌出
时态：started, starting, starts
分布：开始(89%)，出发(10%)，震动(1%)
→来自中古英语 start,来自古英语 steort,屁股，尾巴，来自 Proto-Germanic*stertaz 硬的，直的， 来自 ster,僵的，硬的，固定的，词源同 startle,sterile.start 开始，启动
v.开始;动身;吃惊;开办,开动n.开端;惊起The smart star starts to make cart chart for the commencement.精明的明星开始制作授学位典礼用的马车图表.
US [stɑ:rt] verb
BEGIN 开始
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to begin doing something 开始；着手
• When do you start your course/your new job? 你甚么时候开始你的课程／新工作？
• We'll be starting (the session) at six o'clock. 我们将在六点钟开始（议程）。
• Can you start (= begin a new job) on Monday? 星期一你能开始工作吗？
• [+ -ing verb] They started building the house in January. 他们一月份动工盖这栋房子。
• [+ to infinitive] I'd just started to write a letter when the phone rang. 我刚开始写信，电话就响了。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive (also start up)
■If a business or other organization starts, or if someone starts one, it is created and starts to operate （企业或其他机构）开业，开始营运；创办，开办
• She started her own software company. 她创办了自己的软体公司。
• A lot of new restaurants have started up in the region. 这个地区有很多家新餐馆开业。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to begin to happen or to make something begin to happen （使）发生；（使）开始
• A new series of wildlife programmes has started on Monday evenings. 一档新的野生动物节目已开始在每周一晚上播出。
• Police believe the fire was started by arsonists. 警方认为这次火灾是有人蓄意纵火。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to begin a set of activities with the thing or person mentioned （从…）开始
• The speaker started with a description of her journey to China. 演讲者先分享了她的中国之行作为开场白。
• Give me your answers one by one, starting with Lucy. 请一个接一个地回答我的问题，从露西开始。
• You could start by weeding the flowerbeds. 你开始时可以先替花圃除草。
• He started his working life as an engineer but later became a teacher. 他刚开始工作时当的是工程师，但后来做了老师。
intransitive informal
■to begin to complain or be annoying in some way 开始抱怨；开始惹人厌烦
• Don't start - we're not going and that's that! 别烦人——我们不去，没的商量！
• informal "It would help if Richard did some work." "Oh, don't get me started on Richard!" “如果理查有做了些什么就好了。”“噢，别提理查了，说起来我就有气。”
get started
■to begin 开始
• When can we get started? 我们甚么时候能开始？
start a family
■to have your first child 生育第一个孩子
start work
■to begin being employed 开始上班；参加工作
• He started work at 16 in a local bakers. 他16岁开始在当地的一家面包房工作。
to start with
■at the beginning, or as the first of several things 最初，一开始；首先
• We only knew two people in London to start with, but we soon made friends. 起初我们在伦敦只认识两个人，但很快就交到朋友。
• To start with we need better computers - then we need more training. 首先，我们需要更好的电脑——其次，我们需要接受更多训练。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
FIRST POINT 起点
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to begin at one point and then move to another, in distance or range 出发；动身，启程；开始，（自…）起
• The bus starts at/from the main depot. 公车从总站发车。
• We'll need to start (off/out) early because the journey takes six hours. 我们需要早点出发，因为路程需要六个小时。
• Tell me what happened - start at the beginning. 告诉我发生了甚么事——从头说起。
• Ticket prices start at/from £20 and go up to £100. 票价20英镑起，最高100英镑。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
MOVE SUDDENLY 突然移动
intransitive
■to move your body suddenly because something has surprised or frightened you 突然一惊；吓一跳
• He started at the sound of the phone. 电话铃声把他吓了一跳。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
WORK 工作
intransitive or transitive (also start up)
■to (cause to) begin to work or operate （使）开始工作；开动，启动
• I'm having trouble starting the car. 我的车发动不起来。
• The engine won't start. 引擎发动不了。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start (sth) off
 ADVANCED
■to begin by doing something, or to make something begin by doing something （使）（以…）开始
• She started off the meeting with the monthly sales report. 她在会议开始时首先做了每月销售报告。
• I'd like to start off by thanking you all for coming today. 首先，我想感谢大家今天光临。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start sb off
■to help someone to start an activity, especially a piece of work 帮助（某人）开始做（尤指工作）
• I'll start her off on some fairly basic stuff and see how she gets on. 我会先让她做些相当基础的事情，看看她做得如何。
■to make someone start to laugh, cry, or talk about something that they often talk about 使（某人）开始（笑、哭或谈起常谈之事）
• I could see Emma trying not to laugh and of course that started me off. 我注意到艾玛想忍住不笑，当然，那却惹得我笑了出来。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start on sth
 ADVANCED
■to start to deal with something, or to start to use something 着手处理；开始进行；开始使用
• I'm just about to start on the cleaning. 我正要开始打扫。
• Shall we start on the wine or wait till Colin gets here? 我们是现在就开始喝那瓶葡萄酒呢，还是等科林来了再说？
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start on at sb
■to start complaining angrily to someone about something they have done 开始责备，开始数落
• She started on at him about the way he's always looking at other women. 她开始数落起他来，埋怨他老盯着其他女人看个不停。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start out
 ADVANCED
■to begin your life, or the part of your life when you work, in a particular way 开始人生；开始职业生涯
• My dad started out as a sales assistant in a shop. 我爸爸最初在一家商店当售货员。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start over US (UK start afresh)
 ADVANCED
■to begin to do something again, sometimes in a different way 重新开始，重做
• We decided to abandon the first draft of the report and start over. 我们决定把报告的第一个版本推翻重写。
• The agreement allows old expectations to be forgotten and everyone can start afresh. 协议使大家可以忘却原有的期望，每个人都能从头来过。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  start (sth) up
BUSINESS 企业
■If a business or other organization starts up, or if someone starts one up, it is created and starts to operate （使）（公司或机构）成立；创办
• Many small businesses started up in the 1980s to cater to this growing market. 20世纪80年代，为满足这个日渐壮大的市场的需要，许多小型企业应运而生。
• We ought to start up a drama group. 我们应该成立一个戏剧社。
ENGINE
■If a vehicle or engine starts up, or someone starts it up, it starts to work （使）（汽车或引擎）发动，（使）启动
• The car wouldn't start up this morning. 今天早上汽车发动不起来。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] noun
BEGINNING 开始
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■the beginning of something 开始，开端，开头
• We were doubtful about the product's usefulness from the start. 从一开始，我们就对这个产品的效用抱有疑问。
• They announced the start of a new commercial venture. 他们宣布创办一个新的风险企业。
• The weather was good at the start (= in the first part) of the week. 本周初天气不错。
• The event got off to a shaky/poor start with the stage lights failing in the first few minutes. 活动开局不顺／不利，舞台灯光刚开始几分钟就出了问题。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you begin doing something 开始
• We need to make a start on (preparing) the brochure next week. 我们下星期要开始准备小册子。
from start to finish
■including all of something, from the beginning to the end 从头到尾，自始至终
• The whole course was a disaster from start to finish. 整个过程自始至终糟糕透了。
for a start UK
■first, or as the first in a set of things 首先；第一
• We'll take names and phone numbers for a start, then later on we can get more details. 我们先记下名字和电话号码，之后可以获取更多细节。
UK [stɑ:t] US [stɑ:rt] noun
SUDDEN MOVEMENT 突然移动
only singular
■when someone moves their body suddenly because something has surprised or frightened them 突然一惊；吓一跳
• He woke with a start. 他抖了一下，惊醒了。
• She gave a start as I entered. 我进去时，她吓了一跳。
inaugurate, commence, start, initiate, begin
这组词都有“开始”的意思，其区别是：
inaugurate: 指正式而隆重的开始。
commence: 可与begin换用，但commence系书面正式用词，语气庄重，特指有正式程序或一定仪式，或某种正式行动的“开始”。
start: 在许多场合可与begin通用，但start侧重动作的起点。
initiate: 指创始或发起，侧重某过程的第一步，不考虑结束，强调起始。
begin: 最常用词，含义广泛，其反义词是end，多用于行动、工作等的开始。
leave, start, depart, quit, set out, go
这组词都有“离开某处”的意思，其区别是：
leave: 侧重出发地而不是目的地。
start: 可与leave换用，强调目的地，但不及leave普通。
depart: 较正式用词，指经过周密考虑或郑重地离开，强调离开的起点。
quit: 侧重指离开令人烦恼的地方，或摆脱使人不快的人或事。
set out: 书面用词。
go: 一般用词，指从所在地到其它地方去，着重目的地而非出发地。
vt. 开始；启动
 - institute, initiate
vi. 出发
 - leave, set out, go forth into, sally out, set off/out
n. 开始；起点
 - beginning, threshold, opening, conception, fresh

Word: interest
Front: interest
[ˈɪntrəst] (中高研四六托雅 416/231 -K5)
Vocabulary: interest
(once / 15 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n
Interest is used most often to describe something you like, enjoy or think useful. You have an interest in 19th century literature, or you follow the news with interest.
Although interest is used mainly to describe anything that is, well, interesting, it also is used in specific legal contexts. If you have an interest in a company, it means you own part of it. Interest is also the word used to describe money charged or given as part of a debt. If a bank loans you $10,000, you have to pay back the $10,000 plus the interest. If the interest rate is 5 percent annually, you would owe $500.
WORD FAMILY
interest: disinterest, interested, interesting, interests, self-interest+/disinterest: disinterests/ disinterested: disinterestedly, disinterestedness/ interested: disinterested, interestedly, interestedness, uninterested / interesting: interestingest, interestingly, interestingness, uninteresting/ uninterested: uninterestedly/uninteresting: uninterestingly, uninterestingness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will, however, show how Lucas spent some of his filmmaking fortune and that his interest in art extends beyond movies.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“But our approach to transportation innovation is that we want to be a catalyst for new and interesting technologies.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 兴趣，爱好; 利害关系，利益; 利息; 趣味，感兴趣的事
vt. 使产生兴趣; 使参与，使加入; 引起…的意愿; 使产生关系
时态：interested, interesting, interests
分布：兴趣(83%)，利息(16%)，股份(1%)
→来自拉丁语interesse,关心，关切，来自inter-,在内，在中间，相互，-esse,存在，是，词源同is,essence,entity.即内在的利益，兴趣等。后用于经济学指利息，以与高利贷(usury)相区别。
n.(in)兴趣,重要性;利益v.(in)使发生兴趣I'm interested in why he is arrested while resting in aural restaurant in the forest.我对他为何在森林里的香味餐馆歇息的时候被捕感兴趣.
【反】obsession（n 迷住；困扰；沉迷）－perfunctory interest（表面的兴趣）；ennui（n 倦怠；厌恶）读：安慰－厌恶需要安慰
US [-trɪst] noun
INVOLVEMENT 介入
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of wanting to be involved with and to discover more about something 兴趣，关注
• I've always had an interest in astronomy. 我一直对天文学感兴趣。
• He never seems to show any interest in his children. 他好像从不关心他的子女。
• Unfortunately, I lost interest half way through the film. 遗憾的是，这部电影我才看了一半就失去了兴趣。
• She takes more of an interest in politics these days. 她近来对政治更感兴趣了。
• informal Just out of interest, how old is your wife? 只是好奇问问，你妻子多大年龄？
 ESSENTIAL countable
■Your interests are the activities that you enjoy doing and the subjects that you like to spend time learning about 爱好
• On his form he lists his interests as cycling, the cinema and cooking. 在表格上，他列出的爱好有骑脚踏车、看电影和烹调。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the quality that makes you think that something is interesting 吸引力
• Would this book be of any interest to you? 这本书对你有吸引力吗？
  Common Learner Errors  interest The most usual preposition to use after the noun interest is in. Don't say 'interest for/on/about' something, say interest in something:
✗ He has never shown an interest for learning English.
UK ['ɪn.trəst] US [-trɪst] noun
ADVANTAGE 好处
 ESSENTIAL countable usually plural uncountable
■something that brings advantages to or affects someone or something 利益，好处
• A union looks after the interests of its members. 工会关心其会员的利益。
• It's in his interests to keep careful records. 仔细做好纪录对他有好处。
• In the interests of safety, please do not smoke. 为了安全起见，请不要吸烟。
• Despite what you think, I'm only acting in your best interests (= doing what is best for you). 不管你怎样想，我这样做完全是为你着想。
⇒ See also vested interest
UK ['ɪn.trəst] US [-trɪst] noun
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■money which is charged by a bank or other financial organization for borrowing money （贷款的）利息
• Interest charges on an overdraft are usually quite high. 对透支款项收取的利息通常是很高的。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■money that you earn from keeping your money in an account in a bank or other financial organization （存款的）利息
• You should put the money in a savings account where it will earn interest. 你应该把钱存进有利息的帐户。
UK ['ɪn.trəst] US [-trɪst] noun
LEGAL RIGHT 合法权利
 ADVANCED countable
■an involvement or a legal right, usually relating to a business or possessions 权益，股权，产权
• He is a multi-millionaire with business interests around the world. 他是个在世界各地拥有很多企业股份的千万富翁。
• specialized When they divorced she retained a legal interest in the property. 他们离婚时，她保留了房屋的合法产权。
UK ['ɪn.trəst] US [-trɪst] verb transitive
 ADVANCED
■If someone or something interests you, you want to give them your attention and discover more about them 使…感兴趣
• Sport has never really interested me. 我从没有对体育运动真正感兴趣过。
UK ['ɪn.trəst] US [-trɪst] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  interest sb in sth
■Someone might ask if they can interest you in something when they are trying to persuade you to buy something or when they are offering you something 劝（某人）买；请（某人）吃（或喝）
• Can I interest you in our new range of kitchen fittings, madam? 女士，我向您介绍一下我们的新的厨房设备系列好吗？
• I don't suppose I can interest you in a quick drink after work, can I? 可以请你下班后小喝一杯吗？
amuse, please, interest, entertain
这组词都有“使人娱乐，消遣”的意思，其区别是：
amuse: 指使人通过注意某些有趣或悦人的事物而消遣，着重使人愉快的效果。
please: 多指愿望、兴趣得到满足后产生的强烈满意情绪。
interest: 普通用词，指出于任何原因使人兴奋或对某事物保持好奇心或注意力，侧重引起兴趣或注意。
entertain: 指通过给他人快乐感的消遣活动，使自己或他人从单调中解脱出来。
profit, advantage, benefit, interest, favour, gain
这组词都有“利益、好处”的意思，其区别是：
profit: 着重收益，尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益。
advantage: 指因某方面占优势或利用某机会以及对方弱点而获得利益与好处。
benefit: 普通用词，指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
interest: 作“利益”解时，多用复数形式，既可指集团、群体的利益，又可指个人的利益。
favour: 指在竞争中获得的advantage,也可指在狭隘的个人利益。
gain: 指获得的物质利益，也暗示不损坏他人利益而得的无形好处。
n. 兴趣，爱好； [金融] 利息；趣味；同行
 - like, fond of

Word: fund
Front: fund
[fʌnd] (研四六托 754/852 -K5)
Vocabulary: fund
(once / 78 pages)
1nv 2n 3v
A fund is a supply of money to be used for a specific purpose. You can start a fund for almost anything, such as your child’s education, a new car, or the establishment of the world’s largest origami collection.
Fund can be used as a verb meaning “provide funds for something.” If you’re unable to save up the money to start your origami collection, you might ask a friend to fund it. (We predict she’ll say no.) An organization that raises money for a particular, often charitable, purpose can also be called a fund. We doubt an origami collection warrants its own fund, but there's no harm in trying.
WORD FAMILY
fund: funded, funding, funds, refund +/funded: unfunded/ funding: fundings/ refund: refunded, refunding, refunds
USAGE EXAMPLES
She said that funding is key to continuing the medical wig project because the program’s funding is not part of UNCSA’s state-appropriated funds.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Edinburgh's Festivals are to benefit from £300,000 in extra funding to celebrate the 70th anniversary of their founding.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
In one case, he was chided for spending $127,000 in public funds for a special sleeping cabin on a flight to London.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基金; 储备; 现款; 特别基金管理机构
vt. 积存; 为…提供资金; 提供资金偿付（债款等）的本息; 把（短期借款）转为有固定利息的长期借款
时态：funded, funding, funds
分布：基金(93%)，资助(7%)
→来自bhudh, 底部，基础，词源同bottom, founder. 用做经济学名词资金。比较finance.
n.资金,基金;存款,现款;(知识等的)累积The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a sum of money saved, collected or provided for a particular purpose 基金；专款；资金
• a pension/trust fund 养老／信托基金
• The hospital has set up a special fund to buy new equipment. 医院专门设立了一项基金以购买新设备。
• Contributions are being sought for the disaster fund. 正在寻求对救灾基金的捐助。
funds [plural]
■money needed or available to spend on something 资金；钱款
• Following the repairs to the roof, church funds are now seriously depleted. 在对屋顶进行修缮之后，教堂的资金现在严重吃紧。
• The President has agreed to allocate further funds to develop the new submarine. 总统已经同意再拨一部分资金开发新潜艇。
• informal I'd love to come on holiday with you, but I'm a bit short of/low on funds (= I have little money) at the moment. 我也想和你一起去度假，但最近我手头有点拮据。
a fund of sth
■a lot of something 充满…的；有很多…的
• She has a fund of knowledge on the subject. 她对这一主题知之甚多。
[fʌnd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to provide the money to pay for an event, activity or organization 为…提供资金；资助
• The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia. 公司同意资助我的澳大利亚之行。
• The new college is being privately funded (= money for it is not being provided from taxes). 这所新大学目前是由私人提供资金的。
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
n. [金融] 基金；资金；存款
 - capital, deposit, saving
vt. 投资；资助
 - invent money in, to invest

Word: large
Front: large
[lɑ:dʒ] (中高 220/181 -K5)
Vocabulary: large
(once / 12 pages)
1adjadvn 2adj 3adjadv 4adv 5adj
Large means the size of an item, such as clothing, that falls between medium and extra-large. If you realize your size has changed from medium to large, it might be time to cut back on the cupcakes.
Something that is above average in size or number can be described with the adjective large. Your large collection of bottle caps, which covers the walls of three rooms in your house, is a perfect example. Large also describes something that covers a broad spectrum or scope. You might love being an American studies major because your classes cover a large range of topics.
WORD FAMILY
large: enlarge, largely, largeness, larger, larges, largest, largish, overlarge+/ enlarge: enlarged, enlargement, enlarger, enlarges, enlarging/enlargement: enlargements/enlarger: enlargers/largeness: largenesses/larger: largerly
USAGE EXAMPLES
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This allows us to screen genetically similar siblings on a very large scale.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
What is surprising is that relatively large drops in RMR are quite common among individuals who lose body fat through diet or exercise.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adv. 大大地; 夸大地; 详细地; 顺风地
adj. 大的; 大规模的; 大型号的; 广泛的
v. 玩个痛快; （尤指跳舞和饮酒）作乐
级别：larger, largest
分布：大的(58%)，大量的(25%)，广泛的(6%)，夸大地(6%)，大号的(4%)，狂欢作乐(1%)
→来自拉丁语largus,大的，丰富的，充满的。
a.大的,广大的,大规模的The concert drew a large audience.音乐会吸引了大量的观众.
US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■big in size or amount 大的；大规模的；大量的
• a large house 大房子
• the world's largest computer manufacturer 世界上最大的电脑制造商
• We need a larger car. 我们需要一辆更大的车。
• We didn't expect such a large number of people to attend the concert. 我们没想到会有这么多人来听音乐会。
• We've made good progress, but there's still a large amount of work to be done. 我们已经取得了一些进展，但仍有大量的工作要做。
• There was a larger-than-expected fall in unemployment last month. 上个月的失业人数比预计数字减少了很多。
• Researchers have just completed the largest-ever survey of criminal behaviour in the UK. 研究人员刚刚完成了英国历史上最大规模的犯罪行为调查。
• The population faces starvation this winter without large-scale emergency food aid. 今年冬天由于没有大规模的紧急食物援助，人们将面临饥荒。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
by and large
■when everything about a situation is considered together 大体上，总体上，一般来讲
• There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable. 虽然有些小的地方让我不太满意，但总的来讲我还是很喜欢这份工作的。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
(as) large as life
■used as a way of describing a person you see, and are surprised to see, in a particular place （表示见到某人本人感到惊奇）本人，本身
• I looked up from my newspaper and there he was, as large as life, Tim Trotter! 我看完报纸抬起头来，竟意外地看到了蒂姆‧特罗特，真的是他本人，一点也没错。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] adjective
larger than life
■If someone is larger than life, they attract a lot of attention because they are more exciting or interesting than most people 更有趣的，更活跃的（因此可能更引人注目）
• Most characters in his films are somewhat larger than life. 在他的电影中，大多数人物都是超群不凡之辈。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] noun
at large
■generally 普遍地，全体地
• This group is not representative of the population at large. 这个团体不是全体人民的代表。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] noun
be at large
■If someone dangerous is at large, they are free when they should not be 逍遥法外，尚未捉拿归案
• Twelve prisoners are at large following a series of escapes. 一连串的越狱事件发生后，12名犯人目前依然逍遥法外。
UK [lɑ:dʒ] US [lɑ:rdʒ] verb
larging it
■informal enjoying yourself very much by spending a lot of money, often in a way that attracts attention 纵情享乐的，肆意享受的
• We were larging it at a club last night. 昨晚我们在俱乐部纵情玩乐了一番。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 大的；多数的；广博的
 - big, most
adv. 大大地；夸大地
 - greatly, tall, big
n. 大
 - bigness

Word: hard
Front: hard
[hɑ:d] (中高雅 438/573 -K5)
Vocabulary: hard
(once / 16 pages)
1adjadv 2adjadv 3adjadv 4adjadv 5adjadv 6adj 7adj 8adj 9adv
Hard is the opposite of "easy." If you're just beginning an exercise routine, don't push yourself too hard in the beginning, to avoid injury.
Hard can mean "difficult," but it can also mean "rigid." A hard surface is one that doesn’t give way, like stone. If things are tough for you, you might tell someone you’re having a hard day. If someone gives you hard liquor, watch out — that’s the strong stuff. If you’re a teacher, you want to make your examinations hard enough to be challenging, but not impossible. If you’re stubborn, people might call you hardheaded.
WORD FAMILY
hard: harden, harder, hardest, hardly, hardness, hards, semihard+/harden: hardened, hardening, hardens/hardened: hardeneder, hardenedest, unhardened/hardening: hardenings/ hardly: hardlys/hardness: hardnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But it’s hard to be objective when the scale is still creaking beneath your feet.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Why is it so hard to lose weight and keep it off?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 困难的; 硬的; 有力的; 努力的
adv. 努力地; 猛力地; 严重地; 沉重地
n. 英〉硬海滩，登陆处
级别：harder, hardest
分布：努力地(33%)，困难的(26%)，硬的(21%)，严重地(4%)，残酷的(3%)，棘手的(3%)，确凿的(2%)，坚定地(2%)，用力的(2%)，强烈地(2%)，坚强的(2%)
→来自古英语heard,坚固的，坚硬的，固定的，来自ker,硬的，词源同democracy,aristocracy.由坚硬的引申词义顽强的，耐受的，环境艰苦的，困难的等多种词义。可能来自sker,弯，转，编织，词源同cradle,crown.由编织引申词义团结，坚固。
a.坚硬的;结实的;困难的;难忍的;严厉的I can hardly pardon his discarding the hardware and cardboard in the harbour.我简直不能原谅他在港口丢弃五金和硬纸板.
US [hɑ:rd] adjective
SOLID 坚硬的
 ESSENTIAL
■firm and stiff; not easy to bend, cut or break 坚硬的，坚固的
• a hard surface 坚硬的表面
• There was a heavy frost last night and the ground is still hard. 昨晚霜冻很严重，地面现在仍然很坚硬。
• Heating the clay makes it hard. 黏土加热会变硬。
Opposite soft
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
DIFFICULT 困难的
 ESSENTIAL
■difficult to understand, do, experience or deal with 困难的，费力的
• There were some really hard questions in the exam. 考试中有一些很难做的题目。
• It 's hard to say which of them is lying. 很难说他们当中哪个在说谎。
• It 's hard being a single mother. 当个单亲妈妈很困难。
• Her handwriting is very hard to read. 她的字迹很难辨认。
• He's a hard man to please. 他是个难以取悦的人。
• The topics get harder later in the course. 在日后的课程中题目会更难。
• I feel sorry for the kids, too - they've had a hard time. 我也觉得对不起孩子们——他们过得很辛苦。
Opposite easy
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
USING EFFORT 用力的
 ESSENTIAL
■needing or using a lot of physical or mental effort 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的
• Go on - give it a good hard push! 继续——用力推一把！
• It was hard work on the farm but satisfying. 农场的工作很辛苦，但让人有满足感。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
SEVERE 严厉的
 ADVANCED
■not pleasant or gentle; severe 严厉的；苛刻的
• You have to be quite hard to succeed in the property business. 要想在房地产业界中获得成功，你必须相当强硬才行。
• Ooh, you're a hard woman, Elaine! 噢，你真是个硬心肠的女人，伊莱恩！
• Our boss has been giving us all a hard time at work (= making our time at work difficult). 我们老板一直都让我们在工作的时候很不好过。
be hard on sb
 ADVANCED
■to criticize someone severely, or to treat them unfairly 对（某人）严厉批评；对（某人）不公平
• Don't be too hard on him - he's new to the job. 别对他太苛刻——他刚开始做这项工作。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
ALCOHOL 酒精
[before noun]
■describes a drink that contains a high level of alcohol （酒）烈性的，酒精含量高的
• hard liquor 烈酒
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
WATER 水
■describes water which contains a lot of lime which prevents soap from cleaning （水）硬的，含矿物质较多的
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
CLEAR 清楚的
[before noun]
■able to be proven 可证实的，确凿的
• hard facts/evidence 确凿的事实／证据
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
WEATHER 天气
■describes a time when there is bad weather （指某个时间）天气恶劣的
• We had a very hard winter last year. 去年冬天天气非常恶劣。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
be no hard and fast rules
■If there are no hard and fast rules, there are no clear rules for you to follow. 没有明确的规定
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
hard feelings
■anger towards someone that you have argued with （对争论对方的）愤怒
• So we're friends again, are we? No hard feelings? 那么我们又是朋友了，对吧？不生气了吧？
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
Hard luck! mainly UK
■used to express sympathy to someone because something slightly bad has happened （用以表示同情）真不走运！
• "We lost again." "Oh, hard luck!" “我们又输了。”“ 噢，真不走运！”
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
(that's) your hard luck UK informal
■said if you think that it is someone's own fault that something bad has happened to them 活该倒楣
• Well, if you missed the presentation because you couldn't be bothered to turn up on time, that's your hard luck! 嗯，如果你是因为不屑于劳神费力准时到场而误了看演出，那是你活该倒楣！
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
hard to swallow
■difficult to believe 令人难以置信
• I found her story rather hard to swallow. 我觉得她的说法让人难以置信。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
the hard way
■a way of doing something which is unnecessarily difficult 以不必要的费力的方式
• She always does things the hard way. 她做起事来总是吃力不讨好。
■If you learn something the hard way, you learn from unpleasant experiences rather than by being taught 从吃苦头中（汲取教训）
• If she won't listen, she'll have to learn/find out the hard way. 如果她不听，那只好吃些苦头记取教训了。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adjective
take a hard line on sb/sth
■to be very severe in the way that you deal with someone or something 对…非常苛刻
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adverb
USING EFFORT 用力的
 ESSENTIAL
■with a lot of physical or mental effort 费劲地；努力地；艰难地
• Work hard and play hard, that's my motto. 努力工作痛快玩，这是我的座右铭。
• I'm not surprised he failed his exam - he didn't exactly try very hard! 他没通过考试我一点都不感到奇怪——他根本就没用功。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adverb
WEATHER 天气
■If it rains or snows hard, it rains or snows a lot （雨或雪下得）猛烈地；大量地
• It had been raining hard most of the afternoon. 大半个下午都在下暴雨。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adverb
feel hard done-by (also feel hard done-to) UK
■to feel that you have been treated unfairly 觉得受到不公正的对待
• I'm feeling hard done-by because I've been looking after the kids all week and Steve's been out every night. 整整一周我都在看孩子，而史蒂夫每晚都出去玩，我觉得不公平。
UK [hɑ:d] US [hɑ:rd] adverb
hard at it UK informal
■putting a lot of effort into what you are doing 努力做
• That's what I like to see - everybody hard at it! 这是我愿意看到的——每个人都在努力工作！
hardly, hard
hardly: 几乎不 I can hardly believe it.
hard: 努力, work hard
solid, firm, hard
这组词都有“坚定的，结实的”的意思，其区别是：
solid: 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。
firm: 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。
hard: 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。
difficult, hard
这组词都有“困难”的意思，其区别是：
difficult: 比hard较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。
hard: 含义广，通俗用词，与easy相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。
adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的； [医] 确实的；严厉的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的
 - difficult, severe, fierce, tight, violent
adv. 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；接近地；猛烈地；牢固地
 - closely, heavily, strong

Word: man
Front: man
[mæn] (中高 94/91 -K5)
Vocabulary: man
(once / 4 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4v
A man is a boy who grew up: an adult male. Man has hundreds of other meanings too, most of them guy-related.
In addition to being the male equivalent of a woman, the word man has many meanings in English. Not long ago, man used to mean the same thing as people, as in humanity or mankind. Baseball teams want to get a man on base. Manning up is showing courage. Manning a business is providing workers for that business, including someone to man the phones. In a game like Monopoly, your piece is your man. Also, a common greeting is "Hey, man!"
WORD FAMILY
man: foreman, maned, manful, manhood, maning, manlike, manly, manned, manning, mannish, mans, men, superman, unman+/foreman: foremanship, foremen/manful: manfuler, manfully, manfulness, unmanful/ manhood: manhoods/manlike: manlikely, unmanlike/manliness: manlinesss/ manly: manlier, manliest, manliness, unmanly/manned: undermanned/mannish: mannishly/ men: mens/superman: supermen/unman: unmanned, unmanning, unmans/unmanful: unmanfully/unmanly: unmanliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Wall, the team’s leading assist man, is the key to the success of the other Wizards.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“This is a special group of guys. Oh, man, this is the time to step up.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But Manning and the offense are an issue.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 男人; 人类; 男子汉; 雇工
vt. 使振作; 操纵; 给…配置人员; 在…就位
int. （表示惊讶、气愤等）嘿，天哪
时态：manned, manning, mans
分布：人(87%)，男人(11%)，男子汉(1%)，情人(1%)
→来自古英语man,人类，男人，女人，来自Proto-Germanic*manwaz,来自man,人，进一步来自men,思考，词源同mind,mania.后不再用于女人义。
n.(pl.men)人;人类(单数,不加冠词);男人He has grown up to be a man.他已长大成人.
noun (plural men)
MALE 男子
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an adult male human being 成年男子，男人
• a young/tall man 年轻／高个子的男子
• men and women 男人和女人
• the man in the green jacket 穿绿夹克的男子
• the men's 400 metres champion 男子400米赛跑冠军
• Steve can solve anything - the man's a genius. 史蒂夫甚么疑难都解决得到——此人是个天才。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a male employee, without particular rank or title （没有明确职位或头衔的）男性员工
• The gas company said they would send some men to fix the heating system. 煤气公司说会派人来修暖气。
• The man from the BBC wrote some positive things about the film. 英国广播公司的人对影片作了正面的评价。
• The military expedition was made up of 100 officers and men. 军事探险队由100名军官和士兵组成。
• Our man in Washington sent us the news by fax yesterday. 我们驻华盛顿的同事昨天把这个消息传真过来。
• old use My man (= male servant) will show you to the door. 我的男仆会送您到门口。
a marketing/advertising, etc. man
■a man typical of or involved in marketing/advertising, etc. 市场行销／广告等人员
countable informal
■a woman's husband or male partner 丈夫；情夫；男朋友
• I hear she's got a new man. 我听说她找了个新男朋友。
• Is there a man in her life? 她有男人吗？
■mainly US informal
■used when talking to someone, especially a man （用于称呼，尤指对男子）老兄，老弟，小伙子，朋友
• Hey, man, how are you doing? 嘿，老兄，你好吗？
man and wife old-fashioned
■If a man and a woman are man and wife, they are married to each other. 夫妻，夫妇
the man only singular US slang
■the police 员警
[mæn] noun (plural men)
PEOPLE 人
uncountable
■the human race 人类，人
• Man is still far more intelligent than the cleverest robot. 人类仍远比最有智慧的机器人聪明。
• Man is rapidly destroying the Earth. 人类正迅速毁灭地球。
• This is one of the most dangerous substances known to man. 这是人类已知的最危险的物质之一。
• Try to imagine what life must have been like for Neolithic man 10 000 years ago. 想像一下一万年前新石器时代的人的生活是甚么样子。
countable literary or old-fashioned
■a person of either sex （不论性别的）人
• All men are equal in the sight of the law. 法律面前人人平等。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
OBJECT 物体
countable
■any of the objects that are moved or played with in games such as chess （国际象棋等游戏中的）棋子
[mæn] noun (plural men)
as one man formal
■If a group of people do something as one man they do it together at exactly the same time （全体）一致地
• As one man, the delegates made for the exit. 全体代表一起走向出口。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
It's every man for himself.
■something that you say which means that everyone in a particular situation is trying to do what is best for themselves and no one is trying to help anyone else 人不为己，天诛地灭（指在某种特定场合，每个人都会尽力维护自己的利益，而不会帮助他人）
• It might be a civilized place to shop at other times but come the January sales, it's every man for himself. 人们在购物时通常都能保持风度，但一月大减价则除外，这个时候，人不为己，天诛地灭。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
make a man (out) of sb
■to cause a young man or boy to act like an adult and take responsibility 使（年轻人或男孩）具有男子气概；使长大成人
• A couple of years in the army should make a man of him. 几年的军中生活会将他磨炼成男子汉。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
man and boy UK old-fashioned
■all a man's life 从童年到成年；一辈子
• From 1910 to 1970 he worked in that factory, man and boy. 从1910年到1970年，他一生都在那家工厂工作。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
be man enough to do sth
■to be brave enough to do something 敢于
• He was man enough to admit he had made a mistake. 他敢于承认自己所犯的错误。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
the man in the moon
■(in children's stories) the human face that you can imagine you see when you look at the moon 月中人，月宫人（在儿童故事中，指看着月亮幻想所看到的人）
[mæn] noun (plural men)
(as) man to man
■If two men talk (as) man to man, they talk seriously and honestly together as equals. （谈话）开诚布公地，平等而坦率地
[mæn] noun (plural men)
man's best friend
■a dog 狗
[mæn] noun (plural men)
man's inhumanity to man
■the cruelty which people show to each other 人与人之间的冷酷
• Man's inhumanity to man never fails to shock me. 人与人之间的残酷无情每每使我不寒而栗。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
a man's man
■a man who enjoys men's activities and being with other men 男人中的男人（喜爱男性活动、喜欢和男性呆在一起的男子）
• Terry's what you'd call a man's man - I don't expect you'd find him at the ballet too many nights a week. 特里是人们所说的男人中的男人——我想你不可能看见他一周好几个晚上都在看芭蕾舞。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
to a man
■every person in a group 每人，全体无例外地
• There were 400 people at the meeting and they all, to a man, voted in favour. 400人参加了会议，他们全都投了赞成票。
[mæn] noun (plural men)
You the man! US not standard
■used to praise a man who has done something well （用于称赞）做得不错，老兄！真有你的！
[mæn] verb transitive (-nn-)
■To man something such as a machine or vehicle is to be present in order to operate it 为…配备人手
• The phones are manned 24 hours a day. 电话每天24小时都有人值班。
• Barricades were erected against the advancing government troops and they were manned throughout the night. 设置了路障以阻挡政府军的前进，并且整夜有人看守。
• Man the pumps! 派人看着抽水机！
⇒ See also overmanned;undermanned;unmanned
[mæn] exclamation informal
■used as an exclamation, especially when you are expressing a strong emotion （用作感叹词，尤用于表示强烈的感情）啊，呀，哈，嘿
• Man, we had a good time - we drank all through the night! 嘿，我们昨晚真是尽兴，喝了一夜的酒！
humanity, mankind, man
这组词都有“人类”的意思，其区别是：
humanity: 书面用词，集合名词，多用于文学作品中，作人类解时，侧重有同情心、理解力和崇高品质。
mankind: 集体名词，语体庄重，泛指过去、现在和未来的人类。
man: 指各时代的全体人类。
a man, man
a man: 一个男人
man: 人类, Man will conquer nature.
n. 人； [人类] 男人；人类；丈夫；雇工
 - person, mankind, boy, humanity, guy
vt. 操纵；给…配置人员；使增强勇气；在…就位
 - guide, manipulate

Word: buy
Front: buy
[baɪ] (中高 397/351 -K5)
Vocabulary: buy
(once / 34 pages)
1vn 2v
When you buy something, you pay money in order to own or obtain it. You might buy your mom a big bouquet of flowers for her birthday.
When you buy furniture, food, a car, or candy, you purchase it, exchanging a certain amount of money for it, and when you call something "a buy" or "a steal," it's a real bargain. When you say, "She said she won the lottery, but I don't buy it," you mean that you don't accept that fact as the truth. Even more colloquially, to buy it can also mean "to be killed."
WORD FAMILY
buy: bought, buyer, buying, buys+/buyer: buyers/buying: buyings
USAGE EXAMPLES
We sweetened our offer by agreeing to buy everyone a bottle of the fragrance Empire by Trump.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Some fans prefer the "warmth" of the sound compared with digital files, while others buy LPs as souvenirs and works of art.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
We decided we needed a car so we bought one.
Salon(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 购买，购得
n. 交易，买卖; 便宜货
vt. 够支付; 买通; 收买; 贿赂
时态：bought, buying, buys
分布：买(83%)，购买(14%)，收买(1%)，获得(1%)，便宜货(1%)
→词源不详。
vt.买,买得;向...行贿,收买vi.购买东西I need to buy a new dictionary.我要买一本新的字典.
verb (bought, bought)
PAY FOR 为…付款
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to get something by paying money for it 买，购买
• Eventually she had saved enough money to buy a small car. 她最终存够了买一辆小汽车的钱。
• [+ two objects] He bought his mother some flowers/He bought some flowers for his mother. 他给母亲买了些花。
• There are more people buying at this time of the year so prices are high. 这个季节购物的人比较多，所以价格高昂。
• The company was set up to buy and sell shares on behalf of investors. 成立该公司为的是代表投资者买卖股票。
• I bought my camera from / informal off a friend of mine. 我的相机是从一个朋友处买的。
buy sb's silence
■to pay someone, or do something for someone, so that they do not tell anyone something which they know about and which you want to remain secret （为某人做某事或向某人付款以）封住某人的嘴
• What will we have to do to buy her silence? 为了封住她的嘴我们该怎么办？
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
BELIEVE 相信
transitive slang
■to believe that something is true 相信
• She'll never buy that story about you getting lost! 她决不会相信你迷路的谎话！
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
buy time
■to do something in order to be allowed more time 赢得时间；拖延时间
• He tried to buy time by saying he hadn't been well. 他试图以身体不适为借口来拖延时间。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
sb has bought it slang
■used to say that someone has been killed （某人）被杀，丧生
• "Marvin's bought it!" screamed the sergeant. “马文被杀了！”中士大叫道。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] buy sth in UK
■to buy something for future use and not because you need it now 预先买进
• We bought in lots of tinned food in case of heavy snow. 我们买了许多罐装食品以备大雪时用。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  buy into sth
BELIEVE disapproving
■to completely believe in a set of ideas 完全相信
• I don't buy into all that New Age stuff. 我根本不相信那些甚么新思潮。
BUSINESS
■to buy a part of a business in order to have some control over it 买进某公司的股票以获取对其的部分控制权
• McDowell was trying to buy into the newspaper business. 麦克道尔在试图透过收购方式进入报业。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] buy sb off
■to pay someone so that they do not cause you any trouble 买通，贿赂（某人）
• They tried to buy the guard at the bank off but he told the police and the gang were arrested. 那伙人试图买通银行的保安，但保安报了警，于是他们都被抓了起来。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] buy sb out
■to buy a part of a company or building from someone else so that you own all of it 买断（某人的）股份（或产权）
• Allied Chemicals have been trying to buy out their competitor's share in the target company. 联合化工公司一直在试图买下其竞争对手在他们想要收购的公司的股份。
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] buy yourself out UK
■If you buy yourself out of the armed forces, you pay a sum of money so that you can leave earlier than you had previously agreed to. 出钱以获准提前退役
[baɪ] verb (bought, bought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] buy sth up
■To buy something up is to buy large amounts of it, or all that is available 大量买进，全数买进
• He bought up all the land in the surrounding area. 他买下了周围地区的全部土地。
[baɪ] noun
a good/bad buy
■to be worth/not be worth the price （买卖）合算／不合算
• This jacket is a really good buy, at £20. 这件夹克真合算，才20英镑。
buy, purchase
这组词都有“购买”的意思，其区别是：
buy: 普通日常用词，既可指日常随意购物也可指大的购买。
purchase: 正式用词，指大宗购货或购买重要东西。无感情色彩，强调物品的购得。
vt. 购买；获得；贿赂
 - acquire, earn, purchase, find, make
n. 购买，买卖；所购的物品
 - purchase, commercial transaction

Word: point
Front: point
[pɔɪnt] (中高研四六雅 211/176 -K5)
Vocabulary: point
(once / 13 pages)
1nv 2vn 3nv 4nv 5n 6v 7v
When you go through airport security these days, you have to take anything with a point out of your carry-on bag. A point is any sharp or tapered end.
A sharpened pencil has a point, as does the end of an umbrella. The noun point has a dizzying number of different definitions, including a punctuation mark, a unit of scoring in a game, a moment in time, and the essential meaning or purpose of something. Point is a verb too, meaning to gesture with your finger, to emphasize, or to make something into the shape of a point. The original meaning of point was "a dot," from the Latin pungere, "prick or pierce".
WORD FAMILY
point: counterpoint, pointed, pointer, pointing, pointless, points, repoint+/contrapuntist: contrapuntists/ counterpoint: contrapuntist, counterpointed, counterpointing, counterpoints/ pointed: pointedly, pointedness, unpointed/pointer: pointers/ pointless: pointlessly, pointlessness/repoint: repointed, repointing/unpointed: unpointedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
He also points to mismanagement, corruption and red tape within a complex web of urban planning authorities.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
And that pointed up the truth that “The Apprentice” never really was Mr. Trump’s show.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Westbrook led the Thunder with 30 points and six assists.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 点; 要点; 得分; 标点
vt. （意思上）指向; 削尖; 加标点于; 指路
vi. 表明; 指向
时态：pointed, pointing, points
分布：点(49%)，指(27%)，指向(11%)，观点(5%)，要点(2%)，意义(1%)，小数点(1%)，重点(1%)，地点(1%)，朝向(1%)，目标(1%)
→来自古法语point,点，刺点，斑点，勾缝，来自拉丁语punctum,刺点，来自拉丁语pungere,刺，-ct,过去分词格，来自peug,刺，词源同pugnacious,puncture.并引申诸相关词义。
n.尖;点;条款;分数,得分;论点v.(at,to)指I pointed out the joint on the coin at the disappointing appointment.在令人失望的约会上,我指出了硬币上的接头.
noun
IDEA EXPRESSED 表达的思想
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an idea, opinion or piece of information that is said or written 观点；论点
• I'd like to discuss the first point in your essay. 我想讨论一下你文章中的第一点。
• You made some interesting points in your speech. 你发言中有些观点很有趣。
the/sb's point
 ESSENTIAL
■the meaning or most important part of what someone says or writes （某人）的意思，要点
• The point is, if you don't claim the money now you might never get it. 重要的是，如果你现在不索取这笔钱的话，你可能就再也得不到了。
• I think you missed (= did not understand) the point of what she was saying. 我认为你没有理解她说的要点。
• I take your point/Point taken (= I understand that what you are saying is important). 我明白你的意思。
• Please get to the point (= say the thing that is most important to you). 请言归正转。
• He hasn't got much money, but that's not the point (= that is not the important thing). 他没有多少钱，但这不是重点。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■an opinion or fact that deserves to be considered seriously, or which other people agree is true 想法，意见；事实
• Yes, I can see your point/you've got a point there. 是的，我明白你的意思／你说得有道理。
• OK, you've made your point (= told us your opinion) - there's no need to go on about it. 好，你已经表明了你的观点，没必要再多说了。
beside the point
■not important or not related to the subject being discussed 不重要的；离题的，不相关的
• The fact that he doesn't want to come is beside the point - he should have been invited. 他不想来这并不重要——重要的是他本来应该受邀请的。
that's a (good) point
■said to show that what someone has just said is true or important 所言甚是
• "We'll take the bus." "But we haven't got any money for the fare." "That's a point." “我们乘公共汽车吧。”“但我们没钱买车票。”“这倒是。”
[pɔɪnt] noun
TIME OR PLACE 时间或地点
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular time or stage reached in a process 时刻；阶段
• At that point, a soldier opened fire on the car. 就在此时，一个士兵向轿车开了火。
• I was completely lost at one point. 我一度完全不知所措了。
• [+ question word] It was so confusing that eventually it got to the point wh ere no one knew what was going on. 这件事很莫名其妙，最后无人知道到底发生了甚么事。
• I said I'd tell her the bad news, but when it came to the point (= when I had to do it) , I couldn't. 我说过我要告诉她这个坏消息，但真要开口的时候，我却说不出口了。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular place 地点
• the point where the road bends 公路拐弯处
• This is a good point from which to watch the race. 这是个观看比赛的好地方。
boiling/melting/freezing, etc. point
■the temperature at which a substance boils/melts/freezes, etc. 沸点／熔点／冰点等
[pɔɪnt] noun
PURPOSE 目的
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■purpose or usefulness 目的，意义；用处
• I see little point in discussing this further. 我看不出继续讨论还有甚么意义。
• I'd like to write to him, but what's the point? He never writes back. 我愿意写信给他，但这有甚么用呢？他从不回信。
• [+ -ing verb] informal There's no point arguing about it - we're going and that's that. 争辩也没有用——我们要去，就这么定了。
[pɔɪnt] noun
UNIT 单位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a mark or unit for counting, especially how much a person or team has scored in a sport （尤指体育运动的）比分，得分
• The youngest skier won the most points. 那个最年轻的滑雪选手得分最高。
• He won the world heavyweight boxing championship on points (= as a result of the points that he had won). 他以点数赢得了世界重量级拳击冠军。
• Interest rates have risen by two percentage points (= 2%). 利率上涨了两个百分点。
countable specialized
■a unit used for measuring the size of printed letters, equal to about 0.3 mm 点，磅值（印刷字型大小的计量单位，约等于0.3毫米）
• The large letters are in 7½ point type, and the small letters are in 6 point. 大的字母是7½点的，小的是6点的。
[pɔɪnt] noun
SHARP END 尖
 ADVANCED countable
■the sharp end of something, such as a knife （刀等的）尖（端）
• The knife landed with its point sticking into the floor. 刀落地时刀尖刺入了地面。
• Be careful with that needle - it has a very sharp point. 小心针，它的头很尖。
⇒ See also gunpoint
[pɔɪnt] noun
CHARACTERISTIC 特点
countable
■a particular quality or characteristic of a person or thing 特点；特质；特征
• There are various points to look out for when you're judging dogs in a competition. 在比赛中要根据各方面的特点对狗作出评比。
• He's boring, but I suppose he has his good points. 他很乏味，但我认为他也有长处。
• I think her kindness is one of her strong points (= one of her good qualities). 我觉得为人和气是她的优点之一。
[pɔɪnt] noun
PIECE OF LAND 一块地
countable
■a long thin area of land that stretches out into the sea 尖岬，岬角
• Spurn Point 斯珀恩角
[pɔɪnt] noun
SIGN 符号
countable
■a small round spot that is used in numbers to separate whole numbers from parts of numbers 小数点
• One kilogram equals two point two (= 2.2) pounds. 1公斤等于2.2磅。
• The error occurred when someone left out the decimal point. 有人遗漏了小数点，出现了错误。
[pɔɪnt] noun
FEET 脚
points [plural] specialized
■the toes of a ballet dancer's shoes （芭蕾舞鞋的）鞋尖
• She is learning how to dance on her points. 她正在学习如何以足尖踮地跳舞。
[pɔɪnt] noun
ELECTRIC 电路的
countable UK
■a socket to which a wire from a piece of electrical equipment is connected in order to supply it with electricity or a radio, television or other signal 插座
• a TV antenna point 电视天线插孔
• There is a telephone point in every room. 每个房间都有电话线插孔。
countable specialized
■in some car engines, either of two parts that allow or prevent the flow of electricity （汽车引擎分电器的）接点
• He checked the points and plugs and topped up the oil. 他检查了分电器接点和火花塞，加满了油。
[pɔɪnt] noun
RAILWAY 铁路
points [plural] mainly UK (US usually switches)
■a place on a railway track where the rails (= metal bars on which the trains travel) can be moved to allow a train to change from one track to another （铁路的）道岔，转辙器
• The train rattled as it went over the points. 火车哐啷哐啷驶过道岔。
[pɔɪnt] noun
MARK 记号
countable
■a small round mark on a line, plan or map to show the position of something （表示位置的）点
• Join the points A and B together on the diagram with a straight line. 将图上的 A 点和 B 点用直线连起来。
countable
■a mark on a compass which shows direction, such as North, South, East and West （罗盘上的）方位点，罗经点
countable
■a very small round light that you can see in the distance 光点
• I could just make out the tiny points of a car's headlights far away. 我只能勉强看到远处车前灯的小小光点。
[pɔɪnt] noun
be on the point of (doing) sth
■to be going to do something very soon 即将…之时，正要…之时
• As we were on the point of giving up hope, a letter arrived. 正当我们要放弃希望之时，来了一封信。
• She was so tired that she was on the point of collapse. 她累得快垮掉了。
[pɔɪnt] noun
make a point of doing sth
■to always do something or to take particular care to do something 坚持；重视，特别注意
• She makes a point of keeping all her shopping receipts. 她总是把所有的购物发票都保留下来。
[pɔɪnt] noun
my point exactly
■said in answer to something that someone has just said when you believe it yourself, or when you have said it yourself earlier 正是我的意思
• "So even if we got the funding, we still couldn't get the project started." "My point exactly." “那么即使我们得到了那笔资金，也仍然无法开始专案。”“我就是那意思。”
[pɔɪnt] noun
to the point
■expressing something very important or suitable for the subject being discussed 中肯的，切中要点的，切题的
• Her comments on my work were very apt and to the point. 她对我工作的评论十分贴切中肯。
[pɔɪnt] noun
up to a point
■partly, or to a limited degree 在一定程度上
• Of course there is some truth in all this, but only up to a point. 这当然有些道理，但仅在一定程度上。
• The new traffic scheme worked up to a point, but it had its problems. 新的交通方案实行起来还相当有效，但仍有些问题。
[pɔɪnt] verb
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to direct other people's attention to something by holding out your finger towards it 指，指向
• "Look at that!" she said, pointing at the hole in the door. “看那个！”她指着门上的洞说道。
• Small children are often told that it's rude to point. 小孩子们经常被告知用手指指点点是不礼貌的。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to hold something out in the direction of someone or something 用…对准，瞄准
• He said that the man had pointed a knife at him. 他说那人用刀指着他。
 IMPROVER intransitive
■If something points in a particular direction, it is turned towards that direction 指向；朝向
• The road sign points left. 路标指向左边。
• All the cars were pointing in the same direction. 所有的汽车都朝一个方向开。
• There was an arrow pointing to the door. 有个箭头指向房门。
[pɔɪnt] verb
point sb towards/in the direction of sth
■to suggest that someone should do or buy a particular thing 提议某人做某事或购买某物
• The salesman was trying to point us in the direction of the most expensive furniture in the showroom. 那个销售员设法诱劝我们购买展览室中最贵的家俱。
[pɔɪnt] verb point 1 Phrasal Verbs  [M] point (sth/sb) out
 ESSENTIAL
■to make a person notice someone or something, usually by telling them where they are or by holding up one of your fingers towards them 指明，指出
• If you see her, please point her out to me. 如果你看到她，请指给我看。
• The tour guide pointed out the inscription that runs round the inside of the dome. 导游指出了穹顶内壁四周的铭文。
[pɔɪnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] point sth out
 ESSENTIAL
■to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it or have forgotten it 指出
• [+ that] He was planning to book a rock-climbing holiday, till I pointed out that Denis is afraid of heights. 在我告诉他邓尼斯惧高之前，他一直打算着预约假日去攀岩。
• [+ question word] I feel I should point out how dangerous it is. 我觉得我应该指出它的危险性。
[pɔɪnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  point to/towards sth
 ADVANCED
■to make it seem likely that a particular fact is true or that a particular event will happen 表明可能是；显示…可能会发生
• All the evidence points to suicide. 所有的证据都显示可能是自杀。
[pɔɪnt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  point sth up formal
■to emphasize a problem or fact, so that people notice it more 强调，突出
• It was a badly researched documentary which glossed over important questions while pointing up trivial ones. 这部纪录片的考究工作做得很粗糙，一味强调细枝末节，却掩盖了那些重要的问题。
[pɔɪnt] verb
  Common Learner Errors  point or point out? Warning: choose the correct verb! To talk about making a person notice something, or telling someone about some information, don't say 'point', say point out:
✗ I would like to point a number of mistakes in your article. I would like to point out a number of mistakes in your article.
[pɔɪnt] adjective [before noun]
■relating to when a ballet dancer dances on their toes 芭蕾足尖舞步的
• a pair of point shoes 一双芭蕾舞足尖鞋
• Today we'll do some point work. 今天我们将做一些足尖练习。
n. 要点；得分； [语] 标点； [机] 尖端
 - core, main, heart, kernel, essential
vt. 指向；弄尖；加标点于
 - direct to, fall on
vi. 表明；指向
 - make known, speak of sth.

Word: past
Front: past
[pɑ:st] (中高 680/1116 -K5)
Vocabulary: past
(once / 28 pages)
1adjn 2adv
Past events have already happened — if it happened an Ice Age ago, a century ago, or even a minute ago, it's in the past.
They say the past is history and it's true. If you have ever been accused of "living in the past," you cling to what was instead of reveling in what is. If you hear that a person or a rare object in an antique store "has a past," get ready for a colorful story. As an adjective, past describes what is no longer current, like the past president of a club or past fashion craze — it's over: its time has passed.
WORD FAMILY
past: pastness, pasts, repast +/ repast: repasts
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also encapsulates the host of worries of possible conflicts of interest circulating around a president who is very different from America’s past leaders.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
She was a past president of the Washington Society of Investment Analysts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We thought this would be a way to get past the unfortunate bigotry,” Shalaby said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 过去的，以前的; 结束的; 前任的
n. 过去，过往; 往事; [语]过去时
prep. 超过，超出; 远于; 越过
adv. 经过，超过
分布：过(75%)，过去的(23%)，经过(2%)
→来自pass的过去分词。
a.过去的ad.过n.过去,昔日prep.(经)过In the past the compass could pass passion to the passive man having pastime on the pasture.在过去,指南针可以将激情传递给在牧场上消遣的被动之人
US [pæst] preposition adverb
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL
■in or to a position that is further than a particular point 经过
• I live on Station Road, just past the post office. 我住在车站路，就在邮局过去一点。
• Three boys went past us on mountain bikes. 三个男孩骑着越野自行车从我们身边经过。
• Was that Peter who just jogged past in those bright pink shorts? 那个穿亮粉色短裤、刚从我们身边慢跑过去的人是彼得吗？
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say what the time is when it is a particular number of minutes after an hour （时间）晚于，过
• It's 5/10/a quarter/20/25/half past three. 现在是3点5分／10分／一刻／20分／25分／半。
• I've got to leave at twenty past or I'll miss that train. 过了20分我就得走，不然就赶不上火车了。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
be past it informal or humorous
■to be too old to do something 年纪太大了，（因年老而）精力不济
• Don't ask Andy to enter the race - he's past it! 别叫安迪参加赛跑了——他年纪太大了！
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
be past your sell-by date
■If someone is past their sell-by date, they are not wanted or useful any more because they are too old 因年龄太老而不再为人需要或显得有用（sell-by date 是“保质期”。如果说某人过了这个期限，则表示某人太老，不再有用，也不再为人所用）
• There's plenty of time to have a baby. I'm not past my sell-by date yet. 还有足够的时间生孩子。我还没有过“保质期”。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition adverb
not put it past sb (to do sth) informal
■to not be surprised if someone does something bad, because it is a typical thing for them to do 不奇怪某人会（做坏事）
• Perhaps Helena told him - I wouldn't put it past her. 可能是海伦娜告诉他的——我相信她做得出来。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] adjective
TIME BEFORE 以前
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■used to refer to a period of time before and until the present 过去的
• The average temperature worldwide has risen by about one degree Fahrenheit in the past 100 years. 在过去的100年内，全世界的平均气温已上升了大约华氏一度。
• I've been walking 3 miles a day for the past 30 years. 在过去的30年里我每天都步行三英哩。
• He was the fifth climber to die on these mountains over the past two days. 他是过去两天内第五个死在这些山上的登山客。
• In centuries/years past (= Many centuries/years ago) even visiting the next village was considered a long journey. 数个世纪／数年前，连到邻村去都被视为一次长途跋涉。
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■having happened or existed before now 刚过去的，以前的
• I know from past experience that you can't judge someone by their appearance. 我凭以往的经验知道不能以貌取人。
• The Prime Minister's family have been instructed not to discuss his past life with the press. 首相的家人被吩咐不要和媒体谈及他过去的生活。
 IMPROVER [after verb]
■finished 结束了的
• I'm feeling much better now that the cold weather is past. 冷天过去了，我现在感觉好多了。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] adjective
GRAMMAR 文法
[before noun]
■of the past tense 过去式的
• 'Must' doesn't have a past form. must 没有过去式
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] noun only singular
TIME BEFORE 以前
 ESSENTIAL
■the period before and until, but not including, the present time 过去
• Evolution can explain the past, but it can never predict the future. 进化能解释过去，但永远无法预知未来。
• In the past, this sort of work was all done by hand. 在过去，这种工作完全是人工完成的。
• By winning the 1500 metres, he joins some of the great names of the past. 赢得1500公尺比赛的冠军后，他已经能够与昔日的一些伟大运动员并驾齐驱。
a past
■a part of someone's life in which they did unacceptable or dishonest things （不光彩的）过去
• He's a man with a past. 他有一段不光彩的过去。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] noun only singular
GRAMMAR 文法
 IMPROVER
■the form of a verb used to describe actions, events or states that happened or existed before the present time （动词的）过去式
• The past of 'change' is 'changed'. change 的过去式是 changed。
UK [pɑ:st] US [pæst] preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■above a particular age or further than a particular point （年龄或程度）超过，超出
• She's past the age where she needs a babysitter. 她已经过了需要有人照顾的年纪。
• Do what you want, I'm past caring (= I don't care any longer). 你想做甚么就做甚么吧，我已经不在乎了。
n. 过去；往事
 - old days, foretime
adj. 过去的；结束的
 - ended, closing, ago, over, back
prep. 越过；晚于
 - beyond, over, behind
adv. 过；经过
 - by

Word: small
Front: small
[smɔ:l] (中高 203/168 -K5)
Vocabulary: small
(once / 14 pages)
1adjnadv 2adj 3n
Things that are small are little. Children, lower-case letters, lady bugs, and thumb tacks are all small.
This is a comparative word for things that are tiny. A size small shirt won't fit a big person. If you ask for a small favor, it had better not be a big deal. When someone makes you feel small, that's not a physical thing: it means they made you feel bad, like less of a person. A Yorkie is a small dog, but it's not small compared to a mouse. Everything is small (and large) compared to something else.
WORD FAMILY
small: smaller, smallest, smallish, smallness, smalls+/smallness: smallnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Use smaller plates and pay attention to color.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Bharambe admits that his digital drive is only like to reduce deaths by a small fraction.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
When you lose weight, your RMR should fall a small amount, as you are losing some muscle tissue.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: adj. 小的; 难为情的; 低级的，卑劣的; 细微的，微弱的
adv. 小小地; 卑鄙地
n. 细小部分，腰部; 琐碎东西; 身份低的人; 矮小的人
级别：smaller, smallest
分布：小的(59%)，少的(12%)，不重要的(8%)，小气的(5%)，小块地(4%)，小声地(3%)，年幼的(3%)，狭小部分(3%)，小地(3%)
→来自古英语 smael,小的，狭窄的，苗条的，来自 Proto-Germanic*smalaz,小的，来自 smal, 小的。引申诸相关比喻义。
a.小的;年幼的;不重要的;小规模(经营)的The tall man installed a small wallet on the wall.高个男子把一小钱包安放到墙上.
US [smɑ:l] adjective
LIMITED 有限的
 ESSENTIAL
■limited in size or amount when compared with what is typical or average 小的；少的；矮小的
• a small dog/house/car/country 小狗／房子／汽车／国
• I'd rather live in a small town than a big city. 我宁愿住在小城镇，也不住在大城市。
• Would you like a large or small cola with your burger? 你的汉堡包要配大可乐还是小可乐？
• Ella is the smallest girl in her class. 艾拉是她班上个头最小的女孩。
• That jacket's too small for you. 那件夹克你穿起来太小了。
• He's small for his age. 相对他的年龄来说，他个子小了些。
• Only a small number of applicants are successful. 只有一小部分人申请成功了。
• The number of women in parliament is pitifully (= extremely) small. 议会中女性的人数少得可怜。
• Liqueurs are usually drunk in small quantities. 利口酒通常都是小口小口地喝。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
YOUNG 年轻的
 IMPROVER
■describes a very young child that is older than a baby 年幼的，幼小的
• Looking after small children can be very tiring. 照顾幼儿会很累人。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
LIMITED ACTIVITY 有限的活动
 IMPROVER [before noun]
■limited in the amount of an activity 小规模的
• The government should give more help to small businessmen (= people whose businesses are of a limited size). 政府应该给予小企业主更多的帮助。
• Chris is quite a small eater so he won't want much. 克里斯食量很小，所以他不会要太多。
• If you can help us in a small way (= to a limited degree) it would be greatly appreciated. 如果您能帮我们一个小忙，我们将不胜感激。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
NOT IMPORTANT 不重要的
■not important or effective 不重要的，微不足道的
• Talking to her makes me feel small. 和她谈话让我感到自己很卑微。
• He's always trying to make me look small in front of my boss. 他总是想方设法让我在老板面前显得无足轻重。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
LETTER SIZE 字母的大小
[before noun]
■describes letters that are not capital letters （字母）小写的
• The poet e. e. cummings wrote his name with small letters, not capital letters. 诗人 e. e. cummings（卡明斯）用小写字母写自己的名字，而不用大写。
■UK
■A conservative with a small 'c' is someone who has traditional values, such as disliking change in society, rather than being a member or supporter of the Conservative Party. We can use this structure with other words to say something is more general or less extreme than the usual meaning 一般的，非极端的
• Management is all about politics with a small 'p'. 管理完全是一种权术手腕。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
grateful / thankful for small mercies
■If someone should be grateful/thankful for small mercies, they should be grateful for something although it is not as good as they would like 为情况还过得去表示庆幸
• We've only raised a quarter of the money we needed, but I suppose we must be thankful for small mercies. 我们只筹到了所需钱款的四分之一，但我认为这已经很不错了。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
It's a small world. saying
■said to show your surprise that people or events in different places are connected 这世界真小；真有这等巧事；无巧不成书
• So you know my old science teacher! Well, it's certainly a small world, isn't it? 原来你认识我以前的理科老师！嘿，这真是太巧了，不是吗？
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
a small fortune informal
■a large sum of money 一大笔钱
• You'll have to spend a small fortune in legal fees if you decide to sue for compensation. 如果你决定索赔，要支付一大笔法律费用。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adjective
small wonder
■used to mean that something is not surprising 毫不奇怪
• After five years with the company she hadn't been promoted - small wonder then that she decided to quit her job. 在那家公司工作了五年，她都没有获得升职——难怪她决定辞职。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] adverb
■in a small size 小，不大
• The instructions are printed so small I can hardly read them. 说明书的字体印刷得很小，我几乎看不清。
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] noun
UNDERWEAR 内衣
smalls [plural] UK old-fashioned informal
■underwear, especially when being washed or about to be washed （尤指正在洗或要洗的）内衣
• Have you got any smalls that need washing? 你有没有要洗的内衣？
UK [smɔ:l] US [smɑ:l] noun
BODY 身体
the small of your back
■the middle of the lower back 后腰部
• I have a pain in the small of my back. 我后腰痛。
minute, tiny, little, small, miniature
这组词都有“小的”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指小得难看见，有时需用显微镜才看得见。
tiny: 强调与同类或其他物体比较，小得超出正常比例，有时带强烈的感情色彩。
little: 指在体积、数量、距离、年龄、身材等方面比正常的小，多带主观感情色彩，含小而可爱或小巧的意味。
small: 多指数量、面积、体积、价值、数字或意义等的小或少，指略小于正常的大小。
miniature: 指由正常体积微缩的物体。
adj. 少的，小的；微弱的；几乎没有的；不重要的；幼小的
 - little, few, thin, chicken, baby
adv. 小小地；卑鄙地
 - basely, contemptibly
n. 小件物品；矮小的人
 - mannie, sparrow

Word: around
Front: around
[əˈraʊnd] (中高 264/397 -K5)
Vocabulary: around
(once / 21 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv 4adv 5adv
Use the adverb around to describe something that's on every side of you. When you're on a boat far out at sea, with no land in sight, there's water all around you.
Around means "surrounding," and it can also mean "the opposite direction," as when you tell someone to turn around. You can also scatter things around, or put them here and there, or all over the place. When you need to estimate an amount, you can say, "We have around five dollars left." The word around wasn't used much before the 15th century, and today many of its uses are purely American — British speakers would say about instead.
WORD FAMILY
around: arounds
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days Miss Cartwright spends some of her time doing sci-fi autograph conventions, where she meets fans from around the world.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
McDonald, a pending free agent, said “the attitude around here” needs to be more about winning.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There’s a lot of uncertainty around Duterte,” one of the officials said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 大约; 旋转; 到处，四处; 在周围
prep. 围绕; 在附近; 前后，左右; 在…周围
分布：围绕(38%)，到处(24%)，大约(13%)，在周围(11%)，转弯(3%)，符合(3%)，闲散地(3%)，掉头(2%)，存在的(1%)，在 ... 附近(1%)，在风行的(1%)
ad.在...周围,到处prep.在..四周(或附近)The boundary around the round ground separates us from the surroundings.围绕着圆形场地的边界将我们同四周隔开.
preposition adverb (mainly UK round)
IN THIS DIRECTION 在这个方向
 ESSENTIAL
■in a position or direction surrounding, or in a direction going along the edge of or from one part to another (of) 四处，周围；围绕，（环）绕；掉转
• We sat around the table. 我们围着桌子坐着。
• He put his arm around her. 他用胳膊搂着她。
• A crowd had gathered around the scene of the accident. 意外现场围了一群人。
• She had a woollen scarf around her neck. 她脖子上围了一条羊毛围巾。
• The moon goes around the Earth. 月亮围绕地球运行。
• I walked around the side of the building. 我从楼的一侧绕了过去。
• As the bus left, she turned around (= so that she was facing in the opposite direction) and waved goodbye to us. 公车开动时，她转过身来向我们挥手告别。
• He put the wheel on the right/wrong way around (= facing the right/wrong way). 他把轮子装对了／装反了。
• The children were dancing around the room. 孩子在房间里来回跳舞。
• I spent a year travelling around Africa and the Middle East. 我用了一年时间周游了非洲和中东各国。
• The museum's collection includes works of art from all around the world. 这个博物馆的馆藏包括来自世界各地的艺术品。
• She passed a plate of biscuits around (= from one person to another). 她端出一盘饼干让大家传着分享。
• This virus has been going around (= from one person to another). 这种病毒已经传播开来。
[ə'raʊnd] preposition adverb (mainly UK round)
IN THIS PLACE 在这个地方
 ESSENTIAL
■positioned or moving in or near a place, often without a clear direction, purpose or order （在…）附近，在（…）近处；到处，四处；随便
• He always leaves his clothes lying around (on the floor). 他总是随手把衣服（往地板上）一扔。
• She went into town and spent two hours just walking around. 她进了城后，花了两个小时四处闲逛。
• Let's take the children to the park so they can run around for a bit. 我们带孩子到公园去让他们到处跑跑吧。
• I used to live around (= near) here. 过去我就住在这一带。
• She's never around (= near here) when you need her. 你需要她的时候，她就不见踪影了。
• Will you be around next week? 你下周到这附近来吗？
• There's a lot of flu around (= a lot of people have it) at the moment. 现在这个地方流感肆虐。
• Mobile phones have been around (= existed) for quite a while. 手机问世已经有一段时间了。
[ə'raʊnd] adverb
APPROXIMATELY 大约
 ESSENTIAL
■about; approximately 大约，大概，左右
• around six feet tall 大约六英尺高
• around two months ago 大约两个月前
• around four o'clock 四点左右
• She earns around forty thousand a year. 她一年大约赚四万。
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
about, round, around
这组词都有“在周围、在附近”的意思，其区别是：
about: 既可表静态，也可表动态。
round: 主要用于英国，多半指动态。
around: 主要用于美国，静态或动态均可。
adv. 大约；到处；在附近
 - approximately, everywhere, throughout, something
prep. 四处；在…周围
 - round

Word: service
Front: service
[ˈsɜ:vɪs] (中高雅 263/160 -K5)
Vocabulary: service
(once / 34 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv 4nv 5n 6n 7n 8n 9n
If you perform duties that help someone else, you're providing a service. If you make dinner for your neighbor's children while she's in the hospital, you're doing a good service.
Service has many uses, all having to do with serving someone, or doing something for them. In a restaurant the waiter provides service, and if you do something nice for someone, you've done him a good service. If you're in someone's service that means you work for her. Service can also mean a verb meaning "to fix," like when the maintenance whiz services the photocopier, or the mechanic services your car. In church, a ceremony is also called a service.
WORD FAMILY
service: self-service, serviceable, serviced, services, servicing+/ serviceable: serviceability, serviceableness, serviceably, unserviceable
USAGE EXAMPLES
DirecTV Now is the latest online TV service to offer an alternative to cable or satellite packages that can easily cost about $100 a month.
Washington Times(Dec 01, 2016)
It would also clear the way for European industry to start building a second "service module" for America’s forthcoming crewship known as Orion.
BBC(Dec 01, 2016)
Residents pay taxes to Israel, but the camp is barely serviced.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 服务，服侍; 服务业; 维修服务; 服役
vt. 检修，维修; 向…提供服务; 保养; 满足需要
adj. 服务性的; 耐用的; 服现役的
时态：serviced, servicing, services
分布：服务(94%)，保养(2%)，服役(1%)，发球(1%)，提供服务(1%)，维护(1%)
→serve,服务，-ice,名词后缀。引申诸相关词义。
服务[serv=serve,keep表示"服务,保持"]
n.服务;公共设施;维修保养;行政部门v.维修The food was good but the service was poor.饭菜很好,但服务不行.
US ['sɝ:-] noun
PUBLIC NEED 公共
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a system or organization that provides for a basic public need 公共服务系统；公共事业
• the ambulance/health/postal/prison service 救护车服务／卫生系统／邮政系统／监狱系统
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the operation of a system 系统的运行
• There isn't any railway service on Sundays. 星期天火车不运行。
• We hope to be operating a normal service as soon as possible. 我们希望能尽快使服务保持正常运作。
services [plural] UK
■a place at the side of a large road at which fuel, food, drink and other things that people want on their journey are sold （干道旁的）服务站
• We stopped at the services to get petrol. 我们在服务站停下来加油。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
DEALING WITH CUSTOMER 与顾客打交道
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the act of dealing with a customer in a shop, resturant or hotel by taking their order, showing or selling them goods, etc. 接待；招待；服务
• The only trouble with this café is that the service is so slow. 这家咖啡馆唯一的缺点就是服务太慢。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■an amount of money charged for serving a customer in a restaurant, which is often paid directly to the waiter 服务费
• There is a 10% service charge included in the bill. 账单包括10%的服务费。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
WORK 工作
 IMPROVER countable
■a government department that is responsible for a particular area of activity 政府机构；公务部门
• the diplomatic service 外交部门
• the security services 安全部门
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■the time you spend working for an organization 服务时间；上班时间
• She was given the award for a lifetime of public service. 她一生为大众服务，因此获得奖励。
services [plural] formal
■the particular skills that someone has and can offer to others （可提供的）技术服务
• I may be needing the services of a surveyor soon, as I'm buying a house. 我不久可能需要一名房屋鉴定人，因为我想买房子。
in service
■in use 在服役；在使用中
• The battleship has been in service since 1965. 1965年以来，这艘战舰一直在服役。
be in service old-fashioned
■to be employed as a servant 当佣人，当仆人
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
ARMED FORCES 武装部队
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■(work in) the armed forces 服兵役；军队
• He joined the air force in 1964 and spent ten years in the service. 他1964年参加空军，服役十年。
• All men under thirty-five were told to report for military service within three days. 所有35岁以下的男子都被要求在三天内到部队报到。
• Service personnel are subject to the Official Secrets Act. 军事人员要遵守《国家保密法》。
the services [plural]
■the army, navy and/or air force 军队，部队
• a career in the services 军旅生涯
on active service
■fighting in a war 在战斗
• He was the first member of his regiment to die while on active service. 他是他们团第一个阵亡的人。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
RELIGIOUS CEREMONY 宗教仪式
 IMPROVER countable
■a formal religious ceremony 礼拜仪式；祈祷仪式
• A memorial service is being held on Sunday for victims of the bomb explosion. 星期天将为爆炸事件中的罹难者举行一个追悼仪式。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
ON TABLE 餐桌上
countable
■a set of objects such as plates, cups or other things that are used in providing and eating food 一套餐具
• a 24-piece dinner service 24件套的餐具
• a tea service 一套茶具
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
REPAIR 修理
countable mainly UK
■a check and repair of a vehicle or machine that is done after regular periods 检修（汽车或机器的定期检查和修理）
• She took the car in for a service yesterday. 她昨天把车送去检修了。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
be of service (to sb)
■to help someone 帮助（某人）；（为某人）帮忙
• "Thank you so much for that." "I'm glad to have been of service." “谢谢你帮了我的大忙”“很高兴能帮上你。”
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] noun
do sb a service formal
■to do something to help someone 帮助（某人）
• You've done me a great service - thank you. 你已经帮了我的大忙——太谢谢了。
UK ['sɜ:.vɪs] US ['sɝ:-] verb transitive
■to examine a machine and repair any damaged parts 检修；维修
• I'm taking the car in to have it serviced this afternoon. 我今天下午把车开来检修一下。
n. 服务，服侍；服役；仪式
 - ceremony, waiting
adj. 服务性的；耐用的；服现役的
 - durable, wearproof
vt. 维修， [计] 检修；保养
 - maintain, unkeep

Word: think
Front: think
[θɪŋk] (中高 56/64 -K5)
Vocabulary: think
(once / 4 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v
To think is to have an idea, belief, or thought about something. If you think that your parents are unusually strict, it means that you believe that to be true.
The verb think means to reason, consider, or mull over. If you think for a while before you decide whether or not to get in your friend's car, it means that you're contemplating the situation before you act. If you think that people shouldn't eat animals, it means that you hold that opinion. If you think up a new, delicious way to cook broccoli, it means that you've invented or conceived of a great cooking method.
WORD FAMILY
think: rethink, thinkable, thinker, thinking, thinks, thought +/ forethought: forethoughtful, forethoughts/forethoughtful: forethoughtfully, unforethoughtful/ rethink: rethinking, rethinks, rethought/thinkable: thinkably, unthinkable/ thinker: thinkers/thinking: thinkingly, thinkings, unthinking/ thought: forethought, thoughtful, thoughtless, thoughts, unthought/ thoughtful: thoughtfully, thoughtfulness, unthoughtful/ thoughtfulness: thoughtfulnesses/thoughtless: thoughtlessly, thoughtlessness/thoughtlessness: thoughtlessnesses/unthinkable: unthinkably/unthinking: unthinkingly/unthoughtful: unthoughtfully, unthoughtfulness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I thought it was just a bruise - a pretty good bruise,” White said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Some environmentalists are not too worried: they think economics may drive India's clean energy revolution.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
A San Francisco official says he thinks Lucas’ heart is in the Bay Area.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 想; 思索; 以为; 看待
vi. 思辩; 考虑; 构想; 回忆
adj. 深思的; 供思考的
n. 想; 想法
时态：thought, thinking, thinks
分布：认为(48%)，想(46%)，考虑(5%)，记起(1%)
→来自古英语 thencan,想象，来自 Proto-Germanic*thankjan,思考，来自 teng,思考，考虑， 可能进一步来自 ten,延伸，延长，词源同 extend,tentative.比喻用法，即展开想象的翅膀。
v.想,思索;认为,以为;想要;料想,预料Think carefully before you answer.仔细想一想然后再回答.
verb (thought, thought)
CONSIDER 考虑
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to believe something or have an opinion or idea 相信；觉得；思考
• [+ (that)] I think (that) I've met you before. 我觉得以前见过你。
• I don't think Emma will get the job. 我认为埃玛不会获得这份工作。
• "Do you think (that) you could get me some stamps while you're in town?" 你进城的时候帮我买些邮票好吗？
• [+ noun/adj] Salmon used to be thought expensive/thought a luxury. 鲑鱼一度被认为是昂贵的／是奢侈品。
• [+ to infinitive] He was thought to have boarded the plane in New York. 据认为，他已在纽约上了飞机。
• What did you think of the film? 你觉得这部电影怎么样？
• What do you think about this latest government scheme? 你觉得政府的这个最新计划怎么样？
• I think it is important to learn English. 我认为学英语很重要。
  Common Learner Errors  think If you use the verb 'to be' after think to talk about an opinion or idea that you have, remember to use the subject pronoun it. Don't say 'think is important/difficult/necessary etc', say think it is important/difficult/necessary etc :
✗ I think is very important to learn English. I think it is very important to learn English.
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
DECIDE 决定
 ESSENTIAL
■to use the brain to decide to do something 思考，考虑（动脑筋决定做某事）
• [+ of + -ing verb] I'm thinking of taking up running. 我在考虑开始跑步。
• [+ (that)] I think (that) I'll go swimming after lunch. 我想午饭后去游泳。
• I'm thinking about buying a new car. 我在考虑买辆新车。
  Common Learner Errors  thinkRemember: when talking about deciding to do something, think is usually followed by of/about and the -ing form. Don't say 'think to do something', say think about/of doing something :
✗ I'm thinking to have my hair cut short. I'm thinking about having my hair cut short.
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
REASON 思考
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to use the brain to plan something, solve a problem, understand a situation, etc 考虑，想，思索
• What are you thinking, Peter? 彼得，你在想甚么呢？
• He just does these things without thinking and he gets himself into such a mess. 他做这些没有经过仔细考虑，结果弄得一团糟。
• You think too much - that's your problem. 你想得太多——这是你的问题。
• I'm sorry I forgot to mention your name. I just wasn't thinking. 对不起，我忘了提你的名字。我真糊涂。
think long and hard (also think twice)
■to think very carefully about something 深思熟虑
• I should think long and hard before you make any important decisions. 在你作出重要决定之前，我得仔细想想。
think aloud UK (US think out loud)
■to automatically say what you are thinking 自言自语
• "What did you say?" "Oh, nothing, I was just thinking aloud." “你说甚么了？”“啊，没甚么，我只是在自言自语。”
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
REMEMBER 记得
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to remember or imagine 想起；设想
• I was just thinking about you when you phoned. 你来电时我正在想你。
• She was so busy she didn't think to tell me about it. 她实在是太忙了，没有想起要告诉我这件事。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
couldn't think
■did not know 想不出
• She couldn't think wh at to do next. 她想不出下一步该怎么办。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
I can't think
■I do not know 我弄不懂，我不知道
• I can't think why she hasn't phoned. 我不明白为甚么她没有打电话。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
I think not
■a formal way of disagreeing or saying no 我不这样认为；不
• "Will you be going tonight James?" "I think not." “詹姆斯，你今晚要走吗？”“我不走。”
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
I thought as much
■used to say that you are not surprised by what someone has said or done 我早就料到了
• "I came to ask you a favour." "I thought as much." “我来请你帮忙的。”“我早就料到了。”
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
not be thinking straight
■to not be thinking clearly or using good judgment 没想清楚，没好好动脑筋
• I'm sorry, that was a stupid thing to do - I wasn't thinking straight. 对不起，那样做太愚蠢了——我当时没有想好。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think again
■to form a new opinion about something or decide to change your decision on it, often after learning more about it 再想想，重新考虑
• When the children are misbehaving, it makes me think again about having a large family. 孩子淘气时，我就会重新考虑要不要拥有一个子女众多的大家庭。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think better of sth
■to decide that something is not a good idea 决定不做…，改变对…的主意
• Originally we were going to buy John's old car, but we thought better of it. 我们原计划买约翰的旧车，但后来觉得还是不买好。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think big
■to have plans to be very successful or powerful 立大志，雄心勃勃
• You need to think big if you want to succeed. 要想成功必须立大志。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think nothing of sth
■to consider that an activity is easy and not unusual 认为…容易，看轻
• When I was younger, I thought nothing of cycling 50 miles in a day. 年轻时，我觉得一天骑50英里自行车算不了甚么。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think on your feet
■to make a quick decision or give an answer quickly 思维敏捷
• I'd never heard about the firm before, so I had to think on my feet. 我以前从来没有听说过这家公司，只好临时随机应变。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
think outside the box
■to think imaginatively using new ideas instead of traditional or expected ideas 跳出传统的思维框框，以新的眼光看问题，独辟蹊径
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
to sb's way of thinking
■in a particular person's opinion （某人）个人看来
• To my way of thinking, the plan should never have been approved. 照我的想法，这个计划根本不该批准的。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
Who would have thought it?
■used to say that you are very surprised something has happened 谁会想得到呢？
• So, Adrian is going out with Emma, is he? Who would have thought it? 那么，阿德里安一直在与埃玛约会，是吗？真想不到！
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  think back
■to remember something that happened in the past 回想起，追忆
• It might help you to understand Elaine if you think back to when you were her age. 回想一下你在她这个年龄时的所作所为，可能会有助你理解伊莱恩。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] think for yourself
■to make your own decisions and form your own opinions, without depending on other people 独立思考
• It's no good asking me all the time, Anna - you're going to have to learn to think for yourself. 安娜，甚么事都问我对你没好处——你得学会自己拿主意。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] think of sth ADVANCED
■to produce a new idea or plan 想出；发明
• We'll have to think of a pretty good excuse for being late. 我们得想一个很好的迟到借口。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  think of sth/sb ADVANCED
■If you think of something or someone in a particular way, you have that opinion about them 认为，觉得
• I think of him as someone who will always help me. 我觉得他是一个随时会帮助我的人。
• What do you think of (= do you like) my new dress? 你觉得我的新衣服怎么样？
think highly/well/a lot, etc. of sb (also think the world of sb)
■to have a good opinion of someone or something 对（某人）评价高
• She thinks very highly of her boss. 她对她老板的评价很高。
not think much of sb/sth
■to have a low opinion of someone or something 对…评价低，不喜欢
• I don't think much of having to work on Saturdays. 我不情愿在星期六工作。
§/θɪŋk/ think 1 verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  think of/about sb/sth ESSENTIAL
■to remember or imagine someone or something 记起，想起；想像
• I thought of you immediately when they said they wanted someone who could speak English. 当他们说想找一个会说英语的人时，我马上想到了你。
• He was thinking about the time he spent in the army. 他回忆起在部队的那段时光。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] think sth out
■to consider all the possible details of something 仔细考虑，全面考虑
• The scheme was well thought out. 这个计划是经过仔细考虑的。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] think sth over ADVANCED
■to consider an idea or plan carefully before making a decision （作决定前）认真考虑
• I'll think it over and give you an answer next week. 我会认真考虑的，下周给你答覆。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] think sth through
■to carefully consider the possible results of doing something 认真考虑；想透
• I need some time to think it through - I don't want to make any sudden decisions. 我需要一些时间来考虑这件事——我不想匆忙作决定。
[θɪŋk] verb (thought, thought)
  Phrasal Verbs  think sth up
■to produce a new idea or plan 想出（新主意或新计划）
• I don't want to go tonight but I can't think up a good excuse. 我今晚不想去，但又想不出一个好的借口。
[θɪŋk] noun
have a think
■UK to consider something for some time 考虑，思索，思考
• Let me have a think about it before I decide. 在我作出决定前，先让我考虑考虑。
• Have a think over the weekend and tell me what you've decided. 周末先好好想想，再告诉我你的决定。
realize, fancy, think, imagine, conceive
这组词都有“在思想中形成一个看法或观念”的意思，其区别是：
realize: 指领悟，通过生动的构思或想象从而抓住事物的本质。
fancy: 与imagine略不同，往往指的是不切实际的，属于梦幻般的想象。
think: 最普通用词，指想或思索，也指由反复思考而作出判断或得出结论等。
imagine: 比conceive更强调形象思维，指在头脑中形成一个清晰明确的意象。
conceive: 指在头脑中组织好自己的思想，在心中形成一个系统的思想或一个见解。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
reckon, think, count, consider, deem, regard, believe
这组词都有“认为”的意思，其区别是：
reckon: 指对人或事作全面“权衡”，把各方面意见考虑进去后得出结论。
think: 普通用词，指按照自己的意见提出看法。
count: 指作出判断后而得出的看法等。
consider: 指经过考虑和观察后得出的结论。
deem: 正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考。
regard: 侧重凭外表或表面现象作判断。多强调观点。
believe: 通常指根据一定的证据，经思考后而认为属实。
vt. 想；认为；想起；想像；打算
 - like, imagine, expect, count, guess
vi. 想；认为
 - consider, ween
n. 想；想法
 - idea, idee
adj. 思想的
 - ideological, ideaistic

Word: book
Front: book
[bʊk] (中高雅 241/235 -K5)
Vocabulary: book
(once / 31 pages)
1n 2nv 3n
For a lot of kids, "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" was their first experience of really falling in love with a book, or a collection of printed words or illustrations bound together.
Book is a widely-known word with a whole lot of less well-known meanings. The noun book can refer to a bunch of pages bound together, as in a book you read, but also a book of tickets or stamps, a section of a larger work of literature (like a book of the Bible), or the written script of a stage play. Book can also be a verb meaning "to record information about a criminal suspect" or "to reserve," which you could use to say, "Let's book a room at the nicest hotel in Maui this winter."
WORD FAMILY
book: bookable, booked, booker, booking, bookish, booklet, books+/booked: unbooked/booker: bookers/booking: bookings/ bookish: bookishly, bookishness/booklet: booklets
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brad Kaaya rewrote the Miami record book in three years, and is off to a bigger challenge.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I expected the fare and change fees to end up around the cost of a whole new booking,” Ryan said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In an upcoming book, “Furious George,” Karl eviscerates seemingly everyone in the league.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 书; 卷; 课本; 账簿
vt. & vi. 预订
vt. 登记; （向旅馆、饭店、戏院等）预约; 立案（控告某人）; 订立演出契约
adj. 书的; 账簿上的; 得之（或来自）书本的; 按照（或依据）书本的
时态：booked, booking, books
分布：书(87%)，预订(11%)，本子(1%)，记录在案(1%)
→词源同beech, 榉树。造纸术发明之前榉树树皮常用做书写工具。
n.书,书籍vt.订(票,座位,房间等),预定She has written several books on management.她已经写了好几部管理方面的书了.
noun
TEXT 文本
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a set of pages that have been fastened together inside a cover to be read or written in 书，书本，书籍
• I took a book with me to read on the train. 我随身带了本书在火车上看。
• She wrote a book on car maintenance. 她写了一本关于汽车保养的书。
countable
■one of the parts into which a very long book, such as the Bible , is divided （《圣经》等长篇作品的）卷，篇，部
• the book of Job 《约伯记》
countable
■a number of one type of thing fastened together flat inside a cover 本子，簿册；（装订成册的）票据簿
• a book of stamps/tickets/matches 一封邮票／一本票据／（西式包装法的）一纸板火柴
[bʊk] noun
MONEY RECORD 帐册
books [plural]
■the written records of money that a business has spent or received （公司、商行的）帐册，帐簿
• At the end of the year, the accountant goes over (= checks) the books. 年终时会计要覆核公司的帐册。
• Running a school is much more of a business than it used to be, - by law we have to balance our books. 与以前相比现在管理一所学校更像是在经营一家企业——从法律上讲我们必须保证收支平衡。
only singular
■when a bookmaker accepts and pays out sums of money which are risked on a particular result 赌局；打赌
• They've already opened/started a book on the result of the next World Cup. 他们已经就下届世界杯赛的结果开设了赌局。
[bʊk] noun
be in sb's good/bad books
■If you are in someone's good/bad books, they are pleased/not pleased with you 为（某人）所喜欢／厌恶
• He's in Melanie's bad books because he arrived 2 hours late. 他迟到了两小时，梅拉妮对他很恼火。
• I cleaned the bathroom yesterday so I'm in Mum's good books. 我昨天打扫了洗手间，所以妈妈现在对我很满意。
[bʊk] noun
be on the books
■to be employed by a company, or (pay to) belong to a organization, society, sports team, etc. 在（公司、组织、社团、运动队等的）名册上；受雇；属于
• There are 256 people on the books at the cement works. 水泥厂的在册员工有256人。
• The nursery has 30 babies on the books and 13 on the waiting list. 托儿所的名册上有30个婴儿，等候入托的名单上还有13个。
[bʊk] noun
go by the book/do sth by the book
■to do something exactly as the rules tell you 严格按照规矩办事
• My lawyer always goes strictly by the book. 我的律师一贯严守规矩办事。
• This is a private deal - we don't have to do everything by the book. 这是笔私下的交易——我们没必要做甚么都循规蹈矩。
[bʊk] noun
in my book
■in my opinion 以我的看法
• She's never lied to me, and in my book that counts for a lot. 她从没跟我撒过谎，在我看来这非常重要。
[bʊk] verb
ARRANGE 安排
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to arrange to have a seat, room, performer, etc. at a particular time in the future 预订；预约
• [+ two objects] I've booked us two tickets to see 'Carmen'/I've booked two tickets for us to see 'Carmen'. 我已经为我们订了两张歌剧《卡门》的票。
• She'd booked a table for four at their favourite restaurant. 她已在他们最喜欢的餐厅预订了四人桌。
• Will booked a seat on the evening flight to Edinburgh. 威尔预订了飞往爱丁堡的夜班客机的座位。
• We were advised to book early if we wanted to get a room. 有人建议我们若想有房间住就早点预订。
• They booked a jazz band for their wedding. 他们为婚礼预约了一个爵士乐队。
• The hotel/restaurant/theatre is fully booked (up) (= all the rooms/tables/tickets have been taken). 旅馆／餐厅／剧院已预订满了。
• I'd like to go but I'm afraid I'm booked up (= I have arranged to do other things) until the weekend. 我很想去，但恐怕我周末之前的时间已排满了。
[bʊk] verb
MAKE A RECORD 记录
transitive
■If a police officer, referee , etc. books someone, they write down their name in an official record because they have done something wrong （警方）将…记录在案；（裁判）记名警告
• A player in a football match who is booked twice in a game is sent off the field. 一场足球比赛中球员若受到两次警告就会被罚下场。
• My grandmother was booked for speeding last week. 我祖母上周因超速驾驶被警方记录在案。
[bʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  book in/book into somewhere UK
■to say that you have arrived and sign an official book when you get to a hotel 登记入住（饭店）
• After booking into our hotel, we went straight down to the beach. 登记入住饭店后我们就直接去了海滩。
• As soon as she arrived in Tokyo, she booked in at her hotel. 她一到东京就登记入住了饭店。
[bʊk] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  book sb in/book sb into sth mainly UK
■to arrange for someone to stay at a hotel 安排（某人）入住（旅馆）
• They've booked us into the hotel in the main square. 他们已经安排我们入住主广场的饭店。
• I've booked you in at the Savoy. 我已经安排你入住萨伏伊旅馆。
order, book
order: 货物，菜，衣等
book: 票，座，房间等；
n. 书籍；卷；帐簿；名册；工作簿
 - volume, roll
vt. 预订；登记
 - register, make reservation

Word: financial
Front: financial
[faɪˈnænʃl] (研四六托雅 827/602 -K5)
Vocabulary: financial
(once / 95 pages)
adj
If you are short on cash, you might say you have a financial problem. Talking about finances is a polite and formal way to refer to money.
The similarity between the words financial and finish is no accident. Both come from the Old French word fine, which was generally used to mean "end" or "finish" and more specifically to mean "end a debt." If you pay a fine, you end the debt you owe society for, say, spitting your gum on the sidewalk, or failing to clean up after your dog.
WORD FAMILY
financial: financially, nonfinancial+/ finance: financed, finances, financial, financier, financing, refinance / financier: financiering, financiers/ financing: financings/ refinance: refinanced, refinances, refinancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Democrats said repeal would also cause financial problems for Uncle Sam.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
It sought higher payment rates or other financial protections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If you’re not fluent in financial matters, try to spend 15 minutes a day reading articles on personal savings.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 财政的; 财务的; 金融的; 有钱的
分布：财政的(56%)，金融的(44%)
a.财政的,金融的I finally find that the financial findings are binding.我终于发现财经调查结果具有约束力.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to money or how money is managed 财务的；财政的；金融的
• financial difficulties/success 财政困难／经济上的成功
• a financial adviser 财务顾问
• financial affairs 金融事务
financial, econmic, economy, economical
这组词都有“经济的”的意思，其区别是：
financial: 指“财务的，金钱的，财政的，财力的”。
econmic: 指与political“政治的”相对而言的“经济的”。
economy: 在名词前作形容词用，相当于economical，表“节约的”或“经济实惠的”。
economical: 指与“节约”同义的“经济”，含“节约，不浪费”之意。
adj. 金融的；财政的，财务的
 - monetary, fiscal

Word: deal
Front: deal
[di:l] (中高研四六托 674/595 -K3)
Vocabulary: deal
(once / 26 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n 5n
"Let's make a deal," a friend might say to you. That means he wants to make an agreement on something. If you pay for the gas, for example, he'll pay for the food. What a deal!
Ready to deal with all the meanings of the word deal?! You can deal a deck of cards. You can make a business deal. You can strike a deal. You can try to deal with an unfortunate situation. You can score a deal in the bargain basement. Deal comes from the Old English dǣlan, meaning "divide" and "participate."
WORD FAMILY
deal: dealed, dealer, dealing, deals, dealt, misdeal+/dealer: dealers, dealership/dealership: dealerships/dealing: dealings/misdeal: misdealing, misdeals, misdealt
USAGE EXAMPLES
Under most antitrust analysis, such a deal would be dead on arrival.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I do think it would be problematic if part of the deal was changed and not the whole deal,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Jackson wanted to watch more game film on Griffin, who signed a two-year deal in March.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. [牌戏]分; 分配; 经营; 施予
n. （一笔）交易; 许多; 待遇; 发牌
vi. 论述; （有效地或成功地）处理; 惩处; 交易
adj. 冷杉木制的，松木制的
时态：dealt, dealing, deals
分布：交易(44%)，处理(40%)，应付(7%)，大量(4%)，经营(3%)，协定(1%)，分配(1%)
→来自dail, 分配，词源同time, demotic. 引申义发牌，交易，经营。
v.处理;做买卖,经营;分配;对待n.交易The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
noun
AGREEMENT 协议
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an agreement or an arrangement, especially in business （尤指商业上的）协议，交易
• a business deal 商业交易
• The unions and management have made a two-year pay and productivity deal. 工会和管理层签订了一份为期两年的工资与生产效率协议。
• I'll make/do a deal with you - you wash the car and I'll let you use it tonight. 我和你做个交易吧——你把车洗了，今晚就让你用。
• She got a good deal (= paid a low price) on her new house. 她买新房子时捡了个大便宜。
• Is industry getting a raw/rough deal from (= being unfairly/badly treated by) the EU? 生产制造业是否正受到欧盟的不公平／恶劣待遇？
[dɪəl] noun
AMOUNT 数量
a good/great deal
 IMPROVER
■a large amount; much 大量；很多
• She spends a good deal of her time in Glasgow. 她通常住在格拉斯哥。
• A great deal of effort has gone into making the software reliable. 已投入大量精力去提高该软体的稳定性。
• They still need a great deal more money to finish the project. 他们仍然需要更多的资金才能完成那个企划案。
[dɪəl] noun
SHARING OUT 分出
countable
■when someone deals (= shares out) , especially playing cards 分出；分发；（尤指）分牌，发牌
• It's your deal (= turn to deal). 到你发牌了。
[dɪəl] verb intransitive or transitive (dealt, dealt)
DO BUSINESS 做生意
 ADVANCED
■to do business 做生意，出售；经营；买卖
• We only deal with companies which have a good credit record. 我们只与信誉良好的公司做生意。
• slang How long had she been dealing (= selling drugs) before she was arrested? 她被捕前贩毒多久了？
• slang He was suspected of dealing (= selling) cocaine. 他涉嫌贩卖古柯碱。
[dɪəl] verb intransitive or transitive (dealt, dealt)
SHARE OUT 分出
■to give or share out something, especially playing cards 分出；分发；（尤指）分牌，发牌
• Whose turn is it to deal? 该谁发牌了？
• Would you like to deal (out) the cards? 你想发牌吗？
• [+ two objects] Deal them five cards each./Deal five cards to each of them. 给他们每人发五张牌。
• We have only a small amount of food and clothing to deal out to each refugee. 我们只能给每个难民分发少量的食物和衣服。
deal a blow to sb/sth (also deal sb/sth a blow)
■to cause someone or something, usually a plan or hope, to fail or to be affected very badly 使（计划或希望）破灭；使受挫，使失败
• The latest trade figures have dealt a severe blow to hopes of an early economic recovery. 最新的贸易数据彻底粉碎了经济早日复苏的希望。
[dɪəl] verb intransitive or transitive (dealt, dealt)
  Phrasal Verbs  deal in sth
■to buy and sell particular goods as a business 经营，经销；买卖
• They mainly deal in rare books. 他们主要经营珍本图书。
[dɪəl] verb intransitive or transitive (dealt, dealt)
  Phrasal Verbs  deal with sb ADVANCED
■to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your job （尤指工作上）与（某人）打交道，对付
• She's used to dealing with difficult customers. 她已经习惯了与难缠的顾客打交道。
[dɪəl] verb intransitive or transitive (dealt, dealt)
  Phrasal Verbs  deal with sth
TAKE ACTION
 IMPROVER
■to take action in order to achieve something or in order to solve a problem 处理，动手解决
• How do you intend to deal with this problem? 你想怎样解决这个问题？
• General enquiries are dealt with by our head office. 普通的咨询由我们总部来处理。
BE ABOUT
■to be about or be on the subject of something 关于，涉及；论述
• Her new film deals with the relationship between a woman and her sick daughter. 她的新电影讲述的是一个女人与她患病女儿之间发生的故事。
• The author has tried to deal with (= write about) a very difficult subject. 作者试图论述一个难度非常高的主题。
deal, trade, bargain, commerce, business
这组词都有“贸易，交易”的意思，其区别是：
deal: 口语用词，指买卖双方经过交涉达成协议成交。
trade: 普通用词，含义广。既可指某种具体的商业又可指广泛的贸易。
bargain: 多指买卖双方通过谈判、协商就商品质量、数量、价格等项达成协议所成的生意。
commerce: 多指大规模的买卖或易货关系。
business: 指包括售货、购货、换货在内的综合商业活动，方式可以是批发或零售。
vt. 处理；给予；分配；发牌
 - afford, allow, extend, deliver, part
vi. 处理；讨论；对待；做生意
 - manage, debate, cope with
n. [贸易] 交易；（美）政策；待遇；份量
 - policy, business, trade, truck

Word: show
Front: show
[ʃəʊ] (中高 177/147 -K5)
Vocabulary: show
(once / 11 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v
Remember show and tell? To show something is to display something, to share it, or to put on a little show about it.
Show is a word with many meanings, but they're closely related. There are TV and radio shows, and a play is also a show. In those cases, shows are types of entertainment. You can also say, "Let me show you something." You can show by pointing at something, but showing can also mean proving something. A lawyer needs to show why his client is innocent. People who can't stop showing things are called show-offs.
WORD FAMILY
show: foreshow, showed, showing, shown, shows, showy+/foreshow: foreshowed, foreshowing, foreshown, foreshows/showing: showings/showy: showier, showiest, showily, showiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The video broadcast on Turkish television Tuesday shows the alleged gunman filming himself at Taksim square.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A preliminary investigation shows two Fairfax men were traveling in a truck with a lowboy flatbed trailer attached.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
And that pointed up the truth that “The Apprentice” never really was Mr. Trump’s show.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 给…看; 表现出; 显露出; 上演
vt. 说明; 指示; 表明; 演示
n. 展览; 显示; 外观; 表演
vi. 被人看见，显现，显而易见
时态：showed, shown, showing, shows
分布：表演(30%)，显示(26%)，展示(8%)，展览(8%)，表现(7%)，表示(6%)，证明(5%)，显现(3%)，出现(3%)，指示(3%)，样子(1%)
→来自古英语 sceawian,看，注视，检查，来自 Proto-Germanic*skau,看，注视，来自 skeue, 注视，注意，词源同 scavenge,caveat,caution.后词义由看别人反转为给别人看，即出示，展 示，引申诸相关词义。
n.节目,表演v.上演(戏剧等),放映(电影)In Hollywood many TV shows are made.好莱坞制作许多电视节目.
US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
MAKE SEEN 使被看见
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to make it possible for something to be seen 给…看；出示；显示
• [+ two objects] I must show you this new book I've just bought. 我一定要给你看看我刚买的这本新书。
• On this map, urban areas are shown in grey. 在这张地图上，城区用灰色表示。
• You ought to show that rash to your doctor. 你应该让医生看看那些疹子。
• [+ obj + question word] Why won't you show me wh at you've got in your hand? 为甚么不让我看你手里的东西?
• [+ obj + -ing verb] The secretly filmed video shows the prince and princess kissing. 秘密拍摄的影带中出现了王子和王妃接吻的画面。
• These photographs show the effects of the chemical on the trees. 这些照片显示了这种化学品对树木的影响。
• He began to show signs of recovery. 他开始出现了好转的迹象。
• "I've got a Victorian gold coin here." "Have you? Show me (= Allow me to see it)." “我这里有一枚维多利亚时代金币。” “真的吗？让我看看。”
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
RECORD 记录
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to record or express a number or measurement 记录，显示（数字或测量值）
• The right-hand dial shows the temperature, and the left-hand one shows the air pressure. 右面的刻度显示温度，左面的刻度显示气压。
• The company showed a loss of £2 million last year. 该公司去年亏损了200万英镑。
• The latest crime figures show a sharp rise in burglaries. 最新的犯罪资料表示，破门盗窃案急遽增加。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
EXPLAIN 解释
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to explain something to someone, by doing it or by giving instructions or examples （透过演示、示范）解释，说明
• [+ question word] Can you show me how to set the video recorder? 你能教我如何设置录影机吗?
• This dictionary contains many examples that show how words are actually used. 这本词典包括许多说明单词实际用法的例子。
• Could you show me the way to the bus station? 你能告诉我去公车站怎么走吗？
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
PROVE 证明
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to prove something or make the truth or existence of something known 证明；表明
• [R] She has shown herself (to be) a highly competent manager. 她已经证明了自己是一个非常有能力的管理者。
• His diaries show him to have been an extremely insecure person. 他的日记显示他一直是一个极不自信的人。
• [+ (that)] The diaries show (that) he was very insecure. 日记显示他曾经极度没有自信。
• Show me (that) I can trust you. 证明给我看，让我可以相信你。
• [+ question word] Our research has shown (us) how little we know about this disease. 我们的研究显示，我们对这种疾病知之甚少。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
EXPRESS 表达
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to express ideas or feelings using actions or words 表达；表现
• He finds it difficult to show affection. 他发现表达爱意很难。
• She showed enormous courage when she rescued him from the fire. 她把他从火里救出来时，表现出了极大的勇气。
• [+ two objects] You should show your parents more respect/show more respect to your parents. 你应该对你的父母更尊重一些。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
NOTICEABLE 显著的
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to be easy to see or notice 显眼；容易看到（或注意到）
• "Oh no, I've spilt red wine on my jacket!" "Don't worry, it doesn't show." “啊，糟了，我把葡萄酒洒到夹克上了！”“没事，看不出来。”
• Whatever she's thinking, she never lets it show. 不管她在想甚么，她从不表现出来。
• I've painted over the graffiti twice, but it still shows through. 我已把这些涂鸦粉刷过两遍了，可是仍然看得出来。
• The drug does not show up in blood tests because it is effective in very small quantities. 血液检验不会发现这些药物，因为只需极小的剂量它就能发挥作用。
• When we moved in, the house hadn't been decorated for twenty years, and it showed. 我们搬进去时，那房子已有20年没有装修了，这看得出来。
⇒ See also show up
show your age
■to look as old as you really are 显出老态；显出真实年龄
• Recently, he's really starting to show his age. 最近，他真的开始显出老态了。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
PUBLIC EVENT 公共活动
transitive
■to make an artist's work available for the public to see 展出，展览，陈列（艺术作品）
• Our aim is to make it easier for young unknown artists to show their work. 我们的目的是方便不知名的年轻艺术家展出他们的作品。
intransitive or transitive
■If a cinema or a television station shows a film or programme, or if a film or programme is showing somewhere, you can see it there 放映；播出；演出
• It's the first time this film has been shown on British television. 这是该电影首次在英国电视上播出。
• Now showing at a cinema near you! 各大影院正在上映！
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
ARRIVE 到达
intransitive mainly US
■to show up (ARRIVE) 到达；露面
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
LEAD 引导
transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to take someone somewhere by going there with them 给…带路，带领
• Could you show Dr Sanchez into the living room? 你能带桑切斯博士去起居室吗?
• The waiter showed us to our table. 服务员带我们到餐桌前。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
FAIL TO HIDE 未能隐藏
transitive
■to fail to hide, or to make it possible to see or know something that is not intended to be seen or known 露出，显露
• Your shirt's so thin that it shows your bra. 你的衬衫太薄，里面的胸罩都透出来了。
• Light-coloured carpets show the dirt. 浅色地毯不耐脏。
• [+ question word] His failure in the exams shows (up) just how bad his teachers are. 他考试没过关，这正好显示他的老师们有多么糟糕。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
MAKE UNDERSTAND 使明白
transitive + object + question word
■to make someone understand something by directing their attention to it 指明；指出
• Can you show me wh ere it hurts? 你能指给我看哪里痛吗?
• Show me wh ich one you want. 指给我看你想要哪一个。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
have something/nothing to show for sth
■If you have something/nothing to show for your work or effort, you have/have not won any advantage from it 从…中受益／一无所获
• I worked for two weeks, and fifty pounds was all I had to show for it. 我工作了两星期，所得到的酬劳只有50英镑。
• I've been trying to write this essay all day and I've got nothing to show for it. 我一整天都在努力写这篇文章，可是没甚么进展。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
show your face
■to appear somewhere when you are not expected to because you have done something bad 露面，出现，现身
• How dare you show your face in here after saying all those dreadful things! 说了那么些难听的话之后，你竟然还敢在这里出现！
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
show your hand
■to allow people to know about intentions that you had previously kept secret 摊牌；表明自己的意图
• Keep the names of the team secret - don't show your hand until the day of the match. 球队的名称要保密——比赛那天再宣布。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
show sb the door
■to make it obvious that you do not want someone to be present and that they should leave 赶走某人；请某人离开；给某人下逐客令
• When I told my bank manager that I wanted to borrow £100 000, she showed me the door. 我告诉银行经理我想借十万英镑时，她直接叫我走人。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
show (sb) the way
■to do something original which others are likely to copy （为某人）指明方向；（为某人）树立榜样
• Sweden has shown the way forward on energy efficiency. 瑞典在提高能源效率方面是典范。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
that will show sb informal
■said of an action which you intend as a punishment for someone who has done something wrong （某人）等着瞧
• The next time she's late home, I'll throw her dinner away. That'll show her! 下一次她再晚回家的话，我会把她的晚餐扔掉。她就等着瞧吧！
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  show off
 ADVANCED show 1 * to behave in a way which is intended to attract attention or admiration, and which other people often find annoying
炫耀，卖弄
• She only bought that sports car to show off and prove she could afford one. 她买那辆跑车只是为了炫耀她买得起。
• He's always showing off to his classmates. 他老是在同学面前炫耀。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] show sth/sb off
■to show something or someone you are proud of to other people, so that they will admire them 炫耀；夸耀
• She likes to wear short skirts to show off her legs. 她喜欢穿短裙以炫耀她的双腿。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] show sb out
■to go to the door of the building with someone who does not live or work there, when they are leaving 送（客人）出门
• If you'd like to come this way, I'll show you out. 请往这边走，我送您出去。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] show yourself out
■to leave a building in which you do not live or work, without anyone going to the door with you 自己离开
• Don't get up - I'll show myself out. 不用起来——我自己走。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  show sb over sth UK
■to lead someone around a place that they are visiting in a formal or official way, while telling them about it 带（某人）参观，带（某人）看；带（某人）察看
• After lunch the VIPs will be shown over the new Arts Centre. 午餐后，将会带贵宾们参观新艺术中心。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  show sb round/around (sth)
■to go with someone to all parts, or the main parts, of a place that they have not visited before, so that they can see what it is like or learn about it 带（某人）参观
• Let me know when you're coming to Cambridge and I'll show you around. 你来剑桥时请通知我，我会带你四处参观一下。
• A guide showed us round the exhibition. 一位导游带我们参观了展览。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  show up (mainly US show) informal ADVANCED
■to arrive somewhere in order to join a group of people, especially late or unexpectedly （尤指迟些时候或出其不意地）到达，露面
• I invited him for eight o'clock, but he didn't show up until nine-thirty. 我请他八点钟来，但是他直到九点半才露面。
• We were expecting thirty people to come, but half of them never showed up. 我们以为会来30人，但有一半人根本没露面。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] verb (showed, shown)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] show sb up
■to behave in a way which makes someone you are with feel ashamed or embarrassed 使（某人）难堪，使（某人）尴尬
• I wish you wouldn't show me up in front of my parents by getting so drunk. 我希望你不要醉成这样，让我在我父母面前难堪。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
ENTERTAINMENT 娱乐
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a theatrical performance or a television or radio programme which is entertaining rather than serious 演出；节目
• a radio/television/stage show 电台节目／电视节目／舞台演出
• a quiz/game show 益智竞赛／游戏节目
• Why don't we go to London on Saturday and see a show? 我们星期六为甚么不去伦敦看场演出呢？
• We had to raise £60 000 to stage the show. 我们得筹措六万英镑来上演该剧。
• We had a puppet show for Jamie's birthday party. 我们在杰米的生日派对上看了一场木偶戏。
⇒ See also roadshow
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
PUBLIC EVENT 公共活动
 IMPROVER countable
■an event at which a group of related things are available for the public to look at 展出，展览
• a fashion/flower show 时装／花卉展
• There were some amazing new cars at the motor show. 车展上展出了一些令人惊叹的新车型。
• They put on a retrospective show of his work at the National Museum of American Art. 他们在美国国家艺术博物馆为他举行了一次作品回顾展。
⇒ See also airshow;peepshow;roadshow;showjumping;sideshow
on show
■Something that is on show has been made available for the public to look at 在展出
• Her sculptures will be on show at the museum until the end of the month. 她的雕塑作品将会在博物馆中展览至月底。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
EXPRESSION 表达
countable
■when you express a particular idea or feeling to others 表达；表现；显示
• In an unexpected show of solidarity, the management and workers have joined forces to campaign against the closure of the factory. 管理阶层和工人们出人意料地团结一致，共同反对关闭工厂。
• Over 100 military vehicles paraded through the capital in a show of strength. 100多辆军车列队驶过首都以展示实力。
a good/poor, etc. show
■an activity or piece of work which appears to be done with great, little, etc. effort 良好／不好等的表现
• She may not have won, but she certainly put up a good show. 尽管她没有获胜，但她的确表现不俗。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
FALSE APPEARANCE 假像
countable
■an appearance of something which is not really sincere or real 装出的样子；假像
• Despite its public show of unity, the royal family had its share of disagreements just like any other. 尽管在大众面前表现得很团结，实际上王室和其他家庭一样也存在着分歧。
• They put on a show of being interested, but I don't think they really were. 他们假装很感兴趣，但我认为其实并非如此。
for show
■Something that is for show has no practical value and is used only to improve the appearance of something else 装装门面；作为摆设
• Do the lights on this cassette deck have any useful function or are they just/only for show? 这台卡带式答录机上的灯是有甚么实际用处呢，还是仅仅作为装饰？
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
ACTIVITY 活动
uncountable informal
■an activity, business or organization, considered in relation to who is managing it 活动；事务；机构
• Who will run the show when Meg retires? 梅格退休后谁来负责此事？
• The wedding is their show - let them do it their way. 婚礼是他们的事——让他们按自己的方式办吧。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
get the/this show on the road informal
■to begin an activity that has been planned 开始行动，开始着手；出发
• Come on, let's get this show on the road or we'll be late. 快一点，我们赶快出发吧，否则就来不及了。
UK [ʃəʊ] US [ʃoʊ] noun
The show must go on. saying
■said to encourage someone to continue with what they are doing, even if they are experiencing difficulties 戏还得照演；事情还得继续做下去
appear, show, emerge, loom
这组词都有“出现”的意思，其区别是：
appear: 强调公开露面，被看见。
show: 语气较强，强调“露出来”。
emerge: 侧重缓缓出现的过程。
loom: 指朦胧出现，好像从雾中浮现出来一样。
exposition, display, show, exhibition, fair, exhibit
这组词都有“展览”的意思，其区别是：
exposition: 多指大型博览会或国际博览会。
display: 指展销会，商店橱窗或柜台上的陈列品。
show: 指艺术品、农产品、工业品或商品等的任何形式的公开展览。
exhibition: 一般指较正规的展览会。
fair: 侧重指为促销商品而举办的展览会或商品交易会。
exhibit: 多指个人或团体陈列的展览品，规模可大可小。
demonstrate, manifest, display, show, exhibit
这组词都有“显示、显露、展现”的意思，其区别是：
demonstrate: 指明显地表露感情。也指用实例、实验推理等手段表演证明，或论证某一问题。
manifest: 书面正式用词，指明确地表明。
display: 多指将某物陈列在显眼之处以便让发现其优点，侧重有意识地显示。
show: 最普通用词，泛指任何有意或无意地把东西给别人看的行为。
exhibit: 指公开或正式地展示，以便引人注目或让人检查。
vt. 显示；说明；演出；展出
 - reveal, make clear, prove, say
vi. 显示；说明；指示
 - make clear, to display
n. 显示；表演；炫耀
 - exhibition, display, performance, manifestation

Word: growth
Front: growth
[grəʊθ] (高研四六雅 787/770 -K4)
Vocabulary: growth
(once / 75 pages)
n
The noun growth is the process of something becoming bigger. If you mentioned the growth of your family, you might mean that babies were born or people got married, increasing your family's size.
Growth is an increase in physical size, like the growth of a sapling into a mature tree. There are other kinds of growth, like your sister's personal growth since she started to meditate every day. Growth can also mean something that has grown, like a growth of stubble on your dad's face or a cancerous growth that needs to be removed surgically. The Old English root word is growan, "to grow or flourish."
WORD FAMILY
growth: growths, ingrowth, overgrowth, undergrowth +/grow: grew, grower, growing, grows, growth, overgrow, regrow, undergrow/grower: growers/growing: growingly, growings, ingrowing/ingrowth: ingrowths/overgrow: overgrew, overgrowed, overgrowing, overgrows/overgrowth: overgrowths/ regrow: regrowing, regrows/undergrow: undergrowed/ undergrowth: undergrowths
USAGE EXAMPLES
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the country is now facing the limits of that model amid slowing growth, toxic pollution and the shift of manufacturing work to less-developed nations.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
A good therapist will find a way to frame the issue as a source of potential growth.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 生长; 增长; 一茬植株; 肿块，肿瘤
分布：生长(60%)，发展(37%)，种植(3%)
成长(grow成长)[-th表名词,通常指抽象名词]
n.生长,增长,发展Calcium is good to the growth of your bones.钙有助于你的骨骼生长.
US [groʊθ] noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■The growth of a person, animal or plant is its process of increasing in size 成长；生长；发育
• A balanced diet is essential for healthy growth. 营养均衡的饮食对于健康发育是不可或缺的。
• Plant growth is most noticeable in spring and early summer. 在春天和初夏之时， 植物的生长最为明显。
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■an increase in the size or the importance of something 增多；增强；增长；增大
• The government is trying to limit population growth. 政府正在努力控制人口增长。
• The rapid growth of opposition to the plan has surprised the council. 反对这一计划的势力突然激增，让政务委员会惊诧不已。
• Electronic publishing is a growth area (= an area of activity that is increasing in size and developing quickly). 电子出版业是一个正在发展壮大的产业。
countable
■a lump (= solid mass) growing on the outside or inside of a person, animal or plant which is caused by a disease （疾病引起的体内或体外的）肿块，肿瘤，赘生物
• a cancerous growth on the liver 肝脏上的恶性肿瘤
countable or uncountable
■something which has grown 生长物；长成物；产物
• Graham came back from holiday with a week's growth of beard on his chin. 格拉汉姆渡假回来了，下巴上的胡子一星期都没有刮。
n. 增长；发展； [生理] 生长；种植
 - development, making, advance, increase, progress

Word: old
Front: old
[əʊld] (中高 152/126 -K5)
Vocabulary: old
(once / 8 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Use the adjective old to describe someone who's been alive for a long time. When you're 30, 60 seems old, and when you're 60, 90 seems old. When you're 90, face it, you're old!
The adjective old also means former. It can be fun to visit your favorite teachers at your old elementary school, or to drive through your old neighborhood. You can use old to describe something of long duration, like your old friends from camp who you visit every summer. Old also has numerous informal or slang uses, like the phrase "any old," which you'd use to say, "I don't want just any old job; I want to be a circus clown."
WORD FAMILY
old: older, oldest, oldish, oldly, oldness, olds
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Dry, itchy skin is a common companion when the humidity drops, especially as we get older.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 老的; 古老的; 以前的; （用于指称被替代的东西）原来的
n. 古时
级别：older, oldest
分布：老的(64%)，过去的(26%)，旧时(7%)，... 岁的(3%)
→来自古英语ald,来自al,生长，成长，词源同adult,adolescent,elder.-d,过去分词后缀。即长大了的，变老的。
a.年老的;...岁的;长时间的,老的;过去的Before the premier, the old soldier scolds the cold weather.老兵当着首相的面咒骂寒冷的天气.
US [oʊld] adjective
EXISTED MANY YEARS 存在多年的
 ESSENTIAL
■having lived or existed for many years 老的；年老的；古老的
• an old man 老人
• We're all getting older. 我们都老了。
• I was shocked by how old he looked. 他看上去那么老，令我很震惊。
• Now come on, you're old enough to tie your own shoelaces, Carlo. 好，来吧，卡洛尔，你那么大了，该自己系鞋带了。
• I'm too old to be out clubbing every night. 我年纪不小了，不能每晚都在夜总会里胡混。
• a beautiful old farm house in the country 乡下一间漂亮的古老农舍
• a battered old car 残破的旧汽车
• That's an old joke - I've heard it about a thousand times. 那是个老掉牙的笑话——我听过不知多少次了。
• I think this cheese is a bit old judging by the smell of it. 从气味上判断，我觉得这块起司放有点久了。
too old/a bit old disapproving
■unsuitable because intended for older people 太陈旧的／有点陈旧的
• Don't you think that book is a bit old for you? 你不觉得这本书对你来说太旧了点吗？
  Common Learner Errors  old or elderly? Elderly is sometimes used instead of old when describing a person as it is considered more polite. an elderly gentleman
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
OF AGE 关于年龄
 ESSENTIAL
■used to describe or ask about someone's age …岁的
• How old is your father? 你父亲多大年纪了？
• Rosie's six years old now. 罗茜现在6岁了。
• It's not very dignified behaviour for a 54-year-old man. 对于一个54岁的人来说，这种行为太有失体面了。
• He's a couple of years older than me. 他比我大几岁。
  Common Learner Errors  old You can give someone's age using old in two different ways. You can write the age as three separate words when you name the person first. My daughter is three years old. However, when you use old before naming the person then you should write the age as one word (eg three-year-old) with hyphens. Note that the word year does not become years when you use old like this. I've got a three-year-old daughter.
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
FROM THE PAST 过去的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■from a period in the past; former 过去的；旧时的，从前的，以前的
• I saw my old English teacher last time I went home. 上次我回家时见到了我从前的英语老师。
• He's bought me a smart new camera to replace my old one. 他给我买了一架时髦的新相机取代了那个旧的。
• She showed me her old school. 她领我参观了她的母校。
• I saw an old boyfriend of mine. 我看见了我的一个前男友。
• In my old job I wasn't given sick-pay. 我以前的那份工作，病假是不给工资的。
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
LANGUAGE 语言
Old English/French, etc.
■describes a language when it was in an early stage in its development 古英语／法语等
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
VERY FAMILIAR 非常熟悉的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■(especially of a friend) known for a long time （尤指朋友）老的，结识久的
• She's one of my oldest friends - we met at school. 她是我的老朋友之一——我们上学时就认识。
[before noun] informal
■used before someone's name when you are referring to or talking to them, to show that you know them well and like them （用于人名前表示亲密、熟悉的称呼）老…
• There's old Sara working away in the corner. 老莎拉在一角埋头苦干。
• I hear poor old Frank's lost his job. 我听说可怜的老法兰克失业了。
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
be (as) old as the hills
■to be very old 很古老
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
for old times ' sake
■If you do something for old times' sake, you do it in order to remember a happy time that you had in the past 看在旧日的情分上；念及老交情
• We should all meet up again - just for old times' sake. 我们大家应该重聚一次——就为了重温美好的旧日时光。
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
of old literary
■in or from the past 在过去；从前
• in days of old 从前
mainly UK for a very long time 很长时间
• I know him of old. 我认识他很久了。
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
of the old school
■traditional and old-fashioned 老派的；守旧的
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
the oldest profession in the world humorous
■ prostitution (= the job of having sex for money) 卖淫
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] adjective
the oldest trick in the book
■a way of tricking someone which is still effective although it has been used a lot before 一种老套但仍然有效的骗人把戏
• It was the oldest trick in the book - one man distracted me while another stole my wallet. 又是这套老把戏：一人分散我的注意力，另一人趁机把我的钱包偷走。
UK [əʊld] US [oʊld] plural noun
the old
 ADVANCED
■old people considered together as a group 老年人；长者
• These cuts in services will particularly affect the old. 许多服务项目被取消，这样做对老年人的影响尤其大。
ancient, old, antique
这些形容词均含“古代的，古老的”之意。
ancient: 指很久以前发生或存在的事物。用于描述历史时，指远古时代。
old: 指长期以来一直存在着的事物，与times连用指古代，与days连用时指从前或旧社会。
antique: 指已经很古老或颇有古风的事物，一般都具有较高价值。
adj. 陈旧的，古老的；年老的
 - ancient, aged, advanced

Word: industry
Front: industry
[ˈɪndəstri] (中高研四六雅 551/383 -K5)
Vocabulary: industry
(once / 43 pages)
1n 2n
An industry is a group of manufacturers or businesses that produce a particular kind of goods or services. Workers in the textile industry design, fabricate, and sell cloth. The tourist industry includes all the commercial aspects of tourism.
You can use industry to refer to a group of similar businesses: The automobile industry makes cars and car parts. The food service industry prepares food and delivers it to hotels, schools, and other big facilities. Industry comes from the Latin industria, which means "diligence, hard work," and the word is still used with that meaning. If you build a house in three weeks, when the same job takes everyone else three months, you're showing impressive industry.
WORD FAMILY
industry: industrial, industries, industrious +/ industrial: industrialer, industrialise, industrialism, industrialize, industrially, nonindustrial, postindustrial/industrialise: industrialisation, industrialised/industrialism: industrialisms, industrialist/industrialist: industrialists/ industrialization: industrializations/industrialize: industrialization, industrialized, industrializes, industrializing/industrialized: unindustrialized/ industrious: industriously, industriousness
USAGE EXAMPLES
After so many years of sales growth, the ebb and flow of the market cycle suggests the industry is due for some contraction.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He started the Alabama Development Office to recruit industry to the state.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We will not allow any nation to dominate this industry and impede innovation through unfair trade practices and massive, non-market-based state intervention.”
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 工业; 产业（经济词汇）; 工业界; 勤劳
分布：工业(42%)，行业(35%)，产业(18%)，勤劳(3%)，勤勉(2%)
→来自拉丁语industria,行动，勤奋，热情，来自indu-,在内，在里，第二部分词源不确定，可能来自-stru,建造，建设，词源同structure,instruct,或来自-ust,燃烧，词源同combust.引申词义燃烧的热情，勤奋，后用来指制造，制造业，工业，行业。
n.工业,产业;勤劳,勤奋Our automobile industry is expanding.我们的汽车工业在发展.
noun
PRODUCTION 生产
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area 工业；产业；生产制造
• trade and industry 贸易和工业
• industry and commerce 工商业
• The city needs to attract more industry. 这个城市需要吸引更多的工业。
• The strike seriously reduced coal deliveries to industry. 罢工使得向工业输送的煤炭量大幅下降。
['ɪn.də.stri] noun
TYPE OF WORK 行业
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the people and activities involved in one type of business 行业
• the gas/electricity industry 燃气业／电力工业
• the tourist industry 旅游业
• manufacturing industries 制造业
• The computer industry has been booming. 电脑行业已经日益蓬勃起来了。
countable disapproving
■something which is produced or available in large quantities and which makes a lot of money （暴利的）行当
• the heritage industry 遗产产业
['ɪn.də.stri] noun
QUALITY 素质
uncountable formal
■the quality of regularly working hard 勤奋；勤劳
• I must say that I'm very impressed by her industry. 我必须承认，她的勤奋给我留下了很深的印象。
n. 产业； [工业] 工业；勤勉
 - domain, manufacturing

Word: national
Front: national
[ˈnæʃnəl] (中高研四六雅 231/232 -K5)
Vocabulary: national
(once / 23 pages)
adjn
National is an adjective that refers to something or someone that belongs to a nation or country. Baseball is the national pastime of the United States.
The word national describes anything that is common to, shared by, or represents a group of people or a place that is considered a nation, like the national anthem sung before the national pastime of baseball. National statistics provide information about a country as a whole. During times of war, the national mood is usually tense and sad. A national is also a citizen of a nation. You might be called an “American national” if you are an American living in Paris.
WORD FAMILY
national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational +/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/ international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
As part of its advice, National Debtline recommends that consumers:
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
But Washington is rarely on national television, something that irks Wall to no end.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Police say Caldwell failed a field sobriety test leaving the MGM National Harbor on opening night.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 国家的; 国有的; 国民的; 民族主义的
n. [常用复数]全国性比赛; 某国国民; 全国性报刊; （机构等的）全国总部
分布：国民(42%)，国家的(32%)，全国性的(13%)，民族的(7%)，国有的(4%)，国立的(2%)
→来自nation,国家，民族。
a.民族的,国家的,国立的Her national costume showed her nationality.她的民族服装表明了她是从哪个国家来的.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to or typical of a whole country and its people, rather than to part of that country or to other countries 国家的，国民的
• a national holiday 全国性假日
• Britain has more than ten national newspapers. 英国有十多种全国性报纸。
• The company's national headquarters is in Rome. 这家公司国内的总部设在罗马。
• The children were wearing traditional national costume/dress. 孩子们身穿传统的民族服装。
• The government's view is that raising taxes now would not be in the national interest (= would not be good for the country). 政府认为，现在增税对国家不利。
['næʃ.ən.əl] ['næʃ.nəl] noun countable usually plural
■someone who officially belongs to a particular country （某国的）国民，公民
• Thirty people, including six UK nationals, were killed in yesterday's plane crash. 在昨天的空难中，有30人丧生，包括6名英国公民。
• All foreign nationals were advised to leave the country following the outbreak of civil war. 内战爆发后，所有外国公民都被建议离开该国。
adj. 国家的；国民的；民族的；国立的
 - state, natl
n. 国民
 - subject

Word: early
Front: early
[ˈɜ:li] (中高 365/245 -K5)
Vocabulary: early
(once / 19 pages)
adjadv
Something that's early happens right at the beginning of some specific time period, or before you expect it to happen. An early party guest shows up before the party starts.
An early riser gets up with the sun every morning, and you might eat an early dinner at five in the evening. If you're in your early twenties, you're closer to 20 than 30, while the early 20th century was the time period before 1950. If a baby comes early, she's born before her expected due date. The Old English source is ærlice, "early," which comes from ær, "soon" or "ere."
WORD FAMILY
early: earlier, earliest, earlily, earliness, earlyish+/earliest: earliests
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her early efforts “looked so bad,” she says.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The 2011 Giants lost four in a row from mid-November to early December, then won four in a row from early January to early February.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Oklahoma led Auburn 21-13 early in the third quarter on Monday night.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 早的; 早期的; 早日的; （果实等）早熟的
adv. 早; 在初期; 先前; 提早
级别：earlier, earliest
分布：早(100%)
→来自ayer, 早晨，词源同ere, erstwhile. -ly, 形容词后缀。
a.早的,早期的,及早的ad.早,在初期He was in his early fifties.他的岁数是五十出头.
US ['ɝ:-] (earlier, earliest)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■near the beginning of a period of time, or before the usual, expected or planned time 早期的，初期的；在早期，在初期；提早（的），提前（的）
• If you finish early you can go home. 如果能提前完成你就可以回家。
• If you arrived earlier, you'd have more time. 如果早一点到，你就会有更多的时间。
• I like being a little early for interviews. 每次去参加面试，我都喜欢提早一会儿到。
• They scored two goals early (on) in the game. 他们在开赛不久就进了两个球。
• I hate having to get up early (in the morning). 我讨厌（早晨）不得不早起。
• I'm going to have an early night (= go to sleep before my usual time). 我要早点睡。
• She was a poet living in the early fifteenth century. 她是一位生活在15世纪初期的诗人。
• He learned to read at the early age of three. 他早在三岁时就学会认字了。
• It 's rather early to be sowing carrot seeds, isn't it? 现在种胡萝卜还太早，不是吗？
• Mercedes were pioneers during the early days/years of car manufacture. 宾士是早期汽车制造业的先驱品牌。
• My earliest (= first) memory is of being shown around our new house. 我最初的记忆是被带着看我们的新家。
• These are some of my early (= first) attempts at sculpture. 这些是我最初尝试雕塑创作时的一些习作。
• Here's a dish I prepared earlier (= I made a short time ago). 这是我刚做好不久的一道菜。
Compare late Early flowers and vegetables are ones that are ready before ordinary ones. 早开的花卉、早熟的蔬菜等
at the earliest
■used after a date or time to show that something will not happen before then 至早，最早
• I'm very busy, so I won't be with you till 4 o'clock at the earliest. 我太忙了，最早也得到四点才能跟你在一起。
UK ['ɜ:.li] US ['ɝ:-] (earlier, earliest)
adjective
drive / send sb to an early grave
■to cause someone to die young 使（某人）太早去世
• Sometimes I think these children are going to drive me to an early grave! 有时候我真觉得，不等我老死这些孩子就把我给折磨死了！
UK ['ɜ:.li] US ['ɝ:-] (earlier, earliest)
adjective
The early bird catches the worm. saying
■said to advise someone that they will win an advantage if they do something immediately or before anyone else does it 捷足先登；早起的鸟儿有虫吃
UK ['ɜ:.li] US ['ɝ:-] (earlier, earliest)
adjective
Early to bed and early to rise (makes a man healthy , wealthy and wise). saying
■This means that someone who gets enough sleep and starts work early in the day will have a successful life. 早睡早起，健康如意。
UK ['ɜ:.li] US ['ɝ:-] (earlier, earliest)
adjective
It's early days. UK
■said when you think it is too soon to make a judgment about the likely result of something because a lot might still happen or change 言之过早；为时尚早
• Our progress has been fairly slow so far, but it's early days. 到目前为止我们的进度很缓慢，但来日方长，现在还不能说以后会怎么样。
adj. 早期的；早熟的
 - precocious, inchoate
adv. 提早；在初期
 - before one's time

Word: better
Front: better
[ˈbetə(r)] (高雅 452/704 -K5)
Vocabulary: better
(once / 14 pages)
1adjadvnv 2adj 3n
Something better is improved — like when a more advanced computer comes out, or you feel better after a cold.
When we talk about things being better, we're comparing in a favorable way. A great movie is better than a good or awful movie. With practice, you will get better at a sport or a subject like math. Doctors help patients feel better, and mechanics make a car run better. If 51% or more of the people voted for you, then you had the support of better than half the people. When things are getting better, they're improving.
WORD FAMILY
better: bettered, bettering, betterly, betterment, betters+/ best: bested, bester, bestest, besting, bests/betterment: betterments/ good: best, better, goodish, goodness, goods/goodness: goodnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There are too many great examples of us being just a little bit away from it being a whole lot better,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Finding consensus on technical problems, where one solution often is clearly better than another, is easier than on legal and political matters.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Stewart, the principal, says she struggles to keep new teachers who often leave for better pay and less stress in other districts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 较好的; 更合适的; 能力更强的; 好转的
adv. 更好地; 更妥; 更
v. 胜过; 上进
n. 更好者; 更有才智者
时态：bettered, bettering, betters
分布：更好的(55%)，更好地(19%)，改善(14%)，较好的(8%)，更好者(1%)，形容词good和副词well的比较级形式(1%)，使更好(1%)，下赌注者(1%)
→单词boot的比较级，后用作good的比较级。
a.较好的ad.更好(地)v.改良n.较佳者I hope you'll be better soon.我希望你能很快好起来.
US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■comparative of good; of a higher standard, or more suitable, pleasing or effective than other things or people 较好的；更好的
• He stood near the front to get a better view. 他为了看得更清楚，尽量靠前站。
• Relations between the two countries have never been better. 两国的关系从未曾像现在这么好过。
• It's much better to have a small cosy room than a big cold one. 拥有一间小而暖的房间要比拥有一间大而冷的房间好得多。
• The film was better than I expected. 这出电影比我预期的好。
• She is much better at tennis than I am. 她网球打得比我好很多。
• It is far (= much) better to save some of your money than to spend it all at once. 把钱存起来，总比一下子花完要好得多了。
• Fresh vegetables are better for you (= more beneficial to you) than canned ones. 新鲜蔬菜比罐装蔬菜对健康更有益。
• The longer you keep this wine, the better it tastes (= It has a better flavour if you keep it for a long time). 这种酒越陈越香。
• The bed was hard, but it was better than nothing (= than not having a bed). 床有点硬，可是总比没有好。
 IMPROVER
■If you are or get better after an illness or injury, you are healthy and no longer ill （伤病）好转的，康复的
• I hope you get better soon. 希望你早日康复。
get better
■to improve 改善
• After the cease-fire, the situation in the capital got better. 停火以后，首都的局势有所好转。
• She's getting much better at pronouncing English words. 她的英语发音现在好多了。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
be better than sex informal
■to be extremely enjoyable or exciting 感觉比做爱还棒；极其刺激
• For me, nothing compares with the thrill of surfing - it's better than sex. 对我而言，没有甚么比滑浪更刺激的了——感觉简直比做爱还棒。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
Better late than never. saying
■said when you think that it is better for someone or something to be late than never to arrive or to happen 晚来总比不来强；迟做总比不做好
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
better luck next time
■said to tell someone that you hope they will succeed when they try again 下次好运
• I'm sorry to hear that you failed your driving test. Better luck next time, eh! 听说你没通过驾驶考试我很难过，不过祝你下次成功！
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
Better safe than sorry. saying
■said when you think it is best not to take risks even when it seems boring or difficult to be careful 有备无患。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
Better the devil you know (than the devil you don't). UK saying
■said when you think it is wiser to deal with someone familiar, although you do not like them, than to deal with someone who you do not know, who might be worse 宁可跟熟悉的魔鬼打交道；明枪易躲，暗箭难防
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
go one better
■to do something which is more advanced or more generous than someone else 更胜一筹，胜过
• I gave her a card, but my brother went one better and bought her a present. 我送了她一张贺卡，但我哥哥更大方，居然给她买了礼物。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adjective
be no better than (a) sth
■If you say that someone is no better than a person who is unpleasant or unkind, you mean that they have behaved in a similar way to this type of person 和…几乎一样，比…好不到哪里去
• People who don't pay their bus fares are no better than common criminals. 乘车逃票的人无异于作奸犯科。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in a more suitable, pleasing or satisfactory way, or to a greater degree 更好地；较好地
• The next time he took the test, he was better prepared. 第二次考试时，他准备得更充分。
• She did much better (= was more successful) in the second half of the match. 她在比赛下半场的表现更出色。
• I like this jacket much better than (= I prefer it to) the other one. 比起另外一件夹克，我更喜欢这件。
• She knows her way around the college better than I do. 她比我更清楚学院附近的路。
 ESSENTIAL
■to a greater degree, when used as the comparative of adjectives beginning with 'good' or 'well' （表示以 good 或 well 开头的形容词比较级）更，更大程度地
• She is better-looking (= more attractive) than her brother. 她比哥哥长得好看。
• He is much better-known for his poetry than his song-writing. 他作的诗比他写的歌更出名。
better still (also even better)
■used to say that a particular choice would be more satisfactory 干脆，不如
• Why don't you give her a call or, better still, go and see her? 你为甚么不打个电话给她，或者干脆亲自去找她？
sb would do better UK
■it would be wiser （某人）最好
• You would do better to bring the plants inside when the weather gets colder. 天气转冷时，你最好把盆栽植物搬进屋里。
sb had better do sth
■used to give advice or to make a threat （某人）最好做…
• You'd better (= You should) go home now before the rain starts. 你最好在下雨之前赶回家。
• He'd better pay me back that money he owes me soon, or else. 他最好赶快把欠我的那笔钱还给我，否则我就对他不客气。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  betterWarning: check your word order! Better does not usually come between the verb and its object. Don't say 'do better something', say do something better :
✗ Since my visit to England I understand better English. Since my visit to England I understand English better.
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] noun
uncountable
■something that is of a higher standard than others 更好的事物；较好者
• He ran the 100 metres in 9.91 seconds, and I have not seen better (= a faster result) this year. 他100米跑了9.91秒，这是我今年见过的最好成绩。
uncountable
■behaviour, work or treatment that is more suitable, pleasing or satisfactory 更合适的举止；较令人满意的工作；更好的待遇
• You shouldn't have been so mean to your mother - she deserves better. 你不应该对你妈妈如此刻薄——她理应得到更好的报答。
• I didn't think he would go out without telling me - I expected better of him. 我原以为他不会不跟我说一声就出去的——我对他期望过高了。
betters [plural] old-fashioned
■people of a higher rank or social position than you 较优者；上司
• As children, we were taught not to argue with our elders and betters. 从小大人就教导我们不能与长辈和上级争吵。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] noun
for better or (for) worse
■If you do something for better or (for) worse, you accept the bad results of the action as well as the good ones 无论好坏，不管怎样
• Anyway, for better or for worse, I followed her advice. 不管结果会怎样，我还是听从了她的建议。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] noun
for the better
■If something changes for the better, it improves 改善
• Most people think that things have changed for the better since the new government came to power. 大多数人觉得新政府上台后，情况已有所改善。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] noun
get the better of sb
■to defeat someone in a competition 击败（某人）
• He fought fiercely, but his opponent easily got the better of him. 他奋力搏斗，但还是被对手轻而易举地击败了。
■If a feeling gets the better of you, you cannot stop yourself from allowing that feeling to make you do something, despite knowing that what you are doing is wrong 感情战胜（某人的）理智
• Her curiosity got the better of her and she opened the door and peeped inside. 她的好奇心占了上风，于是她打开房门，向里边窥视。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] noun
so much the better (also all the better) informal
■used to say that a particular action or situation would be even more successful 那样会更好
• If you can go there this afternoon, so much the better. 如果你今天下午去那里会更好。
UK ['bet.ər] US ['betˌ.ɚ] verb transitive
■to improve a situation 改善；改进
• The organization was established to better conditions for the disabled. 这个组织是为改善残疾人士的生活条件而成立的。
better yourself
■to improve your social position, often by getting a better job or education 提高自身的水准；改善自身的社会地位
• He tried to better himself by taking evening classes. 他试图透过选修夜校课程，提高自己的文化水准。
better, improve, perfect, refine
这组词都有“改进，改善”的意思，其区别是：
better: 多用于口语，指适当地改善原来并非很差的状态或性质，也指社会地位、经济状况的改善。
improve: 最常用词，多指状态或性质上的深刻或重要改进，也可指自身能力的提高。
perfect: 语义强，通常指使方法、技术等达到完善美好的境地。
refine: 侧重指使语言、仪态等变得文雅、优美，也可指技艺等的提高。
n. 长辈；较好者；打赌的人（等于bettor）
 - elder, seniority
vt. 改善；胜过
 - improve, overcome, exceed, cap

Word: problem
Front: problem
[ˈprɒbləm] (中高 171/154 -K5)
Vocabulary: problem
(once / 51 pages)
n
If you are facing something that will be difficult to handle, you have a problem on your hands. A problem is a roadblock in a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a resolution.
The meaning of the Greek word próblēma meant "to put forth," which is different from the meaning of problem today, but it reminds you that any problem becomes easier to solve once you have defined it. A math problem is easier once you have the numbers in front of you: that's why word problems can be so difficult. Problem can also be an adjective in rare cases. Once you were a problem child, but now you spend your time listening to everyone else's problems.
WORD FAMILY
problem: problematic, problematical, problems+/ problematic: problematically, unproblematic
USAGE EXAMPLES
DJ: "Are you concerned that's his third red card this season. Is there a discipline problem with him?"
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
If nothing else, policymakers say, such comparisons prompt discussions across borders to learn best practices in addressing particular health problems.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
This creates a difficult patchwork of laws for businesses that operate in multiple jurisdictions, a problem that will likely worsen over the next four years.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 问题; 疑难问题; 习题; 引起麻烦的人
adj. 成问题的; 难处理的; 关于社会问题的
分布：问题(92%)，难题(5%)，习题(1%)，成问题的(1%)，难对付的(1%)
→来自希腊语problema,难题，问题，来自proballein,扔在前面，提出难题，来自pro-,向前，-ball,扔，投掷，词源同ballistic,parable.
n.问题,疑难问题;思考题,讨论题It's resolved by resolution that the solution will be used to solve the involved problem.决议决定用这个办法解决那个复杂的问题.
US ['prɑ:.bləm] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a situation, person or thing that needs attention and needs to be dealt with or solved （须解决的）问题；疑难问题，困难
• financial/health problems 财政／健康问题
• Our main problem is lack of cash. 我们的主要问题是缺乏现金。
• I'm having problems with my computer. 我的电脑出了故障。
• No one has solved the problem of what to do with radioactive waste. 还没有人能解决如何处理放射性废物这个难题。
• The very high rate of inflation poses/presents (= is) a serious problem for the government. 高通货膨胀率对政府来说是个严重的问题。
• When is the government going to tackle (= deal with) the problem of poverty in the inner cities? 政府打算甚么时候才要解决旧城区的贫困问题？
• [+ -ing verb] Did you have any problems (= difficulties) getting here? 你到这里来有甚么困难吗？
• I'd love to come - the only problem is I've got friends staying that night. 我很想来——只是那天晚上我有朋友在。
■a question in mathematics which needs an answer 数学习题，数学问题
• We were given ten problems to solve. 我们有十道问题要做。
problem child/family, etc.
■a child, etc. whose behaviour is bad 问题儿童／家庭等
UK ['prɒb.ləm] US ['prɑ:.bləm] noun countable
have a problem with sth/sb informal
■to find something or someone annoying or offensive 认为…令人讨厌（或无礼）
• I have a real problem with people who use their mobile phones on the train. 我对那些在火车上打手机的人非常反感。
• She can smoke - I don't have a problem with that. 她可以抽烟——我没意见。
UK ['prɒb.ləm] US ['prɑ:.bləm] noun countable
No problem. informal ADVANCED
■said to show that you will or can do what someone has asked you to 没问题
• "Can you get me to the station by 11.30?" "No problem." “你能在11点半之前送我到车站吗？”“没问题。”
 ADVANCED
■used as a friendly answer when someone thanks you for something you have done （用于回答对方的感谢）没甚么
• "Thanks for the lift." "No problem." “谢谢你让我搭便车。”“没甚么。”
UK ['prɒb.ləm] US ['prɑ:.bləm] noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  problem When problem is followed by a verb, that verb should be in the -ing form. Do not say 'have problems to do something', say have problems doing something.
✗ I had problems to learn English before I came to England. I had problems learning English before I came to England.
puzzle, mystery, riddle, problem
这组词都有“谜、难题”的意思，其区别是：
puzzle: 语气较强，指复杂令人费解的情况或问题。
mystery: 指常人难以认识其起因或性质的奥秘，或指有意不让人理解的奥妙。
riddle: 指供人猜的谜语游戏，也可指终究会有解答的难题。
problem: 指有待探讨的疑难问题，也可指令人困惑的情况。
matter, issue, problem, question
这组词都有“问题”的意思，其区别是：
matter: 含义不很具体，暗示人们考虑和关心的事和话题。
issue: 多指意见能达到一致的问题，着重争论或讨论中的问题。
problem: 指客观上存在的、难以处理或难以理解的问题。
question: 通常指用口头或书面提出来要求回答或有待讨论解决的问题。
n. 难题；引起麻烦的人
 - conundrum, puzzler
adj. 成问题的；难处理的
 - debatable, stubborn

Word: home
Front: home
[həʊm] (中高 224/222 -K1)
Vocabulary: home
(once / 12 pages)
1nadjadvv 2n 3n 4n 5adv
Home is where you live: your house, apartment, or condo. It's also the place we feel most comfortable, loved, and protected — where we most feel at home.
Home is many things to many people. It's the place you live, and the places you love: people might feel at home in a bookstore, a park, or certain cities. Old people live in nursing homes, and baseball players try to reach home plate. Animal shelters find homes for pets. Most people feel safe and happy at home, even if it's not perfect. It’s easy to find somewhere to live, but it’s tough to make a real home.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
hone / home
To hone is to sharpen a knife or perfect a skill. Home is where you live, where your stuff is, is where the heart is, and all that.
Hone in or hone in on, is an eggcorn for home in on. (An eggcorn is a word accidently used for another word that sounds similar, like saying eggcorn instead of acorn.)
Home in on (with an "m") means to move toward an object or goal, like a missile zooming towards a target. Or as a homing pigeon does, which is where the term comes from. Here are some examples:
Another international e-commerce site that has homed in on the Brazilian market is farfetch.com. (New York Times)
Bedbugs are active at night, leaving their hiding places to home in on body warmth or carbon dioxide to reach their victims. (Monsters and Critics)
Hone is to sharpen something, like a blade or your attention in math class. The only reason people get it confused with home is when hone horns in on home in.
Although you can make something pointy by honing, when you try to hit a target, you home in on it, like going home after a long day.
WORD FAMILY
home: homed, homeless, homelike, homes, homey, homing, homy+/ homeless: homelessly, homelessness, homelesss/homey: homeyer, homier, homiest
USAGE EXAMPLES
Kalamazoo, Mich., now sends nurses into homes to combat the city’s high rate of infant mortality.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Also called pneumococcus, this pathogen is the most common perpetrator of community-acquired pneumonia, which is pneumonia that people get outside hospitals and nursing homes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“We held this team to 101 points on their home floor, and I thought our offense in that third quarter was the difference.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 家; 家庭; 家庭生活; 终点
adj. 家庭的; 家用的; 本地的; 本部的
adv. 在家; 在家乡; 深深地; 深入地
vi. 回家; 有家; 朝向; 自动导航
vt. 把…送回家; 送…回家; 给…提供住处; 使有安身之处
时态：homed, homing, homes
分布：家(58%)，在家(16%)，回家(14%)，家庭(5%)，国内的(1%)，回国(1%)，家用的(1%)，总部的(1%)，收容所(1%)，发源地(1%)，在国内(1%)
→来自古英语ham,村庄，屋子，居住地，来自Proto-Germanic*haimaz,词源同hamlet,haunt.来自kei,聚居，定居，安家，词源同city,civil.现词义局限为家，住所。
ad.回家,在家n.家;家乡a.家庭的;家乡的"Homely food is wholesome," the comedist said on the dome."家常食品有益于健康,"喜剧作家在拱顶上说.
US [hoʊm] noun
HOUSE/APARTMENT 房子／公寓
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the house, apartment, etc. where you live, especially with your family 家，住宅
• The senator has two homes - an apartment in Washington and a house in Colorado. 这位参议员有两个家——一个是位于华盛顿的公寓，另一个是科罗拉多的家。
• He was living on the streets for three months, and his home was a cardboard box. 他在大街上住了三个月，他的家就是一个厚纸箱。
• Phone me at home after four o'clock. 四点之后打家里的电话找我。
• I took home a couple of books to read. 我带一些书回家阅读。
• He left home (= stopped living with his parents) when he was 23. 他23岁时离家独立生活。
• More and more couples are setting up home together without getting married. 越来越多伴侣不结婚就组成家庭。
countable
■a house, apartment, etc. when it is considered as property which you can buy or sell （作为财产的）房屋，住宅
• luxury/starter homes 豪华住宅／作为过度而买的第一间小房子
countable
■the type of family you come from 家庭
• We had a happy home. 我们有一个幸福的家庭。
• children from a broken home (= from a family in which the parents had separated) 来自破碎家庭的孩子
countable
■a place where people or animals live and are cared for by people who are not their relations or owners 养育院；收容所；…之家
• a children's home/an old people's home/a dogs' home 孤儿院／养老院／流狼狗收容所
• He spent his early years in a home. 他的幼年时期在孤儿院度过。
  Common Learner Errors  homeWarning: to talk about movement towards or away from someone's own home, you do not need a preposition. Don't say 'go/come/arrive/leave to/at home', say go/come/arrive/leave home :
✗ When I arrived to home, I realised my bag was missing. When I arrived home, I realised my bag was missing. To talk about someone moving towards or away from a home that is not their own, it is usual to use a preposition. You are welcome to come to my home.
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
ORIGIN 起源
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■someone's or something's place of origin, or the place where a person feels they belong 出生地；发源地；故乡
• I live in London, but my home (= where I was born) is in Yorkshire. 我住在伦敦，但在约克郡出生。
• I was actually born in New Zealand, but I've lived in England for so long that it feels like home now. 我实际上在纽西兰出生，但在英格兰住了这么久，现在感觉就像故乡一样。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
COUNTRY 国家
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■your own country or your own area 本国；故乡
• I wonder what they're doing back home. 我纳闷他们在国内在做甚么。
be/play at home
■If a sports team are/play at home, they play on their own sports field. 在主场进行比赛
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
be home and dry (Australian be home and hosed)
■to have successfully finished something 成功地完成
• We just have to finish this section, then we're home and dry. 我们只需完成这个部分，然后就大功告成了。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
be home free US informal
■to be certain to succeed at something because you have done the most difficult part of it 确信即将成功，胜利在望
• Once you leave the main road and cross the bridge, you're home free - we live just three houses further on. 你一旦离开主要马路过了桥，就快到了——再过三间房子就是我们家。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
be/feel at home ADVANCED
■to feel comfortable and relaxed 感觉自在，不拘束
• By the end of the week she was beginning to feel at home in her new job. 到一周快结束时，她开始适应新工作了。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
bring sth home (to sb)
■to make someone understand something much more clearly than they did before, especially something unpleasant （让某人）更清楚地理解（尤指不愉快的事）
• When I saw for myself the damage that had been caused, that really brought home to me the scale of the disaster. 当亲眼看到造成的损失时，我才真正明白灾难的规模有多大。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
come home to sb
■If something comes home to someone, they understand it clearly （某人）完全明白
• The danger really came home to me when I saw the pictures on TV. 当看到电视上的画面时，我才真正知道有多危险。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
drive/hammer sth home
■to say something clearly and with a lot of force so that you are certain people understand it 把…讲清楚，使人完全明白
• She really drove home the message that we need to economize. 她讲得很清楚，我们需要节约。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
home from home UK (US home away from home)
■a place where you feel as comfortable as you do in your own home 像家一样舒适的地方；宾至如归的地方
• The hotel was a real home from home. 那家饭店真的像家里一样舒服。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] noun
make yourself at home
■to relax and make yourself comfortable in someone else's home 请随便，别拘束
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] adjective
DONE/USED AT HOME 家用的
■done at home, or intended to be used at home 家庭的；家用的
• home cooking 家庭烹饪
• home-brewed beer 家酿啤酒（私酿啤酒）
• a home computer 家用电脑
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] adjective
COUNTRY 国家
[before noun]
■connected with or done in your own country 本国的
• His books were a success in his home market , but failed to find an audience abroad. 他的书在本国市场很畅销，但在国外却没有甚么读者。
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] adjective
SPORTS 运动
■relating to the place where a sports event happens 在主场比赛的
• the home team/side 地主队／东道主
UK [həʊm] US [hoʊm] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  home in on sth/sb informal
■to aim for 瞄准，对准
• The missile homed in on the ship. 导弹瞄准那艘船。
■to find and give a lot of attention to something or someone 集中注意力于
• The report homed in on the weaknesses in the management structure. 这篇报告重点论述了该管理体系的弱点。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
n. 家，住宅；产地；家乡；避难所
 - door, residence, haven, harbor, habitat
adv. 在家，回家；深入地
 - deep
adj. 国内的，家庭的；有效的
 - domestic, valid, internal, available, effective, virtual

Word: reform
Front: reform
[rɪˈfɔ:m] (高研四六托雅 1112/1211 -K4)
Vocabulary: reform
(once / 93 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
When you reform something, you change it for the better. If you're running for President, you might promise to reform government, although it's easier to promise reform than to actually accomplish it.
If you take the parts of reform, re- and form, you can see that it means “to shape again.” We often use it to talk about correcting what's wrong in a system, and if you reform something, you make it better and more fair. Juvenile delinquents might be sent to reform school to become better people. Someone fighting alcoholism might try to reform her ways. It's not always about morals: in chemistry, you reform molecules by breaking them apart.
WORD FAMILY
reform: reformable, reformation, reformative, reformatory, reformed, reformer, reforming, reformism, reforms+/deform: deformation, deformed, deforming, deforms/deformation: deformational, deformations/deformed: deformedly, deformity / deformity: deformities/ form: biform, deform, formation, formative, formed, forming, formless, forms, multiform, preform, reform / formation: formations, re-formation/ formative: formatively, formatives/formed: ill-formed, re-formed, unformed/formless: formlessly/preform: preformation, preformed, preforms/preformation: preformations/reformable: unreformable/ reformation: counterreformation, reformations, self-reformation/reformatory: reformatories/ reformed: reformedly, unreformed/reformer: reformers/reformism: reformist/reformist: reformists/unformed: unformedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
That means Mr. Trump will be in office when Cuba is no longer ruled by the Castro family, regardless of the pace of democratic reforms.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Johnson said he would lobby the Illinois legislature to reform sentencing guidelines for repeat gun offenders.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
If the legislature fails to reform, it won’t be for the lack of ideas.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 改革，改良，改造; 改正
vt. & vi. 改善
vt. 改革; 重组
vi. 重组
adj. 改革的
时态：reformed, reforming, reforms
分布：改革(92%)，改造(6%)，改良(1%)，革新(1%)
→re-,再，重新，form,形状。引申词义改革，改正。
改革,改造(re再次+form→再形成→改造)[form=shape,表示"形状"]
v./n.改革,改造,改良The performer reformed the performance of the transferred transformer.表演者改良了转让的变压器的性能.
US [-'fɔ:rm] verb intransitive or transitive
 IMPROVER
■to make an improvement, especially by changing a person's behaviour or the structure of something （尤指透过改变人的行为或事物的构造而）改革，改进，改造
• Who will reform Britain's unfair electoral system? 谁将改革英国不公正的选举制度呢？
• For years I was an alcoholic, but I reformed when the doctors gave me six months to live. 我酗酒多年，但当医生预计我只能再活六个月时，我就改过自新了。
UK [rɪ'fɔ:m] US [-'fɔ:rm] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■an improvement, especially in a person's behaviour or in the structure of something （尤指人的行为或事物构造方面的）改革，改进，改造，改良
• Some reforms of/to the system will be necessary. 有必要对该制度进行一些改革。
• The education system in Britain was crying out for reform. 英国的教育制度急需改革。
reform, transfrom
这组词都有“改革、改变、改造”的意思，其区别是：
reform: 指去恶扬善、弃旧图新，使变得完美，多用于社会、政治、经济方面，如体制、法律、机构等的改革。
transfrom: 指既改变外部形体，又改变内部性质或功能。
n. 改革，改良；改正
 - transformation, correction, amendment
vt. 改革，革新；重新组成
 - renovate, reconstitute
vi. 重组；改过
 - shake up, realign

Word: number
Front: number
[ˈnʌmbə(r)] (中高 204/143 -K5)
Vocabulary: number
(once / 20 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n
When you consider any amount or measurement, you use a number, like 1, 2, 3, 75, or 998,837,211.
This math-y word has many uses. Playing the numbers is an illegal form of gambling, and number crunchers are accountants. If you're looking out for number one, you're thinking of yourself. When you number something, you're counting it. A number is a song in a musical or concert. If someone "has your number," they know you well. Getting someone's number also means getting their phone number. If your days are numbered, it means you know you're going to die soon.
WORD FAMILY
number: numbered, numbering, numberless, numbers, numerical, unnumberable+/numbered: unnumbered/numbering: numberings/ numerical: numerically
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also offers a list of all legislators, their phone numbers and their email addresses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 数字; 数量; 号码; 编号
v. 标号; 总计; 把…算作
时态：numbered, numbering, numbs
分布：号码(33%)，数量(24%)，数字(22%)，编号(17%)，总计(3%)，把 ... 算作(1%)
→来自拉丁语numerus,数字，数量，插入字母b,来自nem,分配，分开，词源同numeracy,nemesis.引申词义分开的数量，数字。
n.数,数字,数量,号码,一群v.共计,编号There was a decrease in the number of children in school.在校的儿童人数有所减少.
US [-bɚ] noun
SYMBOL 符号
 ESSENTIAL countable
■(a sign or symbol representing) a unit which forms part of the system of counting and calculating 数字
• 25, 300 and a billion are all numbers. 25 300和10亿都是数字。
• She's very good with numbers (= good at adding, subtracting, etc). 她非常擅长数字运算。
 ESSENTIAL countable (written abbreviation no.)
■one of a series of the symbols used in counting, which is used to mark a particular example of something 号码；…号
• They live at number 34 Orchard Street. 他们住在果园街34号。
• Please write your credit card number on this form. 请把你的信用卡号写在这张表格上。
• What's our flight number? 我们的航班号码是多少？
 ESSENTIAL countable (written abbreviation no.)
■a telephone number 电话号码
• I gave him my number. 我把自己的电话号码给了他。
  Common Learner Errors  number or figure? To talk about a set of numbers or an amount expressed in numbers, the more usual word is figures. Don't say 'unemployment/sales/tax numbers', say unemployment/sales/tax figures :
✗ Our sales numbers were better this year than last year. Our sales figures were better this year than last year.
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
AMOUNT 数量
 ESSENTIAL only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■an amount or total 数目；总数
• The number of people killed in road accidents fell last month. 上个月，死于交通事故的人数有所下降。
• There has been an increasing number of cases of the disease. 患这种病的人数持续上升。
• A small number of children are educated at home. 少数孩子在家接受教育。
• slightly formal A large number of invitations has been sent. 已经发出大量请柬。
• Letters of complaint were surprisingly few in number (= there were not many of them). 投诉信出乎意料的少。
numbers [plural]
■a number of a particular description 数量
• Small numbers of children are educated at home. 少数孩子在家接受教育。
• Large numbers of invitations were sent. 已经发出大量请柬。
• Newspapers are produced in vast numbers. 报纸发行量巨大。
a number of things
■several of a particular type of thing 几个，若干
• I decided not to go, for a number of reasons. 我决定不去，有几个理由。
only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people 一群人
• On the trip, one of our number fell ill. 旅行期间，我们当中有个人病倒了。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
PARTICULAR THING 某个事物
countable
■a particular example of something （特定的）一个
countable
■a particular copy of a magazine （杂志的）期，号
• Have you got last week's number of the New Yorker? 你有上周那期《纽约客》杂志吗？
• He's got all the back numbers (= previous copies) of the magazine. 他保存了这本杂志过去的所有刊本。
countable informal
■a piece of clothing, especially a dress, that you admire （令人欣赏的）衣服，（尤指）连衣裙
• She was wearing a stylish Dior number. 她身穿一条时尚的迪奥长裙。
countable US slang
■a person with a particular characteristic 具有…特征的人
• He's a real sexy number, don't you think? 他真性感，你不觉得吗？
countable
■a short tune or song 短曲；短歌
• Sing one of those romantic numbers. 唱一支那种情歌吧。
countable usually singular mainly US slang
■something that is often said 常说的事
• He tried the usual/that old number about how his wife didn't understand him. 他又重施故技，诉说妻子如何不理解他。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
any number of things
■a lot of a particular thing 许多，大量
• His shop stocks any number of different kinds of pasta. 他的商店大量出售各种义大利面食。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
beyond/without number literary
■too many to count 多不胜数，不计其数
• An earthquake in the city could result in deaths beyond number. 城市发生地震可能导致无数人死亡。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
by (sheer) force / weight of numbers
■because the number of people or things was so great （纯粹）凭借数量上的优势
• The crowd managed to force its way in by sheer weight of numbers. 这群人依靠人多势众，强行挤了进来。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
by numbers UK (US by the numbers)
■done according to a plan that has been decided previously, without using your own imagination and ideas 机械地，死板地，按部就班地
• This is painting by numbers - there's nothing original here. 这是一幅很死板的画——毫无新意。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
do a number on sb US slang
■to hurt, defeat or embarrass someone 伤害某人；打败某人；使某人难堪
• She really did a number on her old boyfriend, making him beg her to come back and then turning him down. 她令以前的男朋友乞求自己回心转意，而后却又拒绝他，这样做严重伤害了他的自尊心。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
have sb's number slang
■to know a lot about someone and so have an advantage over them 对（某人）心中有数；摸透（某人）的底
• Don't worry, I've got his number, he doesn't fool me. 别担心，我把他的底细摸得一清二楚，他骗不了我的。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
your number is up slang
■When your number is up, you are going to die （某人）气数已尽，死到临头
• When the plane started to shake, I just thought my number was up. 飞机开始摇晃时，我真的以为我要完蛋了。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] noun
a numbers game
■the use of numbers to represent facts in an argument, especially when it makes people believe things that are not true 数字游戏（在论证中运用数字来反映事实，尤用于混淆视听，欺瞒别人）
• It's just a numbers game and everyone does it. You manipulate the statistics till they fit your argument. 暗中调整数据，使其能支持自己的论点，这只不过是大家都玩的数字游戏。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] verb
WRITE SYMBOL 写作符号
transitive
■to give something a number in a series and usually to write this number on it 给…编号；给…标号码
• All the folders have been carefully numbered and filed away. 所有档夹都被精心编号存档。
• Number the pages from one to ten. 从一到十标上页码。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] verb
AMOUNT 数量
[L only + noun]
■If people or things number a particular amount, there are this many of them （数量）多达，共计有
• After the hurricane the homeless numbered over 200 000. 飓风过后，总数超过20万人无家可归。
UK ['nʌm.bər] US [-bɚ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  number sb/sth among sb/sth formal
■If you are numbered among a particular group, you belong to that group 把…归入
• At one time, the club numbered an archbishop among its members. 该俱乐部曾一度把大主教吸纳为其成员。
amount, sum, number, quantity
这组词都有“总数、总量”的意思，其区别是：
amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。
sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。
number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。
quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。
figure, number
figure: 指“数字”，着重数字符号
number: 泛指“数”；
n. [数] 数；（杂志等的）期；号码；数字；算术
 - figure, arithmetic, digital
vt. 编号；计入；数…的数目；使为数有限
 - control No., code name

Word: place
Front: place
[pleɪs] (中高雅 181/162 -K2)
Vocabulary: place
(once / 7 pages)
1nv 2nv
A place is a position, an area, a spot, or a space. Texas is a place in the United States, and your seat at dinner is your place at the table.
In the old saying "A woman's place is in the home," place means both an "appropriate location" as well as "proper social situation." Thankfully, Bella Abzug updated that notion by saying "A woman's place is in the House... the House of Representatives." Place can also be a verb: you can place, or set down, books on a table. If you can't place the person to whom you've just been introduced, you are having trouble identifying that person.
WORD FAMILY
place: displace, misplace, placable, placeable, placed, placement, places, placing+/ displace: displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing/ displacement: displacements/ implacable: implacably/ misplace: misplaced, misplacement, misplaces, misplacing/misplacement: misplacements/placable: implacable, placably/placed: unplaced/placement: placements
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a real stickiness. People are here for a reason. It’s a good place to do business,’ Gary Campkin said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“These are two spectacular places. Two great cities,” Bacigalupi says.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In many places, health interventions based on geographic data are already happening.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 位; 地方; 职位; 座位
vt. 放置; 获名次; 投资; 评价
vi. 得名次; 名列前茅; [美国英语][赛马]得第二名; 准确把…推到预定地点
时态：placed, placing, places
分布：地方(84%)，地位(5%)，订货(4%)，职位(3%)，安排(2%)，辨认(1%)，寄托(1%)
→来自拉丁语placea,地点，位置，来自platea,庭院，开阔地，来自plat,铺平，展开，来自pele,放平，展开，词源同plan,plate.并引申诸多词义。
n.地方;名次;地位;寓所v.安排;放置;投(资)Come round to my place this evening.今天晚上到我家来吧.
noun
AREA 地区
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an area, town, building, etc 地方；场所
• Her garden was a cool pleasant place to sit. 坐在她的花园里真是凉爽宜人。
• What was the name of that place we drove through on the way to New York? 我们开车去纽约路上经过的那个地方叫甚么名字？
• They decided to go to a pizza place. 他们决定去比萨店。
• There are several places of interest to visit in the area. 该地区有好几处旅游胜地值得参观。
• It's important to feel comfortable in your place of work. 在工作场所感觉舒坦是很重要的。
 ESSENTIAL countable informal
■someone's home 家
• I'm looking for a place to live. 我在找住的地方。
• We'll have the meeting at my place. 我们将在我家开会。
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■a suitable area, building, situation or occasion 适当的地点（或建筑物、场合等）
• University is a great place for making new friends. 大学是结交新朋友的好地方。
• [+ to infinitive] This meeting isn't the place to discuss your problems, I'm afraid. 恐怕这个会议不是谈论个人私事的场合。
  Common Learner Errors  place or room? Warning: choose the correct noun! To talk about the amount of space that someone or something needs, don't say 'place', say room :
✗ There is not enough place in the office for everyone. There is not enough room in the office for everyone.
[pleɪs] noun
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a position in relation to other things or people 位置
• His leg was broken in two places. 他腿上有两处骨折。
• When you've finished, put the book back in its place on the shelf. 你看完之后把书放回书架上原来的位置。
• This plant needs a warm, sunny place. 这株植物需要放在一个温暖有阳光的地方。
• Will you keep my place (in the queue) (= allow me to come back to the same position) ? 你帮我占着（排队的）位置好吗？
• She spoke to me and I lost my place in the book (= I forgot where I had been reading). 她和我说话，我忘了书看到哪里了。
⇒ See also decimal place
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the seat you will sit in on a particular occasion, or the seat where you usually sit, in the theatre, a class, a train, etc 座位
• My ticket says 6G but there's someone sitting in my place. 我的票上印的座位号码是6G，但已经有人坐在我的座位上了。
• The children collected their prizes and then went back to their places. 孩子们领了奖品后都回到自己的座位。
• Save me a place (= Keep a seat for me until I arrive) near the front. 在靠前面的地方替我留个座位。
 IMPROVER countable
■the space at a table where one person will sit and eat, usually with a plate and eating utensils arranged on it （餐桌旁的）位子
• The waiter showed us to our places and gave us each a menu. 侍者把我们引领到我们的位子去，给了我们每人一份菜单。
• He laid six places at the table. 他在桌子旁摆放了六张座椅。
 IMPROVER countable
■a position in an organization, a system or competition （机构、系统中的）职位，席位；（竞赛的）名次
• She's got a place at university 她在大学里找到一个职位。
• She's got a place UKon/ USin a fine-arts course. 她得到一个教美术的教职。
• Our team finished in second place. 我们队获得了第二名。
• He took third place] UK alsogot a third place (= was the third to finish) in the marathon last year. 他在去年的马拉松比赛中获得了季军。
 IMPROVER countable US
■used after words such as 'any' and 'some' as a different way of saying 'anywhere', 'somewhere', etc （用于 any，some 等词后）任何地方，某个地方
• I know I left that book some place - now, where was it? 我知道我把书放在某个地方了，但是在哪里呢？
• That bar was like no place I'd ever been before. 那酒吧和我去过的任何地方都不同。
take place
 ADVANCED
■to happen 发生
• The concert takes place next Thursday. 音乐会下星期四举行。
out of place
 ADVANCED
■in the wrong place or looking wrong 错位，不协调
• The boy looked uncomfortable and out of place among the adults. 在大人中间那个男孩显得很不自在，格格不入。
in place
■If something is in place, it is in its usual or correct position 处于通常或正确的位置
• The chairs are all in place. 椅子都摆在合适的地方。
• He screwed the shelf in place. 他把架子钉在合适的位置。
■organized 准备妥当的，井然有序的
• The arrangements are all in place for the concert next Thursday. 下星期四音乐会的各项筹备工作已全部就绪。
in place of sb/sth
■instead of someone or something 代替，取代
• You can use margarine in place of butter in some recipes. 有些食谱里，你可以用人造牛油代替牛油。
take the place of sb/sth
■to be used instead of someone or something 代替，取代
[pleɪs] noun
DUTY 职责
uncountable slightly old-fashioned
■what a person should do or is allowed to do, especially according to the rules of society 职责；许可权
• [+ to infinitive] It's not your place to tell me what to do. 你无权告诉我该怎么做。
• I'm not going to criticize his lordship - I know my place (= I know that I am of lower social rank). 我并非想指责爵爷大人——我很清楚自己的地位。
[pleɪs] noun
all over the place ADVANCED
■scattered in a lot of different places in an untidy way 凌乱，杂乱
• There were dirty dishes and clothes all over the place. 脏餐具和脏衣服散落各处。
■in every place 到处
• You can buy T-shirts like this all over the place. 你在哪里都买得到这样的T恤。
informal
■not correct or suitable 不正确的；不合适的
• His drumming was all over the place. 他的鼓打得一塌糊涂。
[pleɪs] noun
go places informal
■to be likely to be successful in the future 可能获得成功
• They said that the group was clearly going places. 他们说那个小组显然会获胜。
[pleɪs] noun
in the first/second place
■used to separate and emphasize reasons or opinions 第一／第二，首先／其次
• I don't want to go yet - in the first place I'm not ready, and in the second place it's raining. 我还不想走——首先，我还没准备好，其次，外面在下雨。
[pleɪs] noun
A place for everything and everything in its place. saying
■This means that the best way to stay tidy and well organized is to keep things in their correct positions. 物归其所就会干净整洁。
[pleɪs] noun
a place in the sun
■a good or lucky position 好位置；幸运的位置
• He certainly earned his place in the sun. 他确实得到了一个令人艳羡的位置。
[pleɪs] noun
put sb in their place
■to tell or show someone that they are less important than they thought they were 使（某人）明白自己的位置；使（某人）有自知之明
• When he tried to take charge, she soon put him in his place. 当他试图发号施令时，她很快让他明白真正的老大不是他。
[pleɪs] noun
take first/second place
■to be the most important thing/a less important thing 第一／第二（重要的事）
• Work takes second place. 工作是第二位的。
[pleɪs] verb
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to put something in a particular position 放置，安放，摆放
• She placed the letter in front of me. 她把信放在我面前。
• She placed her name on the list of volunteers. 她把自己的名字写在志工名单上。
• I'd place him among the ten most brilliant scientists of his age. 我会把他列入他那个时期最杰出的十位科学家之列。
• [+ obj + adj] The horse was placed first/second/third in its first race (= finished the race in first/second/third position). 那匹马在首场比赛中获得第一／二／三名。
place an advertisement/bet/order, etc.
■to arrange to have an advertisement, bet, order, etc 登广告／打赌／下订单等
• We placed the order for the furniture six weeks ago. 我们六个星期前订购了这件家俱。
• They were placing bets (= gambling) on who would win. 他们在打赌谁会获胜。
place emphasis/importance, etc. on sth
■to give something emphasis, importance, etc 强调；重视
• She placed the emphasis on the word 'soon'. 她强调了 soon 这个词。
• He placed importance on a comfortable lifestyle (= It was important to him). 他十分重视舒适的生活方式。
transitive
■to find someone a job 安排；任命
• The students are placed in/with companies for a period of work experience. 学生被安排在公司里实习一段时间。
[pleɪs] verb
RECOGNIZE 认出
transitive
■to recognize someone or remember where you have seen them or how you know them 确切地回忆起；辨认出
• She looks familiar but I can't place her - did she use to work here? 她很面熟，但我记不起来了——她以前在这里工作过吗？
[pleɪs] verb
How are you placed for ... ? UK informal
■used to ask someone whether they have enough money, time, etc 你的…情况如何？你觉得…怎么样？
• How are you placed for money? 你经济状况如何？
• How are you placed for Tuesday night (= Are you busy on Tuesday night) ? 你星期二晚上方便吗？
position, post, place, situation
这组词都有“职位”的意思，其区别是：
position: 侧重指社会地位较高，工作较为庄重，领取工资的职位。
post: 普通用词，指人的职务，职位，岗位。
place: 指任何不分高低贵贱的职位；有时侧重指在政府、法庭所谋求的职位。
situation: 正式用词，一般指雇员或为富有人家工作所担任的职位，现多见于广告中。
setting, site, position, location, scene, locality, place, situation, spot
这组词都有“地点、位置、场所”的意思，其区别是：
setting: 一般特指戏剧或小说所写的环境或场所。
site: 指或大或小的地方，既可指供专门用途或特定活动的地点，又可指某一事件的地址。
position: 多指物体相对于其他物体所处的位置或状态。
location: 指某物设置的方向或地点。
scene: 常指真实事件或虚构故事发生的地点。
locality: 指某物所处的客观位置和周围地区。
place: 含义广泛，最普通用词，既可指很小的地点，又可指很大很远的地方或场所。
situation: 指物体在其周围环境中所处的位置或状态，侧重地点或场所的环境特征。
spot: 指相对较小的特定地点或事物所在地。
replace, submit, substitute, place
replace: 强调某种永久性的取代
submit: 呈交（hand in）
substitute: 强调暂时性的替代
place: 放置
put, set, lay, place
这组词都有“放”的意思，其区别是：
put: 普通用词，含义较广泛。指把人或物置于某处，并将其留在该处。
set: 普通用词，指为了某种目的而将人或物放在一定位置上。指物是多指立着放。
lay: 指小心地把人或物平放或横放，侧重动作安稳。
place: 较正式用词，指把某物放在一个正确的位置上，侧重动作的正确。
n. 地方；住所；座位
 - district, seat
vt. 放置；任命；寄予
 - install, constitute, park, name
vi. 名列前茅；取得名次
 - come to the top

Word: try
Front: try
[traɪ] (中高 127/159 -K5)
Vocabulary: try
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5v
Try describes putting effort into something, like when you try to draw a horse, or take a sample of something, like when you try a new flavor of ice cream.
Another meaning is of try is to put on trial — a prosecutor might try a defendant for theft. Try can also describe testing the limits of something, like when a bratty kid you are babysitting tries your patience. When you add an ending to try, you need to change the y to an i, as in tried and tries. When you add -ing, however, you keep the y to form trying.
WORD FAMILY
try: retry, trial, tried, trier, tries, trying+/ mistrial: mistrials/ retrial: retrials/ retry: retrial, retried, retries, retrying/ trial: mistrial, pretrial, trials/tried: triedest, untried/trier: triers/trying: tryinger, tryingest, tryingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The president tried to block a law that allowed 9/11 families to sue Saudi Arabia for its alleged role in the September 11 attacks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Domestically, Obama tried and failed to implement a cap-and-trade system to lower emissions and instead turned to direct regulation of coal-fired power plants.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Franklin said he “tried to push through” the injury, but that his thumb kept locking up on his throwing hand.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 试图，努力; 实验; 审判; 考验
n. 尝试，实验; [橄]触球，（因触球获得的）向球门踢球的权利
时态：tried, trying, tries
分布：尝试(51%)，努力(26%)，设法(11%)，试验(6%)，审判(4%)，考验(2%)
→来自古法语 trier,选择，选出，分开，词源不详。可能置换自古法语 tirer,拉出，拔出，来自 Proto-Germanic*terana,撕，撕开，来自 der,撕，撕开，词源同 tear,tier.引申诸相关词义。
v.尝试,试图;试验,试用;审讯n.尝试The crying boy tries to fry the dry crystal.哭喊的男孩试图用油炸干晶体.
verb
ATTEMPT 试图
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to attempt to do something 试图，想要；设法，努力
• Keep trying and you'll find a job eventually. 不断努力，你最终会找到工作的。
• If I don't get into the academy this year, I'll try again next year. 如果今年进不了这所专科学校，我明年还会努力。
• I've tried really hard but I can't persuade him to come. 尽管我很努力劝他，但他就是不来。
• I'm trying my best/hardest , but I just can't do it. 我在尽最大努力，可就是做不来。
• [+ to infinitive] I tried to open the window. 我试着想打开窗户。
• [+ -ing verb] Perhaps you should try getting up (= You should get up) earlier in the mornings. 也许早晨你应该早点起床。
[traɪ] verb
TEST 试验
transitive
■to test something to see if it is suitable or useful or if it works 试；试用；尝试；试验
• I tried that recipe you gave me last night. 我昨晚尝试了你给我的那个食谱。
• I'm afraid we don't sell newspapers - have you tried the shop on the corner? 很遗憾，我们不卖报纸，你去拐角处的那家商店问过吗？
• [+ -ing verb] Try using a different shampoo. 试着用一下另一种洗发水。
• I thought I might try parachuting. 我想我可能会尝试一下跳伞。
• I've forgotten my door-keys - we'd better try the window (= test it to see if it is open). 我忘了带门锁匙——我们最好试试窗户是否开着。
tried and tested/trusted (US tried and true)
■used by many people and proved to be effective 经反覆考验的，经反覆试验的（许多人用过且证实是有效的）
• Most people would prefer to stick to tried and true methods of birth control. 大多数人都宁愿继续使用已经反覆验证的节育方法。
[traɪ] verb
LAW 法律
transitive
■to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a court of law by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty 审理，审讯，审判
• Because of security implications the officers were tried in secret. 出于安全上的考虑，那些军官受到秘密审判。
• They are being tried for murder. 他们因谋杀正在被审讯。
⇒ See also trial
[traɪ] verb
WORRY 担心
transitive
■to worry or annoy someone or upset a person's patience with many, often slight, difficulties 考验，磨炼；使受痛苦
• The demands of the job have tried him sorely. 这项工作的苛刻要求使他深受折磨。
• He's been trying my patience all morning with his constant questions. 他整个早晨都在不停地问我问题，令我烦透了。
• Her endless demands would try the patience of a saint (= are very annoying). 他无休止的要求，即使一个圣者也会忍无可忍。
[traɪ] verb
try sth for size UK (US try sth on for size)
■to test something or to think about an idea in order to decide whether it works or whether you can use it 试用…看是否可用；考虑…看是否合适
[traɪ] verb
try your hand at sth
■to try doing something for the first time 初次尝试做
• I might try my hand at a bit of Chinese cookery. 我或许应该亲手尝试一下煮中国菜。
[traɪ] verb
try your luck
■to try to achieve something although you know you might not succeed 碰碰运气
• He'd always wanted to act and in 1959 came to London to try his luck on the stage. 他一直想从事表演，于是在1959年来到伦敦，想在舞台上试试运气。
[traɪ] verb
try it on UK informal
■to deceive someone or behave badly, especially in order to discover how much of your bad behaviour will be allowed 向…行骗；对…粗鲁无礼；耍弄（尤指为了试探可被容忍的限度）
• He's not really ill - he's just trying it on. 他并不是真的病了——他只是在耍花招。
• The kids often try it on with a new babysitter. 孩子们常常耍弄新来的保姆。
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  try for sth
■to attempt to get something 试图获得；争取，谋求
• Are you going to try for that job in the sales department? 你想争取销售部的那份工作吗？
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] try sth on IMPROVER
■to put on a piece of clothing to discover if it fits you or if you like it 试穿；试戴
• Try on the shoes to see if they fit. 试试那双鞋子，看合不合适。
• What a lovely dress - why don't you try it on for size (= to discover whether it fits) ? 多漂亮的裙子啊——你为甚么不试试大小呢？
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] try sth out
■to use something to discover if it works or if you like it 试用；试验；检验
• Don't forget to try out the equipment before setting up the experiment. 别忘了在安装实验设备以前检验一下。
[traɪ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  try out for sth US
■to compete for a position in a sports team or a part in a play 参加（运动队的）选拔；参加（剧组的）试演
• Luke's trying out for the college football team. 卢克正在参加大学足球队的选拔。
[traɪ] verb
  Common Learner Errors  tryWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using try in the past tense. In the past simple and past participle, don't write 'tryed', write tried. The -ing form is trying.
[traɪ] noun
ATTEMPT 试图
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular
■an attempt to do something 设法，努力；试，尝试
• They might just have a place left on the course - why don't you give it/have a try? 他们在跑道上可能还留了一个位置——你为甚么不试试呢？
• This will be her third try at jumping the bar. 这将是她第三次尝试跳过横杆。
• You could ask him if he's willing - it's worth a try. 你可以问他是否愿意——这值得一试。
[traɪ] noun
SPORT 体育
countable
■(in the game of rugby) the act of a player putting the ball on the ground behind the opposing team's goal line, which scores points for the player's team （橄榄球运动中）在对方球门线后带球触地得分
manage, try
manage: to do设法做成了某事,
try: to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
attempt, try, endeavour, strive
这些动词均含有“试图，努力，力图”之意。
attempt: 较正式用词，侧重已经开始，且希望完成，但常隐含着不一定有预期的结果。
try: 普通用词，可与attempt换用，但强调努力或尝试，后跟不定式表示努力或争取；后跟动名词表示尝试。
endeavour: 正式用词，指尽最大努力、认真地克服困难去做某事。
strive: 和endeavour一样，表示付出巨大努力，但strive侧重劳累与紧张，而不强调努力的结果。
test, experiment, trial, try
这组词都有“试验”的意思，其区别是：
test: 普通用词，含义广，指用科学方法对某物质进行测试以估价其性质或效能等。
experiment: 多指用科学方法在实验室内进行较系统的操作实验以验证、解释或说明某一理论、定理或某一观点等。
trial: 指为观察、研究某事物以区别其真伪、优劣或效果等而进行较长时间的试验或试用过程。
try: 普通用词，多用于口语或非正式场合，指试一试。
vt. 试图，努力；试验；审判；考验
 - apply oneself, undertake, offer, proof
vi. 尝试；努力；试验
 - experiment, apply oneself, struggle, labor
n. 尝试；努力；试验
 - effort, pain, stroke, proof, struggle

Word: doe
Front: doe
[dəʊ] (12665/9309)
Vocabulary: doe
(once / 1193 pages)
n
A doe is a deer, a female deer. Doe can also refer to the female of other animals, but it’s usually a deer. You might spot a doe in the spring, walking through the woods with her babies.
There are several four-legged mammals whose females are called does, including goats, antelopes, and even rabbits. The males are called bucks. The words doe and buck are like woman and man for the furry set. Oddly, you can also refer to female guinea pigs, mice, and weasels as does, although doe usually means a deer. The word comes from the Old English da, or "female deer," which probably stems from a Celtic root.
WORD FAMILY
doe
USAGE EXAMPLES
“It’s a big, big category and the previous recipients are pretty impressive,” Doe, 63, told The Times last week.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 28, 2016)
It also targets the scientific staff of DoE’s national laboratories.
Salon(Dec 28, 2016)
The whistleblowers called themselves John Doe and their identity remains secret.
BBC(Dec 25, 2016)
Back: n. 雌鹿（或雌兔、雌羚羊等）
分布：母鹿(93%)，雌兔(7%)
→词源不详。
US [doʊ] noun countable
■the female of animals such as the deer or rabbit （雌鹿、雌兔等）雌性动物 Compare buck

Word: through
Front: through
[θru:] (中高 112/109 -K5)
Vocabulary: through
(once / 8 pages)
adjadv
As an adjective, through means finished or done. As an adverb it can mean backward and forward, completely, up to and including, or all the way to the end. The preposition through means in and out of.
Through has lots of meanings. If you finished your homework you might shout — gleefully — "I'm through!" Those people who wouldn't be quiet talked through the entire movie. The first half of the alphabet are the letters A through M. If you've memorized the multiplication table, you know the whole thing through. And, of course, you walk through a door.
WORD FAMILY
through: throughly, throughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
It’s collected and administered at the county level and is largely generated through hotel stays, but also on bookings through short-term rentals such as Airbnb.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“Struggled a bit at the end, but I got through it,” Aiava said.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Franklin said he “tried to push through” the injury, but that his thumb kept locking up on his throwing hand.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: prep. 通过，穿过; 经由; 透过; 凭借
adv. 从头到尾; 彻底; 自始至终
adj. （电话）接通; 通话完毕; 有洞的; 直达的
分布：通过(58%)，穿过(18%)，直达的(5%)，凭借(4%)，贯穿的(3%)，结束的(3%)，完成的(3%)，自始至终(2%)，径直(2%)，直通的(1%)，完全(1%)
→来自中英语 thurh,穿过，通过，来自 Proto-Germanic*thurkh,穿过，通过，来自 tere,弯， 转，跨过，词源同 turn,trans-,transport.
prep./ad.穿过;自始至终;由,以a.直达的I heard about the meeting through Tom.我从汤姆那儿听说有这个会的.
preposition adverb
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL (ALSO also US not standard thru)
■from one end or side of something to the other 通过；穿越
• They walked slowly through the woods. 他们缓步穿过树林。
• The boy waded through the water to reach his boat. 男孩涉水来到他的船上。
• He struggled through the crowd till he reached the front. 他挤过人群来到前面。
• How long the journey takes will depend on how long it takes to get through the traffic. 旅程要花多长时间将取决于穿过车流要花多长时间。
• Her words kept running through my mind/head (= I kept hearing her words in my imagination). 她的话一直在我脑海里回荡。
• We drove through the tunnel. 我们开车穿过隧道。
• I saw him drive through a red light (= he did not stop at the red traffic light). 我看见他开车闯红灯。
• I'll put you through (= connect you by telephone) (to the sales department). 我给你接通（销售部的）电话。
[θru:] preposition adverb
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL
■from the beginning to the end of a period of time 自始至终，从头至尾
• It rained all/right through June and into the first half of July. 整个六月和七月的上半月一直在下雨。
• We sat through two lectures and then left. 我们听完整整两节课，然后就走了。
• She had just enough energy to get through the day. 她硬撑着坚持了一天。
• US She works Monday through Thursday (= from Monday to Thursday). 她周一到周四工作。
[θru:] preposition adverb
through and through
■completely 完全地，彻底地，十足地
• My mother is Irish through and through. 我妈妈是地地道道的爱尔兰人。
[θru:] preposition
RESULT 结果
 ESSENTIAL
■as a result of 由于
• The company lost the order through production delays. 该公司由于生产延误，失去了订单。
[θru:] preposition
USING 利用
 ESSENTIAL
■by; using 透过；利用
• I got my car through my brother who works in a garage. 我透过在汽车修理厂工作的兄弟买的车。
• We sold the bike through advertising in the local paper. 我们透过在地方报纸上登广告卖掉了脚踏车。
[θru:] adjective
FINISHED 完成的
■having finished using or doing something 完成的；结束的；断绝的
• I've got some work to do but I should be through in an hour if you can wait. 我还有些工作要做，不过一小时内应该可以完成，你看能不能等一下。
• Are you through with that atlas? 你看完那本地图册了吗？
[θru:] adjective
SUCCESSFUL 成功的
be through (to sth)
■to achieve success in an examination, competition, etc. and progress to the next stage or a higher level 通过（考试等）
• "Has she heard about her entrance exams yet?" "Yes, she's through." “她知道入学考试的成绩了吗？” “知道，她通过了。”
• She's through to the next round of interviews. 她通过了，可参加下一轮面试。
mob, through, masses, crowd, people
这组词都有“人们，人群”的意思，其区别是：
mob: 含贬义，指乌合之众、暴民。
through: 与crowd含义很接近，常可换用，但侧重指向前运动的群众。
masses: 指群众或平民，在西方国家含贬义，在我国含褒义。
crowd: 本义指一大群紧紧聚集在一起的人群，现指群众整体，由个体结合的人群或大众。
people: 最普通用词，不带任何色彩，泛指不确定数量的人们。
over, through, along, across
这组词都有“横过、穿过”的意思，其区别是：
over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从……上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。
through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。
along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。
across: 指“从……的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。
prep. 通过；穿过；凭借
 - via, across
adv. 彻底；从头至尾
 - to the core
adj. [交] 直达的；过境的；完结的
 - finished, non-stop

Word: vote
Front: vote
[vəʊt] (高研四六托 1078/1228 -K5)
Vocabulary: vote
(once / 44 pages)
1nv 2n
Your vote is your official choice on some specific question. You might feel that your vote hardly counts in a Presidential election, though your vote for student council treasurer might feel like it has a lot more importance.
A vote is a formal noting of your preference, in an online poll or sitting in a circle with your book group, or when you cast it on a ballot at a polling place. To voice that preference is also to vote, either officially or more casually: "Let's all vote on a group costume for Halloween this year — a bag of jelly beans or the seven dwarfs?" The Latin root of vote is votum, "a vow, wish, or promise."
WORD FAMILY
vote: voted, voteless, voter, votes, voting+/voter: voters/voting: votings
USAGE EXAMPLES
In the run-up to the 23 June referendum, banks warned about the consequences of a vote to leave the EU.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
No further league-wide vote of the owners is required since they already voted last January to award that option to the Chargers.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“I am pleased that now voters’ voices matter and that, at least in this instance, votes count.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 投票，选举; 提议; 投票表决; 公认，由舆论决定
n. 投票，表决; 投票数; 投票权; 决议
时态：voted, voting, votes
分布：投票(52%)，选举(23%)，表决(16%)，选举权(8%)，投票结果(1%)
→来自拉丁语votum,庄严的承诺，对神的承诺，词源同vow,devote。后用于指投票。
投票(投票前需要发誓以示诚实)[vot=vow,表示"发誓"]
n.投票,表决;选票,选票数v.投票,表决In the hot hotel the devoted voter did not notice the noticeable notebook.在炎热的旅馆里,热心的投票者没有注意到显而易见的笔记本.
US [voʊt] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to express your choice or opinion, especially by officially writing a mark on a paper or by raising your hand or speaking in a meeting 投票；选举；（对…）进行表决
• She was too young to vote in the national election. 她的年龄太小，不能在全国大选中投票。
• The committee voted on the proposal, and accepted it unanimously. 委员会就这一提议进行投票表决，结果一致通过。
• Did you vote for or against the motion? 对这项动议你投了赞成票还是反对票？
• Over 55% voted Liberal. 55%的选民投了自由党的票。
• [+ to infinitive] A majority of staff voted to accept the offer of an 8% pay rise. 表决中绝大多数员工同意接受8%的工资升幅。
• [+ (that)] I vote (that) we (= It is my opinion that we should) go to the cinema first and eat afterwards. 我觉得我们应该先去看电影，然后再去吃饭。
• [+ obj + noun] The evening was voted a tremendous success (= This was most people's opinion). 大部分人认为那场晚会是非常成功的。
• It was the younger members who voted Smith onto the committee (= Smith joined because he was the choice of the younger members). 是年纪较轻的成员将史密斯选进了委员会。
• The Republican Party was voted into/out of office (= was chosen in an election to become/stop being the government). 共和党被选上／下了台。
UK [vəʊt] US [voʊt] verb intransitive or transitive
vote with your feet
■If you vote with your feet, you leave an organization or stop supporting, using or buying something, and change to a new organization, service, or product 退离（机构）；表示不支持；不再使用（某产品）
• When the price of skiing doubled, tourists voted with their feet and just stopped going. 当滑雪的价格上升一倍的时候，游客们都不愿接受，所以干脆就不去了。
UK [vəʊt] US [voʊt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] vote sth down
■to defeat something such as a law or plan by voting against it 投票否决
• The proposal to build a new road through the forest was voted down by the local council. 穿过森林修建一条新路的提议被当地市政会投票否决了。
UK [vəʊt] US [voʊt] verb intransitive or transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] vote sth through
■to accept and make possible something such as a law or plan by voting for it 投票通过
• The committee voted through a proposal to cut the defence budget. 该委员会投票通过了一项议案来削减国防预算。
UK [vəʊt] US [voʊt] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when someone shows their choice or opinion in an election or meeting by writing a cross on an official piece of paper or putting their hand up （选）票；表决意见
• The suggestion was approved, with 25 votes in favour, and 7 against. 25票赞成，7票反对，这项提议获得了通过。
• She cast her vote (= voted) for the Communist Party. 她投票支持共产党。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■a way of making a decision by asking a group of people to vote 投票；表决；选举
• We called a meeting in order to take/hold a vote on the issue. 我们召集了一次会议对这个问题进行表决。
the vote only singular
■the total number of votes given or received in an election 总投票数
• The Green Party got/took 25% of the vote. 绿党获得了总票数的25%。
• They are trying to capture the working-class vote (= to persuade those people to vote for them). 他们正在试图争取工人阶级的选票。
■when someone is officially allowed to vote 选举权；表决权
• In some countries women still don't have the vote. 在某些国家女性仍然没有选举权。
put sth to the/a vote
■to vote on something 对…进行表决
• The proposal was read out and then put to the vote. 这项提议被宣读，然后提交表决。
n. 投票，选举；选票；得票数
 - election, poll
vt. 提议，使投票；投票决定；公认
 - make the offer, propone
vi. 选举，投票
 - poll

Word: keep
Front: keep
[ki:p] (中高雅 156/171 -K5)
Vocabulary: keep
(once / 10 pages)
1vn 2v 3vn 4v
To keep means to have and hold on to something — like to keep your wallet in your pocket. It also means to continue; if you keep hula hooping you’ll break the world record!
Keep has many senses in English, and shows up in a lot of our common expressions, like “keep out!" and "keep your shirt on!" The word generally has the senses of hold onto, maintain, stay, continue, or protect from harm. Food that will not spoil yet will keep. You can keep a secret, keep a diary, or keep your little sister safe. You can also keep a ritual or religious custom by practicing it –- like to keep kosher. Whatever you do, “just keep going.”
WORD FAMILY
keep: keeper, keeping, keeps, kept+/ keeper: keepers/keeping: keepings/kept: keptest, unkept
USAGE EXAMPLES
Why is it so hard to lose weight and keep it off?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
He kept quiet and did his job through the commotion.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Washington did a fine job limiting Harden but couldn’t keep the “other guys” down in the Rockets’ 101-91 win at Toyota Center.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 保持; 保留; 遵守; 阻止
vi. （食品）保持新; 保持健康
n. 保持，保养; 供养，抚养; 生活，生计; 饲料；牧草
时态：kept, keeping, keeps
分布：保持(55%)，继续(7%)，保留(7%)，保存(6%)，饲养(5%)，记录(4%)，遵守(4%)，生计(4%)，经营(3%)，保护(3%)，耽搁(2%)
→来自古英语cepan,抓住，握住，保持，观察，来自Proto-Germanic*kopijan,看，注视，来自gab,照看，看管。比较hold,behold.
v.保持,保存,遵守,经营,看守,拘留,维持I want you to keep the secret.我希望你保守秘密 .
verb (kept, kept)
CONTINUE TO HAVE 保存
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have or continue to have in your possession 保有；保存；保留
• Do you want this photograph back or can I keep it? 你想要回这张照片，还是我留着它？
• Keep medicines in a locked cupboard (= Store them there). 将药存放在上锁的橱柜里。
⇒ See also well-kept
transitive
■to own and manage a small shop 经营，管理（小店铺）
• My uncle kept a little tobacconist's in Gloucester. 我叔叔在格洛斯特开了一家小烟草店。
transitive
■If you keep animals, you own and take care of them, but not in your home as pets 饲养
• to keep pigs/goats/chickens 养猪／山羊／鸡
transitive US
■to watch and care for someone's children while their parents are away 照顾，照料（某人的孩子）
• Jody will keep the children while I shop. 我去买东西时，乔迪会照顾孩子。
keep your promise/word
■to do what you have told someone that you would do 履行诺言
• I made a promise to you and I intend to keep it. 我向你作过承诺，我会履行的。
keep an appointment
■to go to a meeting or event that has been arranged 守约
• She phoned to say she couldn't keep her appointment. 她来电说她无法守约了。
keep a diary/an account/a record, etc.
■to make a regular record of events or other information so that you can refer to it later 写日记／记帐／作记录等
• I've kept a diary for twelve years now. 至今，我已有12年写日记的习惯。
• Keep an account of how much you're spending. 记下你花多少钱。
keep a secret
■to not tell anyone a secret that you know 保守秘密
keep time
■(of a watch or clock) to show the correct time （表或钟）准时
• Does your watch keep good time? 你的表准吗？
keep goal
■to be the player who defends your team's goal by trying to prevent players from the other team scoring goals 守门（运动）
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
STAY 停留
 ESSENTIAL [L only + adj] transitive
■to (cause to) stay in a particular place or condition （使）留在（某处）；（使）保持（某状态）
• I wish you'd keep quiet. 我希望你能保持安静。
• I like to keep busy. 我喜欢一直忙忙碌碌的。
• Keep left (= Stay on the road to the left) at the traffic lights. 到红绿灯处，走左边的路。
• Can you keep the dog outside, please? 你能让狗呆在外面吗？
• [+ obj + adj] Close the door to keep the room warm. 关上门，好让房间保持暖和。
• The noise from their party kept me awake half the night. 他们派对传来的吵闹声使我半夜都不能入睡。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
CONTINUE DOING 继续做
 ESSENTIAL intransitive + -ing verb (also keep on)
■to continue doing something without stopping, or to do it repeatedly 继续（做）；重复（做）
• He keeps trying to distract me. 他一直想分散我的注意力。
• I keep on thinking I've seen her before somewhere. 我一直觉得以前在哪里见过她。
• I kept hoping that he'd phone me. 我一直希望他会给我打电话。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
DELAY 耽搁
 IMPROVER transitive
■to delay someone or prevent them from doing something 使耽误；阻止，妨碍
• He's very late, what's keeping him? 他姗姗来迟，是甚么耽搁了他？
• [+ -ing verb] I'm so sorry to keep you waiting. 很抱歉，让你久等了。
• She kept me talking on the phone for half an hour. 她缠着我在电话里讲了半个小时。
• I hope I'm not keeping you up (= preventing you from going to bed). 希望我没有耽误你睡觉。
intransitive
■If you say that news or information for someone can keep, you mean that you can tell it to them later 稍后再说
• "I must tell you something." "Can't it keep? I'm in a hurry!" “我必须跟你说件事。”“能以后再说吗？我现在赶时间。”
• Whatever your news is, it will keep. 不管你有甚么消息，以后再说。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
STAY FRESH 保持新鲜
intransitive
■(of food) to stay fresh and in good condition （食物）保持新鲜，持久不坏
• Milk keeps much longer in a fridge. 牛奶放在冰箱里，保鲜时间会长很多。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
PROVIDE 提供
transitive
■to provide yourself or another person with food, clothing, a home and other things necessary for basic living 供养；养活
• He wanted a job that would allow him to keep his family in comfort. 他需要一份工作来养活全家，让他们过舒适的生活。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
How are you keeping? mainly UK old-fashioned
■used to ask if someone is well （用于询问身体状况）你好吗?
• How's your mother keeping? 你母亲近来好吗？
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
keep (sb) at it
■to continue working hard at something difficult, or to make someone continue to work hard （使某人）继续做；（使某人）坚持做
• I kept at it and finally finished at 3 o'clock in the morning. 我不停地做，终于在凌晨三点完成了。
• We need to keep her at it if she's going to pass the exam. 如果她想通过考试，我们必须要她继续努力。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] keep (sb/sth) away
■to not go somewhere or near something, or to prevent someone from going somewhere or near something （使）不靠近，（使）远离
• Keep away from the edge of the cliff. 不要靠近悬崖边。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] keep (sth/sb) back
■to not go near something, or to prevent someone or something from going past a particular place （使）不靠近；阻止…通过
• Barriers were built to keep back the flood water. 人们设置了障碍物来拦截洪水。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] keep sth back
NOT USE ALL
■to not use the whole amount of something so that there is a small amount remaining for later 保留，留出（一小部分）
NOT TELL
■to not tell someone everything you know about a situation or an event that has happened 隐瞒
• I suspect she's keeping something back. 我怀疑她有所隐瞒。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sth down
FOOD
■to be able to eat or drink something without vomiting 吃（或喝）下东西（而不吐）
• On the day after her operation she couldn't keep anything down. 手术的第二天，她吃甚么都吐。
SIZE
■to control the size or number of something and prevent it from increasing 压缩；控制，限制…的规模
• We need to work hard to keep our prices down. 我们必须努力控制物价。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sb down
■to prevent a person or group of people from having any power or freedom 压制，压服，镇压（某人）
• It's all part of a conspiracy to keep women down. 那完全是压制女性自由的部分阴谋。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep from doing sth
■to manage to prevent yourself from doing something 克制不做…，抑制不做…
• I couldn't keep from smiling when she told me what she'd done. 当她把她做的事告诉我时，我无法忍着不笑。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sb/sth from sth IMPROVER
■to prevent someone or something from doing something 阻止…做；防止…做
• [+ -ing verb] Try to keep the children from throwing food all over the floor. 别让孩子们将食物扔得满地都是。
• Am I keeping you from your work? 我妨碍你工作吗？
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sth from sb
■to not tell someone about something 不将…告诉（某人）；向（某人）隐瞒
• He says it's alright but I think he's keeping something from me. 他说他没事，但我认为他对我有所隐瞒。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sb in
■to make a child stay inside as a punishment, or to make someone stay in hospital 使（学童）留校作为处罚；使（某人）住院
• They kept her in overnight for observation. 他们将她留院观察了一晚。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep in with sb
■to continue to try to be friendly with someone, especially because they can help you （尤指为得到帮助）与（某人）友好相处，不得罪（某人）
• I like to keep in with my ex-employer, you never know when you might need a reference. 我愿意跟以前的雇主保持良好关系，因为说不定甚么时候或许会需要他的推荐信。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep (sb/sth) off sth
■to not go onto an area, or to stop someone or something going onto an area （使…）远离；（使…）不接近
• There was a notice saying 'Keep off the grass'. 那里有一块告示，上面写著「勿踏草地”。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sth off (sb/sth)
■to stop something touching or harming someone or something 挡开；使免受…的侵害
• Put a cloth over the salad to keep the flies off. 在沙拉上盖一块布来挡苍蝇。
• Wear a hat to keep the sun off (= to prevent it harming your skin). 戴顶帽子遮挡阳光。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept) keep 1 Phrasal Verbs  keep (sb) off sth
* to not eat, drink or use something that can harm you, or to stop someone else from doing this （使某人）不吃（或喝、用）
• The doctor told me to keep off fatty foods. 医生嘱咐我不要吃油腻的食物。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep off sth mainly UK
■If you keep off a particular subject, you avoid talking about it. 不提，避开（某一话题）
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep on doing sth ESSENTIAL
■to continue to do something, or to do something again and again 继续做；反覆做
• She kept on asking me questions the whole time. 她一直不停地问我问题。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep on UK informal
■to continue to talk in an annoying way about something 喋喋不休；唠叨个没完没了
• Don't keep on, I'll sort it out in a minute. 别喋喋不休了，我马上就解决这事。
• He kept on at me about the money, even though I told him I hadn't got it. 我告诉他我没拿到钱，但他还是一直就此和我唠叨个不停。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep (sb/sth) out
■to not go in a place, or to stop someone or something from going into a place （使）留在外面，（使）不进入
• Building work in progress. Keep out! 正在施工，请勿入内！
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep (sb/sth) out of sth
■to avoid becoming involved in something, or to stop someone or something becoming involved in something （使）不参加；（使）不卷入；（使）置身于…之外
• I prefer to keep out of arguments about money. 我不爱卷入关于钱的争执。
• Keep me out of this! 别把我扯进此事！
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep to somewhere
■to stay in one particular area 留在（某一区域），不离开（某处）
• Please keep to the footpaths. 请走行人道。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep sth to sth
■If you keep something to a particular number or amount, you make certain it does not become larger than that. 把…控制在（某一数量）内
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] keep sth to yourself
■to keep something secret 对（某事）保守秘密，不把…讲出来
• I don't want everyone to know, so if you could keep it to yourself I'd appreciate it. 我不想人人都知道，如果你能保密，我将不胜感激。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep yourself to yourself
■to not talk to other people very much 与人交往不多；不合群
• He's a very private person - he keeps himself to himself. 他是个非常孤僻的人——不太与人交往。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep to sth
PLAN
■to do what you have promised or planned to do 遵守，信守（诺言）；坚持（计划）
• I think we should keep to our original plan. 我想我们应当坚持原本计划。
SUBJECT
■If you keep to a particular subject, you only talk about that subject 不背离，不偏离（某一主题）
• For heaven's sake let's keep to the point or we'll never reach any decisions. 看在老天的份上，我们别离题，否则甚么都决定不下来。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] keep sth up
■to not allow something that is at a high level to fall to a lower level 使不下降；使保持在高水准
• You must eat to keep your strength up. 你必须吃东西以保持体力。
keep up appearances
■to pretend to be happier, less poor, etc. than you really are, because you do not want people to know how bad your situation is 维持门面，保持体面；保持常态
• They were very unhappily married but kept up appearances for the sake of their children. 他们的婚姻并不幸福，但为了子女而装作一切正常。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] keep (sth) up
■to continue without stopping or changing, or to continue something without allowing it to stop or change （使）继续下去，（使）不停止；（使）不改变
• Keep up the good work! 继续好好工作！
keep it up
■used to encourage someone to continue doing something （用于鼓励）继续做吧
• You're doing very well everybody. Keep it up! 你们每个人都做得很好，继续下去！
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep up
■to be able to understand or deal with something that is happening or changing very fast 跟上（变化、形势等）
• I read the papers to keep up with what's happening in the outside world. 我读报纸以便跟上外界的形势。
[ki:p] verb (kept, kept)
  Phrasal Verbs  keep up (with sb/sth)
 IMPROVER
■If someone or something keeps up with someone or something else, they do whatever is necessary to stay level or equal with that person or thing 不落后；跟上；（与…）并驾齐驱
• He started to walk faster and the children had to run to keep up. 他开始加快脚步，孩子们不得不跑步才能跟上。
• Wages are failing to keep up with inflation. 现在的工资跟不上通货膨胀的速度。
keep up with the Joneses disapproving
■to always want to own the same expensive objects and do the same things as your friends or neighbours because you are worried about seeming less important socially than they are （在物质生活方面）与朋友（或邻居）比较
[ki:p] noun
LIVING EXPENSES 生计
uncountable
■the cost of providing food, heating and other necessary things for someone 生计；生活费用
• He's old enough now to earn his keep and stop living off his parents. 他现已长大成人，可以自谋生计而不再依靠父母。
[ki:p] noun
TOWER 塔楼
countable specialized
■the strong main tower of a castle 要塞；城堡主楼
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
conserve, reserve, retain, withhold, preserve, keep
这组词都有“保持，保存”的意思，其区别是：
conserve: 一般指保存自然资源，保全人的精力、力量等。
reserve: 正式用词，指为了将来的用途或其他用途而保存、保留。
retain: 指继续保持。
withhold: 指扣住不放，暗示有阻碍。
preserve: 主要指为防止损害、变质等而保存。
keep: 最常用词，指长时间牢固地保持或保存。
vt. 保持；经营；遵守；饲养
 - retain, operate, run, respect, work
vi. 保持；继续不断
 - remain, to hold
n. 保持；生计；生活费
 - conservation, maintenance, livelihood

Word: already
Front: already
[ɔ:lˈredi] (中高 334/255 -K5)
Vocabulary: already
(once / 22 pages)
adv
Things that happened already are in the past, as in "Stop nagging me! I already cleaned my room."
If you did something already, you did it in the past, whether an hour ago or a year ago. A team trying for its second championship already won a championship. A kid who ate cake first has already eaten dessert. If you've never done it, then you can't say you already did it. This word often gets used in exasperated tones, as in "Take out the garbage! I already told you ten times!"
WORD FAMILY
already: alreadys
USAGE EXAMPLES
Developers in New York are already offering up to three months of free rent on some projects.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Randall, who was already on the injury report with a shoulder injury, also hurt his knee against the Lions.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Legislators will already face a $348 million budget shortfall when they return to Topeka on Jan. 9.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 早已，已经; 先前
分布：已经(100%)
→来自复合词all ready.
ad.已,已经,早已The reader already readily spread the thread on the ready-made bread.那位读者已经欣然将丝线铺散在现成的面包上.
US [ɑ:l-/ UK ['---] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■before the present time 已经，早已
• I asked him to come to the exhibition but he'd already seen it. 我请他去看展览，可他早就看过了。
• The concert had already begun by the time we arrived. 我们到时，音乐会已经开始了。
• I've already told him. 我已经告诉他了。
• As I have already mentioned, I doubt that we will able to raise all the money we need. 正如我早就说过的，我怀疑我们是否能够筹集到足够的资金。
 ESSENTIAL
■earlier than the time expected 比预期早
• Are you buying Christmas cards already? It's only September! 你现在就买圣诞卡？现在才九月啊！
• I've only eaten one course and I'm already full. 我才吃了一道菜，就已经吃饱了。
UK [ɔ:l'red.i] US [ɑ:l-/ UK ['---] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  alreadyWarning: check your word order! Already usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence.
✗ We have already enough supermarkets in this town. We already have enough supermarkets in this town. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , already usually goes directly after it: There are already enough supermarkets here.
adv. 已经，早已；先前
 - yet

Word: oil
Front: oil
[ɔɪl] (中高研四雅 546/906 -K5)
Vocabulary: oil
(once / 61 pages)
nv
Oil is a liquid fat or fuel. You might dress your salad with olive oil and use motor oil in your car's engine; just don't confuse the two!
There's the oil you put in your car or use to oil a rusty lock — then there's the oil you heat to stir fry vegetables or whisk with vinegar to make salad dressing. Chemically, these oils have a lot in common, from their tendency to avoid water to their slipperiness to the ease with which they catch on fire. Still, you'd never want to toss a bowl of spaghetti with motor oil — stick to olive oil instead.
WORD FAMILY
oil: oiled, oiler, oiling, oils, oily +/oiled: unoiled/oiler: oilers/ oily: oilier, oiliest, oilily, oiliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
“The biggest issues are traffic jams, no parking, accidents, and oil spills on the road,” he says.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
OIL: Benchmark U.S. crude was up 30 cents at $54.02 per barrel in New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
A Russian oil firm paid a large court fine owed by one of his aides, spurring accusations that Moscow was buying influence.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 油; 石油; 油画; 燃油
vt. 给…加油
vi. 化成油
时态：oiled, oiling, oils
分布：油(97%)，加油(1%)，油画颜料(1%)，涂油(1%)
→来自拉丁语oleum,油，橄榄油，词源同olive.后词义通用化，也用于指石油，原油等。
n.油,石油v.给...加润滑油;涂油,上油There is an oil refinery nearby.附近有家炼油厂.
noun
FUEL 燃油
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■a thick liquid that comes from under the Earth's surface which is used as a fuel and for making parts of machines move easily 燃油；润滑油
• diesel/lubricating oil 柴油／润滑油
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■ petroleum (= the black oil obtained from under the Earth's surface from which petrol comes) 石油；原油
• drilling for oil 钻探石油
• the oil industry 石油工业
[ɔɪl] noun
FOR COOKING 食用
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a smooth thick liquid produced from plants or animals that is used in cooking 食用油
• olive/corn/vegetable/sunflower oil 橄榄／玉米／植物／葵花籽油
[ɔɪl] noun
FOR BODY/HAIR 润肤／护发
countable or uncountable
■a smooth thick liquid that is used to improve the appearance or quality of the skin or hair 防护油；润肤油；护发油
• bath oil 沐浴润肤油
[ɔɪl] noun
PAINT 植物
oils
[plural]
■thick paints with an oil base, used for painting pictures 油画颜料
• Do you paint in oils or watercolours? 你画油画还是水彩画？
[ɔɪl] verb transitive
■to put oil on something, especially a machine, usually to make it work more easily without sticking 给（尤指机器）上油，给…上润滑油
⇒ See also well-oiled
[ɔɪl] verb transitive
oil the wheels informal
■to make it easier for something to happen 使顺利进行；促进
• An aid programme was established to oil the wheels of economic reform in the region. 制定了一项援助计划，使该地区的经济改革得以顺利进行。
fat, grease, oil
这组词都有“油”的意思，其区别是：
fat: 多指动物性脂肪，常为固态。
grease: 通常指经加热变柔软的油脂。
oil: 泛指植物、动物和矿物性液体油。
n. [油脂] 油；石油；油画颜料
 - petroleum, geoline
vt. 加油；涂油；使融化
 - gas, melt
vi. 融化；加燃油
 - thaw out

Word: second
Front: second
[ˈsekənd] (中高雅 381/242 -K5)
Vocabulary: second
(once / 18 pages)
1adjnadv 2n 3n 4n 5nv 6n 7adj 8v
A second may be one-sixtieth of a minute or the item after first. If you ask whether you're second in line, the hostess might reply, "Give me a second and I'll tell you."
Different meanings of the word second have evolved from the same background, which is the Latin word secundus, which means "next" or "following." Many of the meanings of second follow that idea of a linear "next," including "second base" (comes after "first base"). Back when duels were commonly fought, each dueler chose a second, a friend whose job it was to see that the fight followed the rules. You might have second thoughts about entering a duel, and rightfully so.
WORD FAMILY
second: seconded, seconder, seconding, secondly, secondment, seconds+/seconder: seconders
USAGE EXAMPLES
"It was a big offside for the second goal," said Bilic.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The only certainty is this: That interception in the final 90 seconds of Sunday’s game will haunt Cousins at the negotiating table.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
On the next drive, McQuay dropped a would-be interception on second down.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 秒; 瞬间; 次货; 第二份食物
adj. 第二的; 次要的; 居第二位的; 另外的
adv. 第二; 其次; 以第二位
vt. 支持; 临时调派; 附议; 赞成提案
时态：seconded, seconding, seconds
分布：第二(88%)，秒(6%)，支持(1%)，其次(1%)，第二的(1%)，片刻(1%)，次等的(1%)，赞成(1%)
→来自古法语 second,第二的，来自拉丁语 secundus,第二的，从属的，按顺序的，紧跟着的， 来自 sequi,跟随，词源同 sequence,consequent.-und,形容词后缀。second 秒，片刻，瞬间
a.第二;次等的,二等的n.秒v.赞成,附和The man beyond the bond is fond of the second wonderful diamond.那位不受约束的人喜欢第二颗奇异的钻石.
ordinal number determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■immediately after the first and before any others 第二（的），第二个（的）
• Is Brian her first or second child? 布莱恩是她的第一个还是第二个孩子？
• This is the second time I've had flu this winter. 这是今年冬天以来我的第二场感冒。
 ESSENTIAL
■the position in which a person finishes a race or competition if they finish immediately behind the winner 第二名（的）
• First prize is a fortnight in Barbados and second prize is a weekend in Rome. 头奖是巴巴多斯双环游，二奖是罗马周末游。
• Jones took second place in the long jump. 钟斯在跳远比赛中得了第二名。
 ESSENTIAL
■Second is used to show that only one thing is better, bigger, etc. than the thing mentioned 仅次于第一（的）
• St Petersburg is Russia's second (biggest/largest) city. 圣彼得堡是俄罗斯第二大城市。
• Iraq's oil reserves are second only to Saudi Arabia's. 伊拉克的石油储量仅次于沙乌地阿拉伯。
■3. The conditions that these prisoners are kept in are second to none (= better than all others).
 IMPROVER
■another 另一（的）； 又一（的）
• She is often described as the second Marilyn Monroe. 她常常被人们称为玛丽莲‧梦露第二。
• You really ought to make the most of the opportunity, because you won't get a second chance. 你真的应该好好珍惜这个机会，因为你不会再有这样的机会了。
• Richard and Liz have a second home in France. 理查和利兹在法国还有一个家。
• Pay attention to what she's saying because she won't explain it a second time. 注意听她讲，因为她不会讲第二遍。
■happening only once out of every two possible times; alternate 每隔一个（的）
• We've decided to hold the conference every second year. 我们已经决定每两年举行一次会议。
['sek.ənd] ordinal number determiner
second best
■not as good as the best and therefore not wanted so much 第二好的，仅次于最好的
• She refuses to settle for second best - she strives for perfection. 她不甘第二，努力做到最好。
['sek.ənd] adverb
■after the first and before any others 第二（的），第二个（的）
• Robertson won the race and Cameron was/came/finished second. 罗伯逊得了赛跑冠军，卡梅伦得了第二名。
• In this business, money comes first and principles come a very poor second (= they are much less important). 在这个行业，钱是第一位的，而原则远远不及金钱。
■used to introduce the second thing in a list of things you want to say or write; secondly 第二；其次
• There are two good reasons why we can't do it. First, we can't afford it, and second, we don't have time. 有两个很好的原因可以解释我们为甚么不能这样做：第一，我们没有钱；其次，我们没有时间。
['sek.ənd] noun
TIME 时间
 ESSENTIAL countable (abbreviation sec) (s)
■a short unit of time which is equal to a sixtieth of a minute 秒
• There are sixty seconds in a minute. 1分钟有60秒。
• These computers process millions of instructions per second. 这些电脑每秒钟处理几百万个指令。
• The new system can trace a phone call in a fraction of a second. 新系统可以极快地查出来电号码。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a very short period of time 片刻；瞬间
• "Come on, hurry up!" "I'll just/only be a second - I've got to lock the back door." “快，跟上！”“等一下，我得把锁后门。”
• Have you got a second, Paul? I'd like to have a word with you. 你能抽出点时间吗，保罗？我想和你说句话。
• It won't take a second (= It will be very quick). 花不了多少时间。
• Wait a couple of/a few seconds before trying again. 等一会儿再试。
['sek.ənd] noun
POSITION 位置
only singular
■the second person or thing to do or be something, or the second person or thing mentioned 第二个（人或事物）；第二名
• This is the second of the four tests. 这是四场测验中的第二场。
seconds [plural] informal
■an extra serving of food that is given after the first serving has been eaten 添菜；再来的一份食物
• Would anyone like seconds of ice cream? 有人想再来一份霜淇淋吗？
['sek.ənd] noun
MEASUREMENT 度量衡
countable specialized
■the smallest unit used for measuring an angle 秒（最小角度单位）
• There are 3600 seconds in a degree. 1度有3600秒。
['sek.ənd] noun
DAMAGED PRODUCT 破损产品
countable
■a product that is sold cheaply because it is damaged or not in perfect condition 瑕疵品
['sek.ənd] noun
HELPER 助手
countable
■a person who takes care of someone who is fighting in a boxing competition or, in the past, in a duel (= organized fight) （拳击比赛或旧时决斗中的）助手
['sek.ənd] noun
QUALIFICATION 证书
countable (also second class degree) UK
■a degree qualification immediately below the highest level you can get from a British university （英国大学中的）第二等学位
['sek.ənd] noun
GEAR 排档
uncountable (also second gear)
■in a vehicle, the gear which combines power with limited speed and is used when increasing or reducing speed （车辆的）二档
• You'll have to change (down/up) into second. 你得换二挡。
['sek.ənd] verb transitive
■to make a formal statement of support for a suggestion made by someone else during a meeting so that there can be a discussion or vote 附议；赞成
• specialized The motion was proposed by the club's chairwoman and seconded by the secretary. 该动议由俱乐部女主席提出，由干事附议。
• "I could do with a drink." "I'll second that (= I agree with you) !" “我想喝杯饮料。”“我赞成！”
UK [sɪ'kɒnd] US [-'kɑ:nd] verb transitive UK
■to send an employee to work somewhere else temporarily, either to increase the number of workers or to replace other workers, or to exchange experience or skills （临时）调任，调派
• During the dispute, many police officers were seconded from traffic duty to the prison service. 在争端期间，很多员警从交管部门被抽调出来，派去监狱。
n. [计量] 秒；第二名；瞬间；二等品
 - moment, breath, instant
vt. 支持
 - encourage, back, carry, champion, support of
adj. 第二的；次要的；附加的
 - additional, attached, supporting, minor, peripheral
adv. 第二；其次；居第二位
 - next

Word: we
Front: we
[wi] (中高 24/26 -K5)
Back: pron. 我们，咱们; 笔者，本人; 朕; 人们
分布：我们(100%)
→来自we,我们。
pron．我们We are not naturally bad.人性本善.
pronoun
GROUP 群体
 ESSENTIAL
■(used as the subject of a verb) the speaker and at least one other person when considered together or as a group （用作动词的主语）我们
• Can we all go to the swimming pool this afternoon? 我们今天下午能都去游泳吗？
• If you don't hurry up we'll be late. 你不赶快的话我们就要迟到了。
 ESSENTIAL
■used by a speaker or a writer to refer to the listener(s) or reader and the person speaking or writing （讲话者或作者用来指代自己与听众或读者）我们
• Perhaps we could move on to discuss the next item on the agenda. 或许我们接下来可以讨论议程中的下一项内容。
[strong form wi:] [weak form wi] pronoun
ALL PEOPLE 所有人
 ESSENTIAL
■(used as the subject of a verb) all people, especially when considered as a group （用作动词的主语）所有人；（尤指作为一个整体的）我们
• This planet on which we all live should be cherished and not exploited. 我们生活的这个星球应该受到珍爱，而不该被掠夺。
[strong form wi:] [weak form wi] pronoun
YOU 你 informal
■(used as the subject of a verb, when talking to children or ill people) you （用作动词的主语，用于对婴儿或病人说话时）你，你们
• Now we don't want to be late for school, do we? 啊，你不想上学迟到，对不对？
• "How are we this morning Mrs Flanagan?" said the doctor. “你今天上午感觉怎么样，弗拉纳根太太？”医生说道。
[strong form wi:] [weak form wi] pronoun
I 我 formal
■(used by a queen or king when speaking officially) I （女王或国王在正式场合使用）朕，寡人

Word: capital
Front: capital
[ˈkæpɪtl] (中高研四六雅 1061/729 -K5)
Vocabulary: capital
(once / 81 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n 4adj 5n
Capital is the total amount of money (and things with a monetary value, like houses or cars) that a person or institution owns. A bank's capital might be in the billions, while your capital barely makes it into the hundreds.
Capital comes from the Latin capitalis, or "head," which some would argue is the command center of your body. Because your head is so important, capital, as a noun and as an adjective, has come to refer to the primary or chief example of something — whether it's money, a letter, a crime, or the national or state seat of a government. It can be easily confused with the American word capitol, which refers to the buildings where government activities take place.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
capital / capitol
Aha! A capital is a stash of money or the government headquarters of a state. Oh, a capitol is a building.
A state's capital is the primary city and usually the seat of the state government. The most important city is the capital city. The capital of New York is Albany, for example. Washington DC is the nation's capital:
Park Police found an abandoned vehicle, with an assault rifle inside it, near a bridge leading out of the nation's capital to Virginia. (New York Times)
Capital is also a financial word referring to, in a nutshell, the money a person or business has, not including debts. But wait, there's more! A capital letter starts a sentence or a proper noun, like the capital V for Virginia. It's also a crime that carries with it the severest penalty (life in prison or execution):
Wilson is the 19th death row inmate to commit suicide since California reinstated capital punishment in 1978, according to the Department of Corrections. (Reuters)
If you want to sound like a British spy, use capital to mean excellent, first rate, or really important:
In the realm of amateur fruit growing, on the other hand — a realm now daily widening — dwarf fruit trees are of capital importance. (F.A. Waugh)
A capitol (with an o) is a building that houses a government's legislative branch. When capitol is capitalized (ahem), it refers to the Capitol Building in Washington, DC, that is home to US Senators and Representatives. It's located on — where else? — Capitol Hill.
Remember that capitol with an o refers to a certain type of building that usually has a dome, then you'll know that in all other cases you want capital with an a.
WORD FAMILY
capital: capitalise, capitalism, capitalize, capitally, capitals+/capitalisation: capitalisations, overcapitalisation/capitalise: capitalisation, capitalised, capitalising, overcapitalise/ capitalism: capitalist, capitalistic/ capitalist: capitalists/capitalistic: capitalistically/ capitalization: capitalizations/ capitalize: capitalization, capitalized, capitalizes, capitalizing, overcapitalize/overcapitalise: overcapitalising/overcapitalize: overcapitalization, overcapitalized
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is famous for its buzzing, swirling, incomprehensible traffic.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In a few seconds the results of a heart test are sent to a specialist clinic in the capital.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Mr. Obama, who will remain in the nation’s capital for the next year or so, does not appear ready to slip quietly into retirement.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 首都; 资本; 资源; 大写字母
adj. 极好的; 死刑的; 资本的; 首都的
分布：资本(68%)，首都(17%)，资本的(6%)，大写字母(6%)，大写的(2%)，首要的(1%)
→来自词根cap, 头，词义外延不断扩大。
首要的;首都;资本(capit+al→头的→首要的→首都)[cap,cipit=head,表示"头"]
n.首都;大写字母;资本a.主要的,大写字母的The incapable man in cap went into the hospitable capital hospital.戴帽的无能男子走进热情好客的首都医院.
US [-tˌəl] noun
CITY 城市
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a city which is the centre of government of a country or smaller political area 首都；首府；省会
• Australia's capital city is Canberra. 澳大利亚的首都是坎培拉。
countable
■the most important place for a particular business or activity （某行业或活动的）中心
• London used to be the financial capital of the world. 伦敦曾是世界金融中心。
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] noun
LETTER 字母
 ESSENTIAL countable (also capital letter)
■a letter of the alphabet in the form and larger size that is used at the beginning of sentences and names 大写字母
• print in capitals 用大写字母印刷
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] noun
MONEY 钱
 ADVANCED uncountable
■money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business 资本，资金；本钱
• She leaves her capital untouched in the bank and lives off the interest. 她不动用银行里的本金，靠利息生活。
• We've put £20 000 capital into the business, but we're unlikely to see any return for a few years. 我们在生意上投入了两万英镑，但很可能在几年内都看不到任何回报。
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] noun
COLUMN 圆柱
countable specialized
■the top part of a column 柱头，柱冠，柱顶
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] noun
make capital out of sth
■to use a situation to get an advantage for yourself 从…中获益（或赢得好处）；利用
• The Opposition is making a lot of political capital out of the Government's failure to invest in education. 反对党正利用政府未能搞好教育投资而大捞政治资本。
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
LETTER 字母
■(of a letter of the alphabet) in the form and larger size that is used at the beginning of sentences and names 大写字母
• Do you write 'calvinist' with a capital 'C'? 你写 calvinist 时将 C 大写吗？
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
DEATH 死亡
capital crime/offence
■a crime that can be punished by death 死罪
• In some countries, importing drugs is a capital offence. 在某些国家，携带毒品入境是死罪。
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
EXCELLENT 极好的 UK old-fashioned
■very good or excellent 很棒的，极好的
• That's a capital idea ! 那主意好极了！
UK ['kæp.ɪ.təl] US [-tˌəl] adjective
with a capital A/B etc.
■said after the name of a particular quality to say that it is very strong, using its first letter （用于表示性质的词后，表示强调）非常，特别
• He's trouble with a capital T! 他这个人特别烦人！
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
n. 首都，省会； [会计] 资金；大写字母；资本家
 - fund, upper case
adj. 首都的；重要的；大写的
 - crucial, important, considerable, material, big

Word: report
Front: report
[rɪˈpɔ:t] (中高雅 450/276 -K5)
Vocabulary: report
(once / 20 pages)
1vn 2v 3n 4n
When you report something, you tell what happened. After giving the details of your groundbreaking news story, you might end by saying, “...reporting live from Washington, D.C.”
In addition to the action of telling, what gets told is also called a report. Your report on annual snowfall in New Mexico was brief but informative. Report also applies to calling the police or other authorities. You might not like the way your neighbor trims his poodle, but that doesn't mean you should report him for animal abuse.
WORD FAMILY
report: reportable, reportage, reported, reporter, reporting, reports+/reportable: reportably, unreportable/ reported: reportedly, unreported/ reporter: reporters/reporting: reportings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Several media reports said the man was believed to be from a Central Asian nation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
NBC News reports that the “technological disruption” started at 5 p.m.
Time(Jan 03, 2017)
Some travelers also reported long waits on the tarmac.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: n. 报告; 成绩报告单; 传闻; 流言蜚语
vt. & vi. 报道; 公布; 宣告
vt. 告发，举报; 使报到
时态：reported, reporting, reports
分布：报告(88%)，报到(3%)，报导(3%)，举报(2%)，成绩单(1%)，传闻(1%)，爆炸声(1%)，叙述(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-port,携带，承载，词源同 comport,portable.即带回去，引申诸相关词义。
n./v.报告,汇报;传说,传阅With the reporter's support, the sportsmen are transported to the airport.在记者的支持下,运动员们被运送到了机场.
US [-'pɔ:rt] verb
TELL 告诉
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give a description of something or information about it to someone 报道；报告；汇报
• We rang the insurance company to report the theft. 我们打电话将失窃的事情告知保险公司。
• The assassination was reported in all the newspapers. 所有报纸都报道了这宗暗杀事件。
• I want you to report (to me) on progress (= on what you have done) every Friday. 我希望你每周五（向我）汇报进展情况。
• [+ -ing verb] Spies reported seeing a build-up of soldiers. 密探报告说看见士兵正在集结。
• [+ obj + adj] He was reported missing in action. 报告称他在战斗中失踪了。
• The inquiry reports (= will officially make its results known) next week. 调查结果将在下周发布。
be reported to be/do sth
 ADVANCED
■to be described by people as being or doing a particular thing although there is no real proof （没有确凿证据的情况下）传说，据说，传闻
• The storm is reported to have killed five people. 据说这场暴风雨已经造成五人死亡。
 ADVANCED transitive
■to make a complaint to a person in authority about something or someone 举报；告发
• My neighbours reported me to the police for firing my rifle in the garden. 我的邻居们因为我在花园里打枪而向警方举报了我。
UK [rɪ'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb
GO 去
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to go to a place or a person and say that you are there 报到
• I report for (= am ready for and at) work/duty at 8 a.m. every morning. 我每天上午八点报到上班。
UK [rɪ'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  report back
■to bring information to someone in authority 汇报；回报；回禀
• Find out their names and report back to me tomorrow. 查清他们的姓名，明天汇报给我。
UK [rɪ'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  report to sb
■Someone you report to at work is the person in authority over you who gives you tasks and checks that you do them 向（某人）负责；向（某人）报告；是（某人）的属下
• You will report directly to the boss. 你将对老板直接负责。
UK [rɪ'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun countable
DESCRIPTION 记述
 ESSENTIAL (also school report) (US also report card)
■a teacher's written statement to parents about a child's ability and performance at school （学生）成绩报告单
 ESSENTIAL
■a description of an event or situation 报道；报告；记述
• a news/weather report 新闻报道／天气预报
• a company's financial/annual report 公司财政／年度报告
• I gave/made/submitted a report of the theft to the insurance company. 我向保险公司提交了失窃报告。
• She sent in weekly reports on the situation. 她每周都发回形势报告。
reports [plural]
■stories for which you do not yet have real proof 传闻
• According to reports, ten pupils were expelled. 有传闻说，十名学生被开除了。
• We're getting reports of a plane crash in Paris. 我们听到传言说一架飞机在巴黎坠毁。
UK [rɪ'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun countable
NOISE 噪音 formal
■the loud noise of a shot 枪（或炮）声
• We heard the loud/sharp report of a rifle. 我们听到一声震耳欲聋／尖锐刺耳的枪声。
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
report, account
这组词都有“报道，叙述”的意思，其区别是：
report: 正式用词，多指报刊上的报道，强调对情况经过调查或审核后作出的详尽叙述，具有一定权威性。
account: 普通用词，不如report正式，侧重对亲身经历或目睹之事所作的书面或口头的报道或叙述。
n. 报告；报道；成绩单
 - advisory, rept
vt. 报告；报导；使报到
 - cover, give notice to
vi. 报告；报到；写报导
 - message, inform of

Word: fall
Front: fall
[fɔ:l] (中高雅 410/332 -K5)
Vocabulary: fall
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2n 3vn 4v
Looking at the multitude of meanings for the word fall, one thing comes clear: the word is most often associated with a drop or descent of some kind, whether that be a physical fall from a high place or a metaphorical fall from power or grace.
In the 16th Century, autumn was known as "the fall of the leaf," which later became just fall, but the actual word is much older than that, traceable to the Old English feallan. Many meanings, including a fall in temperature, to fall in love or to fall asleep, all stem from the Middle Ages. If you're the "fall guy," you're going to get blamed, or "take the fall." If you fall in love and then fall out of favor with your beloved, your next action might fall under the category of "gift giving" or just "kissing up."
WORD FAMILY
fall: fallen, faller, falling, falls, fell +/faller: fallers/ fell: felled, feller, felling, fells/feller: fellers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Because the sign is 45 feet high, it’s extremely easy to slip and fall,” he said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“I didn’t play much in the fall, and I wasn’t ready when I did, and it kind of showed,” Walker said.
Golf Digest(Jan 02, 2017)
One of the highlights of the holiday season for me was attending the “It’s a Wonderful Life” Festival in Seneca Falls, New York.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 落下; 跌倒; 减少; 沦陷
n. 落下; 瀑布; 秋天; 减少
时态：fell, fallen, falling, falls
分布：秋天(47%)，落下(29%)，瀑布(10%)，倒下(10%)，来临(4%)
→来自pol, *spol, 掉落，词源可能同spill, split.
v.跌倒;下降;减弱;坠落;变成,陷于n.秋季A gallon of gasoline and the nylon overalls fall into the valley.一加仑汽油和尼龙工作裤落进了山谷.
US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
HAVE AN ACCIDENT 发生意外
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to suddenly go down onto the ground or towards the ground without intending to or by accident （突然）跌倒，摔倒
• The path's very steep, so be careful you don't fall. 小路很陡，小心别摔倒。
• He fell badly and broke his leg. 他重重跌倒，摔断了腿。
• Athletes have to learn how to fall without hurting themselves. 运动员必须学会跌倒时怎么避免自己受伤。
• She fell under a bus and was killed instantly. 她跌到公车下面，当场被轧死了。
• The horse fell at the first fence. 那匹马在跳过第一道障碍物时就摔倒了。
• I fell down the stairs and injured my back. 我跌下楼梯，背部受了伤。
• She had fallen, it appeared, from a great height. 看来她是从很高的地方摔下来的。
• The water's deep here, so don't fall in ! 这里的水很深，千万别掉进去！
• He fell into the river and drowned. 他跌进河里淹死了。
• If you fell off the roof, you'd kill yourself. 要是从屋顶掉下来，你会没命的。
• He was leaning out of the window and fell out. 他身子探出窗外时掉了出去。
• She fell five metres to the bottom of the ravine. 她跌进了五米深的沟底。
• He fell to his death climbing the Matterhorn. 他在攀登马特洪峰时摔死了。
fall flat on your face informal
■to fall and land with your face down 脸朝下跌倒，趴倒在地
• Poor Kathy fell flat on her face in the mud. 可怜的凯西脸朝下跌进了泥里。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
BECOME LOWER 减少
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to become lower in size, amount or strength （规模、数量或力量）减少，降低
• Demand for new cars has fallen due to the recession. 由于经济衰退，人们对新车的需求减少了。
• The standard of his work has fallen during the year. 这年内他的工作水准下降了。
• Salaries in the public sector are expected to fall by 15% this year. 今年国有企业的工资预计下降15%。
• The temperature could fall below zero overnight. 气温可能一夜间下跌到零度以下。
• Average temperatures fell by ten degrees. 平均气温下降了十度。
• The pound has fallen to its lowest-ever level against the dollar. 英镑对美元的汇率下跌到历史最低水准。
• When the teacher walked in, the children's voices fell to a whisper (= they became very quiet). 老师一走进来，孩子便压低声音小声说话。
• Share prices fell sharply this week. 本周股价骤跌。
  Common Learner Errors  fall down or fall? To talk about something becoming lower in size, amount or strength, don't say 'fall down', say fall :
✗ Last year the company's profits fell down dramatically. Last year the company's profits fell dramatically.
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
COME DOWN 降落
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to come down onto the ground or from a high position to a lower position 落下；降落
• The snow had been falling steadily all day. 雪持续下了一整天。
• You can tell it's autumn because the leaves have started to fall. 可以看出是秋天了，因为树叶已经开始凋落。
• She fell into bed, completely exhausted. 她筋疲力尽，倒在床上。
• A bomb fell on the church and destroyed it. 一枚炸弹落在教堂上，把教堂炸毁了。
• A huge meteor fell to Earth in the middle of the desert. 一颗巨大的流星陨落在地球上，落在沙漠中央。
• He begged for mercy as the blows fell on him (= as he was being hit). 他挨打时求饶了。
fall to your knees (also fall down on your knees)
■to go down on your knees to show respect 下跪（表示尊敬）
• The people all fell to their knees and began to pray. 人们都跪了下来，开始祈祷。
intransitive
■When the curtain falls in the theatre, it comes down because the play or performance has ended 落幕；（戏剧或演出）结束
• The audience was still laughing as the curtain fell. 演出结束时观众仍在大笑。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
BELONG TO 属于
 ADVANCED intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to belong to a particular group, subject or area 属于（某一群体、学科或领域）
• The material falls into three categories. 这种材料分为三类。
• Matters of discipline fall outside my area of responsibility. 纪律方面的事不是我负责的。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
BECOME 变成
 ADVANCED intransitive + adverb or preposition [L]
■to change to a particular condition from a different one 变成（某状态）
• He always falls asleep after drinking red wine. 他喝完红酒总是会睡着。
• Your rent falls due (= must be paid) on the first of the month. 你的房租必须在每月一号缴付。
• She suddenly fell ill. 她突然病倒了。
• The book fell open (= opened by chance) at the page on Venice. 碰巧翻到书中关于威尼斯的那一页。
• The government has fallen strangely silent on the subject of tax cuts after all its promises at the last election. 政府在上届大选中作出了种种承诺，但奇怪的是，之后却对减税问题避而不谈。
• Silence fell on the group of men (= They became silent) as they received the news. 听到这个消息，他们沉默了。
• She fell under the influence of (= began to be influenced by) an older student. 她开始受到一名高年级学生的影响。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
BE DEFEATED 被击败
intransitive
■to be beaten or defeated 被打败；被击垮
• The government finally fell after losing the support of the centre parties. 失去中间党派支持之后，本届政府最终垮台了。
• The president fell from power during the military coup. 在军事政变中总统被推翻。
intransitive
■If a place falls in a war or an election, an enemy army or a different political party gets control of it 沦陷，失守；落败
• Rome fell to the Vandals in 455 AD. 罗马在西元455年被汪达尔人攻陷。
• The constituency fell to Labour at the last election, after ten years of Conservative rule. 在保守党主导十年之后，这个选区在上届选举中落入了工党手中。
intransitive literary
■If soldiers fall while fighting, they are killed 阵亡，战死
• Many brave men fell in the fight to save the city. 为保卫这座城市，许多勇士战死了。
• During the war, he saw many of his comrades fall in battle. 战争中他目睹许多战友阵亡。
intransitive
■In cricket, when a wicket falls, the turn of the player who is hitting the ball ends （板球）击球手被淘汰出局
• Ten wickets fell in 22 overs. 在22次连续投球中，十名打击手被淘汰出局。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
HAPPEN 发生
intransitive
■to come at a particular time or happen in a particular place 落，降临；发生
• Easter falls late this year. 今年的复活节来得迟。
• My birthday will fall on a Friday this year. 今年我的生日在星期五。
• Night/Darkness had fallen by the time we got back to the camp. 我们返回营地时夜幕已经降临。
• In the word 'table', the accent falls on the first syllable. 这个词的重音落在第一个音节上。
• The Treasury has still not decided where the cuts will fall. 财政部尚未决定削减哪些开支。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
HANG DOWN 垂下
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to hang down loosely 下垂，低垂
• The boy's hair fell around his shoulders in golden curls. 男孩的金色鬈发垂在肩上。
• The veil fell almost to her waist. 面纱几乎垂到她的腰际。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
unhappy 不愉快
your face/spirits fall
■If your face falls, you suddenly look unhappy or disappointed, and if your spirits fall, you suddenly feel unhappy or disappointed 脸色变阴沉／情绪变低落
• His spirits fell when he saw the distance he still had to go. 一看到还要走的路程距离，他的情绪就低落下来。
• As she read her exam results, her face fell. 看到考试成绩，她脸色一沉。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall between two stools
■If something falls between two stools, it fails to achieve either of two aims 两头落空
• The grammar guide falls between two stools - it's too difficult for a beginner but not detailed enough for an advanced student. 这本文法指南对初学者和水准高的学生都不适用——对初学者太难，对水准高的学生又不够详细。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall by the wayside
■If someone falls by the wayside, they fail to finish an activity, and if something falls by the wayside, people stop doing it, making it, or using it 中途退出；半途而废
• So why does one company survive a recession while its competitors fall by the wayside? 那么为甚么一家公司熬过了经济衰退期，而其竞争对手都中途倒闭了呢？
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall flat
■If a joke, idea or suggestion falls flat, it does not have the intended effect （笑话、想法或建议）未达到预期效果
• He made several jokes and each of them fell flat. 他讲了几个笑话，但全都不好笑。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall foul of sth
■to break a rule or law, especially without intending to （尤指无意识地）违反（规则或法律）
• Manufacturers may fall foul of the new government guidelines. 生产厂商可能会违反政府的新指导原则。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall foul of sb
■to have a disagreement with someone 与（某人）产生分歧
• Things were going well for her till she fell foul of the director. 与主管产生分歧之前，她的工作进展得很顺利。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall in love ADVANCED
■to be very attracted to someone and begin to love them 相爱，坠入情网
• They met and fell madly in love. 他们邂逅，然后疯狂地坠入爱河。
• He fell in love with a young German student. 他爱上了一个年轻的德国学生。
• I thought I was falling in love. 我想我堕入情网了。
§UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l/ fall 1 verb (fell, fallen)
fall prey/victim to sth/sb
■to suddenly begin to suffer as a result of something or someone bad 深受…之害；成为…的牺牲品
• Police fear that more pensioners could fall prey to the thieves. 警方担心会有更多领养老金的老人成为小偷的目标。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
fall short
■to fail to reach an amount or standard that was expected or hoped for, causing disappointment 未达到数量（或要求）
• August car sales fell short of the industry's expectations. 八月汽车销量未达到业界的期望。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
nearly/almost fall off your chair informal
■to be extremely surprised 极为惊讶
• She nearly fell off her chair when she heard her exam result. 听到考试结果，她极其吃惊。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall about (fall about laughing) UK informal
■to laugh uncontrollably 笑得前仰后合；捧腹大笑
• We fell about when we heard her reply. 听到她的回答，我们笑得前仰后合。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall apart
BREAK
 ADVANCED
■to break into pieces 破碎；散架
• My poor old boots are falling apart. 我可怜的旧靴子快要散掉了。
STOP WORKING
 ADVANCED
■If an organization, system or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively 破裂；解体，瓦解
• The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing. 由于缺乏资金，这笔交易告吹了。
• Their marriage fell apart when she found out about her husband's affair. 她发现丈夫有婚外情后，他们的婚姻破裂了。
EMOTIONS informal
■to experience serious emotional problems that make you unable to think or act in the usual way （感情）崩溃，垮掉
• After his wife died, he began to fall apart. 妻子过世后，他精神开始崩溃。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall away
BREAK
■If parts of something fall away, they break off and drop to the ground 脱落；剥落
• On the bathroom ceiling, some pieces of plaster had fallen away. 浴室顶上几块灰泥已经脱落了。
• The rear sections of the rocket fell away. 火箭尾部已分离。
TIME literary
■If a period of time falls away, it seems as if it has not happened （时间）倒流；不曾存在
• As she looked at him, the years fell away, and she saw him again as a young boy. 她望着他，多年的时间仿佛不曾存在，她又看见了他小孩时的模样。
LAND
■If land falls away, it slopes down suddenly （突然）向下倾斜
• On the other side of the hill, the land falls away sharply. 另一面山坡地势陡降。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall away/off
■to become smaller or lower in amount or rate （数量或比率）减少，降低
• Membership of the club has fallen away in recent months. 最近几个月俱乐部的会员人数减少了。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall back literary
■to move back suddenly from someone or something, often because you are frightened （常指因恐惧而）后退，撤退
• She fell back in horror/disgust. 她惊恐地／厌恶地往后退。
■If an army falls back, it moves away from an enemy army in order to avoid fighting them （军队）撤退
• The infantry fell back in disarray. 步兵仓皇撤退。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall back on sth
■to use something for help because no other choice is available 借助于；依赖，依靠
• When the business failed, we had to fall back on our savings. 公司倒闭后，我们只得靠积蓄度日。
• If I lose my job, I'll have nothing to fall back on. 我要是丢了工作，就甚么指望都没有了。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall behind
■to fail to do something fast enough or on time 落在后面；落后
• He was ill for six weeks and fell behind with his schoolwork. 他病了六个星期，学校的功课跟不上了。
• I've fallen behind with the mortgage payments. 我拖欠了按揭贷款。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall down
FALL
 ADVANCED
■to fall to the ground 倒下，倒地
• Our apple tree fell down in the storm. 我们的苹果树在暴风雨中被刮倒了。
• He stumbled and fell down. 他绊了一下，摔倒在地。
■If a building is falling down, it is in a very bad condition and there is a risk that it will break into pieces and drop to the ground （建筑物）倒塌，垮掉
• Many buildings in the old part of the city are falling down. 老城区的许多建筑都快要倒塌了。
FAIL
■to fail 失败
• Where do you think the plan falls down? 你认为这个计划的失败之处在哪里？
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall down on sth
■to not be good at something in comparison with another thing 在…方面不够好
• I'm quite good at speaking Chinese, but I fall down on the written work. 我的中文讲得很好，但是写作方面不行。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall for sb informal
■to suddenly have strong romantic feelings about someone 对（某人）倾心，迷恋（某人）
• She always falls for unsuitable men. 她总是爱上不适合她的男子。
• He's fallen for her in a big way. 他完全被她迷住了。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall for sth informal
■to be tricked into believing something that is not true 对…信以为真
• He told me he owned a mansion in Spain and I fell for it. 他告诉我他在西班牙有一座庄园，我信以为真。
I'm not falling for that one! informal
■said when you recognize a trick and refuse to be deceived by it 我才不会上当呢！
• "Lend me a fiver and I'll buy you a drink." "Oh no, I'm not falling for that one." “借我五英镑，我就请你喝一杯。”“噢，我才不会上当。”
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall from sth
fall from sb's lips literary
■When words or sounds fall from your lips, you speak or make them 说话；发声
• Not a single sound fell from her lips. 她一个字也没有说。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall in
ROOF
■If a roof or ceiling falls in, it drops to the ground because it is damaged （屋顶或天花板）坍塌，塌陷
• Ten miners were trapped underground when the roof of the tunnel fell in. 坑道顶部坍塌，十名矿工被困地下。
SOLDIERS
■If soldiers fall in, they move into a line, one at the side of the other 列队；集合
• "Company, fall in!" shouted the sergeant-major. “全连集合！”士官长喊道。
• He started to march away, and the others fell in behind him. 他开始大步前进，其他人列队紧随其后。
Compare fall out
fall in line (also fall into line)
■If a person in an organization falls in/into line, they start to follow the rules and behave according to expected standards of behaviour 行为变规范；遵章守纪
• Teachers who fail to fall in line with the new regulations may face dismissal. 不遵守新规章的老师可能会遭解雇。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall in with sb informal
■to become friendly with someone 与（某人）交好
• She fell in with a strange crowd of people at university. 她在大学里结交了一群奇怪的人。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall in with sth informal
■to accept and support a plan or suggestion 同意，赞成（计划或建议）
• It seemed like a good idea so we just fell in with it. 这似乎是个不错的主意，所以我们都同意了。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall into sth
START
■to start doing something, often without intending to 开始做
• We've fallen into the habit of getting up late on Saturday mornings. 我们开始习惯周六早上睡懒觉。
• I fell into my job quite by accident. 我从事这份工作很大程度上是出于偶然。
• She fell into a conversation with a man at the bar. 她在酒吧和一个男人交谈起来。
CONDITION
■to gradually get into a particular condition, especially to get into a bad condition as a result of not being taken care of （尤指因疏于管理）陷入（某种状况）
• Over the years the house had fallen into disrepair. 过了这么多年这幢房子已破旧不堪。
• The old school fell into disuse (= people stopped using it). 老校舍废弃不用了。
fall into sb's arms literary
■When people fall into each other's arms, they hold each other tightly with both arms, to show their love for each other. （相爱的人）紧紧相拥
fall into place
■When things fall into place, they happen in a satisfactory way, without problems 有条不紊地进行，按部就班
■1. If you plan the project well, then everything should fall into place. fall 2 如果你的专案计划得当，那么一切都应该有条不紊地进行。
■* When events or details that you did not understand before fall into place, they become easy to understand 变得清楚；明朗化
• Once I discovered that the woman whom he had been dancing with was his daughter, everything fell into place. 当我发现和他跳舞的女子是他女儿时，一切都清楚了。
fall into the wrong hands
■If something falls into the wrong hands, a dangerous person or an enemy starts to own or control it 落入敌手；陷入敌人的控制中
• There are fears that the weapons might fall into the wrong hands. 有人担心武器可能会落入危险人物手中。
fall into the/someone's trap
■to make a mistake or get into a difficult situation by doing something or by trusting someone 落入陷阱
• Don't fall into the trap of thinking you can learn a foreign language without doing any work. 不要以为甚么都不做就能学会一门外语。
• We fell right into the enemy's trap. 我们正中敌人的圈套。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall off
■If the amount, rate or quality of something falls off, it becomes smaller or lower （数量）减少；（比率）下降；（品质）降低
• Sales have been falling off recently. 销量最近一直下滑。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall on/upon sb literary
■to attack someone suddenly and unexpectedly 袭击，突袭（某人）
• The soldiers fell on the villagers and seized all their weapons. 士兵袭击村民，并缴获了所有武器。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall on/upon sth literary
NOTICE
■If your eyes fall on something, or your sight, eyes, etc. falls on something, you see and notice it （目光）落在…上
• Her gaze fell upon a small box at the back of the shop. 她的目光落在商店最里面的一个小盒子上。
EAT
■to start to eat food eagerly 狼吞虎咽，大吃
• They fell on the bread as if they hadn't eaten for days. 他们扑向面包大吃起来，就好像好多天没吃过东西似的。
fall on deaf ears
■If a suggestion or warning falls on deaf ears, no one listens to it （建议或警告）未被理睬，被置若罔闻
• Their appeals to release the hostages fell on deaf ears. 他们释放人质的要求未被理睬。
fall on hard times
■to lose your money and start to have a difficult life 经济困难，生活艰难
• The scheme is designed to help children whose parents have fallen on hard times. 这个计划旨在帮助父母遭遇经济困难的孩子。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall on sb
suspicion falls on sb
■When suspicion falls on a particular person, people think that they may be guilty of doing something bad 怀疑到（某人）头上
• He was the last person to see the woman alive, and suspicion immediately fell on him. 他是那个女子生前最后见到的人，所以一下就怀疑到他头上。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall out
TOOTH/HAIR
 IMPROVER
■If a tooth or your hair falls out, it becomes loose and separates from your mouth or head （牙齿或头发）脱落，掉落
• Her baby teeth are starting to fall out. 她的乳牙开始掉了。
• A side effect of the treatment is that your hair starts to fall out. 这种治疗的一个副作用是头发开始脱落。
ARGUE informal
■to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them 吵架；失和
• He left home after falling out with his parents. 和父母吵了一架后，他离开了家。
• She'd fallen out with her boyfriend over his ex-girlfriend. 她为了男友前女友的事和男友闹翻了。
SOLDIERS
■If soldiers fall out, they move out of a line 原地解散；离开队列
• "Fall out, men!" shouted the sergeant-major. “原地解散！”士官长喊道。
Compare fall in
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall over
 ESSENTIAL
■If someone falls over, they fall to the ground 跌倒，摔倒
• She tripped and fell over. 她绊了一下，摔倒了。
 ESSENTIAL
■If something falls over, it falls onto its side 倒塌
• If you make the cake too high, it'll fall over. 如果蛋糕做得太高，会塌下来的。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall over sth/sb literary
■to cover something or someone 遮住；覆盖
• A shadow fell over her work and she looked up to see who was there. 一道影子落在她手头的工作上，她抬起头来看看是谁。
fall over your self UK (US fall all over your self)
■to be very eager to do something 急欲做，渴望做
• Publishers are falling over themselves to produce non-fiction for seven-year-olds. 出版商都在争相出版适合七八岁孩子看的非小说类作品。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall through
■to fail to happen 未发生；失败；落空
• We found a buyer for our house, but then the sale fell through. 我们给房子找了个买家，但结果买卖做不成。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall to sb
■to be or become the duty or job of someone （职责、任务）落在（某人）身上，由（某人）承担
• The worst job fell to me. 最糟的工作落在了我头上。
it falls to you formal
■it is your duty 应该由（某人）做…；…落在（某人）头上
• It falls to me to thank you for all you have done for the association. 我应该感谢你为协会所做的一切。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Phrasal Verbs  fall to literary
■to begin doing something energetically 积极做起来
• There was a lot of work to do, so they fell to immediately. 有许多工作要做，因此他们立即动手去做。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] verb (fell, fallen)
  Common Learner Errors  fallWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using fall in the past tense. The past simple and past participle of fall is fell.
✗ Paul felt off the roof and broke his leg. Paul fell off the roof and broke his leg. Felt is the past simple and past participle of feel.
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
LOWER AMOUNT 下跌
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■when the size, amount or strength of something gets lower （规模、数量或力量的）减少，降低
• a fall in the price of petrol/the unemployment rate 汽油价格的下跌／失业率的降低
• We could hear the rise and fall of voices in the other room. 我们听见从另一个房间传来忽高忽低的讲话声。
• There was a fall in support for the Republican party at the last election. 上届选举时，共和党的支持率下跌了。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
SEASON 季节
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable US (UK autumn)
■the season after summer and before winter, when fruits and crops become ripe and the leaves fall off the trees 秋季，秋天
• Next fall we'll be back in New York. 我们明年秋天回纽约。
• They met in the fall of 1992. 他们相遇于1992年秋天。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
ACCIDENT 事故
 ADVANCED countable usually singular
■when someone or something falls down to the ground, usually without intending to or by accident 跌倒；跌落；倒下
• He had/took a nasty fall and hurt his back. 他重重跌了一跤，伤了脊背。
• the fall of the Berlin Wall (= when the Berlin Wall was destroyed) 柏林围墙的倒塌
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
MOVEMENT DOWNWARDS 下降
countable usually singular
■when something moves down onto the ground or from a higher position to a lower position 降落
• a heavy fall of snow 一场大雪
⇒ See also rainfall
falls [plural]
■often used in place names to mean a very wide waterfall, often made of many separate waterfalls 瀑布
• Niagara Falls 尼加拉瓜大瀑布
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
DEFEAT 击败
countable usually singular
■when someone is defeated or loses their power 沦陷；灭亡；垮台，失势
• the fall of Rome 罗马的陷落
• The army took control of the city after the president's fall from power. 总统垮台后，军队控制了这座城市。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
take a/the fall for sb US informal
■to accept the blame for something another person did 替（某人）承担责任
• I wasn't going to take the fall for him. 我不打算替他背黑锅。
UK [fɔ:l] US [fɑ:l] noun
fall from grace
■when you do something which makes people in authority stop liking you or admiring you 失宠；失去人心
• The Finance Minister's fall from grace gave the tabloid press great satisfaction. 财政部长失势，小报记者幸灾乐祸。
autumn, fall
这组词都有“秋天”的意思，其区别是：
autumn: 使用地区的不同，英国用词
fall: 使用地区的不同，美国英语。
fall, collapse
这组词都有“倒塌”的意思，其区别是：
fall: 一般指由于失去平衡等原因而倒塌，也可作引申用。
collapse: 通常指房屋等突然倒塌。
drop, fall, sink, descend
这组词都有“落下，下降”的意思，其区别是：
drop: 指物体从一定高度落下。
fall: 与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。
sink: 指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。
descend: 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。
vi. 落下；变成；来临；减弱
 - become, come, lower
n. [气象] 下降；秋天；瀑布
 - reduction, decline, autumn
vt. 砍倒；击倒
 - floor, cut sth down
adj. 秋天的
 - autumn

Word: same
Front: same
[seɪm] (中高 161/137 -K5)
Back: adj. 同一的; 相同的，同样的
pron. 同一事物; 同样的人; （和…）同样的事物; （数目、颜色、大小、质量等）相同
adv. 同样，类似
分布：同样地(78%)，同样的人或事(22%)
→来自古英语 same,相同的，同样的，来自 Proto-Germanic*sama,相同的，来自 sem,一， 一样，一致，词源同 some,homo-.
a.相同的pron.相同的人(或物)ad.同样地The tame tigers play the same game on the frame.温顺的老虎在框架上玩同一游戏.
adjective
EXACTLY LIKE 非常相似
the same
 ESSENTIAL
■exactly like another or each other 相同的，同样的
• My twin sister and I have got the same nose. 我孪生姐姐的鼻子和我的长得一样。
• She was wearing exactly the same dress as I was. 她穿的裙子和我的一模一样。
• Hilary's the same age as me. 希拉蕊和我同龄。
• She brought up her children in just (= exactly) the same way her mother did. 她养育孩子的方法和她母亲完全一样。
Compare similar
[seɪm] adjective
NOT ANOTHER 不是另一个
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■not another different place, time, situation, person or thing 相同的，同一的
• My brother and I sleep in the same room. 我弟弟和我睡在同一个房间。
• Rachel's still going out with the same boyfriend. 瑞秋还在和同一个男朋友交往。
• That (very) same day, he heard he'd passed his exam. 就在同一天，他听说自己通过了考试。
• I would do the same thing again if I had the chance. 如果有机会，我还会做同样的事情。
• They eat at the same restaurant every week. 他们每个星期都在同一家餐馆吃饭。
• Shall we meet up at the same time tomorrow? 我们明天在同一时间见面好吗？
[seɪm] adjective
at the same time
■despite this 尽管如此
• No-one likes conflict, but at the same time we have to deal with this problem. 没人喜欢冲突，但尽管如此，我们不得不处理这个问题。
[seɪm] adjective
be in the same boat
■to be in the same unpleasant situation as other people 在同一艘船上； 处境相同，面临同样的困境；
• She's always complaining that she doesn't have enough money, but we're all in the same boat. 她总是抱怨自己的钱不够用，可是我们的处境都一样。
[seɪm] adjective
by the same token
■used to mean that something you are about to say is also true, for the same reasons as what has just been said 同理，同样地，由于同样的原因
• I don't think that prices will go up but, by the same token, I don't see them going down either. 我认为价格不会上涨，同样，我也不认为价格会下跌。
[seɪm] adjective
it all amounts / comes to the same thing
■used to mean that any of several different possible actions will produce the same result （无论如何做）结果都一样
• It doesn't matter whether you do it first or last - it all amounts to the same thing. 你最先做还是最后做这件事都无所谓——结果都一样。
[seɪm] adjective
It's the same old story. informal
■said when talking about a bad situation which has happened many times before 一直都是这样，又是老样子（表示糟糕的情况以前多次出现）
• It's the same old story - the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 还是老样子——富人愈富，穷人愈穷。
[seɪm] adjective
not in the same league
■not nearly as good as something or someone else 比不上，不如
• Her golf is brilliant - I'm not in the same league. 她高尔夫球打得非常好——我比不上她。
[seɪm] adjective
one and the same
■the same thing or person 同一个事物；同一个人
• I was amazed to discover that Mary's husband and Jane's son are one and the same (person). 我惊讶地发现玛丽的丈夫就是简的儿子。
[seɪm] adjective
same difference not standard
■said when you agree that what you said was not exactly correct, but you think the difference is not important 差不多一样
• "Did you see that bus?" "Actually it was a coach." "Same difference." “看见那辆大巴士了吗？”“实际上那是一辆长途汽车。”“差不多吧。”
[seɪm] adjective
same old same old informal
■used to say that a situation or someone's behaviour remains the same, especially when it is boring or annoying 老套，千篇一律
• Most people just carry on doing the same old same old every day. 许多人每天都重复做着同样的事情。
[seɪm] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  sameRemember: same usually comes after the. Don't say 'same', say the same :
✗ My husband is same age as me. My husband is the same age as me.
[seɪm] pronoun
EXACTLY LIKE 非常相似
the same as
 ESSENTIAL
■exactly like
• People say I look just the same as my sister. 人们说我和我姐姐长得一模一样。
• John thinks the same as I do - it's just too expensive. 约翰的想法和我一样——那太贵了。
the same
 ESSENTIAL
■not changed 没有变化的
• After all these years you look exactly the same - you haven't changed a bit. 这么多年过去了，你看起来还是老样子——一点也没变。
• Charles is just the same as always. 查尔斯还是老样子。
[seɪm] pronoun
NOT ANOTHER 不是另一个
the same
 ESSENTIAL
■not another different thing or situation 同样的事物；同样的情况
• I'm hopeless at physics, and it's the same with chemistry - I get it all wrong. 我对物理一窍不通，化学也一样——我完全理解不了。
[before noun] humorous
■not another different person 同一个人
• "Was that Marion on the phone?" "The (very) same." “接电话的是玛丽安吗?”“正是。”
[seɪm] pronoun
all the same
■despite what has just been said 仍然，依然，照样
• It rained every day of our holiday - but we had a good time all the same. 假期里天天下雨——不过我们仍然玩得很开心。
[seɪm] pronoun
be all the same to sb
■to not be important to someone which of several things is chosen 对（某人）来说无所谓；对（某人）来说都一样
• I don't mind whether we eat now or this evening, it's all the same to me. 现在吃还是今晚吃无所谓，对我来说都一样。
• I'll have tea - if it's all the same to you. 我要喝茶——如果你觉得无所谓的话。
[seɪm] pronoun
not the same
■not as good 不那么令人愉快的，不那么合人意的
• You can make shortbread with margarine instead of butter, but it isn't the same. 你可以用人造牛油代替牛油制作甜酥饼，不过口味会差一点。
[seɪm] pronoun
same again informal
■said when you want another drink of the same type as you have just had 再来一份同样的饮料
• "What are you having, David?" "Same again, please." “你喝甚么，戴维？”“和刚才的一样。”
[seɪm] pronoun
same here informal
■said when you agree with what has been said or you have experienced the same thing as they have 我同意；我也一样
• "I thought that film was awful!" "Same here!" “我觉得那部电影糟透了！”“我也有同感！”
[seɪm] pronoun
same to you informal
■used as an answer to someone who has greeted or insulted you in order to wish the same thing to them （用于回应问候或辱骂）你也一样
• "Have a good holiday." "Same to you (= I hope you have a good holiday too) !" “假日愉快。”“也祝你假日愉快！”
[seɪm] adverb
the same
 ESSENTIAL
■in the same way 同样地
• We treat all our children the same. 我们对待自己所有的孩子都一视同仁。
• I need some time to myself, the same as anybody else. 和别人一样，我也需要一些属于自己的时间。
equivalent, identical, equal, same, very
这组词都有“相同的”的意思，其区别是：
equivalent: 主要指有同样价值、效力或意义的两种不同的事物。
identical: 着重指人或物等在每细节上都完全相同。
equal: 多指在价值等方面相当而不相同的事物。
same: 可指相同的人或物，也可指在质量、外表或意义等方面相同，但实际上有差别的事物。
very: 侧重指完全同一，没有区别。
adj. 相同的；同一的；上述的（通常与the连用）；无变化的
 - said, uniform, self, identical, parallel
adv. 同样地（通常与the连用）
 - equally, similarly, as, likewise, homogeneously

Word: little
Front: little
[ˈlɪtl] (中高 256/291 -K5)
Vocabulary: little
(once / 5 pages)
1adjadvn 2adj
Anything small, brief, young, or unimportant can be described as little. If you live in a little cottage, it means your house is very small, and quite possibly adorable.
The word little describes something tiny and sweet, like a little kitten or a little doll house rocking chair. Little can also mean some, but not much, like when you only want a little soup — not a big bowl, or when you put little effort into your appearance when you are doing yard work. The expression little by little means very slowly, or by tiny increments, like learning a new language little by little.
WORD FAMILY
little: littleness, littles, littlest+/littleness: littlenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Driving away from the scene, the men say little about the ordeal aside from nervous small talk.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
One little girl broke the school “ethnicity” form because her mother was Asian Indian and her father Wisconsin white.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
For all the praise he receives for embracing 21st-century social media, the president-elect seems to understand little about modern technology.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 小的; 琐碎的; 娇小的; 幼小的
adv. 不多，略微; 少许，一点; 短时间地
n. （表示否定）微少; 没有多少; 短时间
det. （数量上）微少的，少到几乎没有的; （a little）少量的，一些
分布：小的(42%)，幼小的(13%)，微不足道的(12%)，短的(10%)，毫不(6%)，少到几乎没有的(5%)，难得(5%)，甚少(5%)，极少(2%)
→来自leud,弯，转，蜷缩，变小，词源同lout,little.引申词义弱小的，小人物的，后词义通用化。
a.小,幼小;不多的ad./n.不多,几乎没有I'm busy unless I'm blessed with less lesson.我很忙,除非我很幸运只有少量功课.
US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
SMALL 小的
 ESSENTIAL
■small in size or amount 小的，少的
• It came in a little box. 它是装在一个小盒子里送来的。
• a little dog/nose/room 小狗／鼻子／房间
• A little old man came into the shop. 一个小老头走进了商店。
• He gave a little smile. 他微微笑了笑。
• It'll only take a little while to clear up the kitchen. 用不了多少时间就能把厨房收拾好。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
YOUNG 年幼的
 ESSENTIAL
■young 幼小的，年幼的
• When you were little your hair was really curly. 你小的时候头发鬈得很厉害。
• She was my little (= younger) sister and I looked after her. 她是我妹妹，我负责照顾她。
• Her little boy (= Her young son) isn't well. 她的小儿子身体有些不适。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
EMPHASIZE 强调
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■used to emphasize an opinion which is being given about something or someone 用于强调对某人或某物的意见
• That was a nice little suit she was wearing. 她穿的那身套装真的很漂亮。
• It's not a bad little restaurant, this, is it? 这间餐厅确实不错，是不是？
• He's a nasty little man. 他可真是个讨厌的家伙。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
UNIMPORTANT 不重要的
[before noun]
■not very important or serious 不太重要的，不很严重的；微小的，轻微的
• I had a little problem with my car, but it's been fixed now. 我的车有点小毛病，不过现在已经修好了。
• It's often the little things that count the most. 常常是一些微不足道的东西发挥的作用最大。
• Can I have a little word (= a short discussion about something not very important) with you? 我能和你聊几句吗？
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
a little bird told me
■said if you know who gave you the information being discussed but will not say who it was 无可奉告，我不说
• "How did you know he was leaving?" "Oh, let's just say a little bird told me." “你怎么知道他要走了？”“噢，反正我知道。”
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
make little of sth
■to not consider something to be very important 轻视，忽视
• He made little of his ordeal. 他对自己的不愉快经历没太在意。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adjective
  Common Learner Errors  little or small? Remember: use little when you want to express an attitude or feeling such as disapproval or affection: He is a nasty, selfish little man. They have a sweet little dog. To just refer to the size of something without expressing your feelings, use small :
✗ Their house is quite little. Their house is quite small.
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] determiner
NOT ENOUGH 不多
 ESSENTIAL
■not much or enough 不多的，不足的，很少的
• There seems little hope of a ceasefire. 看来停火的希望很渺茫了。
• They have very little money. 他们手头钱很少。
• There's so little choice. 可选择的余地太小了。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] determiner
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
a little
■a small amount of something 一点
• This sauce needs a little salt. 这种酱汁需要加点盐。
• With a little training she could do very well. 只要稍加训练她就能做得很好。
• Can I give you a little advice? 我可以给你提一点建议吗？
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] pronoun noun
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■a small amount 少量，少许，一点
• I could only hear a little of what they were saying. 他们说的话我只能听到一点。
• He does as little as possible at work. 他上班时能偷懒就偷懒。
• There's not much flour left but you're welcome to the/what little there is. 虽然面粉剩得不多了，但你可以随便拿。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] pronoun noun
NOT ENOUGH 不多
 IMPROVER
■an amount that is not much or not enough 不多的，不足的，很少的
• We did very little on Sunday. 星期天我们做的工作很少。
• Very little of what he said made any sense to me. 他说的话我几乎一点都不明白。
• Unfortunately, little of the artist's work has survived. 不幸的是，画家的作品几乎无一幸存。
• The government has done little or nothing to help the poorest people in this country. 政府几乎没有采取任何措施来帮助国内最贫穷的人们。
• The little we do know about the people who lived here suggests they had a very sophisticated society. 我们对那些曾经在这里生活过的人们知之甚少，但可以确定的是他们当时的社会已经相当成熟。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adverb
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
a little (bit)
 ESSENTIAL
■slightly 一点，稍微，稍稍
• I was a little bit worried by what she said. 她的话让我有点担心。
• We'll wait a little longer and then I'll phone them. 我们再稍微等一等，还不来的话我会给他们打电话的。
• There's only a little further to go. 再走一会儿就到了。
a little something
■a small amount of food or drink 少量，一点（饮食）
• I always like to have a little something around 11 o'clock in the morning. 我总喜欢在上午11点左右吃点东西。
■a present that is not of great value 小礼物
• I want to buy a little something to give to Val when I visit her in hospital. 我去医院看瓦尔的时候想给她买个小礼物。
little by little
■slowly or gradually 一点一点地，逐渐地，渐渐地
• Little by little she came to understand why he had behaved the way he did. 渐渐地，她明白了他为甚么会那么做。
UK ['lɪt.l] US ['lɪtˌ-] adverb
NOT ENOUGH 不多
 ESSENTIAL
■not much or not enough 不多，很少
• She ate very little at dinner. 她晚饭吃得很少。
• a little-known fact 鲜为人知的事实
• Little did he know what lay in store for him. 他几乎一点也不知道等待他的将会是甚么。
several, little, few
这组词都有“少量的”的意思，其区别是：
several: 修饰可数名词的复数形式，指至少有3个，但不会超过5、6个。
little: 只修饰不可数名词，含否定意义。
few: 只修饰可数名词的复数形式，侧重指数量非常少，给人一种模糊概念，含否定意义。
minute, tiny, little, small, miniature
这组词都有“小的”的意思，其区别是：
minute: 指小得难看见，有时需用显微镜才看得见。
tiny: 强调与同类或其他物体比较，小得超出正常比例，有时带强烈的感情色彩。
little: 指在体积、数量、距离、年龄、身材等方面比正常的小，多带主观感情色彩，含小而可爱或小巧的意味。
small: 多指数量、面积、体积、价值、数字或意义等的小或少，指略小于正常的大小。
miniature: 指由正常体积微缩的物体。
adj. 小的；很少的；短暂的；小巧可爱的
 - tiny, few, small, brief, passing
adv. 完全不
 - far from
n. 少许；没有多少；短时间
 - touch, trait

Word: mean
Front: mean
[mi:n] (中高托雅宝 154/121 -K2)
Vocabulary: mean
(once / 9 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4nadj 5adj 6adj 7adj
If you got a fortune cookie with the message "Your future will contain many bananas," you might ask, "What on earth does that mean?" In other words, you wonder what the intention or meaning of the fortune might be.
Mean is one of those ordinary, everyday words with lots of different meanings. The adjective mean can describe someone who's stingy or ungenerous, but it also means "unkind or unfair," which is what a little kid intends to convey when she yells at her mother, "You're mean!" In the sentence, "She lived in a mean little house," mean has yet another meaning, this time being "shabby or poor."
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
mean / median / average
Wordsmiths sometimes dislike numbers, or at least have a hard time grasping them. These words offer us an opportunity to better understand numbers and use their terms more precisely in writing and speaking.
Let's say we have a set of numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 56
The mean, sometimes called the arithmetic mean, of this set is 33. The mean is the sum of all the numbers in the set (167) divided by the amount of numbers in the set (5).
The median is the middle point of a number set, in which half the numbers are above the median and half are below. In our set above, the median is 30. But what if your number set has an even number of, er, numbers:
- 11
- 23
- 30
- 47
- 52
- 56
To calculate the median here, add the two middle numbers (30 + 47) and divide by 2. The median for our new list is 38.5.
So far, so good. But what about average? The average of a set of numbers is the same as its mean; they're synonyms.
Let's see our terms in action:
Performance is calculated by the arithmetic mean of the returns in an equally weighted portfolio of individual stocks, on a quarterly basis.
The median single-family homeowner in town will pay $175 more in property taxes this year.
Average retail gas prices in California fell 1.3 cents in the last week, putting the average tank of gas at $3.13 per gallon.
While we wordy types may still struggle to understand what an "equally weighted portfolio" is, wonder whether we are median single-family homeowners, or continue to look for lower-than-average gas prices, at least we know how the mean, median, and average were calculated.
WORD FAMILY
mean: meaner, meanest, meaning, meaningly, meanly, meanness, means, meant+/ meaning: meaningful, meaningless, meanings/ meaningful: meaningfully, meaningfulness, nonmeaningful/meaningless: meaninglessly, meaninglessness/meanness: meannesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
“You mean you drove yourself here?” she exclaims, wide-eyed.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Such as, to borrow your excellent concept, “What does that even mean?”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: v. 表示…的意思; 意思是; 打算; 产生…结果
adj. 吝啬的; 刻薄的; 破旧的; 残忍的
n. 平均数; 中间; 几何平均; 等比中数
时态：meant, meaning, means
分布：意味(58%)，平均值(10%)，意思是(8%)，卑鄙的(5%)，平均数(5%)，打算(3%)，吝啬的(3%)，中庸(2%)，刻薄的(2%)，平均的(2%)，中间(2%)
→来自古英语maenan,意思是，打算，来自meino,意见，意图，来自*men,思考，思想，词源同mind,mania.mean 普通的，平庸的，吝啬的，小气的，刻薄的
v.表示...的意思a.卑鄙的;平均的n.平均值We had meant to be early.我们本来是想早来的.
【记】me我，an一个：我就剩一个了－吝啬的
【反】lavish（adj 非常大方的）；noble（adj 高尚的；贵族的）
verb (meant, meant)
EXPRESS 表达
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact 意思是；意味着
• What does this word mean? 这个词是甚么意思？
• [+ that] These figures mean that almost 7% of the working population is unemployed. 这些数字意味着近7%的劳动人口处于失业状态。
• What do you mean by that remark? 你那句话是甚么意思？
• She's quite odd though. Do you know what I mean? 可是她有点怪。你明白我指甚么吗？
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■used to add emphasis to what you are saying （用于强调）是…的意思
• I want you home by midnight. And I mean midnight. 我要你午夜前回家，记住是午夜。
• Give it back now! I mean it. 现在就把它还了！我是说真的。
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
HAVE RESULT 有结果
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have a particular result 意味着；结果是
• Lower costs mean lower prices. 成本降低，价格就会下降。
• [+ that] Advances in electronics mean that the technology is already available. 电子学方面的进步使这项技术已经可供人们利用。
• [+ -ing verb] If we want to catch the 7.30 train, that will mean leaving the house at 6.00. 如果想赶上7：30的火车，那就意味着我们要6：00从家中出发。
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
INTEND 打算
 ADVANCED intransitive or transitive
■to intend 有意，打算
• I'm sorry if I offended you - I didn't mean any harm. 如果冒犯了你我很抱歉——我并无恶意。
• The books with large print are meant for our partially sighted readers. 这些大号字体书籍是为视力有障碍的读者而设的。
• [+ to infinitive] I've been meaning to phone you all week. 我整个星期都想着要打电话给你。
• Do you think she meant to say 9 a.m. instead of 9 p.m.? 你认为她是想说上午9点而不是晚上9点吗？
• [+ obj + to infinitive] This exercise isn't meant to be difficult. 这个练习不会很难。
• They didn't mean for her to read the letter. 他们并不想让她读那封信。
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
HAVE IMPORTANCE 有重大意义
 ADVANCED transitive
■to have an important emotional effect on someone 对…具有意义，对…具有重大影响
• It wasn't a valuable picture but it meant a lot to me. 这不是一幅很贵重的画，但对我却很重要。
• Possessions mean nothing to him. 财富对他来说毫无意义。
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
be meant for each other
■If you say two people are meant for each other, you think they suit each other as romantic partners. 天造地设，是天生的一对
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
I mean ADVANCED
■used to correct what you have just said or to add more information （用于纠正说过的话或进一步添加资讯）我的意思是
• I really do love him - as a friend, I mean. 我真的爱他——我的意思是，作为朋友。
■something that people often say before they start or continue their sentence （用于引出要说的话）我是说
• I mean, I think he's a good teacher, but I just don't like him. 我是说，我觉得他是个好老师，只是我不喜欢他。
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
mean business informal
■to want very much to achieve something, even if other people disagree with you 是认真的；决心要做成（某事）
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
mean well
■to do what you think will be helpful, although by doing it you might cause problems without intending to 本意是好的，出发点是好的
• I know he means well, but he just gets in the way. 我知道他是一番好意，只不过他帮了倒忙。
⇒ See also well-meaning
[mi:n] verb (meant, meant)
What do you mean?
■used to show that you are annoyed or that you disagree （表示恼火或不同意）你这是甚么意思？
• What do you mean, it was my fault? 你这是甚么意思，是我的错吗？
[mi:n] adjective
NOT GENEROUS 不慷慨的
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■not willing to give or share things, especially money 吝啬的，小气的
• He's too mean to buy her a ring. 他太吝啬了，舍不得买一枚戒指给她。
• My landlord's very mean with the heating - it's only on for two hours each day. 我的房东对使用暖气很吝啬——每天只开两个小时。
[mi:n] adjective
NOT KIND 不善良的
 ADVANCED
■unkind or unpleasant 卑鄙的；刻薄的
• Stop being so mean to me! 别对我那么刻薄！
• She just said it to be mean. 她那么说就是为了让人不悦。
[mi:n] adjective
VIOLENT 暴力的 mainly US frightening and likely to become violent 凶恶的；气势汹汹的
• a mean and angry mob 一群气势汹汹、激动愤怒的暴民
• a mean-looking youth 一个面相很凶的年轻人
[mi:n] adjective
GOOD 好的
[before noun] informal
■very good 极好的，出色的
• She's a mean piano player. 她是个出色的钢琴演奏家。
• She plays a mean piano (= She plays very well). 她钢琴弹得很棒。
[mi:n] adjective
MATHEMATICS 数学
[before noun] specialized
■(in mathematics) a mean number is an average number （数值）平均的
• a mean value 平均值
• Their mean weight was 76.4 kilos. 他们的平均体重是76.4公斤。
[mi:n] adjective
no mean
■used to say a person is very good at a certain activity 很好的
• He's no mean cook. 他是位很好的厨师。
[mi:n] adjective
no mean achievement/feat
■a great achievement 了不起的成就，不是容易的事
• Getting the job finished on time was no mean achievement. 按时完成这项工作可真是不简单。
[mi:n] noun only singular
MATHEMATICS 数学 (also the arithmetic mean) specialized
■(in mathematics) the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts; the average （数学上的）平均数，平均值
• The mean of 5, 4, 10 and 15 is 8.5. 5，4，10和15的平均数是8.5。
[mi:n] noun only singular
METHOD 方法 formal
■a quality or way of doing something which is in the middle of two completely different qualities or ways of doing something 中间；中庸；适度
• We need to find a mean between exam questions which are too difficult and those which are too easy. 我们需要出难度适中的考题。
mean, average
mean: 中间，中数
average: 平均数，一般水平
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
mean, intend
这组词都有“想要，打算”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 口语多用，指怀有作某事的想法或希望得到某物，特别用于效果不好而动机良好的场合。
intend: 较正式用词，但常用，指对未来的行动做出打算，并力争实现。
mean, shabby, cheap, low
这组词都有“卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。
shabby: 指行为的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和轻蔑。
cheap: 侧旨人或物的品质低劣下贱。
low: 指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。
adj. [数] 平均的；卑鄙的；低劣的
 - poor, average, base, dirty
vt. 意味；想要；意欲
 - feel like, wanna, desire, imply, intend
n. [数] 平均值
 - general average, medium value

Word: turn
Front: turn
[tɜ:n] (中高 170/183 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 使转动; 旋转; 使改变方向; 使不适
vt. 使变酸; 使变换; 使变为
n. 翻转; （路线或方向的）改变; 机会
时态：turned, turning, turns
分布：转动(34%)，转向(28%)，旋转(23%)，轮流(8%)，翻转(7%)
→来自古英语 turnian,旋转，转动，来自拉丁语 tornare,磨，磨圆，用车床加工，来自 ter,*tere, 转动，摩擦，旋转，可能缩写自 stwer,转动，旋转，词源同 storm,stir,turbid.
v./n.(使)转动;(使)旋转;(使)转变n.机会They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [tɝ:n] verb
GO ROUND 转动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) move in a circle round a fixed point or line （使）转动；（使）旋转
• The Earth turns on its axis once every 24 hours. 地球每24小时绕地轴自转一周。
• She turned on her toes, holding out her skirt. 她拎起裙摆踮着脚尖旋转。
• The wheels started to turn (round). 轮子开始转动了。
• Turn the steering wheel as quickly as you can. 以最快速度打轮。
• She turned the door knob and quietly opened the door. 她转动门把手，悄悄地开了门。
• Slowly, I turned the door handle. 我慢慢地拧动门把手。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
CHANGE DIRECTION 改变方向
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) change the direction in which you are facing or moving （使）转向；（使）转身
• Turn right at the traffic lights. 在红绿灯处向右拐。
• The path twists and turns for the next half mile. 接下来这条小路有半英里的路弯弯曲曲。
• We have to turn down/into/up the next road on the right. 我们必须在下一个路口往右拐。
• Plants tend to turn towards the source of light. 植物往往朝向光源生长。
• She turned to face him. 她转过身面对他。
• He turned round and waved to us. 他转身向我们招手。
• He turned on his heel (= turned quickly to face the opposite direction) and left the room. 他迅速转身离开了房间。
• The person on my left turned to me and whispered "Not another speech!". 我左边的人转向我，耳语道：“可别再来一场演讲！”
• His wife tried to speak to him, but he turned his back (on her)/turned away (from her) (= moved himself round and away from her to show his anger). 他的妻子想跟他说话，可他却转过身去不予理睬。
• At about three o'clock, the tide started to turn (= the sea started to come closer to or move away from the beach). 大约三点钟，潮水开始涌动。
• He turned his head to me to listen. 他转过头来听我讲话。
• I'll just turn the car round and go back the way we've come. 我这就调转车头，原路返回。
• We watched until the car had turned (= gone round) the corner. 我们一直看着那辆车拐弯后才作罢。
• The army turned their guns on (= pointed them at and started to shoot at) the protesters. 军队朝抗议者开枪。
• She can turn (= perform) a somersault. 她会空翻。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
CHANGE POSITION 改变位置
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to move, or to move an object or page, so that a different side or surface is on the top 翻动（书页）；（使）翻转；（使）翻身
• Now turn the page, please, and start work on Exercise 2. 现在请翻到下一页，开始做练习二。
• She turned the vase over to look for the price. 她把花瓶翻过来看价格。
• He turned over two or three pages. 他翻了两三页。
• She put out the light, turned over (= rolled in order to face in another direction) and went to sleep. 她熄了灯，翻个身，就睡着了。
• Now turn to (= open the book at) page 23 and look at the first paragraph. 现在请翻到第23页，看第一段。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
BECOME 成为
 ESSENTIAL [L] [I or T usually + adv/prep]
■to (cause to) become, change into or come to be something （使）变得；（使）成为
• The weather has suddenly turned cold. 天气突然变凉。
• When I refused to pay, he turned nasty. 当我拒绝付钱时，他的态度变得很恶劣。
• She turned pale and started to shiver. 她的脸色变得苍白，身子开始颤抖。
• The mood of the meeting turned solemn when the extent of the problem became known. 当问题的严重程度披露后，会议的气氛开始变得严肃起来。
• The companies worked well together for a time, but eventually the relationship turned sour (= became bad). 这些公司一度合作得很好，但最后关系闹僵了。
• Keele, pop star turned business tycoon, has launched a new range of cosmetics. 基尔，从流行音乐歌星摇身成为商业钜子，已经推出了一个新系列的化妆品。
• The dry weather turned the soil into/to concrete. 干旱天气使土壤板结。
• By the end of September, the leaves have started to turn (= become brown). 到九月底，叶子就开始发黄。
• Her attitude turned from politely interested to enthusiastic during the course of our conversation. 在我们谈话期间，她的态度发生转变，先是出于礼貌表示感兴趣，后来就变得很热情。
turn 16/50/9 o'clock, etc.
■to become a particular age or time 达到16岁／50岁／9点钟等
• She turned 18 last year. 她去年满18岁。
• It's just turned 10 o'clock. 刚过十点。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
SWITCH 旋动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive [usually + adv/prep]
■to use a control to switch a piece of equipment or a power or water supply on or off, or to increase or reduce what it is producing 旋动，拧动（操纵装置）；（为升高或降低…而）旋动，拧动
• Turn off/out the light. 关灯。
• Who turned the telly on ? 谁开了电视？
• I asked him to turn down the heating. 我叫他把暖气关小一点。
• Turn the sound up - I can't hear what they're saying. 把声音开大一些——我听不清他们在说甚么。
• This sort of heater turns off (= can be switched off) at the mains. 这种暖气设备的总管道可以关闭。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
TWIST 扭
turn your ankle old-fashioned
■to damage the muscles in the foot by suddenly twisting it too strongly 扭伤脚踝；崴了脚（突然过度用力扭动脚部而损伤脚部肌肉）
• She turned her ankle on the rocks and had to hobble back to camp. 她在石头上崴了脚，不得不蹒跚着走回营地。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
ILLNESS 疾病
intransitive or transitive informal
■If your stomach turns or something turns your stomach, you feel as if you are going to vomit （使）反胃，（使）恶心
• Just the smell makes my stomach turn. 光是那种气味就令我反胃。
• It turned my stomach to look at the pictures. 看那些照片令我恶心。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
WOOD 木
transitive specialized
■to shape a piece of wood while it is fixed to a machine which spins it 在车床上车（木头）
• a turned bowl 车成的碗
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
not turn a hair
■to not show any emotion when you are told something bad or when something bad happens 面不改容，保持镇静
• I was expecting him to be horrified when he heard the cost but he didn't turn a hair. 我本以为他听到花费数目后会大为震惊，可他居然毫无反应。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn a blind eye
■to ignore something that you know is wrong 视而不见；听之任之
• Management often turn a blind eye to bullying in the workplace. 管理层对工作场所发生的恃强凌弱行为常常睁一只眼闭一只眼。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn a deaf ear
■to ignore someone when they complain or ask for something 不理睬，充耳不闻，置若罔闻
• In the past they've tended to turn a deaf ear to such requests. 过去，他们往往对这类要求置若罔闻。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn your back on sth (also turn away from sth)
■to stop being involved in something 不再参与…；对…置之不理
• Spain cannot afford to turn its back on tourism. 西班牙不可能不重视旅游业。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn your back on sb
■to refuse to help someone 拒绝帮助（某人），对（某人）撒手不管
• Surely you won't turn your back on them? 你肯定不会拒绝帮助他们吧？
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn your hand to sth
■If you say that someone could turn their hand to an activity or skill, you mean they could do it well although they have no experience of it （尽管没经验也）能做好…
• Stella's very talented - she could turn her hand to anything. 斯特拉很有才华——她甚么事都能做好。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn sb's head
■If something turns someone's head, it has an influence on how they behave, especially by making them too proud 冲昏头脑（如果某事使某人冲昏头脑，它会影响其行为，尤其是使其变得太骄傲）
• Success has never turned her head - she's still the same simple unaffected girl she always was. 成功并没有让她冲昏了头脑－－她仍是从前那个简朴真挚的女孩。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn your nose up
■to not accept something because you do not think it is good enough for you 嗤之以鼻；瞧不起
• They turned their noses up at the only hotel that was available. 他们看不上那家唯一可住的饭店。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn sth on its head
■to cause something to be the opposite of what it was before 使走向对立面；颠倒
• These new findings turn the accepted theories on their head. 这些新发现彻底推翻了现今人们已经接受的理论。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn over a new leaf
■to start behaving in a better way 翻开新的一页；改过自新
• Apparently he's turned over a new leaf and he's not smoking any more. 显然他已经改过自新，不再抽烟了。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn your stomach
■to make you feel sick, often because you are angry or upset about something 使倒胃；使感到恶心（使你不舒服，多指由于你对某事很生气或心烦）
• The amount of money she spends on designer clothes really turns my stomach. 她购买名牌服装时那样挥金如土，让我很反感。
• The sight of Joe eating raw fish is enough to turn your stomach. 看乔吃生鱼的样子会让人觉得恶心。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn sth upside down
■to search everywhere for something, sometimes leaving a place very untidy 将…翻了个底朝天
• I turned the apartment upside down but I couldn't find those photos. 我把公寓翻了个底朝天也还是找不着那些照片。
■ turn 1 UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n/
verb
turn tail
■to turn around and run away, usually because you are frightened （通常因恐惧）转身逃跑
• As soon as they saw we had guns, they turned tail and ran away. 他们一看见我们有枪就转身逃走了。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn the clock back
■If you try to turn the clock back, you want things to be the way they were in the past. 使时光倒流；使回到以前的状态
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn the corner
■If something or someone turns the corner, their situation starts to improve after a difficult period 好转；渡过难关
• After nine months of poor sales we've finally turned the corner. 经历九个月的滞销后，我们的境况终于有好转。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn the other cheek
■to not do anything to hurt someone who has hurt you （受到伤害后）不予还击；容忍；甘受污辱
• Neither nation is renowned for turning the other cheek. 两个国家从来都不是打不还手的。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn the spotlight on sth
■to attract attention to something, usually to give information about something bad 把注意力集中于某事；聚焦于某事（通常是为了公开关于某种坏事的资讯）
• The documentary turned the spotlight on the low wages paid to manual workers. 这个纪录片集中讲述体力劳动者面对的工资过低问题。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
turn the tables on sb
■to change a situation so that you now have an advantage over someone who previously had an advantage over you 扭转局面，转而占（某人的）上风
• She turned the tables on her rival with allegations of corruption. 她指控对手腐败，从而扭转了对自己不利的局面。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn (sb) against sb/sth
■to start not to like or agree with someone or something, or to make someone do this （使某人）不喜欢；（使某人）不赞成；（使某人）与…为敌
• After six years of fighting public opinion has turned against the war. 经过六年战争之后，公众舆论开始转向反战。
• The girl's natural father claimed that her stepfather was turning her against him. 女孩的生父声称她的继父唆使她与自己作对。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth around/round
■to change an unsuccessful business, plan or system so that it becomes successful 使（企业、计划或体系）好转，使扭转，使有起色
• The new management team turned the ailing company around in under six months. 新的管理团队使这个不景气的公司在不到半年的时间里焕发生机。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn away
■to move your face so you are not looking at something 转过脸去
• When they show an operation on TV, I have to turn away. 电视上播手术过程时，我只能转脸不看。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sb away
■to not allow someone to enter a place 不让（某人）进入
• They turned us away at the entrance because we hadn't got tickets. 由于没有票，他们不让我们进去。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn (sb) back
■to return in the direction you have come from, or to make someone do this （使某人）折回，（使某人）原路返回
• We're lost - we'll have to turn back. 我们迷路了——只好原路返回。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth/sb down ADVANCED
■to refuse an offer or request 拒绝（提议或请求）
• He offered her a trip to Australia but she turned it/him down. 他邀请她去澳大利亚旅游，但她拒绝了。
• He turned down the job because it involved too much travelling. 他拒绝了这份工作，因为出差太频繁。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn in informal
■to go to bed 上床睡觉
• I usually turn in at about midnight. 我通常午夜左右才上床睡觉。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sb in
■to take a criminal to the police, or to go to them yourself to admit a crime 将（某人）送交警方；自首
• [R] The hit-and-run driver turned himself in to the police the day after the accident. 事故发生后的第二天，这位交通肇事逃逸的司机向警方自首。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth in
RETURN
■to return something to an organization or a person in authority 交还；上交；交出
• Please turn your old parking permits in at the end of the week. 请于本周末交回旧的停车证。
• Thousands of weapons were turned in during the national gun amnesty. 在全国枪械特赦期内，人们上缴了数千件武器。
PRODUCE
■to produce results, usually good results 取得（好成绩）；获得（利润）
• Both companies turn in pre-tax profits of over 5.5 million annually. 两家公司每年获得超过550万的税前利润。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn (sb/sth) into sb/sth IMPROVER
■to change and become someone or something different, or to make someone or something do this （使）变成；（使）成为
• The council was hoping to turn a children's home into a residence for adolescent girls. 市议会希望把儿童之家变成青春期少女之家。
• The town turned from a small seaside resort into a major commercial centre when oil was discovered. 发现石油后，这个小镇由一个小小海滨胜地变成重要的商业中心。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn off (sth) ADVANCED
■to leave the road you are travelling on and travel along another one 拐弯；转入另一条路
• Turn off the motorway at the next exit. 在下一个出口出高速公路。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn sb off informal
■to stop someone feeling interested or excited, especially sexually 使（某人）失去兴趣（尤指性欲）
• I should think the smell of her breath would turn any man off. 我看她的口臭会令所有男人失去欲望。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth on
■to start to show a particular quality 开始显露（某品质）
• He can really turn on the charm when he wants to. 只要愿意，他还是可以很迷人的。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn on sb
■to attack or criticize someone suddenly and unexpectedly 突然袭击（某人）；突然批评（某人）
• Suddenly she just turned on me and accused me of undermining her. 她突然开始攻击我，指责我背后说她坏话。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn on sth
■If something turns on something else, it depends on it or is decided by it 取决于，依…而定
• The success of the talks turns on wh ether both sides are willing to make some concessions. 会谈成功与否取决于双方是否愿意作出些让步。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn sb on informal
■to make someone feel interested or excited, especially sexually （尤指性方面）使感兴趣；使兴奋
• Short men really turn me on. 矮个子男人能让我变得兴奋。
• "In my spare time I make models out of matchsticks." "Oh well, whatever turns you on, I suppose (= That would not interest me)." “业余时间我用火柴棍制作模型。”“是嘛，你好像对甚么东西都有兴趣。”
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn out IMPROVER
HAPPEN
■to happen in a particular way or to have a particular result, especially an unexpected one …地发生（或发展）；结果是（尤指出乎意料的结果）
• As events turned out, we were right to have decided to leave early. 结果证明，我们当初决定早点离开是正确的。
• How did the recipe turn out? 按这个食谱做出来的菜如何？
■to be known or discovered finally and surprisingly 最终成为；最终发现
• [+ to infinitive] The truth turned out to be stranger than we had expected. 结果，真相比我们预期的更离奇。
• [+ that] It turns out that she had known him when they were children. 结果发现，她和他从小就认识。
GO
■If people turn out for an event, they go to be there or to watch 出来，出动；到场
• Thousands of people turned out to welcome the England team home. 成千上万的人到场欢迎英格兰队归国。
Compare turn up ()
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth out
PRODUCE
■to produce or make something, often quickly or in large amounts （快速或大批量地）生产，制造
• They turn out thousands of these games every week. 他们每周都制作数千个这类游戏。
EMPTY
■If you turn out a container or the things in it, you empty it completely 腾空；清空
• We turned out all the cupboards and drawers and found things we hadn't seen for years. 我们清理了所有橱柜和抽屉，发现了一些已多年不见的东西。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn sb out
REMOVE
[M]
■to force someone to leave 赶走（某人），驱赶（某人）
• He was turned out of his flat because he couldn't pay the rent. 由于付不起房租，他被赶出公寓。
DRESS
be beautifully/well, etc. turned out
■to be beautifully/well, etc. dressed （某人）衣着漂亮／讲究等
• She's always beautifully turned out. 她总是衣着光鲜。
§UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n/ turn 2 verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn (sth) over UK ADVANCED
■to change to a different television station 换台，调台
• This programme's boring - shall I turn over to BBC? 这个节目没意思——我要不要换到BBC台上？
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn over sth
■If a business turns over a particular amount of money, it produces that amount from its business activities during a stated period （公司）营业额达
• The profits are not high, but the company turns over a large sum every year. 利润并不高，但是该公司每年的营业额都很大。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth over
USE
■to use or allow something to be used for a different purpose （使）转为他用
• Grants are being offered to farmers who agree to turn over their land to woodland and forests. 同意退耕还林的农民将得到拨款补助。
THINK
■to think about something for a period of time 思考；认真考虑
• His father had been turning the idea over in his mind for some time. 他父亲反覆考虑这个想法已经有一段时间了。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn somewhere/sth over informal
■to steal something from a place or to search it, making it very untidy or causing damage 抢劫，洗劫
• Did you hear Paul's flat got turned over last week? 你听说保罗的公寓上周被抢劫吗？
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth over to sb
■to give something to someone in authority or someone who has a legal right to it, or to give someone legal responsibility for something 向（某人）上交；把…移交给（某人）
• They turned the videos over to the police. 他们把录像带交给了警方。
• All documents are to be turned over to the court. 所有档都要上交法庭。
⇒ See also turn in
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sb over to sb
■to take a criminal to the police or other authority 把（罪犯）交给（警方等）
• He was working here illegally and was terrified that his boss would turn him over to the police. 他在这里工作是非法的，很害怕老板会把他交给警方。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn to sb/sth ADVANCED
■to ask a person or organization for help or support 求助于…
• Without someone to turn to for advice, making the most appropriate choice can be difficult. 在没有人可以征求意见的情况下，要作出最恰当的选择可能会很难。
• Her family lived a long way away, and she had no one to turn to. 她的家人住得很远，她无人可以求助。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn to sth
■to start to do or use something bad, especially because you are unhappy （尤指因不开心）开始使用（不好之物）， 开始做（不当之事）
• She turned to drugs after the break-up of her marriage. 她婚姻破裂后开始吸毒。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn (sth) to sth
■If someone turns to a particular subject or they turn their thoughts or attention to it, they begin to speak, think or write about it 注意，关注；将（注意力等）转移到…上
• I'd like us now to turn our attention to next year's budget. 我希望我们大家现在把注意力放在明年的预算上。
• We're now going to turn to an issue that concerns us all - racism. 我们现在要开始关注一个与我们所有人都相关的问题——种族主义。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn up (somewhere) informal ADVANCED
■to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned 到达，来到；突然出现；不期而至
• Do you think many people will turn up? 你觉得会有很多人来吗？
• She turned up at my house late one night. 一天深夜，她突然来到我家。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  turn up
HAPPEN
 ADVANCED informal
■If a better situation or an opportunity to do something turns up, it happens or becomes available unexpectedly or in a way that was not planned （情况）突然好转；（机会）突然出现
• Don't worry about it - something will turn up, you'll see. 别担心——车到山前必有路。
• This job turned up just when I needed it. 这份工作在我正需要的时候出现。
FIND
■If something that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly （遗失后）突然出现，突然找到
• The missing letter eventually turned up inside a book. 遗失的信件最后突然在一本书里找到了。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] turn sth up
FOLD
■to make a piece of clothing or part of a piece of clothing shorter, by folding the material and sewing it into position 改短（衣服）
• You could always turn the sleeves up. 可以把袖子改短。
DISCOVER informal
■to discover something, especially information, after a lot of searching 找到，发现（尤指资讯）
• See what you can turn up about the family in the files. 看看在档案里能找到有关这个家庭的甚么资讯？
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
TIME TO DO STH 依次轮到的
 IMPROVER countable
■an opportunity or a duty to do something at a particular time or in a particular order, before or after other people （依次轮到的）机会，一个班次
• Is it my turn yet? 轮到我了吗？
• [+ to infinitive] I waited so long for my turn to see the careers adviser that I missed my train. 我等了很长时间才轮到见就业顾问，结果错过了火车。
• It's your turn to do the washing up! 轮到你洗碗了！
• In this game if you give the wrong answer you have to miss a turn. 在这个游戏中，如果你回答错误，就会失去一次机会。
Compare go
take turns (mainly UK take it in turn(s))
 IMPROVER
■When a number of people take turns, they do the same thing one after the other 轮流，依次
• We take turns to answer the phone. 我们轮流接电话。
in turn (also by turns)
 ADVANCED
■one after the other in an agreed order 依次，轮流
• Each of us collects the mail in turn. 我们轮流取信。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
GO ROUND 转动
 ADVANCED countable
■when you cause something to move in a circle round a fixed point 转动，旋转；拧动
• Give the screw a couple of turns to make sure it's tight. 将螺丝拧几下，确保它上紧了。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
CHANGE IN DIRECTION 改变方向
 ADVANCED countable
■a change in the direction in which you are moving or facing 转向，转弯
• We got as far as the school, and there we had to make a right turn. 我们一直到了学校那里，然后不得不向右转。
• The path was full of twists and turns. 这条小路弯弯曲曲。
on the turn
■Something which is on the turn is about to change direction 即将转变的，正要转变的
• The tide is on the turn. 要涨潮了。
the turn of sth
■the point at which something changes or moves in a different direction 转变时期；转折点
• the turn of the tide 潮流的转变
• She was born around the turn of the century (= around 1900/2000, etc.). 她出生于世纪之交。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
DEVELOPMENT 进展
take a... turn
■to develop in a particular way 朝…发生变化
• The situation took a nasty turn and the police were called. 形势恶化，于是便报警。
• Events took an unexpected turn when her mother suddenly arrived. 她母亲突然到来，情况发生了意想不到的变化。
take a turn for the better/worse
■to suddenly become better or worse 突然好转／恶化
• Their relationship took a turn for the worse when he lost his job. 他失业后，他们的关系变得更糟。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
PERFORMANCE 演出
countable
■a stage act or performance 节目；演出
• The first couple of turns were children singing and dancing. 头几个节目是儿童歌舞。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
ILLNESS 疾病
countable old-fashioned informal
■a slight illness, a strange feeling, or a nervous shock 不适感；奇怪的感觉；一惊，一吓
• After the accident I started having funny turns. 事故后，我开始时不时感到不适。
• It gave me quite a turn to see him after all these years. 这么多年以后再看到他，真令我感到意外。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
a good/bad turn countable usually singular
■an action that helps/harms someone 善事，帮助他人的事
• That's my good turn for the day! 那就算是我今天做的好事！
• You did me a good turn warning me that Abigail was going to be there. 你提醒我阿比盖尔要去那里，真是帮了我大忙。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
at every turn
■If something unpleasant happens at every turn, it happens every time you try to do something 每次；总是；处处；事事
• They do their best to frustrate my efforts at every turn. 他们每次都竭力挫败我的努力。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
a turn of the screw
■an action which makes a bad situation worse, especially in order to force someone to do something 进一步施加的压力
• Each letter from my bank manager is another turn of the screw. 我的银行经理的每一封来信都给我带来更大压力。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
cooked/done to a turn old-fashioned
■cooked for exactly the right amount of time 煮得火候合适
• The beef was done to a turn. 牛肉烧得火候正好。
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun turn 3 One good turn deserves another. saying
* said when you do a helpful or kind act for someone who has done something good for you 好心应该得到好报；以德报德
UK [tɜ:n] US [tɝ:n] noun
speak/talk out of turn
■to say something which you should not have said 说不该说的话
• I'm sorry if I've spoken out of turn, but I thought everyone had already been told. 如果我说了不该说的话，我很抱歉。我还以为大家都已经知道了。
whirl, turn, roll, rotate, revolve, spin, circle
这组词都有“转动、旋转”的意思，其区别是：
whirl: 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
turn: 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
roll: 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
rotate: 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
revolve: 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
spin: 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。
circle: 指作圆周运动。
turn, transform, change, modify, convert, vary, alter
这组词都有“变化，改变”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 指外形、颜色、气味、性质等方面的变化，比change更通俗。
transform: 指人或物在形状、外观、形式、性质等方面发生的彻底变化，失去原状成为全新的东西。
change: 指任何变化，完全改变，强调与原先的情况有明显的不同。
modify: 强调起限定作用的变化或变更。指细小的变化，常含“缓和、降调”的意味。
convert: 指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。
vary: 暗示不规则或断断续续地变。
alter: 常指轻微的改变，强调基本上保持原物、原状的情况下所进行的部分改变。
turn, get, grow, become, come, go
这组词都有“变成，成为”的意思，其区别是：
turn: 侧重指变得与原来截然不同，有时含贬义。
get: 常指某人或某物有意无意地获得引起变化的因素，结果使变成另一状态。
grow: 常指逐渐地变成新状态，强调渐变的过程。
become: 最普通用词，作为连系动词，指从一个状态向另一个状态的变化。
come: 侧重变化的经过或过程，多用于不良情况。
go: 作为连系动词，通常与形容词连用，指进入某种状态，从而发生变化，多指不好的状态。
vt. 转动，使旋转；转弯；翻过来；兑换
 - wheel, roll
vi. 转向；转变；转动
 - shift, roll, screw
n. 转弯；变化
 - variation, shift, change, diversification, mutation

Word: school
Front: school
[sku:l] (中高雅宝 125/165 -K5)
Vocabulary: school
(once / 23 pages)
1nv 2n 3nv
School is the place you go to learn, and the place you escape from when you play hooky. When you school someone, it means you’ve educated or put that person in his or her place.
School has its roots in the Greek skhole. That word originally had the sense of “leisure,” which evolved into a “place for discussion,” so you can see how school came to have its modern meaning. School, as in "school of thought," can describe a group of people bonded together by shared principles. The phrase "school of hard knocks" is slang for “rough experience in life.” School also refers to a large group of fish that swim together.
WORD FAMILY
school: after-school, interschool, preschool, scholastic, schooled, schooling, schools+/ preschool: preschooler, preschools/preschooler: preschoolers/ scholastic: interscholastic, scholastically, scholasticism, scholastics/scholasticism: scholasticisms/schooled: unschooled/schooling: schoolings
USAGE EXAMPLES
The school announced the procedure is scheduled for Friday, with an anticipated recovery time of four weeks.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Its proximity to schools and being part of a community of museums “is certainly attractive,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One little girl broke the school “ethnicity” form because her mother was Asian Indian and her father Wisconsin white.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 学校; 上学; 学院; 群
vt. 训练，锻炼; 教育，教导; 约束; 给…上学
时态：schooled, schooling, schools
分布：学校(83%)，教育(12%)，学派(2%)，训练(1%)，鱼群(1%)，成群地游(1%)
→来自拉丁语 schola,授课，讲堂，学校，字面意思即空闲，可以学习的时间，来自希腊语 skhole, 空闲的时间，学习的地方，来自 skhein,持有，得到，支配，来自 segh,持有，拥有，词school 鱼群，人群，群集
n.学校,(大学里的)学院;上学,学业;学派The scholar foolishly took the school cooling pool for swimming pool.学者愚蠢的把学校的冷却池当成游泳池.
noun
EDUCATION 教育
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■a place where children go to be educated （中、小）学校
• a primary/secondary school 小／中学
• Milton Road School 密尔顿路小学
• They're building a new school in the village. 他们正在村里建一座新学校。
• She drives the kids to school every morning. 她每天早上开车送孩子上学。
• UK I was at school with (= I went to the same school at the same time as) Luke's brother. 我和卢克的弟弟在同一所学校念书。
• Is Emily in school today or is she still ill? 艾蜜莉今天上学了吗？还是病还没好？
• Which school do you go to/ formalattend ? 你念哪所学校？
• school meals/uniform 学校餐／校服
• school buildings/fees 校舍／学费
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the period of your life during which you go to school, or the teaching and learning activities which happen at school 上学期间，读书阶段；上学
• British children start/begin school at the age of four or five. 英国儿童在四岁或五岁开始上学。
• What do you want to do when you leave school (= finish studying at school) ? 你毕业后想做甚么？
• I love/hate school. 我喜欢／讨厌上学。
• US My sister teaches school (= teaches children in a school) in New York City. 我妹妹在纽约市教书。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■the time during the day when children are studying in school 上课（或上学）时间
• before/after school 上学前／放学后
• School starts at 9 a.m. and finishes at 3.30 p.m. 学校上午九点开始上课，下午三时半放学。
[U + sing/pl verb]
■all the children and teachers at a school 全校师生
• The whole school is/are delighted about Joel's success in the championships. 全校师生都为乔尔在锦标赛中的胜利感到高兴。
countable or uncountable
■a part of a college or university specializing in a particular subject or group of subjects （高等院校的）学院，系
• the School of Oriental and African Studies 东方和非洲研究学院
• She went to medical school in Edinburgh. 她去爱丁堡医学院读书。
countable
■a place where people, especially adults, can study a particular subject either some of the time or all of the time （尤指成人）专科学校；训练班
• a driving/dancing school 驾驶训练班／舞蹈训练班
• the London Business School 伦敦商学院
uncountable US for * university
• We first met at graduate school (= while doing a university course for a second or third degree). 我们第一次见面是在读研究所的时候。
[sku:l] noun
GROUP 团体
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of painters, writers, poets, etc. whose work is similar, especially similar to that of a particular leader 学派，流派
• the Flemish School 法兰德斯派
• the Impressionist school of painting 印象画派
[sku:l] noun
SEA ANIMALS 海生动物
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a large number of fish or other sea animals swimming in a group 鱼群；海生动物群
• a school of dolphins/whales 一群海豚／鲸
[sku:l] noun
school of hard knocks
■If you learn something in the school of hard knocks, you learn it as a result of difficult or unpleasant experiences. 逆境，艰苦生活的磨炼
[sku:l] noun
school/university of life humorous
■all the good and bad experiences that you have in your life 生活经历
[sku:l] verb transitive formal
■to train a person or animal to do something 培养；训练
• It takes a lot of patience to school a dog/horse. 训练狗／马需要很大的耐心。
• [R + to infinitive] You must school yourself to be tolerant. 你必须学会宽容。
transitive often passive
■to teach a child 教育（孩子）
• Her children are well schooled in correct behaviour. 她的孩子受到良好的行为教育。
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
n. 学校；学院；学派；鱼群
 - academy, college
vt. 教育
 - breed, to educate

Word: local
Front: local
[ˈləʊkl] (高研四六雅 423/191 -K5)
Vocabulary: local
(once / 57 pages)
1adjn 2adjn
The adjective local describes something related a specific place. The potholes on a certain street in Pringle, Pennsylvania, might merit a story in the local newspaper.
Locate, location, locale — they all look and sound like local thanks to the Latin root locus, which means "place." Something that's local is limited to a specific place, like a particular neighborhood or city. Local also can describe places that aren't, well, places — they're more like areas. For example, a dentist might administer a local anesthetic to numb your mouth when filling a cavity. That means the anesthetic acts only on a specific area of the body.
WORD FAMILY
local: localise, localism, locality, localize, locally, locals+/delocalize: delocalized/localisation: localisations/localise: localisation, localised, localises, localising/ localism: localisms/ locality: localities/localization: localizations/localize: delocalize, localization, localized, localizes, localizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Months after the primary, tensions were still running high when Taylor’s campaign manager tried to join the local GOP committee in Forbes’s stronghold of Chesapeake.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
By Monday evening, Brazilian media, citing local police, put the number of dead between 50 and 80.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 地方的; 当地的，本地的; 局部的; 褊狭的
n. 慢车; 本地居民（律师、教士、医生）; 住处附近的当地酒店; 本地新闻
分布：当地的(72%)，当地人(17%)，局部的(9%)，地方性的(2%)
→来自locus,地方。
地方的,局部的(loc+al)[loc=place,表示"地方"]
a.地方的,当地的;局部的The educator located the local location allocated to him.教育家定出了分配给他的局部的位置.
US ['loʊ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■from, existing in, serving, or responsible for a small area, especially of a country 当地的，本地的
• a local accent 当地口音
• local issues 当地的问题
• a local newspaper/radio station 本地报纸／电台
• Most of the local population depend on fishing for their income. 当地人大多靠捕鱼为生。
• Our children all go to the local school. 我们的孩子都在当地的学校上学。
• Many local shops will be forced to close if the new supermarket is built. 如果兴建这个新的超级市场，那么许多当地的商店都将被迫关闭。
■limited to a particular part of the body 局部的，部分的
• a local anaesthetic 局部麻醉
• local swelling 局部肿胀
UK ['ləʊ.kəl] US ['loʊ-] noun countable
PERSON 人
■a person who lives in the particular small area which you are talking about 当地人，本地人
• The café is popular with both locals and visitors. 这家咖啡室很受当地人和游客的青睐。
UK ['ləʊ.kəl] US ['loʊ-] noun countable
PUB 酒吧 UK a pub near to where a person lives, especially if they often go there to drink （尤指经常去的）附近的酒吧
• The George is my local. 乔治酒吧离我家很近。
UK ['ləʊ.kəl] US ['loʊ-] noun countable
VEHICLE 车辆 US a train or bus which stops at all or most of the places on its route where passengers can get on or off （指火车或汽车的）慢车
• the 12.24 local to Poughkeepsie 12点24分到波基普西的慢车
UK ['ləʊ.kəl] US ['loʊ-] noun countable
ORGANIZATION 组织 US a division within an organization, especially a national workers' organization, representing people from a particular area （尤指全国性工会组织的）当地分支机构
n. [计] 局部；当地居民；本地新闻
 - native
adj. 当地的； [计] 局部的；地方性的；乡土的
 - partial, regional, provincial

Word: however
Front: however
[haʊˈevə(r)] (中高研四 284/145 -K5)
Vocabulary: however
(once / 15 pages)
1adv 2adv
However means "even so" or, "on the other hand," and you use it to introduce a complication or contradiction. You might tell your friend, "I love your cooking. However, I already have plans for dinner tonight."
The adverb however has a few different meanings. It often shows contrast. You might be training to become a lawyer, however your secret dream is to dance. However also means "in whatever way." You might say to your father, "However you have to do it, convince Mom to buy me that car!" It also means "to whatever degree." However certain you are in your gut that Mr. Plum is the murderer, you need to wait for evidence before accusing him.
WORD FAMILY
however: howevers
USAGE EXAMPLES
However, our modern, sedentary lifestyles mean that our secondary hearts tend to weaken, which permits excessive fluid pooling into the lower body.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Karen objects to fruit juice in grade-school lunches; however, like most of us, she resorts to sugary bribes when necessary.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 不管到什么程度; 无论如何; 然而; 可是
conj. 不管怎样
分布：然而(88%)，无论如何(6%)，不管怎样(5%)，不管多么(1%)
→how,怎样，ever,永远，表强调。
ad.然而,可是,不过,无论如何conj.无论I feel a bit tired. However, I can hold on.我有点累了,但我能坚持下去.
US [-ɚ] adverb
DEGREE 程度
 ESSENTIAL
■despite whatever amount or degree 不管怎样；无论如何
• However hungry I am, I never seem to be able to finish off a whole pizza. 无论有多饿，我似乎都吃不下一整个薄饼。
• If Emma likes something she'll buy it however much it costs. 如果艾玛喜欢某个东西，无论多贵她都会买。
• I'll see you after the show and give you £20 for the tickets, or however much (= whatever) they cost. 演出结束后我们再见面，我会给你20英镑或者是实际的门票钱。
UK [ˌhaʊ'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
WAY 方法
 ESSENTIAL
■used to express surprise （用于表示惊讶）究竟怎样，到底如何
• However did you manage to get him to agree to that? 你究竟是怎样设法让他同意那个的？
 IMPROVER
■in whatever way 不管怎样，无论如何
• However you look at it, it's still a mess. 无论你怎么看，它还是一团糟。
• You can do it however you like, it really doesn't matter. 你想怎么做就怎么做，真的没甚么关系。
UK [ˌhaʊ'ev.ər] US [-ɚ] adverb
DESPITE THIS 尽管
 ESSENTIAL
■despite this 然而，但是
• This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others. 这是问题其中一种可能的解决之道，但还有其他的办法。
• There may, however, be other reasons that we don't know about. 然而，可能还有其他我们不知道的原因。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
adv. 无论如何；不管怎样
 - anyway, at all events
conj. 然而；可是
 - whereas, while, nevertheless, but, yet

Word: least
Front: least
[li:st] (中高研四六雅 302/2012 -K5)
Back: adj. 最小的; 最少的（ little的最高级）; 最不重要的，地位最低的
adv. 最少，最小
n. 最小; 最少量
分布：最小(30%)，最少(24%)，最小的(15%)，最少的(15%)，最少地(7%)，最小地(7%)，最轻微地(2%)
→来自古英语laesest,最小的，less的最高级。
a.最小的;最少的ad.最小;最少I'm busy unless I'm blessed with less lesson.我很忙,除非我很幸运只有少量功课.
adverb determiner pronoun
 ESSENTIAL
■less than anything or anyone else; the smallest amount or number 最少；最小
• This group is the least likely of the four to win. 该组在四个小组当中获胜的可能性最小。
• Disaster struck when we least expected it. 在我们最不为意的时候，灾难不期而至。
• It was the answer she least wanted to hear. 那是她最不愿听到的回答。
• I like the green one least of all. 我最不喜欢绿色的那一个。
• He's the relative I like (the) least. 他是我最不喜欢的亲戚。
• No one believed her, least of all (= especially not) the police. 没有人相信她，更不用说员警了。
• They refused to admit her, not least because (= there were several reasons but this was an important one) she hadn't got her membership card with her. 他们不让她进入的一个重要原因是她没有带会员卡。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
at least ADVANCED
■as much as, or more than, a number or amount 至少
• It will cost at least $100. 那个东西至少要花100美元。
• It will be £200 at the very least. 那东西最少也要200镑。
• You'll have to wait at least an hour. 你至少要等一个小时。
 ADVANCED
■used to reduce the effect of a statement 反正，不管怎样
• I've met the President - at least, he shook my hand once. 我见到总统了——不管怎样他和我握了一下手。
⇒ See also leastways
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize that something is good in a bad situation 至少，还好，不管怎么说
• It's a small house but at least there's a garden. 那是一座小房子，但不管怎么说还有一个花园呢。
 ADVANCED
■used to say that someone should give a small amount of help although they do not intend to give a lot 至少，起码
• Even if she didn't want to send a present, she could at least have sent a card. 她即使不想送礼物起码也应该寄一张贺卡。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
it's the least I can do
■a polite answer to someone who thanks you, usually when you feel you should do more to help 尽一点微薄之力而已
• "Thanks for cleaning up" "It's the least I can do, seeing as I'm staying here rent-free." “谢谢你替我打扫干净。”“我住在这里你连房租都没收，我做这点事算不了甚么。”
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
Least said soonest mended. UK saying
■This means a bad situation can be quickly forgotten if people stop talking about it. （指对于坏事）议论越少，淡忘越快。
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
not in the least
■not in any way 丝毫没有，一点也不
• "Are you dissatisfied with the results?" "Not in the least." “你对结果不满吗？”“一点也不。”
[li:st] adverb determiner pronoun
not the least
■used for emphasis with nouns （与名词连用，表示强调）一点也不
• I haven't the least idea (= I do not know) who he was. 他是谁我一点都不知道。
• She hasn't the least interest (= She has no interest) in the project. 她对该专案一点兴趣都没有。
adj. 最小的；最少的（little的最高级）
 - lowest, minimum, smallest

Word: university
Front: university
[ˌju:nɪˈvɜ:səti] (中高研四六 1106/530 -K5)
Vocabulary: university
(once / 60 pages)
n
A university is a big school where you go to get a degree — maybe even a master’s or PhD. If you’re going to a university, you’re probably on a big campus that also offers housing for students and professors.
Just like the word universe (“the whole world”), university comes from the Latin word universus, meaning "whole, entire." So think of a university as being sort of a world of its own — an institute of higher education where you live and study. A university generally offers advanced degrees and research opportunities in many fields. Sometimes college and university are used to mean the same thing, but colleges are typically smaller and more limited in scope than universities.
WORD FAMILY
university: universities
USAGE EXAMPLES
In September a university student sued the education ministry over homophobic textbooks.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“This is a really powerful compound,” says Mikhail Kogan, the medical director of the George Washington University Center for Integrative Medicine.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 综合性大学; 大学人员; 大学校舍
分布：大学(100%)
→来自拉丁语universum, 所有，全人类，全世界，uni-, 一，-verse, 转。即转为一体的，原用于指全体教职员工，后指大学，比较college.
大学(uni+vers+ity→由宇宙引申为知识,知识之地→大学)[ver,ert=turn,表示"转"]
n.(综合)大学The cosmic verse on the reverse of the paper is very welcome in Universe University.纸张背面的宇宙韵文在宇宙大学很受欢迎.
US [-'vɝ:.sə.tˌi] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a college or collection of colleges at which people study for a degree 大学
• Which university did you go to /were you at (= did you study at) ? 你曾就读哪所大学？
• She teaches at the University of Connecticut. 她任教于康乃迪克大学。
• a university campus/course/lecturer 大学校园／课程／讲师
institute, university, school, college, academy
这组词都有“学院，大学”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指设立有专门学科的学院，如外语学院、地质学院、建筑学院等。
university: 主要指综合大学，一般由多个学院组成。当泛指大学时通常用college表示。
school: 指大学所属的学院或系。
college: 多指大学内的学院，分科学院或科目较少的高等学校。
academy: 指(高等)专科院校或研究专门学术的学校。
n. 大学；综合性大学；大学校舍
 - college, campus

Word: rather
Front: rather
[ˈrɑ:ðə(r)] (中高研四六 860/460 -K5)
Vocabulary: rather
(once / 19 pages)
1adv 2adv 3adv
Use rather to specify a preference for one thing over another. Wouldn't you rather go to the movies than stay home and clean the house?
Rather can also be used to mean "on the contrary," or to introduce a contradiction. You didn't believe in ghosts — rather thinking there was a scientific explanation for any ghostly appearances — until you saw a ghost yourself. The adverb rather also means "to a certain degree." You might grudgingly admit that your mom's strange-sounding chocolate-avocado pudding was actually rather tasty.
WORD FAMILY
rather: rathers
USAGE EXAMPLES
“A measurement is just a number. But a visual image of what they look like, rather than their imagination, is much more motivating.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Rather, he said, its goal was to capture the challenge of talking to young children about difficult subjects.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Back: adv. 稍微，有点; 相当，颇; 宁愿; 相反地
int. 当然啦，怎么不
分布：相当(62%)，宁愿(35%)，有点儿(3%)
→来自 rathe,早的，急切的，-er,比较级后缀。即更早的，更快的，引申副词词义相当，颇，相 较。
ad.相当,有一点儿;宁愿,宁可I would rather withhold than uphold you unfold the gold foil on the threshold.我宁愿扣留而不支持你展开黄金箔在门槛上.
US [ˈræD.ə˞]
SMALL AMOUNT 少量
 ESSENTIAL
■quite; to a slight degree 相当；有点，稍微
• It's rather cold today, isn't it? 今天相当冷，是不是？
• That's rather a difficult book - here's an easier one for you. 那本书有点难——这本对你来说容易些。
• The train was rather too crowded for a comfortable journey. 这趟列车上相当拥挤，旅途不太舒服。
• She answered the telephone rather sleepily. 她带着睡意接电话。
• I rather doubt I'll be able to come to your party. 我说不太准能不能去参加你的派对。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
MORE EXACTLY 更准确地
 ESSENTIAL
■more accurately; more exactly 更确切些；更准确地说
• She'll go to London on Thursday, or rather, she will if she has to. 她将于周四去伦敦，更确切地说，如果她不得不去的话。
• He's my sister's friend really, rather than mine. 确切地说，他是我妹妹的朋友，而不是我的。
 ADVANCED
■used to express an opposite opinion 恰恰相反；而是
• The ending of the war is not a cause for celebration, but rather for regret that it ever happened. 战争的结束并没有甚么好庆祝的，恰恰相反，人们倒是应该为战争的爆发而感到痛惜。
• No, I'm not tired. Rather the opposite in fact. 不，不累。恰恰相反，我感觉精力还很充沛。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
PREFERENCE 偏爱
rather than
 ESSENTIAL
■in preference to; instead of 宁愿，更喜欢；而不是
• I think I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out. 我觉得我今晚更想呆在家里，而不是出去玩。
adverb UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
Rather you than me.
■said by someone who does not want to do the thing that someone else is doing （表示不想做别人正在做的事）换了我才不会去呢
• "I've got to have two teeth out next week." "Rather you than me." “下周我要去拔两颗牙。”“换了我才不会去呢。”
adverb predeterminer UK [ˈrɑː.Dər] US [ˈræD.ə˞]
 ESSENTIAL
■very; to a large degree 非常；很
• Actually, I did rather well in my exams. 实际上我各科考试发挥得很好。
• I've got rather a lot of work to do at the moment. 现在我有很多工作要做。
exclamation UK [ˌrɑːˈDɜːr] US [ˌræDˈɜ˞ː] mainly UK old-fashioned
■certainly; yes 当然；的确
• "Do you want to come out for dinner with us this evening?" "Rather!" “你今天晚上想跟我们一起出去吃饭吗？”“当然！”
quite, rather, pretty, fairly
这组词都有“相当，颇”的意思，其区别是：
quite: 含义比fairly稍强，与不定冠词连用时，一般放在不定冠词之前。
rather: 语气比quite强，褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。
pretty: 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。
fairly: 语意最弱，多用于褒义，表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较级连用。
adv. 宁可，宁愿；相当
 - soon, first, lot, bit, preferably

Word: technology
Front: technology
[tekˈnɒlədʒi] (中高研四六雅 585/756 -K4)
Vocabulary: technology
(once / 154 pages)
n
Technology is using science to solve a problem or create a product. You probably have some gadgets and gizmos, like cell phones and video games, that you really enjoy. These are products of technology.
Technology consists of all the things science allows people to make and do. New cars, new surgical techniques, new computers, and even robots are all examples of technology. Since science is always advancing, technology is too. The more scientists learn, the more technology allows us to do — it's very exciting.
WORD FAMILY
technology: technological, technologies, technologist+/ technological: technologically/technologist: technologists
USAGE EXAMPLES
The inventors of the new process are two young chemists at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The technology was not initially designed for health clubs.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“But our approach to transportation innovation is that we want to be a catalyst for new and interesting technologies.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 科技（总称）; 工业技术; 工艺学; [总称]术语
分布：技术(88%)，工艺(11%)，工艺学(1%)
→techn-,技术，科技，-logy,学说。
技术(学)(techn+o+logy学科)[techn=skill,ability,表示"技术,能力"]
n.科学技术;工业技术;应用科学The mechanical mechanic knows the technique and technology of the echo mechanism.呆板的机修工知道共鸣装置的技术和工艺.
US [-'nɑ:.lə-] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■(the study and knowledge of) the practical, especially industrial, use of scientific discoveries 技术（学）；应用技术；（尤指）工业技术
• computer technology 电脑技术
• Modern technology is amazing, isn't it? 现代技术很奇妙，是不是？
• What this country needs is a long-term policy for investment in science and technology. 这个国家所需要的是科技投入方面的长期政策。
⇒ See also biotechnology
UK [tek'nɒl.ə.dʒi] US [-'nɑ:.lə-] noun countable or uncountable
  Common Learner Errors  technology To talk in general about the practical use of scientific discoveries, don't say 'the technology', just say technology :
✗ Advances in the technology have made our lives easier. Advances in technology have made our lives easier.
technique, technology
这组词都有“技术”的意思，其区别是：
technique: 多指具体的某种技术和技巧。
technology: 含义比technique广泛，泛指生产工艺、科学技术。
n. 技术；工艺； [语] 术语
 - science, mechanics, skill

Word: set
Front: set
[set] (中高雅 294/213 -K3)
Vocabulary: set
(once / 15 pages)
1vnadj 2vadjn 3n 4vnadj 5v
A set is a group of things that belong together, like the set of even numbers (2,4,6…) or the bed, nightstands, and dresser that make up your bedroom set.
Set has many different meanings. As a verb, it means to put in place. Remember where you set your keys down! If you pour concrete, it takes a while to set, or become firm. To "set the bar" is to establish a benchmark for excellence. To set in stone is to make permanent. Every evening, the sun sets beyond the horizon.
WORD FAMILY
set: preset, reset, seting, sets, setting, subset +/ reset: resets, resetted, resetting/ setting: settings/ subset: subsets
USAGE EXAMPLES
The infection sets off a cascade of events that ramps up inflammatory and immune response, Powers says.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
He waited for them to crowd around the vehicle and then set off the bomb.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Andrew Puzder, a restaurant executive set to serve as labor secretary, will face scrutiny for past comments on the minimum wage, among other policies.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: vt. 放置，安置; 使处于某种状况; 设置; 摆放餐具
vi. 落山; 出发; 凝结
n. 一套，一副; 集合; 布景; 电视机
adj. 固定的; 位于…的; 顽固的; 安排好的
时态：set, setting, sets
分布：一套(34%)，集合(13%)，设定(10%)，固定的(9%)，确定(9%)，规定(7%)，一副(4%)，不变的(4%)，调整(4%)，规定的(3%)，组合(3%)
→来自古英语 settan,使坐下，放置，建造，来自 Proto-Germanic*satjan,使坐下，来自 sed, 坐下，词源同 sit,session.引申诸相关词义。set 一套，一副，一组
n.一套,一副,装置,接受机v.提出,调整,日落At the outset this set of setting settled the offset problem of the kettle.在开始,这一套设置解决了水壶的弥补问题.
verb (setting, set, set)
POSITION 位置
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to put something in the stated place or position 放，置；使处于（指定的地方、位置）
• He set a vase of flowers on the table. 他把一瓶花放在桌子上。
• The campsite is set in the middle of a pine forest. 营地设在松树林的中央。
• Our house is set back from the road. 我们的房子离公路有一定的距离。
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■If a story, film, etc. is set in a particular time or place, the action in it happens in that time or place （故事、电影等）以…为背景
• 'West Side Story' is set in New York in the late 1950s. 《西城故事》是以20世纪50年代末的纽约为背景的。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
CONDITION 状况
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause something or someone to be in the stated condition or situation 使处于特定状态
• It is believed that the building was set alight/ablaze/on fire deliberately. 据信，这幢大楼遭纵火是有人故意所为。
• The new director has set a lot of changes in motion in our department. 新主管在我们部门推行了很多变革。
• [+ adj] After years in prison, the men who had wrongfully been found guilty of the bombing were finally set free. 坐了多年牢之后，在爆炸案中遭误判有罪的数名男子终于被释放了。
• If I've made a mistake, then it's up to me to set it right (= correct it). 如果我犯了错，那就该由我来纠正。
set sb/sth doing sth
 ADVANCED
■to cause someone or something to start doing something 使开始做；引起
• His remarks set me thinking. 他的话引起我的深思。
• The thunderstorm set the radio crackling. 雷雨使收音机发出劈劈啪啪的声音。
set sb to work
■to give someone work to do 给（某人）工作做
• I was set to work tidying the bookshelves. 我被安排做整理书架的工作。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
ESTABLISH 建立
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to establish or cause to exist 建立；设立
• The school has been criticized for failing to set high standards for its students. 学校因未能为学生设定高标准而受到了批评。
• The government has set new limits on spending. 政府对开支设定了新的限制。
• Lewis has set a new world record. 路易士创造了一项新的世界纪录。
• The court's decision has set a legal precedent. 法庭的判决开创了一项判例。
• Parents should set a good example to their children. 父母应该为孩子树立良好的榜样。
• He's set himself the goal/target of making his first million by the time he's 30. 他给自己定的目标是在30岁前赚到第一个100万。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
GET READY 准备好
 IMPROVER transitive
■to get something ready so that it comes into operation or can be used 设定；调定
• [+ to infinitive] The heating is set to come on at 5.00 p.m. 暖气设定在下午五点钟启动。
• Have you set up the video recorder? 你把录影机调好了吗？
• I usually set my watch by the time signal on the radio. 我通常是按照收音机里的报时对表。
• He set the alarm for 7.00 a.m. 他把闹钟设在早上七点钟。
• Will you set the table (= put plates and utensils on it ready for use) , please? 你来摆一下餐桌，好吗？
 IMPROVER transitive
■to put furniture and other things on a stage so that it represents the time and the place in which the action of a play, film or television programme is going to happen 设置，布置（戏剧、电影或电视节目的布景）
• During the interval the stage was set for the second act. 在换幕休息时，工作人员布置了第二幕的布景。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
FIX 固定
 IMPROVER transitive
■to fix or make certain 使固定，确定
• Has a date/time been set for the meeting yet? 会议的日期／时间确定了吗？
• The price of the house has been set at £425 000. 这栋房子的定价为42.5万英镑。
set into sth /be set with sth
■If a precious stone is set in/into a piece of jewellery, or a piece of jewellery is set with a precious stone, the stone is fixed firmly to the piece of jewellery 镶入／镶有
• a gold tiepin with a diamond set into it 镶着一颗钻石的金质领带夹
• a brooch set with rubies and pearls 镶有红宝石和珍珠的胸针
transitive
■When a doctor sets a broken bone, he or she puts it into a fixed position so that it will heal. 固定（断骨）；接（骨）；把（断骨）重定
intransitive
■When a broken bone sets, it heals in a fixed position. （断骨）愈合
transitive
■If you have your hair set, you have it arranged while it is wet so that it will be fixed in a particular style when it is dry. 给（头发）做发型
transitive
■If you set a part of your body, you tighten the muscles around it in order to show that you are determined about something 绷紧（身体部位）；使显出坚定的表情
• "I'm never going back to him, " she said, setting her jaw firmly. “我永远都不会回到他身边，”她咬紧牙说。
• His face was set in determination. 他脸上露出坚定的表情。
intransitive
■If a liquid or soft material sets, it becomes firm or hard （液体等）凝固，凝结
• Leave the jelly in the fridge to set. 把果冻放在冰箱里凝固。
• Don't walk on the concrete until it has set. 混凝土还没凝固之前别在上面走。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
GIVE WORK 给工作
transitive mainly UK (US usually assign)
■to give or provide a piece of work or task for someone to do 规定，布置
• My science teacher always sets a lot of homework. 我的理科老师总是安排很多功课。
• What books have been set for this term? 这学期规定学生要读哪些书？
• [+ two objects] We set the kids the task of clearing the snow from the front path. 我们给孩子们分派了打扫门前路上积雪的任务。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
MUSIC 音乐
transitive
■to write or provide music for a poem or other words so that they can be sung 为…谱曲；给…配乐
• poems set to music 谱了曲的诗歌
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
SUN 太阳
intransitive
■(of the sun, moon or planets) to go down below the horizon (= the line at which the Earth seems to join the sky) （太阳、月球或行星）降于地平线之下，下落
• We sat on the beach and watched the sun set. 我们坐在海滩上观看日落。
• The setting sun cast long shadows across the lawn. 夕阳在草地上投下了长长的影子。
⇒ See also sunset
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
not set the world on fire
■to not be very exciting or successful 不一鸣惊人；不成功
• He has a nice enough voice but he's not going to set the world on fire. 他的声音够好听，但还不能一鸣惊人。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
set the scene/stage (also the scene/stage is set)
■used to mean that conditions have been made right for something to happen, or that something is likely to happen 铺路，做好准备
• This weekend's talks between the two leaders have set the scene for a peace agreement to be reached. 本周末两位领袖之间的会谈为达成和平协定铺了路。
• The stage looks set for a repeat of last year's final. 看起来去年决赛的一幕可能会重演。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set about sth
■to start to do or deal with something 开始做，开始处理
• [+ -ing verb] I've no idea how to set about changing a tyre on a car. 我不知道如何更换汽车轮胎。
• I tried to apologize, but I think I set about it the wrong way. 我想道歉，但我觉得我一开口道歉就说错话了。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set about sb literary
■to attack someone 攻击（某人）
• Her attacker set about her with a knife. 袭击者是用一把刀子袭击她的。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sb against sb
■to cause one person to argue or fight with another person 使（某人）同（某人）争论（或斗争）；使（某人）反对（某人）
• This war has set neighbour against neighbour. 这次战争使邻国之间反目成仇。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sth against sth
COMPARE
■to consider something in relation to another thing and compare their different qualities or effects 比较；权衡
• You have to set the advantages of the scheme against the disadvantages. 你得权衡一下这个计划的利弊。
FINANCE
■to use or record one thing, especially the cost of something, in order to reduce or remove the effect of another 用（尤指费用）抵消，以…抵消
• The cost of business travel and entertainment can be set against tax. 出公差和娱乐的费用可以不报税。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sth/sb apart
■If a quality or characteristic sets someone/something apart, it shows them to be different from, and usually better than, others of the same type 使…与众不同
• What set her apart from the other candidates for the job was that she had a lot of original ideas. 她与其他求职者不同的地方在于，她有许多独特的见解。
§/set/ set 1 verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth aside
PURPOSE
 ADVANCED
■to save something, usually money or time, for a special purpose 拨出，留出（金钱或时间）
• He had some money in an account that he'd set aside for his kids. 他为孩子们存了一笔钱。
• [+ to infinitive] I set aside half an hour every evening to hear Erik read. 我每天晚上都留半个小时听埃里克朗读。
LEGAL DECISION
■If a judge or court sets aside a previous decision or judgment, they state that it does not now have any legal effect, usually because they consider it to have been wrong 撤销，驳回（判决）
• The Court of Appeal set aside his conviction. 上诉法院撤销了对他的判决。
IGNORE
■to decide that you will not be influenced by your own feelings or opinions because they are not important at a particular time 忘却；不计较
• In times of war people tend to set aside political differences. 战争期间，人们往往不计较政治歧异。
■to ignore or not think about a particular fact or situation while considering a matter 把…搁在一边；暂缓处理
• Setting aside the question of cost, what do you think of the idea in principle? 先把成本问题搁在一边，理论上你觉得这个意见怎样？
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sb back (sth) informal
■to cost someone a large amount of money 花去（某人）一大笔钱
• Buying that suit must have set you back. 买这套衣服你得花一大笔钱。
• That new car looks as if it set you back a bit, Geoff. 杰夫，那辆新车看来花了你不小的一笔钱吧。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth/sb back
■to delay an event, process or person 耽误；延迟
• The opening of the new swimming pool has been set back by a few weeks. 新游泳池开业延误了几个星期。
• A war would inevitably set back the process of reform. 战争无疑会耽误改革的进程。
⇒ See also setback
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth back
■to reduce something to a weaker or less advanced state 削弱；使倒退；使受挫
• This result has set back their chances of winning the competition. 这个结果降低了他们赢得这次竞赛的机会。
⇒ See also setback
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sth down
WRITING
[M often passive]
■to write or print something, especially to record it in a formal document （尤指作为正式档）写下，记录下
• The rules of the club are set down in the members' handbook. 俱乐部的规则写在会员手册中。
AIRCRAFT [M]
■to land an aircraft 使（飞机）着陆
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sb down
■If a vehicle sets down a passenger, it stops so that the passenger can get out （车辆）停下来让（乘客）下车
• The taxi set us down a long way from our hotel, and we had to walk. 计程车在离旅馆很远的地方放下了我们，我们只好步行了。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth forth formal for
■set sth out (DETAILS) 细节
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set in
■When something unpleasant sets in, it begins and seems likely to continue in a serious way （不好的事）到来，开始（而且可能会持续）
• This rain looks as if it has set in for the rest of the day. 看来今天雨不会停。
• If you get bitten by a dog, you have to make sure the wound is properly cleaned, or an infection could set in. 如果你被狗咬了，必须确保伤口彻底清理干净，否则可能会发生感染。
• Despair seems to have set in among the team. 整支队伍似乎陷入了绝望之中。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set off/out
 IMPROVER
■to start a journey 出发，启程
• What time will we have to set off for the station tomorrow? 我们明天要甚么时候出发去车站？
• Jenny set off down the road on her new bike. 珍妮骑着新脚踏车沿着马路出发了。
• They've just set off on a round-the-world cruise. 他们刚刚出发去环球旅行。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth off
CAUSE
■to cause an activity or event, often a series of events, to begin or happen 引起，引发（常指一系列事件）
• The court's initial verdict in the police officers' trial set off serious riots. 法庭审理这桩警官案件所作出的初审判决引起了严重的暴乱。
■to cause a loud noise or explosion, such as that made by a bomb or an alarm (= a warning sound) to begin or happen 使发出巨响；使爆炸，引爆
• Terrorists set off a bomb in the city centre. 恐怖分子在市中心引爆了一颗炸弹。
• Somebody set the alarm off on my car. 有人触发了我车上的报警器。
MAKE NOTICEABLE
■to make something look attractive by providing a contrast (= attractive difference) to it （透过对比）使更有吸引力；衬托
• The new yellow cushions nicely set off the pale green of the chair covers. 黄色的新靠垫把浅绿色的椅套衬托得很好看。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sb off informal
■to cause someone to start doing something 使（某人）开始做
• [+ -ing verb] Every time I think about it, it sets me off laughing. 每次我想到它，就会发笑。
• She's finally stopped crying - now don't set her off again. 她终于不哭了——现在别再惹她哭了。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set sb/sth on sb
■to make an animal or person attack someone 使…攻击（某人）
• The security guards set their dogs on the intruders. 警卫放狗咬非法闯入者。
• If you do that again, I'll set my big brother on you! 如果你再那么做，我会叫我大哥来对付你！
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set on/upon sb
[often passive]
■to attack someone 攻击（某人）
• He was set upon by a vicious dog. 他遭到一只恶犬的攻击。
■to surround or catch someone and prevent them from escaping 围困（某人）；堵截（某人）
• As he left the theatre, the singer was set upon by fans desperate for autographs. 那名歌手在离开剧院时被疯狂的歌迷围住索取签名。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set out
 IMPROVER
■to start an activity with a particular aim （怀着特定目的）开始，着手
• She set out with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship. 她努力的目标就是成为史上最年轻的冠军。
• [+ to infinitive] They set out to discover a cure for cancer. 他们开始寻找一种治疗癌症的方法。
■to start a journey 出发，启程
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth out
DETAILS (formal set sth forth)
■to give the details of something or to explain it, especially in writing, in a clear, organized way （尤指书面）详述，阐明
• The management board has set out its goals/plans/proposals for the coming year. 资方委员会阐述了下一年的目标／计划／建议。
• Your contract will set out the terms and conditions of your employment. 你的合约会详细说明聘任的期限和条件。
ARRANGEMENT
■to arrange something, usually a number of things, in an attractive or organized way 摆放；陈列
• The market was full of brightly coloured vegetables set out on stalls. 市场上到处都是色泽鲜亮的蔬菜，整整齐齐地摆在摊子上。
• Every evening Michael sets out the breakfast things on the table, ready for the morning. 每天晚上麦克都会把早餐用具摆在桌上，为第二天早晨作好准备。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  set to
WORK
■to start working or dealing with something in an energetic and determined way 干劲十足地开始做；毅然开始
• If we all set to, we should be able to finish the job in a week. 如果我们都能认真做，就能在一星期内完成这项工作。
FIGHT informal
■to begin to fight 开始打架
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth up
 ESSENTIAL
■to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc 建立，创立（公司、机构、系统、工作方式等）
• A committee has been set up to organize social events in the college. 大学里已经成立了一个委员会来安排学校里的社交活动。
• She plans to set up her own business. 她计划创立自己的企业。
• They've set up a fund for victims of the earthquake. 他们已经为地震中的受害者设立了一个基金会。
 IMPROVER
■to arrange for an event or activity to happen 安排，策划
• We need to set up a meeting to discuss the proposals. 我们需要安排一次会议来讨论这些建议。
set 2 2. The government has agreed to set up a public enquiry.
政府同意进行公开调查。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sb up
ESTABLISH
■to establish someone or yourself in a business or position 为（某人）安置职位，使（某人）就职
• After he left college, his father set him up in the family business. 自从大学毕业后，他父亲就安顿他在家族企业中任职。
• [R] She set herself up as an interior designer. 她当了一名室内设计师。
BENEFIT
■to provide the money that someone needs for an important task or activity which is expected to last a long time 资助
• Winning the lottery has set them up for life. 他们中了彩券，这使他们一生都吃穿不愁。
■to provide someone with the energy or health that you need for a particular period of time 使精力充沛；使健康
• A good breakfast really sets you up for the day. 一顿好的早餐能使你一天精力充沛。
DECEIVE [often passive] informal
■to trick someone in order to make them do something, or in order to make them seem guilty of something that they have not done 给（某人）设下圈套；陷害，栽赃（某人）
• They claimed that they weren't selling drugs, but that they'd been set up by the police. 他们声称自己没有贩卖毒品，是被警方栽赃陷害的。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set sth/sb up
■to provide someone or something with all the necessary things for a particular activity or period of time 为…提供必需品
• I think we're set up with everything we need for the journey. 我认为我们已经准备好了旅行需要的一切。
• We went on a shopping trip and got him all set up for the new term. 我们去购物，为他准备好新学期需要的一切用品。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] set (sth) up
■to prepare something for use, especially by putting the different parts of it together 准备；（尤指）安装，装配
• We only had a couple of hours to set up before the exhibition opened. 展览开始前，我们只有几个小时来准备。
• I need one or two people to help me set up the equipment. 我需要一两个人帮我安装这台设备。
[set] verb (setting, set, set)
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] set yourself up as sth often disapproving
■to say that you are a particular type of person 自称是，自命为
• He sets himself up as an expert on vegetable growing, but he doesn't seem to me to know much about it. 他以蔬菜种植专家自居，但在我看来他对此懂得并不多。
[set] noun
GROUP 组合
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a group of similar things that belong together in some way 套；副
• We bought Charles and Mandy a set of cutlery as a wedding present. 我们为查尔斯和曼迪买了一套刀叉餐具，作为送给他们的结婚礼物。
• I always keep a tool set in the back of my car. 我一直都在汽车的后车箱内放着一套工具。
• The doctor said that he hadn't seen this particular set of symptoms before. 医生说他以前没有见过这种症候群。
• We need to establish a new set of priorities. 我们需要重新安排应优先考虑的一组事项。
 ADVANCED countable
■a number of objects or pieces of equipment needed for a particular activity, especially playing a game （尤指游戏用的）一套用具
• a chess/train/chemistry set 一副象棋／一组模型列车／一套化学实验用品
countable specialized
■In mathematics, a set is a group of objects with stated characteristics. （数学中的）集，集合
countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a group of people who have similar interests and ways of living 有相同爱好的一伙人
• the London set 伦敦人
• She's got in with a very arty set. 她和一群搞艺术的人在一起。
• The smart set is/are going to the Caprice restaurant this season. 时尚人士在这个社交季节里要去卡普利斯餐厅。
[set] noun
FILM/PLAY 戏／剧
 ADVANCED countable
■the place where a film or play is performed or recorded, and the pictures, furniture, etc. that are used 布景；场景
• a film set 电影场景
• a stage set 舞台布景
• a set designer 布景师
• They first met on the set of 'Star Wars'. 他们第一次见面是在《星际大战》的拍摄场地。
[set] noun
PART 部分
 ADVANCED countable
■a part of a game of tennis （网球比赛的）一局
• They won in straight sets (= They won every set). 他们一局未失。
 ADVANCED countable
■a musical performance which forms part of a concert , especially one of pop music or jazz （尤指流行音乐或爵士音乐会上的）一段表演
• The band's opening set lasted 45 minutes. 乐队的开场表演持续了45分钟。
[set] noun
POSITION 位置
the set of sth
■the position in which you hold a part of your body （身体部位的）姿势，样子
• I could tell from the set of his jaw that he was angry. 看他绷得紧紧的下巴，我便知道他在生气。
countable
■the act of having your hair set 做头发
• a shampoo and set 洗头并做发型
[set] noun
TELEVISION 电视
countable
■a television 电视机
• We need a new television set. 我们需要一台新电视机。
[set] adjective
READY 准备
[after verb]
■ready and prepared 准备好的，预先准备的
• Shall we go now - is everyone set? 我们可以走了吗——大家准备好了吗？
• Is everything all set for the party? 派对一切都准备妥当了吗？
• At the beginning of a race, the starter often says "On your marks, get set, go" or "Ready, get set, go". 发令者在起跑时常说：“各就位，预备，跑。”
• We were just getting set to leave when Ben said he had something important to tell us. 当班说他有一些重要的事要告诉我们时我们正准备离开。
[after verb]
■likely or in a suitable condition 可能的；在适当条件下的
• He looks set to become world champion again this year. 他今年似乎有可能再次成为世界冠军。
[set] adjective
FIXED 固定
■fixed or never changing 不变的，固定的
• My parents say I have to be home by a set time. 我父母说我得在规定的时间回家。
• The restaurant does a set lunch (= a meal which is offered at a fixed price, but with little or no choice about what you have to eat) on Sundays. 这家餐馆星期天午餐供应套餐。
• The receptionist had a bright set smile on his face, but I could tell that he was bored. 接待员带着一成不变的灿烂微笑，但我看得出其实他觉得很厌倦。
• My father has very set opinions/views on the matter. 我父亲在这件事上的看法很难改变。
set expression/phrase
■a phrase in which the words are always used in the same order 固定说法／片语
[set] adjective
STUDY 阅读
[before noun]
■a set book is one that must be studied for a particular course 必修课本（修读特定课程时必须学习的课本）
• The students are reading 'Lord of the Flies' as one of their set books/texts this year. 学生们今年的规定阅读书目中有《蝇王》。
[set] adjective
be (dead) set against sth
■to be determined not to do something 坚决反对
• Why are you so set against going to college? 你为甚么这么反对上大学呢？
• They are dead set against (= strongly opposed to) the plans to close the local hospital. 他们坚决反对关闭当地医院的计划。
[set] adjective
be set fair UK old-fashioned
■to be sunny and dry and not changing or expected to change 持续晴朗干燥
[set] adjective
be set in your ways
■to do the same things every day and to not want to change those habits 因循守旧
• As people get older, they often become set in their ways. 随着年岁渐长，人们行事也往往跟着一成不变起来。
[set] adjective
be set on/upon sth
■to be determined to do something 下决心做
• She seems set on marrying him. 她似乎已打定主意要嫁给他。
put, set, lay, place
这组词都有“放”的意思，其区别是：
put: 普通用词，含义较广泛。指把人或物置于某处，并将其留在该处。
set: 普通用词，指为了某种目的而将人或物放在一定位置上。指物是多指立着放。
lay: 指小心地把人或物平放或横放，侧重动作安稳。
place: 较正式用词，指把某物放在一个正确的位置上，侧重动作的正确。
n. 一套； [数] 集合； [机] 装置；趋势；布景
 - device, apparatus, installation, assembly, tendency, unit, direction
vt. 放；树立；点燃；使凝结；点缀
 - put, fire, rear, light
vi. 结果；定型；凝固
 - result, bottom line
adj. 规定的；固定的；固执的
 - specified, stated, fixed, prescribed, regulation

Word: increase
Front: increase
[ɪnˈkri:s] (中高研四六 660/523 -K5)
Vocabulary: increase
(once / 30 pages)
nv
The noun increase indicates growth of something that gets bigger in number or volume. When used as a verb, it means the act of growing or gaining more. However it's used, it refers to something that has gotten bigger.
Anything that can add on can increase. You can increase your speed to go faster, increase your strength by working out, increase your knowledge by studying, and increase your circle of friends by meeting more people. You can work harder to see an increase of profits, and you can prevent an increase in your electric bill by turning out unnecessary lights. And now you’ve increased your vocabulary by learning a new word!
WORD FAMILY
increase: increased, increases, increasing +/ increasing: increasingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Another possible target: The automatic increases to the state’s minimum wage that start in 2018.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
But some lawmakers, particularly Republicans and those representing more rural parts of the state, say they are not enthusiastic about increasing child-care aid.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 增加，增大，增多
vt. 增强，增进; [缝纫]放（针）
vi. 增强; 增进; 增殖，繁殖; [缝纫]放针
时态：increased, increasing, increases
分布：增加(72%)，提高(23%)，增强(5%)
→in-,进入，使，-cre,增加，创造，词源同create,crescent.
增加(in向内+crease向内增→增加)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
v./n.增加,增长,增进After a decrease, the price of the grease increases increasingly.下跌过一次之后,润滑脂的价格日益上涨.
verb intransitive or transitive /ɪnˈkriːs/
 ESSENTIAL
■to (make something) become larger in amount or size 增大；增加；增强
• Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years. 持械抢劫案近几年增多了。
• The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began. 该专案自开始以来成本就急剧上升。
• Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point. 逐步加热至沸点。
• Increased/Increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute. 正在尽更大努力来结束这场争端。
Compare decrease
verb intransitive or transitive /ɪnˈkriːs/
  Common Learner Errors  increaseIncrease is not usually followed by the adverb 'up'. Don't say 'increase up', say increase :
✗ The number of homeless people has increased up by 5%. The number of homeless people has increased by 5%.
noun countable or uncountable /ˈɪn.kriːs/
 ESSENTIAL
■a rise in the amount or size of something （数量或尺寸）增加；增长
• price / tax increases 涨价／增税
• There were 39, 000 new cases last year - an increase of 7 per cent. 去年有3万9千个新案子——上升了7%。
• Any increase in production would be helpful. 任何产量的增加都是有益的。
on the increase
■increasing 在增加
• Homelessness is on the increase in many cities. 许多城市里无家可归者在增多。
noun countable or uncountable /ˈɪn.kriːs/
  Common Learner Errors  increase When you are talking about a thing that has increased, the most usual preposition to use after increase is in. Don't say 'an increase of something', say an increase in something : There has been a 2% increase in the rate of unemployment. Remember: when increase is followed by an amount, the correct preposition is of : There has been an increase of 2%.
enlarge, magnify, increase, expand, multiply, augment, amplify
这组词都有“增加，增大”的意思，其区别是：
enlarge: 主要指面积或体积等的扩大。
magnify: 可指用光学仪器使物体看上去显得变大；也指事实上把某物增大，有时用于夸张意味。
increase: 指数量、强度和大小等方面的扩大或增加。
expand: 指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加。
multiply: 通常指自然繁殖而产生的增长，有时也指同类事物数量的成倍增加。
augment: 较正式用词，一般指在原有的基础上增加含量而扩大。
amplify: 在科技中常指声音的扩大或电磁波的增强。也指补充了细节、详述或扩大内容等。此词系正式用语。
increase, reinforce, intensify, strengthen, aggravate
这组词都有“加强”的意思，其区别是：
increase: v.指数量上的增加。
 • The number of people has been increased.   人数增加了。
reinforce: v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动；(以添加材料等)加固。
 • A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.   一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
intensify: v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
 • intensify colors   加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
strengthen: v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。
 • Exercising every day strengthens the heart.   每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
 • Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.   人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
aggravate: v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
 • I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.   我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
enlarge, extend, stretch, prolong, inflate, expand, increase, multiply, lengthen, add, augment, amplify
enlarge: 放大（照片）
extend: 使…（在空间或时间上）更大，更长；伸长，伸展，延展；舒展（肢体），extend sth
stretch: vt 拉长，撑大；绵延，延续
prolong: 人为的延长时间
inflate: 使（轮胎、气球等）充气，膨胀，inflate sth (with sth)
expand: 使…变大，扩大，扩展，expand sth into sth
increase: 增加，增大（数目、数量、体积等），increase sth from…to…
multiply: 成倍的增加
lengthen: 指自然的延长时间或空间
add: 加，添加，add sth to sth
augment: vt 增多，增大，augment sth
amplify: 特指音量，电流等的扩大
n. 增加，增长；提高
 - enhancement, growth, gain, raising, advance
vi. 增加，增大；繁殖
 - improve, gain, accelerate, breed, make
vt. 增加，加大
 - enhance, boost, jack, mount, hot

Word: case
Front: case
[keɪs] (高雅 186/139 -K2)
Vocabulary: case
(once / 15 pages)
1n 2n 3nv 4n 5n 6n 7v
A case is a specific instance or example of something. Your teacher might say, "In your case, I think you should go right into the calculus class."
A case is one particular situation — and it's also a legal term for a court proceeding, and a medical term for the details of one specific patient. Another kind of case is a bag that holds or covers something, like a laptop case or a cellphone case. When case is a verb, it means "to scope out a location for burglarizing it later." These various meanings come from two Latin roots: casus, "chance or occasion," and capsa, "box."
WORD FAMILY
case: cased, caseful, cases, casing, encase, uncase+/casing: casings/ encase: encased, encasement, encases, encasing/encasement: encasements/uncase: uncased, uncases, uncasing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or, in severe cases, an oral immunosuppressant for the itch.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Leukemia is the most common cancer in children and teens, accounting for almost 1 of every 3 such cases.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“I only tell you in case this is your son and maybe you should speak to him.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. （实）例，事例; 情况，状况; 诉讼（事件），案件，判例; 容器（箱，盒）
vt. 把…装入箱（或盒等）内; 加盖于; 包围，围住; [俚语]（尤指盗窃前）探察，侦查，窥测
时态：cased, casing, cases
分布：案例(55%)，情况(28%)，箱(9%)，例子(5%)，装箱(1%)，踩点(1%)，仔细检查(1%)
→1.情况，来自词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident.
n.箱,盒,容器;情况,事实;病例;案件In occasional case the phrase emphasizes the importance of the phase to the laser.在偶然情况下该短句强调了相位对于激光的重要性.
noun
SITUATION 情况
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular situation or example of something 具体情况；实例
• Over a hundred people were injured, in several cases seriously. 一百多人受了伤，有几个伤势严重。
• Jobs are hard to find but in his case that's not the problem because he has so much experience. 工作很难找，可对他而言不成问题，因为他经验非常丰富。
• I wouldn't normally agree but I'll make an exception in this case. 一般情况下我不会同意，不过这次我要破例一次。
• The number of new cases of the illness appears to be declining. 这种病症的新发病例数量呈下降趋势。
• We have lots of applications from people who want to study here and in each case we consider the candidate very carefully. 我们收到许多想来这里学习的人的申请，对每个申请人的情况我们都予以认真考虑。
• She was suffering from an extreme case of sunburn. 她被严重晒伤了。
in that case ADVANCED
■because of the mentioned situation 既然如此；如果是那样
• There's no coffee left? In that case I'll have tea. 没咖啡了？既然如此，我就喝茶吧。
(not) the case ADVANCED
■(not) true （不）是那样，（不）是那么回事
• If that is the case then I will be very disappointed. 如果是那样的话，我会非常失望。
in any case ADVANCED
■also 而且；再者
• I don't want to go and in any case, I haven't been invited. 我不想去，再说，人家也没邀请我。
(just) in case ADVANCED
■because of a possibility of something happening, being needed, etc. 以防万一
• I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some just in case. 我想我不会用到钱的，不过我还是带一些以防万一。
• Bring a map in case you get lost. 带张地图吧，以防迷路。
in the case of sth/sb
■with reference to someone or something, or in the situation of something 关于…；在…情况下
• The law will apply equally to men and women except in the case of maternity leave. 除了产假方面，该法律对男女都同样适用。
a case of sth
■used when a situation is of a particular type …的情况
• She doesn't want to work full-time, it's a case of having to. 她不想全日工作，可是不得不如此。
a case in point
■an example which shows that what you are saying is true or helps to explain why you are saying it 佐证；例证
• Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point. 缺乏交流会导致严重问题，他们的婚姻就是个明证。
as the case might be (also whatever the case might be)
■one of the stated possibilities which is true 无论是哪种情况
• When the election is called in April, or June, as the case might be, we shall be ready for it. 不管选举是在四月还是六月举行，我们都将做好准备。
[keɪs] noun
PROBLEM 问题
 IMPROVER countable
■a problem, a series of events or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc. 问题；案例，案子；病例
• Several social workers have looked into the child's case. 几名社工翻阅了这个孩子的案例。
• The detective on the case (= responsible for solving it) has been suspended from duty. 负责调查这个案子的侦探被停职了。
• When he first went for treatment at the hospital he seemed to be a hopeless case (= a person who could not be cured). 他初到医院接受治疗时似乎已经没救了。
 IMPROVER countable legal
■a matter to be decided by a judge in a court of law 诉讼案；案件；官司
• a murder case 谋杀案
• The case will go before the European Court next month. 这个案子将于下月在欧洲法庭审理。
• She accused her employer of unlawful dismissal and won/lost her case. 她起诉雇主非法解雇，结果赢／输了官司。
[keɪs] noun
CONTAINER 容器
 IMPROVER countable
■a container or box for storing things in 盒；箱；套
⇒ See also bookcase;briefcase;pillowcase
a case of wine, etc.
■a box holding twelve bottles of wine or another type of alcoholic drink, or the twelve bottles and their contents 一箱（12瓶）酒等
[keɪs] noun
ARGUMENT 论据
 ADVANCED only singular
■arguments, facts and reasons in support of or against something 论点；事实；论据
• There's a good case for/against bringing in new regulations. 支持／反对推出新章程的理由很充分。
• The case against cigarette advertising is becoming stronger all the time. 一直以来，反对烟草广告的观点越来越强烈。
• She's very busy so don't overstate the case - just give her the essentials. 她很忙，所以不要过多地陈述理由——只要告诉她基本要点就行了。
[keɪs] noun
GRAMMAR 文法
countable or uncountable specialized
■any of the various types to which a noun can belong, according to the work it does in a sentence, usually shown by a special word ending 格
• the accusative/dative case 宾／与格／受词
[keɪs] noun
be on the case informal
■to be doing what needs to be done in a particular situation 正在做需要做的事情，正在处理
• "We need to book a flight before it's too late." "Don't worry, I'm on the case." “我们需要及早预订好航班。”“别担心，我正在办理这件事。”
[keɪs] noun
get off sb's case informal
■to stop continuously criticizing someone for something they have done 停止对某人的持续批评
• I told him the problem had already been dealt with and he could get off my case. 我告诉他问题已经处理好，请他不要再没完没了地批评我／抓住我的把柄。
[keɪs] noun
get on sb's case informal
■to criticize someone in an annoying way for something they have done 说三道四
• I just don't want him getting on my case for being late for work. 我只是不希望他拿我的迟到来说三道四。
[keɪs] noun
make a case for sth (UK also make out a case for sth)
■to argue that something is the best thing to do, giving your reasons 为…提供充分的理由
• We will only publish a new edition if you can make a convincing case for it. 你能给出令人信服的理由我们才会出新版。
[keɪs] verb slang
case the joint
■to look at a place with the intention of stealing from it later （为日后行窃）探察，探路，踩点
• He looked around shiftily, as if he was casing the joint. 他鬼鬼祟祟地东张西望，似乎是在探察下手的地方。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
event, occasion, indicate, case
event: 重大事件
occasion: 场合，时刻，机关
indicate: 小事件
case: 事实，情况，实例
n. 情况；实例；箱
 - situation, circumstance, instance, thing, condition
vt. 包围；把…装于容器中
 - invest, circumvent

Word: investment
Front: investment
[ɪnˈvestmənt] (研四六雅 1040/816 -K4)
Vocabulary: investment
(once / 161 pages)
1n 2n
You are making an investment when you put money into a business with the hopes that the business will grow and bring you a profit. Many consider a college education one of the best investments you can make.
Besides money, you can put time, effort or emotional support into something and also call it an investment. Volunteering in an organization requires an investment of time and energy. You may hear someone say, "We must make an investment in the future of our children," when he or she is pleading for fiscal responsibility, education, environmental protection or some other cause that will affect the success of future generations.
WORD FAMILY
investment: investments+/disinvest: disinvestment/ invest: disinvest, invested, investing, investiture, investment, investor, invests/ investiture: investitures/ investor: investors
USAGE EXAMPLES
Grace E. Taylor, 94, a Washington financial analyst and investment counselor, died Nov. 29 at a medical facility in Annapolis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump’s recent comments bode ill for federal investments in cyberdefense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“It is in the national interest of the U.S. to maintain an open investment policy,” said Aimen Mir, Treasury’s deputy assistant secretary for investment security.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 投资，投资额; 封锁; （时间、精力的）投入; 值得买的东西
分布：投资(94%)，投入(4%)，投资额(2%)
→来自invest,投资，投入。
投资[uest=clothes,表示"衣服"]
n.投资,投资额Education is a good investment.教育是一种很好的投资.
noun countable or uncountable
 IMPROVER
■the act of putting money, effort, time, etc. into something to make a profit or get an advantage, or the money, effort, time, etc. used to do this 投资（付诸金钱、努力、时间等以求得到利润或取得成就某事的有利条件）；投资物，投资额
• Stocks are regarded as good long-term investments. 证券被认为是很好的长期投资产品。
• The account requires a minimum investment of £1000. 这个帐户最少需要存入1000英镑。
• There's been a significant investment of time and energy in order to make the project a success. 为了这个专案计划的成功，已经投入了大量的时间和精力。
expenditure, subsidy, investment, revenue
expenditure: 支出，花费
subsidy: 补助
investment: 投资
revenue: 税收
n. [经] 投资；投入；封锁
 - input, introjection

Word: recent
Front: recent
[ˈri:snt] (中高研四六托 567/630 -K5)
Vocabulary: recent
(once / 48 pages)
adj
If something is recent, it happened in the immediate past or not long ago. You are a recent fan of yoga if you just started liking it in the past week or two.
If you talk about something that happened in recent months or years, it means the last one to three months or years. Otherwise, recent means new or just happened. It’s particularly useful when you don’t know exactly when something happened, but you know it wasn’t long ago. Perhaps you have been a recent guest star on a show, and your recent movies have been very successful. You know it wasn’t long ago at all and you are still a star!
WORD FAMILY
recent: recency, recenter, recentest, recently, recentness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Here’s a look at some memorable championship rematches in recent years:
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Friends with recent pneumonia experience confirmed this rather depressing outlook.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Trump’s recent comments bode ill for federal investments in cyberdefense.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最近的; 新近的; 近代的; [地]全新世的
分布：近来的(66%)，新近的(34%)
→re-,表强调，-cen,新的，来自 sek,砍，切，词源同 segment,section.
a.新近的,近来的"Ten percent of the cents are made in recent centuries," he said with strong accent."百分之十的分币是最近几个世纪制造的,"他带着浓重的口音说.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■happening or starting from a short time ago 最近的；最新的；近来的
• Is that a recent photo? 那张照片是最近照的吗？
• Have you been following recent political events? 你关注最近发生的政治事件了吗？
• In recent times/years/months, etc. there has been an increase in the amount of violence on television. 近来／几年／几个月，电视节目中的暴力内容越来越多。
modern, present, up-to-date, contemporary, current, recent
这组词都有“现代的，当代的”的意思，其区别是：
modern: 指现代或近代，时期可长可短。也可指新颖、时髦的。
present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。
up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合，指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代，不涉及任何过去的时代。但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。
recent: 表示新近的，最近的，时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。
adj. [地质] 最近的；近代的
 - latest, modern, current, nearest, last

Word: cut
Front: cut
[kʌt] (中高雅 414/541 -K5)
Vocabulary: cut
(once / 24 pages)
1vnadj 2vnadj 3v 4vnadj 5vn 6vn 7vadjn 8vn 9vn 10vn 11vn 12vadj 13v 14vadj
The verb cut means the act of slicing with a knife or another sharp edge, or the tear, hole, or wound it causes. It's surprising how much a paper cut can hurt.
When you cut something, you slice into it or remove a part of it, like when you cut your friend's hair or cut a pan of brownies into squares. You can also cut figuratively, like when you're cut by your piano teacher's sharp words or when a freak snowstorm forces you to cut your game short. An unexcused absence is also called a cut. And the phrase "make the cut" means you are chosen for a group or team, while others are not.
WORD FAMILY
cut: cuts, cuttable, cutter, cutting, uncut, undercut+/cutter: cutters/cutting: cuttingly, cuttings/undercut: undercuts, undercutting
USAGE EXAMPLES
The engraver didn’t tutor her directly but after some trial and error, she cut her preliminary lines and circles at his bench.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Or you decide to cut down on alcohol but you keep drinking.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 01, 2017)
He cut the use of personal state vehicles in half by creating the state motor pool to share cars among state agencies.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 将（某物）切开（或分割）
vt. 削减; 剪切; 切成; 删剪
vi. 电影; （为决定谁先出牌等）切牌; 可被切割; 可用于切割
n. 切口; 削减; 剪裁; 切片
时态：cut, cutting, cuts
分布：切(39%)，剪(19%)，削减(17%)，割(15%)，剪辑(3%)，切口(2%)，切牌(2%)，式样(2%)，伤害(1%)
→词源不详。
n./v.切,割,削;削减,删节n.切口,伤口Shut in the hut, I'm puzzled how to cut down the output of nuts.关在茅棚里,我为削减坚果的产量犯难.
verb (cutting, cut, cut)
USE KNIFE 用刀
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to break the surface of something, or to divide or make something smaller, using a sharp tool, especially a knife （尤指用刀）切，割，砍，剪，削，剁
• cut a slice of bread 切一片面包
• I've cut myself/my hand on that glass/ with that knife. 我被那片玻璃／那把小刀割伤了（手）。
• Cut the meat up into small pieces. 把肉切成小片。
• This knife doesn't cut very well, it's not sharp enough. 这把刀不好切，不够锋利。
• Where did you have your hair cut ? 你在哪里理的发？
• [+ obj + adj] Firefighters had to cut the trapped driver loose/free (= cut the metal, etc. to allow the driver to get out of the car) using special equipment. 消防员们不得不动用特殊器械切开汽车，救出受困的司机。
• He fell off the swing and cut his head open (= got a deep cut in his head). 他从秋千上摔下来，头上割了道口子。
• He cut the cake in/into six (pieces) and gave each child a slice. 他把蛋糕切成六块，分给孩子每人一块。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
REDUCE 减少
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to make something shorter, lower, smaller, etc. 减少；缩短；降低；削减
• to cut prices/costs 降低价格／成本
• to cut overtime/wages 缩短加班时间／降低工资
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
REMOVE 去除
 IMPROVER transitive
■to remove something from something else 剪辑；删节；删除
• The sex scenes had been cut out of the English version of the film. 该电影英文版中的性爱镜头都给剪掉了。
cut and paste
■to move words or pictures from one place to another in a computer document （电脑档中文字或图片的）剪贴
cut sb out of your will
■to decide not to leave someone any of your money or possessions when you die, because you are angry with them 剥夺（某人）的继承权
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
MISS 错过
transitive mainly US informal
■to not go, especially to a place where you should be 缺席，未去
• Your son has been cutting classes. 你儿子一直在逃学。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
STOP SUDDENLY 突然停止
intransitive or transitive
■to stop or interrupt something 停止；中断；切断；打断
• to cut an engine/a motor 关上引擎／马达
• "Cut! (= Stop filming!) " shouted the director. “停！”导演喊道。
cut sb short
■to stop someone from talking before they have finished what they were saying 打断（某人）的话
• He started to explain, but she cut him short, saying she had to catch a bus. 他开始解释，可是她打断他的话，说自己还要赶公车。
Cut it/that out! informal
■used to tell someone to stop talking or stop behaving in an annoying way 别说了！停下！别闹了！
• Just cut it out! I've had enough of your silly jokes. 住嘴！你那些无聊的笑话我听够了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
GROW TEETH 长牙
cut a tooth
■(of a baby) to grow a new tooth （婴儿）出牙
• The baby's cutting a tooth. That's why she's crying all the time. 这个婴儿正在长牙，难怪她哭个没完。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
CROSS 穿过
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to go through or across a place, especially in order to get somewhere quickly 走近路，抄近道
• to cut through an alleyway/passage 抄近道穿过小巷／走廊
cut a corner UK
■to fail to keep to your own side of the road when going round a corner 转弯时进入逆行道
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
CARDS 纸牌
intransitive or transitive
■to choose a playing card by dividing a pile of cards into two parts （为选牌而）切（牌）
• Who's going to cut the cards? 谁来切牌？
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
RECORD 录音
transitive
■to record music or speech on a record 灌制（唱片）；录制（讲话）
• When did Elvis cut his first record? 猫王艾维斯的首张唱片是何时录制的？
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
be cut up UK
■to be upset 伤心，难过
• Philip was very cut up about his grandmother's death. 祖母的去世令菲腊悲痛万分。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
can't cut it (also can't cut the mustard) US
■to not be able to deal with problems or difficulties satisfactorily 做不了；不符合条件；不如人意
• If he can't cut it, then we'll get someone else to do the job. 要是他做不了这工作，那我们就另请高明。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut sb dead
■to pretend you do not know someone in order to show you are angry 不理睬（某人），假装不认识（某人）
• I said "Good Morning" but he just cut me dead. 我说“早上好”，可是他根本不理睬我。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut sb down to size
■to show someone that they are not as clever or important as they think they are 使（某人）有自知之明；挫（某人）的傲气
• Someone should cut that man down to size! 应该有人挫挫他的锐气！
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut your losses
■to avoid losing any more money than you have already lost 及时放弃无利可图之事；知难而退；及早撒手
• Let's cut our losses and sell the business before prices drop even further. 我们趁早收手，在价格继续下跌之前把店卖掉。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut your political/professional, etc. teeth
■to get your first experience of the type mentioned 初次获得政治／职业等经验；初次涉足政治／初入职场等
• The Prime Minister cut her political teeth on student debates. 首相在学生时代参加辩论时初涉政治。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut sb some slack informal
■to not judge someone as severely as you usually would because they are having problems at the present time 给（某人）方便；对（某人）网开一面
• "Andrew's late again." "Cut him some slack - his wife's just had a baby." “安德鲁又迟到了。”“对他就网开一面吧——他妻子刚生小孩”
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut to the chase informal
■to talk about or deal with the important parts of a subject and not waste time with things that are not important 开门见山；直接切入主题
• I didn't have long to talk so I cut to the chase and asked whether he was still married. 我的时间不多，所以就开门见山地问他是否还是已婚。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut (sb) to the quick
■to hurt someone's feelings a lot 严重伤害（某人的感情）
• Her thoughtless remark cut him to the quick. 她冒失的话深深伤了他的心。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut a fine figure (also cut quite a figure/dash) old-fashioned
■to cause people to admire you because of your appearance 穿得惹人注目，显得很出众
• The young soldier cut a fine figure in his smart new uniform. 年轻的士兵身着漂亮的新制服很是抢眼。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut a swathe through sth
■to destroy a large part of something or kill many of a group of people 把…夷为平地；严重摧毁；大批杀戮
• The storm cut a swathe through the village. 那场暴风雨使村子遭到严重破坏。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut both/two ways
■If you say something cuts both/two ways, you think it has both a good and a bad side. 是把双刃剑；有好也有坏，利弊互见
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut corners
■to do something in the easiest, cheapest or fastest way （做事）图省事，贪便宜，取捷径
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut it/things fine
■to allow very little time for something 时间紧迫
• She arrived ten minutes before her flight, so she was cutting it a bit fine. 直到起飞前十分钟她赶到，时间太紧迫了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut loose US
■to behave in an uncontrolled, wild way 无拘无束；随心所欲；无法无天
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut no ice with sb
■to not cause someone to change their opinion or decision 没能使（某人）改变主意；对（某人）不起作用
• I've heard her excuses and they cut no ice with me. 我听过她的借口，它们对我不管用。
§/kʌt/ cut 1 verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut off your nose to spite your face
■to do something because you are angry, even if it will cause trouble for you 因一时恼怒害了自己；跟自己过不去
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
Cut the crap! offensive
■a rude way of telling someone to stop saying things that are not true or not important 别瞎扯了！废话少说！
• Just cut the crap and tell me where I'm going wrong. 废话少说，告诉我我哪里错了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut the ground from under sb's feet
■to make someone or their ideas seem less good, especially by doing something before them or better than them （尤指先发制人）挫败（某人）的计划，拆（某人）的台
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
cut up rough UK
■to become very angry, and often violent 大发脾气，发怒
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
not be cut out for sth
■to not be the right type of person for something 天生就不适合…
• I'm not cut out for an office job. 我根本就不是坐办公室的料。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
you could cut the atmosphere with a knife
■used to describe a situation in which everyone is feeling very angry or nervous and you feel that something unpleasant could soon happen （局面）剑拔弩张，一触即发
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
You should cut your coat according to your cloth. UK saying
■said to emphasize that someone should do the best they can with the limited money they have 应该量入为出。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut across sth
CROSS
■to go straight from one side of an area to another instead of going round 抄近路穿过
• If we cut across the field, it'll save time. 如果从这片田里穿过去就能节省时间。
AFFECT
■If a problem or subject cuts across different groups of people, all of those groups are affected by or interested in it （问题或话题）广泛影响到（不同群体），引起…的广泛兴趣
• Support for environmental issues cuts across traditional party lines. 对环境问题的支援超越了传统的党派界限。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut back/down
■to do less of something or use something in smaller amounts 减少，削减，缩减
• The government has announced plans to to cut back on defence spending by 10% next year. 政府宣布了明年国防开支缩减10%的计划。
• I'm trying to cut down on caffeine. 我在努力减少咖啡因的摄入量。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut sth down
■to make a tree or other plant fall to the ground by cutting it near the bottom 砍倒，伐倒
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut in
TALK
■to interrupt what someone is saying by saying something yourself 插嘴；打断别人的话
• I was just talking to Jan, when Dave cut in (on us/our conversation). 我正在跟简说话，戴夫插了进来。
DRIVE
■to make a sudden sideways movement to position your car in front of another car, not leaving a safe distance between the two vehicles 超车抢道
• Did you see that white car cut in (on us/ in front of us)? 你看到那辆白色汽车抢超我们的车了吗？
⇒ See also cut up
DANCE
■to interrupt two people who are dancing in order to dance with one of them 插入抢舞伴
• She was dancing with Jack, when Tom suddenly cut in. 她正和杰克跳舞，这时汤姆挤进来抢舞。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut sb in
■to allow someone to take part in something, for example a game or business 让（某人）加入（游戏或生意）
■1. Shall we cut you in (on the deal/game)?
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut into sth
■If an activity cuts into a period of time, it fills part of it, often a large part of it 对环境问题的支援超越了传统的党派界限。
■1. I don't like doing the shopping on a Saturday afternoon because it cuts into my weekend.
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cut sth off
REMOVE
 IMPROVER
■to remove a part of something to make it smaller or shorter, using a sharp tool such as a knife （用锋利的刀具等）去除，切除，剪去
• Remember to cut off the fat before you fry the steak. 煎牛排时记得把肥肉去掉。
STOP
■to stop providing something such as electricity, supplies, etc. 中断，切断（电力、物资供应等）
• If this bill is not paid within five days, your gas supply will be cut off. 要是五日内不付清帐单，将停止对你的煤气供应。
• The aim was to cut off the enemy's escape route/supplies. 目的是阻断敌人的逃跑路线／物资供应。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut sb off
PHONE
[usually passive]
■to stop people from continuing a telephone conversation by breaking the telephone connection 挂断（某人）的电话；使（某人）电话掉线
• We were cut off before she could give me directions. 她还没给我指示我们的电话就断掉了。
DRINKS [M] US
■If someone serving drinks in a bar cuts you off, they stop serving you alcoholic drinks because they think you have drunk too many 不卖给（某人）酒
• I'm glad the bartender cut Tommy off - he's already had too much to drink. 我很高兴酒保不再卖酒给汤米——他已经喝多了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cut sb/sth off
■to cause a person or place to become separate, or cause someone to be or feel alone 阻断，隔断，隔绝
• When his wife died, he cut himself off from other people. 妻子死后，他闭门谢客。
• Many villages have been cut off by the heavy snow. 许多村庄由于这场大雪与外界隔绝了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cut sth out
REMOVE
■to remove something or form a shape by cutting, usually from paper or cloth （通常指从纸或布上）剪掉，剪裁出
• She cut out his picture from the magazine. 她从杂志上剪下他的相片。
STOP EATING
■to stop eating or drinking something, usually to improve your health （通常指为改善健康而）停止食用（或饮用），戒除
• Since my heart attack, I've cut fatty foods out altogether. 自从得了心脏病，我就彻底不吃油腻的东西了。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut sb out
■to not allow someone to share something or be included in something 不让（某人）参加；把（某人）排除在外；不把（某人）包括在内
• They cut me out of the conversation. 他们谈话把我排除在外。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut out
STOP WORKING
■If an engine, machine or piece of equipment cuts out, it suddenly stops working （引擎、机器或设备）突然熄火，停止运转
• One of the plane's engines cut out, so they had to land with only one. 飞机的一个引擎突然出了故障，所以他们只好靠一个引擎着陆。
DRIVE US
■to make a sudden sideways movement out of a line of traffic 驶出车流
• Don't cut out when everyone is going fast. 大家在高速行驶时不要驶出车流。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut through sth
■If you cut through something difficult that usually causes problems, you quickly understand it or deal with it so that it does not cause problems for you 很快理解；迅速领悟；迅速应对
• She always manages to cut through the complex theory and get at the facts. 她总是能挖掘出深奥理论中隐含的东西，发现事实真相。
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cut sth up IMPROVER
■to cut something into pieces 切碎；剪碎；割碎；剁碎
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] cut sb up UK (US cut sb off)
■to suddenly move your car sideways in front of another car which was in front of you, leaving too little space 超车抢到（某人）前面 cut 2 1. I got/was cut up several times on the motorway this morning - I've never seen such dangerous driving!
今天早上我在高速公路上好几次被人超车——我从没见过这么玩命驾车的！
[kʌt] verb (cutting, cut, cut)
  Phrasal Verbs  cut up US
■to behave in a very active and silly way in order to make people laugh 搞恶作剧；胡闹；故意出洋相
• I hate it when Jane cuts up in class. 我讨厌简在课堂上故意出洋相。
[kʌt] noun
USING KNIFE 用刀
countable
■an injury made when the skin is cut with something sharp 伤口；切口；割痕
• a deep cut 一道深深的伤痕
countable
■a piece of meat cut from a particular part of an animal 切下的一块肉
• Sirloin is the most expensive cut of beef. 牛腰肉是牛肉中最贵的。
only singular
■the shape into which something is cut 剪裁；样式；款式
• I don't like the cut of these jeans. 我不喜欢这条牛仔裤的款式。
[kʌt] noun
REDUCTION 降低
countable
■a reduction in the number, amount or rate of something 削减；减少；缩减；降低
• a cut in expenditure/interest rates/hospital waiting lists 开支的削减／利率的降低／医院候诊名单的缩短
cuts [plural]
■reductions in public spending 公共开支削减
• Students and workers were out on the streets protesting against the cuts. 学生和工人们上街游行抗议削减公共开支。
[kʌt] noun
PART REMOVED 删剪部分
countable
■when a part is removed from a book, film, etc., or a part that is removed 删剪；删节（部分）
• The film contains some very violent scenes, so some cuts were made when it was shown on television. 这出电影里有些暴力场面，因此在电视上播映时做了些删剪。
[kʌt] noun
SHARE 分享
only singular informal
■a share of something, usually money 份额（通常指钱）
• When am I going to get my cut? 我甚么时候能拿到我那份钱？
[kʌt] noun
a cut above
■someone who is of a higher social class 比…地位高的人
• She thinks she's a cut above her neighbours. 她觉得自己比邻居们高出一等。
[kʌt] noun
cut and thrust
■interesting and exciting arguments 唇枪舌剑，激烈争论
• She enjoys the cut and thrust of party politics. 她喜欢党派政治中的唇枪舌剑。
bruise, scar, cut, wound
这组词都有“伤口，损伤”的意思，其区别是：
bruise: 指表皮下面的组织受损，但没有破裂。但由于血流进组织，因而出现紫块。普通用词。
scar: 主要指伤口愈合而留下的伤疤。
cut: 指因尖利的器械的刺或割而造成的或深或浅的伤口。
wound: 通常指尖锐锋利的工具所致的伤口，多深及到表皮组织以下。可用作引申指打击或伤害。
hack, cut, chop
这组词都有“切、砍”的意思，其区别是：
hack: 指粗暴地乱剪、乱砍、乱劈。
cut: 普通用词，使用广泛。指用带刃工具的切、割、砍等的行动。
chop: 指用刀斧连续猛力砍某物，以便砍断、切碎。
shorten, abbreviate, abridge, cut
这些动词均含有“缩短”之意。
shorten: 通常指缩短时间、尺寸或过程。
abbreviate: 指省去应有的或后续的部分，从而使整体缩短。也可指缩短时间。
abridge: 多指对书籍的删节或缩短，删去不重要部分而保存其精华。
cut: 普通用词，指任何缩短而缩减的过程。
scratch, bruise, bump/lump, cut, burn
scratch: 抓伤；
bruise: 擦伤
bump/lump: 碰伤肿块；
cut: 割伤；
burn: 灼伤；
vt. 削减； [机] 切割；缩短；刺痛
 - shorten, bite
vi. [机] 切割；相交；切牌；停拍；不出席
 - intersect
n. 削减；伤口；切口；（服装等的）式样；削球
 - wound, incision
adj. 缩减的；割下的；雕过的
 - reduced, scrimpy

Word: control
Front: control
[kənˈtrəʊl] (中高研四雅宝 432/339 -K5)
Vocabulary: control
(once / 46 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4nv 5n 6v
To have control is to have the power to run something in an orderly way. A skillful teacher maintains control over students who might otherwise waste time or be disruptive.
A control can also be a device used to operate a machine, like the remote control for a television. The control in an experiment is the group that gets left alone so scientists can compare "before and after" changes in other groups. The verb control means "to be in charge." If you're a group's treasurer, you control its finances. It can also mean "hold back." You might need to control your hyperactive puppy when the mail carrier comes around.
WORD FAMILY
control: controled, controling, controllable, controlled, controller, controlling, controls, decontrol, self-control +/controllable: controllably, uncontrollable / controlled: controlledly, uncontrolled/controller: controllers, controllership/controlling: controllingest, controllingly/decontrol: decontrolled, decontrolling, decontrols/uncontrolled: uncontrollably, uncontrolledly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I tell them it is not allowed, but they can’t control themselves,” Mr. Hill said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Deadly riots the following year in China’s far west left authorities even more convinced that it was time to step up their controls over society.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
The vote Monday night would put the office under the control of the House Ethics committee, which is run by lawmakers.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 控制; 管理; 限制; 支配
n. 支配权; 操纵者; （对国家、地区、机构等的）管理权; （键盘上的）控制键
时态：controlled, controlling, controls
分布：控制(93%)，管制(3%)，抑制(1%)，支配(1%)，克制(1%)，掌控(1%)
→contra-, 相对，相反。-roll, 轮子。本义为中世纪的一种反向复核的帐目检查方法。
n.(over)控制,支配v.控制,支配The promoter promptly made a quotation for the remote control motors.发起人立刻制了一份遥控马达的报价单.
【参】controllable（adj 可管理的；可控制的）
【反】group experimented on（用于实验的一组）
US [-'troʊl] verb transitive (-ll-)
 ESSENTIAL
■to order, limit or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour 命令；控制；管制；克制
• If you can't control your dog, put it on a lead! 要是你管不住你的狗，就给它绑上皮带！
• You're going to have to learn to control your temper. 你必须学会控制住自己的脾气。
• The temperature is controlled by a thermostat. 温度由恒温器控制。
• The laws controlling drugs are very strict in this country. 该国管制药物的法律十分严格。
• The government is trying to control spending. 政府一直在努力控制开支。
UK [kən'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
POWER 权力
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■when you control something or someone, or the power to do this 掌握；控制（权）；克制（力）；支配（权）
• She's got no control over that child - it's terrible. 她管不了那孩子——这太糟了。
• He wants the government to impose strict controls on dog ownership. 他希望政府严格控制养狗。
• The dictator took control of the country in 1933. 那个独裁者于1933年控制了该国。
• He felt he was losing control of events. 他感到自己逐渐失去了对事件的控制力。
• You need to stay in control of your emotions. 你需要控制住自己的情感。
• The car skidded and went out of control, crashing into an oncoming truck. 汽车打滑后失去控制，撞上了迎面驶来的货柜车。
• There was nothing we could do about it - the situation was out of/beyond/outside our control. 对此我们无能为力——事态已失控。
• She criticized the police's methods of crowd control. 她批评了警方控制人群的方法。
under control
■being dealt with or limited successfully 得到控制；在控制中
• It seems that the disease is now under control. 看来疾病现在得到了控制。
• Everything is under control, sir. 先生，一切正常。
• It took them two hours to bring/get the fire under control. 他们用了两个小时才控制住火势。
UK [kən'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
SWITCH 开关
 IMPROVER countable
■a switch or other device used to operate a machine such as a vehicle （机器的）控制按钮，操纵装置
• The main instruments are in the centre of the control panel. 主要仪器安放在控制板的中心。
• Captain Firth sat at the controls of the aircraft. 弗思机长坐在飞机操纵台前。
countable usually singular (also control key) (written abbreviation Ctrl)
■a key on a computer keyboard that you press at the same time as other keys to make the keyboard operate in a particular way （电脑键盘上的）控制键
• Press and hold down the control key while you press '9'. 按9的同时按下控制键。
• I pressed Control Alt Delete but nothing happened. 我同时按下了 Control，Alt 和 Delete 键，可是一点反应也没有。
UK [kən'trəʊl] US [-'troʊl] noun
IN AN EXPERIMENT 实验中
countable specialized
■in an experiment , an object or system which is not changed so that you can compare it with similar objects or systems which are intentionally changed （实验中的）对照物，对照系统
direct, control, supervise, govern, administer, rule, manage
这组词都有“管理、支配”的意思，其区别是：
direct: 侧重行使领导或指导权。
control: 含义广泛的常用词，指对人或物施以约束或控制的力量。
supervise: 侧重指运用本身的或被授予的权力来管理、检查工作，含监督意味。
govern: 侧重指运用任何控制的权力来统治或管理一个国家、一个社会或一个部门，暗含能力和知识的运用。
administer: 指官方的或正式的对事务的管理。
rule: 强调用绝对或独裁的权力来管理或统治。
manage: 强调对具体事务机构进行管理，有时含受权管理或处理之意。
n. [自] 控制； [管理] 管理；抑制；操纵装置
 - governance, administration, management, supervision, checking
vt. [自] 控制； [管理] 管理；抑制
 - possess, manage, regulate, bottle, conduct

Word: security
Front: security
[sɪˈkjʊərəti] (高研四六托 661/632 -K5)
Vocabulary: security
(once / 77 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4n 5n
Security means safety, as well as the measures taken to be safe or protected. In order to provide adequate security for the parade, town officials often hire extra guards.
A small child will sometimes latch on to a blanket or stuffed animal that gives him or her the feeling of security. Often this word is used in compounds such as a security measure, security check or security guard. The security department in a business is sometimes just called security. If there's a troublesome customer at your work, call security to take him away. In the financial world, a stock or bond is also called a security.
WORD FAMILY
security: securities+/ insecure: insecurely, insecureness, insecurity / insecurity: insecurities/ secure: insecure, secured, securely, secureness, securer, secures, securest, securing, security /secured: unsecured/securer: securers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Should projects bearing his name receive additional security?
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Most players want security over a one-year fat paycheck.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
He said his security detail approached the man to end the disturbance.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 安全; 保证，担保; 保护，防护; 有价证券
adj. 安全的，保安的，保密的
分布：安全(88%)，保证(5%)，证券(2%)，抵押(2%)，债券(2%)，防护措施(1%)
→secure,安全的，可靠的，-ity,名词后缀。引申词义保安，安保措施，债券等。
安全;证券(买长期证券通常有保障,所以security有证券一意)[cur=care,表示"关心"]
n.安全(感),防御(物),保证(人),(pl.)证券Security is the greatest enemy.高枕无忧是最大的敌人.
US [-'kjʊr.ə.tˌi] noun
PROTECTION 保护
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■protection of a person, building, organization or country against threats such as crime or attacks by foreign countries 保护（措施）；安全（保障）
• The station was closed for two hours because of a security alert. 由于有安全警报，车站关闭了两小时。
• Thirty demonstrators were killed in clashes with the security forces over the weekend. 周末，30名示威者在与维安部队的冲突中丧生。
• The tighter security measures/precautions include video cameras in the city centre. 加强安全保护措施包括在市中心安装摄影机。
• The students were deported because they posed a threat to national security. 这些学生因对国家安全构成威胁而被驱逐出境。
• The proposed national identity card system would help to tighten security against fraud. 拟议中的国家身份证系统将有助于加强安全保障，以防诈骗行为。
• The most dangerous criminals are held in maximum- security prisons (= prisons that are as difficult as possible to escape from). 最为危险的罪犯被关押在戒备最森严的监狱里。
uncountable [+ sing/pl verb]
■the group of people responsible for protecting a building 保全人员； 警卫
• You'll need to notify security if you want to work late in the office. 如果想在办公室里工作到很晚，你需要通知警卫。
UK [sɪ'kjʊə.rɪ.ti] US [-'kjʊr.ə.tˌi] noun
FIXED 固定的
 IMPROVER uncountable
■when something is not likely to fail or be lost 保障；牢靠
• If it's a choice between higher pay and job security, I'd prefer to keep my job. 如果在更高的薪资和安稳的工作两者之间进行选择，我宁愿保住工作。
• I'm on a temporary contract and have little financial security (= little certainty of having enough money to live on). 我签的是临时契约，没甚么经济保障。
UK [sɪ'kjʊə.rɪ.ti] US [-'kjʊr.ə.tˌi] noun
FINANCE 金融
uncountable
■property or goods that you promise to give to someone if you cannot pay them what you owe them 保证金；抵押品
• She used her shares in the company as security against a £23 million bank loan. 她向银行所借的2300万英镑是以其公司股票作为抵押的。
• The hotel held onto our baggage as security while we went to the bank to get money to pay the bill. 旅馆留下我们的行李作为抵押，我们则去银行提钱来付账。
securities [plural] specialized
■ investment in a company or in government debt which can be traded on the financial markets and which produces an income for the investor (= someone giving money hoping to get more back) 证券；债券
UK [sɪ'kjʊə.rɪ.ti] US [-'kjʊr.ə.tˌi] noun
CONFIDENCE 自信
uncountable
■the feeling of being confident in one's family and relationships （在家庭或一段关系中）安全感；安心
• Most children need the security of a stable family life. 大多数孩子需要安稳的家庭所带来的安全感。
n. [安全] 安全；保证；证券；抵押品
 - safety, assurance, certification, commitment, guarantee
adj. [安全] 安全的；保安的；保密的
 - safe, restricted

Word: official
Front: official
[əˈfɪʃl] (高研四六托 526/1199 -K5)
Vocabulary: official
(once / 41 pages)
adjn
Official is the real deal. If you want the latest news from Graceland, check the official Elvis Presley website. But you’ll have to look elsewhere to find the unofficial, unapproved, and highly unlikely scoop on Elvis sightings.
If something is official, it's authorized and approved by somebody. If Gatorade is the official drink of the Olympics, somebody with authority has signed some papers and a deal has been made. When you're playing soccer or other sports, the official is the person who makes the calls; he referees (or officiates) the game.
WORD FAMILY
official: officialdom, officialise, officialize, officially, officials, semiofficial, unofficial+/ office: officer, offices, official, officiate / officer: officered, officering, officers/officialdom: officialdoms/officialise: officialised/officialize: officialized/ officiate: officiated, officiates, officiating, officiation/semiofficial: semiofficially/unofficial: unofficially
USAGE EXAMPLES
These days it’s populated mainly by seagulls, boarded-up barracks, some art studios and old warehouses, but officials hope the museum triggers its transformation.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Gaskin is an employee of G2 Secure Staff, a United vendor based in Texas, airline officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 行政官员; 公务员; [体]裁判; 高级职员
adj. 官方的，法定的; 公职的，公务的; 官气十足; 正式的
分布：官员(64%)，官方的(24%)，正式的(11%)，公务上的(1%)
→来自office,办公室。引申词义官方的，正式的。
n.官员,行政官员a.官方的,官方的,正式的He is trying to corrupt a tax official with money.他企图向税务官员行贿.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■relating to a position of responsibility 官员的；公职的；公务的
• He visited China in his official capacity as America's trade representative. 他以美方贸易代表的身份访问了中国。
• Number Ten Downing Street is the British prime minister's official residence. 唐宁街10号是英国首相的官邸。
Opposite unofficial
 ESSENTIAL
■agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority 官方的；正式的
• The official photos of the prime minister's tour of India are in the magazine. 首相印度之行的官方照片刊登在该杂志上。
• The queen will attend the official opening of the theatre in June. 女王将在6月份参加这家剧院的正式落成典礼。
• There is to be an official inquiry into the incident. 官方将调查这一事件。
 IMPROVER
■If a piece of information is official, it has been announced publicly with authority 公开的；公布的；据官方的
• Their engagement is now official. 他们订婚一事现在已经公开了。
• Inflation has fallen below 2%, and that's official. 通货膨胀率已经降至2%以下，这是官方公布的数据。
[ə'fɪʃ.əl] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization 官员；要员；高级职员
• a government/trade-union/council official 政府官员／工会要员／市政会官员
officer, official
officer: 部队的军官,
official: 政府官员 an army officer
adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的
 - formal, state
n. 官员；公务员
 - nazir, office holder

Word: remain
Front: remain
[rɪˈmeɪn] (中高研四六 426/344 -K5)
Vocabulary: remain
(once / 18 pages)
v
To remain is to stay in the same place or situation. You can remain at home instead of going out to the movies with your friends, but that doesn't mean you won't remain friends.
If things remain the same, they don't change, and if your family remains in the same town, they don't move. When something is left behind, it also remains: "All that remains of my party is a bunch of deflated balloons." In the fifteenth century, remain was a noun too, meaning "people or things left over or surviving." Today we use remainder instead.
WORD FAMILY
remain: remained, remaining, remains
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bond are, of course, only part of the story in China where banks remain the heavy hitters.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
The bullying remained, but the joy faded, and the comedy was often reduced to nasty zingers and schoolyard-quality taunts.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Tokyo stock markets remained closed for the New Year’s holiday.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 剩余物，残骸; 残余; 遗迹; 遗体
vi. 留下; 保持; 留待; 依然
vi. & link-v. 搁置; 剩余，剩下; 逗留; 终属，归于
时态：remained, remaining, remains
分布：保持(61%)，依然(12%)，留下(8%)，剩余(5%)，逗留(5%)，残骸(3%)，剩余物(3%)，遗迹(3%)
→来自拉丁语 remanere,留下，停留，来自 re-,向后，往回，manere,留下，词源同 mansion,permanent. 引申词义剩余，仍然等。
剩余,遗留(re后来+main→后来留下的→剩余)[man,main=stay,表示"逗留"]
v.剩下,余留;留待,尚须;仍然是,依旧是After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
verb
 ESSENTIAL [I or L] slightly formal
■to stay in the same place or in the same condition 停留，留下；保持不变，仍然是
• The doctor ordered him to remain in bed for a few days. 医生嘱咐他要继续卧床几天。
• Most commentators expect the basic rate of tax to remain at 25%. 大多数评论员预计基本税率会保持在25%。
• [+ to infinitive] A great many things remain to be done (= have not yet been done). 还有很多事情要去做。
• He remained silent. 他保持沉默。
• It remains a secret. 这仍然是个秘密。
• The bank will remain open while renovations are carried out. 这间银行在修缮期间将依旧开门营业。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to continue to exist when other parts or other things no longer exist 剩余；余留；遗留
• After the flood, nothing remained of the village. 洪水过后，村庄荡然无存。
• Only a few hundred of these animals remain today. 现在这种动物只存留下来数百只。
[rɪ'meɪn] verb
the fact remains
■it is still true 无法改变的事实是；事实仍然是
• I know you're sorry now, but the fact remains that you hit your sister. 我知道你现在很内疚，可是你打了你妹妹这一事实仍然无法改变。
[rɪ'meɪn] verb
it remains to be seen
■it is not yet certain 尚不确定；说不准
• It remains to be seen wh o will win. 谁会赢现在尚不能确定。
stay, remain, linger
这组词都有“停留，逗留”的意思，其区别是：
stay: 普通用词，多指人在某地暂时逗留。有时可指较长时间的居留。
remain: 指某人或某物仍留在原处或保持原来的状态。
linger: 着重因愉快的事而使人不愿离开。
vi. 保持；依然；留下；剩余；逗留；残存
 - stop, keep up
n. 遗迹；剩余物，残骸
 - debris, relic

Word: finance
Front: finance
[ˈfaɪnæns] (高研四六托雅 2808/1515 -K4)
Vocabulary: finance
(once / 56 pages)
nv
To finance something is to pay for it, like using the money you earn at your part-time job to finance your cell phone bill.
As a verb, it carries two very different meanings: "to pay for" or "obtain on credit." So, if you can finance your trip, it means you have the money to pay for it. Anyone who works in finance, meaning the banking and investment industry, will tell you plenty of people get in trouble by letting credit cards finance things like vacations.
WORD FAMILY
finance: financed, finances, financial, financier, financing, refinance +/ financial: financially, nonfinancial/ financier: financiering, financiers/ financing: financings/ refinance: refinanced, refinances, refinancing
USAGE EXAMPLES
A spokeswoman for Switzerland’s Federal Department of Finance defended the high ceiling for a single cash payment.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
For nearly all of us, government finance and budgeting are complicated.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
How on earth does this affect ones finances, for instance, moving forward through life, as the article suggests?
New York Times(Oct 18, 2016)
Back: n. 财政; 金融; 财源; 资金
vt. 为…供给资金， 从事金融活动; 赊货给…; 掌握财政
时态：financed, financing, finances
分布：金融(55%)，财政(31%)，资金(12%)，负担经费(1%)，给 ... 提供资金(1%)
→来自拉丁语finis, 终结，词源同fine, finish. 指终结债务，解决争端等，引申词义金钱，资金，金融等。比较fund.
资金,财政(fin+ance→最后起作用的东西→资金)[fin=end,boundary,表示"结束,范围"]
n.财政,金融v.为...提供资金People work in banks know something about finance.在银行工作的人懂金融.
noun
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■(the management of) a supply of money 资金；财务管理；财政；金融
• corporate/personal/public finance 企业财务／个人理财／公共财政
• the minister of finance/the finance minister 财政部长
• You need to speak to someone in the finance department. 你需要和财务部的人谈一谈。
• The finance committee controls the school's budget. 财务委员会掌管着学校的预算。
finances [plural]
 ADVANCED
■the money which a person or company has （个人或公司的）财源，财力
• We keep a tight control on the organization's finances. 我们严格控制该组织的资金。
• UK informal My finances won't run to (= I do not have enough money to buy) a new car this year. 今年我要买一辆新车钱还不够。
['faɪ.nænts] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to provide the money needed for something to happen 向…提供资金
• The local authority has refused to finance the scheme. 地方政府拒绝为这项计划提供资金。
n. [财政] 财政，财政学； [金融] 金融
 - policy of tightening control over expenditure and credit, cameralistics
vi. 筹措资金
 - fund raising

Word: put
Front: put
[pʊt] (中高雅 151/116 -K5)
Vocabulary: put
(once / 12 pages)
1v 2vn 3v 4v
The verb put refers to placement. You can put things down, put ideas into words, and put up money (that is, invest it).
This little word has many uses. You can put up with someone (have patience) or put them down (insult them). You can put a spin on an idea — and then put it to work. When life’s unfair you feel put upon. If there's a fire in your kitchen, you should put it out. If you order take-out, you might call ahead to put in your order. If you’re hungry, you’ll put away a lot of food.
WORD FAMILY
put: puts
USAGE EXAMPLES
After several false starts, the filmmaker will decide in January whether to put his museum in San Francisco or Los Angeles.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Did his artificial hips put him at risk of infection when he saw the dentist?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
But studying CBD is not easy: Scientists complain that laws and regulations put excessive constraints on their work.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 放; 表达; 给予（重视、信任、价值等）; 使处于（某种状态）
vt. & vi. 使感觉到; 使受到…的影响
vi. 说; 猛推; 将…送往; 使与…连接
n. [方]笨蛋，怪人; 对策
adj. 固定的; 不动的
时态：put, putting, puts
分布：放(80%)，表达(6%)，出发(5%)，安置(3%)，使处于(2%)，开航(1%)，记下(1%)，提交(1%)，推铅球(1%)
→来自中古英语puten,来自古英语*putian,推，安放，放置，词源不详。
vt.放,搁,置;表达;使处于...状态,记下He put his coat on.他穿上外衣.
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
MOVE 移动
 ESSENTIAL transitive + adverb or preposition
■to move something or someone into the stated place, position or direction 把…放在；放置
• Where have you put the keys? 你把锁匙放在哪了？
• Put your clothes in the cupboard. 把你的衣服放在衣橱里。
• He put salt into the sugar bowl by mistake. 他把盐误放在糖罐里。
• She put her bag on the table. 她把袋子放在桌子上。
• She put her hands over her eyes. 她用双手捂住了眼睛。
• I put my arm round him to comfort him. 我搂住他，给他安慰。
• We always put the cat out (= outside the house) at night. 我们晚上总是把猫留在屋外。
• Every night, she puts out her clothes (= takes them from where they are kept so that they are ready) for the next day. 每天晚上她都把衣服拿出来，准备好第二天穿。
• If we put the chairs a bit closer together (= move them nearer to each other) , we should be able to get another one round the table. 我们把椅子靠近点的话，应该能在桌边再放下一张。
• If you put together (= mix) yellow and blue paint you get green. 你把黄色和蓝色的颜料混合就会得到绿色。
• The prisoners were put up against (= moved into a position next to) a wall and shot. 犯人们被带到墙边击毙。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
WRITE 写
 ESSENTIAL transitive + adverb or preposition
■to write something 写
• She puts her name in all her books. 她在她所有的书上都写上了自己的名字。
• Put a cross next to the name of the candidate you want to vote for. 在你想选的候选人姓名旁画个叉。
• I've put the date of the party down in my diary. 我已经把聚会的日期记在我的日记本里。
• He asked me to put my objections (down) on paper. 他叫我把反对的理由写在一张纸上。
• It was an interesting article but I wish they'd put in more information (= included more information) about the costs. 这篇文章很有趣，不过我希望加入更多有关费用的资讯。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
EXPRESS 表达
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to express something in words 说，表述，表达
• She wanted to tell him that she didn't want to see him any more, but she didn't know how to put it. 她想告诉他再也不想见到他了，但不知如何开口。
• We're going to have to work very hard, but as Chris so succinctly put it , there's no gain without pain. 我们不得不努力工作，就像克里斯十分精辟指出的那样，不劳则无获。
• Why do you always have to put things so crudely? 你为甚么说话总是这么粗鲁？
• Has everyone had a chance to put their point of view? 每个人都有机会发表自己的看法吗？
put a price/value/figure on sth
■to say what you think the price or value of something is 估价
• The agent has put a price of £120 000 on our house. 经纪人估计我们的房子值12万英镑。
• You can't put a value on friendship (= say what it is worth). 友谊是无价的。
to put it bluntly/simply/briefly/mildly, etc.
■used to describe the way you are expressing an event or opinion 直言不讳／简单地说／简而言之／委婉地说
• To put it bluntly, you're going to have to improve. 恕我直言，你还得改进。
• He was annoyed, to put it mildly (= He was very annoyed). 说得好听一点，他有点不太高兴。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
CONDITION 状况
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to cause someone or something to be in the stated condition or situation 使处于某种状态（或境地、局面）
• Are you prepared to put your children at risk ? 你打算要让孩子们身陷危险境地吗？
• This puts me in a very difficult position. 这让我处于非常困难的境地。
• What has put you in such a bad mood? 是甚么让你的心情这么糟糕？
• This election is a chance for the country to put a new government in (= elect a new government). 这次选举是该国选出新政府的一个机会。
• It's broken into so many pieces, it'll be impossible to put it back together again (= repair it). 已经碎成这么多块了，不可能再修复了。
• Let's give her the chance to put her ideas into practice. 让我们给她一个把她的想法付诸实践的机会。
• The terrorists were put on trial (= Their case was judged in a law court) six years after the bombing. 恐怖分子在爆炸发生六年后受到了审判。
• Wilson was put out (of the competition) (= was defeated) by Clarke in the second round. 威尔森在第2轮被克拉克淘汰出局。
• [+ adj] How much did it cost to have the television put right (= repaired) ? 修好电视机要花多少钱？
• I originally thought he was Australian, but he soon put me straight (= corrected me) and explained he was from New Zealand. 我原以为他是澳大利亚人，不过很快他就纠正了我，解释说他是纽西兰人。
• I know she's gone forever, but I just can't put her out of my mind/head (= forget her). 我知道她永远地离开了，但我就是无法忘记她。
• He's putting me under pressure to change my mind. 他在对我施加压力以使我改变主意。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
OPERATION 行动
 ESSENTIAL transitive usually + adverb or preposition
■to bring into operation; to cause to be used 实施；带来；造成
• When the drugs failed to cure her, she put her faith/trust in herbal medicine. 西药不能治好她的病时，她转而相信草药了。
• The school puts a lot of emphasis on teaching children to read and write. 学校非常重视对孩子们的读写教育。
• He's putting pressure on me to change my mind. 他正在对我施加压力，想让我改变主意。
• The events of the last few weeks have put a real strain on him. 过去几周发生的事让他背负了很大的压力。
• In the story of Sleeping Beauty, the wicked fairy puts a spell/curse/ UShex on the baby princess. 在《睡美人》这个故事中，那个邪恶的仙女对小公主施了魔咒。
• You know it was your fault, so don't try and put the blame on anyone else. 你清楚那是你自己的错，所以别想怪罪别人。
• The government is expected to put a new tax on cars. 预测政府将对汽车开征一项新税。
• The new tax will put 8% on fuel prices (= increase them by 8%). 新税制将会使燃油价格上涨8%。
• She's never put a bet/money on a race before. 她以前从不赌赛马。
• He put everything he had into (= He used all his abilities and strength in) the final game. 他全力投入决赛。
• The more you put into something, the more you get out of it (= The harder you work at something, the more satisfying it is). 你投入越多，收获就越多。
• They put (= invested) a lot of money into the family business. 他们把许多钱投入到家族企业中。
• The President is trying to put through (= bring into operation) reforms of the country's economic system. 总统正试图对该国的经济体制进行改革。
• They've got to put an end to/a stop to their fighting (= to stop fighting). 他们必须停止争斗。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
JUDGE 判断
   transitive + adverb or preposition
■to judge something or someone in comparison with other similar things or people 判断，估计
• I'd put him among the top six tennis players of all time. 我会把他列为有史以来最优秀的六位网球选手之一。
• Drama critics have put her on a level/par with the great Shakespearean actresses. 剧评家把她和一些伟大的莎剧女演员相提并论。
• He always puts the needs of his family first/last (= they are the most/least important thing to him). 他总是把家庭的需要放在首位／末位。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
SAIL 航行
   intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to travel in a boat or ship across the sea 航行
• Our mast broke, so we had to put about (= turn round) and return to port. 我们的桅杆坏了，因此只好掉头向港口返航。
• The ship put in at (= stopped at) Cape Town for fresh supplies. 轮船停靠在开普敦以补充新鲜补给。
• We put to sea (= began our sea journey) at dawn. 我们拂晓启航。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put your back into sth
■to use a lot of physical effort to try to do something 耗费很大体力做…
• You could dig this plot in an afternoon if you really put your back into it. 如果你卖力做的话，一下午就能挖完这块地。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put yourself in sb's place/position/shoes
■to imagine how someone else feels in a difficult situation 处在（某人的）角度考虑
• Put yourself in my place - what else could I have done? 你站在我的角度想想，我还能做甚么呢？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put sb to sth
■to cause someone to experience or do something 使（某人）感到；让（某人）做
• Your generosity puts me to shame. 你的宽宏大量让我感到羞愧。
• I've put the children to work clearing the snow from the path. 我让孩子们去做事，清扫道路上的积雪。
• I hope we're not putting you to any inconvenience. 我希望我们没有给你添麻烦。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put it about (also put yourself about) UK informal
■to have sex with a lot of different people 滥交，生活放荡
• Have you been putting it about recently, then? 那么说，你最近生活有些放纵是吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb put 1 Put it there! informal
* something that you say when you want someone to shake your hand to show that you have just made an agreement （达成协议或取得一致意见时的用语）握个手吧！
• "So, do we have a deal?" "Sure, put it there." “那么，我们达成协议了？”“当然，我们握手庆祝一下吧。”
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put one over on sb informal
■to trick someone 欺骗（某人），哄骗（某人）
• He'd tried to put one over on the tax office and got found out. 他企图蒙骗税务局，但被查出来了。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put the shot
■to throw a heavy metal ball as far as possible in a sports competition 推铅球，掷铅球
• He won the gold medal for putting the shot. 他获得了铅球项目的金牌。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
put the squeeze on sb (US also put the bite on sb) slang
■to ask someone to give you money 向（某人）要钱
• She put the squeeze on her mother for a hundred bucks. 她向她妈妈要了100美元。
• The insurance company put the bite on me for a huge increase in my premium after I crashed the car. 我把车撞坏以后，保险公司对我收取的保险费提高了很多。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth about/around informal
■to tell a lot of people something that is not true 到处散布（谣言），造谣
• [+ that] I'd like to know who put the rumour around that I'm pregnant. 我想知道谁在到处造谣说我怀孕了。
• Someone's been putting it about that Dan is leaving. 有人在四处造谣说丹要走了。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth across/over sb informal
■to cause a piece of false information to be believed by one or more people 欺骗（某人）相信…
• You didn't manage to put that story over on the tax people, did you? 你没能用那个故事来欺骗税务员，对吧？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth across
■to express your ideas and opinions clearly so that people understand them easily 表达（或解释）清楚（自己的想法或观点）
• It's an interesting idea and I thought he put it across well. 这个想法很有趣，我认为他表达得很清楚。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put yourself across
■to express your ideas and opinions clearly so that people understand them and realize what you are like as a person 清楚表达自己的想法（或观点）
• I don't think I managed to put myself across very well in my interview. 我觉得面试时我没有把自己的意思表达清楚。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth aside
SAVE
■to save something, usually time or money, for a special purpose 留出（时间）；存（钱）
• I put aside a little every month for a deposit on a house. 我每月存一点钱支付房子的订金。
• He tries to put some time aside every evening to read to the kids. 他设法每天晚上腾出些时间读书给孩子们听。
IGNORE
■If you put a disagreement or problem aside, you ignore it temporarily so that it does not prevent you doing what you want to do 把（分歧或问题）撇开不理，搁置
• Let's put our differences aside and make a fresh start. 让我们撇开分歧，重新开始。
• Can we put that question aside for now, and come back to it later? 我们暂时先把那个问题搁置一旁，稍后回头再来考虑好吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth at sth
■to guess or roughly calculate that something will cost a particular amount, or that something is a particular size, number or amount 推测，估计（某物的价格、大小、数量等）
• The value of the painting has been put at £1 million. 这幅画估价为100万英镑。
• I'd put her at (= guess that her age is) about 35. 我估计她大约35岁。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth away
STORE
 ESSENTIAL
■to put something in the place or container where it is usually kept 把…收拾（或储藏）起来
• Put your toys away now. 现在把你的玩具收起来。
FOOD informal
■to eat a large amount of food 猛吃
• He put away a whole box of chocolates in one evening. 他一晚上吃掉了整整一盒巧克力。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sb away
   informal
■to move someone into a place where people live and are cared for together, such as a mental hospital or old people's home 把…送进精神病院（或养老院等）
• In the past, people who suffered from schizophrenia were often put away. 过去，患精神分裂症的人通常都被送进精神病院。
■slang
■to send someone to prison 将（某人）送进监狱
• After what he did, he deserves to be put away for life. 他做了那样的事，被终身监禁是罪有应得。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth back
REPLACE
■to return an object to where it was before it was moved 将…放回原处
• Will you put the books back when you've finished with them? 你看完书把它们放回原处好吗？
DELAY UK
■to delay a planned event 将…延期，延后
• We had to put the meeting back a week. 我们不得不将会议延后一周。
DRINK mainly UK informal
■to drink something quickly, especially a large amount of alcohol 快速喝（尤指大量酒）
• He regularly puts back six pints a night - I don't know how he does it. 他通常一晚上要喝六品脱酒，不知道他是怎么喝下去的。
CLOCK
■to change a clock or watch to make it show an earlier time, for example because you are now in a part of the world where the time is different 把（钟或表）拨慢
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth before sb
IMPORTANCE
■to give more attention to one thing than another because you think it is more important 把…看得比（某人）重要
• I'd never put my work before my family. 我绝不会把工作看得比家庭重要。
TELL
■to formally tell or explain facts or ideas to a group of people in authority 向（权威人士）正式陈述（或解释）
• We've got to put our proposal before the committee. 我们不得不向委员会解释我们的提议。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth behind you
■If you put an unpleasant experience behind you, you stop thinking about it, so that it does not affect your life 将（不愉快的经历）抛在脑后
• Like any divorce, it was a painful business but I've put it all behind me now. 全天下离婚都一样，是令人痛苦的事，不过我现在已经把它抛在脑后了。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth by
■to save an amount of money to use later 存（钱）
• I try to put by a few pounds every week. 我设法每周存几英镑。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth/sb down
STOP HOLDING
 ESSENTIAL [M]
■to put an object that you are holding onto the floor or onto another surface, or to stop carrying someone 放下；卸下
• I put my bags down while we spoke. 我们说话时，我放下了我的袋子。
• Put me down, Daddy! 把我放下，爸爸！
NAME
■to write someone's name on a list or document, usually in order to include them in an event or activity 登记，记下（某人的名字）
• Do you want me to put you down for the trip to London? 你想报名去伦敦旅游吗？
• [R] I've put myself down for the office football team. 我已经报名参加部门的足球队了。
• If you want to get your children into that school, you have to put their names down at birth. 如果你想让你的孩子们上那所学校就必须在他们出生时就报名。
not put sth down
■If you cannot put a book down, you are unable to stop reading it until you reach the end 舍不得放下（书），对（书）爱不释手
• It was so exciting from the first page I couldn't put it down. 这本书从一开始就引人入胜，我简直爱不释手。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth down
TELEPHONE
■If you put the telephone down, you place the receiver back in the position you keep it in when it is not being used. 放下（电话听筒）
PAY
■to pay part of the cost and promise to pay the rest later 付（订金）
• I've put a deposit down on a new car. 我已经为新车支付了订金。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put) put 2 verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb down
INSULT
[M] informal
■to make someone feel silly or not important by criticizing them 贬低（某人），奚落（某人）
• Why did you have to put me down in front of everybody like that? 你为甚么要在大家面前那样数落我？
BABY
■to place and make a baby comfortable in the place where it sleeps 把（婴儿）放在床上
• I'd just put Jack down for his nap. 我刚把杰克放在床上让他小睡一会儿。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth down
KILL
■to kill an animal that is old, ill or injured, to prevent it from suffering 杀死（衰老或有伤病的动物以免除其痛苦）
• If a horse breaks its leg, it usually has to be put down. 如果马的腿断了通常就得被杀死。
OPPOSITION
■to stop or limit an opposing political event or group 平定，镇压
• Police used tear gas to put the riot down. 员警使用了催泪煤气来平定暴动。
• Thousands of troops were needed to put down the uprising. 需要数千名士兵来平定暴动。
PRICE UK (UK and US bring sth down)
■to reduce a price or a charge 降低（价格或费用）
• Shops are being forced to put their prices down in order to attract customers. 商店为了吸引顾客正在被迫降价。
• It's time that the government put down interest rates. 政府该降低利率了。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put (sth) down (somewhere)
■When an aircraft puts down, it lands, and when pilots put down their aircraft, they land （飞机）着陆
• She put down safely in the corner of the airfield. 她在机场的一个角落安全降落。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sb down somewhere UK slightly old-fashioned
■to stop a vehicle and allow someone to get out of it or off it 让（某人）下车
• Ask the taxi driver to put you down outside the church. 告诉计程车司机让你在教堂外下车。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb down as sth
■to think that someone is a particular type of person, especially when you do not know them very well 认为（尤指不熟的人）是，将（尤指不熟的人）看作
• I'd hate them to put me down as a snob. 我讨厌他们把我看作势利小人。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb down for sth
■to make a record that someone has promised to pay a particular sum of money as part of a collection to help people in need 记下（某人）（答应捐款的数额）
• Put me down for a £10 donation, and you can put my husband down for the same. 请你记下我捐十英镑，我丈夫也捐十英镑。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth down to sth
 ADVANCED
■to think that a problem or situation is caused by a particular thing 把…归因于…
• I put the children's bad behaviour down to the fact that they were tired. 我认为孩子们表现不好是因为他们累了。
put it down to experience
■to decide that instead of being upset about something bad that has happened or that you have done, you will learn from it 把…看作一次教训
• Okay, so you made a mistake - you just have to put it down to experience and carry on with your life. 好了，你是犯了错误，就把它当作一次教训，继续好好生活吧。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth/sb forward (US put sth/sb forth)
 ADVANCED
■to state an idea or opinion, or to suggest a plan or person, for other people to consider 提出（想法或计划）；推荐（某人）
• The proposals that you have put forward deserve serious consideration. 你提出的建议值得认真考虑。
• I wasn't convinced by any of the arguments that he put forward. 他提出的论据没有一条能让我信服。
• Many suggestions have been put forward, but a decision is unlikely until after next year's general election. 已经提出了许多建议，但要等到明年的大选过后才可能作出决定。
• The peace plan put forward last August has been revived for the latest round of negotiations. 去年八月份提出的和平计划在最近的一轮谈判中被再次提出。
• [R] She has decided to put her name /put her self forward as a candidate. 她决定申请当候选人。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth forward
■to change a clock or watch to make it show a later time, especially an hour later 向前拨，拨快（钟表）
• Most European countries put the clocks forward in the spring. 大多数欧洲国家会在春季将钟表拨快一小时。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth in
EQUIPMENT
■to fix a large piece of equipment or system into a room or building, ready to be used 安装（设备）
• I've just had central heating/a new kitchen put in. 我刚刚安装了一个中央暖气系统／一套新厨具。
OFFER
■to formally offer a particular thing to be considered 正式提出，提交
• I've put in an application to the college. 我已经向这所大学提出了报名申请。
• They've put in a bid for the company/a bid to buy the company. 他们投标购买该公司。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth in/put sth into sth
 ADVANCED
■to spend a lot of time or effort doing something 花费（大量时间或精力）
• You've obviously put a lot of work in on your garden. 你显然为你的花园花费了很多精力。
• If I put in some extra hours (= spend some extra hours working) today, I can have some time off tomorrow. 如果我今天多工作几个小时的话，明天就可以休息一会儿了。
• We've put a lot of time and effort into making the house look nice. 我们花了很多时间和精力让房子看起来漂亮些。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put (sth) in
■to say something which adds to or interrupts what is already being said 插（话）
• [+ speech] "But she's rather inexperienced for the job, " put in Jane. “但是这份工作她很缺乏经验，”珍插嘴说。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put in for sth
■to make an official request to have or do something 正式要求，申请
• I'm putting in for a job at the hospital. 我正在向医院应征一份工作。
• Richard's finally put in for his driving test. 理查终于申请了驾照考试。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth into sth See put in
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth off
 IMPROVER
■to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date 延后，拖延
• The meeting has been put off for a week. 会议被延后了一周。
• [+ -ing verb] I can't put off going to the dentist any longer. 我不能再拖着不去看牙医了。
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. saying
■said to emphasize that you should not delay doing something if you can do it immediately 今日事今日毕。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sb off
■to tell someone that you cannot see them or do something for them, or stop them from doing something, until a later time 拒绝（某人）；阻止（某人）
• I really don't want to go out with Helen and Greg tonight - can't we put them off ? 我今晚真的不想跟海伦和葛列格出去——我们就不能不见他们吗？
• He keeps asking me out, and I keep putting him off. 他不停地约我出去，我一直拒绝他。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb off (sth)
■to take someone's attention away from what they want to be doing or should be doing （从…）分散（某人）的注意力，让（某人）打消（…）的念头
• Once she's made up her mind to do something, nothing will put her off. 她一旦下定决心做甚么事情，就没有甚么能让她改变主意。
• Could you be quiet please - I'm trying to concentrate and you're putting me off. 请你安静些好吗——我想要集中注意力，而你打扰了我。
• The sudden flash of the camera put the players off their game. 照相机突然闪光，分散了选手们比赛的注意力。
put sb off their stride (UK also put sb off their stroke) put 3 * to take someone's attention away from what they are doing, so that they stop doing it or do it wrong
（打搅某人）使无法继续（或出错）
• He interrupted mid-speech and it put me off my stride. 他打断了我的讲话，使我无法再讲下去。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb off (sth/sb)
 ADVANCED
■to make someone dislike something or someone, or to discourage someone from doing something 使反感；使泄气
• The smell of hospitals always puts me off. 我一直很讨厌医院里的气味。
• You have to work long hours and that puts off a lot of people. 不得不加班，这让很多人非常反感。
• His attitude put me right off him. 他的态度让我对他很反感。
• [+ -ing verb] Personally, I didn't enjoy the film, but don't let that put you off going. 就我个人而言，我不喜欢这部电影，不过别让这扫了你的兴。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth on
OPERATE
 IMPROVER mainly UK
■to make a device operate, or to cause a device to play something, such as a CD or video, by pressing a switch （使）（光碟或录影带等装置）运行
• Could you put the light on? 你能把灯打开吗？
• Do you mind if I put the television/some music on? 你介意我打开电视机／放点音乐吗？
• Don't forget to put the brake on. 别忘了踩煞车。
COVER BODY
■to cover part of the body with clothes, shoes, make-up or something similar 穿，戴
• Put your shoes on - we're going out. 穿上你的鞋，我们出去。
• He put on his jacket. 他穿上了他的夹克。
• She puts face cream on every night. 她每天晚上都擦面霜。
PRETEND
■to pretend to have a particular feeling or way of behaving which is not real or natural to you 装出，假装
• Why are you putting on that silly voice ? 你为甚么故意发出那么傻的声音？
• There's no need to put on that injured expression - you know you're in the wrong. 没必要装出那种受伤的表情——你自己清楚你有错。
• I can't tell whether he's really upset, or if he's just putting it on. 我看不出他是真的不舒服还是装的而已。
PRODUCE mainly UK
■to produce or provide something, especially for the good of other people or for a special purpose 生产；提供
• She put on a wonderful meal for us. 她为我们做了一顿可口的餐点。
• They've put on a late-night bus service for students. 他们为学生们提供深夜公车服务。
WEIGHT
■If people or animals put weight on, they become heavier 长胖，体重增加
• I'd expected to put weight on when I gave up smoking, but I didn't. 我以为我戒烟后体重会增加，不过没有。
• He's put on 10 pounds in the last month. 他上个月体重增加了十磅。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb on mainly US informal
■to try to deceive someone into believing something that is not true 欺骗，愚弄（某人）
• She said she was planning to give her house to a charity for the homeless but I thought she was putting me on. 她说她打算把房子捐给为无家可归者服务的慈善机构，不过我觉得她是在骗我。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb onto sth
■to introduce a person to something or someone that could bring them an advantage 向（某人）介绍（对其有益的人或物）
• David put me onto a wonderful vegetarian cookery book. 大卫给我推荐了一本很棒的素食烹饪书。
• Can you put me onto (= tell me where to find) a good dentist? 你能给我推荐一个好牙医吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth out
LIGHT
■to make a light stop shining by pressing a switch 关（灯）
• Did you put the lights out downstairs? 你把楼下的灯关了吗？
• Put that torch out! 把那个火炬灭了！
STOP BURNING
■to make something that is burning, such as a fire or cigarette, stop burning 扑灭（火）；熄灭（香烟）
• Firefighters have been called to put out the fire in the city centre. 已经叫了消防员来扑灭市中心的火。
• Would you mind putting your cigarette out, please? 请你把烟弄熄好吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb out [M] to cause trouble or extra work for someone 给（某人）添麻烦；使（某人）做额外的工作
• Would it put you out if we came tomorrow instead of today? 如果我们今天不来明天来，会给你添麻烦吗？
[M usually passive]
■to annoy or upset someone, often by what you do or say to them 使（某人）愤怒（或心烦意乱）
• She was rather put out when they turned up two hours late for dinner. 他们吃饭迟到了两个小时，这让她非常恼火。
• He seemed a bit put out at not having been invited. 没有被邀请，他似乎有点不高兴。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [R] put yourself out
■to make an effort to do something to help somebody, even if it is not convenient （为帮助别人）尽心竭力
• Brian's always willing to put himself out for other people. 布莱恩总是愿意尽力帮助别人。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth out
MOVE FORWARD
[M]
■to move forward part of your body, such as your hand or your tongue, from your body 伸出（手、舌头等）
• She put out her hand to shake mine. 她伸出手和我握手。
• Don't put your tongue out - it's rude. 别吐舌头，这不礼貌。
INJURE informal
■to injure part of your body by causing it to be moved out of its correct position 使（身体某部位）脱臼
• He put his knee out playing football. 他踢球时把膝盖弄脱臼了。
MAKE AVAILABLE [M]
■to produce something in large quantities, so that it can be sold 大量生产（…）
• They put out millions of pairs of shoes a year. 他们一年生产成百上千万双鞋。
[M]
■to produce information and make it available for everyone to read or hear 发出（资讯）
• Police have put out a warning to people living in the area. 警方向住在该地区的人们发出了警告。
MAKE WRONG [M]
■If a mistake puts out a set of mathematical calculations, it causes them to be wrong 使（计算）出错
• That one error put the figures out by several thousand pounds. 那一个错误就让数字差了几千英镑。
WORK [M] UK (US usually contract sth out)
■If you put work out, you employ someone outside your organization to do it 把（工作）包出去，外聘人员做
• The council has put the job of street-cleaning out to a private firm. 委员会将清扫街道的工作转包给了一个私人公司。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put out US slang
■(especially of a woman) to agree to have sex （尤指女性）愿意性交
• I wasn't going to put out just because he'd paid for dinner. 我可不会因为他请我吃了晚饭就和他上床。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth over/across
■to express an idea clearly so that people understand it 把（观点）表达清楚；使被理解
• Did you feel that you managed to put over your point of view? 你认为你把自己的观点表达清楚了吗？
• She's not very good at putting across her ideas. 她不太善于表达自己的观点。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb through sth
BAD EXPERIENCE
■to make someone experience something unpleasant or difficult 使（某人）经历（不愉快的事或困难）
• I'm sorry to put you through this ordeal. 让你受这种煎熬，我很抱歉。
EDUCATION
■to pay for someone to study at school, college or university 供（某人）上学
• It's costing them a lot of money to put their children through school. 供孩子们上学花了他们很多钱。
• [R] She's putting herself through college. 她在赚钱供自己上大学。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb through
■to connect a person using a telephone to the person they want to speak to 为（某人）接通电话；转接
• Could you put me through to customer services, please? 请为我转接客服部的电话好吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth to sb
■to suggest an idea or plan to someone so that they can consider it or discuss it 向（某人）提出（想法或计划）供考虑（或讨论）
• "Shall we all go out for a pizza tonight?" "I don't know. I'll put it to Jim and see what he says." “今晚我们都出去吃比萨好吗？”“不知道，我问问吉姆，看他怎么说。”
• [+ that] formal I put it to you (= I believe it to be true) , Ms Dawson, that you were in the building at the time of the murder. 道森女士，我认为发生谋杀时你在那栋楼里。
■to ask someone a question 向（某人）问（问题）
• I have a question I want to put to you. 我有个问题想问你。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth together
 ADVANCED put 4 * to put the parts of something in the correct places and join them to each other
把…组装在一起；装配；拼合，组合
• Model aeroplanes come in pieces which you have to put together. 飞机模型是一块块的，你必须把它们组装起来。
 ADVANCED
■to prepare a piece of work by collecting several ideas and suggestions and organizing them （透过搜集观点和建议）整理出，拼凑，凑成
• The management are putting together a plan/proposal/package to rescue the company. 管理阶层正在整理制定出一个挽救公司的计划／建议／一套建议。
• It takes about three weeks to put the magazine together. 把这份杂志整理出来大约要花费3周的时间。
put together
■said after a phrase which refers to a group of people or things to show that you are thinking of them as a group rather than separately （用于片语后）加在一起，汇总起来
• She earns more than all the rest of us put together. 她赚的比我们其他所有人赚的加起来还多。
• The population of the US is bigger than that of Britain, France and Germany put together. 美国的人口比英国、法国和德国的人口加起来还要多。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sth towards sth
■to use an amount of money to pay part of the cost of something 拿出（一定量的钱）贴补着买…
• My grandma gave me some money to put towards a new coat. 我祖母贴补了我一些钱来买件新大衣。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth up
RAISE
 ADVANCED
■to raise something, or to fix something in a raised position 举起，抬起，升起；高高固定起
• Why don't you put up your hood/umbrella (= raise it over your head) ? 你怎么不戴起风帽／撑起伞？
• I put my hand up to ask the teacher a question. 我举起手问了老师一个问题。
• I put my hair up (= fixed it into a position on the top of my head) for the wedding. 我在婚礼上盘起了头发。
BUILD
 ADVANCED
■to build something 建造
• They're planning to put a hotel up where the museum used to be. 他们打算在原来的博物馆那里盖一栋旅馆。
• We're going to put up a new fence around our garden. 我们打算在我们的花园周围建一个新围篱。
FIX
■to fix an object to a vertical surface 张挂，悬挂；张贴
• We've put up some new curtains in the living room. 我们在起居室里挂上了新窗帘。
• Posters advertising the concert have been put up all over the town. 全城都贴满了宣传这场音乐会的海报。
MONEY
 ADVANCED mainly UK
■to increase the price or value of something 提高，抬高（价格或价值）
• I see they've put up the price of fuel again. 我知道他们又抬高了燃料价格。
■to provide or lend an amount of money for a particular purpose 提供（资金），借（钱）
• The money for the new hospital was put up by an anonymous donor. 建造新医院的资金是一位匿名捐赠者提供的。
• His brother has agreed to put up bail for him. 他哥哥答应给他交保释金。
put your feet up UK
■to relax, especially by sitting with your feet supported above the ground （尤指双脚平放起来）休息
• You go home and put your feet up, love. 亲爱的，你回家后好好休息。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put up sth
■to show or express a particular type of opposition to something 进行（反对或抵抗）
• The villagers were unable to put up any resistance to the invading troops. 村民没有能力对侵略军进行任何抵抗。
• We're not going to let them build a road here without putting up a fight. 他们要在这里修筑公路，我们不会轻易让他们得逞。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sth/sb up
■to suggest an idea, or to make a person available, to be considered 提出（观点）；推举，提名（某人）
• It was Bob who originally put up the idea of the exhibition. 展览会的想法最初是鲍勃提出来的。
• Each party is allowed to put up one candidate. 每个政党允许推举一名候选人。
• William has been put up as a candidate for the committee. 威廉被推举为该委员会的候选人。
• Is Chris willing to be put up for election? 克里斯愿意接受提名参加选举吗？
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] put sb up
■to provide someone with a place to stay temporarily 为（某人）暂时提供住宿
• Sally is putting me up for the weekend. 莎莉这个周末留我过夜。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put up mainly UK
■to stay somewhere for the night 住下过夜
• We put up at a small hotel for the night. 我们在一家小旅馆里过夜。
put up or shut up informal
■If you say someone should put up or shut up, you mean that they should either take action in order to do what they have been talking about, or stop talking about it 采取行动（如果你说某人应“采取行动”或“闭嘴”，你的意思是说，他们要么采取行动来实践他们所说的事情，要么停止谈论这些事情）
• You keep saying you're going to ask her out. Well, put up or shut up. 你老是说要约她出来。那就去呀！否则就闭嘴。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put sb up to sth
■to encourage someone to do something, usually something wrong 唆使（某人）做
• I think he was put up to it by his friends. 我想他做那件事是他的朋友唆使的。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  put up with sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience, or someone who behaves unpleasantly 忍受，忍耐
• I can put up with the house being untidy, but I hate it if it's not clean. 房子凌乱我能忍受，但我讨厌房子不干净。
• He's so moody - I don't know why she puts up with him. 他太喜怒无常了——我不知道她为甚么要忍受他。
• They have a lot to put up with (= They have a lot of difficulties). 他们遇到了很多困难。
[pʊt] (putting, put, put)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  be put upon informal
■to be treated badly by someone who takes advantage of your wish to be helpful 被利用，被人占便宜
• I'm fed up with being put upon by my boss all the time. 老是被老板利用，我受够了。
put, set, lay, place
这组词都有“放”的意思，其区别是：
put: 普通用词，含义较广泛。指把人或物置于某处，并将其留在该处。
set: 普通用词，指为了某种目的而将人或物放在一定位置上。指物是多指立着放。
lay: 指小心地把人或物平放或横放，侧重动作安稳。
place: 较正式用词，指把某物放在一个正确的位置上，侧重动作的正确。
vt. 放；表达；移动；安置；赋予
 - set, establish, voice, gift, station
vi. 出发；击；航行；发芽
 - leave, set out
n. 掷；笨蛋；投击；怪人
 - simple, turkey

Word: house
Front: house
[haʊs] (中高托雅 257/148 -K5)
Vocabulary: house
(once / 9 pages)
1nv 2n 3n 4n 5n 6n 7v
A house is a building where you might live alone or it could be a multi-family house that you share with other families. If you live in an apartment building, that's "home," but it's not a house.
You can also use house to refer to groups of people. The House of Tudor is an English royal family. Governing bodies can be houses: the Houses of Parliament, in Britain, or the House of Representatives, in the US. In a theater, the house is the audience. When house is a verb, meaning to provide a house for, as in “where are you going to house all your guests?” — it’s pronounced with a -z-, rather than an -s-.
WORD FAMILY
house: housed, houseful, houses, housing, rehouse+/houseful: housefuls/housing: housings/rehouse: rehoused, rehousing
USAGE EXAMPLES
His group is suing the state over the unwieldy shape of six state Senate and five state House of Delegates districts.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
I believe it dawned when the moon was in the seventh house and Jupiter aligned with Mars.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
At the time of this weekend’s riot, the Anisio Jobim prison housed three times as many inmates as it was designed to hold, officials said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 房屋; 全家人; （从事某种生意的）公司; （英国）下议院
v. 给…提供住房; 收藏; 安置
时态：housed, housing, houses
分布：房屋(37%)，议院(23%)，容纳(19%)，机构(9%)，黄道十二宫之一(3%)，给…房子住(3%)，观众(3%)，藏有(1%)，听众(1%)，住一屋的人(1%)
→来自古英语hus,居住地，庇护所，屋子，来自skeu,遮盖，隐藏，词源同hose,hide.引申词义房屋，屋子。
n.房屋;商业机构;[H-]议院v.给...房子住My house is ten minutes' walk from here.我家离这里有十分钟的路程.
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
HOME 家
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a building which people, usually one family, live in 房屋，住宅
• a detached/semi-detached house 独立式／半独立式住宅
• to buy/rent a house 买／租房子
• house prices 房价
• She lives in a little house UKin / USon Cross Street. 她住在十字街上的一间小房子里。
⇒ See also farmhouse;roadhouse
countable usually singular
■all the people living in a house 住在一间房子里的人；全家人
• Try not to wake the whole house when you come in! 你进来的时候不要把全家人都吵醒！
countable
■a building where animals are kept 动物的笼舍
• the monkey/lion house at the zoo 动物园里猴子／狮子的笼舍
• a hen house 鸡舍
countable
■a building or part of a building which is used for a special purpose （有特定用途的）大楼，大厦
• the Sydney Opera House 雪梨歌剧院
• Broadcasting House 广播电台大楼
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
BUSINESS 公司
■a business or organization of the stated type, especially one that produces books or designs clothes （尤指出版图书或设计服装的）公司，机构，商行
• a publishing house 出版社
• a fashion house 时装屋
• UK a curry house (= South Asian restaurant) 咖喱屋（或餐厅）
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
MUSIC 音乐
uncountable (also house music)
■popular dance music with a fast regular beat, usually produced on electronic equipment 电子音乐（电子乐器演奏的一种快节奏的流行音乐）
• House music first appeared in the late 1980s. 电子音乐最早出现于20世纪80年代晚期。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
SCHOOL GROUP 学校里的小组
countable UK
■any of a small number of groups which the children in a school are put in for sports and other competitions （学校里为进行比赛而分成的）组
• an inter-house football match 校内小组之间的足球赛
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
FAMILY 家庭
countable
■an important family, especially a royal one 家族；（尤指）皇室
• The British Royal Family belong to the House of Windsor. 英国王室属于温莎家族。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
POLITICS 政治
countable
■an organization which makes laws, or its meeting place 议会；议院
the House
■the members of the organization which makes laws 议员
• The House began sitting at 3 p.m./rose at 2 a.m. 议员们于下午三点开始了会议／凌晨两点结束会议。
only singular
■the group of people who suggest a subject for a debate 辩论的发起方
• The motion for tonight's debate is, "This house believes that capital punishment should be abolished." 今晚的辩题是｢正方认为应该废除死刑。｣
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
THEATRE 剧院
countable
■the people watching a performance, especially in a theatre 观众，（尤指）剧院观众
• The opera played to a full/packed house. 该歌剧演出时观众爆满。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
get on like a house on fire informal
■If two people get on like a house on fire, they like each other very much and become friends very quickly 一见如故，情投意合
• I was worried that they wouldn't like each other but in fact they're getting on like a house on fire. 我之前还担心他们会合不来，实际上他们却一见如故。
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
get/put your own house in order
■to solve your own problems 解决自己的问题
• You should put your own house in order before you start telling me what to do! 你最好先管好自己的事，然后再教我如何去做！
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
go (all) round the houses UK
■to waste time doing or asking something in a very complicated way 绕圈子；拐弯抹角地问
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
house of cards
■a complicated organization or plan that is very weak and can easily be destroyed or easily go wrong 脆弱的组织；极易出问题的计划
noun]haʊs/
(/'haʊzɪz/ plural houses)
on the house
■If you have something on the house, it is given to you free by a business 由商家免费提供的
• All the drinks were on the house. 所有饮料都是免费的。
verb transitive /haʊz/
■to give a person or animal a place to live, or to provide space for something 为…提供住处，收容；为…提供空间
• It will be difficult to house all the refugees. 收容所有难民将是件很困难的事。
• The museum houses the biggest collection of antique toys in Europe. 这家博物馆所收藏的古董玩具是全欧洲最多的。
home, building, residence, shelter, dwelling, habitation, house
这组词都有“居住处”的意思，其区别是：
home: 指永久住家时，带有家庭所特有的温暖、情感等气息。
building: 泛指一切建筑物，不限于居住的房子。
residence: 指大而堂皇的寓所或公馆，也指法律上的居住点。
shelter: 可指长期或临时的住处，也指简陋或临时搭建的躲避风雨的场所。
dwelling: 正式用词，仅指人们居住的任何建筑物。
habitation: 指长久或固定的住所或居住地。
house: 中性词，泛指一切供居住的建筑物，尤指适合一家一户居住的房屋。
home, dwelling, shelter, household, family, house, lodging
home: 家，带有感情色彩
dwelling: 住所，公寓
shelter: 庇护处（收容所，庇护所）
household: 抽象的家庭，并含有家事，家务之意
family: 家庭，指组成家庭的成员
house: 房屋，住宅
lodging: 寄宿处
n. [建] 住宅；家庭；机构；议会；某种用途的建筑物
 - residence, organization, machinery, family, home
vt. 覆盖；给…房子住；把…储藏在房内
 - invest, sheet, roof, cap

Word: great
Front: great
[greɪt] (中高 160/129 -K5)
Vocabulary: great
(once / 5 pages)
nadj
As an adjective great describes things that are very good, large, or important — like a great movie, a great forest, or a great battle that changed the course of a war.
Great can also be a noun: a person who is a legend in his or her field, like Aretha Franklin, a soul great, or Wayne Gretzky — a hockey great who became known as "the Great One." Only a few people qualify for the distinction of being a great — it takes a remarkable talent that continues to awe people long after the person's heyday.
WORD FAMILY
great: greater, greatly, greatness, greats+/greatness: greatnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
But to be a great 3-point team, great shooters are also necessary.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
The author shows great insight plumbing Karen’s constant need for approval.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
In the Beatles Anthology, McCartney described Mr. Williams as “a great guy, a really good motivator.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 伟大的，杰出的; 优异的，显著的; 很多的; 重大的
adv. [口语]很好地; 令人满意地，成功地，顺利地; 得意地
n. 大人物们; 伟大人物; 重要人物，大师; 名家
级别：greater, greatest
分布：伟大的(70%)，重要的(12%)，很好的(9%)，大量的(6%)，美好的(3%)
→来自ghreu, 刮，磨，词源同gravel, grit. 原义为刮下来粗糙的，大块的，词义褒义化。
a.伟大的;重要的;大量的;很好的;美好的The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
adjective
BIG 大的
 ESSENTIAL
■large in amount, size or degree 大量的；巨大的；强烈的
• an enormous great hole 巨大的洞
• A great crowd had gathered outside the President's palace. 一大群人聚集在总统官邸外面。
• The improvement in water standards over the last 50 years has been very great. 过去50年，水质有了很大的提高。
• A great many people would agree. 很多人会表示赞同。
• The great majority of (= Almost all) people would agree. 绝大多数人都会表示赞同。
• formal It gives us great pleasure to announce the engagement of our daughter Maria. 我们非常高兴地宣布我们的女儿玛利亚订婚了。
• formal It is with great sorrow that I inform you of the death of our director. 我万分悲痛地通知您我们院长逝世的消息。
• I have great sympathy for you. 我对你深表同情。
• I spent a great deal of time there. 我在那里渡过了很长时间。
[before noun]
■used in names, especially to mean large or important （用在名称中，尤用于表示大或重要）大
• a Great Dane (= large type of dog) 大丹尼犬
• Catherine the Great 凯瑟琳大帝（指叶卡捷琳娜二世）
• the Great Wall of China 中国万里长城
• the Great Bear (= group of stars) 大熊星座
[greɪt] adjective
FAMOUS 著名的
 ESSENTIAL approving
■famous, powerful, or important as one of a particular type 卓越的；伟大的；杰出的；重大的
• a great politician/leader/artist/man/woman 伟大的政治家／领导人／艺术家／人／女性
• This is one of Rembrandt's greatest paintings. 这是伦勃朗最杰出的油画作品之一。
• Who do you think is the greatest modern novelist? 你认为谁是最伟大的现代小说家？
[greɪt] adjective
EXTREME 极大的
 ESSENTIAL
■extreme 极大的；极度的
• great success/difficulty 巨大的胜利／极度困难
[greɪt] adjective
GOOD 好的
 IMPROVER informal
■very good 美妙的；好极的；很棒的
• a great idea 好主意
• We had a great time last night at the party. 昨晚聚会上我们玩得非常开心。
• It 's great to see you after all this time! 分开那么长时间，再见到你真是太高兴了！
• "I'll lend you the car if you like." "Great! Thanks a lot!" “要是你想驾驶的话，我可以把车借给你。”“那太好了！多谢！”
• "What's your new teacher like?" "Oh, he's great." “你的新老师怎样？”“噢，他非常好。”
• "How are you feeling now?" "Great." “现在你的感觉怎样？”“太好了。”
■informal
■used to mean that something is very bad （用于表示某事非常糟糕）真棒，真绝，真好
• Oh great ! That's all I need - more bills! 嘿，真绝！该遇上的全遇上了——又来帐单了！
[greɪt] adjective
be a great one for sth
■to enjoy or do something a lot 酷爱，乐于；惯于做
• He's a great one for getting other people to do his work for him, old Peter! 彼得这老家伙，总是差遣人替他工作！
[greɪt] adjective
go great guns old-fashioned informal
■to go fast or successfully 做得快；顺利；成功
• For the first 400 metres he was going great guns, but then he fell and that lost him the race. 前400米他跑得很顺利，但后来摔了一跤，导致他输掉了比赛。
[greɪt] adjective
great minds think alike humorous
■said to someone just after you have discovered that they have had the same idea as you 英雄所见略同
[greɪt] adjective
no great shakes informal
■not very good 并不太好的；不怎么样的；并不高明的
• I'm afraid I am no great shakes as a cook/ at cooking ! 恐怕我对烹饪不太在行！
[greɪt] adverb [before noun] adjective informal
 ADVANCED
■used to emphasize the meaning of another word （表示强调）
• a great big spider 巨型蜘蛛
• a great long queue 排得特别长的队
• You great idiot! 你这个大傻瓜！
• Pat's a great friend of mine. 派特是我的好朋友。
[greɪt] noun countable
■a famous person in a particular area of activity 伟人；大人物；名人
• former tennis great Arthur Ashe 前网坛名将亚瑟‧阿什
• Woody Allen, one of the all-time greats of the cinema 伍迪‧艾伦，有史以来最伟大的电影巨擘之一
[greɪt] noun countable
the great and the good UK
■important people 大人物；要人
• The great and the good are calling on the Government to support the arts. 要人们呼吁政府支持艺术发展。
great, grand, big, large
这组词都有“大的”的意思，其区别是：
great: 普通用词，可指具体东西的“大”，但更常指事物的重要，人的行为、品格的伟大等，带一定的感情色彩。
grand: 侧重指盛大、绝大，有气派。
big: 常用词，使用广泛，较口语化。多指体积、重量或容量等方面的“大”，有时也用于描写抽象之物。
large: 普通用词，含义广，指体积、面积、容量、数量以及程度等方面的大，具体或抽象意义均可用。
adj. 伟大的，重大的；极好的，好的；主要的
 - important, wonderful, excellent, famous, significant
n. 大师；大人物；伟人们
 - artist, somebody, master

Word: support
Front: support
[səˈpɔ:t] (高研四六雅 524/481 -K5)
Vocabulary: support
(once / 33 pages)
1nv 2nv 3nv 4vn 5v 6v
The verb support means to bear weight or load, or otherwise support. If you build a house with blocks, you can safely remove some of them, but if you remove one that is supporting the weight of the blocks above it, the whole structure can collapse. Timber!
If you agree with or approve of a cause, person, idea, or the like, you support it. If you support a certain charity, you may donate your time or money to the cause. The verb support also means to strengthen with new evidence; to corroborate. When politicians make an argument, they support it by providing "facts and figures." Your job is to figure out whether their evidence has been twisted to support their positions. Good luck.
WORD FAMILY
support: supportable, supported, supporter, supporting, supportive, supports+/insupportable: insupportably/supportable: insupportable, supportably, unsupportable/supported: unsupported/supporter: supporters/supporting: self-supporting, supportingly, supportings/ supportive: supportively, unsupportive/unsupportable: unsupportably/unsupported: unsupportedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Both economies are improving, with lower policy rates likely to support valuations for 2017, it added.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
And the exact quote is, “Administration should support and defend activist groups by nullifying slander and smear campaign from bigger group.”
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
Would any nation in its right mind support the positions of a neighboring entity calling for the nation’s destruction?
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 支持; 帮助; 支撑; 维持
n. 支撑; 支持者; [数学]支集; 支撑物
时态：supported, supporting, supports
分布：支持(76%)，支撑(8%)，支援(5%)，证实(3%)，供养(3%)，资助(2%)，援助(1%)，承受(1%)，依据(1%)
→sup-,在下，向上，-port,承载，词源同 porter,transport.引申诸相关词义。
支持(sup+port带→带来支持)[suc-,suf-,sup-,sur-等在同辅音词根前表示"在…下面"]
支持(sup下面+port→下面带来的[力量]→支持)[Port=carry,表示"拿,运"]
n./vt.支撑;支持;赡养;维持n.支持者;支柱With the reporter's support, the sportsmen are transported to the airport.在记者的支持下,运动员们被运送到了机场.
US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
ENCOURAGE 鼓励
 ESSENTIAL
■to agree with and give encouragement to someone or something because you want them to succeed 支持；赞成；拥护；鼓励
• My father supported the Labour Party all his life. 我父亲毕生都拥护工党。
• The majority of people in the town strongly support the plans to build a by-pass. 镇上的大部分人都强烈支持修建旁路的计划。
• I think it's important to support local businesses by buying locally. 我认为购买本地商品来支持本地企业这一点很重要。
 ADVANCED mainly UK (US usually root for) (Australian barrack for)
■If you support a sports team or a sports player, you want them to win, and might show it by going to watch them play 支持（某个运动队伍或运动员）
• Which team do you support? 你支持哪队？
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
HELP 帮助
 ESSENTIAL
■to help someone emotionally or in a practical way （在情感或实际方面）支持，帮助
• Alcoholics Anonymous is a group which supports people who are trying to stop drinking too much alcohol. 匿名戒酒会是一个帮助人们停止酗酒的机构。
• My family has always supported me in whatever I've wanted to do. 无论我想做甚么，我家人一向都支持我。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
PROVIDE 提供
 ESSENTIAL
■to give a person the money they need in order to buy food and clothes and pay for somewhere to live 养活，抚养，供养，赡养
• He has a wife and four children to support. 他得养活老婆和四个孩子。
 ADVANCED
■If you support an activity or a habit, you provide the money needed to pay for it 资助，为…提供资金；出钱维持，支付…的花费
• The drug company is supporting cancer research. 这家制药公司在出钱资助癌症研究工作。
• I don't know how they manage to support their expensive lifestyle. 我不知道他们是怎么设法维持自己奢侈的生活方式。
• Some drug addicts turn to crime in order to support their habit. 有些瘾君子为了维持自己的吸毒恶习而走向犯罪。
■to provide the right conditions, such as enough food and water, for life 维持…的生命
• The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops. 这片土地太贫瘠，种不了任何作物。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
STOP FROM FALLING 阻止倒下来
 ADVANCED
■to hold something firmly or carry its weight, especially from below to stop it from falling 支撑，撑起，承受
• The church dome is supported by/on marble pillars. 这个教堂的穹顶是由大理石柱子支撑。
• When babies first learn to stand, they hold on to something to support themselves (= to stop themselves from falling). 小孩刚开始学习站立的时候，会紧紧抓住某样东西，以防自己摔倒。
• My ankle is rather weak, so I always put a bandage on it to support it when I play tennis. 我的脚踝很脆弱，所以打网球的时候我总是缠上绷带保护它。
• figurative The Bank of England has taken measures to support the pound (= to stop it from being reduced in value). 英格兰银行已经采取措施力挺英镑，不让它贬值。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
PROVE 证实
■to help to show something to be true 证明，证实
• These figures support my argument. 这些数字证实了我的论点。
• You can't make a statement like that without any supporting documentation. 在没有任何证明文献的情况下，你不能那样妄作论断。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] verb transitive
ACCEPT 接受 formal
■to bear (= accept) ; to allow to happen 忍受，容忍
• The headteacher told the boys that he would not support that kind of behaviour. 校长告诉那些男孩子，他不会容忍那样的行为。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun
ENCOURAGEMENT 鼓励
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■agreement with and encouragement for an idea, group or person 支持；赞成；拥护；鼓励
• Environmental groups are fast gaining support among young people. 环境保护组织正迅速赢得年轻人的支持。
• We've succeeded in drumming up a lot of local support for our attempt to stop the hospital being closed. 我们试图阻止关闭那家医院的行动，已成功赢得当地人的广泛支持。
• I signed a petition in support of the campaign to end the marketing of baby milk in developing countries. 我在请愿书上签名，支持停止在开发中国家行销婴儿奶粉的运动。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun
HELP 帮助
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■emotional or practical help （在情感或实际方面）支持，帮助
• Liz gave me a lot of support when I lost my job. 我失业后，利兹给了我很多帮助。
• You've been a great support to my mum in this difficult time. 您在这个困难时期给了我妈妈极大的精神支持。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun
MONEY 钱
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the money someone needs in order to buy food and clothes and pay for somewhere to live 养活，抚养，供养，赡养
• He is dependent on his father for support (= for paying for food, a place to live, etc.). 他依靠父亲过活。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun
HOLDING 支撑
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■something that holds something firmly or carries its weight, especially from below to stop it from falling 支撑物，支架，支柱
• The floor is held up by wooden supports. 地板是由木支架撑起来的。
• I've hurt my wrist, so I've got it bandaged to give it some support. 我的手腕受伤了，所以绑上绷带保护。
countable
■a device worn to hold part of the body, especially a weak part, firmly in position （尤指身体脆弱部位的）支撑物，托
• Jim always wears a knee support when he goes running. 吉姆跑步时总是戴着护膝。
UK [sə'pɔ:t] US [-'pɔ:rt] noun
PROOF 证明
uncountable
■something that shows that a fact is true 证明，证实
• This new evidence lends support to the theory that she was murdered. 这新证据证明了她是遭到谋杀的说法。
• We had to send a doctor's report in support of our claim to the insurance company. 我们得把医生的报告寄给保险公司，为我们的索赔提供证明。
support, sustain, back, uphold, advocate
这组词都有“支持，支援，拥护”的意思，其区别是：
support: 含义广泛，多指在道义上或物质上支持某人，也可指对某项事业的支持。
sustain: 侧重指连续不断的支持。
back: 通常指对论点、行动、事业等的强有力支持。
uphold: 既可指积极努力对陷入困境者的支持，也可指给某人在行动、道义或信仰上的支持。
advocate: 多指通过写文章或发表演说等来支持或拥护，往往暗示提倡某事或为某事辩护。
help, support, assistance, aid
这组词都有“帮助，支持”的意思，其区别是：
help: 最普通用词，可以与aid和assistance换用。help强调使受助者达到目的或侧重受助者对帮助的需要。
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励。
assistance: 正式用词，通常指帮助完成不太重要的那一部分工作。
aid: 比help正式，侧重受助者处于困难或危险境地急需救助。
support, aid, assist（assistance）
support: 强调在迫切需要时给予支持或鼓励
aid: 援助一群人（尤指金钱援助）
assist（assistance）: 协助（受助者能完成一部份工作）
vt. [医] [机] 支持，支撑， [计] [军] 支援；扶持，帮助； [法] 赡养，供养
 - encourage, facilitate, second, carry, boost
n. [医] [机] 支持，维持； [计] [军] 支援，供养；支持者，支撑物
 - holding, adhesion, backing, advocate

Word: win
Front: win
[wɪn] (中高研四六 361/388 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. （在…中）获胜，赢; 战胜（对手）
vt. （通过努力等）赢得; 说服; 达到（目的、要求等）; 获得…
n. （体育比赛中）胜利，赢; [常用复数]赢得物; 收益
vi. 顺利到达，成功
时态：won, winning, wins
分布：赢(46%)，赢得(23%)，胜利(16%)，获胜(8%)，获得(7%)
→来自wen,努力，奋斗，争取，词源同Venus,virile。其原义为劳作，斗争，见breadwinner,后引申词义赢，战胜，并成为其主要词义。
vi.获胜,赢vt.赢得;在...中获胜n.胜利Twice the twin king wins the winter swinging under the wing of the plane.孪生国王两次赢得冬季机翼下的荡秋千赛.
verb (winning, won, won)
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a competition or competitive situation 获胜；赢
• Which year was it that Italy won the World Cup? 义大利是哪一年赢得世界杯的？
• He won first prize/a bottle of gin in the raffle. 他在抽彩中赢得了头奖／一瓶杜松子酒。
• Who's winning? 谁会取胜？
• This is the third medal she's won this season. 这是本赛季她赢得的第三面奖牌。
• Who won the men's finals in the tennis? 谁赢了男子网球决赛？
• They won the war, although it cost them millions of lives. 尽管牺牲了数百万人的生命，但他们赢得了战争的胜利。
• If this government win the next election, I'm leaving the country. 如果这个政府在下次选举中获胜，我就离开这个国家。
• Everyone likes winning an argument. 每个人都希望在争论中取胜。
• [+ two objects] It was his goal that won us the match/won the match for us. 是他的进球使我们赢得了比赛。
• Her firm have just won (= beaten other companies to get) a cleaning contract worth £3 million. 她的公司刚刚赢得一份价值300万英镑的清洁合约。
transitive
■to receive something positive, such as approval, loyalty, or love because you have earned it 获得，赢得（赞同、忠诚、好感、爱情等）
• Her plans have won the support of many local people. 她的计划赢得了很多当地民众的支持。
• This is Jamie, the four-year old who won the hearts of the nation (= made everyone love him and/or feel sympathy for him). 这就是杰米，一位受到全国人民关爱的四岁孩子。
• She would do anything to win his love. 为了获得他的爱，她甚么都愿意做。
• Winning back his trust was the hardest part. 重新赢得他的信任是最难的部分。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
sb can't win informal
■used to say that nothing someone does in a situation will succeed or please people （某人）无论怎样做都不能成功（或都不讨好）
• Whatever I do seems to annoy her - I can't win. 无论我做甚么都会惹她生气——真是怎么做都不讨好。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
win hands down
■to win very easily 轻松取胜
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
win the day
■to persuade people to support your ideas or opinions 成功获得支持
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
You can't win 'em all. (also You win some, you lose some.) informal
■something that you say which means it is not possible to succeed at everything you do 不可能凡事都成功；有得必有失
• I'd have liked the job but I suppose you can't win 'em all. 我喜欢那份工作，但我认为有得必有失。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
(Okay) you win!
■something you say to someone who has persuaded you to do something that you did not intend to do, especially when they have used force and you are angry （好吧）你赢了！（用于表示被说服，尤指对方使用强制办法时）
• Okay, you win, I can't stand to hear one more complaint from you - we'll go home tomorrow! 好了，你赢了！我再也受不了多听你一句抱怨了——我们明天就回家！
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] win sb over/round
■to persuade someone to support you or agree with you, often when they were opposed to you before 说服（某人）；把（某人）争取过来
• He's not sure about the idea at the moment, but I'm sure we'll win him over in the end. 他现在对这想法还拿不定主意，不过我肯定最后我们能说服他。
• They've won over a lot of the electorate since she's been leader of the party. 自她成为了该党的领袖后，他们已经争取过来了很多选民。
[wɪn] verb (winning, won, won)
  Phrasal Verbs  win through UK
■to finally succeed after trying hard to achieve something 最终成功
• Most people are fairly confident that the workers will win through in the end. 大部分人很有把握地认为最后劳方会取得胜利。
[wɪn] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone wins a game or competition 胜利；赢；第一名
• It was United's sixth consecutive win this season. 这是联队在本赛季取得的第六场连胜。
• Everyone was predicting a Republican win at the last election and look what happened. 所有人都预测共和党会在上届大选中获胜，看看发生了甚么。
acquire, obtain, get, secure, win, earn, gain
这组词都有“获得、取得、得到”的意思，其区别是：
acquire: 强调通过不断的、持续的努力而获得某物，也指日积月累地渐渐地获得。书面语用词。
obtain: 较正式用词，着重通过巨大努力、要求而得到所需或盼望已久的东西。
get: 普通用词，使用广泛，可指以任何方式得到某物，也不一定要经过努力。
secure: 强调要通过努力或竞争，或需要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。
win: 主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等而获得胜利。
earn: 侧重指依靠自己的劳动或因付出代价与有功而获得。
gain: 侧重指经过努力或有意识行动而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。
beat, win
beat: 后接sb. beat them
win: 后接sth.,反义词为lose, win the game,
vt. 赢得；在…中获胜；劝诱
 - purchase, bear off
vi. 赢；获胜；成功
 - arrive, make good
n. 赢；胜利
 - victory, success

Word: found
Front: found
[faʊnd] (高研四六 2664/2608 -K4)
Vocabulary: found
(once / 8 pages)
nadjv
To found something is like laying a "foundation" for a building — note the similarity? But instead of a building, you might found a business or a charity, where you establish the groundwork upon which it can grow.
The verb found goes back to the Latin word fundus, meaning "bottom," which in turn led to fundāre, meaning "to lay the bottom of something." If you were to found a library, they might build a statue of you near the entrance. If you're having trouble finding the library, look for a statue with a familiar face.
WORD FAMILY
found: foundation, founded, foundedly, founder, founding, founds+/ find: finder, finding, finds, found /finder: finders/ finding: findings/ foundation: foundations/founded: unfounded / founder: foundered, foundering, founders/foundering: founderings/ founding: foundings/ unfounded: unfoundedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
D.C. police are investigating an abandoned U-Haul truck that was found Monday in Southeast Washington with “multiple” ATMs inside, a police spokesman said.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Knauerhaze says the bodies of Holtrey and her friend were found Monday near the Pavilions shopping center in Newport Beach.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The Tigers found the range after the break, improving field goal percentage from 31 percent to 48 percent.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 创办，成立，建立
v. 发现（ find的过去式）; 找到; 到达; 发觉
时态：founded, founding, founds
分布：建立(34%)，创办(31%)，创立(22%)，熔铸(13%)
→来自bhudh, 底部，基础，词源bottom. 进一步可追溯自bhedh, 挖，词源同bed, fossil.found 熔铸
vt.建立;创立;创办;使有根据;铸造;熔制Marriage should be founded on love.婚姻应该建立在爱情的基础上
verb
FIND 找到 past simple and past participle of
■ find
[faʊnd] verb
BEGIN 开始
 IMPROVER transitive
■to bring something into existence 创建；创立；创办
• York was founded by the Romans in the year 71 AD. 约克是西元71年由古罗马人兴建的。
• She left a large sum of money in her will to found a wildlife sanctuary. 她在遗嘱里留下了一大笔钱用来创建野生动物保护区。
• We are planning a dinner to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the company. 我们正筹划一个晚宴，庆祝公司成立50周年。
[faʊnd] verb
BUILD 建立
 ADVANCED transitive usually + adverb or preposition specialized
■to build a support in the ground for a large structure such as a building or road 为（建筑物或公路）打地基
 ADVANCED transitive + adverb or preposition
■to base a belief, claim , idea, etc. on something 把…基于，把…建立在
• Her lawyer accused the prosecution of founding its case on insufficient evidence. 她的律师谴责控方所控证据不足。
• I'd like to see the research that these recommendations are founded on. 我想看看这些建议所依据的研究基础。
• a society founded on egalitarian principles 建立在人人平等原则基础之上的社会
put up, set up, build, found
put up: 临时搭建, put up a tent,
set up: 建成(内部的设施基本齐全), set up a school
build: 一般用语,建成,
found: 国家或组织的建成
erect, establish, set up, construct, build, found
这组词都有“建设，建立，建造”的意思，其区别是：
erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。
establish: 着重稳固地建成，可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立，也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。
set up: 作“建立”用时，侧重于“开始”。可指具体或抽象的建立。
construct: 较正式用词，强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大，结构较复杂，要求较高技术的建造。
build: 普通用词，含义广泛，可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。
found: 侧重打下基础或创办，具体或抽象事物均可用。
vt. 创立，建立；创办
 - establish, build, construct, institute, father

Word: union
Front: union
[ˈju:niən] (高研四六托雅 1658/467 -K5)
Vocabulary: union
(once / 128 pages)
1n 2nadj 3n 4n 5n
A union is things coming together, or uniting, to make one. When the thirteen colonies that became the United States came together, they formed a union. Marriage is another kind of union.
Workers come together to form trade unions so that together they can have a stronger voice negotiating with their employer. The word famously occurs in the Preamble (the introduction) to the United States Constitution: "We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union...do ordain and establish this Constitution...." You may recognize the Latin root unum in union, as in e pluribus unum "from many, one," the motto on the seal of the United States.
WORD FAMILY
union: disunion, nonunion, reunion, unionise, unionism, unionize, unions+/ disunion: disunions/ reunify: reunification, reunified, reunifies, reunifying/ reunion: reunify, reunions/unionise: unionisation, unionised/unionised: nonunionised/unionism: unionist/unionist: unionists/unionize: unionization, unionized, unionizing/unionized: nonunionized
USAGE EXAMPLES
The head of the English soccer players’ union last week said that at least 20 more former players had come forward, many of them privately.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
An upgraded customs union and strategic partnerships on migration, energy and security could be offered instead, Mr. Blockmans said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
Led by teaching unions, the left is out to curb some of the country’s best schools.
Economist(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 同盟，联盟; 协会，工会; 联合，团结
adj. 工会的
分布：工会(69%)，联盟(15%)，结合(8%)，工会的(7%)，联邦政府的(1%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，来自oi-no, 一，词源同one。引申词义一体，联合，工会等。
n.联合,团结;联盟,联邦;协会,社团;和谐For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
noun
JOINING 联结
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■the act or the state of being joined together 联合；结合；合并；统一
• Meanwhile the debate on European political and monetary union continues. 同时，有关欧洲政治和货币联盟的争论还在继续。
• formal or old use She believes that the union (= marriage) of man and woman in holy matrimony is for ever. 她相信男女之间的结合永远是神圣的。
['ju:.ni.ən] noun
WORKERS 工人
 IMPROVER countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a trade union
• the electricians' union 电工工会
institute, society, association, union, club, league
这组词都有“社团，会社，协会”的意思，其区别是：
institute: 指为专门的目标而建立的学会或研究所。
society: 可与association换用，但前者的宗旨更严格，会员之间联系更紧密，活动更积极。
association: 指较为正式的组织，强调兴趣和需要的一致性。
union: 多指工会，也指学会或协会。
club: 表俱乐部或会社，其成员因志同道合，有共同兴趣、爱好而组织到一起进行社交、娱乐或体育等活动。
league: 指为了共同的目的和利益而组成的社团、同盟或联合会。
alliance, federation, union, league
这组词都有“联盟、同盟、联合会”的意思，其区别是：
alliance: 普通用词，指对双方均有利的任何联盟。
federation: 泛指用条款固定下来的一切联合，尤指联邦政府。
union: 普通用词，指由若干个体结成的一个统一的整体。强调其永久性。
league: 普通用词，指为了共同的利益而建立的地区性、全国性或国际性的联合组织，也指民间或半官方组织的联盟。
n. 联盟，协会；工会；联合
 - alliance, league, unity, combination, combined with

Word: hold
Front: hold
[həʊld] (中高雅宝 213/178 -K4)
Vocabulary: hold
(once / 11 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
If you grasp something in your hands, you hold it. Be careful when you hold the puppy — he's so wriggly, and you wouldn't want to drop him!
Hold also means to keep from exhaling. If you forget to hold your breath when you go underwater, you're sure to come up sputtering. The noun hold means the cargo area on a ship or airplane. When you check your bag, it's stored in the hold of the plane during the flight. If you packed your book and your snacks in it, it might make more sense to hold onto it instead.
WORD FAMILY
hold: held, holder, holding, holds+/ held: helder/holder: holders/holding: holdings
USAGE EXAMPLES
He holds a file folder; the room is totally quiet except for the tap-tap-tap of his forefinger on the folder.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The Vikings held on for an overtime win against Langley Wednesday at the Governor’s Challenge, to rebound from last Tuesday’s 66-53 loss to McDonogh.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Indians held a lead for all but the last minute of regulation, according to Walker, and lost their edge in the overtime period.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 拿住，握住; 保留，保存; 扣留，拘押; 容纳
vi. 拿住，握住; 同意，赞成; 保持不变; 有效
n. 握住; 保留; 控制
时态：held, holding, holds
分布：举行(22%)，保持(15%)，控制(15%)，持有(10%)，握住(10%)，容纳(8%)，认为(5%)，把握(4%)，掌握(4%)，拿着(4%)，影响(3%)
→来自古英语haldan,控制，抓，握，来自Proto-Germanic*haldan,保持，照看，看护，来自kel,驱动，推动，词源同accelerate,celerity.其原义看护参照behold,beholden.
v.拿着;保有;托住;举行;继续n.握住;船舱The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
SUPPORT 支撑
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to take and keep something in your hand or arms 握住，抓住
• Can you hold the bag while I open the door? 我开门时，你能帮我拿一下提包吗？
• He was holding a gun. 他当时正拿着一把枪。
• The little girl held her mother's hand. 这个小女孩抓着妈妈的手。
• He held her in his arms. 他把她抱在怀里。
• [+ obj + adj] Could you hold the door open , please? 你能扶住门让它一直开着吗？
• Rosie held out an apple for the horse. 罗西拿着一个苹果伸向那匹马。
• All those who agree please hold up their hand (= raise their arm). 同意的请举手。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to support something 支撑，承受
• Will the rope be strong enough to hold my weight? 这根绳子承受得住我的重量吗？
• Each wheel is held on with four bolts. 每个轮胎都由四颗螺栓固定。
• The parts are held together with glue. 这些部件是用胶水黏在一起的。
hold your nose
■to press your nose tightly between thumb and finger in order to close it 捏住鼻子
• I have to hold my nose when I jump into water. 我跳到水里时，必须捏住鼻子。
hold hands ADVANCED
■When two people hold hands, one person holds the other person's hand in their hand, especially to show that they love each other （尤指为了表示两人相爱）手拉着手
• They walked along holding hands. 他们手拉着手向前走。
⇒ See also hand in hand
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTAIN 包含
 ESSENTIAL transitive not continuous
■to contain or be able to contain something 容纳，包含
• This jug holds exactly one pint. 这个壶子的容量刚好是一品脱。
• One bag won't hold all of the shopping - we'd better take two. 买的这些东西一个袋子装不下——我们最好拿两个。
• Modern computers can hold huge amounts of information. 现代的电脑能储存大量的资料。
transitive not continuous
■to have or contain something which you will experience 包含（要经历的事）
• Who can tell what the future holds? 谁又能知道将来会发生甚么事呢？
• She's very religious, so death holds no fear for her. 她笃信宗教，所以死亡对她来说一点也不可怕。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTROL 控制
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have something, especially a position or money, or to control something 拥有；担任；控制
• He currently holds the position of technical manager. 他目前担任技术经理的职务。
• The bank holds large reserves of gold. 这家银行拥有大量黄金储备。
• Despite incurring heavy losses, the rebels now hold the town and the surrounding hills. 尽管损失惨重，但现在叛军控制了该镇及周围的小山。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
KEEP 保持
 IMPROVER transitive
■to keep something, especially when it might have been lost 保持，保留
• I asked the shop to hold the dress for me until this afternoon. 我要那家商店帮我把那件衣服留到今天下午。
• You have to be a fairly good speaker to hold an audience's attention/interest. 要想吸引观众的注意力／兴趣，你得成为一个相当出色的演讲者才行。
 IMPROVER transitive
■to keep someone in a place so that they cannot leave 拘留，扣押
• The police are holding several people in custody (= at the police station) for questioning. 警方拘留了几个人进行询问。
• [+ obj + noun] The terrorists held him hostage for 18 months. 恐怖分子将他扣为人质达18个月之久。
• I was held prisoner in a tiny attic room. 我被囚禁在一间小阁楼里。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
MAKE HAPPEN 使发生
transitive
■to make something, especially a meeting or an election happen 使发生；举行（尤指会议或选举）
• Could we hold a meeting to discuss this tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午我们开会讨论这件事好吗？
• The election will be held on 8th of August. 选举将于8月8日举行。
• I find it's almost impossible to hold a sensible conversation with her. 我发现和她进行理性对谈几乎不可能。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
CONTINUE 继续
intransitive or transitive
■to cause to stay or continue in the same way as before 使保持（某种状态）；持续
• Let's hope our good luck holds. 希望我们好运不断。
• I hope the repair holds until we get the car to a garage. 我希望这样维修能让我们一直把车子开到修车厂。
• The old adage that 'money talks' still holds true (= is still true). 那句古老的谚语｢有钱能使鬼推磨｣现在依然所言甚是。
• The government is committed to holding exports at their present level. 政府承诺继续保持现有的出口标准。
• The ship/aircraft held its course. 这艘船／这架飞机定住了航向。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
BELIEVE 相信
transitive not continuous
■to believe an idea or opinion 相信，确信
• [+ to infinitive] Small amounts of alcohol are held to be good for the heart. 据信少量饮酒对心脏有好处。
• You sold it to me, so if it breaks I'll hold you responsible (= make you take responsibility). 是你把它卖给我，所以如果坏了你得负责。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
DELAY 耽搁
intransitive or transitive
■to wait, or to stop something temporarily 等待；暂时阻止；推迟
• They've decided to hold all future deliveries until the invoice has been paid. 他们决定，在对方付清出货单上的货款之前，暂停所有未来的交货。
• How long can you hold your breath (= stop breathing) ? 你憋气能憋多久？
• Will you hold my calls for the next half hour please? 半小时内请不要把电话转进来，好吗？
• She's on the phone at the moment - will you hold (the line) (= wait on the telephone until she can speak to you) ? 她在讲电话——你能等一会儿吗？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
NOT INCLUDE 不包括
transitive US
■If you ask someone to hold something, you do not want them to include it 不包括，排除在外
• I'd like a ham sandwich on rye, hold the lettuce. 我要一个黑麦面包三明治，不要加生菜。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
can't hold your drink (US usually can't hold your liquor) disapproving
■If you can't hold your drink, you feel ill quickly when you drink alcohol. 酒量小
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
can't hold a candle to
■to not be as good as the person or thing mentioned 不能和…相比
• Her latest book is readable enough, but it can't hold a candle to her earlier work. 她最新出版的书有一定的可读性，但无法跟早期的作品媲美。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
don't hold your breath informal
■do not expect a stated thing to happen for a very long time 别指望…能长久
• She said she'd get back to us, but don't hold your breath! 她说她要报复我们，但是过不了多久她就会忘了！
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold all the cards
■to be in a strong position when you are competing with someone else, because you have all the advantages 处于优势，掌控局面
• Management holds all the cards when it comes to the negotiations over job cuts. 当开始协商裁员问题时，管理阶层就处于绝对优势。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold court mainly humorous
■to receive a lot of attention from other people who stand or sit round you to listen, especially on a social occasion （尤指在社交场合）引起周围人的注意
• Patrick is holding court at the end table. 派翠克在茶几旁被不少人围着。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold down a job
■to manage to keep a job for a period of time 保住工作，保住饭碗
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
Hold everything! informal
■used to tell someone to stop what they are doing 停下！
• Hold everything! He's changed his mind again. 等等！他又改变主意了。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold good
■to continue to be true 保持有效，仍是真的
• Their arguments were valid a hundred years ago and they still hold good today. 100年前他们的论点令人信服，今天也仍然适用。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your head (up) high
■to be very confident and proud （表示自信和骄傲）扬着头
• If you know that you did your best, you can hold your head high. 如果你知道自己已经尽全力，你就可以昂头挺胸，无愧于心。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your horses old-fashioned informal
■used to tell someone to stop and consider carefully their decision or opinion about something 停下来想想；且慢
• Just hold your horses, Bill! Let's think about this for a moment. 且慢，比尔！我们先考虑一下这件事。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
Hold it! informal
■used to tell someone to wait or stop doing something 等等！
• Hold it! I haven't got my coat on yet. 等一下！我还没穿上大衣呢。
hold 1 2. Hold it! What are you saying?
等等！你在说甚么？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold on/tight
■to make yourself continue to do what you are doing or stay where you are although it is difficult or unpleasant 坚持下去，继续
• If you can just hold on I'll go and get some help. 如果你能坚持一下，我会去找人帮忙的。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your own (also hold your (own) ground)
■to be as successful as other people or things in a situation （与…）同样成功；（与…）相匹敌
• Josie can hold her own in any argument. 乔茜无论跟谁辩论都能不落下风。
■to not become more ill or more weak 保持目前的健康状况
• He's still ill but holding his own. 他仍旧生着病，但身体状况并没有进一步恶化。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold still
■used to tell someone to stop moving 别动
• Hold still, this won't hurt. 别动，这不会很痛。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold sway
■to have power or a very strong influence 掌握权力；有很大影响
• Fundamentalist beliefs hold sway over whole districts, ensuring the popularity of religious leaders. 原教旨主义信仰在整个地区处于支配地位，因而确保了宗教领袖的声望。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold that thought
■used for telling someone to remember an idea or thought that has just been mentioned, especially because it will be useful later 记住…（让某人记住刚刚提到的想法或主意，以便随后派上用场）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the floor
■to speak to a group of people, often for a long time, without allowing anyone else to speak （对一群人）滔滔不绝地讲话
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold (down) the fort humorous
■to have responsibility for something while someone is absent 暂时负责，代管
• I'll be out of the office for a few hours - will you hold the fort until I get back? 我要离开办公室几小时——你能在我回来之前，替我照顾一下吗？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the key
■to have control of something 掌控，支配
• Because the two main parties have won almost the same number of votes, the minority group holds the key to the result. 由于两个主要政党的得票数几乎相等，所以少数派集团将决定最后的结果。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the reins
■be in control 掌管，掌握
• She's the boss but her secretary often seems to hold the reins. 她是老板，但她的秘书似乎常常掌管一切。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold the road
■If a vehicle holds the road, its wheels stay firmly on the road and do not slide while moving. （车辆）平稳地行驶
⇒ See also roadholding
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold your tongue
■to not speak 别说话
• Hold your tongue, young man! 年轻人，别说话！
• I'm going to have to learn to hold my tongue (= to not say things that upset people). 我以后得学会管好自己的嘴巴，以免惹恼别人。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
hold water
■If a reason, argument or explanation holds water, it is true 站得住脚，属实
• Her alibi just didn't hold water. 她的不在场证据根本站不住脚。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
there is no holding sb (back)
■If there is no holding someone (back), they do what they want to do eagerly and cannot be stopped. 甚么也拦不住（某人）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold it/that against sb
■to like someone less because they have done something wrong or behaved badly in the past （因…而）怨恨（某人）
• He made a mistake but I don't hold it against him - we all make mistakes. 他犯了个错误，但我并不因此而怨恨他——我们大家都会犯错的。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold back
■to not do something, often because of fear or because you do not want to make a bad situation worse （常指因恐惧或不愿让事情变得更糟而）退缩，不做
• He held back, terrified of going into the dark room. 他因不敢进入黑暗的房间而退缩了。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth back
STOP DEVELOPMENT
■to stop someone or something developing or doing as well as they should 阻碍…的发展
• She felt that having children would hold her back. 她觉得生小孩会阻碍她发展事业。
STOP MOVEMENT
■If you hold something back, you stop it coming or advancing 阻挡，阻止
• Sandbags will hold the flood waters back for a while. 沙包将会挡住洪水一段时间。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sth back
■to keep information secret from someone on purpose 隐瞒，不透露（情况）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth down
■to keep someone or something in a particular place or position and to stop them from moving 把…按住；使…无法动弹
• He was struggling so much it took three officers to hold him down. 他挣扎得很厉害，用了三名员警才将他制伏。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sth down
■to keep something, especially costs, at a low level 保持…处于低水准；（尤指）保持（低成本）
• to hold down prices/wages 平抑价格／工资
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold forth usually disapproving
■to talk about a particular subject for a long time, often in a way that other people find boring 滔滔不绝地说；发表长篇大论
• She held forth all afternoon about/on government incompetence. 她整个下午都在滔滔不绝地谈论政府的无能之处。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold off
NOT DO
■to not do something immediately 推迟，延迟
• [+ -ing verb] Let's hold off making a decision until next week. 我们延到下周再作决定吧。
• US They've decided to hold off on buying a car until they're both working. 他们决定等两人都开始工作之后再买车。
RAIN/STORM
■If rain or a storm holds off, it does not start immediately. （雨或风暴）延缓，迟迟不来
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb off
■to stop someone from attacking or defeating you 抵抗（某人）攻击；抵御（某人）
• How much longer will the resistance fighters be able to hold off the enemy? 防御的战士还能抵挡敌人多久？
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold on
WAIT
 ADVANCED informal
■to wait for a short time 等一下
• Hold on, I'll check in my diary. 等一下，我要查查我的记事簿。
HOLD
 ADVANCED
■to hold something or someone firmly with your hands or arms 紧紧抓住，抱牢
• She held on tightly to his waist. 她紧紧抱住了他的腰。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold onto sth ADVANCED
■to hold something or someone firmly with your hands or your arms 紧紧抓住，抱牢
• Hold onto the rope and don't let go. 紧紧抓住那条绳子，别松手。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold onto/on to sth
■to keep something you have 保留，保存
• Hold on to your ticket - you'll need it later. 留着你的票——以后还会用到的。
• Lewis held onto the lead until the final lap. 直到最后一圈路易士还保持领先。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out
■to continue to defend yourself against an enemy or attack without being defeated 抵抗，抵御
■1. They won't be able to hold out much longer under this sort of bombardment. hold 2 在这样的炮火轰击之下，他们抵抗不了多久。
SUPPLY OF STH
■If a supply of something such as food or money holds out, there is enough of it to last for a particular period of time. （食物、钱等的供应）维持，持续
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth out
■to offer a possibility, solution, hope, etc 表明（有可能或有解决办法）；抱有（希望）
• Few people hold out any hope of finding more survivors. 几乎没人抱希望会找到更多幸存者。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out for sth
■to wait until you get what you want 坚持要求得到…
• The workers are holding out for a 10% pay rise. 工人坚持要求得到10%的加薪。
• The other side are holding out for a higher price. 另一方坚持要更高的价钱。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold out on sb informal
■to refuse to give help or information to someone 拒绝帮助（某人）；向（某人）隐瞒情况
• Don't hold out on me - I need to know who did it. 别瞒着我——我需要知道是谁做的。
■mainly US informal
■to refuse to give money to someone 拒绝给（某人）钱
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth over US
■If a film, play, etc. is held over, it is shown or performed more times than was originally planned, usually because it is very popular with the public. 加映，加演（电影、戏剧等）
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sb to sth
■to cause someone to act on a promise or agreement 使（某人）遵守（诺言或协议）
• We'll hold him to the exact terms of the contract. 我们会让他严格遵守合约条款。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold up
■to remain strong or successful 保持强壮；保持成功
• Will his alibi hold up (= continue to seem true) in court? 他的不在场证据在法庭上站得住脚吗？
• I hope the repairs hold up until we can get to a garage. 我希望这样维修能让我们撑到找到修车厂为止。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hold sb/sth up
DELAY
■to delay someone or something 耽搁，延误
• Traffic was held up for several hours by the accident. 那宗事故造成长达几个小时的交通阻塞。
STEAL
■to steal from someone using violence or the threat of violence 抢劫，打劫
• They held the same bank up twice in one week. 他们一周之内抢劫同一家银行两次。
• He was held up at gunpoint by a gang of masked youths. 他被一帮蒙面年轻人持枪抢劫。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  hold sth up as sth (also hold up sth as sth)
■to use someone or something as an example of something, especially something very good 把…作为…的榜样
• Sweden is often held up as an example of a successful social democracy. 瑞典经常被视为社会民主主义的成功典范。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] verb (held, held)
  Phrasal Verbs  not hold with sth formal
■to not approve of an idea or activity 不同意，不赞成
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
SUPPORT 支撑
 IMPROVER [S or U]
■when you hold something or someone, or the way you do this 握，拿，抓
• Keep a tight hold on your tickets. 拿好你们的票。
• Don't worry if you lose hold of the reins - the horse won't wander off. 如果缰绳脱手也不用担心——这匹马是不会乱跑的。
⇒ See also foothold;handhold;toehold
catch/get/grab/take hold of sth/sb
 IMPROVER
■to start holding something or someone 抓住
• He took hold of one end of the carpet and tugged. 他抓住地毯的一端用力拖。
• I just managed to grab hold of Lucy before she fell in the pool. 我刚好在露西要掉进水池时抓住了她。
countable
■in fighting sports, a position in which one person holds another person so that they cannot move part of their body 擒拿法
countable
■a place to put the hands and feet, especially when climbing （攀爬时的）支撑点，手攀（或脚踩）的地方
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
CONTROL 控制
only singular
■power or control over something or someone 权力，控制
• Their company has a strong hold on/over the computer market. 他们公司对电脑市场有很大影响力。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
DELAY 耽搁
on hold
■If you are on hold when using the telephone, you are waiting to speak to someone 不挂断电话等着
• Mr Briggs is on hold. 布里格斯先生正在电话那头等着呢。
• His phone is engaged - can I put you on hold? 他的电话忙线中——您不要挂断电话，等一会儿可以吗？
■If an activity is on hold, it has been intentionally delayed 被延后，被故意延迟
• Everything's on hold again because of the bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，一切都再次延迟了。
• The film's been put on hold until the financial situation improves. 那部电影暂时中止拍摄，直到财政状况有所好转为止。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
SPACE 空间
countable
■the space in a ship or aircraft in which goods are carried （轮船或飞机的）货舱
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
get hold of UK (US get ahold of) informal
■to find someone or obtain something 找到（某人）；得到
• Where can I get hold of some stamps? 我在哪里能找到些邮票？
• How can I get ahold of Chris? 我如何才能找到克里斯？
mainly UK to understand something 理解
• This is a very difficult concept to get hold of. 这是一个很难理解的概念。
UK [həʊld] US [hoʊld] noun
no holds barred
■without limits or controls 不受约束，没有限制
• This is comedy with no holds barred. 这搞笑有点太过火了。
hold, contain, involve, embrace, comprise, comprehend, include
这组词都有“包括，包含”的意思，其区别是：
hold: 常和contain换用。指能够容纳或有足够的容纳量。强调包容能力。
contain: 普通用词，所涉及的物体常常是其组成部分或内容。强调包容关系。既可指具体有形的东西，也可指抽象无形的东西。
involve: 把包含因整体的性质决定的成分或结果。所包括的往往是无形的，不可触知的东西，多用作引申。
embrace: 正式用词，指把某事物纳入整个之中。
comprise: 书面用词，暗指一个整体包括不同部分所组成，可与include交换使用。
comprehend: 正工用词，指包含在整体范围以内。
include: 普通用词，指一整体包含着各独立的部分，也指某东西包含另一东西的某一部分。
have, hold, possess, own, enjoy, keep
这组词都有“有，具有，持有”的意思，其区别是：
have: 最常用词，可指任何情况下的具有，无论是物质的或精神的。
hold: 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。
possess: 较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。
own: 不及本组的possess正式，多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。
enjoy: 指享有某种权利或长处，带有欣赏或喜爱的情感。
keep: 指长时间地保有，保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。
vt. 持有；拥有；保存；拘留；约束或控制
 - own, save
vi. 支持；有效；持续
 - support of, stand up for sb
n. 控制；保留
 - control, preservation, grasp, guiding, command

Word: allow
Front: allow
[əˈlaʊ] (中高研四 339/257 -K5)
Vocabulary: allow
(once / 27 pages)
1v 2v 3v 4v
If you allow your best friend to read your diary, it means you've given him permission to do it.
The verb allow means to let someone do something. You can allow casually, like when you allow your friend to bite off a few pieces from your candy necklace, or more officially, as when a city government decides to allow dogs to be brought into restaurants. Allow can also be used to mean "admit the truth of," so you could say, "Fine, I'll allow that dogs aren't any dirtier than many people, but it's still strange seeing them in restaurants."
WORD FAMILY
allow: allowable, allowance, allowed, allowing, allows, disallow +/allowable: allowably/ allowance: allowanced, allowances, allowancing/ disallow: disallowed, disallowing, disallows
USAGE EXAMPLES
Australian authorities relaxed drone regulations in September, allowing anyone to fly drones weighing up to 2kg without training, insurance, registration or certification.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
“If the securities forces can’t protect us, then allow us to do the job.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Sustaining this policy will allow for further opening, further travel, further U.S. business opportunities.”
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 允许; 承认; 给予; 准许（做某事）
vi. 容许; 考虑
时态：allowed, allowing, allows
分布：允许(96%)，留出(3%)，让某人得到(1%)
→1.前缀al-同ad-, 去，往. 词根laud-, 表扬，词源同laudable，表扬，许可。引申词义准许。
vt.允许,准许;承认;给予;(for)考虑到In the hall, the shallow challenger shall be allowed to swallow the swallows.在大厅里,肤浅的挑战者将被允许吞下燕子.
verb
GIVE PERMISSION 允许
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to make it possible for someone to do something, or to not prevent something from happening; give permission 使有可能；允许，准许；容许
• [+ to infinitive] Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamie's party? 你认为爸爸会允许你去参加杰米的聚会吗？
• You're not allowed to talk during the exam. 考试期间不许交谈。
• Her proposals would allow (= make it possible for) more people to stay in full-time education. 她的提议会使更多的人能够继续接受全日制教育。
• The loophole has allowed hundreds of drink-drivers to avoid prosecution. 这个法律漏洞让数以百计的酒后驾车者钻了空子，逃避了起诉。
• The government has refused to allow foreign journalists into the area for several weeks. 该政府禁止外国记者进入这个地区已经有好几周了。
• Prisoners have been moved to allow the demolition of part of the prison. 犯人已经转移走了，以便拆除监狱的一部分。
• Pets aren't allowed in this hotel. 这个旅馆不准许将宠物带入。
• [+ -ing verb] Smoking is not allowed in this restaurant. 这家餐厅内不许抽烟。
• [+ two objects] He didn't allow us enough time to finish the test. 他没有给我们足够的时间完成测验。
• Red Cross officials were allowed access to the prison for the first time a few days ago. 几天前，红十字会的官员首次获准进入该监狱。
• UK The referee decided to allow (= officially accept) the goal. 裁判判定该进球有效。
• [R] At the weekend I allow myself (= I give myself the special pleasure of having) a box of chocolates. 每逢周末我给自己开戒，吃一盒巧克力。
• How much time do you allow yourself (= make available to yourself) to get ready in the morning? 早晨你给自己留出多少时间来准备？
allow me old-fashioned
■a polite expression used when offering to help in some way 让我来帮你
• You can't carry all those bags yourself - please, allow me. 那些袋子你自己拿不了——我来帮你吧。
[ə'laʊ] verb
ADMIT 承认
[+ that] formal
■to admit or agree that something is true 承认；接受；同意
• She allowed that she might have been too suspicious. 她承认自己可能太多心了。
[ə'laʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  allow for sth ADVANCED
■to consider something when you are planning something 顾及，考虑到；为…留出余地
• We allowed for living expenses of £20 a day. 我们每天给自己留出20英镑的生活费用。
• [+ -ing verb] You should allow for the plane being delayed. 你应该考虑到飞机延误怎么办。
• We have to allow for the possibility that we might not finish on schedule. 我们必须考虑到我们有可能不能按时完成。
[ə'laʊ] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  allow of sth formal
■If a rule or situation allows of something, it makes it possible 容许；容许有…的可能
• This rule allows of no exceptions. 必须严格遵守这一规则，没有例外。
• The evidence allows of only one interpretation - he was murdered by his wife. 这项证据表明只有一种解释——他是被他妻子谋害的。
allow, grant, permit
allow: （一般意义上）允许
grant: （由于慷慨、仁慈）给予某物，(通常是上对下、官方正式地)允许
permit: (法律上、制度上)允许
authorize, leave, allow, let, permit
这组词都有“让、允许”的意思，其区别是：
authorize: 语气最强，指权威性的允许与认可。
leave: 侧重不加干涉。
allow: 普通用词，侧重听任、默许或不加阻止。在正式场合可用来表客气的请求。
let: 常用词，用于各种非正式场合，语气最弱，指允许或无力阻止某事，暗示漠不关心或听之任之。
permit: 正式用词，在多数场合可与allow换用，语义最强，指准许某人做某事，含权威或正式的意味。
grant, allow, preach, fund
grant: （正式或法律上）同意，准许，允许（某人提出的要求）；
allow: 允许，准许（某事）；
preach: 布道，宣讲（讲义，生活方式等）；
fund: 为…提供资金，拨款给
vt. 允许；给予；认可
 - afford, let, have, deal, extend
vi. 容许；考虑
 - think of, think about

Word: sell
Front: sell
[sel] (中高 443/461 -K5)
Back: vt. & vi. 卖，售; 使好卖; 使接受，使赞成; 销售
vt. 经销; 推销; 出卖; 欺骗
n. 销售; 欺骗; 失望; 推销术
vi. 卖; 出售; 受欢迎; 有销路
时态：sold, selling, sells
分布：卖(70%)，出售(30%)
→来自古英语 sellan,供应，提供，移交，来自 Proto-Germanic*saljan,提供，交付，来自 sel, 持有，握住，词源同 sale.后引申词义出售，销售，原词义逐渐退出使用。
v.卖,出售The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化.
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
MONEY 金钱
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give something to someone else in return for money 卖，出售
• [+ two objects] I sold him my car/I sold my car to him for £600. 我把车以600英镑的价钱卖给了他。
• We'll be selling the tickets at/for £50 each. 我们每张票将卖50英镑。
• The stall sells drinks and snacks. 这个摊位卖饮料和小吃。
• These baskets sell well (= a lot of them are bought). 这些篮子卖得很好。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
PERSUADE 说服
   transitive
■to persuade someone that an idea or plan is a good one and likely to be successful 说服；使接受
• My boss is very old-fashioned and I'm having a lot of trouble selling the idea of working at home occasionally. 我的上司很守旧，我要费好大的功夫才能使他相信偶尔在家里工作是个不错的主意。
• [+ two objects] The chance of greater access to European markets would help sell the President the scheme/sell the scheme to the President. 有机会更进一步打入欧洲市场将能说服总统接受这个计划。
• She's really sold on the idea of buying a new car. 她真的觉得买辆新车是个好主意。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
sell sb a bill of goods (UK also sell sb a pup)
■to deceive someone into buying something which has no value 诓骗（某人）购买毫无价值的东西
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
sell sb down the river informal
■to put someone in a difficult or dangerous situation by not acting as you had promised to act, usually in order to win an advantage for yourself 出卖（某人）；背叛（某人）
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
sell yourself/sth short
■to not value someone or something as much as they deserve to be valued 小看；低估
• Don't sell yourself short - you've got the skills and the experience. 不要小看自己——你有技术，也有经验。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
sell your soul (to the devil)
■to be persuaded to do something, especially something bad, because of the money or other reward you will receive for doing it 出卖灵魂
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sell sth off
■to charge a low price for something to encourage people to buy it 减价出售；低价处理
• They're selling off last year's stock at half price. 他们正以半价抛售去年的存货。
■to sell all or part of a business 出售（全部或部分企业）
• The company announced that it would be selling off its hotel business. 公司宣布将出售其旅馆业务。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sell out ADVANCED
SELL ALL
■to sell all of the supply that you have of something 卖光
• We sold out of the T-shirts in the first couple of hours. 我们在前几个小时就把T恤卖完了。
■If a supply of something sells out, there is no more of that thing to buy 销售一空，售罄； 脱售
• The first issue of the magazine sold out within two days. 杂志的第一期两天内销售一空。
[passive]
■When a show or film is sold out, all of the tickets for it have been sold （演出或电影的票）售罄
• We couldn't get seats - the concert was sold out. 我们弄不到座位——音乐会的票卖完了。
SELL BUSINESS
■to sell your business or part of your business 出售（部分）企业
• They decided to sell out to their competitors. 他们决定把公司卖给竞争对手。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] sell (sb) out informal
■to not do what you have promised someone you will do or what you should do because you will get more advantages for yourself if you do something else 背叛；出卖
• French farmers feel they've been sold out by their government in the negotiations. 法国农民感到在谈判中他们被政府出卖了。
• They've sold out to the road transport lobby (= done what these people wanted). 他们对道路交通游说团曲意逢迎。
[sel] (sold, sold)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  sell up UK
■to sell your house or company in order to go somewhere else or do something else （为移居他处或做别的事情而）出售房屋（或公司）
• They sold up and retired to the West Country. 他们变卖家产搬到了英格兰西南部。
vt. 销售；推销；出卖；欺骗
 - promote, find a market
vi. 卖；出售；受欢迎；有销路
 - bring to market, go to sb for
n. 销售；失望；推销术
 - marketing, disappointment

Word: hope
Front: hope
[həʊp] (中高 482/444 -K5)
Vocabulary: hope
(once / 17 pages)
nv
Hope is something that you want to happen, like your hope to visit Paris this summer, or the feeling that good things will come. If you make it to the final round of a tournament, that gives you hope.
Hope can also be a verb that means "strive for or wish," as in your hope to become a doctor someday. To hope is to want something to happen, but if instead you said that you intend to become a doctor, that suggests becoming a doctor is more of a goal than a dream. Hope, on the other hand, is more emotional. In fact, some scholars believe it's linked in meaning to hop, in that someone who hopes "leaps in expectation."
WORD FAMILY
hope: hoped, hopeful, hopeless, hoper, hopes, hoping+/hoped: unhoped/ hopeful: hopefully, hopefulness, hopefuls, unhopeful/ hopeless: hopelesser, hopelessly, hopelessness/hopelessness: hopelessnesss/hoper: hopers/unhoped: unhopedly/unhopeful: unhopefully
USAGE EXAMPLES
He said he hoped the case would spark renewed efforts towards enacting anti-discrimination legislation to protect more people like him.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Such delays would upend Republican hopes of quickly holding hearings and confirming most of Trump’s top picks on Inauguration Day.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
“I’m hoping it will alleviate some of the intense crowding on the 6 Line,” he said.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: n. 希望，期望; 希望的东西; 被寄予希望的人或事物、情况; 抱有希望的理由
vt. & vi. 希望，期望
vt. [俚语]相信，认为
vi. 希望，盼望，期待
时态：hoped, hoping, hopes
分布：希望(96%)，期望(3%)，盼望(1%)
→来自古英语hopa,希望，期望，来自Proto-Germanic*hupo,希望，来自kwep,蒸发，蒸腾，沸腾，词源同vapor,Cupid,cupidity.由沸腾引申词义希冀，渴求，希望。
n.希望,期望;希望的人或事v.希望,期望I hope to make copper copies of the telescope and microscope for hobby in the lobby.我希望制作望远镜和显微镜的铜质复制品.
US [hoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to want something to happen or to be true, and usually have a good reason to think that it might 希望，盼望
• I'm hoping for an interview next week. 我盼望着下星期有一次面试。
• [+ (that)] She's hoping (that) she won't be away too long. 她希望她不会离开太久。
• I hope (that) she'll win. 我希望她能赢。
• We have to hope and pray (that) the operation will go well. 我们只能祈祷手术顺利。
• [+ to infinitive] They hope to visit us next year. 他们希望明年能来我们这里作客。
• It's good news, I hope. 我希望是好消息。
• "Will you be at the meeting tomorrow?" "I hope not/so ". ｢你明天会参加那个会议吗？｣ ｢恐怕不行／我想是的。｣
Compare wish
UK [həʊp] US [hoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
hope against hope
■to hope very strongly that something will happen, although you know it is not likely 抱着万一的希望，存一线希望
• They're just hoping against hope that she's still alive. 他们对她还活着仍抱一线希望。
UK [həʊp] US [hoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
hope for the best
■to hope that something will be successful or happen in the way you want, even if it seems unlikely 抱乐观的态度，尽量往好处想
• I've repaired it as well as I can - we'll just have to hope for the best. 我已经尽力修理——我们只能尽量往好处想了。
UK [həʊp] US [hoʊp] verb intransitive or transitive
  Common Learner Errors  hopeRemember: when hope is followed by another verb, the verb must be in the infinitive with 'to'. Don't say 'hope to doing something', say hope to do something :
✗ I hope to hearing from you soon. I hope to hear from you soon.
UK [həʊp] US [hoʊp] noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something good that you want to happen in the future, or a confident feeling about what will happen in the future 希望，祈望
• What are your hopes and dreams for the future? 你对未来有甚么希望和梦想？
• Is there any hope of getting financial support for the project? 这个案子有没有希望得到资金上的援助?
• [+ that] Is there any hope that they will be home in time? 他们有没有希望及时回到家?
• Young people are growing up in our cities without any hope of finding a job. 城市里的年轻人一天天长大，却根本没有希望找到工作。
• His reply dashed (= destroyed) our hopes. 他的回答使我们的希望破灭。
• They have pinned (all) their hopes on (= They are depending for success on) their new player. 他们把（所有）希望都寄托在新队员身上。
• She's very ill, but there's still hope/we live in hope (= we think she might be cured). 她病得非常严重，但是仍有希望／我们觉得仍有希望。
• The situation is now beyond/past hope (= unlikely to produce the desired result). 现在的情况已经毫无希望了。
• We never gave up hope (= stopped hoping) that she would be found alive. 我们从未放弃她能够生还的希望。
• The letter offered us a glimmer/ray of (= a little) hope. 这封信给了我们一线希望。
• I didn't phone till four o'clock in the hope that you'd be finished. 我一直到四点才打电话是希望这时你就已经完成了。
• I don't hold out much hope of getting (= I don't expect to be able to get) a ticket. 我对弄到票不抱多大希望。
UK [həʊp] US [hoʊp] noun countable or uncountable
not have a hope in hell informal
■to have no possibility of doing or achieving something 毫无希望
• We were so outclassed - we didn't have a hope in hell of winning. 我们差得太多了——根本就没希望获胜。
outlook, expectation, prospect, hope
这组词都有“期望，指望”的意思，其区别是：
outlook: 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。
expectation: 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生，多含揣想的意味。
prospect: 与outlook的含义相近，但侧重对成功、利润和舒适生活等方面的期待。
hope: 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现，但也可能相反。
await, anticipate, hope
这组词都有“希望，期待”的意思，其区别是：
await: 书面用词，指对将要或预料要发生的事怍于期待状态。
anticipate: 指对未来的期望，一般是对好事的期待。
hope: 指希望得到积极、有利的结果，所期待的可能实现，也可能不会实现。
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
n. 希望；期望；信心
 - wish, pleasure, confidence, promise, anticipation
vt. 希望；期望
 - want, desire to
vi. 希望；期待；信赖
 - rely, depend, expect, like, trust

Word: sponsorship
Front: sponsorship
[ˈspɒnsəʃɪp] (9271/5132 -2)
Back: n. 赞助; 发起; 倡议; 保证人
分布：赞助(97%)，倡议(1%)，教父母身份(1%)，保证人地位(1%)
→sponsor,赞助，资助，-ship,表状态。
N-UNCOUNT
资助(金);赞助(金);资金支持
Sponsorship is financial support given by a sponsor.
例：Campbell is one of an ever-growing number of skiers in need of sponsorship...坎贝尔是越来越多需要得到资助的滑雪运动员之一。
例：Private sponsorships only accounted for a third of all arts funding last year.个人赞助只占去年所有艺术基金的三分之一。
N-UNCOUNT
赞助行为;资助行为
Sponsorship of something is the act of sponsoring it.
例：When it is done properly, arts sponsorship can be more effective than advertising.如果方式得当的话，艺术赞助可能比做广告更有效。
n. 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份
 - patronage, auspice

Word: often
Front: often
[ˈɒfn] (中高 274/230 -K5)
Vocabulary: often
(once / 20 pages)
adv
Often means "frequently," like if you see your friends every day, you see each other often.
The adverb often can mean "in great quantities," like you often stop by the donut shop, you might be shocked to realize you've been there hundreds of times in the last few years. Often can also mean "in many cases or instances." When a student starts to study more and get more serious about learning, it often leads to better grades.
WORD FAMILY
often: oftener, oftenness, oftens
USAGE EXAMPLES
The bullying remained, but the joy faded, and the comedy was often reduced to nasty zingers and schoolyard-quality taunts.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
“When I started looking for work I often felt discrimination and never was promoted.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adv. 常常; 经常; 时常; 再三
分布：经常(49%)，时常(37%)，屡次(14%)
→来自古英语oft,经常，频繁，来自Proto-Germanic*ufta,频繁地。
ad.常常,经常,通常They often entertained their friends at weekends.他们常在周末招待朋友.
US ['ɑ:f-] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■ frequently ; many times 时常，经常；多次
• I often see him in the garden. 我常见他在花园里。
• How often do you wash your hair? 你多久洗一次头发？
• I don't often drink spirits. 我不常喝烈酒。
• It's not often that you meet someone who you're instantly attracted to. 你不会经常遇到一见面就把你吸引住的人。
• I don't see my parents as often as I'd like to. 我看父母的次数没有我期望的那样多。
• Christmas is often mild in this country. 在这个国家，圣诞节期间的气候往往很暖和。
UK ['ɒf.tən] US ['ɑ:f-] adverb
as often as not (also more often than not)
■usually 通常，常常，一般
• As often as not when I make the effort to visit her, I wonder why I've even bothered. 常常是当我很费劲去探望她的时候，我就不明白我为甚么要找这麻烦。
UK ['ɒf.tən] US ['ɑ:f-] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  oftenWarning: check your word order! Often usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do often something', say often do something :
✗ I forget often my mobile phone number. I often forget my mobile phone number. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , often usually goes directly after it:
✗ She often is late for meetings. She is often late for meetings.
regularly, often, usually, repeatedly, always, frequently
这些副词均表示频度。
regularly: 用于修饰经常而有规律性的动作。
often: 经常，语气弱于always,侧重动作发生的次数具有经常性，具体时间意味不强。
usually: 通常，通例地，指习惯性动作，频度仅次于always，较often大，偶尔有间隔。
repeatedly: 屡次，强调次数多，但反复的频率不一定均匀。
always: 总是，永远。语气最强，指在一切时候，没有例外。
frequently: 时常，经常，与often同义，可通用，但较正式，强调次数频繁。
adv. 常常，时常
 - forever, frequently, always, oft

Word: former
Front: former
[ˈfɔ:mə(r)] (高研四托雅 442/588 -K5)
Vocabulary: former
(once / 31 pages)
nadj
Former refers to something that came at an earlier time, or before something else. For example, someone who believes in reincarnation might wonder about their former life — or even lives — before their present existence.
When something or someone has changed, we can refer to them as former. For example, Mr. Smith's ex-wife could be known as the former Mrs. Smith. We could consider almost anything as former, as long as it comes first, before something else. A good way to remember the meaning of former is to consider that it comes from the Old English forma, which means "first," and that both former and first begin with "f."
WORD FAMILY
former: formerly, formers
USAGE EXAMPLES
The former is prescribed for the painful muscle spasms that occur in multiple sclerosis, while the latter is aimed at childhood seizures.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
One of the DUI charges was the arrest of Charles W. Caldwell III, the former chairman of the Prince George’s County liquor board.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On Monday, at the request of Roof’s former defense attorney, a judge conducted a nonpublic hearing to assess Roof’s competence.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 以前的，从前的; 在前的; 前任的
n. 模型，样板; 构成者，创造者; 起形成作用的人; [无线]线圈架
分布：以前的(78%)，前者的(10%)，前任的(7%)，创造者(5%)
→来自古英语forma的比较级，来自pre-mo, 最早的，*pre-, 在先，词源同far, *mo, 最高级后缀，词源同intimate, ultimate. 该词实际上是最高级的比较级。比较foremost.
a.以前的,在前的pron.前者The form of the former formula is formally formulated.前一个分子式的形式得到正式表述.
US ['fɔ:r.mɚ] adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■of or in an earlier time; before the present time or in the past 较早的，早先的；以前的；旧时的
• his former wife 他的前妻
• a former employer 前雇主
• the former president of the United States 美国前总统
• The house, a former barn, has been attractively converted. 这座房子以前是谷仓，现已改建一新，十分漂亮。
• The painting was then restored to its former glory (= returned to its original good condition). 这幅油画又恢复了原先的光彩。
• It was a long time after the accident before he seemed like his former self (= behaved in the way he had done before). 事故过后很长时间，他似乎才恢复了先前的样子。
UK ['fɔ:.mər] US ['fɔ:r.mɚ] noun only singular
the former
 ADVANCED
■the first of two people, things or groups previously mentioned 前者，前一个
• Of the two suggestions, I prefer the former. 这两个建议中，我更喜欢前一个。
Compare the latter
previous, preceding, former, foregoing, prior
这组词都有“在前的”的意思，其区别是：
previous: 指时间上、顺序上较早的，或指正在谈论的某事的前一个。
preceding: 特指时间和地位上紧接在前。
former: 系latter的反义词，比prior更着重对比。
foregoing: 指前所述的，是following的反义词。
prior: 与previous同义，常可换用，但prior有时强调更大的重要性，对比意味强。
adj. 从前的，前者的；前任的
 - long-ago, old-time
n. 模型，样板；起形成作用的人
 - matrix, model, shape, template

Word: risk
Front: risk
[rɪsk] (中高研四六托 650/781 -K4)
Vocabulary: risk
(once / 73 pages)
nv
A risk is an action that holds a chance of danger or failure. Although it's fun jump around on glaciers, the risk of falling down a crack into a freezing lake might deter you from ice climbing.
Risk comes from the French for danger. As nouns, risk and danger are close synonyms. The verb risk means to run a danger, in hopes of reward. So risk is similar to gamble. If you're very ill, you might risk a dangerous surgery. We also use risk for money or security. You can risk your good health by working with infected patients without sterile equipment. Or you can risk your life savings on the stock market.
WORD FAMILY
risk: risked, risking, riskless, risks, risky+/riskless: risklessly, risklessness/risky: riskier, riskiest, riskily, riskiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
To reduce the risk of pneumonia, two vaccines are recommended for people age 65 and older: Prevnar 13 first, followed by Pneumovax a year later.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Did his artificial hips put him at risk of infection when he saw the dentist?
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
This would be a dangerous combination even if America was not in transition and other governments were capable of pulling together to manage the risks.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 危险，冒险; 保险额; 被保险人或物
vt. 冒…的危险; 使…冒风险（或面临危险）
时态：risked, risking, risks
分布：风险(75%)，危险(24%)，投资报酬的风险(1%)
→来自法语 risque,危险的，风险的，来自意大利语 riscare,进入危险，面临危险，词源同 risque.
v.冒...的危险n.冒险;风险The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the possibility of something bad happening 风险；危险
• In this business, the risks and the rewards are high. 这个行业的风险和回报都很高。
• There's a high risk of another accident happening in this fog. 这样大的雾，很有可能再次出事故。
• [+ (that)] The risk (that) we might fail made us work twice as hard. 我们可能会失败，这种忧患意识使得我们加倍努力工作。
• [+ -ing verb] It's always a risk starting up a new business. 创立一间新公司总是有风险的。
• The company is quite a good risk (= safe to lend money to). 贷款给这间公司风险很小。
• We want clean rivers and lakes, where you can swim without risk to your health. 我们需要干净清洁的河流湖泊，使我们游泳时不会危及健康。
• It's a low/high- risk strategy (= one that is safe/not safe). 这种策略风险很低／高。
 IMPROVER countable
■something bad that might happen 潜在危险；隐患
• This wire is a safety/fire risk. 这根电线是个安全／火灾隐患。
• His employers thought he was a security risk (= he might tell their secrets to a competitor). 雇主认为他是个会泄露商业机密的危险分子。
at risk
 IMPROVER
■in a dangerous situation 处境危险，冒风险
• All houses within 100 metres of the seas are at risk of flooding. 所有离海岸不足100米的房子都有被洪水袭击的危险。
at your own risk
■used to mean that you are responsible for any damage, loss or difficulty 自担风险；责任自负
• Owners are reminded that they leave their cars here at their own risk. 车主受到提示说在此停车风险自负。
run/take a risk
■to do something you know might be dangerous 冒风险；做冒险的事情
• Don't take any risks - just ring the police. 不要冒险行事——给员警打电话吧。
[rɪsk] noun
at the risk of doing sth
■used before you say something that may seem offensive or stupid （表示自己说的话可能造成冒犯或听起来很蠢）冒着…的风险
• At the risk of seeming rude, I'm afraid I have to leave now. 恕我失礼，恐怕我现在必须得走了。
• At the risk of sounding stupid, how do I send this email? 问一个傻问题，我怎么发出这封电子邮件呢？
[rɪsk] noun
run the risk of doing sth
■to do something although something bad might happen because of it 冒…的危险；冒险做…
• If you tell him the truth, you run the risk of hurting his feelings. 你要是告诉他真相就太冒险了，可能会伤害他的感情。
[rɪsk] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to do something although there is a chance of a bad result 担…的风险，冒险做
• "It's dangerous to cross here." "I'll just have to risk it." “从这里穿行很危险。”“我不得不冒这个险。”
• [+ -ing verb] He risked losing his house when his company went bankrupt. 他的公司破产时，他差点连自己家的房子都保不住了。
 IMPROVER
■If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it 使遭受危险
• I'm not risking my life/ informalneck in that old car. 我不会拿我的性命冒险去坐那辆旧车。
• He risked life and limb to get the cat down from the tree. 他冒着生命危险爬到树上去把猫救下来。
• She was prepared to risk everything on a last throw of the dice. 她准备不惜牺牲一切，作最后的一搏。
risk, hazard, venture, chance, dare
这组词都有“敢于冒险”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指不顾个人安危去干某事，侧重主动承担风险。
hazard: 主要指冒险作出某个选择，隐含碰运气意味。
venture: 指冒风险试一试，或指有礼貌的反抗或反对。
chance: 指碰运气、冒风险试试。
dare: 可与venture换用，但语气较强，着重挑战或违抗。
risk, danger, threat, menace, hazard, peril
这组词都有“危险、威胁”的意思，其区别是：
risk: 指有可能发生的危险，尤指主动进行某种活动或去碰运气而冒的危险。
danger: 含义广，普通用词，指能够造成伤害、损害或不利的任何情况。
threat: 普通用词，语气弱于menace，指任何公开侵犯对方的言行，给对方构成危险或威胁。
menace: 所指的危险性最严重，表示使用暴力或造成破坏性的可能。
hazard: 比risk正式，多指偶然发生的或无法控制的危险，常含较严重或有一定风险的意味。
peril: 指迫在眉睫很有可能发生的严重危险。
n. 风险； [保险] 危险；冒险
 - venture, throw
vt. 冒…的危险
 - hazard

Word: likely
Front: likely
[ˈlaɪkli] (高研四六 624/422 -K5)
Vocabulary: likely
(once / 45 pages)
adjadv
If something's probably true, it's likely. When you walk in the rain, it's likely that your shoes will get wet.
Likely is an adjective that's perfect for describing things you can imagine happening, such as the likely destination of next summer's vacation. Any time that something is in the cards, or bound to happen, you can explain that it's likely to happen. Though it's rarely used this way today in American English, one meaning of likely since the 15th century has been "good looking or attractive."
WORD FAMILY
likely: likelihood, likeliness, likelys, unlikely+/ likelihood: likelihoods, unlikelihood/unlikelihood: unlikelihoods/unlikeliness: unlikelinesses/unlikely: unlikeliness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving him with a mouthful of condemned teeth that would likely deteriorate merely stacked the odds against him.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
They are likely to be too much for the Dolphins to handle.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Cousins likely won’t sign a long-term deal unless he receives top dollar.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 可能的; 适合的; 有希望的
adv. 可能; 或许; 大概; 多半
级别：likelier, likeliest
分布：很可能(77%)，可能的(22%)，可信的(1%)
→like,相似，-ly,形容词后缀，来自like.
a.很可能的,有希望的ad.大概,多半Unlike my uncle, I likely like that bike (bicycle).我不象叔叔,我很可能喜欢那辆自行车.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■describes something that will probably happen or is expected 很可能的，可能要发生的
• Do remind me because I'm likely to forget. 一定要提醒我，因为我可能会忘记。
• What's the likely outcome of this whole business? 整宗事件可能会出现甚么结果？
• I suppose that might happen but it's not very likely. 我认为那样的事也许会发生，但可能性不大。
• [+ that] It's quite likely that we'll be in Spain this time next year. 明年的这个时候我们很可能会在西班牙。
• informal "Do you want to join me on a ten-mile run?" " Not likely (= certainly not) !" “你想和我一起参加一个十英里赛跑吗？”“不可能！”
Opposite unlikely
as likely/like as not
■probably 很可能
• As likely as not, she'll end up in court over this problem. 关于这个问题她最终很可能会诉诸法律。
['laɪ.kli] adjective
(That's) a likely story! informal
■said when you do not believe something 听起来像真的一样！真会编故事！
• "He said he bought them all very cheaply from some bloke he knows." "That's a likely story!" “他说那些都是他从一个熟人那里低价买来的。”“说得像真的似的！”
possible, probable, likely
possible: 强调客观上可能性，但常带有“实际可能性很小”的暗示。如：It’s possible, though not probable, that he will accept these terms. (他有可能接受这些条件，但希望很小。)
probable: 很可能的，大概的，语气较possible强。如：It is probable that the cost will be greater than we think.(花费很可能比我们料想的要多。)
likely: 暗示从表面迹象来判断“有可能的”。如：It is likely that he will come.(他多半会来。)
apt, subject, liable, likely, prone
这组词都有“倾向于……的；易于……的”的意思，其区别是：
apt: 口语中常用，指自然的或习惯的倾向，无特殊的褒贬意味，常指在一般情况下发生的事。
subject: 指确实可以察觉的倾向，也就是总结出来的规律。
liable: 指易于产生某种不利的结果，侧重偶然性，常表示警告或提醒。
likely: 侧重可能性，用于指将来，预言希望或所不希望的结果。
prone: 多用于人，着重其本性，或倾向于某种错误、弱点或不良行为等。
adj. 很可能的；合适的；有希望的
 - applicable, becoming, shaped, possible, promising
adv. 很可能；或许
 - probably, belike

Word: while
Front: while
[waɪl] (中高 153/173 -K4)
Vocabulary: while
(once / 8 pages)
n
While describes a length of time. If you were describing a first date, you might say, "We sat there for a while in an incredibly awkward silence."
Use the word while to talk about an unspecific period of time, like when you ask your friend if you can borrow his notebook for a while. While is also a conjunction that describes things that happen at the same time, like crying while watching a very sad movie. The Old English root of while, hwil, is interesting because the w and the h are switched, but the meaning is the same: a space of time.
WORD FAMILY
while: whiles
USAGE EXAMPLES
The deal, while still imperfect, was signed and ratified within a year.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Maghaberry, an all-male prison, was also in the news for other reasons last year: Six inmates died while in custody, three of them in November.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
“The amendment seeks to strengthen each of these needs while maintaining the basic core of OCE’s functions.”
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: conj. 在…期间; 与…同时; 虽然; 而
n. （一段）时间
vt. 消磨，打发（时间）; （愉快而懒散地）度过（时间）（常与 away 连用）
分布：一会儿(34%)，一段时间(23%)，消磨(12%)，虽然(11%)，然而(11%)，尽管(8%)，当 ... 的时候(1%)
→来自古英语hwil,一段时间，来自kweie,休息，安静，词源同quiet,quit.
conj.当...的时候;而;虽然;尽管n.一会儿Some men are rich while others are poor.有人富,(而)有人穷.
conjunction
DURING 在…期间
 ESSENTIAL (mainly UK formal whilst)
■during the time that, or at the same time as 在…的时候；与…同时
• I read it while you were drying your hair. 在你吹亁头发的时候，我读了它。
• While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro. 在义大利的时候，我去看望了亚历山德罗。
• I thought I heard him come in while we were having dinner. 我想在我们吃饭的时候，我听见他进来了。
• "I'm going to the post office." "While you're there can you get me some stamps?" “我要去邮局。”“你去的时候帮我买些邮票好吗？”
[waɪl] conjunction
ALTHOUGH 尽管
 ESSENTIAL (mainly UK formal whilst)
■despite the fact that; although 虽然；尽管
• While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually quite like the man. 虽然我承认他在很多方面不是那么完美，但我实际上还是非常喜欢这个男人。
• While I fully understand your point of view, I do also have some sympathy with Michael's. 尽管我能完全理解你的观点，但我在一定程度上也赞同麦克的观点。
[waɪl] conjunction
BUT 但是
 IMPROVER
■compared with the fact that; but 然而；但是
• He gets fifty thousand pounds a year while I get a meagre twenty! 他每年赚五万英镑，而我只有可怜的两万！
• Tom is very extrovert and confident while Katy's shy and quiet. 汤姆性格外向，非常自信，而凯蒂却羞涩文静。
• I do every single bit of housework while he just does the dishes now and again. 样样家务我都要做，而他却只是偶尔洗洗碗而已。
[waɪl] noun
a while
 IMPROVER
■a length of time 一会儿；一段时间
• I only stayed for a short while. 我就逗留了一小会。
• You were there quite a while (= a long time) , weren't you? 你在那里留了很长时间，是不是？
• "When did that happen?" "Oh, it was a while ago (= a long time ago). “那是甚么时候发生的？”“噢，是很久之前了。”
• I haven't seen him for a while (= for a long time). 我已经很久没见到他了。
• I'll be fine in a while (= soon). 我很快就会好的。
⇒ See also worthwhile
[waɪl] noun
all the while
■for all of a period of time 整段时间；一直
• There I was thinking you were hard at work and you were upstairs in bed all the while! 我以为你在努力工作，可你却一直在楼上躺着！
[waɪl] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] while sth away
■to spend time in a relaxed way because you have nothing to do or you are waiting for something else to happen 消磨时间；轻松渡过
• We whiled away the afternoon playing cards in front of the fire. 我们下午坐在炉火边打牌来消磨时间。
• That's the bar where Sara and I used to while away the hours between lectures. 我和莎拉课间就在那家小吃店消磨时间。
whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet
这组词都有“但是，可是，然而，而”的意思，其区别是：
whereas: 表对比，一般可与while互换。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
while: 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。
yet: 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。
when, as, while
when: 从句动词点动词，持续性动词均可，
as: 重在表示动作同时发生，伴随进行，
while: 从句动词为持续性动词 While I slept, a thief broke in.
conj. 虽然；然而；当……的时候
 - although, whereas, though, as, but
n. 一会儿；一段时间
 - minute, cycle, period of time
vt. 消磨；轻松地度过
 - spend, weary out

Word: base
Front: base
[beɪs] (高研四宝 536/514 -K5)
Vocabulary: base
(once / 58 pages)
1nadj 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n 7v 8adj
The base of something is usually the foundation, starting point, or main ingredient of something. A soup base is the flavoring or broth you use to get your soup started.
If you're a soldier, you might live on a base ("place where you're stationed"). When your unit plays softball, you must touch each base before scoring. The bottom of pentagon-shaped home plate is its base ("bottom"). Yelling at or pushing the empire is considered base ("mean-spirited") behavior. At end of the season, your team might get a trophy, which sits on a base ("pedestal"), or a plaque made of brass, an alloy of zinc, which is base metal (it corrodes easily).
WORD FAMILY
base: basal, based, baseless, basely, baseness, baser, bases, basest, basify, basilar, basing+/ basal: basally/ baseless: baselessly/baseness: basenesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In 1970, Brewer sought a full term as governor based on the belief that George Wallace would not run.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Doctors and hospitals here are obsessed with metrics, not least because under the health law, they may be rewarded or penalized based on their performance.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 基础; 基地; 根据; 基数（如十进制的10 和二进制的2）
vt. 基于; 把…建立在; 把…放在或设在（基地）; 把…置于底座（或基座）上
adj. 卑鄙的; 低级的; 贱的，劣的; 庶生的
时态：based, basing, bases
分布：基础(52%)，基地(32%)，底部(6%)，基数(4%)，卑鄙的(3%)，基线(1%)，不道德的(1%)，以 ... 作基础(1%)
→1. 基础，来自希腊词bainein, 走，起步，台阶。词源同bat, 见acrobat, 高空走钢丝，杂技。 ven, 见advent, 来临。
低下的;基础[bas,base=low,foundation,表示"低下,基础"]
n.基础,底部;基地a.卑鄙的v.(on)把...基于The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.最初的会谈是后来达成协议的基础.
【反】sublime（adj 高尚的）；virtuous（adj 善良的）；noble（adj 高尚的）patrician（n 贵族adj 贵族的）
noun
BOTTOM 底部
 IMPROVER countable
■the bottom part of an object, on which it rests, or the lowest part of something 基底，底座；底层，底部
• a crystal glass with a heavy base 底部厚重的水晶杯
• At the base of the cliff was a rocky beach. 悬崖的下面是布满岩石的海滩。
• This cream provides an excellent base for your make-up (= a good bottom layer on which other layers can be put). 这种乳霜化妆打底用效果极好。
[beɪs] noun
MAIN PLACE 基地
 IMPROVER countable
■the main place where a person lives and works, or a place that a company does business from, or a place where there are military buildings and weapons and where members of the armed forces live 基地；总部
• I spend a lot of time in Brussels, but London is still my base. 我经常呆在布鲁塞尔，但伦敦仍然是我的基地。
• Nice is an excellent base for (= place to stay when) exploring the French Riviera. 尼斯是游览法国海滨渡假胜地的理想去处。
• an old naval/military base 旧有的海军／军事基地
[beɪs] noun
BASEBALL 棒球
 IMPROVER countable
■one of the four positions on a square that a player must reach to score a point in the game of baseball （棒球运动中的）垒
[beɪs] noun
NECESSARY PART 基础
countable
■the activity or people from which someone or something gets most of their support, money, etc. 基础，支柱
• A strong economy depends on a healthy manufacturing base. 强大的经济以健康的制造业为基础。
• We're aiming to expand our customer base. 我们正在致力扩展客源。
[beɪs] noun
MAIN PART 主要部分
countable usually singular
■the main part of something 主要成分
• a cocktail with a whisky base 用威士卡作基酒的鸡尾酒
[beɪs] noun
MATHEMATICS 数学
countable usually singular specialized
■the number on which a counting system is built 基数
• A binary number is a number written in base 2, using the two numbers 0 and 1. 二进制数字是一种用0和1两个数码表示、基数为2的数字。
[beɪs] noun
CHEMISTRY 化学
countable specialized
■a chemical that dissolves in water and combines with an acid to create a salt 碱，盐基
[beɪs] adjective literary
■not showing any honour and having no morals 贱的；卑下的，卑鄙的
• I accused him of having base motives. 我谴责他动机卑鄙。
[beɪs] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
 ADVANCED
■to have a particular town or area, etc. as the main place that you live and work, or where you do business from 以某处（城镇或地区等）为生活、工作、经商的主要地点，将某地设为总部
• Where is your firm based? 你们公司的总部在哪里？
• He was based in (= He lived in or was at a military establishment in) Birmingham during the war. 战争期间他驻守在伯明罕。
[beɪs] verb transitive usually + adverb or preposition
  Phrasal Verbs  base sth on sth ESSENTIAL
■If you base something on facts or ideas, you use those facts or ideas to develop it 以…为基础
• The film is based on a short story by Thomas Mann. 这出电影是根据汤玛斯·曼的短篇小说改编而成的。
basis, ground, base, foundation
这组词都有“基础”的意思，其区别是：
basis: 主要用作抽象或引申意义。
ground: 含义与basis和foundation接近。一般指某种决定、论点或关系的基础，也可指某种原因的基础。
base: 侧重指构成或支撑某一具体物体的基础，也可指军事基地或用作比喻意义。
foundation: 用于具体意义时，侧重指坚固结实的建筑物的基础或地基；用作比喻意义时，与basis基本相同。
n. 基础；底部；垒
 - basis, elements, foundation, bed, bottom
adj. 卑鄙的；低劣的
 - poor, mean, dirty

Word: among
Front: among
[əˈmʌŋ] (中高 279/418 -K5)
Back: prep. （表示牵涉）经过; （表示位置）处在…中; （表示范围）在…之内; （表示所属）为…所特有
分布：...之一(50%)，在 ... 之中(50%)
→来自短语on mong. 词根mong, 中间，同mingle, 混在一起。
prep.在...之中;在一群(组)之中;于...之间The lagging man tagged the bags among the luggage with small flags.落伍者给行李中的袋子加上小旗标签.
(also amongst)
preposition
 ESSENTIAL
■in the middle of or surrounded by other things 在…中；为…所环绕
• I saw a few familiar faces among the crowd. 我在人群中看见了几张熟悉的面孔。
• Rescue teams searched among the wreckage for survivors. 救援队在残垣断壁中搜寻幸存者。
 ESSENTIAL
■happening as part of a group of people or things 在…（群体）中；…之一
• a decision that has caused a lot of anger among women 在妇女中引起极大愤怒的决议
• Relax, you're amongst friends. 你别紧张，大家都是朋友。
• Talk about it among yourselves (= Talk to each other about it without me) for a while. 你们先讨论一会儿。
• She has worked as an estate agent among other things (= as well as other things). 她做过很多工作，其中之一就是做房地产经纪人。
among, between, amid, amongst
这些前置词均含“在……之间，在……之中”之意。
among: 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间。
between: 多指两者之间，但现代英语中也可指三者或三者以上，表示彼此间清楚的独立的个体关系。
amid: 正式用词，侧重指在某个地方的中间或被某个东西包围着或在非同类人中间。
amongst: 与among同义，是among的变体。一般说来among总能替代amongst, 而amongst则不然。
prep. 在…中间；在…之中
 - in the middle of, in the midst of

Word: prime
Front: prime
[praɪm] (研四六托雅宝 1667/838 -3)
Vocabulary: prime
(once / 114 pages)
1adjn 2nadj 3v 4n
If something is in its prime, it is at its best. The same goes for a person. If you are young and healthy and in the prime of your life, you are ready to take on the world.
Prime often means "main." The prime reason you go to concerts is to see your favorite groups perform. If your mother is angry that you came home late, tell her that this is a prime example of why you need a cell phone — so you can call her. It can also mean "of the highest quality" as in prime beef or flowers. As a verb, prime means to get ready. Hopefully you've primed yourself for your exams. Prime the pump and start the engine!
WORD FAMILY
prime: primacy, primed, primely, primer, primes, primest, priming+/ primacy: primacies/ primer: primers/priming: primings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Opposition leaders said they were not celebrating the prime minister’s legal struggles.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“Prime time!” the activist says he thought as the camera began to roll.
The Guardian(Jan 02, 2017)
Investigators questioned the prime minister for three hours at his official residence in Jerusalem.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最好的; 首要的; 最初的; 基本的
n. 精华; 初期; 全盛时期; 青年
vt. 使准备好; 填装; 事先指导
adv. 极好地
vi. （为枪炮）装火药; 涂底漆; 修剪树枝; 注水入泵引起
时态：primed, priming, primes
分布：最好的(33%)，壮年(17%)，全盛时期(14%)，首要的(12%)，典型的(9%)，青春(9%)，变得首要(4%)，事先指点(2%)
→来自拉丁语primus,第一的，最初的，首要的，来自古拉丁语pri,在前，来自per,向前，在前，词源同ford,first.-im,最高级后缀，词源同ultimate,maximum.
最初的,基本的[prim=first,chief表示"第一,主要的"]
a.首要的;最好的,第一流的n.青春,全盛期Primarily, the prime criminal's crime has nothing to do with lime and overtime.首犯的犯罪基本上与石灰和加班无关.
【记】源于：prim（adj 整洁的；最好的；早的）
【参】primate（n 首领；灵长类的动物），最早的动物－灵长类；primer（n 初级读本）；primeval（adj 原始的）
【反】uninitial（adj 未蒙损失的；未受伤害的）
adjective [before noun]
 IMPROVER
■main or most important 首要的，主要的；基本的
• This is a prime example of 1930s architecture. 这是20世纪30年代建筑风格的一个重要范例。
• the prime suspect in a murder investigation 谋杀案调查中的主要嫌疑犯
• a prime source of evidence 证据的主要来源
• The president is a prime (= likely) target for the assassin's bullet. 总统是这名刺客的主要目标。
 IMPROVER
■of the best quality 品质最好的，一流的
• prime beef 上等牛肉
• The hotel is in a prime location in the city centre. 该旅馆位于市中心的黄金地段。
[praɪm] noun only singular
■the period in your life when you are most active or successful 全盛时期；盛年，壮年时期
• This is a dancer in her prime. 这是一位正值巅峰时期的女舞蹈家。
• Middle age can be the prime of life if you have the right attitude. 如果心态正确，中年会是人一生中的全盛时期。
• I suspect this cheese is past its prime. 我觉得这块起司已经不那么新鲜了。
[praɪm] verb transitive
■to tell someone something that will prepare them for a particular situation 事先给（某人）提供情况，使有所准备
• I'd been primed so I knew not to mention her son. 因为事先得到提醒，所以我知道别提起她的儿子。
■to cover the surface of wood with a special paint before the main paint is put on 在（木质表面）上涂底漆（或底色）
■to make a bomb or gun ready to explode or fire 为…装雷管（或火药）
prime, first-rate, choice, select, splendid, excellent
这组词都有“极好的”的意思，其区别是：
prime: 常指最重要、价值最高的东西，也可以表示最佳、最典型或最高的人或物。
first-rate: 多用于指对抽象事物的主观评估，有时含夸大、自负的意味。
choice: 指通过精心挑选达到水平，尤指罕见或品质精良的商品。
select: 指精挑细选出来作为范例的物或人。
splendid: 口语常用词，指非常令人满意，显得完美无缺。
excellent: 通常指事物在等级品位以及职位级别等方面的最优或接近最优。
adj. 主要的；最好的；基本的
 - greatest, major, elementary, central, main
adv. 极好地
 - excellently, famously
n. 初期；青年；精华；全盛时期
 - youth, morning, essence, elite, flower
vt. 使准备好；填装
 - ready
vi. 作准备
 - provide

Word: politic
Front: politic
[ˈpɒlətɪk] (雅 27893/24640)
Vocabulary: politic
(once / 1585 pages)
adj
If you are politic, you are smooth and diplomatic. You'd probably make a good politician.
Being politic is being polite and agreeable. Screaming and yelling is not politic. Speaking quietly, making apologies, and giving compliments are all politic things to do. When you want something, being politic is the way to go. It can definitely help to remember that politicians are good at getting what they want — they are shrewd and very politic.
WORD FAMILY
politic: impolitic, politicly+/ impolitic: impolitically, impoliticly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Change is a difficult thing in the body politic,” he said.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 23, 2016)
The terrible wound of mistrust in our body politic is no longer festering.
The Guardian(Nov 16, 2016)
The battle has been won, and the only next stage for a body politic is reconciliation.
The Guardian(Nov 15, 2016)
Back: adj. （计划、言行）考虑周到的; 有见识的; 谨慎的; 慎重的
v. 从政
分布：精明的(68%)，慎重的(16%)，圆滑的(16%)
→来自中古法语politique,政治的，来自拉丁语politicus,城邦的，公民的，市民的，来自希腊语polis,城邦，市民，词源同police,polity.引申词义谨慎的，明智的。同时用于动词词义从政。
【记】源于political（adj 政治的）有政治手腕的－politic
【反】unsophisticated（adj 不懂世故的）；injudicious（adj 不明智的）『officious（adj 多管闲事的）』
US ['pɑ:.lə-] formal
adjective [+ to infinitive]
■wise and showing the ability to make the right decisions 精明的，有策略的
• It would not be politic for you to be seen there. 你被人看见在那里是不妥的。
adj. 精明的；有策略的；狡猾的；审慎的
 - calculating, designing, knowing, subtle
vi. 拉选票
 - seek a vote

Word: general
Front: general
[ˈdʒenrəl] (中高研四六托雅 804/301 -K5)
Vocabulary: general
(once / 12 pages)
1adjn 2nv
If I ask you to give me a general sense of how a car works, I'm looking for you to describe the two or three main principals in a few minutes, not to open the hood, take apart your engine, and tell me everything you know.
General comes from the French word générale, which means "common to all people," but we use it for more than just people. You might inquire about the general habits of schoolchildren, or the general temperature at night in the desert. And when someone's a general in the army or another organization, like the Surgeon General of the United States, for example, that means they oversee everything. So "general" is a high ranking, because generals are in charge of so many.
WORD FAMILY
general: generalcy, generaled, generalise, generality, generalize, generalled, generalling, generally, generals, generalship+/generalcy: generalcies/generalisation: generalisations/generalise: generalisation, generalised, generalises, generalising, overgeneralise/ generality: generalities/ generalization: generalizations/ generalize: generalization, generalized, generalizes, generalizing, overgeneralize/generalship: generalships/overgeneralize: overgeneralized, overgeneralizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
It will also include very general instructions for committees in the House and Senate to write the actual bills repealing the law.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“We need to demonstrate clearly how this will help labor and the economy in general,” the mayor’s office wrote.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Its study, by general secretary Andrew Harrop, was based on recent election results and polling.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 大致的; 综合的; 总的，全体的; 普遍的
n. 上将; 一般; 一般原则; 常规
分布：将军(45%)，一般(33%)，普遍的(8%)，总的(6%)，笼统的(2%)，大致的(2%)，常规的(1%)，全面的(1%)，首席的(1%)，一般性的(1%)
→来自词根gen, 生育，词源同generate. 即同种类的，通用的。引申词义将军。
普通的n.总论(gener+al→出生[一般]→普通的)[gen,gener,genit=birth,produce,表示"出生,产生"]
a.一般的,普通的;总的,大体的n.将军The generous general's genuine genius is in making generators.那位慷慨将军的真正天才在于制造发电机.
US [-ɚ-] adjective
COMMON 普遍的
 ESSENTIAL
■involving or relating to most or all people, things or places, especially when these are considered as a unit 全体的，总的，普遍的
• The general feeling at the meeting was that a vote should be taken. 所有与会者都感到应该投票表决。
• There is general concern about rising crime rates. 人们普遍对犯罪率上升感到担忧。
• My general impression of the place was good. 我对这个地方的总的印象很好。
• The talk is intended to be of general interest (= of interest to most people). 这次商谈是要探讨大家普遍感兴趣的话题。
• UK formal Rain will become more general in the south-east during the afternoon. 降雨范围将在下午进一步扩展到东南地区。
in general IMPROVER (also as a general rule)
■usually, or in most situations 一般来说；通常；在一般情况下
• In general, men are taller than women. 一般来说，男人个子比女人高。
• As a general rule, we don't allow children in the bar. 一般情况下，我们不允许儿童进入酒吧。
■considering the whole of someone or something, and not just a particular part of them 总的来说；从总体上看
• So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you in general? 那么，除了踝部的伤病，你身体的一般状况怎样？
be in the general interest formal
■to be a good thing for the public 对大多数人有好处；符合公众利益
• The government will only say it is not in the general interest to reveal any more information. 政府只能说，透露更多的资讯有损公众的利益。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT DETAILED 笼统的
 ESSENTIAL
■not detailed, but including the most basic or necessary information 大体的；大致的；笼统的
• What he said was very general. 他说得很笼统。
• The school aims to give children a general background in a variety of subjects. 学校旨在向孩子们概要介绍各种学科的背景知识。
• I'm not an expert, so I can only speak in general terms on this matter. 我不是专家，我只能泛泛地谈这个问题。
the general
■things considered as a unit and without giving attention to details 一般事物；大致情况，总体情况
• His book moves from the general to the particular. 他的书先介绍总体情况然后探讨具体问题。
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] adjective
NOT LIMITED 普通的
 ESSENTIAL
■including a lot of things or subjects and not limited to only one or a few 一般的；普通的；非专门的
• general knowledge 常识
 ESSENTIAL
■used as part of the title of a job of someone who is in charge of a whole organization or company （用于头衔中，表示负责整个组织或公司）总管的，首席的，全面负责的
• the general manager 总经理
• the General Secretary of the UN 联合国秘书长
UK ['dʒen.ər.əl] US [-ɚ-] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a very high-ranking officer, especially in the army （尤指陆军中的）将军
usual, common, universal, general, average
这组词都有“普通”的意思，其区别是：
usual: a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
common: a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
 • Car accidents are a common occurrence.   交通事故是很普通的事件。
universal: a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
 • Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.   贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
general: a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
 • In general, the economy is doing well now.   总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
average: a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准；通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
 • The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.   跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
usual, ordinary, common, popular, normal, universal, general
usual: 平常的，惯常的
ordinary: 平凡的，词义与common接近，指符合一般或常规事物标准或相同的规格，因而只具有普通的特性
common: 普通的，共有的，指从质量或品德上无特殊或显眼之处，属于大多数人或事物所具有的，常见的；
popular: 大众的，受欢迎的，指属于或代表大众的某事物，强调常见的，大众化的特征
normal: 正常的，正规的，指符合某种标准的
universal: 普遍的，有完全没有例外之意；
general: 一般的，普通的，含有例外情况较少之意或暗示包括全部同一范畴的事物；
usual, ordinary, common, popular, universal, commonplace, general
这组词都有“普通的，普遍的”的意思，其区别是：
usual: 指常见常闻和常做的事或举动，强调惯常性。
ordinary: 用于物，指每天发生，十分平淡无奇；用于人，指无特别之处，很一般。
common: 多用于指物，侧重很常见，不稀奇。
popular: 指适应大众爱好、需要，为大家所公认或接受。
universal: 与general同义，但语气较强，侧重对每个人或事物都适用，根本没有例外。
commonplace: 强调缺少新意。
general: 语气强于common，侧重大多如此，很少有例外情况。
adj. 一般的，普通的；综合的；大体的
 - ordinary, integrated, synthetic, comprehensive, average
n. 一般；将军，上将；常规
 - strategos, aga

Word: private
Front: private
[ˈpraɪvət] (中高研四六托雅 672/581 -K4)
Vocabulary: private
(once / 39 pages)
1adj 2n
Something private is something you don't want to share; it's for your eyes only. Your diary entries and your bank account balance might both be kept private.
As a noun, the lowest enlisted rank is called private. You may enlist as a private but have plans to retire from the Army as a four-star general! Sometimes the adjective private is used as the opposite of public. If you own your own island, it's private property. Alcatraz Island, however, is public property and the site of a museum preserving its past life as a famous prison — former home to Al Capone.
WORD FAMILY
private: privacy, privately, privateness, privates, privatise, privatize, semiprivate+/ privacy: privacies/privatise: privatisation/ privatization: privatizations/ privatize: privatization, privatized, privatizes, privatizing
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am a clinical social worker in private practice, and I deal with a different client every hour.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
“Expect the unexpected,” said Sabine Kaiser, founder of SKadvisory, which advises family offices on venture capital and private equity.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Trump returned to New York Monday after spending the holidays at his private club in South Florida.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 私有的，私人的; 秘密的; 内心的; 平民的，无官职的，士兵的
n. 列兵，士兵，[陆]二等兵; 〈古〉私人，个人; 阴部，生殖器
分布：私人的(33%)，私有的(17%)，个人的(17%)，列兵(12%)，士兵(10%)，私下的(10%)，缄默的(1%)
→来自拉丁语privare,使个人化，使分开，使剥离，来自privus,个人的，自己的，来自per,向前，穿过，词源同ford,first.
私人的(priv+ate→个人的)[Priv=single,lone,表示"单个"]
a.私人的,个人的,秘密的,私下的I've hatred for the hateful man's skates bought with prior private privilege.我对那个可恶男子用优先个人特权购买的冰鞋感到厌恶.
adjective
PERSONAL 私人的
 ESSENTIAL
■only for one person or group and not for everyone 私人（用）的；私有的
• She has a small office which is used for private discussions. 她有一间小办公室，做密谈之用。
• I caught him looking through my private papers. 我撞见他在翻阅我的私人文件。
• The sign on the gate said 'Private Property - No Admittance.' 大门的标牌上写著「私宅——闲人莫入”。
 ESSENTIAL
■describes activities which involve personal matters or relationships and are not connected with your work 私人的
• Apparently in interviews he refuses to talk about his private life. 很明显，他在采访中不愿谈论自己的私生活。
■describes thoughts and opinions which are secret and which you do not discuss with other people 不公开的，秘密的
• Although I support the project in public, my private opinion is that it will fail. 虽然我当众支持这项计划，但我私底下认为它不会成功。
• This is a private matter. 这是私事。
■describes a place which is quiet and where there are no other people to see or hear you （场所）清静的，不受侵扰的
• Is there somewhere private where we can talk? 有没有一个安静的地方好让我们谈一谈？
■describes someone who does not like to talk about their personal feelings and thoughts 不愿吐露心思的；不爱交流思想的；内向的
• She's quite a private person. 她是一个很内向的人。
in private
■If you talk to someone or do something in private, you do it without other people being present 非公开的，私下的
• Jamie wants to speak to me in private. 杰米想和我私下谈谈。
Compare in public at public
['praɪ.vət] adjective
NOT OFFICIAL 非官方的
 ESSENTIAL
■controlled or paid for by a person or company and not by the government 私立的；私营的；民间的
• private education/healthcare 私立教育／医疗保健
• a private doctor/dentist 私人医生／牙医
• Banks should be supporting small private businesses. 银行应该支持小型私人企业。
['praɪ.vət] noun countable
■a soldier of the lowest rank in an army 二等兵，列兵
personal, individual, private
这组词都有“个人的，私人的”的意思，其区别是：
personal: 指属于或关于某人或某些特定的人，以区别于其他人。
individual: 与集体的相对，指个别或个体的。
private: 指属于私人所有或具有私营性质，以区别于集体或公共的，有时含不公开的意味。
adj. 私人的；私有的；私下的
 - chamber, cabinet
n. 列兵；二等兵
 - seaman second class

Word: result
Front: result
[rɪˈzʌlt] (中高研四六雅 354/264 -K5)
Vocabulary: result
(once / 26 pages)
1nv 2n 3n
A result is something that occurs as a consequence of some action. The result of your practical joke is a puddle of water on the floor and a lump on your cousin's head where the bucket hit him.
A result is also the answer to some problem, especially one obtained by calculation or experimentation. The result you get for a math problem will be wrong if you add when you should multiply. The verb result means to follow as an outcome of some action. If you forget to book a room in advance, it will result in your having to stay at the hotel by the airport instead of one by the beach.
WORD FAMILY
result: resultant, resulted, resulting, results+/resultant: resultantly, resultants
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I’m not very optimistic that the employment situation of transgender people will change as a result of this case,” Wang said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As a result, cardiac output is a primary determinant of metabolic activity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 结果; （尤指足球比赛的）胜利; [体]比分; 成功实现的事
vi. 发生，产生; 归结为，导致; 后果，终结; 由…而造成[产生]
时态：resulted, resulting, results
分布：结果(79%)，产生(11%)，成果(4%)，成绩(3%)，答案(2%)，致使(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，-sul,跳，词源同 salient,resilient.即跳回，引申词义结果，后果。
结果(re反问+sult→反回来的东西→结果)[sult=leap,表示"跳"]
n.结果,成绩v.结果,致使,导致,由...而造成The insult to the adult consulter results in multiplication of the faulty faucets.对成年咨询者的侮辱导致有缺陷水龙头成倍增加.
noun
BECAUSE OF 因为
 ESSENTIAL countable or only singular
■something that happens or exists because of something else 结果；后果
• The road has been widened, but the result is just more traffic. 道路被拓宽，但结果车流量却更大了。
• His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness. 他自己的粗心大意直接导致他摔断了腿。
• I tried to repaint the kitchen walls with disastrous results. 我试图重新粉刷一下厨房的墙，结果却弄得一塌糊涂。
• To ensure good/the best results, use Italian tomatoes and fresh basil. 为了保证做好后口味好／最佳，要用义大利番茄和新鲜的罗勒。
as a result of sth
 IMPROVER
■because of something 因为…；由于…
• Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales. 由于最近销售量滑坡，利润下降了。
countable usually plural
■a good or pleasing effect 成效；成果
• We've spent a lot of money on advertising and we're beginning to see the results. 我们已经花了很多钱来做广告，我们的付出现在开始见成效了。
• She's an excellent coach who knows how to get results. 她是个优秀的教练，知道如何取得好的训练效果。
[rɪ'zʌlt] noun
TEST 测试
 IMPROVER countable
■the information you get from something such as a scientific experiment or medical test （科学实验或医学检查的）结果
• The results of the opinion poll showed that most women supported this action. 民意调查结果显示，大多数女性支援这一行动。
 IMPROVER countable
■the mark you receive after you have taken an examination or test （考试或测试的）成绩
• I finished my exams yesterday, but I won't know/get the results until August. 我昨天考完试，但是考试成绩要到八月份才能知道。
[rɪ'zʌlt] noun
ANSWER 答案
 ADVANCED countable
■the answer to a calculation in mathematics （计算的）结果，答案
• We used different methods of calculation, but we both got the same result. 我们俩用了不同的计算方法，但是得出的结果都一样。
[rɪ'zʌlt] noun
COMPETITION 比赛
 ADVANCED countable
■the score or number of votes, showing the success or failure of the people involved, in a competitive activity such as a sports competition or an election （选举的）结果；（比赛的）成绩，比分
• the results of the local elections 地方选举结果
• the football results 足球比赛的比分
• We were expecting to win, so a draw was a disappointing result for us. 我们期望赢得比赛，所以平局的结果令我们失望。
countable UK informal
■a win in a sports competition （体育比赛中）胜局，获胜
• The team needs a result to go through to the semi-finals. 这支球队必须要赢得一场比赛才能打进半决赛。
[rɪ'zʌlt] verb intransitive
■to happen or exist because something else has happened （因为…）发生；（随…）产生
• Teachers were not fully prepared for the major changes in the exam system, and chaos resulted. 老师们对考试制度的重大变化没有做好充分准备，因此出现了混乱的局面。
[rɪ'zʌlt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  result from sth
■If a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity, it is caused by it 因…发生，由于…导致
• His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness. 童年时的一场疾病导致他行走困难。
[rɪ'zʌlt] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  result in sth
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause a particular situation to happen 导致；结果造成
• The fire resulted in damage to their property. 他们的财产因火灾蒙受了损失。
• [+ -ing verb] Icy road conditions in Teesdale resulted in two roads being closed. 蒂斯戴尔地区路面结冰，导致两条公路被封闭。
arise, result, originate
这组词都有“起源，源自”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。
result: 侧重变化的最终结果。
originate: 强调产生变化的起源。
result, effect, outcome, consequence
这组词都有“结果”的意思，其区别是：
result: 普通用词，含义广泛，侧重因某种原因所产生的最终结果，而不是眼前的结果。
effect: 指因某种原因直接产生的结果，着重持续稳定与其影响。
outcome: 普通用词，多指事物经过一系列发展变化所导致的最终结局，而不是某种原因的直接结果。常可与result通用。
consequence: 多指随某一事件引起的，必然或自然的不良结果，不强调直接的因果关系，而侧重事件发展的逻辑关系。
n. 结果；成绩；答案；比赛结果
 - outcome, product, event, consequence, grade
vi. 结果；导致；产生
 - set, account, breed

Word: claim
Front: claim
[kleɪm] (研四六托雅宝 874/533 -K5)
Vocabulary: claim
(once / 39 pages)
1vn 2v 3n
When you express your right to something, you're making a claim to it, like telling your sister, "This bowl of cereal is mine."
A claim is when you express your right to something that belongs to you, like your medical records or the deed to your home. When you make a claim or claim something, you're demanding it or saying it’s true. People claim dependents and deductions on their taxes. In court, you could claim you deserve money from an employer who cheated you. You could claim you can juggle chainsaws. With any kind of claim, you're going to have to prove it.
WORD FAMILY
claim: claimant, claimed, claiming, claims, counterclaim, reclaim +/claimant: claimants/claimed: unclaimed/counterclaim: counterclaimed, counterclaims/irreclaimable: irreclaimably/ reclaim: reclaimable, reclaimed, reclaiming, reclaims, reclamation /reclaimable: irreclaimable/ reclamation: reclamations
USAGE EXAMPLES
Inside, she claims that she thinks it’s awesome that he doesn’t remember her and can’t wait to refresh his memory.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
On Sunday, it claimed an attack by five suicide bombers in the Shiite holy city of Najaf, killing eight people and wounding nearly two dozen.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
The Islamic State later claimed responsibility for the attack.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 声称; 断言; 需要; 索取
vi. 提出要求
n. （根据权利而提出的）要求; 声称; 断言; 索赔
时态：claimed, claiming, claims
分布：要求(47%)，声称(29%)，断言(8%)，主张(7%)，请求(5%)，要求权(3%)，要求物(1%)
→来自kele,叫，呼喊，词源同call,clamor.
要求;论断[claim,clam=cyrout,shout,表示"呼喊,叫喊"]
v.要求;声称;索赔n.要求;断言;索赔;权利The man proclaimed in exclamation that he aimed to reclaim the aimless claim.那个人呼喊着声明说他打算索回无目标的索赔.
【参】reclaim（v 开垦荒地）；acclaim（n /v 欢呼）
【反】renounce（v 放弃）
verb
SAY 说
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it 声称；宣称；断言；主张
• [+ (that)] The company claims (that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river. 公司声称对该河流污染没有责任。
• [+ to infinitive] He claims to have met the President, but I don't believe him. 他声称见过总统，可是我不信。
• All parties have claimed success in yesterday's elections. 所有党派都声称在昨天的选举中取得了胜利。
• An unknown terrorist group has claimed responsibility for this morning's bomb attack. 一个不知名的恐怖组织声称对今天上午的炸弹袭击事件负责。
transitive
■If an organization or group claims a particular number of members, that number of people are believed to belong to it. 声称拥有（成员）
[kleɪm] verb
DEMAND 要求
 IMPROVER transitive
■to ask for something of value because you think it belongs to you or because you think you have a right to it 要求（拥有）；认领；索取
• The police said that if no one claims the watch, you can keep it. 警方说如果没人认领这只表，你可以留着它。
• When King Richard III died, Henry VII claimed the English throne. 理查三世去世后，亨利七世要求继承英格兰王位。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to make a written demand for money from a government or organization because you think you have a right to it （向政府或组织）索取（钱）；索（款）；索赔
• The number of people claiming unemployment benefit has risen sharply this month. 这个月要求领取失业救济金的人数激增。
• Don't forget to claim (for) your travelling expenses after the interview. 采访后别忘了报销你的旅费。
• When my bike was stolen, I claimed on the insurance and got £150 back. 我的脚踏车被偷后，我按保险索赔，拿回了150英镑。
• UK If the shop won't give me a replacement TV, I'll claim my money back. 如果商店不给我换台电视，我就要求退款。
claim damages
■to make an official request for money after an accident, from the person who caused your injuries 要求赔偿损失；索赔
[kleɪm] verb
claim sb's life
■If a violent event, fighting or a disease claims someone's life, it kills them 要了（某人）的命；夺去（某人）的生命
• The war has claimed thousands of lives. 战争已夺去了数千人的生命。
[kleɪm] verb
claim the moral high ground
■to say that you are morally better than someone else 自称道德高尚，自我标榜比别人道德高尚
[kleɪm] noun countable
STATEMENT 声明
 IMPROVER
■a statement that something is true or is a fact, although other people might not believe it 声明；说法；断言
• He said the police assaulted him while he was in custody, a claim which the police deny. 他说员警在他被拘留期间殴打了他，但警方否认了这种说法。
• [+ that] The government's claim that it would reduce taxes proved false. 政府要减税的说法被证实是假的。
• Can you give any evidence to support your claim? 你能提供证据支援你的说法吗？
• He made wild claims about being able to cure cancer. 他夸下海口说自己能治愈癌症。
[kleɪm] noun countable
DEMAND 要求
 IMPROVER
■a written request asking an organization to pay you a sum of money which you believe they owe you 索款；索赔
• After her house was burgled, she made a claim on her insurance. 她家被盗后，她要求按保单索赔。
• Please submit your claim for travelling expenses to the accounts department. 请将出差旅费的报销单交到会计部办理。
 IMPROVER
■a right to have something or get something from someone （对某事物的）权利，所有权
• She has no rightful claim to the title. 她并没有获得这一头衔的正当权利。
• Our neighbours have no claim to (= cannot say that they own) that strip of land between our houses. 我们的邻居无权拥有我们两间房屋之间的那块狭长空地。
• My ex-wife has no claims on me (= has no right to any of my money). 我前妻没有权利向我索取钱财。
[kleɪm] noun countable
sb's/sth's claim to fame
■a reason why someone or something is famous …出名的原因
• This little town's only claim to fame is that the President was born here. 这个小镇之所以出名，唯一的原因是总统在此出生。
[kleɪm] noun countable
make no claim to be sth
■to not be trying to make people believe that you are a particular thing 不自夸是；不自诩是
• I make no claim to be a brilliant pianist, but I can play a few tunes. 我不敢自夸钢琴弹得出色，不过能弹几首曲子。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
allege, testify, affirm, maintain, assert, claim
这组词都有“断言，声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: 多指无真凭实据，不提供证据的断言或宣称。
testify: 多指在法庭作证，庄严地宣称自己所说属实。
affirm: 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。
maintain: 与assert近义，但前者指坚决维护某种主张或观点。
assert: 主观意味强，指自认为某事就是如此，而不管事实如何。
claim: 可与assert换用，但语气弱一些，侧重指行为自己的权利提出要求他人承认。
allege, affirm, announce, proclaim, assert, claim
这组词都有“声称”的意思，其区别是：
allege: v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
 • The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.   嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
affirm: v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
 • He affirmed his love for her.   他发誓爱她。
announce: v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
 • The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.   印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim: v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
 • The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.   当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
assert: v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
 • She asserted that she was innocent .   她宣称自己是无辜的。
claim: v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
 • They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.   他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
vt. 要求；声称；需要；认领
 - exact, say, lack, desire, call for
n. 要求；声称； [贸易] 索赔；断言；值得
 - requirement, do, assurance, need, desire

Word: unite
Front: unite
[juˈnaɪt] (高研四六 4146/3628 -K2)
Vocabulary: unite
(once / 25 pages)
v
Use the verb unite to describe two or more things merging into one, like several angry citizens who unite to form a political group.
If two countries come together to form one country, they unite. This happened in 1990 when East Germany and West Germany merged into one united Germany. If several people act as one, joining for a common goal, they also unite. The word has been used in English since the fifteenth century, and it came from the Latin unitus, "to unite," which in turn has its roots in unus, which means "one."
WORD FAMILY
unite: disunite, reunite, united, unites, uniting, unity +/disunite: disunited, disunites, disuniting/disunited: disunitedly/disunity: disunities/ reunite: reunited, reunites, reuniting/ united: unitedly/uniting: unitings/ unity: disunity, unities
USAGE EXAMPLES
Leaving the UK, Obama visits Turkey where he says: “The United States is not, and will never be, at war with Islam.”
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The United States government rates readings of 301 to 500 as “hazardous.”
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
A year ago, a robot called HitchBOT traveled across Canada, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands before it was brought to the United States.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. （使）联合，合并，统一; 并有，兼备; 混合，化合
vi. （为某事）联合，联手，团结
时态：united, uniting, unites
分布：团结(60%)，联合(26%)，统一(11%)，合并(3%)
→来自拉丁语unus, 一，词源同one。引申义一体，集中。
团结,合并[un,uni=one,表示"单一,一个"]
联合,统一(uni一个+ite)[-ite 1.表形容词"…的"2.表名词"人或物"3.表动词"促成"]
vi.联合,团结;统一,合并vt.使联合For unity the units united into a unique union.为了统一,这些单位联合成一个独特的联盟.
verb intransitive or transitive
 ADVANCED
■to join together as a group, or to make people join together as a group; to combine （使）结合；（使）联合；（使）团结
• If the opposition groups manage to unite, they may command over 55% of the vote. 如果反对派能联合起来，可能会赢得55%以上的选票。
• If ever a dance company could unite the differing worlds of rock and ballet, the Joffrey Ballet is it. 如果有哪个歌舞团能把芭蕾和摇滚融合在一起的话，那这个歌舞团就是乔弗利芭蕾舞团。
⇒ See also reunite
relate, unite, connect, attach, link, combine, couple, join, associate
这组词都有“连接，结合，联合”的意思，其区别是：
relate: 指人与人有亲戚或婚烟关系；也指人或物之间尚存的实际或假想的联系。
unite: 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。
connect: 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。
attach: 指把局部连接在整体上，小的接在大的上面，活动的接在固定的上面。
link: 指连环式的连接，或用接合物或其它方式连接，还可指一事物与另一事物的联系或关系。
combine: 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。
couple: 专指连接两件东西，或把事物成对进行连接。
join: 侧重把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。
associate: 指人与人友好和平、平等地联合在一起；用于物时，指两事物因历史或其它原因，很自然被人们联系在一起，即产生联想。
unite, ally, combine, associate
这组词都有“联合”的意思，其区别是：
unite: v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
 • The nation united against its enemy.   国民团结一致共同对敌。
ally: v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
 • Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.   几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine: v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
 • The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.   小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
associate: v.交往，结交；联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
 • We associate with our neighbors at church.   在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
vt. 使…混合；使…联合；使…团结
 - intermix
vi. 团结；联合；混合
 - league, band, combine, connect, rally

Word: close
Front: close
[kləʊz] (中高托 649/647 -K3)
Vocabulary: close
(once / 13 pages)
1adjadvv 2v 3nv 4adj 5adj 6adj
To close is to shut something or to end something. You could close a door, close your mouth, or even close a deal.
This versatile word usually means "the end" or "near." When a store is closed, you can't go in: the door is closed and locked. When people are close, they are right next to each other — or they're emotionally close to one another. In baseball, the closer is a pitcher who tries to end the game. If your flight had "a close call," it almost crashed. You can close a program on a computer, and you close your eyes when you go to sleep after reading this.
WORD FAMILY
close: closed, closely, closeness, closer, closes, closest, closing, closure, enclose +/closeness: closenesses/closer: closers/closing: closings/ closure: closured, closures, closuring/ enclose: enclosed, encloses, enclosing, enclosure / enclosed: self-enclosed, unenclosed/ enclosure: enclosures
USAGE EXAMPLES
In his New Year message at the weekend, Mr Kim Jong-un said North Korea was close to testing long-range missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The Grapevine was closed for periods in recent weeks because of heavy snowfall, and some motorists were temporarily stranded on mountain roads.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
After a Loyola miss, Eric Stafford shook free for a layup with six seconds left and closed with two free throws.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 紧密的; 亲密的; 亲近的
vt. 关; 结束; 使靠近
vi. 关; 结束; 关闭
adv. 紧密地
n. 结束
时态：closed, closing, closes
分布：关(59%)，结束(14%)，接近(11%)，靠近(6%)，近的(3%)，收盘(2%)，亲近的(1%)，严密的(1%)，势均力敌的(1%)，停业(1%)，闷热的(1%)
→来自skel,弯，转，词源同clavicle,scoliosis.原指古时弯钩状的钥匙，后指用钥匙锁上， 关闭。
v./n.关;结束a./ad.近的(地);紧密的(地)The loser closely enclosed himself in the closet.那个失败者把自己严密地封闭在小室内.
US [kloʊz]
NOT OPEN 不开
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) change from being open to not being open （使）关，合，关闭
• Could you close the door/window please? 请关上门／窗，好吗？
• Close your eyes - I've got a surprise for you. 闭上眼睛——我有个惊喜给你。
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■When a shop, restaurant or public place closes, people cannot go into it （商店或餐馆）关门，不营业，打烊；（公共场所）不开放
• The banks had closed (to customers) so I couldn't get any money out. 银行关门了，所以我取不了钱。
• The museum closes at 5.30. 博物馆五点半闭馆。
• We can't get a drink! It's after (pub)closing time. 我们喝不到酒了！已经打烊了。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
END 结束
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause something to) end （使）结束，（使）停止
• The play closed with the tragic death of both hero and heroine. 这部戏以男女主角的惨死告终。
• She closed the meeting with a short speech. 她以简短的讲话结束了会议。
• The pound closed at (= was worth) $1.47 at the end of the day's trading. 英镑在一天交易结束时收盘价为1.47美元。
 IMPROVER intransitive or transitive
■to (cause a business, organization or business arrangement to) stop operating （使）（生意或组织）倒闭；关闭（使）（业务）停止
• I closed that bank account when I came to London. 我一到伦敦就把那个银行帐户取消了。
• The factory closed over ten years ago. 这家工厂十几年前就关闭了。
close a deal
■to make a successful business arrangement with someone 成交，做成生意
• We closed a deal with a major supermarket. 我们与一家大超市做成了一笔交易。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
close your eyes to sth
■to ignore something bad and pretend it is not happening 对…视而不见；不理会
• She closed her eyes to the fact that her son was stealing. 她对儿子偷窃的事视而不见。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
close ranks
■When the members of a group or organization close ranks, they make an effort to stay united, especially in order to defend themselves from severe criticism （尤指团体或组织成员为免受批评而）紧密团结，携手合作，抱团
• In the past, the party would have closed ranks around its leader and defended him loyally. 要是在以前的话，该党会紧紧团结在其领袖周围，忠心地维护他。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] close (sth) down ADVANCED
■If a business or organization closes down or someone closes it down, it stops operating 关闭；（使）倒闭；（使）停业
• All the mines in this area were closed down in the 80's. 该地区的矿井在20世纪80年代全部关闭。
• Our local butcher is closing down. 我们当地的肉铺快停业了。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
  Phrasal Verbs  close in
■to gradually get nearer to someone, usually in order to attack them （通常指为了进攻）慢慢围上来，包围，逼近
• The advancing soldiers closed in on the town. 前进的士兵一步步包围了城镇。
• The hunt chased the fox until it was too tired and weak to run and then closed in for the kill. 猎狐队一直把狐狸追得精疲力竭跑不动了，然后再包围上来捕杀它。
verb UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz]
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] close sth off
■to put something across the entrance of a place to stop people from entering 封锁，封闭，关闭（入口）
• Police quickly closed off the area. 警方迅速封闭了该地区。
noun
END 结束 UK [kləʊz] US [kloʊz] only singular
■the end of something, or when you end it 末尾，结尾；结束，结局
• I tried to bring the conversation to a close. 我尽力使这次谈话快点结束。
• "Let's draw this meeting to a close, gentlemen," said the chairman. “各位先生，我们这次会议就到此为止吧，”主席说。
noun
ROAD 道路 UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs] countable UK
■a road, usually with private houses, which vehicles can only enter from one end （通常通向私人住宅的）街道，死巷，死胡同
• He lives at 83 Barker Close. 他住在巴克街83号。
adjective UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
RELATIONSHIP 关系
 ESSENTIAL
■having direct family connections or shared beliefs, support and sympathy 近亲的；密切的；团结的
• There weren't many people at the funeral - just close family/relatives. 葬礼上没有多少人——只有一些至亲。
• They're a worrying political party because of their close links/ties with terrorist groups. 这个政党令人担忧，因为他们与恐怖组织有密切联系。
• In those early months, there's a very close bond between mother and child. 在婴儿出生后的头几个月，母婴之间有一种非常亲密的纽带关系。
• a close community 非常团结的集体
 ESSENTIAL
■describes people who know each other very well and like each other a lot, or who see and talk to each other a lot 亲密的；亲近的；联系紧密的
• Mira is one of my closest friends. 米拉是我的一位密友。
• Her relationship isn't good with her father, but she's very close to her mother. 她和父亲的关系不好，可是和母亲的关系非常亲近。
• My brother and I have become much closer over the years. 这些年，哥哥和我的关系亲密多了。
adjective UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
SIMILAR 相似的
 IMPROVER
■having only a small difference 接近的，只有细微差别的
• The election results were so close they had to vote again. 选举结果非常接近，他们不得不重新投票。
• He came second in the race, but it was very close. 他跑了第二名，不过差距很小。
• The youngest boys are so close in age they look like twins. 两个最小的男孩年龄很接近，看上去就像双胞胎。
• Both children bear a very close resemblance to their father. 两个孩子长得都很像他们的父亲。
close on/to
■almost 接近，几乎，差不多
• I think there are close on three million unemployed at present. 我想现在有将近300万失业人口。
adjective UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
SECRETIVE 秘密的
■unwilling to talk about things to other people 守口如瓶的，隐秘的
• He's so close about his past - it seems like he's hiding something. 他对自己的过去守口如瓶——好像要隐瞒甚么似的。
adjective UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
LACKING AIR 缺少空气
■describes weather or air conditions in which it is difficult to breathe and is uncomfortably warm 封闭的；密不透风的；闷热的
• Can I open the window? It's very close in here. 我能开窗吗？这里太闷了。
adjective adverb UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
NEAR 近的
 ESSENTIAL
■not far in position or time （空间或时间上）接近的（地），靠近的（地）
• Don't get too close to that dog, Rosie. 罗西，别太靠近那只狗。
• I hate people standing too close to me. 我讨厌别人站得太靠近我。
• As Christmas gets closer, the shops get more and more crowded. 随着圣诞节临近，商店里越来越拥挤。
• Emma looked close to tears (= almost going to cry). 艾玛看起来要哭了。
adjective adverb UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
at close quarters/range
■(from) a short distance away （在）近距离
• When you see famous people at close quarters, they always appear much smaller than you imagined them. 近距离看名人时，他们看起来往往比你想像中要平凡得多。
• He was shot at close range. 他是被近距离枪杀的。
adjective adverb UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
be close to the bone
■If something you say or write is close to the bone, it is close to the truth in a way that might offend some people. （说话或写文章）尖刻，入木三分
adjective adverb UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
be too close for comfort humorous
■to be so close to you that you feel worried or frightened 近得令人担心；近得令人害怕
• His mother lives in the next street to us, which is a little too close for comfort. 他母亲住在与我们邻近的那条街上，离得有点太近，令人不自在。
adjective adverb UK [kləʊs] US [kloʊs]
come close to blows
■to almost begin fighting 差点打起来
• Phil was furious with the manager - I think he came close to blows. 菲尔对经理大发雷霆——我看他几乎要大打出手了。
conclude, finish, accomplish, terminate, complete, end, close
这组词都有“结束，完成”的意思，其区别是：
conclude: 正式用词，多指以某事或活动达到预期目的而告终。
finish: 与complete基本同义，着重圆满地结束或完成已着手的事。
accomplish: 正式用词，强调一个过程的完成；也可指依靠努力达到一定目的，或取得一定的结果。
terminate: 强调有一个空间和时间的限度，届时必须终止。书面语用词。
complete: 侧重指完成预定的任务或使某事完善，补足缺少的部分等。
end: 最普通用词，着重事情的完成。也指某种活动因达到目的而自然结束或由于某种原因而突然中止。
close: 普通用词，着重行为的终止或结束，不强调其目的。
shut, slam, close
这组词都有“关”的意思，其区别是：
shut: 着重关闭的动作、过程和方式手段。
slam: 象声词，指“砰的关上”，或用力关上。
close: 较多地用于正式或庄重的文体中，如关闭铁路、公路以及其它交通渠道，要用close。
near, nearby, close
这组词都有“接近的”的意思，其区别是：
near: 语气弱于close，也指时间或空间上的接近，但无“紧接，接触”的含义。
nearby: 指距离上很近，近在咫尺。
close: 语气强于near。指时间、地点或程度方面的接近，有紧靠、相邻的意味。
closely, close
closely: 紧紧地,紧密地 closely connected,
close: 接近,靠近, stand close
familiar, intimate, confidential, close
这组词都有“亲密的”的意思，其区别是：
familiar: 通常指因长期交往而彼此很熟悉，像自家人一样。
intimate: 语气强烈，指感情或思想融洽、相互知心，彼此关系亲密。
confidential: 指相互之间可推心置腹、彼此信赖。
close: 语气较强，指兴趣爱好相同，因而关系密切，感情深笃。
adj. 紧密的；亲密的；亲近的
 - familiar, near, compact
vt. 关；结束；使靠近
 - conclude, pull the plug
vi. 关；结束；关闭
 - pull the plug, draw to an end
adv. 紧密地
 - cheek by jowl, compactly
n. 结束
 - completion, termination, finish, ended up

Word: rise
Front: rise
[raɪz] (中高研四六 727/644 -K5)
Vocabulary: rise
(once / 28 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v
Rise almost always has to do with something that’s becoming taller or higher, like when you rise from your chair or your grades that rise when you study harder.
As a verb, rise can mean anything from "get up" to "increase" to "rebel" to "return from the dead." As a noun, it can be an upward movement, a little hill, a wage increase, a price hike, or even the length from the waistband to the center seam on a pair of jeans — with a low rise, those fashionable jeans don't cover much of your mid-section, which is why denim shopping with Mom can make anger rise in both of you!
WORD FAMILY
rise: risen, riser, rises, rising+/riser: risers/rising: risings
USAGE EXAMPLES
Unsecured debt, including spending on credit cards, is rising at its fastest pace in 11 years, the Bank of England said.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
Though rivers along the Gulf Coast were rising rapidly Monday, only minor flooding was predicted.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
If those projections prove true, 2016 would mark the seventh consecutive year of rising automotive sales.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vi. 上升; 增强; （数量）增加; 休会
n. （数量或水平的）增加; 兴起; （数量、价格、价值等的）增长; （日、月等的）升起
vt. 使…浮上水面; 使（鸟）飞起; 复活; 发酵
时态：rose, risen, rising, rises
分布：上升(51%)，增加(17%)，升起(13%)，起床(6%)，复活(5%)，反抗(5%)，小山(2%)，斜坡(1%)
→来自古英语 risan,上升，站立，来自 Proto-Germanic*上升，升起，来自 rei,上升，升起， 词源同 raise,rear.引申诸相关词义。
v.升起;起立;上涨;起义n.上涨,增高;起源The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
verb (rose, risen)
MOVE UP 向上移动
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to move upwards 上升；升高；升起
• The balloon rose gently (up) into the air. 气球慢慢升入空中。
• At 6 am we watched the sun rise (= appear and move upwards in the sky). 我们在早晨六点钟观看了日出。
• When you put yeast in bread and bake the bread, it rises (= gets bigger). 面粉里加些酵母，烘烤时面包就会发起来。
• New buildings are rising (= being built) throughout the city. 城中各处一座座新楼拔地而起。
• The River Cam rises (= first comes out of the ground) in/at a place called Ashwell. 剑河发源于一个叫阿什威尔的地方。
• figurative Murmurs of disapproval rose from (= came from) the crowd. 人群中传出一阵阵非难的抱怨声。
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to stand, especially after sitting （尤指从坐姿）起身，站起，起立
• She rose from her chair to welcome us. 她从椅子上站起身来迎接我们。
• He rose to his feet to deliver his speech. 他站起来发表讲话。
intransitive formal
■to get out of bed 起床
• My grandfather rises at 5 every morning to do his exercises. 我祖父每天早晨五点起床锻炼。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
INCREASE 增加
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to increase 增加，上涨，升高
• Inflation is rising at/by 2.1% a month. 通货膨胀一个月增长2.1%。
• The wind/storm is rising (= beginning to get stronger). 风／暴风雨越来越猛烈。
intransitive
■When emotions etc. rise, they start to increase （感情）变得强烈，激动
• Tempers are rising (= people are becoming angry). 人们越来越愤怒。
• My spirits rise (= I feel happier) whenever I think of my friends. 一想到朋友们，我的心情就会好起来。
• She felt panic and terror rise in her whenever she thought of the future. 一想到未来，她就会感到阵阵恐惧。
• His voice rose (= became louder or higher) as he got angry. 他生气时就会扯高嗓门。
  Common Learner Errors  rise up or rise? To talk about something increasing in amount or strength, don't say 'rise up', say rise :
✗ Last year unemployment rose up dramatically. Last year unemployment rose dramatically.
  Common Learner Errors  rise or raise? Warning: choose the right verb! To talk about causing something to increase in size or amount, don't say 'rise', say raise :
✗ If we rise their salaries the staff will be more motivated. Remember: rise cannot be followed by a direct object.
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
BECOME HIGHER 变得更高
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to become higher 矗立；隆起；高起
• The ground rises over there. 那地方地势很高。
• The castle is built on rising ground (= ground higher than areas around it). 城堡建在一片高地上。
• You can see the Alps rising (= showing as a higher area) in the distance/ above the clouds. 你可以看到阿尔卑斯山高高耸立在远方／高耸在云端之上。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
BE OPPOSED TO 反对
intransitive usually + adverb or preposition
■(of a group of people) to begin to oppose or fight a bad government or ruler （群众）反抗，起义
• The people rose (up) against the oppressor/tyrant/dictator. 人民奋起反抗压迫者／暴君／独裁者。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
STOP WORK 停止工作
intransitive formal
■If parliament or a court rises, it stops work （议会）休会，闭会；（法庭）休庭
• Parliament/The court rose at 6 pm. 议会在下午六点休会／法庭在下午六点休庭。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
Rise and shine! humorous
■said to tell someone to wake up and get out of bed 快起床！
• Wakey wakey, rise and shine! 醒醒，醒醒，快起床！
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
rise from the dead/grave
■to become alive again after having died 起死回生，复活
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
rise to fame
■to become famous 成名，出名
• He rose to fame in the 90s as a TV presenter. 他在90年代因做电视节目主持人而成名。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
rise to the bait
■to accept an offer or suggestion that seems good but is really a trick 上钩，上当
• They offered a good salary, but I didn't rise to the bait. 他们以优厚的工资条件作诱饵，不过我没有上当。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
rise to the occasion/challenge
■to show that you can deal with a difficult situation successfully 成功应对困难；临危不乱
• In the exam she rose to the occasion and wrote a brilliant essay. 在考试中，她临场发挥写出了一篇非常出色的文章。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
  Phrasal Verbs  rise above sth
■to not allow something bad to affect your behaviour or upset you 克服；摆脱
• He rose above his pain/bad luck/difficulties. 他战胜了疼痛／厄运／困难。
[raɪz] verb (rose, risen)
  Common Learner Errors  riseWarning: Check your verb endings! Many learners make mistakes when using rise in the past tense. The past simple is rose. Don't write 'rised', write rose. The past participle is risen.
[raɪz] noun
INCREASE 增加
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an increase 增加，上涨，升高
• a sudden temperature rise 气温突然升高
• a 5% rise in inflation 通货膨胀上升5%
• August has seen a large rise in the number of unemployed. 八月份失业人数剧增。
on the rise
■increasing 在上升，在增长
• Police say that youth crime is on the rise again. 警方称青少年犯罪再次增长。
  Common Learner Errors  rise When you are talking about the thing that has risen, the most usual preposition to use after rise is in. Don't say 'a rise of something', say a rise in something : There has been a 2% rise in the rate of unemployment. Remember: when rise is followed by an amount, the correct preposition is of : There has been a rise of 2%.
[raɪz] noun
MOVEMENT UP 升高
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■when someone or something becomes very famous, powerful or popular （地位的）升高，增强；成名；兴起
• Her rapid rise to fame/power/popularity/etc. meant that she made many enemies. 她一夜之间成名／大权在握／走红等意味着她树了很多敌人。
[raɪz] noun
SLOPE/HILL 坡／山
countable
■a small hill or slope 小山，丘；坡；高地
• The castle is built on a slight rise above the town. 城堡建在一个高出城镇的缓坡上。
[raɪz] noun
get a rise out of (UK also take a rise out of)
■to annoy 激怒；使发火；惹恼
• Steve always manages to get a rise out of me with his racist jokes. 史蒂芬一讲他那些种族歧视的笑话我准会恼火。
[raɪz] noun
give rise to
■to cause 引起，导致
• International support has given rise to a new optimism in the company. 国际上的支援为公司上下带来了新的乐观情绪。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
arise, raise, rise, arise from, give raise to
arise: vi 出现，发生
raise: vt 提高
rise: vi 上升，升起
arise from: 由….引起
give raise to: 引起
vi. 上升；增强；起立；高耸
 - raise, arise, tower, go up, climb
n. 上升；高地；增加；出现
 - height, occurrence, appearance, emergence, enhancement

Word: bad
Front: bad
[bæd] (中高 282/349 -K5)
Vocabulary: bad
(once / 18 pages)
1adjn 2adjadv 3adj 4adj 5adj
When something is not good, it's bad. A bad dog goes to the bathroom in the house, and bad milk has gone sour.
Bad has slightly different meanings depending on what it's describing, but the overall idea is the same: not good. If you get a bad connection on the telephone, there's something wrong with the line or phone. If someone gives you a bad check, there's no money to back up the check. If you do a bad job on a test, you got a C if you're lucky. In movies, a villain is a bad guy. Also, when someone does something wrong, they might say "My bad!"
WORD FAMILY
bad: badly, badness, bads, worse, worst +/badness: badnesses/ worse: worsen, worser, worses/worsen: worsened, worsening, worsens/ worst: worster, worstest, worsting, worsts
USAGE EXAMPLES
For those of us who pay attention to economic statistics, Mr. Obama walked into the worst economic crisis in recent history.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Potentially, this is worse than anything he did in Watergate.”
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Detroit got to the playoffs mostly by winning close games against mediocre or bad teams.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 坏的，不好的; 严重的; 不舒服的; 低劣的，有害的
n. 坏人，坏事
adv. 不好地，非常地
级别：worse, worst
分布：坏的(27%)，坏事(16%)，不好的(10%)，严重的(10%)，非常(10%)，坏人(10%)，有害的(7%)，不好地(4%)，低劣的(2%)，差的(2%)，不舒服的(2%)
→词源同boar, 野猪。古义指狂野的，邪恶的。
a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的I feel bad about the mistake.我对这个错误感到抱歉.
adjective
UNPLEASANT 不愉快的
 ESSENTIAL (worse, worst)
■unpleasant; causing difficulties or harm 坏的，不好的；令人不悦的
• Our holiday was spoiled by bad weather. 我们的假期全被坏天气给破坏了。
• We've just had some very bad news. 我们刚刚收到了一些非常坏的消息。
• I had a very bad night (= did not sleep well) last night. 我昨晚没有睡好。
• Watch out - he's in a bad mood (= being unpleasant to everyone). 小心——他的心情不好。
• She's just a bad loser (= She is unpleasant when she loses). 她这人输不起。
• The company has been getting a lot of bad publicity /getting a bad press (= harmful things have been written or said about it) recently. 该公司最近在媒体上有很多负面的新闻。
• The queues were so bad (= unpleasantly long) that I didn't bother waiting. 排队的人太多，我不想等了。
• The company's financial situation is looking rather bad at the moment. 公司现时的财务状况看来很不好。
• The damage caused by the storm was nothing like as/nowhere near as bad (= not as serious) as we'd feared it might be. 暴风雨造成的破坏没有我们原来想像的那样可怕。
• Breathing in other people's cigarette smoke is bad for you (= has a harmful effect on your health). 吸二手烟对身体有害。
• This is rather a bad (= not convenient or suitable) time for me to talk. Can I call you back later? 我现在不方便跟你通话。我等一下再回电话给你好吗？
not (too) bad informal
■quite good or satisfactory 还可以；很不错
• "How are things?" "Not too bad, thanks." “最近怎么样？”“还可以，谢谢。”
not bad informal
■very good 很好
• He was best in his age group - not bad, eh? 他是他那个年龄组别中最好的——很不错，对吧？
feel bad
■to feel ashamed and sorry 感到羞愧；感到抱歉；感到难过
• Knowing that I hurt her makes me feel really bad. 得知自己伤害了她，我感到很难受。
• I feel bad about letting them down. 我让他们失望了，感到很难过。
go from bad to worse
■If a situation goes from bad to worse, it was difficult and unpleasant, and is becoming even more so （情况）变得更糟，恶化
• Things have gone from bad to worse. 情况目前变得更糟了。
  Common Learner Errors  bad or badly? Warning: do not confuse the adjective bad with the adverb badly :
✗ The concert was bad organized. The concert was badly organized. Bad is sometimes used in informal US English to mean 'very much': I miss him real bad.
[bæd] adjective
LOW QUALITY 品质低劣
 ESSENTIAL (worse, worst)
■low quality; not acceptable 劣质的，很差的；不可接受的
• The plumber made rather a bad job of the repairs. 这名水管工的工作做得很糟。
• Are the company's current difficulties a result of bad (= harmful) luck or bad (= of low quality) judgment? 公司目前的困境是因为运气不好还是决策错误而造成的？
• He has some very bad habits. 他有一些坏习惯。
• In some parts of the world, it is considered bad manners to pick up food or cutlery with the left hand. 在世界上的某些地区，用左手进食或使用餐具会被认为是失礼的行为。
• He was sent home from school for bad behaviour. 他因为行为不检被学校开除了。
• That remark was in (rather) bad taste , wasn't it? 那句话很低俗，对吧？
• I'm very bad at cooking (= cannot do it very well). 我的厨艺很差。
[bæd] adjective
EVIL 邪恶的
 ADVANCED (worse, worst)
■(of people or actions) evil or morally unacceptable 邪恶的；道德败坏的
• There are a lot of bad people in the world. 世界上有很多的坏人。
• He's got his faults but he's not a bad person. 他是有缺点，但本性不坏。
[bæd] adjective
PAINFUL 痛苦的 (worse, worst)
■causing or experiencing pain 令人痛苦的；疼痛的
• She can't walk up all those steps, not with her bad leg! 她的腿痛成那样，上不了那么多阶梯！
• a bad cough 咳得厉害
[bæd] adjective
DECAYED 腐烂的
■harmful to eat because of being decayed 腐烂的，变质的
• We'd better eat this chicken before it goes bad. 我们最好趁鸡肉还没有变坏时，赶快把它吃掉吧。
[bæd] adjective
be in a bad way UK
■to be ill, unhappy, or in a bad state 生病；不高兴；状态不佳
• She was thin and tired-looking and generally in a bad way. 她看起来又瘦又疲惫，大体来说状态不佳。
• After 17 years of Conservative government, the country was in a bad way. 在保守党政府执政了17年之后，该国的状况很不乐观。
[bæd] adjective
give sth up as a bad job
■to stop doing something because you do not feel it is worth continuing （因为觉得不值得继续而）放弃
• After three attempts to mend it, I gave it up as a bad job. 尝试修理了三次以后，我就放弃了。
[bæd] adverb US informal for
■badly (= very much) 很，非常
• He needs the money real bad. 他非常需要这笔钱。
• My arm hurts so bad. 我的手臂痛得很厉害。
[bæd] adverb
have got it bad informal
■to be very much in love 处于热恋中
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
badly, bad
badly: 副词,不好,但与need, want, require连用为"很,非常" I need the book badly.
bad: 形容词, go bad
adj. 坏的；严重的； [气象] 劣质的
 - acute, serious, ill
n. 坏事；坏人
 - wrong, rascality
adv. 很，非常；坏地；邪恶地
 - greatly, quite, badly, extremely, too, highly, far

Word: half
Front: half
[hɑ:f] (中高 547/470 -K5)
Vocabulary: half
(once / 19 pages)
nadjadv
When something is divided into two equal sections, half is one of the two parts. You can split a brownie in half if you want to share it with your friend.
You might live half the year in Alaska and half in Florida — in this case, you spend six months, one half of a 12-month period, in each state. You can also divide food in half or save half your paycheck each week, while spending the other half. Your half brother is a sibling who shares one of your parents; you and he might have the same mother but different fathers. In Old English, half means "side" or "part."
WORD FAMILY
half: halfs, halves
USAGE EXAMPLES
“Life experience was only half the equation,” she writes.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The Justice Department is seeking a death sentence for more than half of the 33 counts Roof was convicted of.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Nearly half of those genes were strong matches on both of the systems the lab uses to sequence patients’ DNA.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: adj. 一半的，半个的
n. 半; 一半; （啤酒等饮料的）半品脱; （比赛、音乐会等的）半场
adv. 一半; 部份地
分布：一半(34%)，下半场(21%)，一半的(15%)，一半地(10%)，不完全的(10%)，半学年(6%)，不完全地(4%)
→可能来自skel,砍，劈，词源同scale,clone,cleave.即一劈两半，并不一定要求等分。
n.半,一半a.一半的,不完全的ad.一半地"My behavior is on behalf of half zebras," the algebra teacher said."我的行为代表了一半斑马的利益,"代数老师说.
US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■either of the two equal or nearly equal parts that together make up a whole 一半，半个
• "What's half of ninety-six?" "Forty-eight." “96的一半是多少？”“48。”
• Roughly half (of) the class are Spanish and the others are a mixture of nationalities. 班上大约有一半是西班牙人，其余的则来自各个国家。
• Cut the apple in half] into halves (= into two equal parts). 把这个苹果切成两半。
• My little brother is half as tall as me/half my height. 我弟弟有我一半高。
• half a dozen (= six) eggs 半打鸡蛋
• Half of me would just like to give it all up and travel around the world (= partly I would like to, but partly I would not). 我有点想抛开一切去环游世界。
• She was born in the latter half of the eighteenth century. 她生于18世纪后半叶。
• The recipe tells you to use a pound and a half of butter. 食谱上说要用1.5磅奶油。
 ESSENTIAL informal
■a lot 大量，许多
• She invited a lot of people to the party but half of them didn't turn up. 她邀请了很多人来参加派对，但许多人都没有来。
• I don't even know where she is half (of) the time. 很多情况下我甚至都不知道她在哪里。
half past
 ESSENTIAL
■Half past a particular hour is 30 minutes later than that hour …点半
• I'll meet you at half past nine (= 09.30 or 21.30). 我会在九点半和你碰面。
• UK informal I'll meet you at half seven (= half past seven). 我会在七点半和你碰面。
■only partly 部分地，在某种程度上
• He answered the door half naked. 他半裸着去开门。
• I was half expecting to see her at the party. 我有点期盼在派对上见到她。
• I'm half inclined to take the job just because it's in London. 我有点倾向于接受这份工作只因为它是在伦敦。
• He was being funny but I think he was half serious. 他表现得像在开玩笑，但我认为他是半当真的。
• The bottle's half empty. 那个瓶子是半空的。
go halves informal
■to divide the cost of something with someone （与某人）分摊费用
• Shall we go halves on a bottle of champagne? 我们合买一瓶香槟好吗？
• I'll go halves with you on a bottle of champagne. 我将和你合买一瓶香槟。
half and half
■equal amounts of two different things （两种东西）数量相等
• "Do you use milk or cream in the recipe?" "Half and half." “你在配方中用的是牛奶还是鲜奶油？”“一半一半。”
half as much again (US also half again as much)
■50% more of the existing number or amount 多一半
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
be half the battle
■to be the most difficult part of a process so that once you have finished this part, you have almost succeeded 成功了一半；完成最困难的部分
• For a lot of jobs, getting an interview is half the battle. 对于很多工作来说，获得面试的机会就是成功了一半。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
be half the dancer/writer, etc. you used to be
■to be much less good at doing something than you used to be 舞跳得／文章写得等比过去差远了（表示某事做得远不及从前）
• She's half the tennis-player she used to be. 她网球打得比过去差多了。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
given half a/the chance informal
■If someone would do something given half a chance, they would certainly do it if they had the opportunity 只要有机会（就会做某事）
• I'd give up work given half a chance. 只要有机会我就会辞掉工作。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
How the other half lives! humorous
■Something people say when they see or hear about the lives of people who are richer than them. 另一阶层的（富）人的生活方式
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not do things by halves humorous
■If someone does not do things by halves, they put a lot of effort and enthusiasm into doing things, often more than is necessary 做事全力以赴；不半途而废
• "I didn't realize you were decorating the whole house." "Oh, we don't do things by halves round here." “我没注意到你们把整座房子都粉刷了。”“是啊，我们费了很大的工夫。”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not half UK informal
■used in spoken English to express a positive statement more strongly （加强肯定语气的口语表达）非常，很
• It wasn't half crowded in the club last night (= It was very crowded). 俱乐部昨天晚上人满为患。
• She didn't half shout at him (= She shouted a lot at him) ! 她冲着他大喊大叫！
• "You enjoyed yourself last night, didn't you?" "Not half (= Very much) !" “你昨晚玩得很开心，是不是？”“非常开心！”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not half as (also not half such a) informal
■not nearly as 远非，差得多
• It wasn't half as good as that other restaurant we went to. 它比我们去的另一家餐馆差远了。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
not know the half of it (also have not heard the half of it) informal
■If someone does not know the half of it, they know that a situation is bad but they do not know how serious it is 不知道更严重的情况
• "I hear things aren't going too well at work." "You don't know the half of it!" “我听说工作进展得不太顺利。”“更糟的事你还不知道呢！”
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun pronoun predeterminer adjective adverb
That was a game/meal/walk, etc. and a half! informal
■something that you say about something that was very surprising, very good, or took a lot of time 那是一场精彩的比赛／一顿佳肴／一段很长的路等！（表示很令人吃惊、非常出色、花了很长时间等）
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
DRINK 饮料 UK informal
■half a pint of a drink, especially beer （尤指啤酒）半品脱
• A pint of lager and two halves, please. 来个一品脱的大啤酒和两个半品脱的。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
TICKET 票 UK a ticket which is cheaper because it is for a child （儿童的）半票
• Two adults and three halves to Manchester, please. 买两张去曼彻斯特的成人票和三张儿童半票。
UK [hɑ:f] US [hæf] noun countable (plural halves)
SPORT 运动
first/second half
■either of two periods of time into which a game is divided （比赛的）上／下半场
n. 一半；半场；半学年
 - moiety
adv. 一半地；部分地
 - partly
adj. 一半的；不完全的；半途的
 - incomplete, synsemantic

Word: almost
Front: almost
[ˈɔ:lməʊst] (中高 291/280 -K5)
Vocabulary: almost
(once / 16 pages)
adv
Almost means "nearly," "roughly," or "not quite." If you're almost as tall as your brother, it means he's still just a bit taller than you are.
If you almost got a great job, you came close but weren't ultimately successful, and if you're almost qualified to get your pilot's license, nobody's going to let you fly a plane quite yet. The adverb almost is perfect for describing things you come close to doing, or states you haven't yet reached. It has an Old English root, eallmæst, "nearly all," or literally, "mostly all."
WORD FAMILY
almost: almosts
USAGE EXAMPLES
There is almost a spiritual quality to it.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“This will be a very challenged leasing environment almost everywhere,” Mr. Parsons said.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Matthews is on pace for just over 220 with clubs averaging almost three fewer power plays per game.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 几乎，差不多; 将近; 快要; 近乎
分布：几乎(60%)，差不多(32%)，相近的(8%)
→组合词。al同all, 全部的。most, 大多数的。
adv.几乎,差不多Most hosts are hostile to the foremost ghost hostage almost to the utmost.大多数主人对最前面的幽灵人质的敌对态度几乎到了极顶.
US ['ɑ:l.moʊst] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■nearly 几乎，差不多，差一点，将近
• She's almost thirty. 她差不多快30岁了。
• It was almost six o'clock when he left. 他离开时将近六点了。
• I almost wish I hadn't invited him. 我甚至有点希望自己没邀请他。
• It'll cost almost as much to repair it as it would to buy a new one. 修理要花的钱差不多都可以买个新的了。
• Almost all the passengers on the ferry were French. 渡轮上的乘客几乎都是法国人。
• They'll almost certainly forget to do it. 几乎可以肯定他们会忘记做这件事的。
• The town was almost entirely destroyed during the war. 战争期间，这个城市几乎完全被夷为平地。
• We were bitten by mosquitoes almost every night. 几乎每天晚上我们都被蚊子叮。
• The boat sank almost immediately after it had struck the rock. 船撞到岩石上，几乎一瞬间就沉了。
• Most artists find it almost impossible to make a living from art alone. 多数艺术家发现几乎不可能只靠艺术谋生。
UK ['ɔ:l.məʊst] US ['ɑ:l.moʊst] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  almostWarning: check your word order! Almost usually goes directly before the main verb in a sentence. Don't say 'do almost something', say almost do something :
✗ I failed almost the exam. I almost failed the exam. But if the main verb is am/is/are/was or were , also usually goes directly after it:
✗ I almost am as tall as my brother. I am almost as tall as my brother. Remember: almost does not usually come before a preposition:
✗ There is a pub almost in every village. There is a pub in almost every village.
almost, approximately, about, nearly, roughly, around
这组词都有“大约，差不多”的意思，其区别是：
almost: 指在程度上相差很小，差不多。
approximately: 多用于书面语，指精确度接近某个标准以致误差可忽略不计。
about: 常可分almost和nearly换用，但about用于表示时间、数量的“大约”时，实际数量可能多也可能少。
nearly: 与almost含义基本相同，侧重指数量、时间或空间上的接近。
roughly: 指按精略估计，常代替about。
around: 多用于非正式场合，常见于美国英语。
adv. 差不多，几乎
 - nearly, most, virtually, practically, feckly

Word: talk
Front: talk
[tɔ:k] (中高 168/289 -K5)
Vocabulary: talk
(once / 16 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn
When you open your mouth and say something, you talk. You tell someone something, or have a conversation, or exchange information. A speech can also be called a talk.
Talk is a word that’s always connected to speaking. In a movie, a hero being tortured by bad guys might be told that they will "make him talk," which means they want him to reveal secret info. Someone who is "the talk of the town" is being gossiped about by everyone. If someone says, "We need to talk," it often means they have bad news for you. Anytime people are conversing, chatting, or blabbing, they're talking.
WORD FAMILY
talk: talkative, talked, talker, talking, talks, talky+/ talkative: talkatively, talkativeness, untalkative/talker: talkers/talking: talkings/talky: talkier, talkiest, talkily
USAGE EXAMPLES
"If you talk about decisions, we are the champions of bad decisions," added Mourinho.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Driving away from the scene, the men say little about the ordeal aside from nervous small talk.
Washington Post(Dec 27, 2016)
Her reason: Obama hadn’t silenced talk, based on findings of the CIA and FBI, that Russia meddled in the election to aid Trump.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 说话; 讨论; 讲，说; 说闲话
n. 交谈; 讨论; 报告; 空话
时态：talked, talking, talks
分布：谈话(36%)，交谈(17%)，讨论(16%)，讲话(12%)，会谈(7%)，演讲(7%)，空谈(3%)，商讨(1%)，阐述(1%)
→来自 tell,告诉，告知，-k,表反复或强调，比较 hear,hark,steal,stalk.
n.谈话;聊天;讲话;演讲v.说话;交谈The systematic items stem from the walker's talk about the chalk.这些系统的条款来源于步行者关于粉笔的谈话.
US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to say words aloud; to speak to someone 讲话，谈话；谈论
• We were just talking about Simon's new girlfriend. 我们刚才在谈论赛门的新女友。
• My little girl has just started to talk. 我的小女儿刚开始说话。
• She talks to her mother on the phone every week. 她每周都跟母亲通电话。
talk business/politics, etc.
■to discuss a particular subject 谈论正事／政治等
• Whenever they're together, they talk politics. 他们一在一起就谈论政治。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
be like talking to a brick wall
■If talking to someone is like talking to a brick wall, the person you are speaking to does not listen 白说；对牛弹琴（如果和某人说话就像“和砖墙说话”，那就等于白说，那人根本没有聆听）
• I've tried to discuss my feelings with her, but it's like talking to a brick wall. 我曾经试着和她讨论我对她的感受，但好像是对牛弹琴。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
give sb something to talk about (UK set sb talking)
■to provide someone with an interesting subject to discuss 成为（某人）谈论的话题
• Our new car will give the neighbours something to talk about. 我们的新车会成为邻居的话题。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
Look who's talking! (also You're a fine one to talk!) (also You can/can't talk!) (US also You should talk!) informal
■something you say when someone criticizes you for something that they do themselves 亏你有脸说别人！
• I'm lazy? You're a fine one to talk! 我懒？亏你有脸说别人！
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk sb's head off informal
■to talk to someone for a long time, usually loudly 对（某人）喋喋不休
• She talked my head off. 她对我喋喋不休地说了半天。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk a blue streak US informal
■to talk quickly and without stopping 滔滔不绝，口若悬河
• He talked a blue streak all through breakfast. 他吃早餐时一直滔滔不绝地说话。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk about ... informal
■used to emphasize that something is very noticeable in the stated way （用于加强语气）说到…可真不得了
• What a film - talk about boring! 那部电影可真是无聊透顶！
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk dirty informal
■to describe sexual acts to another person using rude words 说下流话
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk nonsense (UK also talk rubbish)
■to talk without making sense 胡说；说无意义的话
• Is it just me or was she talking nonsense in the meeting? 在会议上说废话的只有我，还是也包括她呢？
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk sense
■to speak in a reasonable way 说得有理
• Why don't you talk sense! 你怎么说话不讲理！
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk shop
■to talk about your job with those you work with when not at work （与同事在工作时间外）谈论自己的工作
• Even at a party they have to talk shop! 就是在派对上，他们还是三句不离本行！
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk the hind leg(s) off a donkey UK informal
■to talk without stopping for a long time 喋喋不休
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk the talk... walk the walk
■If you say that someone talks the talk but does not walk the walk, you mean that they do not act in a way that agrees with the things they say. 说一套，做一套
• When it comes to recycling he talks the talk but he doesn't walk the walk. 在废物回收利用这个问题上，他是说一套做一套。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk through your hat informal
■to talk about something without understanding what you are talking about 信口开河，随口乱说
• Nothing of what he said made sense - he was talking through his hat. 他说的话没一点道理——他只是随口乱说。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talk turkey US informal
■to discuss something honestly and directly 坦率认真地谈话
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
talking of sb/sth (also speaking of sb/sth) ADVANCED
■while we are talking about a particular person or thing 说起，谈起
• Talking of John, I saw a friend of his last week. 说起约翰，我上周见到他的一个朋友。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk at sb
■to speak to someone without listening to them or allowing them to speak （不顾对方如何反应）向（某人）大发议论，滔滔不绝地对（某人）说
• What discussion? You weren't talking to me, you were talking at me! 那是甚么讨论？你不是在跟我交谈，一直都是你在说，根本不容我说！
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk back
■If a child talks back, they reply rudely to someone they should be polite to 顶嘴，回嘴
• Children who talk back are regarded as cheeky and disrespectful. 顶嘴的孩子被认为是放肆无礼，对人不尊敬。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] talk sth down
■to talk about something in a way that makes it seem less important or less serious than it really is 贬低；贬抑
• He began his lecture by talking down the initiatives of a rival company. 他在讲座一开始就贬低竞争对手的计划。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] talk sb down
PREVENT
■to speak loudly or without stopping to prevent someone else from speaking 以高声（或连续）讲话制止（某人）说话
• I tried to explain, but he just talked me down. 我想解释一下，但他一直在滔滔不绝地说着，根本不让我插话。
PERSUADE
■to persuade someone who is threatening to kill themselves not to jump from a high place 劝（企图自杀者）从高处下来
• The policeman talked the girl down after she had been on the roof for two hours. 那个女孩在屋顶上两小时后，终于被员警劝了下来。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk down to sb
■to talk to someone as if they were less intelligent than you or not important 以居高临下的语气对（某人）说话
• I wish politicians wouldn't talk down to us as if we were idiots. 我希望政客们不要以那种居高临下的语气跟我们讲话，好像我们都是白痴似的。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk sb into sth
■to persuade someone to do something 说服（某人）做…
• He's against the idea, but I think I can talk him into it. 他反对这个主意，不过我觉得我能够说服他接受。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] talk sth out
■to discuss something such as a problem or plan completely in order to find a solution or an agreement 透过协商消除（分歧等）；透过协商解决（问题等）
• If you two don't talk out the differences between you, it'll be very difficult for you to continue working together. 你俩如果不好好谈谈消除分歧，将很难继续合作下去。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk sb out of sth
■to persuade someone not to do something 说服（某人）放弃
• [+ -ing verb] With some difficulty, he was able to talk his way out of paying the fine. 费了一番唇舌后，他终于不用交罚款了。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] talk sth over
■to discuss a problem or situation with someone, often to find out their opinion or to get advice before making a decision about it （在作出决定前）讨论，商量
• I'd like to talk it over with my wife first. 我想先跟妻子商量一下。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk sb round UK
■to persuade someone to agree with you or to do what you want them to do 说服（某人）
• She's not keen on the idea but we think we can talk her round. 她对这个想法不怎么感兴趣，不过我们认为能说服她。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  talk round/around sth
■to avoid speaking directly about something 拐弯抹角地说
• I felt that he just talked round the subject and didn't tackle the main issues. 我觉得他只是不着边际地说了一通，没有涉及主要问题。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] verb intransitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] talk sth up
■to speak with enthusiasm about something 热烈地谈论；宣扬
• If we talk up the event, people will surely come. 如果我们把这事好好宣传一下，人们一定会来的。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a conversation between two people, often about a particular subject 交谈
• I asked him to have a talk with his mother about his plan. 我叫他跟他母亲谈谈他的计划。
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when someone speaks to a group of people about a particular subject 演讲；讲座
• He gave a talk about/on his visit to America. 他就他的美国之行举办了一个讲座。
talks [plural]
■serious and formal discussions on an important subject usually intended to produce decisions or agreements 商谈；会谈
• Talks were held in Madrid about the fuel crisis. 有关燃料危机的会谈在马德里召开。
uncountable
■when people talk about what might happen or be true, or the subject people are talking about 闲谈；话题
• Talk won't get us anywhere. 闲谈对我们毫无益处。
talk 1 2. The talk/Her talk was all about the wedding.
那次谈话／她所说的全都是关于婚礼的事。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] noun
be all talk (and no action) (also be just talk)
■used to describe someone who talks about doing something but never does it 空口说白话，光说不做
• She's all talk when it comes to doing something about the problem. 每当要拿出实际行动来解决这问题的时候，她就光说不做。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] noun
be the talk of somewhere
■to be what people are discussing in a particular place 成为（某地）人们谈论的话题
• Her behaviour is the talk of the neighbourhood/office. 她的行为举止成了邻里／办公室里谈论的话题。
UK [tɔ:k] US [tɑ:k] noun
be the talk of the town
■to be what everyone is talking about 成为街谈巷议的话题；成为众人的话题
• The new statue in the park is the talk of the town. 公园里的新塑像成了镇上人们谈论的焦点。
lecture, speech, oration, address, report, talk
这组词都有“演讲，讲话，报告”的意思，其区别是：
lecture: 侧重带学术性的演讲。
speech: 普通用词，指一般的发言或讲话，可以是事先准备的，也可以是即席的。
oration: 常指在特殊场合，辞藻华丽，形式庄重，旨在激发听众感情的正式演说。
address: 正式用词，指在庄严隆重的场合作精心准备的演讲或正式演说。
report: 一般是指下级给上级或负责人给委托机关的书面或口头报告。
talk: 常用词，强调非正式讲话，讲话方式一般较为自由。
dialogue, conversation, chat, talk
这组词都有“交谈”的意思，其区别是：
dialogue: 指“对话”。
conversation: 一般用词，指两个或更多人互相交换意见的交谈。
chat: 指熟人之间非常随便的交谈，强调谈话的亲密和非正式性。
talk: 普通用词，可与conversation换用，指正式交谈。
state, speak, say, tell, utter, talk
这组词都有“说、讲”的意思，其区别是：
state: 较正式用词，通常指用明确的语言或文字着重地叙述事实，既强调内容又注重语气。
speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。
say: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。
tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。
utter: 着重说话的行为，常指声音的使用，突出用噪子发声。
talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。
vt. 说；谈话；讨论
 - quo, tell, observe, debate
vi. 谈话；说闲话
 - jerk chin music, dialogize
n. 谈话；演讲；空谈
 - speech, address, lecture, discourse

Word: member
Front: member
[ˈmembə(r)] (中高 285/182 -K5)
Vocabulary: member
(once / 29 pages)
1n 2n
If you're a member, you belong to a group or club. The late comedian Groucho Marx famously said, "I refuse to join any club that would have me as a member." Go figure.
When an object, like a plant or an element, is a member, it's also part of a group or class. A tiger, for example, is a member of the genus called Panthera, and it's also a member of the cat family. You're a member of the human species, and if you swim competitively, you're also a member of a swim team. The United States is a member, along with 192 other countries, of the United Nations. The Latin root of member is membrum, "part," and also "limb or part of the body."
WORD FAMILY
member: dismember, memberless, members, membership, nonmember+/ dismember: dismembered, dismembering, dismemberment, dismembers/dismemberment: dismemberments/ membership: memberships/nonmember: nonmembers
USAGE EXAMPLES
Fifteen years is a long time, especially in the life of a company and the tenure of its board members.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
The group’s members represent a quarter of the global economy.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
At the very least, Motion Picture Academy members will have an increased awareness of her work.
Los Angeles Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 成员; 分子; 身体部位（尤指胳膊或腿）; 构件，部件
分布：成员(83%)，会员(15%)，部分(2%)
→来自拉丁语membrum,肢体，四肢，器官，部分，来自mems,肉，肉体。引申词义成员，会员。插入字母b,比较number,numeracy.原词义见拉丁语membrum virile,男性生殖器。
n.成员,会员The member of good memory remembers to commemorate his friend with memorials.那位记性好的成员记得用纪念品纪念他的朋友.
US [-bɚ] noun countable
PERSON 人
 ESSENTIAL
■a person, animal or thing which is part of a group 成员，一分子
• a family member 家庭成员
• a member of the older generation 老一辈中的一员
• male and female members of the group 团体中的男性与女性成员
• The lion is a member of the cat family. 狮子是猫科动物。
• Representatives of the member states will be meeting next week. 成员国代表将于下周会晤。
 ESSENTIAL
■a person who joins a group to take part in a particular activity 会员
• a new club member 俱乐部新会员
• Car parking facilities are for members only. 停车设施仅供会员使用。
• Michael is a member of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 麦克尔是皇家鸟类保护协会的会员。
UK ['mem.bər] US [-bɚ] noun countable
BODY PART 身体部位 formal
■a leg or arm 四肢之一；腿；手臂
■formal
■a penis 阴茎
• the male member 男性性器官
n. 成员；会员；议员
 - fellow, insider

Word: lose
Front: lose
[lu:z] (中高研四六 283/329 -K5)
Vocabulary: lose
(once / 17 pages)
1v 2v 3v
The verb to lose means something has gone missing. Maybe it's your car keys. Maybe it's points in a game. Maybe it's the love of your life. Sorry about that.
You can physically lose something by misplacing it, or you can lose your pride in a competition. You can lose a game, you can lose your library book, you can lose money, you can lose your business, you can lose sight of your child, you can even lose your mind — basically, you can lose just about anything. Losing something is usually not a good thing, unless it's that annoying boyfriend or weight.
CHOOSE YOUR WORDS
lose / loose
Lose sounds like snooze. If you lose something, you don’t have it anymore. Add an "o," and loose rhymes with goose and describes something that’s not attached.
The word lose has been through some changes since it hit the scene in the year 900. Now you can lose a game, lose your mind, lose control, lose your temper, lose your… train of thought, but you can also lose your car keys or ten pounds. Here are some current examples (because Old English would be confusing):
"If you know you eat all the time because you need something, but you aren’t sure what you need, diets won’t help you lose weight.” (US News)
"Sometimes I have trouble staying focused and I lose my train of thought,” Ford said. (Washington Times)
Loose is also an old word. Its meaning overlapped with lose's at some point, but now they’re separate. Loose got loose! It means not attached well, like a loose tooth, or free like a loose dog that’s off the leash. Lips come in pairs, like the "o’s" in loose, and loose lips sink ships. Here are more examples:
“State police say they're not sure how many chickens are on the loose." (US News)
"And sheepskin coats flowed loose and luxuriously around the body." (Washington Post.)
If you get them mixed up, don’t feel bad: lose and loose do have a shared history. To remember the difference, think of how a goose can get loose. But when loose loses an “o,” it’s gone forever. If you snooze, you lose.
WORD FAMILY
lose: loser, loses, losing, lost +/ loser: losers/losing: losings/ lost: loster, lostest, losts
USAGE EXAMPLES
“But in doing so, they lose the bigger picture of transforming the body.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
People considering gastric bypass surgery often focus on the immediate result: an end to obesity after struggling unsuccessfully to lose weight.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
During the 30 weeks of the show, the contestants lost an average of over 125 pounds per person.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: vt. 失去; 错过; 遗失; 耽搁
vi. 损失; 输掉; 走慢; 降低价值
时态：lost, losing, loses
分布：失败(29%)，丢失(25%)，迷失(14%)，走慢(13%)，亏损(11%)，看不到(2%)，经受损失(2%)，丧生(2%)，削减(2%)
→来自古英语los,失去，毁灭，来自leu,砍，切开，分开，解开，松开，词源同analyse,loose,-less.可能进一步来自skel,砍，切，词源同scale,scalper.拼写演变比较locus,ring.
v.丢失,迷路,输掉,亏本,失败,走慢,使沉湎于She lost her parents recently.她最近失去了双亲.
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
NOT HAVE 不再有
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to no longer have something because you do not know where it is, or because it has been taken away from you 失去；丢失，遗失
• I've lost my ticket. 我丢了票。
• He's always losing his car keys. 他总是丢汽车锁匙。
• At least 600 staff will lose their jobs if the firm closes. 如果公司关闭，至少将有600名员工失去工作。
• He lost his leg in a car accident. 他在一场车祸中失去了一条腿。
• She lost her mother (= Her mother died) last year. 去年她母亲去世了。
See loose at lose
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to stop feeling something 失去，丧失（某种感觉）
• to lose confidence/faith 丧失信心／信念
• I lost interest halfway through the book. 这本书我刚读了一半就没了兴趣。
• He kept on crying and I lost my patience. 他哭个没完，让我失去了耐心。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to have less of something than you had before 失去，损失，减少
• I'm trying to lose weight. 我正在努力减肥。
• He's losing his hair. 他在掉头发。
• She lost a lot of blood in the accident. 她在事故中流了很多血。
• to lose your memory/sight 失忆／失明
 ADVANCED transitive
■If you lose time, you waste it 浪费（时间），损失
• Four million hours were lost last year through stress-related illnesses. 去年与工作压力相关的疾病导致了400万小时工作时间的损失。
• We lost valuable time stuck in traffic. 塞车浪费了我们宝贵的时间。
transitive
■If a clock loses time, it goes more slowly than it should （钟表）走慢，变慢
• My watch loses ten minutes every day. 我的手表每天慢十分钟。
transitive informal
■to get rid of something 放弃；甩掉；摆脱
• Lose the belt and let's see how the dress looks. 把带子解下来，再看看裙子怎么样。
lose money/pounds/dollars, etc.
■A business that is losing money is spending more money than it is receiving 亏损
• Banks will lose millions of pounds because of new legislation. 银行将因新法规的实施而亏损数百万英镑。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
BE DEFEATED 被打败
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to fail to succeed in a game, competition, etc 输掉（比赛）；败北，失利
• If we lose this game, we're out of the championship. 我们如果输掉这场比赛就会在锦标赛中出局。
• They're losing 3-1. 他们目前以3-1落后于对手。
• They lost to Arsenal. 他们输给了阿仙奴队。
• Everyone hates losing an argument. 谁都不愿意在辩论中输掉。
• They hadn't lost an election in fifteen years. 在15年当中他们从未在选举中失利。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
be losing it informal
■to start to become mad 开始发疯
• That's the third time this week I've lost my keys - I think I must be losing it. 这已是本周我第三次丢锁匙了——我真要发疯了。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your head informal
■to lose control and not act in a calm way 失去理智；情绪失控
• He usually stays quite calm in meetings but this time he just lost his head. 开会时他通常都很冷静，但这次他却很冲动。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your heart to sb literary
■to fall in love with someone 爱上（某人）
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your life
■to die suddenly because of an accident or violent event 丧生，丢掉性命
• Many people lost their lives in the floods. 许多人在洪水中丧生。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your marbles informal humorous
■to become mad 发疯，发狂
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your mind informal
■to become mentally ill, or to start behaving in a silly or strange way 精神失常；失去理智
• You just spent all that money on a pair of shoes? Have you completely lost your mind? 你把钱都花在这双鞋子上了？你一点理智都没有了吗？
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your rag informal
■to suddenly become very angry 发火，发怒
• He said one too many stupid things and I just lost my rag. 他的蠢话说得也太离谱了，我终于忍不住发了火。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your shirt US informal
■to lose a lot of money, especially as a result of a bet (= money risked when you guess the result of something) （尤指因赌博而）输得精光
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your touch
■If you lose your touch, you can no longer do something as well as you could before 技艺大不如前，做某事的能力下降
• It's good to see their goalkeeper's not losing his touch. 好在他们的守门员仍然保持以往的水准。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose your way
■to become lost 迷路，走失
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose ground
■to become less popular or to be given less support 失宠，失去支援
• Do you agree that left-wing politics are losing ground among the working classes? 你是否同意左翼政治观点正在失去工人阶级的支援？
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose heart
■to stop believing that you can succeed 灰心，失去信心
• Don't lose heart, there'll be plenty more chances for promotion. 别灰心，还会有很多晋升的机会。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose it informal
■to stop being able to control your emotions and suddenly start to shout, cry or laugh 失去理智；突然大叫（或哭、笑）
• I'd been trying so hard to stay calm but in the end I just lost it. 我拼命想保持冷静，但最终还是没有控制住自己。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose sight of sth
■to forget about an important idea or fact because you are thinking too much about other things 忘记，忽略
• I'm worried that we're losing sight of our original objectives. 我担心我们会淡忘我们的初衷。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose sleep over/about sth
■to worry about something 担心，忧虑
• I wouldn't lose any sleep over what happened. 事已至此，我才不担心呢。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose the plot informal
■to behave in a strange or silly way 行为怪异；举止愚蠢
• I can't believe Stuart did that - he must be losing the plot. 我无法相信这是斯图尔特做的——他肯定是傻了。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
lose track See at track
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
You've got nothing to lose. (also What have you got to lose?) informal
■used to tell someone that they cannot cause any disadvantages for themselves by doing a particular thing 不会有任何损失；不会有任何坏处
• Why don't you take the job? You've got nothing to lose. 你为甚么不接受这份工作？这对你不会有任何坏处。
[lu:z] (lost, lost)
verb
  Phrasal Verbs  lose out
■to not have an advantage that other people have 处于劣势；吃亏
• The new tax means that the vast majority of pensioners will lose out. 征收新税意味着大多数领取养老金的人将会受损失。
misplace, lose, miss
这组词都有“丢失，遗失”的意思，其区别是：
misplace: 指反映东西放错或故意放错地方。
lose: 最普通用词，侧重遗失了，难以找回来。
miss: 着重发觉某人或某物不见的瞬间，也可作思念解。
vt. 浪费；使沉溺于；使迷路；遗失；错过
 - spend, waste on
vi. 失败；受损失
 - founder, come to naught

Word: once
Front: once
[wʌns] (中高雅 300/548 -K5)
Back: adv. 一次，一趟; 一倍; 曾经; 一旦
conj. 一旦…就…; 一经
n. 一次，一回
分布：一次(62%)，曾经(21%)，一旦(16%)，曾经的(1%)
→来自one,一，-ce,副词后缀。
ad.一次,曾经conj.一(旦)...就...n.一次Nowadays the once unknown snowy hill is well-known for snowstorm.如今那座曾经不出名的多雪小山因暴风雪而出名.
adverb
ONE TIME 一次
 ESSENTIAL
■one single time 一次，一回
• I went sailing once, but I didn't like it. 我玩过一次帆船，不过我不喜欢。
• We have lunch together once a month. 我们每个月一起吃一次午餐。
at once
 IMPROVER
■at the same time 同时
• They all started talking at once. 他们同时开始说起话来。
for once
 ADVANCED
■used when something happens that does not usually happen 难得一次；仅此一回
• For once, the bus came on time. 难得一次公车准点到达。
just this once
 ADVANCED
■used to say that you will only do or request something on this particular occasion 就这一次；仅此一回
• All right, I'll give you a lift - just this once. 好吧，我带你一程——仅此一回。
once again (also once more)
 ADVANCED
■again, as has happened before 再次，又一次
• Once again, racist attacks are increasing across Europe. 种族主义攻势在整个欧洲又开始抬头。
once more
 ADVANCED
■one more time 再一次；又一次
• I'd like to visit the colleges once more before we leave. 我想在我们离开之前再去参观一下那些大学。
■slightly formal
■again, as has happened before 再次，又一次
• I'm pleased that Daniel's working with us once more. 我很高兴丹尼尔又和我们一起工作了。
once or twice
 ADVANCED
■a few times 几次，一两次
• I've seen him once or twice in town. 我在城里见过他几次。
(every) once in a while
■sometimes but not often 有时；偶尔，间或
• We meet for lunch once in a while. 我们偶尔见面吃顿午餐。
once and for all
■completely and in a way that will finally solve a problem 彻底了结地；一劳永逸地
• Our intention is to destroy their offensive capability once and for all. 我们的目的是彻底摧毁他们的进攻能力。
once in a lifetime
■only likely to happen once in a person's life 一生只有一次；千载难逢地；难得地
• An opportunity as good as this arises once in a lifetime. 像这样好的机会可是千载难逢呀。
⇒ See also once-in-a-lifetime.
the once
■on a single occasion 一次，一回
• I've only played rugby the once, and I never want to play it again. 我只打过一次榄球，我再也不想打了。
[wʌnts] adverb
PAST 过去
 ESSENTIAL
■in the past, but not now 从前，以前；曾经，一度
• This house once belonged to my grandfather. 这所房子曾属于我的祖父。
• Computers are much cheaper nowadays than they once were. 如今电脑要比以前便宜多了。
• once-thriving villages stand deserted and in ruins 昔日繁荣的村庄今遭废弃，满目疮痍。
[wʌnts] adverb
once upon a time
■used at the beginning of children's stories to mean 'a long time ago' ﹝用于儿童故事的开头﹞从前，很久以前
• Once upon a time there was a beautiful young princess with long golden hair. 从前，有位美丽的公主，她有一头金色长发。
■used in a slightly literary way when referring to something that happened in the past, especially when showing that you feel sorry that it no longer happens 以往，从前（表示对过去的留恋）
• Once upon a time people knew the difference between right and wrong, but nowadays nobody seems to care. 从前，人们还知道是非曲直，可是如今似乎没人在乎这些了。
[wʌnts] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■as soon as, or from the moment when 一…就；一旦…就
• Once I've found somewhere to live I'll send you my address. 我一找到住的地方就把地址告诉你。
• Remember that you won't be able to cancel the contract once you've signed. 记住一旦你签了字就不能取消合约了。
at once
 ADVANCED
■immediately 立刻，马上
• I knew at once that I'd like it here. 我立刻知道我会喜欢这里的。
[wʌnts] conjunction
all at once
■suddenly and unexpectedly 突然，忽然
• All at once there was a loud crashing sound. 突然发出哗啦一声巨响。
[wʌnts] conjunction
Once bitten , twice shy. saying
■said when you are frightened to do something again because you had an unpleasant experience doing it the first time 一次被咬，下次胆小；一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳
adv. 一次；曾经
 - ever, e'er
n. 一次，一回
 - breath, one time

Word: poor
Front: poor
[pʊə(r)] (中高 713/598 -K4)
Vocabulary: poor
(once / 18 pages)
1adjn 2adj
Poor describes having little of something. If you lack needed food and shelter, you're poor, and if you fall below a standard or don't even try, you're giving a poor performance. Empty pockets and empty efforts both mean poor.
Rich or wealthy often serve as opposites of poor. If you have material things, you're rich, and if you don't, you're poor. You can be full of knowledge but get poor grades if you're not studying, or you might be poor in terms of money but rich in friends and kindness. Poor can also be used as a noun, as in "Charity is aimed at helping the poor."
WORD FAMILY
poor: poorer, poorest, poorly, poorness, poors+/poorness: poornesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
In spite of his poor shooting night, Harden pulled up for a late three to squash a Wizards rally.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Shootings jumped 46% to 3,550, with most occurring in poor and minority neighborhoods on the South and West sides.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 03, 2017)
"While these sweet treats might be well meaning, they are also contributing to the current obesity epidemic and poor oral health," he added.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 贫穷的，贫乏的; 令人怜悯的，可怜的; 匮乏的; 低劣的
n. the poor 贫困者，穷人
级别：poorer, poorest
分布：可怜的(45%)，穷人(40%)，贫穷的(14%)，低劣的(1%)
→来自古法语povre,穷的，弱的，不足的，来自拉丁语pauper,穷的，不富的，来自拉丁语*pau-paros,越来越少，越来越小，来自pau,少的，小的，词源同few,-paros,生育，产生，词源同parent.引申诸相关词义。
a.贫困的;可怜的;贫乏的;贫瘠的;低劣的The poor man in poverty sleeps on the floor at the doorway.那个贫困的可怜人睡在门口的地板上.
US [pʊr] adjective
NO MONEY 没有钱的
 ESSENTIAL
■having little money and/or few possessions 贫穷的，穷困的；拮据的
• Most of the world's poorest countries are in Africa. 世界上最穷的国家多数在非洲。
• He came from a poor immigrant family. 他来自一个贫穷的移民家庭。
Opposite rich
be poor in sth
■to have very little of a particular substance or quality 缺乏；在…方面贫乏
• Unfortunately, Iceland is poor in natural resources. 遗憾的是，冰岛自然资源贫乏。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] adjective
BAD 糟糕的
 ESSENTIAL
■not good, being of a very low quality, quantity or standard 粗劣的，蹩脚的；不好的
• a poor harvest 歉收
• Last year's exam results were fairly poor. 去年的考试成绩相当差。
• I was always very poor at maths at school. 我念书时数学一直很差。
• Dad had been in poor health for several years. 爸爸几年来健康状况一直很差。
• At last month's meeting, attendance was poor. 上个月的会议出席率很低。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] adjective
DESERVING SYMPATHY 值得同情的
 ESSENTIAL [before noun]
■deserving sympathy 可怜的
• That cold sounds terrible, you poor thing! 感冒似乎很严重，你这个可怜的家伙！
• Look at that dog - the poor thing only has three legs. 看那条狗——可怜的家伙只有三条腿。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] adjective
be as poor as church mice old-fashioned
■to be very poor 身无分文，一贫如洗
• When we first got married, we were as poor as church mice. 我们刚结婚时穷得叮当响。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] adjective
come/be a poor second/third, etc.
■to be considered much lower in value, quality or importance than the one/two, etc. other things or people mentioned （价值、品质或重要性）远远比不上，远远落后
• For Jackie, I'm afraid, money is always of first importance and the children come a poor second. 恐怕对杰基来说，金钱总是最重要的，而孩子们只是第二位的。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] adjective
poor relation
■something or someone similar to but less important than another thing or person, and that people do not consider equally valuable （同类中）略逊一筹的事物（或人）；不受青睐的事物（或人）
• The air force and navy were modernised but the army, very much the poor relation, was not. 空军和海军都已实现了现代化，而陆军却相形见绌。
UK [pɔ:r] US [pʊr] plural noun
the poor
■poor people considered together as a group 穷人
• housing for the poor 为穷人提供住房
ill, poor, bad, evil, wicked
这组词都有“坏的”的意思，其区别是：
ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。
poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。
bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。
evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。
wicked: 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。
adj. 贫穷的；可怜的；贫乏的；卑鄙的
 - mean, base, dirty

Word: labour

Word: without
Front: without
[wɪˈðaʊt] (中高 218/188 -K5)
Back: adv. 在外部; 户外; 缺少; 没有或不显示某事物
prep. 没有，缺乏; 在外面
conj. 除非，如果不
分布：没有(66%)，无(28%)，在外面(3%)，除非(2%)，在缺乏的情况下(1%)
→with,和，与，out,在外面。
prep.无,没有n.外面,外部The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
preposition adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not having or doing something, or lacking something 没有；无；缺少
• I've come out without my umbrella. 我没有带伞就出来了。
• You look nice without make-up. 你不化妆显得挺可爱的。
• He went without my knowledge. 他没有让我知道就去了。
• I couldn't have done it without you. 没有你，我是无法完成的。
• She's strong without being bossy. 她强硬但不专横。
• Do start without me. 不用等我就可以开始。
• formal He's not without (= he does have some) qualities. 他还是有一些品德的。
• This is without a doubt (= certainly) the best Chinese food I've ever had. 这肯定是我吃过最好的中国菜。
• You shouldn't drive for more than three hours without taking a break. 你不该连续开车三个多小时而不休息。
• Without wishing to be rude (= I don't want to be rude, but) , don't you think you need a hair cut? 我不想无礼，可你不觉得你该去理发吗？
⇒ See also do without () at do;go without () at go
[wɪ'ðaʊt] preposition adverb
without (so much as) a backward glance
■If you leave without a backward glance, you are completely happy to leave and have no sad feelings about it 连头也不回地（表示非常愿意离开）
• She left the city where she had lived all her life without a backward glance. 她头也不回地离开了自己生活了一辈子的城市。
[wɪ'ðaʊt] preposition adverb
without so much as a by-your-leave old-fashioned
■without asking for anyone's permission, in a way that is rude 甚至连问也没有问一声就
prep. 没有；超过；在…外面
 - beyond, above, than
adv. 户外；在外面；没有或不显示某事物
 - outside, ectad
n. 外部；外面
 - outside, extraneousness

Word: life
Front: life
[laɪf] (中高 114/128 -K5)
Vocabulary: life
(once / 7 pages)
1n 2n 3n
Plants, animals, insects, bacteria, viruses, algae, mold and humans all have life: they grow, eat, make waste, change, and reproduce. Rocks and minerals, not doing any of these, do not have life.
Your life is the time from your birth to your death — you can see this in its origins: "to remain, persevere, continue, live." Life is everything that happens: When people say, "That's life," they mean all the events and tendencies, the human condition itself. You might hear about "city life" — or "country life" for that matter — meaning the habits and expectations of inhabitants of a particular place.
WORD FAMILY
life: lifeless, lifelike, lifer, lifes, lives, pro-life+/ lifeless: lifelessly, lifelessness/ lifelike: unlifelike/lifer: lifers/pro-life: pro-lifer/pro-lifer: pro-lifers
USAGE EXAMPLES
That series sets you up for life, although you should continue to get annual flu shots.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
While we need to move around a bit to complete the tasks of daily living, in modern life we tend not to move very much.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 生活，生计; 生命，性命; 一生，寿命; 人生，尘世
分布：生活(56%)，生命(22%)，人生(13%)，一生(9%)
→来自古英语life,存在，生命，来自leip,停留，持续，词源同live,leave.比较world.life ’s work 毕身成就
n.生命,生存;一生,寿命;生活;生物With a knife the knitter ends his wife's life in the lifeboat.在救生艇上编织者用小刀结束了他妻子的性命.
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the period between birth and death; the experience or state of being alive 寿命；生命；一生，人生；生活；性命
• Life's too short to worry about money! 人生短暂，何必为金钱而烦恼！
• I'm not sure I want to spend the rest of my life with him. 我不能肯定自己是否愿意与他共度余生。
• Unfortunately, accidents are part of life. 不幸的是，意外事故也是生活的一部分。
• He went mad towards the end of his life. 在他的生命走向终了时他疯掉了。
• Cats are supposed to have nine lives. 据说猫有九命。
• He doesn't know what he really wants in/out of life. 他不知道自己在生活中真正想要的是甚么。
• The accident changed my whole outlook on life. 那场事故彻底改变了我对人生的看法。
• He lost his life (= died suddenly because of a violent event or accident) in the Great War. 他在一战中丧生。
• A simple mixture of glucose and water can save lives in many parts of the world. 在世界上很多地方，把葡萄糖和水混合在一起就可以用来拯救人的性命。
• He ran off with her life savings (= all the money she had saved). 他把她一生的积蓄都给拐跑了。
⇒ See also afterlife;pro-life
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■way of living or a particular part of someone's life 生活方式；生活（的某一部分）
• her family/private/sex life 她的家庭／个人／性生活
• my working life 我的职业生涯
• We interviewed senior politicians, famous writers and others in public life. 我们采访了资深政界人士、著名作家等公众人物。
• Drugs and violence are deeply rooted in American life. 毒品和暴力在美国社会生活中已经根深蒂固。
• I left home at 16 to see life (= have different experiences with a lot of people in lots of places). 我16岁离家出去闯荡世界。
• Teaching has been her life (= the most important and enjoyable thing in her life). 教书已成为了她的生命。
 IMPROVER countable usually singular
■the period for which a machine or organization lasts 寿命；存在周期；有效期
• The newer batteries have a much longer life. 新一代电池的寿命要长得多。
• Careful use will prolong the life of your machine. 小心使用会延长机器的寿命。
• The legislation won't be passed during the life of the present parliament. 该项立法在当前议会的任期内不会获得通过。
 IMPROVER uncountable
■the quality which makes people, animals and plants different from objects, substances, and things which are dead 生命力，生气
• The doctor could find no sign of life in the old man's body. 医生发现老人已经没有了生命迹象。
• figurative I looked through the window but I couldn't see any signs of life (= people moving). 我透过窗子向外望去，却看不到有任何人类活动的迹象。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■energy or enthusiasm 活力，热情
• She's so full of life. 她充满了活力。
 ADVANCED uncountable
■everything which is alive 活物，生物
• human/marine/plant life 人类／海洋生物／植物
uncountable specialized
■In art, if you work from life, you paint, draw, etc. real people or objects usually while they are in front of you rather than from memory （绘画的）模特儿，实物
• life drawing classes 写生课
countable informal
■especially in children's games, one of the limited number of times that you can lose, but still continue playing （尤指儿童游戏中的）一次机会；命
• Every time the little man gets hit, you lose a life. 小人儿每被击中一次，你就丢了一条命。
bring sth to life (also come to life)
■to make something more real or exciting, or to become more real or exciting 赋予…生命，使…鲜活起来
• It's always been an interesting period in history and this film really brought it to life. 这段历史总是令人饶有兴味，这部电影对此进行了真实的再现。
for life
■for the whole of a person's life 一生，终生
• I believe marriage is for life. 我相信婚姻是一辈子的事情。
give your life (also lay down your life)
■to be willing to die in order to defend or support someone or something 献出生命
• They were ready to give their lives for their country. 他们已做好了为国捐躯的准备。
life after death
■If you believe in life after death, you believe that people continue to exist in some form after they die. 来世
start a new life (also make a new life for yourself)
■to completely change how or where you live 开始新的生活
• She decided to start a new life in Australia. 她决定在澳大利亚开始新的生活。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
be (all) part of life's rich tapestry / pageant
■to be one of the difficult or bad experiences that is part of a full and varied life 是生活的浪花，是生活的插曲
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
be one / another of life's great mysteries
■to be something which is very difficult to understand 令人不解，使人困惑
• The market for those dreadful compilation records you see advertised on TV is just another of life's great mysteries. 那些胡乱拼凑出来的劣质唱片在电视上做了广告后居然会有市场，真是让人无法理解。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
for the life of you informal
■although you are trying very hard 虽然很努力
• I can't remember her name for the life of me. 我绞尽脑汁还是想不起她的名字。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
Get a life! informal
■something you say to a boring person when you want them to do more exciting things 真没意思！太无聊了！找点有意思的！
• Don't tell me you're cleaning the house on a Saturday night? Get a life, Hannah! 别跟我说你周六晚上在打扫房间，汉娜，找点有意思的事！
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
give your life to sth
■to continue to have a close involvement in a particular thing for the whole of your life 一心扑在…上，全身心投入到…中
• She gave her life to cancer research. 她全身心地投入到癌症研究之中。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
How's life (treating you)?
■said as an informal greeting （非正式问候语）过得怎么样？
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
lead / live the life of Riley old-fashioned informal
■to live an easy and comfortable life, without any need to work hard 过着无忧无虑的生活，过着安逸的生活
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
life and soul of the party
■someone who is energetic and funny and at the centre of activity during social occasions （社交活动的）灵魂人物，中心人物
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
the man/woman in sb's life informal
■your romantic/sexual partner （某人的）伴侣；（某人的）性伴侣
• Who's the new man in your life, eh? 谁是你生活中的新伴侣，嗯？
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
Not on your life! informal
■said as a way of strongly refusing someone's suggestion or request 休想！绝对不行！
• "So you're going to bring Kev, are you?" "Not on your life!" “你会把盖乌带来的，是不是？”“休想！”
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
scare/frighten the life out of sb
■to frighten someone very much 把（某人）吓得魂不附体
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
take your (own) life formal
■to kill yourself 自杀
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
take sb's life formal
■to kill someone 杀掉（某人），取（某人）的性命
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
take your life in your hands
■to do something that is very dangerous, especially where you risk death 拿性命去冒险，玩命
• Every time you go parachuting you're taking your life in your hands. 你每次去跳伞都是在拿性命冒险。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
that's life informal
■said after something bad or unlucky has happened, to express your feeling that such events will sometimes happen and have to be accepted 这就是生活，生活就是这样
• No, I didn't get the job but that's life, isn't it? 不，我没得到那份工作，不过生活就是这样，对吧？
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
This is the life! informal
■said to mean that you are very much enjoying the situation you are in 太棒了！这才是生活！
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
to the life old-fashioned
■If a picture or description is someone to the life it is exactly like them 画得活灵活现的；栩栩如生的
• That sketch is Joanna to the life. 那幅素描把乔安娜画得活灵活现。
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
  Common Learner Errors  lifeWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of life , don't write 'lifes', write lives.
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
  Common Learner Errors  life or live? Warning: do not confuse the noun life with the verb live :
✗ There is a big library in the town where I life. There is a big library in the town where I live.
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
  Common Learner Errors  live or life? life 1 Warning: do not confuse the verb live with the noun life :
She moved to New Zealand to begin a new live. She moved to New Zealand to being a new life.
[laɪf] (plural lives)
noun
  Common Learner Errors  life Remember: it is not usual to use the definite article, 'the', when talking in a general way about life : Don't say 'the life', just say life :
✗ We should take time to enjoy the life. We should take time to enjoy life.
✗ The life is too short to spend all our time working. Life is too short to spend all our time working.
life, creature, maintenance, survival, existence
life: 生命，生活
creature: 生物，动物，人
maintenance: 保持，保养，维修，一般不指人；
survival: 在困难中的生存、幸存；
existence: 艰难或无聊的生活方式
n. 生活，生存；寿命
 - existence, living, age, livelihood, subsistence

Word: bring
Front: bring
[brɪŋ] (中高雅 215/195 -K5)
Vocabulary: bring
(once / 10 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To bring something is to carry or convey it somewhere. A trained dog will bring back a stick.
The verb bring "carries" the idea of conveying something. You might ask a friend to bring you to school, and you might bring your friend cookies as a thank you. You could bring a legal suit against someone, or bring yourself to do something unpleasant. Good fortune might bring you happiness, while a hunter might bring down their prey with one shot. The number seven is supposed to bring good luck. The slang expression “bring it” means to do your best.
WORD FAMILY
bring: bringing, brings, brought+/bringing: bringings
USAGE EXAMPLES
More blog posts alone will not bring its assets back.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
We asked readers what is bringing them hope right now.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
The company first brought the idea to Creative Artists Agency, which found a handful of projects to consider from different filmmakers.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: vt. 带来，引来; 促使，引起; 提供; 导致
时态：brought, bringing, brings
分布：带来(73%)，促使(9%)，引起(9%)，产生(6%)，劝诱(3%)
→词源同bear, 含有，承载。
v.拿来,带来;产生,引起;使处于某种状态Please release that pleasant peasant teaser who brings us plenty of pleasure.请释放那个带给我们巨大快乐的友好的农民逗趣者.
(brought, brought)
verb transitive
TOWARDS PLACE 向某处来
 ESSENTIAL
■to take or carry someone or something to a place or a person, or in the direction of the person speaking 拿来，带来；带到
• "Shall I bring anything to the party?" "Oh, just a bottle." “我要不要带点东西参加派对?”“噢，带瓶酒就行。 ”
• [+ two objects] Bring me that knife/Bring that knife to me. 把那把刀递给我。
• Can you help me bring in (= take into the house) the shopping? 你能帮我把买的东西拿进屋里吗？
• The police brought several men in for questioning (= took them to the police station because they might have been involved in a crime). 警方带了几个人回警局问话。
• When they visit us they always bring their dog with them. 他们来看我们时总是把狗带来。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
CAUSE 导致
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause, result in or produce a state or condition 导致，引起
• [+ two objects] She's brought us so much happiness over the years. 这些年来她给我们带来了很多快乐。
• [+ -ing verb] The explosion brought the whole building crashing to the ground. 爆炸将整座建筑物夷为平地。
• Several trees were brought down (= made to fall) by the storm. 有几棵树被暴风雨刮倒了。
• The closure of the factory brought poverty to the town (= resulted in it becoming poor). 工厂的倒闭使那个镇陷入了贫困。
• Bring the water UK to the boil / US to a boil (= make it start boiling). 把水烧开。
• She suddenly brought the interview to an end. 她突然中止了面试。
• Her tragic story brought tears to my eyes (= made me cry). 她的悲惨故事惹得我伤心落泪。
• What will the future bring for these refugees? 这些难民将来会怎样呢？
bring sb to sth
■to cause someone to come to a particular place or thing 把某人引到（某一话题），把某人带到（某一地点）
• This subject brings me to the second part of the discussion. 这个话题让我谈到了讨论的第二部分。
• What brings you (= Why have you come) to London? 甚么风把你吹到伦敦来了？
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
LAW 法律
■to make or begin as part of an official legal process 提起（诉讼）；起诉
• He was arrested for fighting, but police have decided not to bring charges. 他因殴斗被捕，但警方决定不予起诉。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
bring sb to book UK
■to punish someone and make them explain their behaviour 惩罚（某人）并要求其作出解释
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
bring sb up short mainly UK
■to make someone suddenly stop doing something or talking, usually because they are surprised （因惊讶）使（某人）突然停止，使（某人）愣住
• Her rudeness brought me up short. 她的粗鲁使我一下子愣住了。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
bring home the bacon informal
■to earn money for a family to live on 养家糊口
• I can't sit around all day - someone's got to bring home the bacon. 我不能整天坐着无所事事——家里总得有个养家糊口的人。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
bring the house down
■If someone or something brings the house down during a play or show, they make the people watching it laugh or clap very loudly （戏剧、演出等）引起全场观众大笑或鼓掌
• The clown sang a duet with the talking horse, which brought the house down every night. 每天晚上，这个小丑都和一匹会说话的马一起表演二重唱，让观众笑破了肚皮。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
bring up the rear
■to be at the back of a group which is going somewhere 走在最后面
• You two go ahead - Sam and I'll bring up the rear. 你们俩走前面——我和森姆殿后。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
not bring yourself to do something
■to not be able to force yourself to do something that you think is unpleasant 无法强迫自己做（不愿做的事）
• I just couldn't bring myself to speak to him about it. 我简直不忍心跟他讲这件事。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth about
 ADVANCED
■to cause something to happen 引起；导致
• He brought about his company's collapse by his reckless spending. 他挥霍无度导致公司倒闭。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bring sb/sth along mainly UK
■to take someone or something with you 带来（某人）；携带…
• Can I bring a friend along to the party? 我可以带朋友来参加派对吗？
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sb around mainly US for bring sb round
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth back
RETURN
 IMPROVER
■to return from somewhere with something 带回
• [+ two objects] Can you bring me back some milk? 你能替我带些牛奶回来吗？
REMEMBER
■to make someone think about something from the past 唤起（回忆），使忆起
• The photos brought back some wonderful memories. 这些照片唤起了我的一些美好回忆。
DO AGAIN
■to start to do or use something that was done or used in the past 恢复，重新使用
• Few politicians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty. 没有几个政治家赞同恢复死刑。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sb down
■to cause someone in a position of power to lose their job 使（某人）垮台
• This scandal could bring down the government. 这个丑闻能使政府垮台。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth down
■to reduce the level of something 减低，降低
• They've really brought down the price of DVD players. 他们的确降低了影碟机的价格。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth forward mainly UK
■to change the date or time of an event so that it happens earlier than planned 把…提前
• The elections were brought forward by three months. 选举提前了三个月。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth in
INTRODUCE
 ADVANCED
■to introduce something new such as a product or a law 引进（新产品等）；制定，提出（新法律）
• New safety regulations have been brought in. 已经制定了新的安全规章。
MONEY
 ADVANCED
■to make money 赚取，挣
• Their chain of pubs and restaurants brings in millions of pounds a year. 他们的连锁酒吧和餐馆每年有几百万英镑的收入。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sb in
■to ask someone to do a particular job 吸收（某人）；请（某人）做
• We need to bring in an expert to deal with this problem. 我们需要请个专家来处理这个问题。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth off
■to succeed in doing something difficult 完成，实现
• It was an important event, and she's managed to bring it off brilliantly. 这件事非常重要，她干得很漂亮。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth on
■to make something happen, usually something bad 引起，造成（通常为坏事）
• The loud music brought on another one of his headaches. 嘈杂的音乐使他的头痛再次发作。
Bring it on! mainly US informal
■said to show that you are prepared and willing to compete in a competition or to do something difficult （表示作好准备迎接挑战）来吧！
• England versus Brazil - bring it on! 英国队对巴西队——来吧，没甚么不得了的！
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sb out UK
■to make a shy person happier and more confident 使（某人）更快乐；使（某人）更加自信
• Paulo's very shy - he needs bringing out. 保罗很腼腆——他需要更自信些才好。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth out
PRODUCE 生产
 ADVANCED
■to produce something to sell to the public 生产，推出（产品）
• They keep bringing out smaller phones. 他们不断推出体积更小的电话。
MAKE NOTICEABLE 使引人注意
■to make a particular quality or detail noticeable 使…突显；使…变得明显 bring 1 1. A crisis can bring out the best and the worst in people.
危难之中见人心。
• The seasoning really brings out the flavour of the meat. 这种调味品使肉更香。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bring sb out in sth UK
■If something brings you out in spots, a rash , etc., it causes them to appear on your skin 使（某人）皮肤上长…
• Seafood always brings me out in huge spots. 我一吃海鲜，身上就出现大片的疙瘩。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bring sb round (US usually bring sb around)
MAKE CONSCIOUS
■to make someone become conscious again after being unconscious 使（某人）苏醒
• I gave him a sniff of smelling salts to bring him round. 我给他闻嗅盐让他苏醒。
PERSUADE
■to persuade someone to have the same opinion as you have 劝说（某人）；说服（某人）同意
• At first they refused but I managed to bring them round (to my way of thinking). 起初他们拒绝了，但我后来还是说服了他们。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bring sb to
■to make someone become conscious again after being unconscious 使（某人）苏醒
• He lost consciousness after the fall, and they were unable to bring him to. 他摔倒后昏了过去，他们没办法让他苏醒过来。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  bring sb/sth together
■to cause people to be friendly with each other 使…和解；使…友好
• The disaster brought the community together. 这次灾难使邻里间更加和睦了。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sb up
 ADVANCED
■to care for a child until it is an adult, often giving it particular beliefs 养育，抚养，教养（某人）
• She was brought up by her grandmother. 她是她祖母养大的。
• They brought her up (as/to be) a Catholic. 他们把她从小培养成了天主教徒。
• [+ to infinitive] David was brought up to respect authority. 戴维从小就被教育要尊重权威。
[brɪŋ] (brought, brought)
verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] bring sth up
TALK
 ADVANCED
■to start to talk about a particular subject 开始谈论；提出（话题）
• She's always bringing up her health problems. 她老是提她的健康问题。
VOMIT UK informal
■to vomit something 呕吐
• She was crying so much I thought she'd bring up her breakfast. 她哭得太厉害了，我想她会把早餐吐出来的。
convey, fetch, get, transport, take, bring, carry
这组词都有“带、拿、取”的意思，其区别是：
convey: 指通过中间人传递信息，或以某种方式把人或物送到目的地。
fetch: 指一往一返，相当于go and bring，去取了东西或带人再返回到出发处。
get: 口语用词，与fetch基本同义，语气随便。
transport: 指使用车辆或机械设备把人或货物从一处运载到另一处。
take: 指从说话人或说话人心目中所在处把某人或某物带离开，带到离说话者有一定距离的地方，与bring的方向正相反，侧重方向，不着重方式。
bring: 指从某处把人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的地点，强调方向，不着重方式。
carry: 指把物品从一个地方带到另一个地方，不涉及方向，只强调方式。
vt. 带来；促使；引起；使某人处于某种情况或境地
 - attract, produce, force, cause, operate

Word: international
Front: international
[ˌɪntəˈnæʃnəl] (中高研四六雅 500/435 -K5)
Vocabulary: international
(once / 144 pages)
adj
International is an adjective that describes something that involves two or more countries, like international laws that multiple countries obey, or an international flight from France to Japan.
Break international into two halves to understand its meaning. The first half is the prefix inter-, which means “among,” or “between.” In the second half, you can see the word nation. Put them together and the word literally means “among or between nations.” Driving from the United States into Canada is an international road trip since you travel from on nation to another, and an international conference has guests from all over the world.
WORD FAMILY
international: internationalise, internationalism, internationality, internationalize, internationally+/International: Internationals/denationalise: denationalisation, denationalised, denationalising/denationalize: denationalization, denationalized, denationalizes, denationalizing/internationalise: internationalisation, internationalised, internationalising/ internationalism: internationalist, internationalistic/internationalist: internationalists/internationality: internationalities/internationalize: internationalization, internationalized, internationalizes, internationalizing/ nation: national, nationhood, nations/ national: International, international, multinational, nationalise, nationalism, nationality, nationalize, nationally, nationals, supranational, transnational /nationalise: denationalise, nationalisation, nationalised, nationalising/ nationalism: nationalisms, nationalist, nationalistic, ultranationalism/ nationalist: nationalists/ nationalistic: nationalistically/ nationality: nationalities/ nationalization: nationalizations/nationalize: denationalize, nationalization, nationalized, nationalizes, nationalizing/nationhood: nationhoods/supranational: supranationally/ultranationalism: ultranationalistic
USAGE EXAMPLES
Brent crude, used to price international oils, was up 33 cents at $57.15.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Under international standards, construction companies in the Gulf are not only responsible for how they treat their direct employees,” Lynch said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
As the parched beige hilltops fill with red-tiled homes, decades of international efforts to achieve a two-state solution are unraveling.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 国际的; 两国（或以上）国家的; 超越国界的; 国际关系的
n. 国际组织; 国际体育比赛; 外国居留者; 国际股票
分布：国际的(52%)，国际比赛(43%)，世界性的(5%)
→inter-,在内，在中间，相互，national,国际的。
国际的(inter+national国家的)[inter-表示"在…之间,相互"]
a.国际的,世界(性)的,跨国的The native has no nationality; he is an international man.这个土著没有国籍,他是一个国际人.
US [-tˌɚ-] adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■involving more than one country 国际的
• international politics 国际政治
• an international team of scientists 国际科学家小组
UK [ˌɪn.tə'næʃ.ən.əl] US [-tˌɚ-] noun countable UK
■a sports event involving more than one country, or a person who competes in it 国际比赛；国际比赛选手
• a one-day international 为期一天的国际比赛
• Six rugby internationals (= players) were charged with taking drugs to improve their performance. 六名英式橄榄球运动员被指控为提升表现而服用禁药。
adj. 国际的；世界的
 - mundane

Word: demand
Front: demand
[dɪˈmɑ:nd] (高研四六宝 1287/723 -K5)
Vocabulary: demand
(once / 41 pages)
1vn 2vn
Demand means "an urgent request," like your demand that teachers give no homework on the weekend, or the act of making the request — teachers who demand that the work get done, even if it's the weekend.
Demand comes from the Old French word demander, meaning "ask, make inquiry." A demand is a lot stronger than that, however. When you demand something, you want action now. A demand can also mean "to require" like cold weather that demands warm coats and boots. Demand is also an economic term, meaning "the amount of an item that can be sold," like the demand for those snow boots: high in winter and nonexistent in summer.
WORD FAMILY
demand: demanded, demander, demanding, demands+/demander: demanders/ demanding: demandingly, undemanding/undemanding: undemandingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
This is feeding demand for increasingly advanced technology to bring down or disable unwanted drones.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
After a 5-11 season, changes will be demanded of the Jets.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The slowdown, he said, is being driven not by a pullback in demand but rather a flood of new apartments.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 要求，请求; 需要; [法]召唤; 询问，盘问
n. 需求; 需要; 要求，请求; 销路
vi. 需要; 请求; 查问
时态：demanded, demanding, demands
分布：需求(49%)，要求(37%)，需要(13%)，查问(1%)
→de-, 向下，强调。-mand ,要求，命令，词源同command ,mandate. 即强烈要求。
苛求(de一再+mand→一再令人做→苛求)[mand=order,表示"命令"]
n./v.要求,请求,需要(量)v.查问The grand commander demands thousands of sandy sandwiches.大司令官要成千个沙色三明治.
【记】de加强语义，mand命令一加强命令一苛求
【反】supplicate（v 恳求；哀求）程度反义
US [-'mænd] verb transitive
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL
■to ask for something forcefully, in a way that shows that you do not expect to be refused 坚决请求，强烈要求；强要
• I demanded an explanation. 我要求给我一个解释。
• The car workers' union is demanding a 7% pay rise this year. 汽车工会要求今年加薪7%。
• He has always demanded the highest standards of behaviour from his children. 他总是以最高的行为准则来要求自己的孩子。
• [+ speech] "And where do you think you're going?" demanded the police officer. “你觉得自己在往哪里去？”员警问道。
• [+ to infinitive] I demand to see the manager. 我要求见经理。
• [+ that] She demanded that he return the books he borrowed from her. 她要求他把从她那里借走的书还回来。
UK [dɪ'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] verb transitive
NEED 需求
■to need something such as time, effort, or a particular quality 需要，要求
• This is a very difficult piece of music to play - it demands a lot of concentration. 这段乐曲很难演奏——需要注意力高度集中。
• He seems to lack many of the qualities demanded of (= needed by) a successful politician. 他似乎缺少成功政治家所应具备的很多素质。
UK [dɪ'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
REQUEST 要求
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a strong request 强烈的要求，坚决的请求
• You can't give in to children's demands all the time. 你不能总是对孩子们的要求作出让步。
• The government is unlikely to agree to the rebels' demands for independence. 政府不可能同意叛乱者提出的独立要求。
• UK They received a final demand (= a last request) for payment. 他们收到了要求付款的最后通牒。
UK [dɪ'mɑ:nd] US [-'mænd] noun
NEED 需求
 IMPROVER countable or uncountable
■a need for something to be sold or supplied 需求
• There was little demand for tickets. 很少有人来买票。
• Good teachers are always in (great) demand (= are always needed). 社会总是需要（大量的）优秀教师。
demands [plural]
■the difficult things that you have to do （困难的）要求
• The demands of nursing are too great for a lot of people. 护理工作的要求之高令很多人都难以承受。
• His new job makes a lot of demands on him (= he has to work very hard). 新工作对他要求很高。
beg, implore, request, pray, require, claim, entreat, ask, demand
这组词都有“要求，请求”的意思，其区别是：
beg: 指恳切地或再三地请求或要求，常含低三下四意味，也多用于应酬场合。
implore: 书面用词，着重指迫切、焦急或痛苦地恳求或哀求，常含较强的感情色彩。
request: 正式用词，指非常正式，有礼貌的请求或恳求，多含担心因种种原因对方不能答应的意味。
pray: 语气庄重，指热情、诚恳和敬祈的要求，现不很常用。
require: 强调根据事业、需要或纪律、法律等而提出的要求。
claim: 指有权或宣称有权得到而公开提出的要求。
entreat: 泛指一般“恳求或哀求”，含企图说服对方或用热烈的请求软化反对意见的意味。
ask: 最普通用词，指向对方提出要求或请求，长、晚辈，上下级之间都可使用。
demand: 一般指理直气壮地提出强烈要求，或坚持不让对方拒绝的要求。
command, commend, demand
command: 命令
commend: 称赞，推荐；
demand: 要求；
inquire, question, ask, demand
这组词都有“问，询问”的意思，其区别是：
inquire: 较正式用词，指为得到真实情况而详细询问或调查了解。
question: 指因感到可疑或为了解情况，弄清究竟而发问，有时指一连串的发问。
ask: 最普通用词，可与demand, inquire和question换用，但ask用于口语中，指提出问题让人回答。
demand: 指根据自己的权利、职责或身份认为有必要弄清情况而正式发问，常隐含命令对方回答的意味。
vt. 要求；需要；查询
 - exact, lack, desire, call for
vi. 需要； [计] 请求；查问
 - wish, have need of
n. [经] 需求；要求；需要
 - necessity, need, do, desire, want

Word: accord
Front: accord
[əˈkɔ:d] (研四六托雅宝 6075/5594 -5)
Vocabulary: accord
(once / 24 pages)
1nv 2v
If you clean your room of your own accord, your parents will be pleased—it means you did it without having to be asked. They might even accord you an extra privilege. Warring nations make peace accords.
A Honda Accord is a nice, agreeable car, and the word accord is all about agreement, or unity. If a whole class begs with one accord to postpone a quiz for a day to allow more review, the teacher is more likely to listen than if it was just one student asking.
WORD FAMILY
accord: accordant, accorded, according, accords, disaccord+/ accordance: accordances/accordant: accordance, accordantly/ according: accordingly /disaccord: disaccording, disaccords
USAGE EXAMPLES
Instead the Volkswagen Golf topped sales, according to the country's carmakers association.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
The UK government's lack of support for start-ups attending the CES tech show is a "source of embarrassment", according to the event's organiser.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
House prices grew much faster in eastern England and the West Midlands than in London, according to Zoopla.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 协议; 条约; （色彩的）协调; 和解协议
vt. 给予; 使和谐一致; 使符合; 使适合
vi. 符合; 一致
时态：accorded, according, accords
分布：符合(39%)，协议(32%)，一致(22%)，给予(5%)，调解(1%)，与...一致(1%)
→前缀ac-同ad-. 词根cord, 心，同heart. 指一条心的。
一致;符合[card,cord=heart,表示"心脏,一致"]
vt.给予(欢迎,称颂等)vi. & n.符合,一致His opinion always accords with mine.他的意见与我的总是很一致.
【参】accordance（n 一致，相应）；discord（n 不和，不一致）；concord（n 协和，协调）
US [-'kɔ:rd] noun countable or uncountable
 ADVANCED
■(a formal) agreement 一致；符合；协议；条约
• On 31 May the two leaders signed a peace accord. 5月31日两位领导人签署了一项和平协议。
• Before 1987, the accord between the Labour government and the unions was a simple affair. 1987年以前，工党政府和工会之间很容易达成一致。
• The project is completely in accord with government policy. 该企划案完全符合政府政策。
of your own accord
■If you do something of your own accord, you do it without being asked to do it 出于自愿，主动地
• She came of her own accord. No one asked her to come. 她自愿来的，没有人叫她的。
with one accord formal
■If people do something with one accord, they do it together and in complete agreement 一致地；一致同意地
• With one accord, the delegates walked out of the conference. 所有代表一起离开会场。
UK [ə'kɔ:d] US [-'kɔ:rd] verb transitive formal
■to treat someone specially, usually by showing respect （通常指恭敬地）给予（特殊待遇），授予
• [+ two objects] The massed crowds of supporters accorded him a hero's welcome. 蜂拥云集的支持者给予他英雄般的欢迎。
• Certainly in our society teachers don't enjoy the respect that is accorded to doctors and lawyers. 的确，在我们这个社会中，老师没有得到像医生和律师所受到的那种尊敬。
UK [ə'kɔ:d] US [-'kɔ:rd] verb transitive formal
  Phrasal Verbs  accord with sth
■to be the same as something, or to agree with something 与…符合，与…一致
• His version of events does not accord with witnesses' statements. 他对事件的说法和目击者的陈述不一致。
conform, correspond, accord, coincide, agree
这组词都有“符合、一致”的意思，其区别是：
conform: 强调在形状、性格以及主要特点等方面的相似或一致。
correspond: 指在进行比较时，两个事物在某一个重要方面或细节上互相匹配、一致。
accord: 着重指性格、精神、语气或质量等方面的完全一致。
coincide: 多用于指观点、判断、愿望、利益或兴趣的一致或相符。偶尔用于人，强调意见或观点完全相同。
agree: 侧重指经过比较后的所有主要部分均和谐一致，无冲突和矛盾。
confer, present, endow, grant, give, award, accord, bestow
这组词都有“给予，赠给”的意思，其区别是：
confer: 通常指授予称号或学位等。
present: 指正式地给予或授予，通常伴有仪式进行。
endow: 指捐赠大量的钱作基金，也可指给予非物质的东西。
grant: 多指出于慷慨、怜悯或正义感而给予，并且通常是在被请求下给予。
give: 最普通用词，泛指将自己的东西给予他人，所给予的东西，物质或非物质的均可。
award: 通常暗示所给予的东西是接受者应得的，而且给予者往往是具有裁判权力的。
accord: 侧重所给予的是应得的或是恰当的，或是因某种原因而适于接受的。
bestow: 正式用词，指把某物作为礼物赠送于某人，也可作引申用。
agreement, contract, treaty, convention, bargain, understanding, accord
这些名词均含“协定，协议，契约，合同”之意。
agreement: 普通用词，含义最确定，泛指个人、团体或国家之间取得一致而达成的任何协议、协定或合同、契约等，可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。
contract: 侧重指双方或多方订立的具有法律效力的正式的书面合同或契约。
treaty: 指国家之间经外交谈判后依照国际法签订的正式条约。
convention: 比treaty更专门化，但不及treaty正式。也可指国家之间就有关事情签订的条约。
bargain: 通常指商业交往中的购销合同。
understanding: 指不具约束力的非正式的协议。
accord: 多指国际间的非正式协议。
unity, concord, agreement, harmony, accord
这组词都有“和谐、一致”的意思，其区别是：
unity: 指各个成员、各群体之间相互协调一致的关系。
concord: 多指人际、国家间或民族之间协调一致的关系。
agreement: 侧重态度与观点上的一致。
harmony: 指人与人之间或不同部分与整体之间完全协调、和谐、愉快，没有摩擦。
accord: 指思想一致，彼此不矛盾，也指行动上的一致。
n. 符合；一致；协议；自愿
 - agreement, unity, identity, keeping, consensus
vt. 使一致；给予
 - afford, allow, deal, extend, deliver
vi. 符合；一致
 - cotton, identify, square, meet with, correspond with

Word: expect
Front: expect
[ɪkˈspekt] (中高 405/313 -K5)
Vocabulary: expect
(once / 19 pages)
1v 2v 3v
If you expect something, you think it’s going to happen. If you got up at 4 in the morning, you can expect to fall asleep earlier than usual tonight.
If you expect (or anticipate) something, you are fairly sure that it is coming, though you might not be totally certain. You might expect to graduate from a certificate program on time, barring unforeseen events that prevent you from going to class. If you say, simply, “I’m expecting,” people will assume you’re pregnant. Someone disappointed in you might shake his head and say, "I expected more from you."
WORD FAMILY
expect: expectable, expectant, expectation, expected, expecting, expects+/expectable: expectably/expectancy: expectancies/ expectant: expectancy, expectantly/ expectation: expectations/ expected: expectedly, expectedness, unexpected / unexpected: unexpecteder, unexpectedly, unexpectedness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The measure was added to a broader rules package that is expected to pass when the House formally convenes on Tuesday.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
The main event, a stronger storm system, is expected to move into the Los Angeles County area late Saturday and continue until Monday.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The transition official was not authorized to publicly confirm Trump’s expected decision and insisted on anonymity.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 期望; 预料; 要求; 认为（某事）会发生
vi. 预期; 期待; 怀胎; 怀孕
时态：expected, expecting, expects
分布：期待(50%)，预期(37%)，盼望(13%)
→ex-, 向外。-spect, 看，词源同spectator, telescope. 即向外看，向前看。
期待,盼望(ex出+spect→看出去→期待)[spect,spic=look,see,表示"看"]
v.预料,预期;期望,指望My wife is expecting.我的妻子不久要生孩子了.
verb
THINK 想
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to think or believe something will happen, or someone will arrive 预料，预计；期待
• We are expecting a lot of applicants for the job. 我们预计会有很多人来应征这份工作。
• [+ (that)] I expect (that) you'll find it somewhere in your bedroom. 我想你会在你的卧室找到它。
• I expect (that) he'd have left anyway. 我想无论怎么说他都已经离开了
• [+ to infinitive] He didn't expect to see me. 他没有预料到会遇见我。
• The financial performance of the business is fully expected (= almost certain) to improve. 公司的财务状况确定会大有改观。
• We were half expecting you not to come back. 我们原本一直以为你不会回来了。
(only) to be expected
■normal and what usually happens 在预料之中；并不意外
• All parents of small children get tired. It's to be expected. 所有照顾幼儿的父母都会非常累，这是可以预见的。
[ɪk'spekt] verb
DEMAND 要求
transitive
■to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular thing 要求；期望
• I expect punctuality from my students. 我要求我的学生守时。
• [+ to infinitive] Borrowers are expected to (= should) return books on time. 借书者应该按时归还图书。
[ɪk'spekt] verb
BE PREGNANT 怀孕
be expecting (a baby)
■to be pregnant 怀孕；有孕在身
• She shouldn't be lifting those boxes if she's expecting. 如果有孕在身，她就不应该搬这些箱子。
• Kate and Dom are expecting a baby. 凯特和多姆快有孩子了。
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
expect, anticipate
expect: 怀着确信之心来期待；
anticipate: 怀着喜悦或痛苦之心来预想
expect, desire, wish, long, want, hope
这组词都有“希望”的意思，其区别是：
expect: 通常指有很大程度的把握，但仍含有预料之意，或预计某事或某行动的发生。
desire: 语气较正式庄重，着重渴望的力量与热切，常含有强烈的意图和目的。
wish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。
long: 语气强，指极殷切地盼望着，这种盼望侧重于很难或不可能得到的东西。有时也指一般愿望，但含一定感情色彩。
want: 一般指所想要的东西是切望得到的东西，能弥补实际需要。
hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。
vt. 期望；指望；认为；预料
 - promise oneself, guess, find, feel, make
vi. 期待；预期
 - look foward to, to look forward to

Word: court
Front: court
[kɔ:t] (高研四六托宝 541/254 -K2)
Vocabulary: court
(once / 59 pages)
1n 2n 3n 4nv
A court is a room where justice is administered. Many popular television shows feature scenes in court, although it’s debatable whether these depictions are realistic.
Court can refer not just to the courtroom but also to the judges who preside over it, as in the example of the U.S. Supreme Court. Court can also refer to monarchs and their attendants, as in the phrase "royal court." As a verb, court means “try to win the affections of someone,” as, historically, people sought to win the favor of royalty. (But if you try courting anyone in a modern courtroom, you'll probably be accused of bribery.)
WORD FAMILY
court: courted, courting, courtly, courts, forecourt+/courting: courtings/ courtly: courtlier, courtliest, courtliness/forecourt: forecourts
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and Mr. Huang then brought the case to court.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Williams’ backhand especially suffered, though she looked to move around the court freely.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Prosecutors objected at every turn, and Gergel wouldn't allow any of it into court, ruling mitigation evidence is allowable during sentencing and not before.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 法院，法庭; 院子，天井; 宫廷; 网球场
vt. 招致; 设法获得; 向…献殷勤; 追求
vi. 求爱，求婚; 寻求
时态：courted, courting, courts
分布：法院(60%)，球场(16%)，宫廷(8%)，追求(5%)，奉承(4%)，招致(3%)，庭院(2%)，设法获得(1%)，献殷勤(1%)
→来自co-, 强调。-hort, 庭院，词源同yard, garden. 原指王室宫廷，后词义外延不断扩大。
n.法院,法庭;宫廷,朝廷;院子;球场The court found him guilty.法庭判他有罪.
【记】读：夸他－追求，献殷勤
【反】repel intentionally（故意排斥）；repulse intentionally（故意拒绝）；snub（n /v 故意怠慢）；spurn（v 弃绝）；aversion（n 厌恶）
US [kɔ:rt] noun
LAW 法律
 ESSENTIAL countable usually singular uncountable
■(a large room in) a building where trials and other legal cases happen, or the people present in such a room, especially the officials and those deciding whether someone is guilty 法院；法庭；全体出庭人员；（尤指）全体审判人员
• Protestors gathered outside the court to await the verdict. 抗议者聚集在法庭外等待判决。
• He's due to appear in court again on Monday. 他定于周一再次出庭。
• Please describe to the court exactly what you saw. 请向法官陈述你看到的真实情况。
• the European Court of Human Rights 欧洲人权法院
• The lack of evidence means that the case is unlikely to go to court. 缺乏证据意味着本案不大可能提交法庭。
take sb to court
■to take legal action against someone 控告（某人）
• She's threatening to take me to court for not paying the bill on time. 她威胁说要起诉我未按时付帐。
settle (a case) out of court
■to solve a legal disagreement without taking legal action 庭外和解
• The newspaper has agreed to settle out of court. 这间报馆已同意庭外和解。
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] noun
SPORT 运动
 IMPROVER countable
■an area drawn out on the ground which is used for playing sports such as tennis and basketball （网球、篮球等运动的）球场，赛场
• a tennis/volleyball/basketball/squash court 网球／排球／篮球／壁球场
• They were penalized for having too many players on the court. 他们因上场球员太多而受罚。
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] noun
AREA 区域
countable
■an area or a short road, which is not covered by a roof and is mostly or completely surrounded by buildings 庭院；大院，场院
• You really should go and see the lovely medieval court in the castle. 你真应该去看看城堡里那处漂亮的中世纪庭院。
Court mainly UK
■used in the names of some roads, and buildings containing apartments （用于道路、公寓大楼的名称中）…路，…公寓
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] noun
ROYALTY 皇室
countable or uncountable
■the official home of a queen or king 宫廷；皇室；朝廷
• the courts of Renaissance Europe 文艺复兴时期的欧洲各皇室
• He quickly lost his popularity at court. 他在宫廷中迅速失宠。
only singular [+ sing/pl verb]
■the important people who live in the official home of a queen or king or who work for or advise them 朝臣，侍臣
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] verb
PLEASE 讨好
transitive
■to try to please someone because you want them to join you 奉承；讨好；取悦；向…献殷勤
• Adams is being courted by a number of football clubs. 有好几间足球俱乐部在向亚当斯献殷勤。
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] verb
TRY TO GET 试图得到
transitive
■to try to get something, especially attention or support from other people 求取，设法取得（尤指注意或支援）
• She courts publicity by inviting journalists to extravagant parties. 她邀请新闻记者参加奢华派对来谋求曝光率。
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] verb
RISK 冒险
transitive
■to risk something unpleasant, especially by behaving stupidly or carelessly （尤指因行为愚蠢或粗心而）招致，招惹
• Drinking and driving is simply courting disaster. 酒后驾车纯粹是在招惹祸端。
UK [kɔ:t] US [kɔ:rt] verb
RELATIONSHIP 恋爱关系
intransitive or transitive old-fashioned
■to have a romantic relationship with someone that you hope to marry （与…）谈恋爱
• They courted for two years before getting married. 他们恋爱两年后结了婚。
playground, stadium, court, gymnasium
这组词都有“运动场，操场”的意思，其区别是：
playground: 一般指附属于学校或公园内的活动场地，也可指游乐场或儿童游戏场地。
stadium: 指周围有看台的露天大型运动场。
court: 通常指周围有围墙的专用球场。
gymnasium: 可简写为gym，指不受天气影响的室内体育馆、健身房或运动场馆。
n. [法] 法院；球场；朝廷；奉承
 - playfield, banc
vt. 招致（失败、危险等）；向…献殷勤；设法获得
 - invite, secure, spell, incur
vi. 求爱
 - woo

Word: move
Front: move
[mu:v] (中高 207/220 -K5)
Vocabulary: move
(once / 14 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4v 5v 6v
To move is to shift your position or change where you are. It can be a little spooky to hear a sleepwalker move around a dark house at night.
You can move from one room to another, or move from Oregon to New Hampshire, changing the place where you live. Dancers move their bodies as they move around on a stage, and chess players move pieces strategically on the board. If someone inspires you to do something, or makes you feel an intense emotion, you can also say that they move you. When your dad says, "Get a move on!" he basically means "Hurry up!"
WORD FAMILY
move: countermove, movable, moveable, moved, movement, mover, moves, moving+/countermove: countermoves/ immovable: immovability, immovableness, immovables, immovably/immoveable: immoveably/movable: immovable, movability, movableness, movables, movably, unmovable/moveable: immoveable, moveably/moved: unmoved/ movement: movements/mover: movers/moving: movingly, nonmoving, self-moving, unmoving/unmovable: unmovably/unmoved: unmovedly/unmoving: unmovingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
As soon as he kicked it, Boermeester turned around, started running and, as promised, did the dance move.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The director of policy and strategy at CityUK, said businesses did not want to move.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
Your airways are lined with hairlike cilia that consolidate microbes and mucus and help move it toward the exit.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: vt. & vi. 移动，搬动
vi. 搬家; 行动; 进展; （机器等）开动
vt. 提议; 使感动; 摇动; 变化
n. 改变; 迁移
时态：moved, moving, moves
分布：移动(67%)，搬家(11%)，提议(6%)，步骤(4%)，采取行动(4%)，动作(3%)，推动(2%)，迁居(1%)，使移动(1%)，使 ... 感动(1%)
→来自拉丁语movere,移动，运动，词源同mobile,motion.引申词义打动等。
v.移动,迁移;活动;感动n.移动,活动,行动The motive of the emotional movie is to move the removed men.那部情感电影的动机在于感动被开除的人.
verb
CHANGE POSITION 改变位置
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) change position （使）改变位置，动；（使）移动
• I'm so cold I can't move my fingers. 我太冷了，手指都动不了了。
• Will you help me move this table to the back room? 你能帮我把这张桌子搬到后面的房间里吗？
• Can we move (= change the time of) the meeting from 2pm to 3.30pm? 我们能将会议时间由下午两点改到三点半吗？
• Don't move! Stay right where you are. 别动！就呆在那里。
• I thought I could hear someone moving about/around upstairs. 我好像听到楼上有人走动。
• If you move along/over/up (= go further to the side, back or front) a bit, Tess can sit next to me. 如果你往旁边／往后／往前挪一点，特丝就能坐在我旁边了。
• Police officers at the scene of the accident were asking passers-by to move along/on (= to go to a different place). 意外现场的警官要求路人走开。
• Come on, it's time we were moving (= going to a different place). 快点，我们该走了。
• Let's stay here tonight, then move on (= continue our journey) tomorrow morning. 我们今晚留在这里吧，明早再继续赶路。
intransitive or transitive
■to change the position of one of the pieces used in a board game （棋类游戏中）走棋，走子，（棋子）被移动
• In chess, the pieces can only move in certain directions. 下棋必须按棋规所定的方向走子。
[mu:v] verb
CHANGE PLACE 改变地方
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to go to a different place to live or work 搬家；搬迁；迁移
• We're moving to Paris. 我们要搬到巴黎去了。
• They've bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move into it/move in. 他们买了个新房子，但搬进去之前还有许多工作要做。
• I hear Paula has moved in with her boyfriend (= gone to live in his house). 我听说宝拉搬到她男朋友家去了。
• The couple next door moved away (= went to live somewhere else) last year. 隔壁的那对夫妻去年搬走了。
• A lot of businesses are moving out of London because it's too expensive. 许多企业因为负担不起高昂的费用而迁出了伦敦。
move house UK
 ESSENTIAL
■to leave your home in order to live in a new one 搬家
• We're moving house next week. 我们下周搬家。
[mu:v] verb
PROGRESS 前进
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) progress, change or happen in a particular way or direction （使）进展；（使）发展
• The judge's decision will allow the case to move ahead. 法官的决定将使诉讼得以继续进行。
• If you want to move ahead in your career, you'll have to work harder. 如果你想在事业上有所发展，就必须更努力地工作。
• Share prices moved up/down slowly yesterday. 昨天股价缓慢上涨／下跌。
• Sophie has been moved up/down a grade at school. 索菲在学校里跳／被降了一级。
• It's time this company moved into (= started to take advantage of the benefits of) the computer age. 这家公司该实行电脑化了。
[mu:v] verb
CAUSE 引致
transitive
■to cause someone to take action 促使，驱使
• [+ obj + to infinitive] formal I can't imagine what could have moved him to say such a thing. 我想像不出到底是甚么促使他说了这样的话。
[mu:v] verb
CHANGE OPINION 改变看法
intransitive or transitive
■to (cause to) change an opinion or the way in which you live or work （使）改变观点（或做法）
• He's made up his mind, and nothing you can say will move him on the issue. 他主意已决，你说甚么也不能改变他对这件事的看法。
• More and more people are moving away from/towards vegetarianism. 越来越多的人不再奉行素食主义／正成为素食主义者。
[mu:v] verb
FEELINGS 情感
transitive
■to cause someone to have strong feelings, such as sadness, sympathy, happiness or admiration 感动；引起，激起（情感）
• She said that she was deeply moved by all the letters of sympathy she had received. 她说她为收到的所有慰问信所深深打动。
• It was such a sad film that it moved him to tears (= made him cry). 这部电影十分伤感，令他落泪。
[mu:v] verb
SELL 卖
intransitive or transitive informal
■to sell 卖掉，使脱手
• No one wants to buy these toys - we just can't move them. 没有人想买这些玩具——根本就卖不出去。
• This new shampoo is moving really fast. 这种新洗发水十分畅销。
[mu:v] verb
BE WITH PEOPLE 交往
intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to spend time with people 进行社交活动；交往
• She moves in/among a very small circle of people. 她的社交圈子很小。
[mu:v] verb
SUGGEST 建议
intransitive or transitive specialized
■to suggest something, especially formally at a meeting or in a court of law （在会议上）提出；提议；（向法庭）提出请求，申请
• A vote was just about to be taken when someone stood up and said that they wished to move an amendment. 正要开始表决时，有人站起来说，他们想提出修正案。
• [+ that] I should like to move that the proposal be accepted. 我提议接受这项建议。
• Your Honour, we wish to move for dismissal of the charges. 尊敬的法官大人，我们请求驳回这些指控。
[mu:v] verb
PASS 通便
intransitive or transitive polite word
■(used especially by doctors and nurses) to pass the contents of the bowels out of the body （尤为医护人员用语）（使）（肠道）排泄粪便
• The doctor asked him if he'd moved his bowels that day. 医生问他那天是否排过便。
[mu:v] verb
move heaven and Earth
■to do everything you can to achieve something 竭尽全力
• He'll move heaven and Earth to get it done on time. 他将竭尽全力按时把它完成。
[mu:v] verb
Move it! informal
■used to tell someone to hurry 快点！赶紧！
• Come on, Phil, move it! 走吧，菲尔，快点！
[mu:v] verb
move on to higher / better things humorous
■to get a better job or improve your life in some way 获得提拔晋升；找到更好的工作；过更好的生活
• I hear you've moved on to higher things. 我听说你升职了。
[mu:v] verb
not move a muscle
■to stay completely still 一动不动
• She sat without moving a muscle as the nurse put the needle in. 当护士将针头扎入时，她坐着一动也没动。
[mu:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] move sb/sth in
■If the police, army or any group of people in authority move in, or if someone moves them in, they take control or attack, in order to deal with a difficult or dangerous situation 接手；（对…）进行操纵，干预
• When a company goes out of business, officials usually move in to take control. 如果公司倒闭，政府官员通常会接手控制局面。
• The decision has been made to move UN troops in to try and stop the fighting. 已决定派遣联合国部队进驻该地区以平息战事。
[mu:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  move in on sth/sb
■If you move in on a person or place, you come close or closer to them in order to attack or take control of them （为进攻或取得控制权而）移近，向…逼近
• Government troops are moving in on the rebel stronghold. 政府军正向叛军的据点逼近。
[mu:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  move off sth /on (to sth)
■to change from one subject to another when talking or writing 转换话题
• Let's move off this subject now, shall we? 我们不再谈这个话题了，好吗？
• "Can we move on to the next item for discussion, please?" 我们讨论下一个专案计划，好吗？
[mu:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  move on
NEW PLACE
■to leave the place where you are staying and go somewhere else 搬家；迁移
• I've been in Paris long enough - it's time to move on. 我在巴黎已呆了很长时间——该搬家了。
NEW ACTIVITY
■to start a new activity 开始新的活动
• I'd done the same job for years and felt it was time to move on. 我多年来一直在做同一份工作，觉得应该换换工作了。
[mu:v] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  move out ADVANCED
■to stop living in a particular home 搬走
• Her landlord has given her a week to move out. 房东给她一星期时间搬走。
[mu:v] noun
CHANGE OF POSITION 改变位置
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■an act of moving 动；动作；移动
• She held the gun to his head and said, "One move and you're dead!" 她把枪口紧贴在他的头上，说：“敢动一下你就没命。”
• I hate the way my boss watches my every move (= watches everything I do). 我讨厌老板总是监视我的一举一动。
countable
■in some board games , a change of the position of one of the pieces used to play the game, or a change of position that is allowed by the rules, or a player's turn to move their piece 一步棋；（按规则）棋子的可走方法
• It takes a long time to learn all the moves in chess. 要学会棋子的各种走法需要花很长时间。
• It's your move. 该你走了。
[mu:v] noun
CHANGE OF PLACE 改变地方
 IMPROVER countable
■when you go to live or work in a different place 搬家；迁移
• We've had four moves in three years. 我们三年间搬了四次家。
[mu:v] noun
ACTION 行动
 ESSENTIAL countable
■an action taken to achieve something 行动；步骤；措施
• Buying those shares was a good move. 买那些股票是明智之举。
• This move (= stage in a plan of action) towards improving childcare facilities has been widely welcomed. 这项改善照顾儿童设施的措施受到广泛欢迎。
• [+ to infinitive] The council is making a move (= taking action) to ban traffic in some parts of the city. 市议会正采取措施，禁止车辆在该市的某些区域行驶。
make the first move
■to be the first to take action 率先行动
• Neither side seems prepared to make the first move towards reaching a peace agreement. 双方似乎都不愿为达成和平协议而率先迈出一步。
■informal
■to start a romantic or sexual relationship with someone （对某人）主动展开追求
• She's fancied him for ages, but doesn't want to make the first move. 她喜欢他很久了，但不想主动追求他。
[mu:v] noun
be on the move informal move 1 * to be physically active
活跃；忙碌
• I've been on the move all day and I'm really tired. 我忙了一整天，实在很累。
■to be travelling 在路上，在旅途中
• We're going to be on the move all next week, but we'll call you when we get to Edinburgh. 我们下周整个星期都在外旅行，但我们到达爱丁堡时会打电话给你。
[mu:v] noun
get a move on informal
■to hurry 快点，赶紧
• Come on, you two, get a move on! 走吧，你们两个，快点！
• We need to get a move on if we're going to catch that train. 如果要赶上那班火车，我们就必须快点。
[mu:v] noun
make a move UK (US be on the move) informal
■to leave a place 离开，离去
• It's late - I think it's time we made a move. 很晚了——我想我们该走了。
touch, inspire, move
这组词都有“感动，打动”的意思，其区别是：
touch: 主要用于表示怜悯或同情等场合，侧重感动。
inspire: 指激起勇气和信心，侧重鼓励，有时含“启发灵感”之意。
move: 与touch可换用，但语气强一些，运用范围广些。
transfer, remove, shift, move
这组词都有“从一处移往另一处”的意思，其区别是：
transfer: 一般表示转送或移交迁移，尤指交通运输中的换乘或职务的调动等。
remove: 作“移动”解时，与move可换用，还可指撤职或开除学藉等。
shift: 侧重位置与方向的改变。
move: 普通用词，指从一处到另一外的任何距离的转移。
movement, motion, move
这组词都有“运动”的意思，其区别是：
movement: 通常抽象地指有规则的动作或定向运动，特指政治性的运动。
motion: 指不处于静止状态而在移动的过程中，强调运动本身，而不涉及其动因。
move: 着重开始的行动或变化。
n. 移动；步骤；迁居
 - removal, shift, procedure, motion, migration
vi. 移动；搬家，迁移；离开
 - remove, leave, split
vt. 移动；感动
 - remove, put, affect

Word: offer
Front: offer
[ˈɒfə(r)] (中高研四六托雅 373/307 -K5)
Vocabulary: offer
(once / 24 pages)
1vn 2v 3v 4v 5n
You make an offer when you present your willingness to do something. People selling a house wait for the best offer.
One person offers something, and another person accepts or rejects it. It's polite to offer guests something to drink and to offer a friend some space under your umbrella. A marriage proposal is a type of offer. A threat of violence is "an offer you can't refuse" in The Godfather. This word can mean a religious act as well, or — more grossly — the kind of offering a cat makes when it offers a dead mouse to its owner.
WORD FAMILY
offer: counteroffer, offered, offerer, offering, offeror, offers+/counteroffer: counteroffers/offerer: offerers/ offering: offerings
USAGE EXAMPLES
It also offers a list of all legislators, their phone numbers and their email addresses.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Jurors would later see a video of Roof confessing to the crime — “Well, I killed them, I guess,” he said — and offering a racist rationale.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 提供，给予; 提出，提议; 出价，开价; 表示愿意
vi. 提议; 企图，想要; 供奉
n. 提议; 出价，开价; 试图; 求婚
时态：offered, offering, offers
分布：提供(78%)，提议(6%)，提出(5%)，出价(4%)，贡献(3%)，求婚(2%)，出现(2%)
→of-,向前，朝向，-fer,携带，词源同bring,infer.引申词义提出，给予等。
提供,提出(of一再+fer→一再带来→提供)[fer=bring,carry,表示"带来,拿来"]
v.提供,提议,出现n.出价,提议,意图I infer that he is indifferent to differentiating the offers in different conferences.我推断他对区分不同会谈中的报价漠不关心.
US ['ɑ:.fɚ] verb
AGREE TO GIVE 答应给予
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to ask someone if they would like to have something or if they would like you to do something 主动给予；主动提出；提议
• [+ two objects] I feel bad that I didn't offer them any food/offer any food to them. 没有给他们提供任何食物，我觉得很过意不去。
• She was offered a job in Paris. 她在巴黎得到了一份工作。
• Can I offer you (= Would you like) a drink? 你要一杯饮料吗？
• "Would you sell me that painting?" "What are you offering (= What will you pay) for it?" “你能把那幅画卖给我吗？”“你出价多少？”
• [+ to infinitive] My father's offered to take us to the airport. 我父亲提议送我们去机场。
• [+ speech] "I'll do the cooking, " he offered. “我来做饭，”他主动提议。
• "I could help." "No, it's all right, thanks." "Well, don't say I didn't offer." “我可以帮忙。”“不，不用了，谢谢。”“好吧，别说我没主动帮忙。”
transitive (also offer up)
■to say a prayer or make a sacrifice (= an act of killing or giving up something) to a god （向神）祈祷，祭献
• Dear Lord, we offer up our prayers... 亲爱的主，我们向您祈祷…
UK ['ɒf.ər] US ['ɑ:.fɚ] verb
PROVIDE 提供
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to provide or supply something 提供；供给
• It's an organization that offers free legal advice to people on low incomes. 这是一个向低收入人群提供免费法律咨询的组织。
• It says in the guide that this area of the countryside offers some of the best walks in England. 旅行指南上说这一乡村地区有几条英格兰最好的徒步线路。
• [+ two objects] We are now offering you the chance to buy the complete set of pans at half price. 我们现在为大家提供半价购买全套煎锅的机会。
• Did he offer any explanation for his strange behaviour? 他有没有对自己的怪异行为作出任何解释？
• It doesn't have much to offer as a town - its shops are fairly poor and there's only one cinema. 这个城镇没有甚么可说的——商店很破旧，只有一家电影院。
UK ['ɒf.ər] US ['ɑ:.fɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■when someone asks you if you would like to have something or if you would like them to do something 提议；主动帮忙
• "If you like I can do some shopping for you." "That's a very kind offer." “如果你愿意，我可以替你买点东西。”“那个提议太好了。”
• I must say the offer of a weekend in Barcelona quite tempts me. 我得说到巴塞罗那度周末的提议对我很有诱惑力。
• informal One day I'll take you up on (= accept) that offer. 总有一天我会让你接受那项提议。
make an offer (also put in an offer)
■to state that you would like to buy something, especially a house, at a particular price （尤指为购买房产）出价，报价
• They were asking one hundred and eighty thousand for the place, so I put in an offer of one hundred and seventy. 这个地方他们要价18万，所以我出价17万。
• I've made an offer on a house in the town centre. 我已出价购买市中心的一所房子。
on (special) offer UK
■If goods in a shop are on (special) offer, they are being sold at a lower price than usual. 削价出售的，特价销售的，特惠出售的
under offer UK
■If a house is under offer, someone has already suggested a particular price at which they would be willing to buy it. （房子）已有人出价的，在洽售中的
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
vt. 提供；出价；试图
 - afford, undertake, try, tender, lend
n. 提议；出价；意图
 - proposal, intention, meaning, will, bid
vi. 提议；出现；献祭；求婚
 - occur, figure, come out

Word: central
Front: central
[ˈsentrəl] (高研四六雅 743/521 -K5)
Vocabulary: central
(once / 80 pages)
1adj 2n
Anything central is in the middle of something — or essential to it. Central things are fundamental and important.
Think about the center of a circle: it's right in the middle, equidistant from all sides. Similarly, anything central is in the middle of something. The central part of a city is downtown. You can also say something central is an important, crucial part of something. National security is a central responsibility of the President. Communication is a central goal of writing. Central things are essential and key.
WORD FAMILY
central: centralise, centralism, centrality, centralize, centrally, centrals+/ center: centered, centeredly, centering, centers, central, centric, centrical/centered: self-centered /centering: centerings/centralisation: centralisations/centralise: centralisation, centralised, centralises, centralising, decentralise/centralised: decentralised/centralising: decentralising/centralism: centralist, centralistic/centrality: centralities/centralization: centralizations/centralize: centralization, centralized, centralizes, centralizing, decentralize/centric: bicentric, centrically/decentralise: decentalisation, decentralisation, decentralises/decentralize: decentralization, decentralized, decentralizes, decentralizing/ self-centered: self-centeredness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Her body was found at the central Melbourne location about 11:50 local time, Victoria Police said.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
If Mr. Roof is sentenced to death, the dispute about his mental health is likely to be central to any appeals.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
By intervening, however, the central government would risk reigniting the passions that flared in 2014 when demonstrators paralysed business districts with sit-ins for several weeks.
Economist(Nov 03, 2016)
Back: adj. 中央的，中心的; 重要的，核心的
n. 电话总局; 电话转接员
分布：中心的(36%)，中央的(24%)，主要的(15%)，中心枢纽(5%)，中央办公室(5%)，起支配作用的(5%)，电话交换机(5%)，有控制力的(5%)
中心的[centr=center,表示"中心"]
a.中心的,中央的,中枢的;主要的This theme is central to our research.这个题目是我们研究的核心部分.
adjective
NEAR THE MIDDLE 中心附近的
 ESSENTIAL
■in, at, from or near the centre or most important part of something 中心的，中央的；中部的；靠近中心的；核心的
• central Europe/London 中欧／伦敦中部
• Of course, you pay more for premises with a central location (= in or near the centre of a town). 当然，要买位于市中心的房屋就要多付钱。
['sen.trəl] adjective
IMPORTANT 重要的
■main or important 中心的；主要的；重要的
• a central role 主要角色
• Community involvement is central to our plan. 社区的参与对我们的计划很重要。
['sen.trəl] adjective
ORGANIZATION 组织
[before noun]
■controlled or organized in one main place 中央的；中心的
• central authorities 中央当局
• the US central bank 美国中央银行
• central planning 中心规划
adj. 中心的；主要的；中枢的
 - nuclear, primary, major, leading, great

Word: third
Front: third
[θɜ:d] (中高雅 584/465 -4)
Back: n. 第三; 三分之一; 第三档
adj. 第三的; 三分之一的
分布：第三(81%)，三分之一(11%)，三分之一的(6%)，第三的(2%)
→置换自古英语 thridda,第三，来自 Proto-Germanic*thridja,第三，来自 trei,三，词源同 three. 其原先也可拼为 thrid,但后来逐渐被取代。
num.第三(个),三分之一(的)He was the third in the speech contest.他在演讲比赛中获得第三名.
US [θɝ:d] ordinal number
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■3rd written as a word 第三（的）
• the third road on the right 右边第三条路
• the third time 第三次
• "What's the date today?" "It's the third." “今天几号？”“今天三号。”
• She came third in the exam. 她在考试中得了第三名。
UK [θɜ:d] US [θɝ:d] ordinal number
the third degree informal
■asking serious questions and/or giving someone rough treatment to get information 严厉盘问；逼供；刑讯
• I got the third degree when I got home last night. 昨晚我回家时被家人严厉盘问。
UK [θɜ:d] US [θɝ:d] noun countable
PART 部分
■one of three equal parts of something 三分之一（某物三等份之其一）
• He cut the cake into thirds (= three equal parts). 他把蛋糕切成三份。
UK [θɜ:d] US [θɝ:d] noun countable
QUALIFICATION 资格
countable
■a degree qualification from a British university that is below a 2:2 三等学位（英国大学的一种低等学历）
adj. 第三的；三分之一的
 - tertius, ternary

Word: global
Front: global
[ˈgləʊbl] (研四六托雅 1110/2410 -K3)
Vocabulary: global
(once / 207 pages)
adj
When something is global, it's happening all over the world. It's easy to spot the connection between global and globe.
When the volcano in Iceland erupted, it quickly became a global event. Sure, things were tough in Reykjavík, but the dust and ash caused airport shutdowns and schedule disruptions around the world. Michael Jackson was a star in the United States from the time he was a little boy, but after he broke up with his brothers and went solo in the 1980s, he became a global phenomenon. There was hardly a country on earth where Michael Jackson wasn't a star.
WORD FAMILY
global: globaler, globalise, globalize, globally+/conglobate: conglobated, conglobation/globalise: globalisation/globalize: globalization, globalized, globalizes, globalizing/ globe: conglobate, global, globes, globular/globular: globularly, globularness
USAGE EXAMPLES
The BDS movement is a Palestinian-led global campaign to put economic and political pressure on Israel, and it is opposed by many Jewish students.
Washington Post(Dec 28, 2016)
And global condemnations notwithstanding, the trend is poised to accelerate.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
“The ivory trade is a great opportunity for China to show its commitment to its global responsibilities,” he wrote in an email.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 全球的，全球性的，有关全球大局的; 全面的，整体的，全局的; 球形的，球状的，球面的，球体的; [计]全程的
分布：全球性的(64%)，总的(18%)，球状的(18%)
→来自glebh, 球体，成球状。引申义地球，全球的。
a.球形的;全球的,全世界的;全面的Environmental protection has been a global concern.环保已经成为全球性问题.
【记】北京有一个global的厅
【反】local（adj 地方的）
US ['gloʊ-] adjective
WORLD 世界
 IMPROVER
■relating to the whole world 全球的；全世界的
• a global catastrophe/problem 世界性灾难／全球性问题
UK ['gləʊ.bəl] US ['gloʊ-] adjective
ALL PARTS 整体的
■considering or relating to all parts of a situation or subject 整体的；全面的；总括的
• This report gives a global picture of the company's finances. 这份报告对公司的整体财务状况作了说明。
adj. 全球的；总体的；球形的
 - spherical, ball-shaped

Word: suggest
Front: suggest
[səˈdʒest] (中高托 430/314 -K5)
Vocabulary: suggest
(once / 34 pages)
v
To suggest is to propose or hint. If you suggest going out for ice cream, nobody's going to object. If you suggest that your sister should get the frozen yogurt instead, she might think you are suggesting something about her weight.
The verb suggest is also used when people speak about scientific research. Experimental results are often used to suggest whether a theory might be correct. For example, if a patient takes a new drug and starts feeling better, that will suggest the drug is working. Suggest can also mean to drop a hint. If you find a polite way to suggest that the pot roast is inedible, you don't come out and declare it directly. You wouldn't want to hurt Mom's feelings.
WORD FAMILY
suggest: suggested, suggester, suggestible, suggesting, suggestion, suggestive, suggests+/suggester: suggesters/suggestible: suggestibility/ suggestion: self-suggestion, suggestions/ suggestive: suggestively
USAGE EXAMPLES
Afterward, Banner suggested that it was one of the most important wins in USC history.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Last week, a survey for Uswitch suggested that consumers will carry an average outstanding sum of £636 on their credit cards into the New Year.
BBC(Jan 03, 2017)
One of my customers suggested that I put them in an old medicine bottle taped to the plug cord.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: vt. 建议，提议; 暗示; 使想起; 启示
时态：suggested, suggesting, suggests
分布：建议(79%)，表明(12%)，暗示(6%)，要求(2%)，使想起(1%)
→sug-,在下，向上，-gest,带来，承载，词源同 gesture,congest.引申诸相关词义。
提议,建议(sug在下面+gest→从下面带上来→建议)[gest,gister=carry,bring,表示"带来,产生"]
v.建议,提出;使联想,使想起...;暗示I guess the guest's gesture suggested that he could not digest well.我猜想客人的手势暗示了他消化不良.
verb transitive
MENTION 提及
 ESSENTIAL
■to mention an idea, possible plan or action for other people to consider 提议；建议
• They were wondering where to hold the office party and I suggested the Italian restaurant near the station. 他们在考虑在哪里开办公室聚会，我提议去车站附近的义大利餐馆。
• formal Might I suggest a white wine with your salmon, sir? 我建议来一杯白葡萄酒配您的鲑鱼吧，先生？
• [+ (that)] I suggest (that) we wait a while before we make any firm decisions. 我建议我们在作出任何明确而肯定的决定之前先考虑片刻。
• Liz suggested (that) I try the shop on Mill Road. 莉兹建议我去米尔街的那家店看看。
• [+ -ing verb] I suggested putting the matter to the committee. 我提议把这件事提交委员会讨论。
• [+ question word] Can you suggest wh ere I might find a chemist's? 你知道哪里有药店吗？
  Common Learner Errors  suggest When suggest is followed directly by another verb, that verb cannot be in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'suggest to do something', say suggest doing something :
✗ I suggest to plan an indoor activity in case it rains. I suggest planning an indoor activity in case it rains. You can also say suggest someone does something I suggest you plan an indoor activity in case it rains.
[sə'dʒest] verb transitive
SHOW/EXPRESS 表明／显示
 ESSENTIAL
■to communicate or show an idea or feeling without stating it directly or giving proof 暗示；间接表明；意味着
• [+ (that)] There's no absolute proof, but all the evidence suggests (that) he's guilty. 虽然没有确凿的证据，但所有证据都表明他有罪。
• Are you suggesting (that) I look fat in these trousers? 你言下之意是说我穿这条裤子显得胖？
• Something about his manner suggested a lack of interest in what we were doing. 他的举止流露出的某种暗示意味着他对我们正在做的事情并无兴趣。
[sə'dʒest] verb transitive
PRODUCE AN IDEA 产生想法 slightly formal
■to produce an idea in the mind 使想到；使联想到
• Does anything suggest itself (= Have you got any ideas about what we should do) ? 你想到甚么好主意了吗？
denote, indicate, imply, mean, suggest, signify, represent
这组词都有“表示……的意思”的意思，其区别是：
denote: 指某一词字面或狭义的意思，或指某些符号或迹象的特指含义。
indicate: 指明显的表示。
imply: 侧重用文字或符号表示的联想，暗示。
mean: 最普通用词。指文字或符号等所表示的各种明确的或含蓄的意义。
suggest: 通常指暗含地、隐晦地表达意思。
signify: 指用文字、说话或表情等表示单纯的意思。
represent: 指体现或代表。
imply, hint, suggest
这组词都有“暗示”的意思，其区别是：
imply: 侧重指话语、行为或情景中的一种暗示，听者或读者必须加以逻辑推断才能领会。
hint: 指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事。
suggest: 指有意或无意的，直接或间接暗示，强调事物的表征等使人引起联想。
protest, object, suggest, advice
protest: 对……提出异议
object: 反对
suggest: 建议，提出，表明 隐含提出在某种情况下能够实现的事，提出某事来讨论
advice: 建议 商量，希望得到别人建议的个人事情，劝告，提意见，可劝人为善或为恶
 • 1647
propose, prescribe, suggest, advocate, recommend
这组词都有“劝告、主张、建议”的意思，其区别是：
propose: 多指较正式地提出建议。
prescribe: 多指医生对病人在用药或饮食等方面的建议。
suggest: 语气较委婉，指提出不成熟的建议或参见意见。
advocate: 指公开表明对某事或某行为的完全赞同，语气强于recommend。
recommend: 指向对方提出公开的建议或规劝。
persuade, advise, suggest
persuade: 劝说（并使之听从）
advise: 劝说（但不一定说服）
suggest: 建议，提议
propose, advise, suggest
propose: 提议，供大家讨论
advise: 给对方建议劝告对方，但对方是否接受不抱希望（弱势对强势）；
suggest: 建议希望对方做某事，往往带有敦促、鼓励或警告之意（强势对弱势）
vt. 提议，建议；启发；使人想起
 - vote, advise

Word: face
Front: face
[feɪs] (中高托雅 330/282 -K5)
Vocabulary: face
(once / 10 pages)
1nv 2nv 3v 4n 5n 6n
If you have a mirror above your bed, the first thing you see each morning might be your own face. Once you've seen that your nose is still there, you're ready to face the day!
When you face someone you are across from them, maybe looking them in the eye. If you make a funny face, the person across from you might laugh. Or, if the person is your mother, she might tell you to stop it unless you want your face to stay that way. If you want to “save face,” then it's important to you not to look foolish in front of others.
WORD FAMILY
face: biface, deface, faced, faceless, faces, facial, facing, reface+/ deface: defaced, defacement, defaces, defacing/defacement: defacements/faced: facedest, facedly/faceless: facelessly/ facial: bifacial, facially, facials/facing: facings/reface: refaced, refacing
USAGE EXAMPLES
Someone convicted of killing a turtle faces a maximum fine of about $240 and up to three months in jail.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“Let’s face it, we’re in the click age,” he said.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Any suspect who steps forward would face a misdemeanor trespassing charge —  a penalty equivalent to “a slap on the hand,” Ramirez said.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 面容; 表面; 脸; 方面
vt. & vi. 面对; 面向…; 正视; 承认
vt. （感到不能）对付; （明知不好办而）交谈; 必须对付（某情况）; 面临…
时态：faced, facing, faces
分布：脸(55%)，面对(32%)，表情(5%)，朝(3%)，面向(3%)，表面(2%)
→来自dhe, 做，放置，语源同do, fact. 即做出来的形状，脸面，并取代拉丁语visage.
脸[fac,fic=face,表示"脸,面"]
n.脸,面貌;表情;正面v.面对着;朝,面向The preface is written on the surface of the furnace that faces the space facilities.序言写在面对太空设施的火炉表面.
noun
HEAD 头
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the front of the head, where the eyes, nose and mouth are 脸，面孔
• She's got a long, thin face. 她长着一张瘦长的脸。
• She had a puzzled expression on her face. 她一脸困惑不解。
countable
■an expression on someone's face 面部表情，神情
• I was greeted by smiling faces. 迎接我的是一张张笑脸。
• He had a face like thunder (= He looked very angry). 他怒容满面。
make/pull a face
■to make a strange expression with your face, usually to show that you do not like someone or something 做怪相，扮鬼脸
• "This tastes horrible," said Tom, pulling a face at his glass. “这太难喝了，”汤姆一脸苦相地看着杯子说道。
• I was pulling silly faces to make the baby laugh. 我正做着各种鬼脸引宝宝笑。
[feɪs] noun
FRONT 前面
 ADVANCED countable
■the front or surface of an object （物体的）前面，正面，表面
• the north face of a mountain 山的北坡
• the west face of the building 建筑物的西侧
countable
■the front of a clock or watch which has the numbers or marks which show what time it is 钟面，表盘
• a watch face with Roman numerals 有罗马数字的手表表盘
[feɪs] noun
RESPECT 尊重
uncountable
■the respect and honour of others 脸面，面子；尊严
• He thinks he would lose face if he admitted the mistake. 他觉得承认错误会丢面子。
• She tried to save face by inventing a story about being overseas at the time. 为了尽量挽回面子，她谎称那时在海外。
[feɪs] noun
be in your face US informal
■If someone is in your face they criticize you all the time 不停地批评（某人），老是苛责（某人）
• One of the managers is always in my face. 有个经理总是对我诸多挑剔。
[feɪs] noun
be in your face slang
■to be shocking and annoying in a way that is difficult to ignore 扑面而来
• dance music that is aggressive, sexy and in your face 扑面而来热烈撩人的舞曲
[feɪs] noun
disappear off the face of the Earth (also be wiped off the face of the Earth)
■to disappear completely 完全消失
• The whole tribe seems to have disappeared off the face of the Earth. 整个部落似乎从地球上完全消失了。
[feɪs] noun
sb's face doesn't fit UK informal
■If someone's face doesn't fit, their appearance or personality are not suitable for a job or other activity. （某人的）长相不合格，（某人的）性格不合适
[feɪs] noun
sb's face falls
■If someone's face falls, they suddenly look very disappointed （某人的）脸沉下来
• Her face fell when she heard he wasn't coming. 她听说他不来时脸沉了下来。
[feɪs] noun
the face of sth
■what you can see of something or what shows （…表现出的）方面
• Poor quality is the unacceptable face of increased productivity. 因为产量增加而出现品质不佳的情况是不能令人接受的。
[feɪs] noun
Get out of my face! slang
■a rude way of telling someone that they are annoying you and should stop 滚开！
• I said no! Now get out of my face! 我说了不行！滚开！
[feɪs] noun
have a face like the back end of a bus UK informal
■to be very ugly 非常丑陋
[feɪs] noun
in the face of sth
■despite having to deal with a difficult situation or problem 不顾（困难等）
• She left home in the face of strong opposition from her parents. 她不顾父母的强烈反对离开了家。
[feɪs] noun
on the face of it
■used when you are describing how a situation seems on the surface 从表面看；乍看起来
• On the face of it, it seems like a bargain, but I bet there are hidden costs. 从表面上看这好像是便宜，但我肯定其中有些隐藏的费用。
[feɪs] noun
take sth at face value
■to accept something for what it appears to be rather than studying it more closely 仅凭表像对…信以为真
• I took the offer at face value. I didn't think they might be trying to trick me. 我对这提议信以为真，并没料到他们可能想要骗我。
[feɪs] noun
to sb's face
■If you say something unpleasant to someone's face, you say it to them directly, when you are with them 当着（某人的）面
• If you've got something to say, say it to my face. 你要是有甚么要说的，就当着我的面说。
[feɪs] verb
DEAL WITH 处理
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■If you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with it 面对，面临，必须对付（难题）
• This is one of the many problems faced by working mothers. 这是身为在职母亲面临的众多难题之一。
• Passengers could face long delays. 旅客可能须长时间滞留。
• You're faced with a very difficult choice there. 你眼下面临一项艰难的抉择。
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to accept that something unpleasant is true and start to deal with the situation 正视，承认
• I think Phil has to face the fact that she no longer loves him. 我觉得菲尔必须承认她不再爱他的这件事实。
• We have to face facts here - we simply don't have enough money. 我们必须面对现实——我们根本没有足够的钱。
• He's dying but he refuses to face the truth. 他命不久矣却不肯面对现实。
can't face sth/doing sth
 IMPROVER
■to not want to do or deal with something unpleasant 不想面对…／受不了做…
• I can't face walking up all those steps again. 我可受不了再爬一遍那些台阶。
• I know I've got to tell her but I can't face it. 我知道我必须告诉她，可我就是没法这么做。
[feɪs] verb
TURN TOWARDS 转向
 IMPROVER intransitive usually + adverb or preposition transitive
■to turn or be turned towards something physically; to be opposite （使）转向，（使）面向；正对
• The terrace faces towards the sea/faces south. 阳台面海／朝南。
• Their houses face each other across the street. 他们的房子隔街相望。
[feɪs] verb
FRONT 前面
transitive
■If you face a building, you put an extra layer in front of what is already there （在建筑物表面）覆盖，抹盖，贴上
• The house was built of wood but faced in/with brick. 这栋房子用木搭建，但表面砌上了砖。
[feɪs] verb
face the music
■to accept criticism or punishment for something you have done 接受批评（或惩罚）
[feɪs] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  face up to sth
■to accept that a difficult situation exists 接受，正视（困境）
• She's going to have to face up to the fact that he's not going to marry her. 她将不得不接受他不会娶她的事实。
face, encounter, meet, contact, confront
这组词都有“遇见，会见，碰见”的意思，其区别是：
face: 侧重双方静止地面对面，或指指充满勇气、信心和决心正视人或事。
encounter: 通常指遇到困难或挫折，也指偶然或意外地相遇。
meet: 普通用词，本义指双方或多方从不同方向或相反方向作向对运动，最终相碰(遇)。
contact: 多指通过书信、电话或直接会面和别人联系。口语用词。
confront: 不可避免的，面对面的相遇。也指敢于正视困难或问题的决心和信心。
look, face, aspect, appearance
这组词都有“外表，容貌”的意思，其区别是：
look: 普通用词，多用复数，可与appearance换用，但较口语化。
face: 侧重指容貌。
aspect: 书面用词，突出人或事物在某特定时间或地点时的外貌。
appearance: 普通用词，着重由总体产生的印象。
n. 脸；表面；面子；面容；外观；威信
 - surface, outside, garment, look
vi. 向；朝
 - open to
vt. 面对；面向；承认；抹盖
 - accept, agree, recognize, look, grant

Word: account
Front: account
[əˈkaʊnt] (高研四托雅 1071/498 -K5)
Vocabulary: account
(once / 25 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n
An account can be many things — such as a story, like if you give a friend an account of what happened at the party she missed. It can also be a business arrangement, like a bank account or an email account.
Account is one of those seemingly simple words that have a mass of different meanings. An account can be a narrative or story — a biography, for example, is an account of someone's life. Account can also mean an explanation of something, as in the phrase, "How do you account for that?" An account is also a handy arrangement whereby a store agrees to provide you goods on credit, but then you might have to account for all that debt.
WORD FAMILY
account: accountable, accountant, accounted, accounting, accounts+/ accountability: accountabilities/ accountable: accountability, accountably, unaccountable / accountant: accountancy, accountants, accountantship/ accounting: accountings/ unaccountable: unaccountablest, unaccountably
USAGE EXAMPLES
He and his colleagues counted daily growth markers in the teeth, calculating that tooth growth accounted for about 40 percent of incubation time.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Without a sustainable budget solution, the annual Permanent Fund dividend soon will disappear, as will our savings accounts.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
The special savings account gets 30 percent of the state’s oil tax collections.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 账，账目; 存款; 记述，报告; 理由
vi. 解释; 导致; 报账
vt. 认为; 把…视作
时态：accounted, accounting, accounts
分布：解释(35%)，账户(25%)，说明(17%)，描述(5%)，帐目(4%)，报账(3%)，理由(3%)，导致(3%)，报告(2%)，估计(2%)，利益(1%)
→来自法语，来自于拉丁语compute,来自于词根put,思考，计算。
a.叙述,说明;账目,账户vi.说明,解释Lauren could not account for her mistake.劳伦无法解释自己的错误.
noun
BANK 银行
 IMPROVER countable (also bank account)
■an arrangement with a bank to keep your money there and to allow you to take it out when you need to 帐户，户口
• I've opened an account with a building society. 我在房屋互助协会开了个帐户。
• I paid the money into my account this morning. 今天上午我把钱存入了我的帐户。
• UK She paid the cheque into / USShe deposited the check in her account. 她把支票存入了帐户。
• I need to draw some money out of my account. 我需要从我的帐户取出一些钱。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
REPORT 报告
 IMPROVER countable
■a written or spoken description of an event 报导；报告；记述；描述
• She gave a thrilling account of her life in the jungle. 她把在丛林中生活的经历描述得惊险刺激。
• He kept a detailed account of the suspect's movements. 他详细纪录了嫌疑犯的一举一动。
• Several eyewitnesses' accounts differed considerably from the official version of events. 几个目击者对于事件的叙述和官方的说法有很大出入。
by/from all accounts
■as said by most people 根据各方面所说；据说；大家都说
• By all accounts, San Francisco is a city that's easy to fall in love with. 人人都说旧金山是个很容易令人倾心的城市。
by your own account
■Something that is true by your own account is what you say is true although you have not proved it 据（某人）自己所说
• By his own account, he's quite wealthy. 他自称很富有。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
REASON 原因
on account of sth formal
■because of something 由于，因为
• He doesn't drink alcohol on account of his health. 由于健康原因，他不喝酒。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
SHOP 商店
countable
■an agreement with a shop or company that allows you to buy things and pay for them later 赊销帐；赊欠帐；赊购
• Could you put it on / charge it to my account (= can I pay for it later) , please? 把这笔钱记在我的（赊购）帐上好吗？
• Do you have an account at this store/ with us, madam? 女士，你在我们商店有赊购帐户吗？
• Could you please pay/settle your account in full (= give us all the money you owe us) ? 您可以把赊的帐全结清吗？
countable
■a customer who does business with a company 客户；主顾
• If the advertising agency loses the United Beer account, it will make a big dent in their profits. 如果该广告公司丢掉了统一啤酒公司这个客户，他们的利润就会锐减。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
IMPORTANCE 重要
be of no/little account formal
■to not be important 不重要；无足轻重
• It's of no account to me whether he comes or not. 他来不来对我来说都无关紧要。
• His opinion is of little account to me. 对我来说，他的意见无足轻重。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
be brought/called to account mainly UK
■to be forced to explain something you did wrong, and usually to be punished 被责令（对…）作出解释；受到追究
• We must ensure that the people responsible for the violence are brought to account. 我们一定要将那些肇事暴徒绳之以法。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
on your account
■If something is said to be on someone's or something's account, it is because of that person or thing 为了…的缘故
• I'm not very hungry so please don't cook on my account (= don't cook just for me). 我不是太饿，所以请不要特意为我做饭。
• They were tired, but not any less enthusiastic on that account. 他们很累，但是他们的热情并没有因此而减退。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
on no account
■If something must on no account/not on any account be done, it must not be done at any time or for any reason 决不，绝对不；切莫
• Employees must on no account make personal telephone calls from the office. 员工绝对不许在办公室打私人电话。
• These records must not on any account be changed. 这些纪录无论如何都不能变动。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
take into account (also take account of) ADVANCED
■to consider or remember when judging a situation 考虑到；顾及
• I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams when she marks my paper. 我希望老师在阅卷时，能够考虑到我恰好在考试前生病这个情况。
• A good architect takes into account the building's surroundings. 一位好的建筑师会考虑到建筑物的周边环境。
• Britain's tax system takes no account of children. 英国的税制没有把儿童考虑在内。
• I think you have to take into account that he's a good deal younger than the rest of us. 我认为你必须考虑到他比我们其他人都要年轻得多。
[ə'kaʊnt] noun
turn / use sth to good account UK formal
■to use your skills and abilities to produce good results 充分利用；有效发挥
• I think we'd all agree that you turned your negotiating skills to very good account in this afternoon's meeting. 我想我们都得承认，今天下午的会议上，你把你的谈判技巧发挥得淋漓尽致。
[ə'kaʊnt] verb transitive + object + noun or adjective formal
JUDGE 评价
■to think of someone or something in the stated way; judge 认为是；视为
• She was accounted a genius by all who knew her work. 所有认识她作品的人都认为她是个天才。
[ə'kaʊnt] verb transitive + object + noun or adjective formal
There 's no accounting for taste. saying
■said when it is difficult to explain why different people like different things, especially things which you do not like 人的爱憎好恶是无法解释的
• "I love working at weekends." "Well, there's no accounting for taste, is there!" “我喜欢在周末工作。”“嗯，萝卜青菜，各有所爱，对不对？”
[ə'kaʊnt] verb transitive + object + noun or adjective formal
  Phrasal Verbs  account (to sb) for sth ADVANCED
■to explain the reason for something or the cause of something （对某人）就…作出解释；（对某人）就…作出说明
• Can you account for your absence last Friday? 你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺勤吗？
• She was unable to account for over $5 000 (= she could not explain where the money was). 她无法对5000多美元的去向作出解释。
• He has to account to his manager for (= tell his manager about and explain) all his movements. 他不得不向经理交代清楚他的一切行动。
[ə'kaʊnt] verb transitive + object + noun or adjective formal
  Phrasal Verbs  account for sth
■to form the total of something （在数量上）占
• Students account for the vast majority of our customers. 我们的顾客绝大多数是学生。
clarify, interpret, account, explain, illustrate
这组词都有“说明”的意思，其区别是：
clarify: 指把已发生的事件。情况和现状说清楚。
interpret: 着重以特殊的知识、经验来解释难理解的事情。
account: 说明某事物如何符合自然法则或逻辑。
explain: 含义广，最普通用词，指把某事向原来不了解、不清楚的人解释明白、说清楚等。
illustrate: 多指用实例或插图、图表加以说明。
report, account
这组词都有“报道，叙述”的意思，其区别是：
report: 正式用词，多指报刊上的报道，强调对情况经过调查或审核后作出的详尽叙述，具有一定权威性。
account: 普通用词，不如report正式，侧重对亲身经历或目睹之事所作的书面或口头的报道或叙述。
n. [会计] 帐户；解释；帐目，帐单；理由
 - interpretation, explanation, construction, sake, reason
vi. 解释；导致；报帐
 - result in, to interpret
vt. 认为；把…视为
 - count, find, guess, feel, rate

Word: must
Front: must
[məst] (中 223/111 -K5)
Vocabulary: must
(once / 7 pages)
1nadj 2n 3n
A must is something that's so important it can't be missed or ignored. When you're taking kayaking lessons, a lifejacket is a must.
Anything that is required is a must: drinking enough water is a must for being healthy. When you adopt a new dog, making sure he'll get along with your cat is a must. Another meaning of the noun must is a stale, stuffy smell. Your damp basement and dry, hot attic might both smell of must. This meaning comes from the adjective musty, a variation on the older, now obsolete moisty.
WORD FAMILY
must: musts, musty +/ musty: mustier, mustiest, mustily, mustiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
It must be bad news, and they think I might fall apart.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
As a result, scientists who study the compound must follow a host of restrictive rules.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
All that bought the Colts was another disappointing season, and now Irsay must decide whether he’s willing to admit a mistake so soon.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: aux. 必须; 必然要; （做出逻辑推断）; （表示坚持）
n. 必须做的事，必不可少的事物; 葡萄汁; 霉臭; 麝香
vt. & vi. （表示必要或很重要）必须; （提出建议）应该; 得; （表示很可能或符合逻辑）一定
adj. 不可或缺的; 狂暴的
分布：必须(90%)，应当(4%)，很可能(2%)，必须做的事(2%)，发霉(1%)，未发酵的葡萄汁(1%)
→来自古英语motan,有能力做，有必要做，-st,过去分词后缀，来自Proto-Germanic*mot,能力，力量，来自med,测量，衡量，采取手段，词源同measure,medical.其在古英语时期语气并不是很强烈，后不断强化。比较noblesse oblige.must 葡萄汁，葡萄酒，甜酒
aux. & v.必须;很可能;一定要n.必须做的事I must go now.我得走了.
modal verb
NECESSARY 必要的
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that it is necessary or very important that something happens in the present or future 必须
• Meat must be cooked thoroughly. 肉必须彻底煮熟。
• I must get some sleep. 我必须睡一会儿了。
• You mustn't show this letter to anyone else. 你不可以把这封信拿给其他人看。
• Luggage must not be left unattended (= it is against the rules). 行李不能无人看管。
• formal Must you leave so soon? 你非得这么早离开不可吗？
• formal "Must I sign this?" "No, there's no need." “我必须在这里签字吗？”“不，没必要。”
 ESSENTIAL
■If you say that you must do something, you mean that you have a definite intention to do something in the future 一定要，坚持要
• I must phone my sister. 我一定要打个电话给我妹妹。
• We must get someone to fix that wheel. 我们一定要找人修修那个轮子。
• I mustn't bite my nails. 我决不可以咬指甲。
 ADVANCED
■used for emphasis （表示强调）必须
• I must say , you're looking extremely well. 我不得不说，你看起来真是神采飞扬。
• I must admit , I wasn't looking forward to it. 我必须承认，我当时完全没有料到会发生此事。
 ADVANCED
■If you tell someone else that they must do something pleasant, you are emphasizing that you think it is a good idea for them to do that 务必，一定要
• You must come and stay with us for the weekend. 你一定要来和我们一起度周末。
• We must meet for lunch soon. 我们一定要快快找个日子相约吃午餐。
  Common Learner Errors  mustMust is followed by an infinitive verb without 'to'. Don't say 'must to do something', say must do something
✗ You must to pay attention to your pronunciation. You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
[strong form mʌst] [weak form məst] [məs] modal verb
PROBABLY 可能
 ESSENTIAL
■used to show that something is very likely, probable or certain to be true 想必；一定
• Harry's been driving all day - he must be tired. 哈里开了一天车，他一定累了。
• There's no food left - we must have eaten it all. 没有食物了，想必我们全都吃光了。
• When you got lost in the forest you must have been very frightened. 那天你在森林里迷路了，一定很害怕吧。
• "You must know Frank." "No, I don't." “你一定认识弗兰克。”“不，我不认识。”
[strong form mʌst] [weak form məst] [məs] noun countable informal
■something which is necessary 必不可少的事物
• If you live in the country a car is a must. 如果你住在乡下，汽车是必不可少的。
have to, must
这组词都有“必须，不得不”的意思，其区别是：
have to: 通俗用语，指受客观条件或环境迫使而“不得不”做某事，突出客观性。
must: 通常表示命令或说话人主观认为必须要做某事，含强调语气，侧重主观性。
aux. 必须，一定；可以，应当；很可能
 - may, shall, ought

Word: idea
Front: idea
[aɪˈdɪə] (中高雅 311/268 -K5)
Vocabulary: idea
(once / 19 pages)
1n 2n
When you suddenly know what to do and a cartoon light bulb appears above your head, you've probably just had an idea. After burning the roast and dropping the mashed potatoes, ordering pizza seemed like your best idea all night.
Idea goes all the way back to idein in Greek, meaning “to see.” When someone says “Picture this!” they want to give you an idea. When you try to imagine something, idea can also mean a rough outline or a general sense: "This drawing I've made doesn't show every detail of my time machine, but it will give you some idea of how it works."
WORD FAMILY
idea: ideal, ideas, ideate+/ ideal: idealise, idealism, ideality, idealize, ideally, ideals/idealisation: idealisations/idealise: idealisation, idealised, idealises, idealising/ idealism: idealisms, idealist, idealistic / idealist: idealists/ idealistic: idealistically/ideality: idealities/idealization: idealizations/ idealize: idealization, idealized, idealizes, idealizing/ideate: ideated, ideating, ideation / ideation: ideational, ideations/ideational: ideationally
USAGE EXAMPLES
To bolster that idea, he adds, “some creationists also try to mimic the appearance of hypotheses, research, and so forth.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“The idea that Mr. Brunson’s arrest was related to his religious affiliation is ludicrous,” a senior Turkish official told me.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
And Mr. Putin’s idea of a tough leader probably looks more like a Spetsnaz commando than a former beauty pageant impresario.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 主意，想法; [哲]理念，观念; [乐]乐句; 模糊想法
分布：想法(48%)，主意(28%)，意见(8%)，观念(8%)，看法(3%)，印象(2%)，目标(2%)，感觉(1%)
→来自拉丁语idea,想象，想法，想象中的上帝的模样，来自weid,看，字母w脱落，词源同video,evident.引申词义看，幻想，现用于指主意，想法。
n.想法,念头;概念,观念;意见,主意The zealous dealer has an ideal idea of dealing with the meal.热心的商人有一个处理膳食的理想主意.
noun
SUGGESTION 建议
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a suggestion or plan for doing something 意见，想法，主意；计划
• I've had an idea - why don't we go to the coast? 我有个主意——我们为甚么不去海滨呢？
• "Let's go swimming." "That's a good idea!" “我们去游泳吧。”“好主意！”
• If you have any ideas for what I could buy Jack, let me know. 我给杰克买甚么东西好，如果你有甚么主意请告诉我。
• That's when I first had the idea of starting (= planned to start) my own business. 那是我首次有了自己创业的想法。
• I like the idea of living in the countryside but I'm not sure I'd like the reality. 我觉得住在乡村的想法很好，但我不肯定是否喜欢这样一种现实。
• She's full of bright (= good) ideas. 她满脑子好点子。
• [+ to infinitive] It was Kate's idea to hire bikes. 租脚踏车是凯特的主意。
• It 's not a good idea to drive for hours without a rest. 连续开车几个小时都不休息不是个好主意。
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
KNOWLEDGE 知识
 ESSENTIAL [S or U]
■an understanding, thought or picture in your mind 了解，明白；概念，构想
• Do you have any idea of what he looks like? 你知道他长甚么样子吗？
• Can you give me an idea of the cost (= Can you tell me approximately how much the cost is) ? 你能告诉我费用大概是多少吗？
• I don't like the idea of living so far away from my family. 我不喜欢住在离家这么远的地方。
• [+ question word] I haven't the slightest/faintest idea wh ere they've gone. 我根本不知道他们去了哪里。
• I've got a pretty good idea wh y they left early. 我很清楚他们为甚么早早就离开了。
• "Where's Serge?" "I' ve no idea (= I do not know) ". “瑟奇在哪里？”“我不知道。”
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
BELIEF 信念
 IMPROVER countable
■a belief or opinion 信念；见解
• We have very different ideas about disciplining children. 我们对于如何管教孩子看法大不相同。
• [+ that] Leach puts forward the idea that it is impossible to spoil a child. 利奇提出的观点是，宠坏孩子是不可能的。
• I'm not married - where did you get that idea (= what made you believe that) ? 我没有结婚——你这个想法是从哪里来的？
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
PURPOSE 目的
only singular
■a purpose or reason for doing something 目的；理由
• The idea of the game is to get rid of all your cards as soon as you can. 游戏的目的是尽快出完手中的牌。
• The whole idea (= only purpose) of advertising is to make people buy things. 广告的唯一目的就是让人买东西。
• The idea behind the national lottery is to raise money for good causes. 发行全国性彩票的目的在于为慈善事业筹款。
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
your idea of sth
■what you consider to be something （某人）心目中的…
• Playing card games is not my idea of fun. 我并不认为玩纸牌很有趣。
• Is this your idea of a joke (= Do you think that this is amusing) ? 你觉得这好笑吗？
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
put ideas into sb's head
■to make someone want to do something they had not thought about before, especially something stupid 使（某人）产生（尤指做蠢事的）念头
• Don't go putting ideas into his head. We can't afford a new car. 别让他有甚么奢望，我们买不起新车。
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
What an idea! (also The idea of it!) old-fashioned
■something you say to show that you think a suggestion is stupid 多可笑的想法！
• I can't turn up at a funeral in a pink jacket. What an idea! 我不能穿粉红色的夹克去参加葬礼。多可笑的建议！
[aɪ'dɪə] noun
you have no idea
■said for emphasis when you are describing how good or bad an experience is （表示强调）你不知道，你难以想像
• Flying a plane is wonderful, you have no idea. 你不知道驾驶飞机有多棒。
• You have no idea how embarrassed I was. 你不知道我当时有多尴尬。
idea, intention, purpose
idea: 指“意见”，“见解”。
intention: 主要指个人心里产生的做某事欲望或得到某物的想法，常见的搭配是have the intention of doing something.
purpose: 意为“目的”，着重于实现目的的决心和待付出的努力。如：For what purpose do you learn English?(你学英文的目的是什么？)
sentiment, idea, opinion, view
这组词都有“意见，看法，见解”的意思，其区别是：
sentiment: 着重指基于情感而非推理所得出的，已经固定了的看法，常用复数形式。
idea: 普通用词，通常指凭感觉和想象所形成的看法或意见。
opinion: 普通用词，使用广泛。多指初步的或缺证据支持因而不十分肯定的意见或看法。
view: 侧重指个人对较广泛或重大问题所持的看法，常用复数形式。
conception, concept, idea, notion, impression, thought
这组词都有“思想、观点、观念”的意思，其区别是：
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
idea: 最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
n. 想法；主意；概念
 - concept, notion, construct, think

Word: main
Front: main
[meɪn] (中高研四六雅 888/376 -K5)
Vocabulary: main
(once / 51 pages)
1adj 2n 3n
When you describe something as main, you mean it's the most important, well-known, or biggest of its kind. The main branch of the post office in a city is usually the largest and busiest.
The main theme of your English paper is your thesis, the basic, fundamental thing you're trying to express in your writing. The main road in town is the most busy and populated — in fact, in many places this road is called "Main Street." This adjective describes things that stand out as the most important or prominent in their category. In the thirteenth century, it meant "large or strong," and came from the Old English mægen, "power, strength, or force."
WORD FAMILY
main: mainly, mains
USAGE EXAMPLES
The main issue is that the more motivated you are, the more you want to see the changes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
“As physicians, our main job is to reassure patients.”
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Settlements are, of course, not the only obstacle, but they are without question today the main one.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 主要的，最重要的; 全力的
n. 最主要的部分，重点; 主要管道; 体力; [航海]公海
分布：主要的(77%)，最重要的(11%)，总管道(6%)，干线(6%)
→来自古英语maegen,能力，力量，强壮，来自magh,使有能力，赋予力量，词源同machine,magic,might.引申词义主要的，最重要的。原词义见短语might and main,尽全力。拼写比较dainty,fain,rain.
a.主要的,总的n.总管道;干线After maintenance the main remains and remainders are left on the domain.维修之后,主要遗骸和剩余物留在了领地上.
adjective [before noun]
 ESSENTIAL
■larger, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type 主要的；最重要的；最大的
• The main thing is not to worry. 最重要的是不要忧虑。
• One of the main reasons I came to England was to study the language. 我到英格兰的主要原因之一是学习语言。
• You'll find the main points of my proposal in the report. 你们可以在这份报告中看到我计划的要点。
• Our main aim/objective is to improve the company's productivity. 我们的主要目的是提高公司的生产力。
• The main problem in the health service is lack of resources. 公共医疗卫生服务的主要问题是缺乏资金。
• My main concern about moving to London is the cost of housing. 我对移居伦敦的主要忧虑是房价太高。
[meɪn] adjective [before noun]
be sb's main squeeze US informal
■to be the person that someone has a romantic or sexual relationship with 是某人的情人
[meɪn] noun
PIPE 管道
countable
■a large pipe which carries water or gas, or a wire carrying electricity, from one place to another, to which a house can be connected （输送水、煤气的）主管道，总管；（输送电力的）干线
• a gas main 煤气总管
• The severe cold caused a water main to burst and flood the street. 严寒导致总水管爆裂，街道被淹。
mains [plural] UK
■the system of pipes or wires which carry water or electricity into a house, or the pipes which carry sewage away from a house （输送水、电的）管道系统；下水道系统
• The house isn't on the mains. 这座房子尚未接上管道系统。
• They bought a house with no mains supply. 他们买了一座没有接上水电的房子。
• mains electricity 供电系统的电力
the mains UK
■the place at which outside pipes or wires carrying water, electricity, etc. connect with the system inside a house or building 内外管道相接处；总阀门；总电源
• Switch off the electricity at the mains before starting work. 工作前要先关闭总电源。
[meɪn] noun
MOSTLY 主要地
in the main
■generally or mostly 大体上；基本上
• Her friends are teachers in the main. 她的朋友基本上都是老师。
principal, leading, primary, foremost, capital, major, chief, main
这组词都有“首要的，主要的”的意思，其区别是：
principal: 用于人时，指地位优于其他人；用于物时，指该物在大小、重要性等方面优于他物。
leading: 侧重指具有影响力或凝聚力。从而有主导和引导的作用。
primary: 通常不用于人。用于物时，指在重要性方面占第一位。
foremost: 侧重指在行进或发展过程中居首位。
capital: 着重指因重要性、意义、优越或重大而名列同类之首。
major: 指同其他人或其它物、问题等相比较，显得更加重要和突出。
chief: 拽人时，表同类中职位最高，权力最大；指物时，表同类中最重要，价值最高。
main: 通常只用于物。指在一定范围内，某物的重要性、体积或力量等超过其它物。
n. 主要部分，要点；体力； [材] 总管道
 - core, body, chief, heart, essential
adj. 主要的，最重要的；全力的
 - primary, major, central, ruling, great

Word: free
Front: free
[fri:] (中高 473/497 -K5)
Vocabulary: free
(once / 23 pages)
1adjadvvn 2adjv 3adj 4adjv 5adj
Something that costs nothing is free. We can also say that someone is free of pain, which means they have none.
This word has many meanings. On Mondays, admission to some museums is free — there's no charge. Often, people say the best things in life are free, usually meaning love and friendship. We live in a free country, which means we have a lot of rights and freedoms, such as freedom of the press. The word has a similar meaning when we say a prisoner goes free, or philosophers talk about free will: the belief that we make our own decisions, not ones forced on us by society, culture, or a higher power.
WORD FAMILY
free: freed, freeing, freely, freer, frees, freest, unfree+/ freely: freelys/unfree: unfreer
USAGE EXAMPLES
Apart from signing Norman, McCloughan was restrained in free agency.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Many utility companies offer free energy audits to their customers.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
A trainer offered to train him for free.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: adj. 自由的; 免费的; 免税的; 空闲的
adv. 免费地; 自由地，无拘束地; 一帆风顺地
vt. 免除; 释放; 使自由; 解救
时态：freed, freeing, frees
分布：免费的(31%)，释放(21%)，自由的(19%)，自由地(7%)，空闲的(5%)，免费地(4%)，使自由(3%)，随意的(3%)，畅通的(3%)，解除(2%)，使摆脱(2%)
→来自pri, 爱，友爱，词源同friend, Frigga. 词义由爱引申为亲人，朋友，和平，自由，免费。类似词义演变比较kind.
a.自由的;免费的;免税的;空闲的vt.释放You can download many free sofwares from Internet.你可以从互联网上下载许多免费软件.
adjective adverb
NOT LIMITED 不受限制
 ESSENTIAL
■not limited or controlled 自由的（地）；无拘束的（地）
• [+ to infinitive] Am I free (= Do I have permission) to leave now? 现在我可以离开了吗？
• I'll give you a key then you're free to come and go as you please. 我会给你一把锁匙，这样你就可以自由进出了。
• Please feel free to interrupt me if you don't understand anything. 如果有甚么不明白的地方，可以随时打断我。
• The agreement gives companies free access to the markets of member countries. 该协定使各家公司可以自由进入成员国市场。
• A great deal has been achieved, most notably free elections (= elections in which people can vote as they wish). 已经取得了很大的成绩，最突出的是争取到了自由选举权。
free and easy
■relaxed and informal 轻松自在的
• The atmosphere in the office is fairly free and easy. 办公室里的气氛相当轻松自在。
[fri:] adjective adverb
NO CHARGE 不收费
 ESSENTIAL
■costing nothing; not needing to be paid for 免费的（地）
• I got some free cinema tickets. 我搞到了一些免费电影票。
• Members all receive a free copy of the monthly newsletter. 会员都会收到一份免费的通讯月刊。
• The elderly travel free on public transport. 老年人可以免费乘坐公共交通。
• We will install your washing machine free of charge / for free (= without charge). 我们将会为您免费安装洗衣机。
[fri:] adjective adverb
NOT IN PRISON 不在狱中
 ADVANCED
■not a prisoner any longer, or having unlimited movement 获释的；行动不受限制的
• She left the court a free woman after the case against her collapsed because of a legal technicality. 由于某个法律技术细则，对她的指控被推翻，她以一个自由人的身份离开了法庭。
• The new government has decided to set all political prisoners free. 新政府已决定释放全部政治犯。
• She went/walked free after the charges against her were dropped. 对她的指控都撤销后，她获得了自由。
• I let the dogs run free in the park. 我让狗在公园里随便跑。
[fri:] adjective adverb
LOOSE 松散
■not in a fixed position or not joined to anything 不固定的（地）；松散的（地）；不相连的（地）
• Both bookcases stand free of the wall. 两个书架都不靠墙。
• The bolts have worked themselves free because of the vibrations. 插销由于震动都松开了。
• Rescuers took several hours to cut the survivors free from the wreckage. 救援人员花了好几个小时才将残骸切割开，把幸存者解救出来。
[fri:] adjective adverb
a free ride
■an opportunity or advantage that someone gets without having done anything to deserve it “白吃的午餐”；天上掉的馅饼（得到理应不该得到的机会或好处）
• Just because he was the boss's son didn't mean Tim got a free ride. 蒂姆是老板的儿子也不意味着他就能有“白吃的午餐”。
[fri:] adjective adverb
There's no such thing as a free lunch. saying
■said to emphasize that you cannot get something for nothing 天下没有免费的午餐
• "I get to travel with my job but the downside is I have to give talks." "Well, there's no such thing as a free lunch." “我这份工作可以经常去四处走走，不过坏处是我要经常作报告。”“哎呀，天下没有免费的午餐嘛。”
[fri:] adjective
NOT BUSY 不忙的
 IMPROVER
■not doing anything planned or important, or not being used 空闲的；空余的；未使用的
• I do a lot of reading in my free time. 我业余时间大量读书。
• She's in a meeting at the moment, but she should be free to see you in ten minutes. 她此时正在开会，但十分钟以后她会有空见你。
• I'm working in the café all this week, but I've got a free evening next Monday. 整整这一个星期我都在咖啡厅工作，但我下周一晚上有空。
• Excuse me, is this seat free (= is anyone intending to sit in this seat) ? 对不起，这个座位有人坐吗？
• We queued for half an hour waiting for a free space in the car park. 我们为了等一个空车位在停车场排了半小时队。
• If you take these bags that will give me a free hand to open the door. 你拿一下这些袋子，我就能腾出手来开门了。
[fri:] adjective
WITHOUT 没有
[after verb]
■not having something that is unwanted or unpleasant 无（不想要或令人不快之物）的
• Because the organization is a charitable enterprise it is free from tax worldwide. 由于该组织是慈善机构，它在世界各国都不必纳税。
• She'll never be completely free of the disease. 她这种病永远也无法彻底治愈。
• Ensure the wound is free from/of dirt before applying the bandage. 上绷带以前要保证伤口不沾染污物。
[fri:] adjective
GIVING/USING OFTEN 经常给予／使用
free with
■giving or using frequently or in large amounts 慷慨的；挥霍无度的；无节制的
• He's rather free with his wife's money. 他花起他妻子的钱来相当慷慨。
• She's very free with advice but she never seems to act on it herself. 她经常提建议，但她自己似乎从来不照着做。
• He's very free with his criticism! 他太爱妄加指责了！
make free with disapproving
■to use something that belongs to someone else a lot 经常随便使用（别人的东西）
• Don't her parents mind her making free with their house while they're on holiday? 难道她的父母就不介意她在他们度假时擅自使用他们的房子吗？
[fri:] adjective
CHEMICAL 化学的
■In chemistry, if an element is free, it is not combined chemically with anything else （化学元素）游离的，单体的，自由的
• free oxygen/nitrogen 游离氧／氮
[fri:] verb
NOT IN PRISON 不在狱中
 ADVANCED transitive
■to allow someone to leave a prison or place where they have been kept 释放；使自由
• After a ten-hour siege the gunman agreed to free the hostages. 经过十个小时的围困，持枪歹徒同意释放人质。
• Anti-vivisectionists last night freed a number of animals from a laboratory. 反对活体解剖的人昨晚放走了实验室里的很多动物。
[fri:] verb
MAKE LOOSE 使松开
transitive
■to move or make loose someone or something that is trapped 松开，解开
• Both men were freed from the wreckage after a four-hour operation. 经过四个小时的施救，两个人都被从残骸中解救出来。
• In vain he tried to free the rope around his hands. 他想挣脱掉捆住他双手的绳子，结果是白费力气。
[fri:] verb
REMOVE LIMITS 移除限制
[T + obj + to infinitive]
■to remove the limits or controls on someone or something 解除（对某人或某物的）限制或控制
• Her retirement from politics will free her (= provide her with enough time) to write her memoirs. 退出政界将使她有充足的时间来写回忆录。
[fri:] verb
MAKE AVAILABLE 腾出
transitive
■to make something available for someone to use 腾出，空出
• They planned to extend the car park, freeing existing parking spaces for visitors. 他们计划扩建停车场，腾出现有的停车位给游客用。
• Can you cancel my meetings - I need to free (up) the afternoon to write this report. 你能取消我的那些会议吗——我要空出下午的时间来写这份报告。
[fri:] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  free sb from/of sth
■to help or make life better for someone by taking something unpleasant away from them 使（某人）摆脱…
• He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease. 他毕生致力于消除世界上的饥馑和疾病。
• [R] I'd like to free my self of some of the responsibilities of this job. 我想卸去自己从事这份工作所要承担的部分责任。
free, liberate, discharge, release
这组词都有“解放，释放”的意思，其区别是：
free: 指不再受任何限制、约束、阻碍和压迫，完全可按自己的意志行事。
liberate: 常指从束缚和压迫中解放出来，强调获得最终的解放，有时可和free换用。
discharge: 强调把某人或某物从监禁、束缚中释放出来。
release: 侧重指放松限制、解除监禁或免除义务。
free, vacant, empty
free: 空的，指清除了或缺少了某物，与of 或from连用。如：She is free from anxiety.(她无忧无虑。)She is free of him.(她摆脱了他。)
vacant: 空闲的，指地方没有被占用。如：One day, man can make full use of vacant space.(将来，人们会充分利用浩瀚的天空。)empty，vacant和相同的名词连用时，含义不同。如an empty house指房子里既无家具也无人，空荡荡的。而a vacant house指房子没有被人占用，里面可有家具，也可无家具。
empty: 空的，指里面什么东西都没有。如：The case is empty.(这是个空箱子。)
adj. [经] 免费的；自由的，不受约束的； [化学] 游离的
 - independent, franco
vt. 使自由，解放；释放
 - deliver, emancipate
adv. 自由地； [经] 免费
 - allodially, liberally

Word: ago
Front: ago
[əˈgəʊ] (中高 316/504 -K5)
Vocabulary: ago
(once / 31 pages)
adjadv
Use ago to mean "earlier" or "in the past." Dinosaurs lived a long time ago.
The adverb ago refers to a time before the present moment, sometimes in the distant past, and sometimes more recently: "She just left for her appointment ten minutes ago." When you talk about the more remote past, you might say "long ago" or "a long time ago." Ago was originally a shortened form of agone in Middle English, "departed or passed away."
WORD FAMILY
ago: agos
USAGE EXAMPLES
While both bases closed more than two decades ago, U.S.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But they’ve yet to channel that tangibly since they were reunited three games ago.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Buyers of a four-bedroom family home in London need deep pockets - but perhaps not as cavernous as a year ago.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 以前; 过去的; 之前
分布：以前(100%)
→古英语前缀a-, 来自uz, 向上，向外，词源同out. go, 走，离开。
ad.(常和一般过去时的动词连用)以前,...前A year ago I could go without the foregoing favorite flavor.一年前没有先前最喜爱的风味我也能过.
US [-'goʊ] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■back in the past; back in time from the present 以前，从前
• He left the house over an hour ago. 他一个多小时前离开了这所房子。
• The dinosaurs died out 65 million years ago. 恐龙在6500万年前灭绝了。
• Long ago] A long time ago, there lived a girl called Cinderella. 很久以前，有个叫灰姑娘的女孩。
before, ago
这组词都有“……以前”的意思，其区别是：
before: 或指从过去某一时间起向前推算的若干时间的以前，通常与过去完成时连用；或泛指以前，并不具体指若干时间以前，可使用现在完成的或过去时；还可指从将来某一时间起的若干时间以前。
ago: 指从现在起往前推算一段时间，始终置于所修饰的词之后，与一般过去时连用。
adv. 以前，以往
 - previously, formerly, back
adj. 以前的；过去的
 - previous, past, back

Word: low
Front: low
[ləʊ] (中高宝 360/318 -K5)
Vocabulary: low
(once / 22 pages)
1adjnadv 2adj 3adj 4adj 5v
When you travel through a low tunnel, you might be tempted to duck your head. Something that's low is short or shallow.
Things that are less than usual can be described with the adjective low. You might be low on gas in your car, for example, or wake up with a low amount of energy. A low ceiling can be dangerous for a very tall person, and a low voice can barely be heard. You can also talk about a gloomy mood as being low. And when cows moo, whether they're feeling low or not, you can cay that they low.
WORD FAMILY
low: lowed, lower, lowest, lowing, lowness, lows+/ lower: lowered, lowering, lowermost, lowers/lowering: loweringly, lowerings/lowest: lowests/lowness: lownesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The soleus muscles are deep postural muscles and so require training of long duration and low intensity.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
For many of the patients we treat, daily life is such a struggle that brushing and flossing are a low priority.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
The probability of this is low as the area was secure and well-supervised.
Washington Post(Dec 22, 2016)
Back: adj. 低的，矮小的; 楼下的，低洼的; 沮丧的; 下贱的
adv. 低声地; 谦卑地; 底下地
n. 低点; 低水平; 牛的叫声
vi. （牛）哞哞叫
时态：lowed, lowing, lows
分布：低的(53%)，低水平(11%)，低价(10%)，少的(5%)，低声地(4%)，低地(4%)，哞哞叫(3%)，低谷(3%)，卑劣的(3%)，低下地(2%)，低落的(2%)
→来自legh,躺下，放置，词源同lie,lay.引申词义低的。low 牛哞哞叫
a.低,矮;低级的,下层的,卑贱的;低声的She is in low spirits.她情绪低落.
US [loʊ] adjective adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■not measuring much from the base to the top, or close to the ground or the bottom of something 低的（地），矮的（地）；在低处（的），不高（的）
• a low fence 矮栏栅
• a low ceiling. 低矮的天花板
• When we went skiing, I only went on the lower slopes. 我们去滑雪的时候，我只在较低的山坡上滑。
• The planes fly low across enemy territory. 飞机在敌占区飞得很低。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective adverb
the low man on the totem pole US
■someone who has the least important position in an organization （组织中）地位低微的人；基层；底层
• He started as the low man on the totem pole and worked his way up to be manager. 他从基层做起，辛勤的工作终于使他升任经理。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
LEVEL 程度
 ESSENTIAL
■below the usual level （程度）低的
• Temperatures are very low for the time of year. 对于一年中的这个时候来说，现在气温已经很低了。
• The big supermarket offers the lowest prices in town. 这家大型超级市场里的商品价格全城最低。
• These people are living on relatively low incomes. 这些人的收入水准相对比较低。
• There is a tremendous need for more low -cost housing. 低成本住宅的需求量很大。
• a low -fat diet 低脂饮食
• low -alcohol beer 低酒精啤酒
• Vegetables are generally low in (= do not contain many) calories. 通常蔬菜所含的热量比较低。
 ESSENTIAL
■producing only a small amount of sound, heat or light （声、热或光）低的，暗的，小的，少的
• They spoke in low voices so I would not hear what they were saying. 他们说话的声音很低，我听不见他们在说甚么。
• Turn the oven to a low heat. 把烤箱调到低火。
• Soft music was playing and the lights were low. 乐声轻柔，灯光昏暗。
 ESSENTIAL
■of bad quality, especially when referring to something that is not as good as it should be 低劣的，劣等的
• low standards 低劣的水准
• I have rather a low opinion of him. 我对他评价不高。
• She has very low self-esteem. 她有很强的自卑感。
be/get/run low (on sth)
■to have nearly finished a supply of something 几乎用完了，快用光了
• We're running low on milk - could you buy some more? 我们的牛奶快喝完了——你再去买一些来好吗？
• The radio batteries are running low. 收音机的电池快用完了。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
NOT IMPORTANT 不重要的
■not important because of being at or near the bottom of a range of things, especially jobs or social positions （尤指职位或社会地位）低下的，卑微的
• low status jobs 低级职位
• a low priority task 非紧急的任务
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
NOT HONEST 不诚实的
■not honest or fair 不诚实的；不公正的
• How low can you get? 你能堕落到甚么程度？
• That was a pretty low trick to play. 那是一种很卑鄙的伎俩。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
SOUND 声音
■(of a sound or voice) near or at the bottom of the range of sounds （声音或嗓音）低的，低沉的
• He has a very low voice. 他的嗓音很低沉。
• Those low notes are played by the double bass. 那些低音是由低音提琴演奏的。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adjective
SAD 忧郁的
■unhappy 忧郁的，情绪低落的，消沉的
• Illness of any sort can leave you feeling low. 任何疾病都可能使人情绪低落。
• He seemed in low spirits. 他情绪似乎有些低落。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] verb intransitive literary
■to make the deep, long sound of a cow （牛）哞哞叫
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] noun
■a bad time in someone's life （人生的）低谷，低潮
• the highs and lows of an acting career 演艺生涯的起起落落
a new/record/all-time low
■the lowest level 新低／有记录以来的最低点
• The dollar has hit an all-time low against the Japanese yen. 美元对日元汇率已经降到了最低点。
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] noun
the lowest of the low
■people who have no moral standards and no personal qualities 人渣，无赖
UK [ləʊ] US [loʊ] adverb
■at or to a low level 低，低下，低劣
• low-paid workers 低收入工人
• Turn the oven on low. 把烤箱调到低火。
mean, shabby, cheap, low
这组词都有“卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的”的意思，其区别是：
mean: 暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。
shabby: 指行为的不公和卑劣而使人感到不屑和轻蔑。
cheap: 侧旨人或物的品质低劣下贱。
low: 指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。
adj. 低的，浅的；卑贱的；粗俗的；消沉的
 - flat, shallow
adv. 低声地；谦卑地，低下地
 - sotto voce, shamefacedly
n. 低；低价；低点；牛叫声
 - keen price

Word: debt
Front: debt
[det] (高研四六托雅 1871/1320 -K4)
Vocabulary: debt
(once / 80 pages)
n
The noun debt refers to an obligation to pay for or do something. If you get arrested for stealing, serving time in jail is the way to repay your debt to society.
Debt comes from the Latin word debitum, which means "thing owed." Often, a debt is money that you must repay someone. Debt can also mean the state of owing something — if you borrow twenty dollars from your brother, you are in debt to him until you pay him back. If someone says, "I owe you a debt of gratitude," it means you have done something great and that person intends to do something to "repay" your kindness.
WORD FAMILY
debt: debts, indebted +/ indebted: indebtedness/indebtedness: indebtednesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Bright’s trucking business failed in 2008, due in part, he said, to a wave of bad debt.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But he incurred huge debts because of the failure of his airline.
BBC(Jan 01, 2017)
No, argues Johnson, it is the vehicle of play and its accompanying drivetrain, “the propulsive force of delight,” to which we owe a huge debt.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 债务; 负债情况; 义务; 罪，过失
分布：债务(91%)，义务(3%)，罪(2%)，恩情(2%)，负债状态(2%)
→来自拉丁语debitum, 亏欠。来自de-, 向下，离开，-hab, 持，握，拥有，词源同habit. 即把别人的东西拿走的，亏欠的，后指借款，债务。
债务[deb=owe(欠债)]
n.债,债务I am in debt now.我负债累累.
noun countable or uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■something, especially money, which is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something 借款，欠款；债务
• He managed to pay off his debts in two years. 他设法在两年内还清债务。
• The firm ran up huge debts. 公司很快就负债累累。
• They are in debt to (= owe money to) the bank. 他们欠银行的钱。
• He ran/got into debt (= borrowed money) after he lost his job. 他失业后开始举债。
• The company is deep in debt (= owes a lot of money). 公司已经债台高筑。
⇒ See also indebted
n. 债务；借款；罪过
 - liability, loan, borrowing

Word: return
Front: return
[rɪˈtɜ:n] (中高雅 472/428 -K5)
Vocabulary: return
(once / 12 pages)
1vn 2vn 3vn 4n
When you return, you go back somewhere after being away. If you haven't been to Disney World since your fifth birthday, it might be fun to return when you're older.
There are many ways to return — you can come back to a place, state, or activity, the way you return to jogging after getting a drink, or return to a feeling of sadness after brief cheer. You also might return something to someone else: "I need to return the book she loaned me," or "He returns her smile across the crowded room." A return can be a comment, a lobbed tennis ball, or even a financial profit.
WORD FAMILY
return: returnable, returned, returning, returns+/ returnable: nonreturnable
USAGE EXAMPLES
This sitcom returns from its winter hiatus, with the Hecks spending their New Year staving off a zombie apocalypse.
New York Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Study results also indicate that by raising cardiac output back to normal resting levels, RMR returns to normal levels while individuals are sitting quietly.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Again, this was in response to a question not about how he keeps his tax returns confidential, but about national cybersecurity policy.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: v. 回来; 退还; 重现; 回报
n. 回来; 归还; 恢复; 利润
时态：returned, returning, returns
分布：返回(59%)，回报(22%)，归还(13%)，申报(5%)，回应(1%)
→re-,向后，往回，turn,转。引申词义归来，返回。
v./n.返回,回来;归还,送还;回答They returned in turn to bury the luxuries burnt in the burst.他们依次返回来埋藏在爆炸中烧毁的奢侈品.
US [-'tɝ:n] verb
GO BACK 回去
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to come or go back to a previous place 回；返回
• Odysseus returned home/returned to his home after many years of travelling. 离家多年后奥德修斯返回了故土。
• She left South Africa at the age of 15 and has never returned. 她15岁时离开了南非，再也没有回去过。
• [+ to infinitive] David returned (from work) to find his house had burned down. 大卫（下班）回到家后发现房子已被烧毁了。
return to sth
 IMPROVER
■If people or things return to a previous condition, they go back to that condition 恢复至（原来的状态）
• Within a week, the situation had returned to normal. 不到一个星期，局势就恢复正常了。
■If you return to an activity or subject, you start doing it or talking about it again 重新做；再次谈及
• Gandhi urged Indians to return to spinning their own yarn. 甘地敦促印度人重新拿起纺车自己动手纺纱。
• Every five minutes, he returned to the same subject. 每过五分钟他就会重提同一个话题。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] verb
EXCHANGE 交换
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give, do or get something in exchange 回应；回报；报答
• to return an invitation/greeting 回请／回应问候
• I returned his stare. 我回瞪了他一眼。
• I gave her a ride when her car broke down and now she is returning the favour (= doing something to help me in exchange). 那天她的车坏了，我顺便搭载了她一程，现在她在投桃报李。
• The terrorists started shooting and the police returned fire (= started shooting back). 恐怖分子开了火，警方便开枪还击。
■to give a particular amount of profit in exchange for an investment 带来，产生（利润等）
• My investments return a high rate of interest. 我的投资获得了很高的收益。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] verb
PUT BACK 放回
 IMPROVER transitive
■to send, take, give, put, etc. something back to where it came from 放回；归还；带回
• The new TV broke so they returned it to the shop. 新电视机坏了，所以他们退还给商店了。
• He returned two books he had borrowed from me in 1963. 他把1963年借我的两本书还给了我。
• She carefully returned the book to its place on the shelf. 她小心翼翼地把书放回书架上。
transitive
■in sports such as tennis, to hit the ball back to your opponent （网球等运动中）击回（球）
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] verb
HAPPEN AGAIN 再发生
 ADVANCED intransitive
■to happen again 重新出现；再次发生
• You must go to the doctor if the pain returns. 如果疼痛再次发作，你必须去看医生。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] verb
DECIDE 决定
return a verdict/sentence legal
■to decide and say whether you think someone is guilty or not guilty, or what punishment the person will be given in a law court 宣判
• The jury returned a verdict of not guilty. 陪审团作出了无罪判决。
transitive UK
■to elect someone to be a member of parliament, or to another political job 选举，选出
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] noun
GOING BACK 返回
 ESSENTIAL only singular
■when someone goes or comes back to a place where they were before 回；返回；回来
• The whole town came out to celebrate his return (from the war). 整个镇上的人都涌上街头庆祝他（从战场上）归来。
• On her return, she went straight to the office. 她一回来就直接去了办公室。
only singular
■when you start to do or have something again 重新开始；恢复
• Some environmentalists argue for a return to a pre-industrial society. 一些环保主义者主张回归工业化以前的社会。
• Most people have welcomed her return to power/office. 大多数人欢迎她重新掌权／复职。
countable UK (also return ticket) (US roundtrip ticket)
■a ticket for travel to a place and back again 往返票；来回票
• May I have a return to Birmingham, please? 请给我一张去伯明罕的往返票好吗？
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] noun
EXCHANGE 交换
in return
 IMPROVER
■in exchange 作为交换；作为回报
• America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy. 反叛分子承诺支援民主政治，作为回报，美国为他们提供援助。
countable or uncountable
■when something is given, done or received in exchange 回应；回报；报答
• Several soldiers were wounded in the return of fire. 反击中，数名士兵受伤。
countable or uncountable
■the profit that you get from an investment 收益；利润；收入
• The return on the money we invested was very low. 我们投资获得的收益很低。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] noun
HAPPENING AGAIN 再度发生
 ADVANCED only singular
■when something starts to happen or be used again 重新出现；再度发生；重新利用
• Will we ever see the return of /a return to comfortable fashion clothes? 我们还会看到穿着舒适的时装再次流行吗？
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] noun
COMPUTER 电脑
uncountable
■the key on a computer keyboard that you press in order to say that the words or numbers on the screen are correct, or that an instruction should be performed, or in order to move down a line on the screen 回车键
• Press return/the return key twice to leave a blank line. 按两次回车键留出一行空行。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] noun
GIVING BACK 归还
only singular
■when something is given back, put back, or sent back 放回；归还；带回
• the return of the stolen goods 归还被盗货物
countable
■when you hit the ball back to your opponent in sports such as tennis （网球等运动中的）回击，回击球
returns [plural]
■goods that have been taken back to the shop where they were bought by customers because they are damaged or unsuitable 退回的商品；退货
■US
■the votes that are returned, or the results of the voting, in an election 选举结果
• The election returns produced a confusing picture of gains and losses. 选举结果显示参选各派各有得失，局势扑朔迷离。
by return (of post) UK (Australian also by return mail)
■in the first post collection that leaves after you receive a letter 收到后立即回信
• She answered my letter by return. 她收到我的信后立即回了信。
UK [rɪ'tɜ:n] US [-'tɝ:n] adjective [before noun]
■describes the part of a journey in which you go back to the place where you started 回程，返程（旅程的一部分，返回某人出发的那个地方）
• The return journey took longer because the train was rerouted. 回程花的时间长一些，因为火车改线了。
response, return, reply
response: 指对刺激的回应，也指对紧迫的或指定问题的回答
return: 回报
reply: 指对他人的陈述或问题给与回答，常与介词to搭配；
answer, reply, respond, retort, return
这些动词均有“回答”之意。
answer: 常用词，指用书面、口头或行动对他人的请求、询问、质问等作出回答或反应。
reply: 较正式用词，较少用于口语。侧重经过考虑的较正式答复。
respond: 正式用词，指即刻的，以口头或行动对外来的号召、请求或刺激等作出回答或响应。
retort: 指对不同意见、批评或控诉作出迅速、有力的回答，即“反驳”。
return: 正式用词，从本义“归来，回去”引申作“回答、答辨”讲时，含反驳或反唇相讥之意。
vt. [计] 返回；归还；报答
 - replace, restore
n. [计] 返回；归还；报答
 - payment, reward, restoration
vi. [计] 返回；归还；报答
 - head back to, come (or go) back
adj. [计] 返回的； [交] 回程的；报答的
 - rewarding

Word: bush
Front: bush
[bʊʃ] (高研四托 34013/2801 -K2)
Vocabulary: bush
(once / 262 pages)
1n 2adj 3n 4v
A bush is a dense, woody-stemmed plant that grows much shorter and wider than a tree. You might plant a rose bush under your bedroom window.
Your yard might be full of bushes of all sorts, from spiky-leafed holly to sweet-smelling gardenia — and you could also call them shrubs. There is also the bush that means "the wilderness" or "the wild country," which is used most often to talk about the Australian outback. This sense of "the middle of nowhere" led to the phrase "bush league," or "unprofessional."
WORD FAMILY
bush: bushed, bushes, bushing, bushy +/bushing: bushings/ bushy: bushier, bushiest, bushily
USAGE EXAMPLES
The street winds around a little island park with a giant holly bush.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
He then fled into the bush, prompting police to establish road blocks on the highway and launch an overnight land search.
The Guardian(Nov 30, 2016)
I've learned how much more there is to learn about bush living but I don't want to be here forever.
BBC(Nov 30, 2016)
Back: n. 灌木（丛）; [机械学]（金属）衬套; [电学]（绝缘）套管; 类似灌木的东西（尤指浓密的毛发或皮毛）
vi. 丛生; 灌木般丛生; 浓密（或茂密）地生长; 生密枝
vt. 加（金属）衬套于; 加套管于; 用耙耙平（耕地）; 以灌木（或灌木丛）装饰（或覆盖、围绕、围住、支撑、标志、保护等）
adj. （豆科植物等）如灌木般长得低矮的; 粗野的; 粗鲁的; 粗糙但实用的
时态：bushed, bushing, bushes
分布：灌木丛(62%)，矮树(23%)，丛生(15%)
→词源不确定。可能来自PIE *bheue, 存在，生长，居住。词源同be. 指灌木顽强的生命力。
n.灌木(丛)His eyebrows bush together.他的眉毛浓密.
noun
PLANT 植物
 ADVANCED countable
■a plant with many small branches growing either directly from the ground or from a hard woody stem, giving the plant a rounded shape 灌木
• a rose bush 玫瑰丛
countable usually singular
■a large amount of hair 浓密的头发
• The baby was born with a surprising bush of black hair. 令人吃惊的是，这个婴儿生下来就长着浓密的黑发。
[bʊʃ] noun
AREA OF LAND 一片地
the bush only singular
■(especially in Australia and Africa) an area of land covered with bushes and trees which has never been used for growing crops and where there are very few people （尤指澳大利亚和非洲长满灌木丛和树的）荒野，丛林地
jungle, shrub, bush
这一组词均与树木有关。
jungle: n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
shrub: n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
bush: n.矮树丛。
n. [林] 灌木；矮树丛
 - shrub, frutex
vt. 以灌木装饰；使…精疲力竭
 - peter
vi. 丛生；浓密地生长
 - cluster
adj. 如灌木般长得低矮的；粗野的
 - robust, gross, rough, country

Word: hand
Front: hand
[hænd] (中高雅 174/163 -K4)
Vocabulary: hand
(once / 6 pages)
1n 2nv 3n 4n 5n 6n 7n 8n 9n
Your hand is the appendage with fingers at the end of your arm. When you clap your hands, you loudly smack their palms together to express your appreciation and enthusiasm.
Human hands have 27 bones, as well as extremely dextrous thumbs that make it possible for us to do things that very few animals can do. Your hands enable you to pick up small things, hold a baby, pet a cat, speak in American Sign Language, chop vegetables for a salad, and many other things. When you clap, you give someone a hand, or applaud them — and another way to lend a hand is to help someone out.
WORD FAMILY
hand: forehand, handed, handful, handing, handless, hands, overhand, overhanded, underhand, underhanded, unhand+/forehand: forehandedly, forehands/handed: forehanded, handeder, handedest, handedly, handedness/ handful: handfuls/underhand: underhandedly/unhand: unhanded, unhands
USAGE EXAMPLES
I am used to these questions, so I answer politely about cars with hand controls.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Two men, in flannel and jeans and overalls, holding hands.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Juries deciding sentences handed down punishments of life in prison about twice as often as the death penalty.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 手; 协助，帮助; （工具等的）把，柄; 掌管
vt. 传递，交给; 搀扶; 支持
时态：handed, handing, hands
分布：手(90%)，给(5%)，手艺(2%)，传(2%)，协助(1%)
→词源不详。
n.手,人手,雇员;专门业人员;指针v.交The bold folk fold up the gold and hold it in hand.大胆的人们将黄金折叠起来拿在手里.
noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the part of the body at the end of the arm which is used for holding, moving, touching and feeling things 手
• All their toys are made by hand. 他们所有的玩具都是手工制作的。
• I delivered her invitation by hand (= not using the postal service). 我亲自把她的请帖送去。
• informal Get your hands off (= Stop touching) my bike! 别碰我的脚踏车！
• He can mend anything - he's so good with his hands. 他甚么都会修——他的手可真巧。
• You have to hold my hand when we cross the road. 我们过马路的时候你要拉着我的手。
• They walked by, holding hands. 他们手挽着手从这里经过。
• Hold your fork in your left hand and your knife in your right hand. 左手拿叉，右手拿刀。
• She sat, pen in hand (= with a pen in her hand) , searching for the right words. 她手拿钢笔坐在那里，在脑海中搜寻合适的词。
• They can't keep their hands off each other - they never stop kissing and cuddling. 他们的手就是离不开对方——他们不停地接吻拥抱。
• "Congratulations!" she said and shook me by the hand] shook my hand] shook hands with me. “恭喜你！”她握着我的手说道。
• She took me by the hand and led me into the cave. 她拉着我的手，把我带进了洞里。
• a hand towel 手巾
  Common Learner Errors  on the one hand... on the other handWarning: the correct preposition to use in this expression is on. Don't say 'in/at the one hand', say on the one hand.
✗ In the one hand mobile phones are convenient, but in the other hand they are expensive. On the one hand mobile phones are convenient, but on the other hand they are expensive.
[hænd] noun
CLOCK/WATCH 钟表／手表
 ADVANCED countable
■one of the long, thin pieces that point to the numbers on a clock or watch （钟表或手表的）指针
• Does anyone have a watch with a second hand? 谁戴的表有秒针？
[hænd] noun
CARDS 牌戏
countable
■a (single part of a) game of cards, or the set of cards which a player has in a game 一局牌；一手牌
• Who's for a hand of poker? 谁想玩一局扑克牌？
• You dealt me an appalling hand in that game. 你发了那么一手坏牌给我。
[hænd] noun
HELP 帮助
only singular
■help with doing something that needs a lot of effort 帮助，帮忙
• [+ -ing verb] Would you like a hand carrying those bags? 需要帮忙搬这些提包吗？
• Could you give/lend me a hand with (= help me to move) the table, please? 你能帮我搬一下这张桌子吗？
• I think Matthew might need a hand with his maths homework. 我看马修可能需要人帮他做数学功课。
• I could really use a hand with these accounts if you could spare a moment. 如果你有空，我还真需要人帮忙清点这些账目。
[hænd] noun
PERSON 人
countable
■a person who does physical work or is skilled or experienced in something 体力劳动者；熟练工人
• How many extra hands will we need to help with the harvest? 我们还需要多少人来帮忙收割？
• I joined the firm as a factory hand and gradually worked my way up to the top. 我刚进公司的时候本来是个工人，透过努力逐渐升到了高层。
⇒ See also farmhand
countable
■a sailor 船员，水手
• All hands on deck! 全体水手到甲板集合！
[hænd] noun
CONTROL 控制
uncountable
■control or responsibility 控制；负责，责任
• Things got a little out of hand (= the situation stopped being controlled) at the party and three windows were broken. 派对的场面有点失控，有三扇窗户被打破了。
• In my first year at college my drinking got completely out of hand. 我大学第一年酗酒很厉害。
• The police have the situation in hand (= under control). 警方已经控制了局面。
• How come there's a problem? I thought you had everything in hand (= arranged and organized). 怎么会出问题？我以为你全都安排好了。
• Their youngest child needs taking in hand (= they should start to control her) if you ask me. 我认为他们应该管教一下他们最小的孩子。
hands [plural]
■control or responsibility 控制；负责
• I'm worried about confidential information falling into the wrong hands (= being received by people who could use it against us). 我很担心最高机密落入敌手。
• Are you sure your money's in safe hands? 你确信你的钱很安全吗？
• You're in excellent hands with her - she's a very good doctor. 她来治疗你可以完全放心——她是一位非常好的医生。
• Unless I receive a satisfactory response from you within a month I shall put this matter in(to) the hands of (= make it the responsibility of) my solicitor. 除非你能在一个月内给我满意的答覆，否则我就把这件事交由我的律师处理。
• They're trying to get old stock off their hands by cutting prices. 他们试图透过降价来抛售存货。
• We get Daryl off our hands one evening a week when my mother looks after him. 我们每周有一个晚上不必去管达里尔，而由我的母亲来照顾他。
• The court will decide how much money you get - the decision is out of our hands (= is not our responsibility). 将会由法庭来决定你能拿到多少钱，对此我们无法插手。
• He's got a real problem on his hands (= he has something difficult to deal with). 他这次真的有麻烦了。
• I don't have enough time on my hands (= I do not have enough time) to work and look after the children. 我没有足够的时间一边工作一边照顾孩子。
[hænd] noun
INVOLVEMENT 参与
only singular
■involvement in or influence over an event 参与，卷入；影响
• It is not thought that terrorists had a hand in the explosion. 人们并不认为恐怖分子与此次爆炸有关。
[hænd] noun
CLAP 鼓掌
only singular
■clapping for a performer 鼓掌，拍手喝彩
• So please give a big hand to (= welcome with clapping) your host for the evening, Bill Cronshaw! 请热烈鼓掌欢迎今晚的主持比尔‧克朗修！
[hænd] noun
WRITING 笔迹
only singular old use
■a person's writing （某人的）笔迹
• an untidy hand 潦草的笔迹
[hænd] noun
MEASUREMENT 测量
countable
■a unit for measuring the height of a horse up to its shoulder 一手之宽（用来测量马匹的高度）
• One hand equals 4 inches (= 10.16 centimetres). 一手之宽相当于四吋。
[hænd] noun
at hand
■near in time or position （时间上）临近；在附近
• We want to ensure that help is at hand (= easily available) for all children suffering abuse. 我们想确保所有遭受虐待的儿童都能随时得到帮助。
[hænd] noun
at the hands of sb
■If you suffer at the hands of someone, they hurt you or treat you badly 被（某人）折磨
• How many people have died at the hands of terrorist organizations? 有多少人死在恐怖组织手中？
[hænd] noun
get/lay/put your hands on sb informal
■to catch someone 抓住（某人）
• I'll kill him if I ever get my hands on him. 如果我抓住他，就会杀了他。
[hænd] noun
get/lay/put your hands on sth informal
■to find something 把…弄到手，得到
• I can never lay my hands on a stapler in this office. 在这间办公室里我永远也找不到钉书机。
[hænd] noun
go hand in hand with sth
■If something goes hand in hand with something else, it is closely related to it and happens at the same time as it or as a result of it 与…关系密切
• Prosperity goes hand in hand with investment. 繁荣与投资密切相关。
[hænd] noun
hand in glove (US also hand and glove)
■working together, often to do something dishonest 密切合作（常指干坏事）；相勾结
• It was rumoured at the time that some of the gangs were working hand in glove with the police. 当时有谣传说一些匪徒和警方勾结。
[hænd] noun
hand in hand
■holding each other's hand 手牵手
• I saw them walking hand in hand through town the other day. 那天我看见他们手牵手走过小镇。
[hænd] noun
hand over fist
■If you make or lose money hand over fist, you make or lose a lot of money very quickly 迅速大量地（赚钱或赔钱）
• Business was good and we were making money hand over fist. 生意很好，我们很快发了大财。
[hænd] noun
sb's hands are tied
■If someone's hands are tied, they are not free to behave in the way that they would like 受到限制，受到束缚
• I'd like to raise people's salaries but my hands are tied. 我是想提高人们的工资，但我受到重重限制。
[hænd] noun
have your hands full
■to be so busy that you do not have time to do anything else 忙得不可开交
• I'd love to help but I've got my hands full organizing the school play. 我愿意帮忙，可是我正忙着筹划学校的戏剧演出，挪不出时间来。
[hænd] noun
have sth in hand mainly UK
■If you have something in hand, you have not yet used it and it is still available …在掌握中；拥有
• I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car. 我手头有足够的钱买一辆新汽车。
• Italy are three points behind France in the championship, but they have one game in hand (= one game more than France still to play). 义大利队在锦标赛里落后法国队三分，但义大利队还有一场比赛。
[hænd] noun
have sth on your hands
■If you have a difficult situation on your hands, you have to deal with it 手头有（麻烦事）要处理
■1. If the police carry on like this they'll have a riot on their hands. hand 1 如果警方继续这样下去，那么他们将要面临一场暴乱。
[hænd] noun
hold/put your hands up
■to admit that something bad is true or that you have made a mistake 承认（不愉快的事实或自己的错误）
• I know I'm bossy and I hold my hands up to that. 我承认我有点专横。
[hænd] noun
in hand
■being worked on or dealt with now 在进行中，在处理中
• They've had plenty of time to prepare, so the arrangements should be well in hand (= almost ready). 他们有足够的时间去准备，所以应该安排就绪了。
[hænd] noun
the job/matter in hand UK (US the job/matter at hand)
■the job or matter that is important at the present moment 当前重要的事务
• Could you just concentrate on the job in hand? 你能不能集中精力做手头的工作？
• If we could return to the matter in hand, we can discuss other issues later. 如果我们能够回到眼前的事情上，其他事情我们可以稍后再讨论。
[hænd] noun
keep your hand in
■to practise a skill often enough so that you do not lose the skill 经常练习（以免技艺荒废）
• I do a bit of teaching now and then just to keep my hand in. 我有时教一点书，只是不想让自己荒废了。
[hænd] noun
keep a firm hand on sth
■to control something or someone carefully 有力地控制
• Susan keeps a firm hand on everything that goes on in the office. 苏珊牢牢掌控着办公室里的一切事情。
[hænd] noun
live (from) hand to mouth
■to have just enough money to live on and nothing extra 仅够糊口，勉强度日
• My father earned very little and there were four kids, so we lived from hand to mouth. 父亲赚得很少，家里又有四个孩子，所以我们的日子过得紧巴巴的。
[hænd] noun
on hand (UK also to hand)
■near to someone or something, and ready to help or be used if necessary 在跟前，在旁边
• A 1200-strong military force will be on hand to monitor the ceasefire. 将有一支1200人的部队在现场监督停火。
• For those of you who don't have an atlas to hand, Newcastle is a city in the north-east of England. 谨向手上没有地图册的人说明，纽卡素是英格兰东北部的一座城市。
[hænd] noun
on the one hand... on the other hand IMPROVER
■used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation 一方面…，另一方面…
• On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment. 一方面我想要一份薪水更高的工作，但另一方面我也喜欢现在的工作。
[hænd] noun
out of hand
■If you refuse something out of hand, you refuse it completely without thinking about or discussing it 不假思索地（拒绝）
• Moving to London is certainly a possibility - I wouldn't dismiss it out of hand. 搬到伦敦去当然也是一种可能的选择——我不会断然拒绝考虑。
[hænd] noun
put your hand in your pocket
■to give money to someone or to charity (= organizations that collect money to give to poor people, ill people, etc.) （为某人或慈善机构）捐钱
• People are more inclined to put their hands in their pockets to help children. 人们更倾向于捐款帮助儿童。
[hænd] noun
a safe pair of hands
■someone who you can trust to do an important job well, without making mistakes 信得过的人
[hænd] noun
win (sth) hands down (also beat sb hands down)
■to win something/beat someone very easily 轻松取得（对…的）胜利，轻松击败（某人）
• She won the debate hands down. 她轻松获得了这场辩论的胜利。
• The last time we played squash he beat me hands down. 我们上一次打壁球时他轻松将我击败。
[hænd] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to put something into someone's hand from your own hand 将…交给，将…递给
• [+ two objects] The waiter smiled politely as he handed me my bill/handed my bill to me. 侍者彬彬有礼地微笑着递给我帐单。
• Please read this memo carefully and hand it on (to your colleagues). 请仔细阅读这则备忘录并（交给你的同事们）传阅。
[hænd] verb transitive
have (got) to hand it to sb
■If you say you have (got) to hand it to someone you mean that they have been very successful or skilful 不得不佩服（某人）
• I mean you've got to hand it to her, she's brought up those three children all on her own. 我的意思是你不得不佩服她，她一手带大了三个孩子。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth around (UK also hand round) ADVANCED
■to pass or offer something to all the people in a group 分发
• Ben, could you hand round the biscuits? 班，你能分发一下饼干吗？
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth back
■to return something to the person who gave it to you 递还
• [+ two objects] "No, I've never seen him before," I said, handing her back the photograph. “不，我以前从来没见过他，”我说着把照片交还给了她。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth down
OBJECT
■to give something to someone younger than you in the family because you want them to have it or because you no longer need it 将…传给，将…留给
• This necklace was handed down to my mother by my grandmother. 外祖母把这条项炼传给了我妈妈。
TRADITION
■to pass traditions from older people to younger ones 把…传下去
• a custom handed down through the generations 世代相传的习俗
DECISION formal
■to announce an official decision, often a decision about how someone should be punished 宣布（正式决定，常为处罚）
• The court handed down an eight-year sentence. 法庭宣布判处其八年徒刑。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  hand sth in ADVANCED
■to give something to someone in a position of authority 上交，提交
• Have you handed in your history essay yet? 你的历史论文交了没有？
• I've decided to hand in my resignation (= tell my employer I am leaving my job). 我已决定递交辞呈。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth out ADVANCED
■to give something to each person in a group or place 分发，发放
• The teacher asked her to hand out the worksheets. 老师让她分发活页练习题。
• They stood on the street corner handing out leaflets. 他们站在街角发放宣传单。
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth over ADVANCED
■to give something to someone else 把…交给，把…送交
• We were ordered to hand over our passports. 有人命令我们交出护照。
⇒ See also handover
[hænd] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] hand sth/sb over
■to give another person control of someone or something, or responsibility for dealing with them 移交（控制权、责任等）
• The hijacker was handed over to the French police. 劫机者被移交给法国警方。
• If you'll hold the line a moment I'll hand you over to someone who might be able to help. 请稍等一会儿，我帮你转接给或许能帮上忙的人。
⇒ See also handover
n. [解剖] 手，手艺；帮助；指针；插手
 - assistance, craft, aid, index, finger
vt. 传递，交给；支持；搀扶
 - encourage, carry, second, back, transfer

Word: issue
Front: issue
[ˈɪʃu:] (研四六托雅宝 248/341 -K5)
Vocabulary: issue
(once / 41 pages)
1n 2nv 3nv 4n 5nv
One copy of "Celebrities are Cool" magazine is an issue. It is issued, or put out, by the publisher. You and your mother may argue over the issue, or topic, of whether or not you should read it.
The original meaning of the word issue was to put something out. If a celebrity issues a statement or the post office issues new stamps, they put them out for the public. Likewise, an issue is a current topic, sometimes controversial, that is being discussed. Politicians often say they want to talk about the issues (and not their personal lives!). You might hear someone say, "He's got issues" about a person who has some problems, usually emotional ones, but this is a very new use for the word.
WORD FAMILY
issue: issued, issuer, issues, issuing, non-issue, reissue+/issuer: issuers/issuing: issuings/reissue: reissued, reissues, reissuing
USAGE EXAMPLES
The main issue is that the more motivated you are, the more you want to see the changes.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
As the number of pediatric medical users grows, so do issues that confront parents, patients, doctors and policymakers.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
That won’t be enough for them to overcome their quarterback issues later in the playoffs.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 问题; （报刊的）期，号; 发行物; 流出
vt. 发行; 发布; 流出
vi. 发行; 造成…结果; 在…上挑起争论
时态：issued, issuing, issues
分布：问题(69%)，发行(19%)，发表(4%)，议题(3%)，流出(3%)，公布(1%)，正式发给(1%)
→来自古法语issue,出口，出去，来自拉丁语exire,出去，词源同exit,ion.由向外走出引申问题，议题，期刊，发行等多种词义。
n.问题,争端,发行(物),期号vt.发行,流出It was true that the rescued cruel man let fuel oil issue from the tissue.获救的无情男子真的任凭燃油从薄纱中流出.
【反】withdraw（vt 收回；撤消）
noun countable
SUBJECT 议题
 ESSENTIAL
■a subject or problem which people are thinking and talking about 问题；议题
• environmental/ethical/personal issues 环境／道德／个人问题
• As employers we need to be seen to be addressing (= dealing with) these issues sympathetically. 作为雇主，我们需要让大家知道我们在处理这些问题时富有同情心。
• Don't worry about who will do it - that's just a side issue (= not the main problem). 不要担心这件事由谁来做——那只是次要问题。
at issue
■most important in what is being discussed （所讨论问题中）最重要的，关键的
• The point at issue is what is best for the child. 问题的关键在于甚么样的东西对孩子最好。
make an issue of sth disapproving
■to make something seem more important than it should be, or to argue about it 对…小题大做；为…争论
• Of course I'll help you, there's no need to make an issue of it. 我当然会帮你，没必要把这点当作甚么大不了的事。
take issue with sth formal
■to disagree strongly 对…持强烈异议，很不赞同
• I took issue with him over his interpretation of the instructions. 我不赞同他对命令的理解。
have issues (with sb/sth)
■to have difficulty or disagreement with someone or something 有问题（或麻烦）；（与…）有分歧
• All the people in the study had low self-esteem and had issues with their bodies. 研究中的所有对象自尊心都不强，对自身体形都有所不满。
• Anna has major issues with her employer. 安娜与她的老板有严重的意见分歧。
['ɪʃ.u:] /'ɪs.ju:] noun countable
PRODUCT 产品
■a set of newspapers or magazines published at the same time or a single copy of a newspaper or magazine （报刊的）期，号，版次
• There's an article on motorbikes in the latest/next issue. 在最近一期／下一期有一篇关于摩托车的文章。
• An old issue of 'Homes and Gardens' lay on the table. 桌子上放着一本过期的《家庭与花园》杂志。
■An issue of shares is when a company gives people the chance to buy part of it or gives extra shares to people who already own some. （股票的）发行
['ɪʃ.u:] /'ɪs.ju:] noun countable
without issue old use
■If someone dies without issue, they have no children. 无后嗣
['ɪʃ.u:] /'ɪs.ju:] verb transitive
 IMPROVER
■to produce or provide something official 发行；发布；颁发
• The office will be issuing permits on Tuesday and Thursday mornings. 办事处将在周二和周四的上午颁发许可证。
• The school issued a statement about its plans to the press./The school issued the press with a statement about its plans. 学校就其计划向新闻界发表了一项声明。
['ɪʃ.u:] /'ɪs.ju:] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  issue from sth literary
■If something issues from a place, it comes out of that place 来自，产生于
• A terrible scream issued from the room. 房间里传出了可怕的尖叫声。
inference, issue, impact, incident
inference: 推断，结论
issue: 问题，争议点
impact: 影响，冲击
incident: 事件
topic, subject, theme, issue
这组词都有“主题、话题”的意思，其区别是：
topic: 普通用词，含义广泛，但其范畴小于subject。既可指文章、讲话的题目，谈话的内容，又可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。
subject: 一般用词，使用广泛。指书籍、文章、演讲、讨论等中所隐含的、暗示的，需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。
theme: 系正式用词，多指文学、艺术作品的主题，或论文、演说的主题。
issue: 指有争论、议论，急需讨论研究的热点话题。
distribute, issue, publish
这组词都有“发行，发出，发给”的意思，其区别是：
distribute: 指把东西分发给所属者或应得者。
issue: 多指通过官方或正式渠道正式发行。
publish: 普通用词，多指出版发行文字作品，也指发布新闻或发表见解等。
matter, issue, problem, question
这组词都有“问题”的意思，其区别是：
matter: 含义不很具体，暗示人们考虑和关心的事和话题。
issue: 多指意见能达到一致的问题，着重争论或讨论中的问题。
problem: 指客观上存在的、难以处理或难以理解的问题。
question: 通常指用口头或书面提出来要求回答或有待讨论解决的问题。
n. 问题；流出；期号； [会计] 发行物
 - question, flux
vt. [会计] 发行，发布；发给；放出，排出
 - discharge, exhaust
vi. [会计] 发行；流出；造成…结果；传下
 - discharge, shed

Word: health
Front: health
[helθ] (中高雅 344/373 -K5)
Vocabulary: health
(once / 39 pages)
n
Your health is the condition of your body. If you barely get any sleep and only eat frozen pizza and jellybeans, you probably have poor health.
Health comes from the old English word for "whole," and you can think of it as the state of your whole being — both body and mind. We use health to talk about bodies and people, but also to talk about whole systems. If you lost your job, you might be worried about the health of your finances. If a bad manager provokes employees to be unproductive, investors might be worried about the health of a business.
WORD FAMILY
health: healthful, healths, healthy +/ healthful: healthfulest, healthfully, healthfulness, unhealthful/ healthy: healthier, healthiest, healthily, healthiness, unhealthy/unhealthful: unhealthfully, unhealthfulness/unhealthy: unhealthier, unhealthiest, unhealthily, unhealthiness
USAGE EXAMPLES
But according to experts, checking your weight is a misguided, demoralizing way to gauge overall health.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
For example, the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute does health rankings of counties in every state.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
The United States spends more than $64 billion each year on oral health care, of which only 4 percent is paid for by government programs.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Back: n. 健康状况; 卫生; 保健; 昌盛，兴旺
分布：健康(98%)，医疗保健(2%)
→来自heal,康复，-th,名词后缀。
n.健康,健康状况;卫生The healer reveals an appealing fact that health is great wealth to the commonwealth.医治者揭示一个吸引人的事实:健康是联邦的巨大财富.
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or the state of being well 身体状况；健康
• to be in good/poor health 身体好／不好
• Regular exercise is good for your health. 规律运动对你的身体有好处。
• I had to give up drinking for health reasons. 我因健康之故而不得不戒酒。
• He gave up work because of ill- health. 他因为身体不好而辞去了工作。
■the condition of something that changes or develops, such as an organization or system （组织或系统的）运行状况，运作状况
• the financial health of the business 企业的财务状况
n. [医] 健康；卫生；保健；兴旺
 - fitness, hygiene, wellness

Word: investor
Front: investor
[ɪnˈvestə(r)] (1702/2459 -4)
Vocabulary: investor
(once / 205 pages)
n
An investor is someone who provides (or invests) money or resources for an enterprise, such as a corporation, with the expectation of financial or other gain.
We usually hear about an investor in a business context, but when someone invests things like time or labor in a project or idea they, too, are investors of a sort. The "return on investment" in these cases, however, is often a little less tangible than money. Someone who volunteers to help build houses is an investor in their community. Someone who spends time helping a child with homework is an investor in that child's future.
WORD FAMILY
investor: investors+/disinvest: disinvestment/ invest: disinvest, invested, investing, investiture, investment, investor, invests/ investiture: investitures/ investment: investments
USAGE EXAMPLES
A bipartisan collection of U.S. lawmakers is gearing up to expand CFIUS’s legal mandate, in part to demand greater access by U.S. investors into China.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
But investors are also right to curb their expectations.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
A GE spokeswoman said investors expect returns in that range.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 投资者; 出资者; 包围者，围攻者
分布：投资者(100%)
US [-tˌɚ] noun countable
 IMPROVER
■a person who puts money into something in order to make a profit or get an advantage 投资者
• A New York investor offered to acquire the company's shares for $13 each. 一名纽约投资者提出以每股13美元的价格收购这家公司的股票。
• Small investors (= people who invest only a small amount of money) are hoping that the markets will improve. 小额投资者希望市场会好转。
n. [经] 投资者
 - moneyman

Word: each
Front: each
[i:tʃ] (中高 192/170 -K5)
Vocabulary: each
(once / 12 pages)
adjadv
Use the adjective each when every separate person or thing in a group is considered individually, one by one or piece by piece. If all the guests at your party will go home with a goody bag, you can say that each person will get one.
The word each is useful for singling out one instance, item, or person from a larger group. When it's used as an adverb, it basically means "apiece." You might, for example, say, "These cupcakes cost me three dollars each," or "My siblings and I have one cat each — all together, we have six cats in our family." The Old English root of each, , is based on a Germanic phrase that means "ever alike."
WORD FAMILY
each
USAGE EXAMPLES
There’s no obvious, runaway favorite, so this means we all yell at each other about it for several weeks.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
It will also see the distance between Mars and Venus get smaller as Venus gets higher each night.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Of almost 10,000 bird species worldwide, about 130 species were seen here during counts in each of the past three years.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 每; 各自的
pron. 每个; 各自
分布：每(64%)，每个(33%)，个人(2%)，个自(1%)
→来自古英语a-gelic的缩写。a, 永久，所有，词源同age, eon. ge-, 强调，-lic, 相似，同like.
a./pron.各,各自的,每The tides slide on the tidy wide beach and collide each other.海潮在整洁宽阔的海滩上滑行并相互碰撞.
pronoun determiner
 ESSENTIAL
■every thing, person, etc. in a group of two or more, considered separately （两个或两个以上物或人中的）每个，各，各自
• When you run, each foot leaves the ground before the other comes down. 奔跑时，你的一只脚在另一只脚着地之前就离开了地面。
• There are five leaflets - please take one of each. 有五种传单——请每样各拿一份。
• Each of the companies supports a local charity. 这些公司都各自资助一个当地的慈善组织。
• Each and every one of the flowers has its own colour and smell. 每一种花的色彩和气味都各不相同。
• We each (= Every one of us) wanted the bedroom with the balcony, so we tossed a coin to decide. 我们大家都想住那间有阳台的卧室，所以只好扔硬币来决定。
• The bill comes to £79, so that's about £10 each. 帐单共计79英镑，平均分摊每人大约10英镑。
each to his/their own (mainly US to each their own)
 ESSENTIAL
■used to say that everyone likes different things （用来表示人各有不同的爱好）人各不同；各有所好
• You actually like modern jazz, do you? Each to their own. 你竟然喜欢现代爵士乐，真的？真是各有所好。
each way
■If you put a sum of money each way on a horse race, you will win money if the horse you have chosen comes first, second or third. （下注的马得前三名即赢的）一注三赢
each, every
这组词都有“每一个”的意思，其区别是：
each: 指两个或两个以上中的每一个，强调个别。
every: 指3个或3个以上的整体中的每一个，侧重于整体，与all接近。
adj. 每；各自的
 - respective, several
adv. 每个；各自
 - apiece

Word: why
Front: why
[waɪ] (中高 158/169 -K5)
Back: adv. （用于问句）为什么; 为何; （反问，表示不必）何必; （说明理由）为什么
int. 呵唷，哎呀，嗨
n. 理由; 原因; 说明; 难解的问题
分布：为什么(90%)，理由(4%)，哎呀(3%)，咳(1%)，谜(1%)，... 的理由(1%)
→来自kwo,印欧语疑问代词根，词源同who,where,why,how.
ad./conj.为什么;...的理由int.咳,哎呀Why are you late?你为什么迟到?
adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■for what reason 为甚么
• "I'm going home." "Why?" “我要回家了。”“为甚么？”
• Why did you choose to live in London? 你为甚么选择在伦敦生活？
• Why wait? Let's leave now. 为甚么要等？我们现在就走吧。
• Why should I help him - he never helps me? 我为甚么要帮他——他从来都没帮过我？
• Why is it that I find chocolate so addictive? 为甚么我觉得巧克力如此让人上瘾呢？
• The police asked me to explain why I hadn't reported the accident sooner. 警方要我解释为甚么没有及时报告这宗事故。
• I don't know why she isn't here. 我不知道为甚么她没在这里。
• Quite why he isn't here today is a mystery. 他今天为甚么不在这里真是个谜。
• There is no reason why we shouldn't succeed. 我们没有理由不成功。
[waɪ] adverb
why not?
■used to make a suggestion or to express agreement （表示建议或同意）为甚么不（呢）?
• Why not use my car? You'll fit more in. 为甚么不用我的车呢？能装更多东西。
• "Shall we eat Italian tonight?" "Yes, why not?" “我们今晚去吃义大利菜怎么样？”“好啊，为甚么不呢？”
[waɪ] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  whyWarning: check your word order! When why is used in a main clause to ask a question, remember to put the verb before the subject: Why is football such a popular sport? When why is used in a subordinate clause to talk about the reason for something, do not put the verb before the subject:
✗ I can't help wondering why is football so popular. I can't help wondering why football is so popular.
[waɪ] exclamation mainly US or old-fashioned
■used to express surprise or anger 哟，嗨，哎呀（表示惊讶或生气）
• Why, if it isn't old Georgie Frazer! 哟，这不是老乔吉‧弗雷泽吗？
• Why, I've never seen anything like it! 哟，我从没见过这样的事！
[waɪ] noun
the whys and (the) wherefores
■the reasons for something 为甚么；原因
• I know very little about the whys and the wherefores of the situation. 我根本不知道是甚么原因导致出现了这种情况。
adv. 为什么
 - whereto, forwhy

Word: provide
Front: provide
[prəˈvaɪd] (中高研四六托 262/172 -K5)
Vocabulary: provide
(once / 29 pages)
1v 2v 3v
To provide means to give or supply. When you stay in a bed and breakfast, the innkeeper will generally provide you with a meal in the morning as part of the price of the room.
The verb provide generally means to make available or even to allow. The Constitution, for example, provides for protected freedom of speech. But you've probably also heard people talking about getting a job to provide for their family — in that case, to provide means to make money to pay for food and bills, or in other words, bring home the bacon.
WORD FAMILY
provide: provided, provident, provider, provides, providing, provision +/improvidence: improvidences/ improvident: improvidence, improvidently/ providence: providences, providential / provident: improvident, providence, providently/ providential: providentially/ provider: providers/ provision: provisional, provisionary, provisioned, provisioner, provisioning, provisions / provisional: provisionally /provisioner: provisioners
USAGE EXAMPLES
He provided more goofy celebrations and retained composure every time his slightest mistake became a local crisis.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
The family hoped genetic testing would provide an answer.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
To this day the limited case documentation provided to the family doesn’t specify which “terror” organization the pastor supposedly joined.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. & vi. 提供，供给，供应
vt. 规定; 提供(+for); 装备; 预备
vi. 抚养，赡养(+for); 做准备; 预约(for 或 against)
时态：provided, providing, provides
分布：提供(90%)，供给(3%)，规定(3%)，准备(2%)，抚养(2%)
→pro-,提前，-vid,看，词源同evident,visit.即提前看到的，有预见性的，引申词义准备，未雨绸缪，后用于指提供，供应，规定等。
预备;供给(pro提前+vid+e→提前看好→预备;提供)[vis,vid=see表示"看"]
v.供应,供给,准备,预防,规定I'm convinced that the provincial government will provide provisional provisions.我深信地方政府将提供临时供应品.
verb
SUPPLY 供给
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to give someone something that they need 提供，供给
• This booklet provides useful information about local services. 这本小册子提供了有关当地服务机构的有用资讯。
• All meals are provided throughout the course. 整个期间都提供三餐。
• The author provides no documentary references to support her assertions. 作者没有提供参考文献来支援她自己的论点。
• We have concerns about whether the government will be able to provide viable social services for poorer families/provide poorer families with viable social services. 我们十分关切政府是否能为弱势家庭提供可行的社会服务。
• Putting more police on patrol doesn't provide a real solution to the problem of increasing violence. 加派更多警力巡逻并不能真正解决暴力事件不断增长的问题。
  Common Learner Errors  provide When provide is followed by an indirect object, remember to use the preposition with. Don't say 'provide someone something', say provide someone with something :
✗ Could you provide us a list of hotels in the area? Could you provide us with a list of hotels in the area?
[prə'vaɪd] verb
LAW 法律
[+ that] formal
■(of a law or decision) to state that something must happen if particular conditions exist （法律或裁决）规定
• Section 17 provides that all decisions must be circulated in writing. 第17条规定，所有的决定都必须以书面形式发放通知。
[prə'vaɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  provide against sth formal
■to make plans in order to prevent or deal with a bad situation 预防；防备；防止
• Beach operators do not have a legal obligation to provide against injury or drowning. 海滨游乐场的经营者并没有法律义务要采取措施防止有人受伤或溺毙。
[prə'vaɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  provide for sb
■to give someone the things they need such as money, food or clothes 为（某人）提供生活所需
• He has a wife and two young children to provide for. 他要养活妻子和两个小孩。
[prə'vaɪd] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  provide for sth
■to make plans in order to deal with a possible event in the future 为…做准备；防备
• We must provide for depreciation when calculating the costs. 在计算成本时，我们必须考虑到贬值因素。
■formal
■If a law or agreement provides for something, it allows it to happen or exist （法律或协议）规定
• Current legislation provides for the detention of those suspected of terrorism. 现行法律规定可以拘留疑似恐怖分子。
equip, furnish, present, provide, volunteer, propose, supply, offer, afford
equip: 侧重提供与技术有关的装备或设备等
furnish: 多指添置家具等供给生活的必需品或为生活舒适提供所需的服务设施
present: 既可指提出意见建议等，又可指拿出某物供人欣赏或赠送
provide: 与supply近义，但强调人的深谋远虑，侧重用贮备等方法作充分准备
volunteer: 侧重出于自愿，而不是奉命做某事
propose: 指直接而主动地提出问题或建议等，也指在讨论或争辩中提出具体意见或建议
supply: 普通用词，指提供任何所需求的东西
offer: 多指主动提出或提供意见或东西等，但是否接受由对方自行决定
afford: 一般只用于对抽象事物提供，也可指经济能力上的供给或支付
vt. 提供；规定；准备；装备
 - afford, define, regulate, tender, state
vi. 规定；抚养；作准备
 - take care of, prime

Word: argue
Front: argue
[ˈɑ:gju:] (高研四六雅 778/674 -K4)
Vocabulary: argue
(once / 51 pages)
1v 2v
When people argue, they disagree with each other, sometimes loudly. You don’t always have to yell when you argue, though, sometimes you’re just trying to prove a point. If your mom tells you to be home for dinner, don’t argue!
When you think of the word argue, you might think of angry people screaming at one another, but that’s only one meaning of this verb. The other is "to present reasons and evidence about a stance or opinion." For example, if you give a speech in support of world peace, you might argue that nations accomplish more when they work together, giving examples to support this idea. When you present reasons why you believe in something, you argue for it.
WORD FAMILY
argue: arguable, argued, arguer, argues, arguing, argument, argumentation, argumentative, re-argue+/arguable: arguably, inarguable, unarguable/arguer: arguers/arguing: arguings/ argument: arguments, counterargument / argumentation: argumentations/ argumentative: argumentatively, unargumentative/ counterargument: counterarguments/inarguable: inarguably/unarguable: unarguably
USAGE EXAMPLES
“I was on a Super Bowl team, and we argued every day — even after we won games 45-0,” Bowles said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sen. Lindsey Graham, arguing the Republican was not conservative enough.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
His attorney argued there was insufficient evidence to convict Kelly on several charges, including theft and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 坚决主张; 提出理由证明; 说服，劝告; 表明，证明
vi. 争论，辩论; 提出理由
时态：argued, arguing, argues
分布：争论(70%)，辩论(20%)，说服(10%)
→来自词根arg, 白，同Argentine, 阿根廷，白银之国。争吵以辩白。
vi.辩论,争论vt.辩论,论证;说服,劝说They are arguing about the document of the monumental instrument.他们在辩论关于那件不朽乐器的文献.
US ['ɑ:rg-] verb
DISAGREE 争执
 ESSENTIAL intransitive
■to speak angrily to someone, telling them that you disagree with them 争论；争吵；争辩
• The children are always arguing. 孩子老是吵个不停。
• Kids, will you stop arguing with each other? 孩子们，你们别再吵嘴了好不好？
• They were arguing over/about which film to go and see. 他们正在争论去看哪部电影。
UK ['ɑ:g.ju:] US ['ɑ:rg-] verb
GIVE REASONS 说理
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to give the reasons for your opinion, idea, belief, etc. 论证；说理；辩论
• The minister argued for/in favour of/against making cuts in military spending. 部长提出支持／反对削减军费开支的理由。
• [+ that] The minister argued that cuts in military spending were needed. 部长论证了削减军费开支的必要性。
• You can argue the case either way. 这件事正说反说都有道理。
⇒ See also well-argued
UK ['ɑ:g.ju:] US ['ɑ:rg-] verb
SHOW 显示
transitive
■to show that something is true or exists 显示出；表明
• The evidence argues a change in policy. 证据显示政策有了变动。
UK ['ɑ:g.ju:] US ['ɑ:rg-] verb
argue the toss UK informal disapproving
■to disagree with a decision or statement 唱反调；抬杠
• It doesn't matter what you say, he'll always argue the toss! 不管你说甚么他都会唱反调！
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
vi. 争论，辩论；提出理由
 - debate, dispute about
vt. 辩论，争论；证明；说服
 - debate, discuss, demonstrate, prove, satisfy

Word: rich
Front: rich
[rɪtʃ] (中高 1075/1229 -K4)
Vocabulary: rich
(once / 37 pages)
1adjn 2adj 3adj
The rich are the wealthy people in society. If you daydream of owning multi-billion dollar corporations and driving around in fancy cars, then you dream of being one of the rich.
Rich is a cognate (meaning a word that sounds the same and means the same) with various of Germanic, Frisian, and Dutch words for "king." Now it tends to be an adjective meaning "abundant." That might be abundant money, as in your rich cousin Henry. A rich sauce is buttery and creamy and delicious. Rich land is fertile and abundant in crops. A rich idea has many possible applications. Rich coffee is full, dark and intense.
WORD FAMILY
rich: enrich, richer, richest, richly, richness +/ enrich: enriched, enriches, enriching, enrichment / enrichment: enrichments/ richness: richnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
Gates remained the world’s richest person throughout the year.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
On a recent stroll through Olongapo, Mr. Cortez reflected fondly on the U.S. military’s rich history in the city and nearby Subic Bay.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harris toggles between time periods and narrative voices, creating a rich, dramatic tale that builds to a surprising conclusion.
Washington Post(Jan 01, 2017)
Back: adj. 富有的; 肥沃的; 丰富多彩的; 油腻的
级别：richer, richest
分布：丰富的(68%)，富有的(27%)，富饶的(5%)
→来自中古英语 riche,有权的，有钱的，来自古英语 rice,有权的，来自 reg,统治，管理， 词源同 regal,regulate.引申诸相关比喻义。词义的演变体现了权钱的关系。
a.富的,有钱的;富饶的;(in)充足的,丰富的The whistler whispered, "Which is rich?"鸣笛者低语道:"哪一个富有?"
adjective
MONEY 钱
 ESSENTIAL
■having a lot of money or valuable possessions 有钱的；富有的；富裕的
• He's the third richest man in Britain. 他是英国的第三大富豪。
• They're one of the world's richest nations. 他们国家是世界上最富的国家之一。
• He is determined to get rich quickly. 他决心尽快致富。
[rɪtʃ] adjective
HAVING A LOT OF STH 丰富的
 IMPROVER
■containing a large amount of a valuable natural substance such as coal, oil or wood （矿产）丰富的
• The region is rich in minerals and coal deposits. 这一地区矿产和煤炭储量丰富。
• The country has vast oil reserves and rich deposits of other minerals. 这个国家石油储量巨大，其他矿产资源也非常丰富。
rich in sth
■containing a lot of something good or useful 富含…的
• Pineapple juice is rich in vitamins A and B. 凤梨汁富含维生素 A 和维生素 B
• The English language is rich in vocabulary. 英语的辞汇很丰富。
■Rich land or soil contains a large amount of substances which help plants to grow 肥沃的；富饶的；丰产的
• the richest arable land in the country 该国最肥沃的可耕地
■containing a lot of exciting events or experiences and therefore very interesting 丰富多彩的；阅历丰富的
• He has written a book about the island's rich history. 他写了一本书介绍该岛屿的沧桑历史。
• She had a rich and varied life and met many famous and exciting people. 她历经沧桑，见过很多著名的、具有传奇色彩的人物。
■If the style of something such as a piece of furniture or a building is rich, it contains a lot of decoration 富丽堂皇的；装饰华丽的
• The temple is noted for its rich carvings. 这座庙因其精雕细琢、丰富多姿的雕刻而闻名。
[rɪtʃ] adjective
ATTRACTIVE 吸引的
 ADVANCED
■A rich colour, sound, smell or taste is strong in a pleasing or attractive way （颜色）浓重的；（声音）浑厚的，圆润洪亮的；（味道）馥郁的
• This lipstick gives long-lasting rich colour. 这种口红色泽鲜艳持久。
• She produced a rich, deep tone from her clarinet. 她用单簧管吹奏出的曲调深沉饱满。
• The wine has a rich aromatic flavour. 红葡萄酒味道馥郁浓醇。
■A rich material is very beautiful and valuable 华丽昂贵的
• She wore a velvet skirt and a rich brocade jacket. 她穿着一条天鹅绒裙子，配一件华丽高档的锦缎上衣。
[rɪtʃ] adjective
FOOD 食物
■If food is rich, it contains a large amount of oil, butter, eggs or cream 油腻的
• This chocolate mousse is too rich for me. 这种巧克力慕斯对我来说太油腻了。
[rɪtʃ] adjective
CRITICISM 批评
[after verb]
■used to describe someone's opinions when that person has the same bad qualities that they are criticizing 荒谬的，可笑的
• The education minister's criticism of the new exam system seems rich, considering it was he who demanded the changes in the first place. 教育部长对新考试制度的批评似乎有点荒唐可笑，因为当时正是他要求作出这些改革的。
• "He said I was looking rather fat." " That's a bit rich coming from him." “他说我看上去很胖。”“他这样说就有点太可笑了。”
[rɪtʃ] adjective
get - rich - quick
■making it possible for you to make a lot of money in a short time 快速致富
• a get-rich-quick scheme 一个快速致富计划
• She despised the get-rich-quick mentality of the 1980s. 她鄙视八十年代的快速致富心态。
[rɪtʃ] plural noun
the rich
■rich people considered together as a group 富人，有钱人
• The resort is frequented by the rich and famous. 这个旅游胜地是富人名流经常光顾的地方。
rich, wealthy
这组词都有“富的，富裕的”的意思，其区别是：
rich: 普通用词，语气强烈，指拥有大量金钱及财产。
wealthy: 普通用词，语气不如rich强烈，多指经济上富裕、社会地位稳固，很有身份，即有钱有势。
adj. 富有的；肥沃的；昂贵的
 - expensive, dear, wealthy, costly

Word: head
Front: head
[hed] (中高托 251/209 -K5)
Vocabulary: head
(once / 9 pages)
1nv 2nv 3n 4n 5n
On a human body, the head is the part with your skull, brain, eyes, ears, and mouth. Nod your head if you understand which part of your body includes your head.
In music, the head of a drum is a membrane that stretches over the drum's shell. When you strike the head with sticks or brushes, you can create rhythms. A person who is in charge of a group of people is also called a head. The principal is the head of the school. As a verb, head can also mean to be in charge of or to move in a particular direction.
WORD FAMILY
head: forehead, headed, header, headful, heading, headless, headlike, heads, headship, heady, overhead, subhead+/ forehead: foreheads/headed: headeder, headedest, headedly, unheaded/ header: headers/ heading: headings, subheading/headship: headships/ heady: headier, headiest, headily/ overhead: overheads/subhead: subheads/subheading: subheadings
USAGE EXAMPLES
GOP Rep. Kevin Brady of Texas, head of the Ways and Means Committee, insists Republicans won’t be deterred by the politics.
Seattle Times(Dec 01, 2016)
“Some people say that deep water is finished,” BP’s head of exploration and production Bernard Looney said in a presentation this summer.
Wall Street Journal(Dec 01, 2016)
The head of the English soccer players’ union last week said that at least 20 more former players had come forward, many of them privately.
New York Times(Dec 01, 2016)
Back: n. 上端; 头脑; 头部; 首脑，首长
vt. 用头顶; 前进; 作为…的首领; 站在…的前头
vi. 朝…行进; 出发; 向…方向移动; 船驶往
adj. 头的; 在前头的; 首要的; 在顶端的
时态：headed, heading, heads
分布：头部(52%)，头脑(22%)，前进(9%)，首要的(4%)，为首(4%)，顶端(2%)，朝向(2%)，前面的(2%)，领袖(2%)，硬币的正面(1%)
→来自caput,头，词源同captain,capital.
n.头;顶部;领导,首脑v.主管;位于..顶部The briber described the tribe head's bribery.行贿者描述了部落首领的受贿行为.
noun
BODY PART 身体部位
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the part of the body above the neck that contains the eyes, nose, mouth and ears and the brain 头部
• Put this hat on to keep your head warm. 戴上这顶帽子，给头部保暖。
• He banged his head on the car as he was getting in. 他上车时撞了一下头。
• She nodded/shook her head (= showed her agreement/disagreement). 她点点／摇摇头表示同意／不同意。
only singular
■a person or animal when considered as a unit 人数；（动物的）头数
• Dinner will cost £20 a/per head (= for each person). 晚餐每人要花费20英镑。
• I did a quick head count (= calculated how many people there were). 我很快地点了一下人数。
• They own a hundred head of (= 100) cattle. 他们有100头牛。
only singular
■a measure of length or height equal to the size of a head 一个头的长度（或高度）
• Her horse won by a head. 她的马以领先一个头的距离获胜。
• Paul is a head taller than Andrew. 保罗比安德鲁高出一个头。
[hed] noun
MIND 头脑
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the mind and mental abilities 头脑，智力
• You need a clear head to be able to drive safely. 安全驾驶需要清醒的头脑。
• What put that (idea) into your head (= What made you think that) ? 你怎么会那样想？
• I can't get that tune/that man out of my head (= I cannot stop hearing the tune in my mind/thinking about that man). 我的脑海里始终摆脱不了那个旋律／人。
• Use your head (= Think more carefully) ! 动动脑子！
• Harriet has a (good )head for figures (= She is very clever at calculating numbers). 哈丽雅特非常擅长数字计算。
• UK Do you have a head for heights (= Are you able to be in high places without fear) ? 你有没有惧高症？
[hed] noun
LEADER 领导
 ESSENTIAL countable
■someone in charge of or leading an organization, group, etc 领导人；负责人
• the head of the History department 历史系主任
• the head chef 主厨
countable mainly UK * a headteacher
head boy/girl mainly UK
■a boy or girl who is the leader of the other prefects and often represents his or her school on formal occasions 学生代表
[hed] noun
TOP PART 顶部
 ADVANCED only singular
■the top part or beginning of something 顶部；开始部分
• the head of the queue 队伍的前部
• the head of the page 书眉
• Diana, the guest of honour, sat at the head of the table (= the most important end of it). 戴安娜作为贵宾坐在上位。
countable
■the larger end of a nail, hammer, etc. 钉子头；锤子头
countable
■the top part of a plant where a flower or leaves grow （植物的）结球，头状花序
• a head of lettuce 一棵生菜
countable
■the layer of white bubbles on top of beer after it has been poured 啤酒沫
countable
■the upper part of a river, where it begins （河的）上游，源头
countable
■the top part of a spot when it contains pus (= yellow liquid) 脓头
[hed] noun
DEVICE 装置
countable
■the part of a tape or video recorder (= machine for recording sound or pictures) which touches the tape to record and play music, speech, etc. （答录机、录影机的）磁头
[hed] noun
a head of steam
■the force produced by a large amount of steam in a closed space 蒸汽压力
■when a person or an activity starts to become very active or successful 初见成效，开始获得成功
• They're really beginning to build up a head of steam for their campaign. 他们的竞选活动渐入佳境。
[hed] noun
an old /a wise head on young shoulders
■a child or young person who thinks and talks like an older person who has more experience of life 年轻而老练，少年老成
[hed] noun
be banging , etc. your head against a brick wall informal
■to try to do something that is very difficult or impossible to achieve and therefore causes you to feel annoyed 徒劳无功；枉费心机
• I keep asking her not to park there but it's like banging your head against a brick wall. 我反覆告诫她别在那里停车，看来是白费口舌了。
[hed] noun
be in over your head informal
■to be involved in a difficult situation that you cannot get out of 陷入麻烦无法脱身
• Sean tried to pay his gambling debts, but he was in over his head. 尚想还清赌债，但却深陷其中。
[hed] noun
be off your head informal
■to be crazy 发疯，精神错乱
• You must be off your head going out in this weather! 这种天气出去你真是发疯了！
■to not be in control of your behaviour because you have drunk too much alcohol or taken drugs 喝醉了；毒瘾发作
• Hannah was off her head as usual. 汉娜又喝醉了。
[hed] noun
bite/snap sb's head off informal
■to speak to someone angrily 向（某人）怒吼
• I asked what was wrong, but he just bit my head off. 我问他出了甚么事，可是他却向我怒吼。
[hed] noun
bury / have your head in the sand
■to refuse to think about unpleasant facts, although they will have an influence on your situation 逃避现实，不愿意面对现实
• You've got to face facts here - you can't just bury your head in the sand. 在这里你必须面对现实——你不能逃避。
[hed] noun
can't get your head around informal
■If you say that you can't get your head around something, you mean that you cannot understand it 无法理解，搞不懂
• I just can't get my head around these tax forms. 我看不懂这些纳税表格。
[hed] noun
can't make head nor tail of sth
■to not be able to understand something 无法理解，搞不懂
• I can't make head nor tail of these instructions on the packet. 我搞不懂包装上的说明。
[hed] noun
come to a head (also bring sth to a head)
■If something comes to a head or someone brings something to a head, a situation reaches a point where something must be done about it 到紧要关头
• Things hadn't been good between us for a while and this incident just brought it to a head. 我们之间的关系恶化有一段时间了，而这件事更是雪上加霜。
[hed] noun
do sb's head in UK Australian informal
■to make someone feel confused and unhappy 让人发懵或不愉快
• Getting up at 4 o'clock every morning was doing my head in. 每天早上四点起来让我脑袋发懵。
• I've been trying to make sense of all these figures and it's doing my head in. 我一直试着弄清楚这些数字的含义，结果弄得一头雾水。
[hed] noun
from head to foot/toe
■completely covering your body 从头到脚
• The dog was covered in mud from head to foot. 这条狗浑身都是泥。
[hed] noun
a full/good/thick, etc. head of hair
■a lot of hair 很多头发，一头浓密的头发
• Even as a tiny baby, she had a thick head of hair. 她还是婴儿的时候就长着一头浓密的头发。
[hed] noun
get your head down UK informal
■to direct all your efforts into the particular task you are involved in 集中全部精力，全力以赴
• I'm going to get my head down and try and finish this report before I go home today. 我将全力以赴，设法在今天回家前完成这份报告。
[hed] noun
get sth into your head
■to start to believe something 开始相信
• When will you get it into your head that he's not coming back? 你甚么时候才能相信他不会再回来了呢？
• One day, she got it into her head (= decided for no reason) that we all hated her. 有一天，她无缘无故地认为我们都恨她。
[hed] noun
get/put your head down informal
■to sleep 睡觉
• I'm just going to put my head down for a couple of hours. 我要睡几个小时。
[hed] noun
give head offensive
■to perform fellatio or cunnilingus 口交
[hed] noun
give sb their head old-fashioned
■to allow someone to do what they want to do without trying to help them or give them advice 让（某人）随心所欲
[hed] noun
go over sb's head
■to speak to or ask permission from someone who has more authority than the person who you would normally go to in that situation 不经过（某人）直接越级上报
• Amanda was refusing to give me the week off so I went over her head and spoke to the boss. 阿曼达不批准我请一周的假，于是我就跳过他直接跟老板说。
[hed] noun
go to sb's head
■If something goes to someone's head, it makes them think that they are very important and makes them a less pleasant person 冲昏（某人）的头脑，使（某人）骄傲自满
• Don't let fame/success go to your head. 别让名声／成功冲昏你的头脑。
■If alcohol goes to your head, it makes you feel slightly drunk （酒）上头，使人醉
• Champagne always goes straight to my head. 香槟总是把我弄得头昏脑胀。
[hed] noun
have your business/sensible, etc. head on informal
■used for saying that you are considering something from a particular way of thinking （考虑事情）有独到的思维方式
• I had my sensible head on that morning and knew we couldn't afford to buy the car. 那天早上我比较明智，知道我们买不起那辆汽车。
[hed] noun
have your head (buried/stuck) in a book
■to be reading 埋头看书，埋头阅读
• Rose always has her head buried in a book. 萝丝总是埋头读书。
[hed] noun
have your head in the clouds
■to not know the facts of a situation 心不在焉
[hed] noun
have your head screwed on (the right way) informal
■to be practical and wise 头脑清醒，明智
• Ask Lois to help - she's got her head screwed on the right way. 找洛伊丝帮忙——她很聪明，总是有好办法。
[hed] noun
head and shoulders above
■If someone or something is head and shoulders above other people or things, they are a lot better than them 远远超过，比…强得多
• There's no competition - they're head and shoulders above the rest. 没甚么好比的——他们比其他人强出一大截。
[hed] noun
head over heels (in love)
■completely in love 坠入爱河
[hed] noun head 1 Heads I win , tails you lose. humorous saying
* said about a situation in which you will win whatever happens 正面我赢，反面你输；反正我都会赢
[hed] noun
heads or tails?
■asked before you throw a coin into the air and want someone else to guess which side it will land on （掷硬币时）要正面还是反面？
[hed] noun
Heads will roll!
■something that is said to mean that people will be punished for something bad that has happened 有人会受罚！
[hed] noun
keep your head (also keep a cool head)
■to stay calm despite great difficulties 保持镇静，保持清醒头脑
• She kept her head under pressure and went on to win the race. 她顶住压力，保持镇静并继续努力以赢得比赛。
[hed] noun
keep your head above water
■to just be able to manage, especially when you have financial difficulties （尤指财务上）勉强应付过去；惨淡经营
• The business is in trouble, but we are just about keeping our heads above water. 公司遇到了一些问题，但我们还是得勉强应付下去。
[hed] noun
keep your head down
■to avoid trouble 避免麻烦
• He's in a bad mood today - I'm just keeping my head down. 他今天心情不好——我得小心别惹麻烦。
[hed] noun
laugh/shout/scream, etc. your head off informal
■to laugh, shout, scream, etc. very noisily and for a long time 持续地大笑／喊叫／尖叫等
• There I was lying face down on the pavement and you two were laughing your heads off! 我就在那里脸朝下趴在人行道上，而你们两个却在那里大笑不止！
[hed] noun
over your head
■too difficult or strange for you to understand 无法理解
• I tried to take in what he was saying about nuclear fusion, but most of it went over my head. 我努力去理解他所说的核融合，但大部分内容都让我无法理解。
[hed] noun
put their heads together
■If two or more people put their heads together, they plan something together 共同出谋划策；集思广益
• If we put our heads together, we can think of a solution. 如果我们一起动脑筋，会想出解决办法的。
[hed] noun
take it into your head to do sth
■to suddenly decide to do something, often something silly or surprising 突发奇想；心血来潮
• Anyway, they took it into their heads to get married. 不管怎样，他们突然心血来潮，决定结婚。
[hed] verb
GO 走
 IMPROVER intransitive + adverb or preposition
■to go in a particular direction 朝特定方向行进
• I was heading out of the room when she called me back. 她叫我回来的时候我正往屋外走。
• We were heading towards Kumasi when our truck broke down. 我们在前往库马西的途中卡车抛锚了。
• He headed straight for (= went towards) the fridge. 他迳直朝冰箱走去。
• I think we ought to head back/home (= return to where we started) now, before it gets too dark. 我想我们应该在天黑之前回去／家。
[hed] verb
LEADER 领导
 IMPROVER transitive
■to be in charge of a group or organization 领导；主管
• She heads one of Britain's leading travel firms. 她掌管英国其中一间顶尖旅行社。
• Judge Hawthorne was chosen to head the team investigating the allegations of abuse. 霍桑法官被选中率领这个小组调查有关虐待的指控。
[hed] verb
TOP PART 顶部
transitive
■to be at the front or top of something 在…的前部（或顶部）
• The Queen's carriage headed the procession. 女王的马车行进在队伍的前头。
• Jo's name headed the list of candidates. 乔的名字排在候选人名单的最前面。
[hed] verb
SPORT 运动
transitive
■to hit a ball with your head 用头顶（球）
• Owen headed the ball into the back of the net. 欧文把球顶进了网窝。
[hed] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  head for sth ADVANCED
■to be likely to experience a bad situation soon, because of your own actions or behaviour 很可能要遭受，会招致
• They're heading for disaster if they're not careful. 如果不当心的话，他们将招来灾祸。
• The country is heading for recession. 这个国家的经济正在走向衰退。
[hed] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  head off
■to start a journey or leave a place 出发；离开
• What time are you heading off? 你甚么时候出发？
[hed] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] head sb/sth off
■to force someone or something to change direction 迫使…改变方向
• I tried to head the dog off by running towards it. 我朝着狗跑去，试图把它撵走。
[hed] verb
  Phrasal Verbs  [M] head sth off
■to prevent a difficult or unpleasant situation from happening 防止，阻止（困难或不好的情况发生）
• The company is putting up wages to head off a strike. 公司准备提高工资以防罢工。
boss, leader, head, chief
这组词都有“拥有权力或统治权的人”的意思，其区别是：
boss: 非正式用词，多作口语用，可指任何负责人，也可指经理、老板或工头。
leader: 指国家、民族、政党、组织等的领导或领袖。强调领导能力、含有能够引导、指导、控制被领导者并获得其支持的意味。
head: 多指一个机构或团体等的负责人或最高首长。
chief: 最广泛用词，上可指最高统治者，下可指顶头上司，即可指任何一级的头头。
n. [解剖] 头；头痛；上端；最前的部分；理解力
 - intelligence, understanding
vt. 前进；用头顶；作为…的首领；站在…的前头；给…加标题
 - to go forward, make one's way
vi. 出发；成头状物；船驶往
 - leave, set out
adj. 头的；主要的；在顶端的
 - primary, major, central, leading, great

Word: child
Front: child
[tʃaɪld] (中高雅 115/114 -K5)
Vocabulary: child
(once / 10 pages)
n
A child is a young person who's typically older than a baby but younger than a teen. As a child, you probably had your parents watching over you as you played in a sandbox.
The noun child come from the Old English word cild, meaning "child, infant." Retaining a similar meaning into modern times, the word still refers to a young person, male or female. But you can be considered a child after reaching adulthood — in the eyes of your parents, at least. Immature behavior like throwing a temper tantrum can also mark you as a child. The word can also refer to someone in a clan or tribe, young or old.
WORD FAMILY
child: childhood, childish, childless, childlike, childly, children, childs+/childhood: childhoods/ childish: childishest, childishly, childishness/childishness: childishnesses/childless: childlessly, childlessness/childlike: childlikely
USAGE EXAMPLES
Officials didn’t release any identifying information, including the children’s ages or whether they were related.
Time(Jan 02, 2017)
And his “children” like how he fights for them.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Problem: Pneumonia kills 27,000 Ugandan children under the age of five every year.
BBC(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 小孩，孩子; 幼稚的人; 产物; 弟子
分布：小孩(87%)，产物(7%)，子女(6%)
→来自gel, 膨胀，子宫。词源同calf, dolphin. 字面意思即刚出生的婴儿。
n.([pl.]children)小孩,儿童,儿女In the building, the wild child hurt his mild chin on the china.在大楼里,那个粗野的孩子在瓷器上弄伤了温柔的下巴.
[tʃaɪld] (plural children)
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a boy or girl from the time of birth until he or she is an adult, or a son or daughter of any age 儿童，小孩；儿子；女儿
• an eight-year-old child 八岁的小孩
• As a child I didn't eat vegetables. 我小时候不爱吃蔬菜。
• A small group of children waited outside the door. 一小群孩子在门外等候。
• Both her children are now married with children of their own. 她的两个孩子都结了婚，有了自己的孩子。
• Jan is married with three young children. 简已婚，有三个孩子。
• They campaign for the rights of the unborn child. 他们参加了维护胎儿权益的运动。
⇒ See also brainchild disapproving
■an adult who behaves badly, like a badly behaved child 孩子气的人；任性妄为的人
• He's such a child if he doesn't get his own way. 要是不能顺他的意，他就会任性胡来。
a child of sth
■someone who has been very influenced by a particular period or situation 深受（某一时期或形势）影响的人
• Me, I'm a child of the sixties. 我嘛，是60年代的人。
[tʃaɪld] (plural children)
noun countable
be child's play informal
■to be very easy 很容易做的事；轻而易举的事
• Using computers nowadays is child's play compared to how difficult they were to use twenty years ago. 与20年前使用电脑的困难程度相比，现在电脑真是太容易操作了。
[tʃaɪld] (plural children)
noun countable
Children should be seen and not heard. saying
■said to emphasize that you think children should behave well and be quiet 孩子要乖，少出声。
[tʃaɪld] (plural children)
noun countable
(great) with child old use
■(very) pregnant 怀孕（即将足月）
[tʃaɪld] (plural children)
noun countable
  Common Learner Errors  childWarning: Irregular plural! If you want to form the plural of child , don't write 'childs', write children.
child, youngster, infant, baby
这组词都有“孩子”的意思，其区别是：
child: 普通用词，含义广，无感情色彩。泛指从胎儿、婴儿到10岁左右的儿童。
youngster: 泛指任何年龄的儿童或者少年，多指男孩，多为年长者的使用。
infant: 书面用词，狭义指出生后到两岁的小孩，广义指7岁以下的孩子；法律上则指未到法定年龄。
baby: 日常用词，一般指从刚出生的婴儿到满两岁的或非常小的孩子，常含钟爱意味。
n. 儿童，孩子；产物；子孙
 - son, creation, fruit, seed

Word: making
Front: making
[ˈmeɪkɪŋ] (雅 5042/4480 -2)
Back: n. 制造; 产生的过程; 成功改进的手段; 原料，材料
v. “make”的现在分词
分布：制成(44%)，动词make的现在分词形式.(28%)，成功之道(28%)
noun uncountable
■the activity or process of producing something 制造；制作；形成；产生
• the art of film making 电影制作艺术
• There's an article on the making of the series. 有一篇关于该系列片制作方面的文章。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
be an actor/athlete/chef, etc. in the making
■to have the ability and interest to become an actor/athlete, etc. in the future 有成为演员／运动员／厨师等的素质
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
be the making of sb
■If something is the making of someone, it develops in them good qualities and characteristics which might not have developed without it 是成就（某人）的因素
• Five years in the army - that'll be the making of him! 五年的军中生活——这样的经历会把他造就成材！
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
have (all) the makings of sth
■to seem likely to develop into something 具备成为…的（所有）素质
• She has the makings of a great violinist. 她具备成为一名优秀小提琴手的所有素质。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
in the making
■If something was a period of time in the making, it took that amount of time to make （花某一段时间）完成，制造成，制作成
• The film was several years in the making. 这部电影花了几年时间才制作完成。
['meɪ.kɪŋ] noun uncountable
of your own making
■your own fault （某人）自找的，（某人）自作自受的
• Any problems she has with that child are of her own making. 她和那个孩子之间的问题都是她自己造成的。
n. 发展；制造；形成
 - development, growth, formation, advance, progress
v. 制作（make的现在分词）
 - fabricating

Word: raise
Front: raise
[reɪz] (中高托 433/510 -K5)
Vocabulary: raise
(once / 29 pages)
1vn 2vn 3v 4v
If you raise your hand, you put it up in the air. If you raise your daughter, you “bring her up” from childhood to adulthood. And, if you raise the roof, you and a crowd of people cheer wildly for a performer.
Raise can be used almost any time you bring something up, either literally: “if you raise the lid on that trap door you will see a secret passage,” or figuratively: “please don't raise the topic of my arachnophobia.” The verb raise comes from the Old English word ræran, which means “to rear,” as in, “do you really want to raise your children in that town?” As a noun, a raise can also mean a salary increase.
WORD FAMILY
raise: raisable, raiseable, raised, raiser, raises, raising+/raised: raisedest, unraised/raiser: raisers/raising: raisingly, raisings
USAGE EXAMPLES
More rain fell in October than in three decades, raising the state’s major reservoirs in Northern California and hopes that the drought will soon end.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
They say all potential revenue increases should be on the table, including raising the gas tax and imposing tolls.
Washington Times(Jan 03, 2017)
Trump signaled more protective U.S. trade policies, raising concerns about the impact on developing markets.
Reuters(Jan 03, 2017)
Back: v. 提升; 增加; 养育; 筹集
n. 提升; 增加; 高处; 举起
时态：raised, raising, raises
分布：提出(33%)，举起(16%)，引起(14%)，上升(12%)，饲养(11%)，升起(8%)，高地(5%)，增高(1%)
→来自中古英语 raisen,上升，举起，来自 Proto-Germanic*risana,上升，举起，来自 rei,上 升，举起，词源同 rise,rear.引申词义养育，培植。
v.举起,提升;增加;饲养;引起;竖起;提出The rising risk arises from the surprised fund raiser's praise of the appraisal.上升的风险起因于受惊的资金聚集者对评估的赞美.
verb transitive
LIFT 举起
 ESSENTIAL
■to lift something to a higher position 举起；抬起；提起
• Would all those in favour please raise their hands ? 赞成的人请举手好吗？
• He raised the window and leaned out. 他把窗户推上去后探出身子。
• Mary Quant was the first fashion designer to raise hemlines. 玛丽．匡特是第一个把裙子裁短的时装设计师。
[reɪz] verb transitive
INCREASE 增加
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause something to increase or become bigger, better, higher, etc 增加；提高；改善
• The government plan to raise taxes. 政府计划增税。
• I had to raise my voice (= speak more loudly) to make myself heard over the noise. 在一片喧哗声中，我不得不提高嗓门好让大家听见。
• The inspector said that standards at the school had to be raised. 督学说学校必须提高办学标准。
• Our little chat has raised my spirits (= made me feel happier). 我们闲聊了一小会，我的情绪好些了。
[reɪz] verb transitive
EXIST 存在
 ESSENTIAL
■to cause to exist 引起；导致；使存在
• Her answers raised doubts/fears/suspicions in my mind. 她的回答使我心里感到疑惑／害怕／怀疑。
• This discussion has raised many important issues/problems. 这次讨论引出了很多重要的议题／问题。
• The announcement raised a cheer/laugh. 该通知引起大家一片欢呼／哄堂大笑。
• I want to raise (= talk about) two problems/questions with you. 我想跟你探讨／问你两个问题。
• I want to start my own business if I can raise (= obtain) the money/cash/capital/funds. 如果我能够筹集到钱款／现金／资本／资金的话，我想创办自己的公司。
• formal The chapel was raised (= built) as a memorial to her son. 这座小教堂是为了纪念她的儿子而修建的。
[reɪz] verb transitive
DEVELOP 生长
 ESSENTIAL
■to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown 养育；喂养；种植
• Her parents died when she was a baby and she was raised by her grandparents. 她从小父母就去世了，是祖父母把她抚养大的。
• The lambs had to be raised by hand (= fed artificial milk by people) when their mother died. 母羊死后，这些小羊只得靠人工喂养。
• The farmer raises (= breeds) chickens and pigs. 这个农场主饲养鸡和猪。
• The soil around here isn't good enough for raising (= growing) crops. 这附近地区的土壤不够肥沃，不能种庄稼。
[reɪz] verb transitive
CARD GAMES 牌
■If you raise another player in a game of cards, you risk more money than that player has risked （赌牌时）比对手多下赌注，提高（赌注），加赌注
• I'll raise you. 我要提高赌注。
• [+ two objects] I'll raise you $50. 我要比你多押50美元。
[reɪz] verb transitive
STOP 停止 formal
■to end or stop 解除；终止；解（禁）
• They agreed to raise the trade embargo if three conditions were met. 如果满足三个条件，他们同意解除贸易禁运。
• After three weeks the siege was raised. 三个星期后解除了围困。
[reɪz] verb transitive
COMMUNICATE 联系
■to communicate with someone, especially by telephone or radio （尤指透过电话或无线电）与…取得联系，与…通话
• I've been trying to raise Jack/Tokyo all day. 我一整天都试图与杰克／东京取得联系。
[reɪz] verb transitive
raise (a few) eyebrows
■to cause surprise or shock 使人吃惊；令人震惊
• Jemma's miniskirt raised a few eyebrows at the board meeting. 杰玛穿超短裙去参加董事会会议，令众人惊讶不已。
[reɪz] verb transitive
raise your game
■to make an effort to improve the way that you do something 努力改进
• They're going to have to raise their game if they want to stay in the Premiership this season. 如果他们这个季度还想继续参加足球超级联赛，他们就必须努力改善表现。
[reɪz] verb transitive
raise your hand to/against sb
■to hit someone 打（某人）
• Never raise your hand to a child. 绝对不要打孩子。
[reɪz] noun countable US for rise (= increase in pay) 加薪
• She asked the boss for a raise. 她要求老板给她加薪。
enhance, raise, heighten, intensify, aggravate
enhance: 提高，增强：靠增添某种能增强物质的价值、魅力或声望的东西以指某物超出常规水平或通常的喜人程度或吸引力
raise: 提高，增强，养育，种植，饲养
heighten: 提高到超出平常、陈腐或平庸之辈的承程度，并在尖锐和深刻方面有所增强，表示常规合习惯，现状的升级，侧重加强加深加重
intensify: 一物的加深加强强化到很显著、罕见的深度式强度，尤其是在其特性方面
aggravate: 明显加强了那已是令人不快、困难重重的环境，条件的严重性，说明严重性的增加，要求给与注意
raise, extend, increase, expand, inflate, add
raise: 提高
extend: (程度、长度)
increase: 增加
expand: （尺码，数量，稳定性）扩大，增加，提高
inflate: 膨胀，鼓气，涨价
add: 增加，添加
elevate, raise, hoist, heave, lift, boost
这组词都有“升起，举起”的意思，其区别是：
elevate: 较正式用词，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指职位、品德等的提高。
raise: 较正式用词，常可与lift换用，但强调把某物举起或抬起到应有的高度。常用比喻。
hoist: 多指用绳索、滑轮等机械把重物升起。
heave: 指需花大力气或借外力才能举起或抬起重物。
lift: 指用人力或机械力把某物升到较高的位置。
boost: 原义指从后面或下面推起或提高，现常用于指提高价格、振作精神等抽象概念。
arise, raise, rise, lift
这组词都有“上升，举起”的意思，其区别是：
arise: 书面用词，多用于诗歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辞色彩。
raise: 及物动词，常用词，多指把某物从低处升到高处，有时作引申用。
rise: 普通用词，指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。
lift: 语气比raise强，指用体力或机械的力举起或抬起某物。
arise, raise, rise, arise from, give raise to
arise: vi 出现，发生
raise: vt 提高
rise: vi 上升，升起
arise from: 由….引起
give raise to: 引起
enhance, raise, feed
enhance: 增强，提高，美化（多用于抽象意义）
raise: 养育（孩子），饲养（家畜），生产（作物）,提高，上升，养育
feed: 给（人或动物）食物
vt. 提高；筹集；养育；升起
 - enhance, mother, foster, breed
vi. 上升
 - arise, go up, climb
n. 高地；上升；加薪
 - height, rise, altitude, elevation, upgrade

Word: create
Front: create
[kriˈeɪt] (中高研四六雅 332/449 -K5)
Vocabulary: create
(once / 25 pages)
1v 2v
To create simply means to make or bring into existence. Bakers create cakes, ants create problems at picnics, and you probably created a few imaginary friends when you were little.
Similar to conceive and spawn and the exact opposite of destroy, create is a word that often implies a little bit of imagination. In fact, it takes a lot of creativity to create something spectacular; that is, unless you're a robot, and then your creations occur automatically. Or Mother Nature, where creation just happens naturally: Birds create nests, the tides create waves, and snowstorms create days off from school.
WORD FAMILY
create: created, creates, creating, creation, creative, creator, creature, miscreate, re-create, recreate +/created: re-created/ creation: creationism, creations, re-creation/ creative: creatively, creativeness, creativity, uncreative/ creator: creators/ creature: creatures/miscreate: miscreated, miscreating, miscreation/miscreation: miscreations/re-create: re-creating/ recreate: recreated, recreates, recreating, recreation / recreation: recreational, recreations/ recreational: nonrecreational, recreationally/uncreative: uncreatively, uncreativeness
USAGE EXAMPLES
Mr. Qarau hopes that his conservation work will create a sustainable harvest, enabling Fijians to eat turtles again.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Beyond education efforts, Brewer created by executive order the first state Ethics Commission.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“We’ve got to create more value in health care,” Mr. Murphy said in an interview after Mr. Trump’s election.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 创造，创作; 产生; 封爵，把…封为（贵族）
vi. [英][俚]大发脾气，大发牢骚
时态：created, creating, creates
分布：创造(86%)，造成(14%)
→来自ker, 创造，生长，词源同crescent.
创造(cre+ate→增长→创造)[cre,creas=grow,make,表示"增长,产生"]
v.创造,创作;引起,造成,建立He created the great creature with concrete for recreation.他用混凝土创造了这个伟大的创造物作消遣.
verb
MAKE 制造
 ESSENTIAL transitive
■to make something new, especially to invent something 创造；创建；创作；发明
• Charles Schulz created the characters 'Snoopy' and 'Charlie Brown'. 查尔斯‧舒尔茨创作了漫画人物史诺比和查理‧布朗。
• The Bible says that God created the world. 《圣经》上说是上帝创造了世界。
• He created a wonderful meal from very few ingredients. 他用很少的几种食物原料做了一顿美餐。
• It's important to create a good impression when you meet a new client. 会见新客户时，给对方留个好印象至关重要。
[kri'eɪt] verb
BE ANGRY 生气
intransitive UK old-fashioned
■to show that you are angry 生气，发怒
• If she sees you with an ice cream she'll only start creating. 要是看到你在吃霜淇淋，她只会大发雷霆。
invent, compose, make, create, design, produce
这组词都有“创造”的意思，其区别是：
invent: 主要用于科技领域，指通过思考、研究或实验制造出新的前所未有、极为有用的东西。
compose: 多指音乐或诗歌、画的创作。
make: 最普通用词，指任何东西的创作或制造。
create: 侧重创造出来的东西以前并不存在，或者指独具特色的创作。
design: 主要指在艺术或技术领域的创作设计，强调构思多于实际制造。
produce: 指产品的生产，或作品创作的完成。
manufacture, yield, contribute, create, produce
manufacture: （强调机器成批）生产
yield: 生出、产生或提供（自然产物、结果或利润等）
contribute: 贡献出
create: 引起，造成（感觉或印象）
produce: 制造，引起，导致，带来
trigger, introduce, summon, create
trigger: 引发，表示“开动，启动（系统或装置）”
introduce: 介绍，接物作宾语时，表示“采用（新产品），实施（新法律），引进（新事物）”
summon: 召集，通常与“人或勇气”搭配
create: 创造
vt. 创造，创作；造成
 - produce, invent

Word: decade
Front: decade
[ˈdekeɪd] (高研四六雅 730/1539 -K4)
Vocabulary: decade
(once / 177 pages)
n
She was so nervous to see her high school sweetheart at their reunion: it had been a decade (ten years) since she'd seen him at graduation, and she still got butterflies thinking about him.
A decade is a period of ten years. Decade contains dec, which is used in words that have to do with tens. The Marty Paich Dectet was a band with ten players. A decahedron is a shape with ten faces. And the decimal system is based on the number ten.
WORD FAMILY
decade: decades
USAGE EXAMPLES
The media spent the better part of a decade swearing they wouldn’t be fooled again by intelligence assessments the way they were before 2003.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He’s almost 67 years old, looks 22, and hasn’t eaten refined sugar in what appears to be a decade.
Wall Street Journal(Jan 02, 2017)
He organized state computer operations into a centralized office - during the early computer era - creating a model that would be used decades later.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 十年，十年间; 十个一组; 十年期
分布：十年(100%)
→来自dekm, 十，词源同ten,dean.
十年(dec十;参考:decagon十角形[-ade表名词1.表示"状态,物品"2.表示"个人或集体"]
n.十年The academic topic is why the blade of the spade is still sharp after decades' decay.学术话题是为什么铁锨刃口经过几十年的腐烂之后仍然锋利.
noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■a period of ten years, especially a period such as 1860 to 1869, or 1990 to 1999 十年；年代
n. 十年，十年期；十
 - decennium, dix

Word: example
Front: example
[ɪgˈzɑ:mpl] (中高雅 852/511 -K5)
Vocabulary: example
(once / 47 pages)
1n 2n 3n
An example is a particular instance of something that is representative of a group, or an illustration of something that's been generally described.
Example comes from the Latin word for "specimen." If you want an example of mainstream teen fashion, find a 13-year old in a mall. If you set a good example, then you show your peers how they should behave. But if you’re an unrepentant criminal and you keep getting in trouble, a judge might give you a really long prison sentence, as an example to other unrepentant criminals out there.
WORD FAMILY
example: counterexample, examples, exemplary, exemplify, unexampled+/counterexample: counterexamples/ exemplary: exemplarily/exemplification: exemplifications/ exemplify: exemplification, exemplified, exemplifies, exemplifying
USAGE EXAMPLES
For example, Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is famous for its buzzing, swirling, incomprehensible traffic.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
“There are too many great examples of us being just a little bit away from it being a whole lot better,” he said.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In Australia, for example, different agencies regulate drones and counter-drone technologies.
Reuters(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 例子; 榜样; 范例; 先例
vt. 作为…的例子; 为…做出榜样
vi. 举例; 作为…的示范
分布：例子(73%)，榜样(21%)，举例(4%)，警告(1%)，作为 ... 的示范(1%)
→ex-, 向外。-em, 拿出，带出，词源sample, exempt.
样本;榜样(ex出+ample→拿出来→作为榜样)[em,empt,ampl=take,procure,表示"拿,获得"]
n.例子,实例;模范,榜样For example, this simple sample similar to his can be exemplified.例如,这件与他的相似的简单样品可以作为例证.
US [-'zæm-] noun countable
TYPICAL CASE 典型事例
 ESSENTIAL
■something which is typical of the group of things that it is a member of 典型；范例；实例
• Could you give me an example of the improvements you have mentioned? 你可不可以举个例子说明一下你刚刚提到的那些进展情况？
• This painting is a marvellous example of her work. 这幅画充分表现了她的作品风格。
⇒ See also exemplify
 ESSENTIAL
■a way of helping someone to understand something by showing them how it is used 例子；例证
• Study the examples first of all, then attempt the exercises on the next page. 首先仔细研究一下例题，然后试做下一页的练习题。
for example
 ESSENTIAL
■used when giving an example of the type of thing you mean 例如；举例来说
• Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, for example, using recycled paper. 举手之劳就可以使办公室更加环保，例如，使用再生纸。
UK [ɪg'zɑ:m.pl] US [-'zæm-] noun countable
BEHAVIOUR 行为
 ADVANCED
■a person or their behaviour when considered for their suitability to be copied 楷模；榜样；典范
• He's a very good example to the rest of the class. 他是班上其他同学的好榜样。
• He's decided to follow the example of his father and study law. 他决定效法他的父亲，学习法律。
UK [ɪg'zɑ:m.pl] US [-'zæm-] noun countable
PUNISHMENT 惩罚
■(a person who receives) a punishment which is intended to warn others against doing the thing that is being punished 警诫，警告；受罚（以示警告）者
• The judge made an example of him and gave him the maximum possible sentence. 为了以儆效尤，法官在法律许可的范围内对他作出了最重的判决。
UK [ɪg'zɑ:m.pl] US [-'zæm-] noun countable
set an example
■to behave in a way that other people should copy 树立榜样
• You should be setting a good example to your younger brother. 你应该给弟弟做个好榜样。
specimen, illustration, case, example, instance, sample
这组词都有“例子、事例”的意思，其区别是：
specimen: 可与sample换用，但常指人或物中选出的有代表性部分，或指供科研、化验或检验用的标本。
illustration: 指用来说明、解释某种理论或看法而引用的例证。
case: 多指需要加以认真研究的实例，如病例，案例等。
example: 普通用词，指能代表同类事物性质或一般规律的典型例子。
instance: 多指用于说明、支持或反证一般事实或理论的事例。
sample: 通常指样品。
n. 例子；榜样
 - mirror, lead, sample
vi. 举例
 - illustrate

Word: best
Front: best
[best] (雅 309/1212)
Vocabulary: best
(once / 19 pages)
1adjadvn 2v
Nothing is better than the best — this is a word for the absolute number one example of something. Best is the opposite of worst.
People love arguing about who's the best at different things. Most people think Michael Jordan is the best basketball player of all-time, and Wayne Gretzky is the best hockey player ever, but there's not much agreement on who's the best football player or baseball player. Best has other meanings too: If you defeated someone, you bested them. People also use this word to recommend something, as in "It would be best to get a lot of sleep."
WORD FAMILY
best: bested, bester, bestest, besting, bests+/ better: bettered, bettering, betterly, betterment, betters/betterment: betterments/ good: best, better, goodish, goodness, goods/goodness: goodnesses
USAGE EXAMPLES
The total was one off his career best.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Sunday’s game showed a more aggressive Russell, and it was one of his best offensive outputs this season.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Harper might be the best, especially if he approaches his 2015 MVP production over the next two years.
Washington Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 最好的( good和well的最高级); 最愉快的; 最幸福的; 最合适的
adv. 最好地; 最出色地; 最高标准地
n. 佼佼者; （个人的）最高水平; 最重要的优越性; 最好的东西，最合乎要求的事物
vt. [口]打败，胜过
时态：bested, besting, bests
分布：最(71%)，最好的(24%)，最好地(2%)，打败(2%)，优于(1%)
→来自古英语betst。bet, 同boot, 好处。-st, 最高级。boot接近于死词，而作为good最高级。
a.最好的(good和well最高级)ad.最好地;最This picture is the best I have seen.这张是我见过画得最好的画.
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■of the highest quality, or being the most suitable, pleasing or effective type of thing or person 最好的；最出色的；最优秀的
• This is the best meal I've ever had. 这是我吃过最好的一餐。
• He's one of our best students. 他是我们最优秀的学生之一。
• Are you sure this is the best way of doing it? 你肯定这是处理这件事的最佳方法吗？
• What's the best (= shortest or quickest) way to get to the station? 哪条路去车站是最方便？
• Your parents only want what is best for you. 你父母只想把最好的给你。
• She was my best friend (= the friend I liked most). 她是我最好的朋友。
• It's best (= It is wise) to get to the supermarket early. 最好早一点赶到超级市场。
[best] adjective
be on your best behaviour
■to behave extremely well and be very polite on a particular occasion 举止得体；以最好的表现示人
• I'd just met his parents for the first time so I was on my best behaviour. 我刚刚第一次跟他的父母见面，我表现出最好的一面。
[best] adjective
be the best thing since sliced bread informal
■to be an excellent person or thing 是很不错的人；是非常好的事物
[best] adjective
May the best man/person win.
■said before a race or competitive activity, meaning that you want the person who is the fastest, strongest or most skilled to win or succeed 但愿最佳选手获胜。
[best] adjective
put your best foot forward
■to try as hard as you can 全力以赴
[best] adjective
with the best will in the world UK
■used to mean 'I would like to if I possibly could', in a situation where you cannot do something （用于表示无法做某事）尽管我是真心愿意
• With the best will in the world, I can't employ him in the shop unless I can trust him. 除非我能信任他，否则不管我多想，我都不能聘请他到店里工作。
[best] adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■in the most suitable, pleasing or satisfactory way, or to the greatest degree 最；最好地；最高程度地
• Which evening would suit you best for the party? 你认为哪天晚上举行晚会是最适合的？
• The Grand Canyon is best seen at sunset when it seems to change colour. 大峡谷日落时最美，这时它的色彩似乎变幻莫测。
• He couldn't decide which one he liked best (= preferred). 他不知道自己最喜欢哪一个。
 ESSENTIAL
■to the greatest degree when used as the superlative of adjectives beginning with 'good' or 'well' （表示以 good 或 well 开头的最高级形容词）…
• They were the best-dressed couple at the party. 他们是舞会上衣着最华丽的一对。
• He was voted the best-looking (= most attractive) actor in Hollywood. 他被选为好莱坞最英俊的男演员。
as best you can mainly UK
■as well as you can 尽力
• It is a difficult passage, but just translate it as best you can. 这段文章确实很难，不过你尽力翻译就可以了。
[best] adverb
do as you think best
■to choose the action that you judge to be most suitable 你认为怎样好就怎样做
• "Do you think I should take this job or try for another?" "You should do as you think best." “你认为我应该接受这份工作，还是另找一份试试？”“你认为怎样最好就怎样做吧。”
[best] adverb
had best/better mainly UK
■used to suggest an action or to show that it is necessary 最好
• You had best tell her (= It would be wise if you told her) that you won't be able to come to her party. 你最好告诉她，你不能参加她的派对。
• We'd best be going now (= We should go now). 我们最好现在就走。
[best] noun only singular
 IMPROVER
■the most excellent in a group of things or people 最好的人（或事物）
• My tastes are simple - I only like the best. 我的品味很简单─—我只喜欢最好的。
• He wanted the best for his children - good schools, a nice house and trips abroad. 他想让自己的孩子们享受到最好的一切——上好学校，住漂亮房子，还有去外国旅行。
• I like all of Hitchcock's films, but I think 'Notorious' is the best. 我喜欢希区考克所有电影，不过我认为《美人计》是最好的一出。
• Chris and I are the best of friends (= We are very close friends). 克里斯和我是最要好的朋友。
all the best! mainly UK informal
■used to say goodbye or to end a letter to someone you know well （用于告别或信末祝福）祝一切顺利！
at best
■even when considered in the most positive way 最多，充其量
• The food was bland at best, and at worst completely inedible. 这种食物往好方的面说，是清淡无味，往差方面说，则根本就不能吃。
at its best
■at the highest standard that can be achieved 最高水准的
• The documentary was an example of investigative journalism at its best. 这出纪录片是调查性新闻报导的最佳范例。
be at your best
■to be as active or intelligent as you can be 处于最好状态
• I'm not at my best in the morning. 上午我不在最佳状态。
best of all
■this is the most pleasing thing 最棒的
• There was wonderful food, good company and, best of all, a jazz band. 那里有丰盛的食物和热情的伙伴，最棒的是还有一支爵士乐队。
best of luck
■an expression used to wish someone success before an examination or a difficult activity 祝你好运
• Best of luck with your exams! 祝你考试成功！
• We would like to wish you the (very) best of luck with your move to the States. 我们祝你到美国之后一切顺利。
the best of
■In a sport such as tennis, if you play the best of a particular number of games, you play that number of games and the winner is the player who wins the greatest number of those games …场比赛中的大部分胜出
• Shall we play the best of five? 我们打五局三胜好吗？
do/try your best
■to make the greatest effort possible 尽力
• It doesn't matter if you fail, just do your best. 即使失败了也没所谓，只要你尽了力就可以了。
have had the best of
■If you have had the best of something, you have enjoyed the most pleasant part of it, and everything that is left is worse 享受最佳部分
• I think we've already had the best of the hot weather this summer. 我想我们已经渡过了今年夏天最舒服的日子。
to the best of your ability
■as well as you can 尽力
• Just do the job to the best of your ability. 只要你尽力工作就可以了。
to the best of my knowledge/belief
■from what I know and understand from the information that I have 据我所知
• To the best of my knowledge, the chemicals which were found are not dangerous. 据我所知，那些被发现的化学品并没有危险。
[best] noun only singular
at the best of times
■when everything is going well 在最好的情况下
• Our car is slow even at the best of times. 我们的车即使在最佳状态下也开得不快。
[best] noun only singular
the best of a bad bunch / lot
■the person or thing of a group that is not as bad as the others, although none of the group is good 矬子里头选将军；差中选优
[best] noun only singular
the best of both worlds
■a situation in which you can enjoy the advantages of two very different things at the same time 两全其美，各取其长
• She works in the city and lives in the country, so she gets the best of both worlds. 她在城市工作却住在乡村，可以尽享两种生活的好处。
[best] noun only singular
the best of British (luck) UK informal
■used to wish someone luck, especially when you do not think they have much chance of success or happiness 祝某人好运（尤指当其成功或快乐的机会不大时）
• You're going to ask her father for money? Best of British, mate! 你打算向她父亲要钱？祝你好运，老兄！
[best] noun only singular
for the best
■If an action is for the best, it is done to improve a situation or produce a good result, although it might seem unpleasant at the time 终究有好处
• Ending a relationship is always hard but in this case it's for the best. 结束一段感情总是很难的，但这样做终究会对你有好处的。
[best] noun only singular
make the best of
■to make an unsatisfactory situation as pleasant as possible 尽可能善用（不令人满意的处境）
• We'll have to spend the night here, so we might as well make the best of it. 我们要在这地方住上一晚，所以还是将就一下吧。
[best] noun only singular
with the best of them informal
■as well as anyone 不逊于任何人
• He can dance with the best of them. 他舞跳得不比别人差。
[best] verb transitive formal
■to defeat someone in a fight or competition 击败，战胜
• He bested his opponent in just two rounds. 仅仅两个回合他就击败了对手。
n. 最好的人，最好的事物；最佳状态
 - groove, high point
adj. 最好的
 - greatest, perfect, prime, crack
adv. 最好地
 - primely
vt. 打败，胜过
 - beat, overcome, exceed, tank, cap

Word: medium
Front: medium
[ˈmi:diəm] (高研四六托雅宝 3241/951 -K3)
Vocabulary: medium
(once / 106 pages)
1n 2nadj 3n 4n 5n
Think of the word medium as something in between. In clothing, we have small, medium, and large; in communications, it's what signals travel through from broadcast to receiver; and in spiritual terms, it’s a person who converses with the dead.
The word medium — from the Latin adjective medius, "middle" — has several meanings that all center on the idea of being in between. From the air that carries the broadcast signal, to the person who transmits messages from the dead, to the measurement of the "doneness" of your steak, medium means something that lies between two other points, people, or levels.
WORD FAMILY
medium: media, mediumly, mediums+/media: multimedia
USAGE EXAMPLES
Local media outlets reported that emergency officials advised residents to stay in their homes and assess damage in the morning.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
He hates but accepts the constant criticism from media and fans.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Let me start with a much-maligned sector that is near and dear to my heart: the news media.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adj. 中等的，中级的; 普通的; 平均的; 半生熟的
n. 媒介物，媒质; 中间，中庸，[生]培养基，培养液，颜料溶解液，[数]中数，平均，[逻]中名辞; 手段，方法; 中间物
分布：媒介(50%)，媒体(27%)，手段(10%)，中等的(10%)，适中的(3%)
→来自拉丁语medius,中间的，词源同middle,-um,表中性。引申词义中间物，媒介，媒体等。
媒介物(med+ium→中间物,媒介)[med=middle,表示"中间"]
n.(pl.media)媒体,方法,媒介,介质a.中等的In the cinema the medicine immediately remedied the medium.在电影院里这种药立刻拯救了中间人.
adjective
MIDDLE 中间的
 ESSENTIAL
■being in the middle between an upper and lower amount, size, degree or value 中间的；中等的；适中的
• a girl of medium height 中等身材的女孩
• a medium-sized book 中等开本的书
['mi:.di.əm] adjective
MEAT 肉
■(of meat) cooked so that it is no longer red in the middle （肉）煮得适中的，中等熟度的
• Would you like your steak rare, medium, or well-done? 你的牛排要嫩的、半熟的还是熟透的？
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
METHOD 方法 (plural media or mediums)
■a method or way of expressing something 媒介；方法，手段
• the broadcasting/print medium 广播／印刷媒介
• They told the story through the medium of dance. 他们用舞蹈的形式来讲述这个故事。
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
PERSON 人 (plural mediums)
■a person who says that they can receive messages from people who are dead 灵媒，巫师
['mi:.di.əm] noun countable
SUBSTANCE 物质
■a substance that something grows in, lives in, or moves through 媒介
measure, means, method, medium
measure: 结论，步骤
means: 方法
method: 方法
medium: 媒介，阶段
methods, measure, means, medium
methods: 指做某事的具体步骤或程序
measure: 手段，策略，为达到目的采取的行动
means: 标示借以成就某事达到某目的的某人或物
medium: （标示或传播）的媒介
medium, median, average
这些形容词均含“中等的，平均的，适中的”之意。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
mediam, average, medium
这组词都有“中等的，平均的，适中的”的意思，其区别是：
mediam: 指中间位置的，统计学上指处于中间位置的一个数的。
average: 通常用来形容优劣难分的平庸或折衷情况，也指理论上的平均标准。
medium: 指按照某种标准来说是适中或中等的。这种标准可以是通过仪器测量而来，也可能是凭经验而得出。
adj. 中间的，中等的；半生熟的
 - mid, intermediary, middle, secondary, moderate
n. 方法；媒体；媒介；中间物
 - method, approach, way, system, how

Word: whether
Front: whether
[ˈweðə(r)] (中高 321/265 -K5)
Back: pron. 其中的哪一个
n. 可能的选择
分布：是否(94%)，无论(4%)，不管(2%)
→来自古英语hwether,两人中的一个，是否，hwe-,谁，-ther,比较级后缀，表加强，词源同other,interior,exterior。引申义到底是谁，两个中的谁，是否。词义演变比较yesterday,day.
conj.是否,会不会,不管,无论We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools or not.不管我们能否找到所需的工具,我们要把这件工作做下去.
US [-ɚ] conjunction
 ESSENTIAL
■(used especially in reporting questions and expressing doubts) if, or not （尤用于转述问题或表达疑问）是否
• I wasn't sure whether you'd like it. 我不肯定你是否喜欢它。
• She asked me whether I was interested in working for her. 她问我是否有兴趣为她工作。
• I'm wondering whether to have the fish or the beef. 我正在考虑是吃鱼还是吃牛肉。
• I doubt whether it'll work. 我怀疑这是否能起作用。
• I was merely questioning whether we have the money to fund such a project. 我只是想问问我们有没有钱来资助这样一个专案计划。
• It all depends on whether or not she's got the time. 这完全取决于她是否有时间。
• Anyway, it's a good story, whether or not it's true. 不管怎么说，这是一个不错的说法，无论它是真是假。
whether...or
 ESSENTIAL
■(used to introduce two or more possibilities) it is not important if （用于引出两种或多种可能性）不管…还是…；或者…或者…
• I'm going, whether she likes it or not. 不管她高不高兴，我都要走。
• Someone's got to tell her, whether it's you or me. 总得有人告诉她，不论是你还是我。
• Let's face it - you're going to be late whether you go by bus or train. 让我们面对现实吧——不论你是乘公共汽车还是坐火车，都会迟到的。
UK ['weð.ər] US [-ɚ] conjunction
  Common Learner Errors  whetherWarning: Check your spelling! Whether is one of the 50 words most often spelled wrongly by learners. Remember: the correct spelling has 'h' after the 'w'.
if, whether
这组词都有“是否”的意思，其区别是：
if: 作“是否”解时，多用于口语，引出宾语从句，不能直接跟or not连用。
whether: 多用于书面语中，可与or或or not连用，除引出宾语从句外，还可引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或与不定式连用。
conj. 是否；不论
 - if

Word: east
Front: east
[i:st] (中高 733/785 -K5)
Back: n. 东，东方; 东方国家; 〈诗〉东风
adj. 东方的，向东方的; 从东方来的
adv. 向东方（地）
分布：东方(50%)，东部(34%)，向东方(8%)，东方的(8%)
→来自aus, 光照，照耀，词源同aurora, aureate.
n.东,东方,东部a.东方的,东部的On the eastern Easter feast, at least one beast's breasts were tested with yeast.在东部复活节宴会上,至少有一头牲畜的乳房被用酵母做了试验.
(also East) [i:st] (written abbreviation E)
noun uncountable
 ESSENTIAL
■the direction from which the sun rises in the morning, opposite to the west, or the part of an area or country which is in this direction 东；东方
• The points of the compass are North, South, East and West. 指南针上的四个方位点是北、南、东和西。
• Which way is east? 哪边是东啊？
• Most of the country, except the east, is rural. 除了东部外，这个国家大部分地区都是农村。
• Her home is in the east of France. 她的家在法国东部。
• According to the map, the village lies about 10 km to the east of here. 从地图上看，这个村子位于距此以东约十公里的地方。
the East
 ESSENTIAL
■those countries in Europe which had communist governments before the 1990s （20世纪90年代前的）东欧共产主义国家，东方集团
• The collapse of Communism changed East-West relations for ever. 共产主义在东欧的瓦解永久性地改变了东方集团与西方集团之间的关系。
 ESSENTIAL
■Asia, especially its eastern and southern parts （尤指亚洲东部和南部地区）亚洲国家，东方国家
• She spent her childhood in the East - mostly in China and Japan. 她在东方国家——主要是中国和日本——渡过了童年。
(also East) [i:st] (written abbreviation E)
noun uncountable
back east US
■to or in the east of the US 往美国东部；在美国东部
• Helen lived in Oregon for two years before moving back east. 海伦在俄勒冈住了两年，然后又搬回了美国东部。
(also East) [i:st] (written abbreviation E)
adjective
 ESSENTIAL
■in or forming the east part of something 东方的；东部的；东边的
• Cambridge is in East Anglia. 剑桥位于东英格兰。
• The east wall of the mosque is covered with a beautiful mosaic. 清真寺的整面东墙上是一幅漂亮的镶嵌画。
east wind
■a wind coming from the east （风）从东方来的
(also East) [i:st] (written abbreviation E)
adverb
■towards the east 向东，朝东
• We'll drive east for a few more miles, then turn south. 我们再向东开几公里，然后转弯向南。
• They were the first people to travel east of the mountains (= into the area beyond and to the east of the mountains). 他们是第一批到此山脉以东地区旅游的游客。
• We walked due (= directly) east for two kilometres. 我们向正东方向走了两公里。
• The garden faces east, so we'll get the morning sun. 花园朝东，所以上午我们可以享受到阳光。
n. 东方；东风；东方国家
 - orient
adj. 东方的；向东的；从东方来的
 - oriental

Word: reason
Front: reason
[ˈri:zn] (中高托雅 359/310 -K5)
Vocabulary: reason
(once / 17 pages)
nv
A reason explains why you do something. The reason you go to school is to learn things (and because it's the law).
Reason usually has to do with thought and logic, as opposed to emotion. If people think you show good reason, or are reasonable, it means you think things through. If people think you have a good reason for doing something, it means you have a motive that makes sense. Reason can also be a verb. You might reason something out, which means that you look at all sides of the issue and then and decide what to do.
WORD FAMILY
reason: reasonable, reasoned, reasoner, reasoning, reasonless, reasons, unreason+/ reasonable: reasonableness, reasonabler, reasonablest, reasonably/reasoner: reasoners/ reasoning: reasoningly, reasonings, unreasoning/unreason: unreasonable, unreasons/unreasonable: unreasonably/unreasoning: unreasoningly
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s a real stickiness. People are here for a reason. It’s a good place to do business,’ Gary Campkin said.
The Guardian(Jan 03, 2017)
“It’s a tough decision. But for all the right reasons.”
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
One reason is that the detritus from an infection of the lung is hard to clear.
Washington Post(Dec 30, 2016)
Back: n. 理由; 原因; 理性; 理智
vt. & vi. 推理，思考; 争辩; 辩论; 向…解释
时态：reasoned, reasoning, reasons
分布：原因(53%)，理由(31%)，推理(5%)，理性(5%)，理智(4%)，劝说(1%)，理论(1%)
→来自古法语 raison,原因，理由，思考，来自拉丁语 rationem,思考，考虑，动机，来自 rei, 思考，辩理，词源同 rate,read.
n.原因,理性,理智v.推理,说服,辩论,讨论The witty witness withdraws his words within minutes without any reason.诙谐的证人在几分钟之内无故地收回了他说的话.
noun
EXPLANATION 解释
 ESSENTIAL countable or uncountable
■the cause of an event or situation or something which provides an excuse or explanation 原因；理由；解释
• The reason for the disaster was engine failure, not human error. 这次灾难的原因是引擎故障，而非人为错误。
• [+ question word] The reason wh y grass is green was a mystery to the little boy. 对这个小男孩来说，草为甚么是绿色的是一个谜。
• [+ (that)] The reason (that) I'm ringing is to ask a favour. 我打电话是为了恳请帮忙。
• not standard The reason I walked out was because I was bored. 我走出去是因为我感到很无聊。
• [+ to infinitive] The police have (every good) reason to believe that he is guilty. 警方（完全）有理由认定他有罪。
• She was furious, and with reason (= with good cause). 她很生气，这也有情可原。
• For some reason] For reasons best known to him self (= For reasons no one else knows about) he's decided to leave his job. 出于某种原因／由于某些不为人知的原因，他决定辞职。
by reason of formal
■because of 由于；因为
• He's always asked to these occasions by reason of his position. 因为地位很高，他经常被邀请出席这些场合。
  Common Learner Errors  reason The correct preposition to use after reason is for. Don't say 'the reason of something', say the reason for something :
✗ The reason of the delay was that our delivery van broke down.
['ri:.zən] noun
JUDGMENT 判断力
 ESSENTIAL uncountable
■the ability of a healthy mind to think and make judgments, especially based on practical facts （尤指基于实际情况的）判断力，理性，理智
• We humans believe that we are the only animals to have the power of reason. 我们人类认为自己是唯一具有理性思考能力的动物。
• mainly UK old-fashioned He lost his reason (= became mentally ill) when both his parents were killed in the crash. 他的父母都死于车祸，这使他精神失常。
within reason
■within the limits of what is acceptable and possible 合情合理；有分寸；有道理
• We can wear anything we like to the office, within reason. 只要不出格，我们在办公室可以爱穿甚么就穿甚么。
['ri:.zən] noun
listen to reason (also see reason)
■to listen to good advice and be influenced by it 听从劝告；明白事理；懂道理
• Friends tried to persuade them to change their minds, but neither man would listen to reason. 朋友们都力劝他们改变想法，但是这两个人谁都不听劝告。
['ri:.zən] verb transitive
■to try to understand and to make judgments based on practical facts 推理，推断；判断
• [+ (that)] Newton reasoned (that) there must be a force such as gravity, when an apple fell on his head. 当苹果落在牛顿的头上时，他推断出这一定是由于某种力的缘故，譬如重力。
• I spent hours reasoning out the solution to the puzzle. 我花了好几个小时才解开这个谜。
['ri:.zən] verb transitive
  Phrasal Verbs  reason with sb
■to try to persuade someone to act in a wise way or to change their behaviour or a decision, by giving them good reasons 与（某人）讲道理；说服（某人）；规劝（某人）
• [+ to infinitive] The police reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go free. 员警劝说劫持犯，让他们至少把孩子们放了。
argue, reason, discuss, dispute, debate, quarrel
这组词都有“辩论，争论，说理”的意思，其区别是：
argue: 指提出理由或证据为自己或自己一方的看法或立场辩护，着重说理、论证和企图说服。
reason: 指据理力争以说服对方或求得对问题作更深入的研究。
discuss: 最常用词，指就某一或某些问题表明观点、看法等，以便统一认识，解决问题。
dispute: 侧重对分歧进行激烈或热烈的争论或争辩，带一定感情色彩，常隐含“各持已见”或“争论不休”意味。
debate: 侧重指意见等对立的双方之间正式或公开的争辩。
quarrel: 指两人之间或两个团体之间不友好的、吵吵嚷嚷地大声争论某事，尤指“吵嘴、吵架”。
cause, reason, excuse
这组词都有“原因”的意思，其区别是：
cause: 指直接导致事情发生的原因，与所发生的事个有因果关系。
reason: 强调指从逻辑推理上得出的结论性原因，不是直接说明起因。
excuse: 指为自己辩解，希望得到谅解时所提出的种种理由，是借口性的理由。
think, reason, muse, speculate, meditate, deliberate, reflect
这组词都有“思考、判断、思索”的意思，其区别是：
think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。
reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。
muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。
speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。
meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。
deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。
reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。
n. 理由；理性；动机
 - motivation, excuse, incentive, sake, account
vi. 推论；劝说
 - ratiocinate, prevail with
vt. 说服；推论；辩论
 - discuss, debate, satisfy, convince, argue

Word: area
Front: area
[ˈeəriə] (中高研四雅 230/149 -K5)
Vocabulary: area
(once / 73 pages)
n
The area is a part of a place, usually defined by a function. If you can't stop talking, don't sit in the quiet area of the library.
In Latin, area means a vacant piece of ground, but we use it in English to talk about a region or place that's a subset of another larger region. The boarding area in the airport is the space right next to the door. Area is also used to describe topics or subjects of study or work. Within a big history department, professors have different areas of specialty, from medieval economics to urban American politics.
WORD FAMILY
area: areal, areas
USAGE EXAMPLES
“There’s areas I need to develop and grow,” he said.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Next to the construction area of the new Highway 520 bridge, birds still gather despite the high-decibel sounds from the work.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
In 67 geographic areas, including Indianapolis, Medicare now sets a target price for joint-replacement procedures.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 地区; 区域，范围; 面积，平地; 领域
分布：区域(49%)，领域(29%)，面积(22%)
→词源不详。可能来自词根ard, 火，用火烧掉杂草灌木等，用于耕作。
n.面积;地区,地域;领域,范围I'm rarely aware that the square area is bare.我很少觉察到那个正方形区域是光秃秃的.
US ['er.i-] noun
PLACE 地方
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a particular part of a place, piece of land or country 地区；区域
• All areas of the country will have some rain tonight. 今晚全国所有地区都将有降雨。
• The area of New York to the south of Houston Street is known as Soho. 纽约休斯顿街以南区域被称为苏活区。
• Houses in the London area (= in and around London) are very expensive. 伦敦地区的房价很高。
• He's an area manager (= is responsible for business in a particular part of the country or world) for a computer company. 他是一家电脑公司的区域经理。
• This is a very poor area. 这是一个非常贫困的地区。
• Dogs are not allowed in the children's play area. 不许将狗带入儿童游乐区。
UK ['eə.ri.ə] US ['er.i-] noun
SUBJECT 学科
 ESSENTIAL countable
■a subject or activity, or a part of it 领域；范围；方面
• Marketing is Paul's area. 市场行销属于保罗的职责范围。
• Software is not really my area of expertise. 软体并不属于我的专业范围。
UK ['eə.ri.ə] US ['er.i-] noun
MEASURE 测量
 ADVANCED countable or uncountable
■the size of a flat surface calculated by multiplying its length by its width 面积
• the area of a rectangle 长方形的面积
• Meadow Farm is 50 square kilometres in area. “绿地农庄”面积50平方公里。
UK ['eə.ri.ə] US ['er.i-] noun
in the area/region of
■approximately 大约，大概，左右
• The repair work will cost in the area of £200. 修理费大概要200英镑。
region, area, belt, district, zone
region: 地区，指较大范围内的区域，一般按自然条件和自身特点划分。如：an autonomous 　region(自治区)
area: 面积，范围，一般用语，没有明确的外围界限，也可指占地面积。如：The factory covers an area of 500 mu.(这工厂占地50亩。)
belt: 地带，通常指狭长的地带。如：The northern part of the country is usually regarded as the wheat belt.(这国家的北部通常被看作小麦种植地带。)
district: 区，行政区，指一国家或城市按行政区的划分。如：the economic development district(经济开放区)
zone: 地带，地区，区域，指某一特定的地方或区域。如：Most of China is in the temperate zone.(中国的大部分地区在温带。)
region, vicinity, area, district, zone
这组词都有“区域”的意思，其区别是：
region: n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区"；身体部位。
 • The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.   美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity: n.周围地区，附近地区。
 • The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.   警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
area: n.泛指面积较大的地区；面积；专业领域。
 • The New York area has high rents.   纽约地区房租很高。
district: n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
zone: n.指特定的地方、地带。
 • The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.   市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。
region, area, districk, belt, neighbourhood, zone, section, quarter
这组词都有“地区”的意思，其区别是：
region: 普通用词，常指地球上、大气中具有自然分界线的区域，特指按照气候、人体或其他特征鲜明、自成一体的地区。
area: 普通用词，指整体中较大的，界线不分明的一部分。
districk: 多指由政府等机构出于行政管理等目的而明确划分的地区。
belt: 从本义“带，带状物”引申而指任何广阔的长条地带，也可指种植某种作物的地区。
neighbourhood: 指比section的划定更清楚，范围更小。具体指城市中的住宅区，也可指附近一带。
zone: 科技用词，指圆形或弧形地带，尤指地图上按温度划分的五个地带。用作一般意义时，也可指具有某种特征的其它地区。
section: 普通用词，指城市、国家或天然界线形成的地区。
quarter: 指城市里具有相同性质或独特风味的地区，比section范围小，但划分更精确。
n. 区域， [地理] 地区；面积；范围
 - district, region, extent, boundary, spectrum, territory

Word: enough
Front: enough
[ɪˈnʌf] (中高 374/378 -K5)
Vocabulary: enough
(once / 15 pages)
adjadvn
When there's enough of something, you don't need or want anymore. When there's not enough, there's too little.
If someone fills your glass almost to the top, that's enough. If you ate one slice of pizza but are still hungry, you haven't had enough. Although enough has to do with the amount of something, it isn't precise like a number. When someone is annoyed — like with a barking dog — they might say "That's enough!" When you've had enough, you've had as much as you want.
WORD FAMILY
enough: enougher, enoughs
USAGE EXAMPLES
We got enough precipitation to fill our reservoirs for the summer.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
But it is not enough for doctors just to replace a knee or a hip.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
And if you wait long enough, the story finishes.
New York Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: adv. 足够地，充足地; 十分地
adj. 充足的; 足够的
n. 充分，足够; 满足
int. 够了
分布：足够(59%)，足够的(31%)，足够地(4%)，尚(2%)，相当(2%)，充分地(2%)
→来自古英语genog, 足够。ge-, 强调，-nog, 达到，来自nok, 达到，足够。
a.(for)足够的n.足够,充分ad.足够地"Rough cough is tough enough," Bough said while touching the torch."剧烈咳嗽是够难以对付的,"大树枝在触摸手电筒时说道.
determiner pronoun adverb
 ESSENTIAL
■as much as is necessary; in the amount or to the degree needed 充分；充足
• Is there enough cake/Are there enough cakes for everyone? 蛋糕够大家分吗？
• There are 25 textbooks per class. That should be enough. 每班25本教材，应该够了。
• Have you had enough (to eat)? 你（吃）饱了吗？
• I know enough about art to recognize a masterpiece when I see one. 我的艺术造诣足以使我看到一幅杰作就能辨认出来。
• He's tall enough to change the bulb without getting on a chair. 他个头够高，不用踩椅子就可以换灯泡。
 ESSENTIAL
■as much as or more than is wanted 足够；过多
• [+ to infinitive] I've got enough work to do at the moment, without being given any more. 即使不再给我增加工作量，目前的工作也够我应付一阵子了。
• Half an hour in his company is quite enough! 在他公司待上半小时就足以让人烦透了！
• Stop. You've made enough of a (= a lot of) mess already. 别闹了，你已经弄得一团糟了。
• You've drunk more than enough (= too much) already. 你已经喝多了。
• I've seen/heard enough now (= I do not want to see/hear any more). 我已经看／听够了。
• I've had enough of your excuses (= I want them to stop). 我已经听够了你的借口。
• Enough of this / USEnough already (= Stop) ! I don't want to discuss it any more. 够了！我不想再讨论这个了。
Enough is enough
■something you say when you want something to stop 够了，行了，适可而止（认为不应再继续）
• Enough is enough - I don't want to argue with you any more. 好了好了，我不想再跟你争了。
enough said informal
■something you say to tell someone that you understand what they have said and that they do not need to say any more 不必再讲，无需多说（表示已经明白）
• "Someone has to explain the situation to her." "Enough said." “ 必需有人向她说明一下情况。”“我明白 ，不用说了。”
have had enough
■to want something to stop because it is annoying you 受够了；烦透了；再也没法忍受了
• I've had enough - I'm going home. 我受够了——我要回家了。
That's enough
■used to tell someone to stop behaving badly 不要那样，够了（用于制止不好的行为）
• That's enough, Peter. Give those toys back, please. 够了，彼得。把那些玩具还回去，听话。
[ɪ'nʌf] adverb
■used after an adjective, adverb or verb to mean to the necessary degree （用于形容词、副词或动词后）足够地
• Is the water hot enough yet? 水够热吗？
• I don't think he's really experienced enough for this sort of job. 我认为做这类工作他经验不太足够。
• She told me it was brand new and I was stupid enough to believe her. 她跟我说这是全新的，我也真够傻，竟然相信她。
• formal Would you be good enough to take my bag upstairs for me? 你可以帮我把皮包拿到楼上吗？
■used after an adjective or adverb to mean quite 很，十分（用于形容词、副词后）
• He's bad enough, but his brother is far worse. 他已经够坏了，可是他哥哥比他还要坏得多。
• She's gone away for six months, but strangely/oddly/funnily enough (= surprisingly) , her boyfriend doesn't seem too unhappy about it. 她离开都六个月了，奇怪的是，她男朋友好像并没有因此不开心。
[ɪ'nʌf] adverb
  Common Learner Errors  enoughWarning: check your word order! When enough is used with an adjective, it always goes directly after the adjective. Don't say 'enough kind/healthy/brave etc.', say kind/healthy/brave etc. enough : I hope my instructions are clear enough.
adequate, enough, sufficient
这些形容词均含“足够的，充足的”之意。
adequate: 指数量上足够，质量上适当。
enough: 最普通用词，口语、书面语可用，较侧重分量或数量的足够，多指希望的满足。
sufficient: 正式用词，侧重数目或数量或程度达到某一特定要求或需要。
adv. 足够地，充足地
 - adequately, sufficiently
n. 很多；充足
 - amplitude, ton, plenty of
adj. 充足的
 - adequate, plenitudinous

Word: worker
Front: worker
[ˈwɜ:kə(r)] (中高雅 573/544 -K5)
Back: n. 工人，员工; 劳动者; [虫]工蜂，工蚁
分布：工人(89%)，工作者(11%)
n.工人,工作者,工作人员In the cork workshop, the workers fork the pork.在软木车间,工人们用叉子叉猪肉.
US ['wɝ:.kɚ] noun countable
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who works in a particular job or in a particular way 工人；劳动者；工作者
• factory/social/construction workers 工厂工人／社会工作者／建筑工人
• a good/tireless/skilled worker 优秀的／不知疲倦的／技术熟练的工人
 ESSENTIAL
■someone who works for a company or organization but does not have a powerful position （某公司或组织的）工人，员工
• Many companies still treat their management staff better than their workers. 很多公司给管理人员的待遇仍然比给工人的要好。
■in bees and some other types of insects, a female which cannot produce young but which collects food for the others 职虫（如工蜂）
worker, labourer, workman
这组词都有“工人，劳动者”的意思，其区别是：
worker: 最常用词，泛指一切从事体力或脑力劳动以谋生的人。
labourer: 多指体力劳动者，尤指无专长或专门技能的工人。
workman: 指雇佣工作，尤指有特种技能的工人。
n. [劳经] 工人；劳动者；职蚁
 - laborer, factory hand

Word: limit
Front: limit
[ˈlɪmɪt] (高研四六 1348/1439 -K4)
Vocabulary: limit
(once / 50 pages)
nv
A limit is a boundary, or how far something can go, or the maximum amount of something. When you reach the limit, imagine a little sign saying "the end."
There's a limit to how much weight you can lift, how many words can be written in an hour, or how long someone can stay awake. Once you pass the city limits, you have left town. Sporting events have time limits. As a verb, you can limit how much chocolate your kids are allowed to eat. And if you don't feel like writing much, you'll limit your essay to just 400 words instead of 500.
WORD FAMILY
limit: limitation, limited, limiter, limiting, limitless, limits+/ limitation: limitations/ limited: limitedly, limiteds, self-limited, unlimited/limiter: limiters/ limitless: limitlessly, limitlessness/unlimited: unlimitedly
USAGE EXAMPLES
Advocates say that this limits options for children who may find relief with higher levels of THC.
Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016)
Washington did a fine job limiting Harden but couldn’t keep the “other guys” down in the Rockets’ 101-91 win at Toyota Center.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
His email abstention is not merely about information security or limiting his legal liability, however.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: n. 限制; 限量，限度; 界限
vt. 限制，限定
时态：limited, limiting, limits
分布：限制(75%)，限度(10%)，限定(9%)，界限(6%)
→来自拉丁语limitem,边界，界限。引申词义界限，限制。
限制(lim+it)[limin,lim=threshold,表示"门槛,限制"]
n.界限,限度,范围v.(to)限制,限定It is beyond the limit of my ability.这超出了我的能力.
noun
 ESSENTIAL countable
■the greatest amount, number or level of something that is either possible or allowed 限额；限制；上限
• Is there a limit on the amount of money you can claim? 你能索赔到的金额有上限吗？
• I think we ought to put a strict limit on the amount of time we can spend on the project. 我认为我们应该严格限制在这个专案上的时间投入。
• There's a limit to the number of times I can stop what I'm doing just so I can help him! 我可以停下手里的工作帮他的忙，但不能帮个没完，总要有个限度！
• We set a time limit of thirty minutes for the test. 我们把测验的时间限定为30分钟。
uncountable informal
■the amount of something that is enough and not too much 限度，限量
• Three martini cocktails are my limit. 我最多能喝三杯马丁尼鸡尾酒。
• I won't have any more - I know my limit! 我不能再喝了——我知道自己的酒量！
the limit old-fashioned informal
■something that is very annoying or not convenient 忍耐的限度，容忍的极限
• And now you're cutting your toenails in bed! - That really is the limit! 你竟然在床上剪脚趾甲！——真是太过分了！
■the largest amount of alcohol that is legally allowed to be present in the blood while a person is driving a vehicle （法律规定的开车时血液中酒精含量的）最高限量
• She was definitely driving over the limit. 她开车时体内酒精含量肯定超过标准值了。
limits [plural]
■limit 范围；限度
• I'd like to play squash, but I'm sixty and I know my limits. 我想打壁球，不过我已经60岁了，知道自己有多少体力。
• His genius knows no limits. 他的天资无可限量。
• The pay rise was in excess of spending limits imposed/set by the government. 加薪幅度超出了政府规定的开支限度。
['lɪm.ɪt] verb transitive
 ESSENTIAL
■to control something so that it is not greater than a particular amount, number or level 限制，限定
• I've been asked to limit my speech to ten minutes maximum. 我被要求把讲话控制在十分钟之内。
• Having so little money to spend on an apartment does limit you in your choice. 可花在租公寓上的钱就这么一点，当然会限制你的挑选余地。
limit, restrain, bind, confine
limit: （能力或数量上）有限的
restrain: 抑制的，遏制的，可指彻底阻止也可指将……纳入控制、约束之中，强迫意味，可表示自我抑制vt
bind: 有约束力的
confine: （空间上）受限的
limit, restrict, confine
这组词都有“限制，限定”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 一般指事先确定空间、时间或数量的极限，一旦超越限度，就会造成不良结果。当然也可指不事先规定，而且自然的或固有的界限。
restrict: 指把某人或物限制在一定范围之内。
confine: 侧重施加不可逾越的限制，有时暗示束缚、囚禁。
limit, frontier, bounds, border, boundary
这组词都有“边界，边境”的意思，其区别是：
limit: 含义广泛，常用作复数。指任何界限、范围、分界线外面的部分，可指有形或无形的东西。
frontier: 指两国接壤的前沿地区，属于各国的国境和边疆，多指设防的边界。
bounds: 常与boundary换用，指土地边界，但意思不如boundary明确，主要用于抽象事物和文学作品中。
border: 多指国与国之间或两地区的分界处，即分界线附近的边缘部分。
boundary: 侧重地图上正式标定的、双方遵守的边界，也可指较小行政单位间的界线。
n. 限制；限度；界线
 - restriction, qualification, barrier
vt. 限制；限定
 - block, to bound

Word: four
Front: four
[fɔ:(r)] (中高 247/184 -5)
Back: num. 四; 四个; 第四
n. 四的; 四个一组之物
分布：四(100%)
→来自kwetwer, 四，词源同cadre, tetrameter,quarter.
num.四pron./a.四(个,只...)Four and three make seven.四加三等于七.
US [fɔ:r] number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 4 （数位）四
• Most animals have four legs. 大多数动物都有四条腿。
• We need four people to make up a team. 我们组队需要四个人。
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
■a team of four people in rowing, or the boat that they use 四人赛艇队；四人赛艇
hit a four
■in cricket, to get four runs by hitting the ball to the edge of the field （板球）得四分的一击（球被击到球场的边界上）
UK [fɔ:r] US [fɔ:r] noun countable [+ sing/pl verb]
on all fours
■with your hands and knees on the ground 趴在地上，匍匐着
• You'll have to get down on all fours to clean behind the toilet. 你要趴到地上才能擦洗到马桶后面的区域。
adj. 四的；四个的
 - tetradic

Word: promise
Front: promise
[ˈprɒmɪs] (中高研四六托雅 1438/1478 -K4)
Vocabulary: promise
(once / 32 pages)
nv
A promise is an agreement to do or not do something. Also, when you have potential, you show promise.
If your parents say you can go for ice cream and then it doesn't happen, you'll probably say, "But you promised!" People promise small things, like to visit someone, and big things, like marriage: “Til death do us part” is a promise many people make on their wedding day. Another meaning is to make a prediction, as in, "You'll regret this, I promise!” Also, if you show promise playing the violin, maybe someday you'll play in an orchestra.
WORD FAMILY
promise: promised, promisee, promiser, promises, promising, promisor, promissory +/promised: unpromised/promiser: promisers/ promising: promisingly, unpromising /promisor: promisors/ unpromising: unpromisingly
USAGE EXAMPLES
The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art, as it will be called, promises hundreds of jobs and a high-profile attraction — and it’s essentially free.
Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017)
You can’t promise to be the president for all Americans and then taunt the 54 percent of Americans who didn’t vote for you.
Washington Post(Jan 02, 2017)
But the GOP’s top promise — to end Obamacare — remains a tough haul.
Los Angeles Times(Jan 02, 2017)
Back: vt. 允诺，许诺; 给人以…的指望或希望
vi. 许诺; 有指望，有前途
n. 许诺; 希望，指望; 允诺的东西
时态：promised, promising, promises
分布：诺言(44%)，答应(39%)，允诺(8%)，发誓(4%)，有希望(3%)，预示(1%)，约定(1%)
→来自古法语promesse,承诺，保证，来自拉丁语promissum,承诺，来自pro-,向前，-miss,送出，词源同mission,emit.
答应;保证(pro前面＋mise→在做事前送出的话→允诺)[Miss,mit=send,cast,表示"送,放出"]
v.允许,答应;有...可能n.承诺;希望,出息The promising singer underwent mysterious misery.那位有前途的歌手遭受了神秘的痛苦.
US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
SAY CERTAINLY 肯定地说
 ESSENTIAL intransitive or transitive
■to tell someone that you will certainly do something 允诺，答应；保证
• [+ to infinitive] He promised faithfully to call me every week. 他信誓旦旦地保证每周都打电话给我。
• [+ that] The government have promised that they'll reduce taxes. 政府已承诺要减税。
• [+ (that)] Promise me (that) you won't tell him. 答应我你不会告诉他。
• I'll have a look for some while I'm at the shops but I'm not promising anything. 我逛街的时候找找，但不敢保证能买到。
• Can I have that book back when you've finished because I've promised it (= I have said I will give it) to Sara. 那本书你看完后能还给我吗，因为我答应莎拉要给她了。
• [+ two objects] Her parents promised her a new car if she passed her exams. 她父母答应如果她通过考试就送她一辆新车。
• I've promised myself a long bath when I get through all this work. 做完所有这些工作后我要好好洗个澡。
• [+ speech] "I'll come round and see you every day, " she promised. “我会每天来看你的。”她保证道。
• "I won't do anything dangerous." "You promise?" "I promise." “我不会做任何危险的事。”“你保证？”“我保证。”
• "I won't have time to take you shopping this afternoon." "But you promised!" “今天下午我没时间带你去购物了。”“但你答应过的！”
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
BE EXPECTED 预计
promise to be good/exciting, etc.
■to be expected to be good/exciting, etc 预计会很好／刺激等
• It promises to be a really exciting match. 预计这会是一场非常精彩的比赛。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] verb
promise sb the Earth/moon informal
■to say that you will do much greater things than you will ever be able to achieve 向（某人）作无法兑现的承诺
• Like most governments in their first term of office, they promised the Earth. 像大多数处于第一个任期内的政府一样，他们也作了无法兑现的承诺。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
SAY CERTAINLY 肯定地说
 ESSENTIAL countable
■when you say that you will certainly do something 允诺；诺言；保证
• I'll tidy my things away tonight - and that's a promise! 今晚我要把我所有的东西都收拾好——说到做到！
• I'll try to get back in time, but I'm not making any promises. 我会尽量及时回来，但我不能保证。
keep/break a promise
 IMPROVER
■to do/not do what you said that you would do 遵守／违背诺言
• If I make a promise, I like to keep it. 如果我作出了承诺，我会遵守的。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
EXPECTED 预计
uncountable
■when someone or something is likely to develop successfully and people expect this to happen （成功的）迹象，征兆；（有）出息，（有）前途
• His English teacher had written on his report that he showed great promise. 英语老师在他的成绩单中写说他前景看好。
• As a child I was quite a good dancer, but I didn't fulfil my early promise. 我小时候舞跳得相当好，但我并没有成为舞蹈家。
UK ['prɒm.ɪs] US ['prɑ:.mɪs] noun
Promises, promises! informal
■something that you say when someone says they will do something and you do not believe them 保证，又是保证！（用于表达不相信对方的承诺）
• "When I've got some time I'll show you everything." "Promises, promises!" “有时间的话我保证把全部都拿给你看。”“保证，又是保证！”
expect, urge, promise, intend
expect: 要求，指望
urge: 敦促，力劝（某人做某事）
promise: 承诺，答应，保证
intend: 打算，计划，想要（做某事）
insure, promise, pledge, guarantee, assure, ensure
这组词都有“保证”的意思，其区别是：
insure: 常与ensure换用，但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。
promise: 侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。
pledge: 正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
guarantee: 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
assure: 侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。
ensure: 侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。
n. 许诺，允诺；希望
 - wish, hope, pleasure
vt. 允诺，许诺；给人以…的指望或希望
 - pledge, vouchsafe

Word: during
Front: during
[ˈdjʊərɪŋ] (中高 198/192 -K5)
Back: prep. 在…的时候; 在…期间，当…之时; 其间
分布：在 ... 期间(100%)
→来自拉丁语durus, 硬，词源同endure, tree.引申义持久，一段时间，期间。
prep.在...期间The ring on the spring string rings during springtime.弹簧弦上的环在春天鸣响.
US ['dʊr.ɪŋ] preposition
THROUGH 自始至终
 ESSENTIAL
■from the beginning to the end of a particular period; throughout 在…期间
• They work during the night and sleep by day. 他们夜里工作，白天睡觉。
• There were huge advances in aviation technology during World War Two. 在第二次世界大战期间航空技术有了长足的发展。
Compare while
UK ['djʊə.rɪŋ] US ['dʊr.ɪŋ] preposition
AT SOME TIME IN 在某个时候
 ESSENTIAL
■at some time between the beginning and the end of a period 在…期间的某个时候
• I woke up several times during the night. 夜里我醒了好几次。
• The programme will be shown on television during the weekend. 这个节目将于周末在电视上播放。
during, for
这两个前置词都有“在……期”之意。
during: 侧重指习惯性的某一段时间，而for指特定的某一段时间；during指继续的时间概念，突出事件发生的时刻，而for侧重事件持续时间的总长度。
prep. 在…的时候，在…的期间
 - in time of

Word: five
Front: five
[faɪv] (中高 299/207 -5)
Back: num. 五，五个; 与某人击掌问候（或庆祝胜利）; 第五
n. 五，五个; 5美元钞票; [板]得五分
adj. 五的; 五个的
分布：五(100%)
→来自penkwe, 五，词源同pentangle, quintet.
num.五pron./a.五(个,只...)It's nearly five o'clock.差不多五点钟了.
number
 ESSENTIAL
■the number 5 （数字）5
• Five, four, three, two, one, blast-off! 五，四，三，二，一，点火！
• I work five days a week. 我一周工作五天。
[faɪv] number
Gimme five! mainly US informal
■something you say when you want someone to open one of their hands so you can hit it with your open hand in greeting or celebration 我们击掌吧！（表示问好或庆祝）
[faɪv] number
give sb (a) five informal
■to hit someone's open hand with your own to celebrate doing something well or achieving something, especially in sports （尤指体育运动中）与（某人）击掌庆祝
[faɪv] number
take five US informal
■used to tell someone to stop working and relax for a short period of time 稍事休息，放松一下
n. 五，五个；五美元钞票
 - cinque, pentad